A flora of northwest America, containing brief descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing without cultivation north of California, west of Utah, and south of British Columbia

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A
FLORA OF NORTHWHST AMERICA.

ConrTAINING

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS AND

NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION

NORTH OF CALIFORNIA, WEST OF UTAH AND SOUTH OF
; BRITISH COLUMBIA,

BY

THOMAS HOWELL

. VOL, &.

PHANEROGAMZ

PORTLAND OREGON,
Aug. 10th, 1903.
hh.

Mw

: Preface.

All the territory of the United States of America south of the
Britihs- boundary, except Oregon Washington and Idaho, being
supplied with local Floras this work is intended to fill up the
corner left out by other authors.

As the writing of descriptions of plants at this late date is, to
a great extent, writing or copying what others have previously
done, it is hardly right to claim originality for work done in that
field; I, therefore, wish to acknowlege that I have used the works
of Torrey & Grav, Dr. Asa Gray, Sereno Watson, William
Trelease, ‘Coulter & Rose, Edward L. Greene and others, and to
save repetition (which would otherwise occur on every page)
I wish to give full credit here to all authors, any portion. of
whose works have been copied herein.

Wherever possible descriptions have been drawn from speci-
mens in hand, but some I have been unable to procure and for
these Ihave had no other alternative than to copy from descrip-
tions already published.

Believing that if a plant has one constant character thatis
different from any of its cogeners it is sufficient for a species; and
that if a plant is sufficiently distinct from others to deserve a
name it is better to have it described as a distinct species than
as a variety of some other species, I have therefore, raised
nearly all published varieties of the region embraced in this work
to specific rank. ~

A FLORA

OF

NORTHWEST AMERICA.

Sertes.I. CORMOPHYTA Enpurcuer..

Plants consisting of ‘root and stem growing in opposite dir-
ections, composed of regular cellular tissue traversed (except
in the very lowest forms) by woody fibre. Stems increasing in
size either at the apex and circumference simultaneously, or at
the apex only, producing buds, and usually, distinct leaves at
definite points and in regular order. Propagation effected by
means of flowers and seeds, or spores. __

PHANEROGAME. Plants producing flowers and perfect seeds.
CRYPTOGAMZE. Plants producing spores but not flowers.

Suspseriges 1. PHANEROGAMZ.

Plants bearing flowers with one or more stamens and produc-

ing seeds that contain an embryo. ~

ANGIOSPERMZE. Ovule enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized through
a stigma. ;
GYMNOSPERME. Ovule not enclosed in an ovary and fertilized by
direct application of pollen.

Crass 1. ANGIOSPERM &.

Pistil consisting of a:closed:ovary which contains the ovule
and’ forms the fruit, and’a more or less manifest style and
stigma.

EXOGENZ. Stems with pith in the centre and the woody fibre in annual

‘layers or rings: embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons.

ENDOGEN#. Stems without pith, and the woody fibre scattered irregu-
larly : embryo with a single cotyledon.

Supcrass 1. EXOGEN A.

Stem consisting of pith in the centre, bark on the outside,
and these separated by one or more layers of fibrous or woody
tissue which, when the stem lives for more than one year, in-
creases by the addition of new layers outside next to the bark.
Embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons.

POLYPETALE: Petals distinct, rarely united at base or wanting.
GAMOPETALZE. Petals more or less united: very rarely wanting.
APETALZ. Petals always wanting. .

2 : SYNOPTICAL KEY.

Diviston 1. POLYPETAL.

Floral envelopes consisting usually of both calyx and corolla;
the petals distinct or rarely_united with each other, sometimes
wanting . ws

SYNOPTICAL KEY 10,118 POLYPETALOUS' ORDERS.

§ 1. stamens hypogynous, free from the calyx and the super-
ior ovary. ; ; ety a

a

* Carpels solitary, or distinct.

+ Sepals and petals deciduous, rarely persistent in No.1. Leaves ,

- alternate or all radical, rarely opposite or whorled. _ on :
1 Ranunculacex. Sepals 4 or more: petals as many and alternate with
them or wanting: stamens usually numerous: carpels one to many:

fruit achenes or follicles, or in Actwa a berry. ;

2 Berberidacew: Parts of the flower in threes, in opposite ranks, distinct,
(sepals and petals wanting, in Achlys): anthers opening by valves: car-
pel solitary, (a berry in Berberis). sak

Sepals 3, petals 6, stamens many, carpéls several, soon distinct, becoming
linear torulose several-seeded pods: Plutystemon in Papaveracer.

x * Ovary compound with parietal, placentz, or seeds covering the
. cell-walls. PSY

fe Capsule.many-celled, indehiscent: sepals and petals persistent:

3 Nympheacee. Parts of the flower indefinite, mostly numerous: seeds
numerous, covering the walls of the cells. Aquatic herbs with entire
plain leaves 4nd solitary flowers. - es Po

4 Sarraceniacex. Sepals and petals 5. Acaulescent marsh. perennials
with odd-shaped leaves and solitary flowers. os

+ + Valves of the capsule separating from the persistent placente.
Sepals and petals persistent...” aad ;

-_ + Seeds albuminous.

5 Papaveracee. fepals 2 or 3, caducous: petals twice as many, alike:
stamens numerous: capsule 2~several-valved, one- (rarely several) cell-
ed. Herbs, or shrubs with mostly alternate leaves without stipules,
and often colored juice. |

6 Fumariacee. Flowers very irregular: sepals 2, small: petals 4, in 2 dis-
similar pairs: stamens 6, diadelphous: capsule I-celled, 2-valved, sev-
eral to many-seeded. Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules.

++ ++ Seeds without albumen ; flowers regular.

7 Crucifere. Sepals and petals 4: stamens 6, tetradynamous (rarely 4 or

2); capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-many-seeded ; rarely 1-celled and inde-
-hiscent: Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules. _

8 Capparidacee. fepals and petals 4: stamens 6 or more, nearly equal:
capsule 2-valved; 1-2-celled, 1-several-seeded. Mostly herbs with alter:
nate often stipulate leaves. : \
+ + + Capsule 1-celled, several-carpelled, the valves not separating |

from the placente.
++ Flowers irregular, * af :

6 Violacee. Sepals and petals 5: anthers 5, coherent: style 1, clavate:

capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Low herbs with alt te ¢ ic
stipulate leaves. , with alternate or radical

SYNOPTICAL KEY. 3

++ + Flowers regular: leaves without stipules.
Sepals and ‘patals 5,:, styles-3, 2-parted: capsule 8-valved, many seeded.
Low herbs with the leaves all radical. Droseracez.
Sepals and petals 5: stamens indefinite: styles 3: capsule 3- valved. Low
herbs with opposite leaves. Hypericum in Hypericacex.
*** Ovary of 2-séveral carpels « and central Rigeonters stamens most-
ly strictly hypogynous: sepals persistent. i

+ Flowers very re

10 Polygalacer. Capsule compressed, narrowly winged, 2-celled, 2-seed-
‘ed stamens 4-8, monadelphons (united into a. tube that is split on the
" upper side), or distinct: anthers 1-celled, opening at the top. :

+ + Flowers regular: capsule 2-celled with free central placente:
embryo curved around central albumen.

11 Caryophyllacee. Flowers mostly 5-merous ; petals sometimes none:
stamens 10 orfewer: styles 3-5, the capsule opening by as many or
twice as many valves: ovules numerous. Herbs, rarely woody at base,
with opposite leaves mostly withotit stipules. —

12 Portulacacee. Sepals 2, 4-8 in Lewisia: petals 25or more: stamens
few-many : style 2-cleft : ovules few or many ;, eapsule 2-3-valved or cir-
cumseissile. aoe

+ + + Flowers regular: ovary 2-several celled..,
- ++ Capsule not lobed nor winged. —
= Stamens distinct or nearly so, not in fascicles.

Sepals and; ‘petals: 5, persistent: stamens .many: style 5-lobed: capsule 5-
, celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Acaulescent marsh perennials with
pitcher-shaped leaves and solitary flowers. Sarraceniacezx.

18 Elatiniucex. Sepals and petals 2-5: styles distinct: capsule 2-5-celled,
many-ovuled. Low herbs with opposite leaves, membranous stipules,
and axillary flowers.

= = Stamens clustered at base into fascicles.

14 Hypericacex. Sepals and petals 5: stamens numerous, in 3 fascicles:
styles 3: capauie 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbs with opposite entire
leaves: without stipules, and yellow flowers in cymes.

= = = Stamens monadelphous (united into a tube).

15 Malvacee. Calyx valvate: petals 5, united at base: stamens numer-
ous; anthers 1-celled: carpels either in a ring 1-few-seeded and:at length
separating, or forming a 5-10-celled many- “seeded capsule. Herbs or
shr ubs with alternate stipulate leaves.

= = = = Stamens 5, not united.

16 Linacee. Flowers 5-merous: styles 2-5: capsule 2-5-valved, 4-10-cell-
ed, 4-10,seeded. Low herbs with entire leaves and panicled flowers.

Flowers 5-merous: petals none: styles 3: capsule 3-celled, several-seeded.
Prostrate annual with entire verticillate leaves and axillary flowers.
Mollugo in Ficoidec.
++ + Fruit lobed or winged: erie L or 2 in each cell, pendulous.

= Flowers slightly irregular.

7 Geraniaces. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud: petals 5, mostly. imbri-
cated: stamens mostly 10: styles 5, coherent to an axis at length separ-
ating from it: capsule 5-celled, thé cells 2-ovuled’ but only 1 maturing.
Herbs with opposite stipulate ‘leaves and long-beaked carpels.

- = = Flowers'regular.

18 Limnanthacee. Flowers 5-merous: sepals valvate and petals convo-

lute in the bud: carpels fleshy, indehiscent, 1-ovuled. Tender annuals

4 SYNGOPTICAL KEY.

with alternate dissected leaves without eee aeoal ii
9 Oxalidacesw. Flowers 5-merous: sepals imbrica d and petals mostly
a conyolute in the bud: carpels combined into a’5-celled and few-many-
ovuled capsule. Low herbs with sour juice and alternate or radical
trifoliate leaves. _ :

‘= = = Flowers very irregular. ; =
20 Balsaminacew. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud: petals 4, united in
pairs, rarely 5 ade distinct: fruit a 5-celled several-seeded capsule.

Coarse succulent herbs with entire leaves without stipules.

* ** ® Ovary compound with central placente: stamens borne Up:
on. a more or,Jess perigynousdink fv wersmesTy poly pantous or “dive? ;
cious: calyx persistent or.the limb deciduous celle of thitovaty'1—few-
ovuled: seeds mostly erect or ascending and albuminous.

21 Celastracew. Flowers perfect, 4-5-merous; capsule 2-5-celled : seeds
arillate. Shrubs with opposite pinnately veined leaves and no stipules.

22 Rhamnacew. Calyx valvate, the 4 or 5 lobes alternate with as many

‘stamens, deciduous: petals often none: style often 4- or 5- lobed or
cleft: fruit a berry, drupe-like, or dry, 1-4-celled. Shrubs or trees with
simple leaves and small stipules. ;

28 Vitacew. Flowers 4-5-merous: calyx minute: petals valvate with a
stamen at the base of each: fruit a 2-celled, 2-4-seeded berry. Woody
vines climbing by tendrils. ;

24 Aceracew. Flowers diccious or polygamous, often apetalous: styles
1-3: fruit, in ours, a double samara or a single follicle. Trees or shrubs
with opposite, rarely alternate, leaves and mostly no stipules.

25 Anacardiacem. Flowers mostly 5-merous: stigmas 3: fruit a drupelet.
Shrubs with milky juice and alternate leaves without stipules.

§ 2, Stamens perigynous {upon the calyx) or epigynous (upon
the top of the ovary ).

* Qvary superior or nearly so.
+ Carpels solitary or distinct.

26 Leguminose. Flowers mostly irregular: stamens 10, rarely fewer,
mostly monadelphous (all ‘united ) or-diadel photis(9"atid' 1): carpet soli-
' tary, becoming a legume. _Herbs.shruba.or trees: with alternate stipu-
‘late leaves. ee
27 Amygdalacew. Carpel solitary or rarely 5, becoming a drupe, entirely
free from the calyx; ovules 2, pendulous: seed usually solitary.
28 Pomaceex. Carpels 2-5, enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube, with 2 erect
ovules in each cell. Trees or shrubs with free stipules. ;
29 Rosacex. Flowers regular, mostly 5-merous, or the stamens usually
numerous: carpels 1-many, becoming achenes. Herbs shrubs or trees
with alternate, mostly stipulate leaves.

+ + Carpels united or free: seeds mostly albuminous: leaves sim-
ple; stipules none, or adnate to the base of the petiole.

80 Saxifragacew. Flowers 5-merous; styles or tips of the carpels distinct
and soon divergent; fruit a 2-celled capsule. Herbs with mostly alter-
nate simpie leaves without distinct stipules.

31 Hydrangeacex. Flowers 5-merous: fruit a $-5-celled capsule. Shrubs
with opposite simple leaves without stipules.

82 Ribesiacee. Fiowers 5-merous: fruit a l-celled berry. Shrubs with

alternate simple leaves with adnate stipules or none.

88 Crassulaceew. Flowers 3 or 5-merous: stamens nearly hypogynous:
carpels 3-5, becoming 1-many-seeded follicles.

SYNOPTICAL KEY. 5

84 Droseracesx. Sepals and petals 5: styles 3, 2-parted: capsule 3-valved,
many-seeded. Low marsh herbs with the leaves all radical and beset
with gland-tipped hairs.

85 Ceratophyllaces. Fruit a crustaceous l-seeded achene. . Submersed

ee herbs with finely dissected whorled leaves and minute axillary
owers.

86 Lythraces. Flowers 4- or 6-merous: style 1: capsule enclosed in the
calyx, 2-4-celled, many-seeded. Herbs with mostly opposite leaves
and axillary flowers. ,

** Ovary wholly inferior.
+ Fruit with central placente: stamens few.
++ Not tendril-bearing and flowers not in umbels: stipules none.
87 Haloragesx. Fruit indehiscent, nut-like,1-4-celled, with a single sus-
. pended seed in egch cell: “Aquatic herbs ‘with opposite or verticillate

leaves and inconspicuous axillary flowers.
88 Onagracex. Flowers 2- or 4-merous: calyx valvate in the bud; style

1; fruit a 2- or 4-celled capsule or berry-like.

+ + Tendril-bearing herbs with alternate leaves without stipules.

89 Cucurbitacee. Flowers monoecious or dicecious, often gamopetalous:
fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 1-several-celled.

+ + Fruit with parietal placente, several-many-seeded: stamens
many: stipules none.
40 Loasacee. Flowers perfect, conspicuous; style 3-cleft: capsule 1-cell-
ed; leaves rough with tenacious hairs.

41 Ficoidez: Sepals mostly 5; petals none; capsule 3-5-celled.
42 Cactacee. Sepals and petals numerous: stamens many: capsule
l-celled. Leafless, usually prickly, fleshy perennials.

+ + + Fruit indehiscent; dry, berry-like ,or drupe-like, mostly
2-celled, with a suspended seed in each cell: ovary with an epigynous
disk (wanting in Garrya).

++ Flowers in umbels.
43 Umbellifere. Carpels and styies 2: fruit dry.
44 Araliacew. Carpels and styles 4 or 5, becoming a berry-like fruit.
++ ++ Flowers in cymes or aments.

45 Cornacex. Inflorescence cymose: flowers perfect, 4-merous: style 1:
fruit baccate, 2-3-celled. Herbs shrubs or-trees with opposite-leaves.
46 Garryacew. -Flowers.in aments, diccious: sepals 4: petals none: styles
‘23 fruit-baccate, 1-celled.’ Shrubs with opposite, . simple leaves.
Flowers perfect, cymose, 5-merous; petals imbricated, united: fruit baccate
berries containing 1-5 seed-like nutlets. Sambucezx.

Orver I. RANUNCULACEZ Endl. Gen. 843.

Sepals 3-6 or more ‘but usually 5, distinct, ee often
colored and petaloid. Pétals i-several or none, hypog nous.

Stamens indefinite in number, hypogynous, distinct. Ovaries

usually numerous, sometimes few or solitary, distinct: ovules
solitary or several. Fruit achenes or follicles or baccate. Seeds
anatropous. Embryo minute, near the base of horny or fleshy
albumen. Herbs orrarely shrubs with colorless usually acrid
juice, alternate or rarely opposite leaves without stipules, the
base of the petiole generally dilated and partly clasping the stem.

‘TRIBE I. Leaves opposite. Sepals valvate in the bud, petaloid.
Petals very small or none.. Fruit a head of hairy-tailed achenes.

1 Clematis, Half-woody plants climbing by their petioles, or erect herbs,
TriBE u. Sepals petaloid: or greenish, ‘imbricated:in the bud.
Fruit a head or spike of achenes.

* Achenes in a more or less globular or oblong head. . Sepals not
spurred at base, petaloid. Petals none. ~

2 Anemone. Sepals indefinite in number. leaves on the stem opposite,
or whorled on or below 1-flowered peduncles.

3 Thalictrum: Flowers mostly dioecious, panicled: leaves alternate,
ternately decompound..

** Achenes numerous, in along end slender, or'shcrt spike. Sepals
“spurred at base. Petals present.

4 Myosurus. Petals slender; flowers,. solitary | on scapes.

TRIBE III. Sepals imbricate in the bud. Pistils. numerous, be-
coming achenes. Ovule solitary, ascending. . Leaves alternate.
5 Trautvetteria. Flowers perfect, corymbosely panicled; eepels petal-
oid, soon deciduous; leaves alternate, palmately | cleft.

6 Batrachium, Flowers perfect: peduncles solitary, appoutta the leaves:
petals white with a naked nectariferous pit near the base: achenes trans-
versely wrinkled on the sides. ;

4 Ranunculus. Flowers perfect: peduncles axillary or terminal: petals
mostly yellow, with a nectariferous spot or pit covered by a scale on the
claw: achenes not wrinkled on the sides.

Trise 1v. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals small or irreg-
ular or none. Fruit 1-several follicles, or a 1-celled berry. Leaves

: alternate.

* Fruit inéderal follicles.
+ Flowers regular; follicles 1-15.
$8 Caltha. Sepals petaloid; petals none; leaves simple; carpels 5-15.
9 Trollius. Sepals 5-15, petaloid: petals 5-20, tubular at base; follicles
sessile; leaves palmately parted.
10 Coptis. Sepals 5-6, greenish : petals 5-6 enlarged in the middle or at the
summit; carpels 5-10, stipitate: leaves compound, persistent.

ll. _Aquilegia.- Sepals 5, colored :-petals 5, all spurred backwards? carpels
5, sessile: leaves ternately compound. '~

8 RANUNCULACES. CLEMATIS.

+ «+ Flowers irregular: follicles 1-5: leaves lobed or dissected.

12 Delphinium. Sepals 5, the upper one produced backwards into a spur:
petals 4, the 2 upper ones produced backwards. -

13 Aconitum. Sépals 5, the upper one arched into a hood: petals 5, the 3
lower ones minute or stamen-like.. :

+ + + Flowers regular: carpels 1-5: leaves compound.
14 Isopyrum. Sepals 5, petaloid: petals 5, sometimes none: low herbs.
15 Cimicifuga. Sepals 5, petaloid, caducous: petals 5 or none; tall herbs.
* * Fruit a 1-celled berry.

16 Actwa. Sepals 8-5, petaloid, caducous: petals 4-10, small, soon decidu-

ous: leaves ternately compound.

Trips -v. Sepals herbaceous, imbricated in the bud, persistent.
Petals conspicuous. Carpels few, many-ovuled, becoming follicles.

17 Peonia. Herbs or shrubs with alternate compound leaves and large
fleshy roots.

Tribe 1. Clematidex DC. Sepals valvate in the bud. Stamens
numerous, with adnate anthers. Curpels numerous, I-ovuled, becom-
ing indehiscent hairy-tailed achenes. Ovule suspended. Herbs or
trailing woody plants with opposite leaves.

1 CLEMATIS Tourn. Inst. 255. Linn. Gen. n. 696.

Erect. herbs or somewhat woody plants that climb by their
petioles. Sepals 5, rarely more, colored, valvate or with the edges
turned inwards in the bud. Petals shorter than the sepals or
wanting. Stamens numerous with extrorse anthers. Style persis-.
tent, becoming plumous appendages of the compressed achenes.

§ 1. Fuammuta DC. partly. Flowers comparatively small and
usually cymous-paniculate, white or whitish, in ours dioicious.
Sepals petaloid, thin, widely spreading. Petals none. Anthers
mostly short, blunt.

C. ligusticifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl.i, 9. Somewhat pubescent: stems.
2-30 feet long: leaves quinate to quinate-ternate: leaflets oblong, acute,
moostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely lobed and trifid, 2- 6 inches
long: flowersin paniculate: corymbs: sepals thin, silky, white, 4-6 lines
long, equaling the stamens: achenes pubescent, tails 1-2 inches long
Along streams,.from:N. Cal. to Brit:.Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

C. brevifolia. C. ie peaaied: le var. brevifolia ‘Nutt. T. & G. Fl. 4, 9.
Stems woody, climbing over’brush and cliffs, 3-18 feet long: leaves nearly
smooth, mostly 5-foliate, somewhat coriaceous; leaflets broadly ovate to
lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, usually 3-lobed and coarsely toothed:
sepals white, thin, 4-6 lines long, equaling the stamens: achenes densely
pubescent: silky-white tails 1-2 inches long. Along streams, from the
Blue Mountains in Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

C. Suksdorfii Robinson in Gray’s Syn. Fl.i4. Leaves quinate, glab-
rous; leaflets 1-114 inches’ long: sepals widely spreading or reflexed in
anthesis, velvety-pubescent on the outside: heads of fruit emall and few-
carpelled, not over an inch in diameter at full maturity including the
curling tails: pubescence of the young achenes woolly or felt-like, the hairs
crinkly, not straight nor silky as in C. ligusticifolia: mature.achenes-with
broadly ovate nearly orbicular body and filiform sparsely pubescent tails.
Klickitat river Washington, collected and first eee as distinct by
W. M. Suksdorf July 15th. 1881,

CLEMATIS. RANUNCULACE-. 9

2 Viorna Spach. Flowers large, hermaphrodite, solitary and
mostly nodding on rather long peduncles. Petals none. Anthers
long and slender, pointed. Filaments hirsute or pubescent. Ours
herbaceous perennials. :

C. Douglasii Hook. Fl. i,1. t.1. Stems simple or branched, more or
less villous, woolly. at the joints: leaves 2-3-pinnatifid with linear to linear-
lanceolate segments: flowers nodding, on erect naked peduncles that elon-
gate in fruit: sepals thick, pubescent, more or less spreading and woolly at
the apex, deep purple inside, paler externally. High mountsins, E.! Ore-
gon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

C. Scottii Porter Fl. Col. 1. More or less villous with soft spreading
hairs; bushy; branching-from a suffrutescent base; ‘branches. erect, 9-18
inches high ; leaves opposite; on rather long petioles, large, pinnate, with
some or all of the divisions 3-5-parted or 3-5-foliate; lobes or leaflets ob-
long or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4-5 lines broad by an inch
long; some upper leaves with distinctly tortuous partial petioles: flowers
axillary and terminal, nodding, on peduncles 3-6 inches long: sepals 4,
ovate, with reflexed summits, nearly an inch long, dark- or brownish-pur-
ple, thickish, more or less tomentose outside: -achenes silky-pubescent,
with densely plumose tails 1-114 inches long. Beaver Canyon Idaho to
southern Colorado. :

§ 8. Arracene DC. Flowers large, hermaphrodite, solitary on
naked peduncles. Sepals much exceeding the stamens and pistils,
spreading from the base, thin, petaloid. Anthers short, on long
pubescent filaments: usually some of the outermost filaments
enlarging to small spatulate petals. Half-woody plants that climb
by: the petioles.

C. verticillaris DC. Syst. i, 166. Stems slender, somewhat woody, al-
most glabrous; leaves ternate; leaflets es ovate or subcordate, ab-

ruptly acuminate: flowers solitary, bluish-purple, 2-3 inches across. In
mountains from Idaho northward, and eastward to the Atlantic States.

C. Columbiana T. & G. Fl. i. 11, Stems somewhat woody: leaves ter-
nate; leaflets petiolulate, ovate, acute, obscurely crenulate: flowers solitary
1-2 inches broad, pale blue; sepals ovate, acuminate, nearly twice the length
of the stamens. Wild Horse Plains Washington to the Rocky Mountains
and Brit. Columbia. : .

C. ochotensis Poir. Suppl. ii, 298. C, alpina var. occidentalis Gray. '
Stems woody, trailing: leaves biternately divided, with ovate or oblong-lan-
ceolate acuminate, often 3-lobed,.irregularly toothed segments : sepals 4, lance
-uvate, purplish-blue : spatulate and petaloid staminodes few and usually with
rudiments of anthers, or none: carpels glabrous with very finely plumose
tails 113 inches long. Washington to the Rocky Mountains and Dakota.

Tribe 2. Anemone DC. Sepals petaloid or greenish, imbricated
in the bud. Pistils numerous, becoming achenes. Ovule suspended.
Herbs with the leaves all radical, or alternate, or whorled below 1-.
several-flowered peduncles.

2 ANEMONE Tourn. Inst. 275. L Gen. n. 696. ed. 4

Erect perennial herbs with lobed or divided leaves which are
all radical except those that form an involucre below the flower.
Sepals 4-20, coloredand petaloid. Petals none. Ovaries num-
erous; style short; stigma lateral; ovule suspended. Achenes

10 RANUNCULACE. ANEMONE.

compressed, pointed, or ending in long feathery tails.

“$1. Preonatuus, DC. Prod, i. 17 *“Involucre of 2 or 3 more or
less petiolate and petiolulate leaves. Flowers large, solitary. Sep-
als thin, widely ‘spreading. Carpéls with long filiform styles that
become plumose tails to the achenes.

‘A. occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 121. More or less silky-
villous throughout: stem stout, 6-18 inches high: radical leaves large,
long-petioled, biternaté' and pinnate; involucral leaves similar, uearly ses
sile: sepals: 6-8, 6-9 tines long, white, or purplish at base. On high moun-

tains near ‘perpetual snow, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

§ 2. Evanemone Gray Syn. Fl.i, 8. Carpels with short and
not: plumose styles. Involucre petioled. peduncle solitary. ;

* Style short, nearly naked, not becoming elongated.
+ Carpels numerous, in a.close head, villous.

A. Drummondii Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 424, Sparingly pubescent; stems
slender, from tufted rootstocks, 3-15 inches high: radical leaves on long
petioles, ternate; leaflets:deeply 3-5 lobed, the narrow segments 2-3-cleft:
involucral leaves similar, ‘nearly sessile, with a slightly narrowed base:
sepals 5-7, pale blue, 4-5 lines long, silky-villous outside: style slender,
glabrous: achenes densely villous. On the highest mountains near -per-
petual enow, Washington and Oregon to orthern California.

A. multifida. Poir. fwppl. i, 364. Somewhat silky-villous: stems 3-15
inches high: radical leaves long petioled, nearly semicircular in outline,
ternate, the sessile divisions deeply lobed with cleft linear segments: invo-
lucral leaves similar, shortly petioled: sepals 5-8, red or bluish or whitish,
4-6 lines long, villous outside: receptacle oblong, the head in fruit globular,
to oblong; achenes densely woolly, ovate-oblong, with a straight beak. On
high mountains, Oregon to Alaska and the Eastern States. pe

A: Tetenensis Porter in Britton An. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vi. 224. Nearly
related to the last but lower and more slender: leaf-segments somewhat broad-'
er, obtusish. glabrate : flowers deep purple: achenes dorsally glabrate. Idaho
Teton Range 10,000 feet J. M., Coulter, and Needle Peak of Lost-River Moun-
tains, V. Bailey. Robinson in Gray, Syn. Fl. i, 10.

+ + Carpels fewer, pubescent but not villous.

A. deltoidea Hook FI. i, 6,t. 3. Stem simple, slender, 6-14 inches high,
from long running root-stocks: radical leaves trifoliate ; leaflets rhomboid,
crenate-serrate; involucral leaves rhomboid or rhombic-ovate, on very
short petioles, serrate and sometimes 3-lobed: sepals about 5, white, oval.
4-6 lines long, usually unequal: achenes few globose-ovoid, tipped with
the short style, Common in wooded districts, N. California to Brit. Col.

A} Oregana Gray ‘Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 308. Smoothish: stem
slender, ‘2-12 inches high from a fleshy, very brittle, somewhat runnin
root-stcck: radical leaves trifoliate, the leaflets coarsely serrate ; involucra
leaves long-petioled, trifoliate, the terminal leaflet 3-lobed, the lateral ones
usually 2-lobed, all coarsely toothed and cut: sepals 4-7, oval to obovate, ,.
blue: carpels. 15-20, oblong, tipped with a hooked beak. Moist shady
slopes, western Oregon and Washington : os

A. Lyallii Britton 1. c. 227. 4. quinquefolia var. Lyallis. Robinson 1. c. 18.
Stem slender, 2 to 4 inches high: fea eats ieaflate ovate to ines
late, obtuse or acute, obtusely toothed: flowers small, a third to half inch in
diameter, pale blue or whitish. From Vancouver Island to the Willamette
valley and the Redwoods of California.

ANEMONE. RANUNCULACES. “i
THALICTRUM.

A. trifolia L. Sp. i, 540. Involucral leaves with rare exceptions regular-
ly trifoliate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, rather regularly serrate, large, in well de-
veloped specimens 2 to 8 inches long, and more than ati inch wide; radical
leaves subsimilar, but sometimes 5-foliate: peduncle long and slender, usu-
ally more than 2 inches in length: flowers’ Jafgé, 15 td 16 lines in diameter:
sepals white or pinkish : carpelsin a globular head. Idaho, Sandberg, to the
Atlantic States and Europe. rare

§ 8. OMatocarpus DC. Style short, not plumose. Mature ach-
enes smooth, orbicular, much compressed, wing-margined. Invo-
lucre sessile, palmately parted or cleft. Peduncles 1-several.

A. narcissiflora L. Sp. i, 542. Villous: radical leaves palmately 3-5-
parted ; segments cuneiform, incisely many-cleft into linear lobes: involu-
cral leaves similar, 3-5-cleft, sessile: peduncles several, umbelled, leafless: -
sepals white: carpels roundish-oval, much compressed. Alpine: Idaho to
Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

3 THALICTRUM Tourn. Inst. 270. L. Gen. n. 597.

Tall, usually smooth perennial herbs with 2- or 3-ternately
compound leayes and divcious or polygamous flowers in panicles. :
Sepals 4-8, white or greenish, .petaloid. Petals none. Stamens
several ; with linear anthers on rather long almost capillary fila-
ments. Pistils few-several; becoming ribbed or veined achenes
that are tipped with the persistent style.

T. sparsiflorum Turcz. in F. & M. Ind. Sem. i, 40. Stem firm, erect, 1-
6 feet high, with ascending branches: leaves 3-ternate, ample, the lowest
petioled ; leaflets approximate, short-petioled, thinnish, round- or spatulate-
oblong, 3-15 lines long, slightly cordate at base, divided above into 3 obtuse’
or short-acuminate lobes that are again incised: flowers perfect, not large,
erect or soon nodding on slender pedicels in a short, branched, leafy pani-
cle: sepals obovate, whitish, soon reflexed: stamens 10-25, the short ex-
serted filaments widened to the pointless elliptical anthers: achenes 9-15,
short-stipitate, obliquely obovate, with 4 or 5 low, often.forked nerves on
each side. From the mountains of California to Alaska and Colorado.

T. polycarpum Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 424. Stout, 3-8 feet high, glab-
rous: leaves with short petioles or the upper sessile; leaflets variable, 3-12
linés long, 3-lobed with acute or acuminate lobes: panicle narrow: flowers
dicecious; the staminate usually crowded, on short pedicels; anthers acute,
on very slender filaments: fruit in dense heads; achenes compressed, 3-5 -
lines long, on a short stipe. obovoid, turgid, tapering into a reflexed beak :
their thin walls with free, or anastomosing low veins: seed slender, terete,
2lines long. Along small streams from the Columbia river to California.

T. Fendleri Engelm. in Gray Pl. Fendl.5. Stems 1-3 feet high, with
8 to5 cauline leaves, the lower ones petioled; the stalked remote leaflets often
deeply cordate with three divergent lobes, the central or all of them again
lobed, their divisions rounded or mucronate-pointed: flowers dicecious; stamens
numerous; anthers linear, 1--2 lines long, mucronate; akenes few 10 numerous
in the heads, substipitate, 2--3 lines long, obliquely oval or with the dorsal su-
ture straightish, thin-walled, flattened, with. 8 to 10 prominent , nearly: parallel
ribs the median heaviest, not filled by the oblong or linear seed. From the:
Siskiyou - mountains, in southern- Oregon, to Arizona, New Mexico, and the
Rocky Mountains. ' ; #3 : ;

T. venulosum Trelease Proc. Bost. Soc. xxiii, 302. -Glabrous and glau-
cous. the stem, petioles and sepals purple-tinted, the foliage typically pale
of whitened: stem simple, erect, 7-20 inches high: stem leaves 2or3 , ong

12 RANUNCULACES. THALICIRUM.
MYOSURUS.

ioled. i i tely firm
petioled, 3-4-ternate; leaflets approximate, petiolulate, moderately ,
rounded and lobed at the apex, rugose-veiny, beneath: panicle simple;, ee
row, its short erect branches few-flowered: flowers dicecious, small; Sal ar
ovate: stamens 10-20, on slender filaments; anthers oblong, ere Say 7
ed: achenes about’8, nearly sessile, 2 lines long, ovoid, tapering in at
straight beak, thick-walled, 2-edged. with 4 or 5 longitudinal ee os
rounded ridges on each side: seed ovoid, pointed atone end, filling the .
achene. Klickitat Co, Washington to Brit, Columbia and Wyoming.

T. occidentale Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 372. Stem slender, 1-3 feet
high; leaves Siternstb, the lowermost petioled; leaflets thin, 2-10 lines
long, 3-9-lobed at the summit, sparingly glandular-puberulent beneath :,
flowers dicecious, rarely polygamous, nodding, on very slender pedicels, in
an ample open panicle: dlstionts purplish, slender ; anthers linear, cuspi-
date: achenes 1-10 in each head, lanceolate or somewhat falcate, 4-7 lines
long, tapering.,below into.a short stipe, and above into a long one-sided .
curved beak, acutely. 8-10.ribbed. Along streame jand moist. shadyiplaces,
Brit. Columbia to California, west of the Cascade Mountains.

4 MYOSURUS Dillenius Giess. 106, t. 4. L. Gen. n. 394.

Little annuals with linear or linear-spatulate entire leaves, and
solitary flowers on simple scapes. Sepals 5 or 6, spurred at base.
Petals as many as sepals, on long claws, with a pit at the summit.
Stamens 6-20. Achenes witha prominent costa terminating Iman
erect or more or less spreading beak, numerous on a slender or
conical receptacle. Ovule suspended.

M. minimus L. &p. i, 284. Leaves linear: scapes 1-4 inches high. about
equaling the leaves; receptacle in fruit an inch or more high: achenes
quadrate with a broad back, truncate at the apex; beak short, appressed :
seed oval. In wet places, Willamette valley to California and the Atlantic
States and Europe.

M. apetalus Gay Hist. Chil. Bot. i, 31, t.1, fig. 1. Scapes 1-2 inches
high, usually spreading, but little surpassing the linear leaves; petals often
wanting: spike of achenes 3-10 lines long, ovoid-oblong and more or less
squarose, or cylindrical: achenes oblong, thin-walled, with narrow, prom-
inently carinate back prolonged into a spreading or ascending beak: seed

oblong. In alkaline places, California to Brit, Columbia east of the Cascade
Mountains: also Chili.

M. lepturus. M. apetalus var. lepturus, Gray, Bull. Torr. Club, xtit, 2.
Scapes in fruit:3-6 inches high, erect, surpassing the linear-spatulate leaves:
receytacle in fruit 8-24 dines;high:: achenes with broad,‘ distinctly. caringte
back, and short, appressed beak: seed elongated-oblong, Common in wet
places, from California to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

M. sessilis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 362. Scapes very short or
none: fruiting heads several, crowded, much shorter than the leaves: rec-
eptacle short and thick, often sessile, 1-6 lines long by 1-2 lines thick at
base; achenes oval, scarious-utricular, with narrow salient keel, and subu-
late, erect beak: seed short-oval. A rare species, the only locality known,
being an alkaline flat-seven miles south of Arlington Oregon.

Tribe 3. Ranunculex, DC. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Pistils

numerous, rarely few, 1-ovuled, becoming achenes. Ovule ascending.
Herbs with alternate cauline leaves

5 TRAUTVETTERIA Fischer & Meyer Ind. Sem. 1835, 22.

_ Herbs with palmately lobed alternate leaves, and small flowers
in terminal corymbose panicles. Sepals usually 4, concave, petal-

ehenienaaik: RANUNCULACES. 13
BATRACHIUM.

oid. Petals none. Pistils numerous, capitate, becoming inflated,
4-angled membranaceous achenes. :

T. grandis Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. i, 87. Stem slender, 1-3 feet high:
leaves few, thin, radical long-petioled, cauline short-petioled, all deeply 5-
7-lobed with irregularly laciniate-toothed, acuminate lobes; flowers white :
achenes a little more than a line long, broadly gibbous at base, rather abr-
uptly beaked by the slender revolute style. Along streams in the Cascade

ountains from California to Brit. Columbia.

6 BATRACHIUM ‘8. F. Gray Brit. Pl. ii, 720.

‘Aquatic herbs swith the submersed leaves if any finely dissected
‘into-eapillary-divisions: ~Sepals 5, plain. Petals ‘white with yel-
low base, and a naked nectariferous spot on the claw of each. A-
chenes transversely wrinkled on the sides. Peduncles solitary,
Opposite the leaves.

B. aquatile Du Mortier Bull. Bot. Soc. Belg. ii, 207. Ranunculus aqu-
atilig L, Glabrous: stems 6-20 inches long: floating leaves round-reniform,
§-9 lines in diameter, 3-5-lobed. the lobes coarsely crenate-toothed: pedun-
cles thicker than the petioles, 8-10 lines long, spreatling or recurved in fruit:
sepals deciduous: flowers white, 5-10 lines in diameter: style subulate,
not longer than the ovary, introrsely stigmatic: receptacle hairy: achenes
reticulated, short-beaked. In ponds and shallow streams, California to
Alaska, Europe and Asia,

B. trichophyllum Bosch -Prodr. Fl. Bat. 5. Ranunculus aquatilis var.
trichophyllus Gray. Annual: stems coarsely filiform, 2-20 inches long:
leaves all submersed, round-reniform in outline, cut into numerous capillary
segments which are 4-10 lines long, short-petioled: peduncles 1-2 inches
long, longer than the petioles: flowers 3-5 lines in diameter : style subulate,
shorter than the ovary introrsely stigmatic: receptacle hairy; achenes
several, in a close globular head, glabrous obliquely oblong. In ponds and
ditches: Oregon and Washington ‘and across the continent.

B. Lobbii. Ranunculus Lobbii Gray. Glabrous annual: stems 6-12 inch-
es long: leaves commonly all floating, 3-9 lines wide, truncate_or :cordate
_, at base, deeply 3-lebed,;.middle lobe-usually Ril aera and entire, the later-.

alones usually oblong and with.a.broad. notch -in-the-apex; submersed
leaves none or rudimentary: peduncles opposite the upper leaves, thicker
than the petioles 6-8 lines long: sepals a line long, persistent: petals 2 lines
long, obovate-oblong: stamens 5-9: style long and filiform, with a small
terminal stigma: receptacle glabrous: achenes 4-6, finely rugose, obovate,
about a line long, embraced by the persistent calyx. In pools that go
dry in summer, Oregon and California.

7 RANUNCULUS Tourn. Inst. 285. L. Gen. n. 699.

Herbs with alternate, entire or variously lobed leaves, and sol-
itary or scattered flowers. Sepals 5, plain, commonly colored
and reflexed. Petals 1-15, usually broad and conspicuous, with a
small pit or spot covered by a scale, on the claw inside. Achenes
usually numerous, in a globose to oblong head, usually flattened,
and beaked with the persistent style, not transversely rugose on
the sides. Ovule ascending.

§ 1 Hatopes Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 366. Mature carpels
thin-walled aud utricular, compressed, striate with several simple
or sparingly branched nerves. Petals yellow with a nectariferous
scale near the base, deciduous with the sepals.

14 RANUNCULACEE. —_,_ RANUNCULUS. |

2 ss : = long j-

R. Cymbalaria Pursh Fl. ii, 392. Flowering stems 3-6 inches A
ialoyercn. leaves broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely enemas clair
ed at the base and joints of the long filiform rooting ‘runners : petals y shoals
2lines long, longer than the sepals: mature achenes a line long, Eo e-
veined on the sides, apex blunt, with a’ short oblique beak : nee : ong,
2-6 lines long. In wet saline places; California to Alaska and the Atlantic

States.. + i _

§ 2'Euranuncu.us Gray l.c. Mature carpels crustacdous,or
firm-coriaceous, the sides nerveless. Petals usually yellow, with a
nectariferous spot or pit and scale -near the base.

* Amphibious, the submersed leaves cut ifto Humerous * filiform di-
visions: petals yellow, with a broad.geale at the base: achenes with a
broad white caruncle. HS

‘ was. i *

R. delphinifolius Torr. in Eat. Man. ed. 4, 424. ?. Glabrous: annual:
stems floating, a foot or two long: submersed leaves dissected into several-
times forked capillary divisions; emersed leaves round or reniform, vari-
ously lobed or cleft: peduricles stout, 2 inches or more long : petals 5-8; 4-6
lines long, much longer than the sepals; scale 4 as long as its petal, inrol-
led.and its edges joined together for half its length: achenes ‘strongly
margined, and pointed with a stout curved beak. In ponds that are dry

art of each year, Western Oregon and Washington.

R. limosus Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 20. Subaquatic, soft-villous, procumbent :
leaves reniform, palmately 5-cleft, the segments 2-3-toothed or’ somewhat
lobed, the divisions blunt, short and shallow; stems 1-2-flowered: petals
3 lines: long, rounded, longet than the sepals: achenes small, scarcely keel-
ed, with a short, nearly straight, subulate beak. Margins of brackish lakes,
plains of Idaho and Utah. ‘

'* # Subdquatic, with entire or merely denticulate or crenulate, peti-
oled leaves; petals 5 or more; achenes in a globular head; subulate- .
beaked. :

R. reptans L. Sp. 549. R. Flammula var. reptans Meyer Pl. Lab. 96.
Stems filiform, creeping and rooting at the joints, 4-12 inches long: leaves
lanceolate to linear, acute at both ends, glabrous, entire: flowers 2-5 lines
wide ; petals obovate: achenes barely a line long,‘ roundish-ovate, tipped
with a slender curved beak. Common in wet places, Oregon to Alaska, New
York and Canada.

R. microlonehus Greene Eyth. iii, 122. Perénnial, the rather lerge
cluster of fleshy-fibrous roots supporting a tuft of erect lanceolate leaves
and a single slender tortuous, often partly reclining, leafy and few-flowered
stem : leaves all entire, acute at both ends, the radical 1-2 inches long, on
slender petioles as long, narrowly lanceolate, nearly glabrous above, but
rather densely appressed-pubescent beneath ; cauline few, relatively some-
what broader, with short petioles or subsessile: flowers l-several, yellow,
4 lines broad: sepals spreading: petals 5-8, obovate, obtuse; achenes few,
in a depressed-globose head, obliquely obovoid, slightly narrowed at base,
tipped with a short stout blunt style, moderately compressed, marginless,
smooth and glabrous. Collected by E. L. Greene in N. Idaho, Aug. 1889,

_ R. Unalaschcensis Bess. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1, 32. R. Flammula var.
intermedius Hook. Fl.i, 11. Stems decumbent and creeping, 4-1z inches
long leaves all lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, 1-2
inches long, tapering below into the petiole: petals obovate, 2-3 lines long;
achenes roundish-ovate, with a short oblique beak, in small globular heads.
In wet places, Idaho to Alaska.

R. samolifolius Greene Pitt. ili, 13. Stems several from a perennial
root, weak, somewhat flexuous and half reclining, 6-10 inches’ long, leafy
throughout, simple and 1-flowered or branched and’ several-flowered : her-

’

RANUNCULUS, RANUNCULACES. 15

“bage light green, glabrous or nearly so, leaves all entire, obtuse, radical

ones oblanceolate, long-petioled, 2-4 inches long; cauline’ lanceolate to
obovoid or oval, the upper “ones with very short dilated and thin sheath-
like petioles: sepals roundish, spreading, thin: petals 5-8, broadly obovate,
.2-3 lines long, golden.yellow:. achenes obovate, moderately compressed,
obscurely margined, obliquely, tipped, with a short style. Very common in
wet places in the Willamette valley, and from W. Washington to the Sier-
a Nevada Mountains in Calitornia. - ay i

‘R. Gormani Greene Pitt. iii, 91. ‘Stems several, from a-fascicle of per-
ennial, thick but slenderly:tapering fleshy-fibrous roots, simple, prostrate
at base, rooting and bearing leaves at 2-3 nodes, the terminal part naked,
ascending and scapiform, bearing a solitary small flower: leaves broadly
ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely few-toothed, 6-9 lineslong, glabrous,
on almost filiform somewhat pilose-hairy petioles 1-3 inches long: petals 5,
oblong, obtuse, twice the length: of the spreading sepals: achenes small,
glabrous, moderately compressed, with a slender. curved’ beak as long as
the body.. Colleeted by Mr. M. W. Gorman én*wet banks at Cathedral
Springs, Crater-Lake, southern Oregon, ‘Aug. 22nd,'1896%° * oem

R. alisinellus Greene Fl. Fr. 297. BR. alismefolius var. alismellus Gray.
Glabrous ; stems slender 2-12 inches long: radical leaves ovate or elliptical
to oblong or cordate, 6-15 lines long, on long slender petioles; cauline 1-2
or none, narrower, subsessile: flowers solitary, 4-7 lines broad, on long
slender peduncles: achenes few, the mature ones unknown. In wet’mead-
ows on the highest mountains, Washingtom to California. “| eo :

R. Populago Greene Eryth. iii, 19. R: Cusickit Jones Proc. Cal. Acad.
new series +. 615. Stém solitary, from a fascicle of fibrous roots, erect,
leafy, the whole plant flaccid-and glabrous, 6-10 inches high :. leaves thin-
membranaceous, from rourid-reniform to cordate-ovate, obtuse, entire or
obscurely crenate, long petioled; the cauline smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceo-
late, sessile: peduncles many, slender, longer than the cauline leaves to
which they are axillary: flowers yellow, 4 lines broad: petals 5-6, obovate-
oblong: heads of rather numerous thick short-pointed achenes small, glo-
bose or depressed-globuse.’ Mowntains of eastern Oregon and Idaho.

R. Bolanderi Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii, 58. Glabrous throughout
or the peduncles and calyx pubescent: stem stout, erect, 1-3 feet high;
leaves lanceolate, sparingly callous-denticulate, obtuse, the lower ones with
blade 4-6 inches long on petioles 5-12 inches long, the cauline ones few
and short-petioled or subsessile ; petals broadly obovate 3-5 lines long, twice
as long as the rounded spreading sepals; scales minute: achenes smooth,
moderately compressed, pointed with a slender beak, crowded in a com-
pact ovoid head. In wet places, Willamette valley to northern California.

* * * Terrestrial species with at least some lobed or divided leaves,
and no stoloniferous rooting or creeping stems except in R. repens.

+ Radical leaves few, only lobed: achenes turgid and dorsally roun-
ded; in a globose head.

R. glaberrimus Hook. Fl. i, 12, t.5, Fig. A. Glabrous: stems weak,
2-6 inches long, erect or decumbent: leaves all petioled, radical broadly:
oval, rounded: and coarsely toothed or lobed.at the apex; eauline subcu-
neate, trifid or entire: petals 5, obovoid, 4-6 lines long, twice the length
of the oval spreading sepals: achenes plump, puberulent, slender-beaked,
in large globose heads. In wet places, eastern Washington and north-,
ward: flowering in very early spring. :

R. ellipticus Greene Pitt. ii, 110. Very glabrous: stéms several, 2-3'
inches high, from a large fascicle of perennial fleshy-fibrous roots: radical’
leaves elliptical, entire, acutish at both-ends, the petiole equaling the blade;
the cauline narrower, often cleft into 2-3 linear divisions: petals often wan-

ting, sometimes 1 only, or 5, large, broudly obovate or more rounded, bright

’

16 RANUNCULACEZ. RANUNCULUS.

ellow: achenes numerous. in a large globose head, plump, smooth, tipp-
a with a short curved beak: peduncles recurving in fruit until the heads
rest on the ground. In wet places from the Blue Mountains of Oregon to

eastern California and the Rocky Mountains.

R. digitatus Hook. Kew Misc. iii, 124, t.4. Less than a span high from
a cluster of short and downwardly tuberous-thickened roots; glabrous: leaves
few, petioled, entire and lanceolate, or digitately or somewhat pedately lobed
the 3 to 5 segments narrowly lanceolate or oblong-spatulate. obtuse: flawers 8
or 8, terminal, 5 to 10 lines in diameter, with 5 to 11 oblong-spatulate petals:
fruit subglobose, akenes beaked with the subulate recurved style. Mountains
of southern Idaho Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming,

+ +. Leaves.all, 2-4:ternately parted.or divided into numerous nar- +--+:

.... .Low, divisions. -achenes turgid, subulate-beaked, dorsally: margintess,
smooth or nearly so. Low perennials with fibrous-fascicled roots.

R. triternatus Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 370. Stems ascending, 2-6
inches long: leaves usually triternately divided and parted ; primary divi-
ions petiolulate, lobes filitorm-linear to linear-spatulate, obtuse: inflores-
cence secund: peduncles stout, 2 inches long, at-length recurved and the
heads resting on the ground: petals broadly obovate, 4-6. lines long:
achenes very turgid, rounded on the back, slender-beaked, the head glo-
bose with a thick globular receptacle. Klickitat Co. Washington, on the
highest hills opposite the Dalles; flowering in very early spring. :

R. eximius Greene Eryth. iii, 19. Radical leaves very few, often only
one, on short stout petioles 1-2 inches long, the blade of cuneate-obovate
gr almost flabelliform outline deeply about 7-lobed at the broad summit,
otherwise entire: upper cauline leaves sessile, broadly cuneiform, an inch
long, cleft to the middle into about 5 lanceolate or broadly linear lobes:
periphery of the expanded large corolla quite circular by the overlapping
of the numerotis broadly obovate or almost obcordate yellow petals. AL
pine or subalpine, Idaho and Wyoming to the Rocky Mountains.

+ + + Leaves mostly cleft.or more divided, some radical ones un-
divided but at least crenate or dentate: achenes turgid or lenticular,
marginless: high mountain perennials with rather large flowers.

R. Suksdorfli Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 371. Glabrous: stems 4-10
inches high from a fascicle of fleshy-fibrous roots, 1-3-flowered ; leaves small,
somewhat reniform, 3-5-cleft or parted, divisions of the radical ones 3-5-
cleft or incised, of the cauline lineax,;.petals round-obevate, retuse, 4-6 lines
long, deep yellow: achenes glabrous, turgid-lenticular, acutish-edged; tipp-
ed:with an almost filiform long style. In damp ground on Mount Adams,
Washington at 6000 to 7800 feet elevation.

_ R. Eschscholtzii Schlecht. Animad. Ranunc. ii, 16, t, 1. Stems ascen-
ding, 6-12 inches long, 1-3-flowered : leaves roundish in outline; radical all
3-5-parted or deeply cleft, and their obovate or cuneate divisions mostly
lobed or incised; cauline similar or with oblong to spatulate or lanceolate
and often entire divisions: petals 3-6 lines long: achenes glabrous, with
slender-subulate and mostly straight style of more than half their length ;
heads oblong. Alpine, in the Cascade Mountains to Alaska and the
Rocky Mountains.

R. cardiopltyllus Hook. Fl. i, 14, t.5. Hirsutely pubescent: stems
robust, 10-12 inches high: radical leaves round-cordate, coarsely crenate to
3-7-cleft; cauline nearly sessile, palmately many-cleft, the linear lobes
incisely crenate: petals golden yellow, broadly oval, very obtuse, twice as
long as the spreading sepals: achenes small, roundish, tipped with a long
hooked style. On high mountains, Oregon to Alaska, Canada.and the
Rocky Mountains.

+ + + + Slender-rooted annual, with small flowers and achenes.

»

RANUNCULUS. RANUNCULACES. 17

R. eremogenes Greene Eryth. iv, 121. R. sceleratus of authors as to
the western plant. Glabrous: stem eréct, stout and fistulous, 6-30 inches
high, sparingly leafy, simple below, loosely corymbose-paniculate above,
herbage light-green; lower leaves round-reniform, deeply 2-5-lobed, the
lobes obtusely-toothed above ; upper leaves more deeply and narrowly cut:
petals light yellow, Serpent the sepals: achenes numerous, smooth, flat-
tened, with very short beak, crowded in a short-oblong head: the oblong-
ovoid receptacle much inflated. ° Wet springy places, northern California
to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains; east of the Cascade Mts.

+ + + + + Leaves variously cleft or divided : achenes compressed,
ubually flat, surrounded by a firm or indurated margin: none truly
alpine.

++ Radical leaves not divided into separate leaflets: petals usually
only 5: achenes smooth or barely pubescent, in globose or oblong heads.

= Style long, recurving, wholly persistent in a rigid and uncinate,
elongated beak. :

1-Perennials with erect stems from somewhat fleshy-fibrous roots.

R. occidentalis Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 22. Pilose with spreading hairs:
stems rather slender, 10-18 inches high, at length much branched: radical
leaves orbicular, subcordate, more or less deeply 3-lobed, or 3-parted, and
coarsely toothed, an inch or less in diameter; cauline leaves deeply cut
into 3-5 linear lobes: petals obovate-oblong, 3-7 lines long, twice as long as
the reflexed sepals: achenes smooth or nearly so, flat, a line in diameter;
beak nearly as long as the body; heads globose. Common in dry open
places, Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains,

R. Eiseni Kellogg Proc. Cal. Acad. vii, 115. Sparingly villous: stems
slender, at length widely branched above, 1-2 feet high: leaves rather
small, not cordate at base, palmately 3-lobed or 3-parted, the broad cunei-
form lobes of the radical ones trifid: petals obovate-oblong, 3-5 lines long,
twice aslong as the reflexed sepals: achenes broad and rounded, compress-
ed and thin, glabrous, tipped with a short recurved beak. In dry ground,
mountains of southern Oregon to middle California.

R. Rattani. R. occidentalis var. Rattani Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 372.
More or less villous with long white hairs: stem slender, 1-2 feet high,
widely branching above: leaves palmately 3-parted or 3-lobed, not cordate
at base, the broad cuneiform lobes of the radical ones trifid: sepals 2-3
lines long, reflexed; petals obovate-oblong, 4-6 lines long or more: achenes
becoming roughish-papillose, and sparsely or thickly beset with. short
hairs. Dry ground, southern Oregon and northern California.

R. Howellii Greene ms. R occidentalis var. Howellii Gréene Pitt. iti. 14.
R. canus Howell P. C. Pl. No. 1331. not Benth. Stems slender, smooth, 1-2 feet
hgih, widely branched above: leaves broadly cuneate, palmately 3-5-lobed
or -parted, the cuneiform segments 3-toothed or eked, canescent with a
long appressed-silky pubescence: sepals ovate, acute, pubescent outside,
soon reflexed, 2-3 lines long: petals obovate-oblong, 4-6 lines long or more:
achenes rather small, smooth, tipped with a subulate, slightly hooked to
almost straight, elongated. style. Dry hillsides about Ashland Oregon,
extending to near the Klamath river in California.

R. ciliosus. Soft-pubescent with moderately long, white, at length
spreading hairs: stems 1-several from a fascicle of fleshy-fibrous perennia:
roots, erect or ascending; lower leaves 3-parted, the obovate or oblanceo-
" late segments acutely 2-5-lobed; the cauline 3-parted, the acute lanceolate
segments entire or 2-3-lobed; the uppermost janceolate and entire: sepals
ovate, acutish, 2-3 lines long, soon reflexed; petals broadly obovate, 4-6
lines long: young achenes roundish, ciliate on the outer edge. tipped with
along subulate hooked style: mature achenes not seen. Moist banks,
in Bear Valley, Blue Mountains, Oregon. Howell. May 23, 1885.

°

18 RANUNCULACES. RANUNCULUS.

R. Greenei. R. occidentalis var. Lyailit Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ng eed
R. tenellus var. Lyallii Robinson in Gray Syn. Fi. i, 33. Hispidly as
with tawny hairs, or the upper parts nearly smooth: stem usually so itary,
erect, 1-3 feet high, with few-several slender erect branches: leaves rather
few, thin, 1-3 inches in diameter, cordate, tad 3-cleft, the broad]y-ob-
ovate divisions acute, 3-5-cleft and acutely toothed : flowers small, on ,slen-
der pedicels, the pale yellow petals 1-3 lines long, not surpassing the spr-
eading sepals achenes in rather dense globose, heads, scarcely a line broad,
minutely papillose and hispid, tipped with along slender-subulate curved
and hooked beak. Common in open Fir forest, Oregon to Brit. Columbia
and northern Idaho. oe

2. Winter annuals.

R. Douglasii. R. tenellus Nutt, T. &G. Fl. i, 238. not Viviani. Stem
solitary, slender or moderately stout, branching, 1-3 feet high: radical
leaves long-petioled, 3-parted or trifoliolate,the divisions deeply 3-lobed and
the lobes acutely 3-toothed; cauline similar, or the upper 3-parted with
linear lobes, or reduced to a single linear-lanceolate leat or bract, all spar-
ingly pubescent with small appressed hairs: sepals greenish, pubescent
outside, oblong, obtuse, 1-2 lines long: petals broadly spatulate, a third
longer than the reflexed sepals,dttenuate below toa claw: achenes smooth,
tipped with a short stout hooked beak. Common in moist places and river
bottoms, California to Brit. Columbia. ay

R. parvirtorus L. &p: ed. 2, i, 780. Soft-pubescent with spreading hairs:
stem erect, slender or stoutish, simple-much branched, 2-12 inches high;
lower leaves 3-parted; the broad segment deeply 3-7-lohed; cauline leaves
trifoliolate, the broad.cunieform leaflets deeply. cut into 3-5 lanceolate acute
lobes: sepals about a line long, oblong; obtuse, subpersistent: petals obo-
vate, attenuate below to a claw, ahout.as long as the sepals, subpersistent:
achenes few, in a loose globose head,. papillose-hispid with short hooked
hairs, tipped with a very short, hooked beak. In the shade of bushes and
rocks, from.the Columbia river to southern Oregon. Introduced from Eu.

= = Style comparatively short.

R. Californieus Benth. Pl..Hartw: 235. More or less pilose or hirsute:
stems erect or nearly so, 6-25 inches high, from a cluster of somewhat
thickened fibrous p2rennial roots: radical leaves usually pinnately ternate,
the leaflets laciniately cut into 8-7 usually linear lobes or parts: flowers
5-10 lines in diameter} petals 5-15, narrowly obovate, deep glossy yellow,
longer than the reflexed sepals: achenes nearly 2 lines long. much flatten-
ed and with sharp edges, tipped with the short curved beak: heads. com-
pact, ovate or-globular. Dry or moist ground, southern Oregon near the
coast, and-California. . : aati

. 4 ++ Stems erect or ascending, not stoloniferous: roots fibrous, of
short duration: ovaries -with the stout subulate style stigmatose for
much of its length, persisting in'a straight or merely oblique beak.

R. Pennsylvanicus ‘L. f. Suppl. 272. Hirsute with rough spreading
hairs: stem stout, erect 1-2 feet high: leaves ternate; the somewhat ovate
acute leaflets 3-cleft, the divisions sharply cut and toothed: petals pale
yellow, not longer than the spreading sepals: achenes flat, tipped with the
short straight beak, crowded in an oblong head. In damp places, eastern
Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. =

R. Macounii Pritton Trans. N.Y. Acad. xii, 3. R. hispidus Pursh Fl. 4i,
395, not Micha. “Stems ascending or declined, usually hirsute with spread-
ing hairs, stout, 1-2 feet long: leaves all ternately compound: segments
oval, acute, laciniately toothed: flowers few, middle-sized, rather long-ped-
uncled; petals obovate, about 3 lines long, surpassing the s reading or
hardly reflexed soon deciduous sepals; achenes: mostly 1g lines long,
smooth, tipped with a stout straight flat-subulate beak, in globular or at

RANUNCULUS. RANUNCULACE. 19

most oval heads. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Canada.

R. Oreganus. R. hispidus var. Oreganus Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 376.
Smooth or somewhat pubescent below with scattered hairs: stem stout,
44-3 feet high, usually several from the fascicle of annual roots: leaves
ample, trifoliate ; the broadly-ovate leaflets deeply 3-lobed; lobes mostly
lanceolate, serrate above the middle: petals ohovate, 3-4 lines long, twice as
long as the reflexed sepals: achenes flat with aprominent border, 1-114 lines
long, tipped with a short: subulate beak, in a large dense oblong or oval
h ad. Shady, and wet places about the mouth of the Willamette river.

++ ++ ++ Stems prostrate and stoloniferous.

R. repens L. Sp. i, 554. Pubascent; stems 1-2 feet long, trailing, rooting
at the lower joints: leaves ternataly parted and often subdivided: sepals
spreading: petals 5; achenes 114 lines long, rather sharply: margined, the
nearly straight beak about 144 lines long. Naturalized in various places
from California to Brit. Columbia... : ‘ :

R. septentrionalis Poir. Dict. vi, 125. Coarsely hirsute to glabrous:
stems stout, 1-3 feet high: oiten-stoloniferous: leaves nearly all pedately
and pinnately 3-foliate; leaflets -3-parted and sharply incised: flowers
large, often more than an inch broad: achenes strongly compressed, rather
gradually contracted into a long flat beak; heads ovoid. Northern Idaho
and eastward to New Brunswick. 2%

t+ 4+ a ++ Style more or less elongated and attenuate upwards,
stigmatose at the tip only: petals 5-15: roots perennial.

R. orthorhynehus Hook. Fl. i. 21, t. 9. Hirsute to nearly glabrous:
stems erect or ascending, 1-2 feet long, usually several from the fascicle of
thick fibrous roots: leaves mostly oblong in outline, pinnate, with 5-7 usu-
ally cleft or incised leaflets ; petals narrow obovate purple outside, 4-6 lines
long, much surpassing the reflexed sepals: achenes not very numerous,
ovate, nearly 2 lines l.ng, strongly margined, tipped with a slender-subu-
late, rigid and quite straight beak about the same length. In wet places,
western Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

R. maximus Greene Bull Torr. Club, xiv, 118. R. orthorhynchus var,
platyphyllus Gray 1. ¢. 377. Pilose or hirsute with spreading hairs: stems
stout, 1-4 feet high, ascending or trailing, but not rooting: radical leaves
pinnate, 2-8 inches long. on long petioles; leaflets deeply 3-cleft or -parted,
the divisions laciniately 3-9-toothed: sepals ovate, acute, 3-4 lines long,
hirsute outside, soon retlexed: petals obovate-oblong, rounded at the sum-
mit, short clawed, 5-9 lines long, yellow with a dark base: achenes strong-
ly margined, tipped with a rigid, subulate, straight or slightly incurved
beak as long asthe body. In wet places, Oregon and Waste gba to Cal-
ifornia and the Wahsatch Mountains. : 7 ;

— + + + + + Annuals or biennials with muricate-echinate achenes.

R. muricatus L. Sp. 1, 555. Glabrous: stems rather stout, 4-3 inches
high ; leaves roundish or reniform, coarsely toothed: petals pale yellow,
longer than the sepals: achenes very large, flat, the sides coarsely muricate-
prickly, surrounded by a wide sharp smooth margin; beak stout and
straight. In wet places, Umpqua valley Oregon. Introduced from Europe.

Tribe 4. Helleborex DC. Sepals imbricated in the bud, petaloid.
Petals small or irregular or none. Carpels few, becoming several-
seeded follicles. :

* Perennial herbs. Flowers regular. Follicles 5-15.
' 6 CALTHA L. Gen. n. 703.
. Smooth marsh plants with mostly radical, cordate or reniform

20 RANUNCULACEX. CALTHA.
TROLLIUS.

leaves and white or yellow flowers Sepals 5-15. petaloid. Pet-
als none. Stamens numerous Pistils 5-15, several ovuled, be-
coming several-seeded. flattened follicles that are dehiscent their
whole length on the inner edge.

C. leptosepala DC. Syst. i, 310. Stems erect, 2-8 inches high, 1-2-flow-
ered; the lower flower subtended by a petaloid lanceolate bract: leaves
roundish- to oblong-cordate, longer than wide, irregularly crenate-toothed :
sepals white tinged with purple outside, lanceolate, acute, 5-8 lines long:
follicles obscurely stipitate. Wet meadows, Mount Adams Washington to
the Rocky Mountains and Alaska. i

C. biflora DC. Syst.i, 310. Stems scape-like, 5-12 inches high, 1-2-flo-
wered: leaves round-reniform, with broad overlapping base, broader than
long, 1-4 inches broad, obscurely crenate: sepals white, oblong to spatulate,
obtuse, 6-10 lines long: follicles distinctly stipitate when mature. In
cold bogs and rivulets of high mountains. California to Alaska.

C. palustris L. Sp. i, 784. Stems erect or ascending. rather thick and
succulent, 6-10 inches long or more, corymbusely or dichotomously branch-
ed above: lower leaves 2-4 inches broad, cordate or reniform, on petioles
3-9 inches or more long, crenately or acutely dentate, or quite entire; cau-
line leaves on shorter petioles: flowers few, pedunculate, yellow; sepals 5-
6, broadly oval, 6-9 lines long: follicles oblong, somewhat curved, mucron-
ate with the, at length, nearly straight style. In marshes, Oregon to
Alaska and the Atlantic States and Canada.

8 TROLLIUS L. Gen. n. 700.

Glabrous perennial herbs’ with palmately lobed or dissected
leaves, and few or solitary yellow or lilac flowers. Sepals 5-15,
regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-8, small, 1-lipped, tubu-
lar at base. Stamens and ovaries uumerous. Follicles sessile,
somewhat cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds oblong with a smooth
crustaceous testa.

T. laxus Galisb, Trans. Linn. Soc. viii, 303 Stems erect, 1-2 feet high:
leavespalmately divided; the segments many-cleft: sepals 5-6, spreading,
ochroleucous with a tinge of green beneath: petals 15-25, deep orange-yel-

low. Headwaters of the Skokomish river, Olympic Mountains Washing-
ton, and the eastern States.

9 COPTIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. vili, 305.

Low, smooth and shining evergreen herbs with 1-3-flowered
scapes and ternate or quinate leaves. Flowering in very early
spring. Sepals 5-7, petaloid. Petals as many, thread-like, en-
larging and cucullate near the upper end or near the middle.
Stamens 10-25. Follicles 3-12, stipitate, several seeded. Seeds
with shining crustaceous testa.

_ § 1. Curyza Gray Gen. IIL. i, 38. Sepals oval. Petals shorter
than the stamens, clavate, with enlarged and thickened, hollow,
hectariferous summit. Leaflets 3, rarely 5, subsessile and undi-
vided. Scapes 1-flowered.

C. trifolia Salisb. 1. ¢. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets cuneif -
mucronately toothed, obscurely 3-lobed, about an inch Toni: "Wen capa
der, 3-5 inches high, 1-flowered: sepals 5-7, oblong, obtuse, white: pet-
als shorter than the sepals, cucullate-obconic, white with yellow base
soon deciduous: follicles ovate-oblong, longer than. the style, equaled by

COPTIS. RANUNCULACE. 21
AQUILEGIA.

the stipe: seeds black. In marshes and low woods, northwest Wash-
ington to Alaska and the Atlantic States, Newfoundland and northward.

§ 2 Curysocoptis Gray l.c. Sepals linear or ligulate, atten-
uate, greenish- or yellowish-white. Petals filiform or ligulate,
enlarged and cucullate near the middle Scapes 1 3-flowered.

C. occidentalis T.&G. Fi. i, 28. Leaves simply trifoliolate: leaflets
long-petiolulate, roundish in outline, 2-3 inches long, 3-lobed to about the
middle, lobes obtuse, slightly 3-lobed or incised and obtusely dentate: pet-
als shorter than the sepals and apparently subulate from asubsessile ovate
and concave base; mature follicles longer than the stipe; seeds oblong. In
the mountains of Idaho. A little known species.

C. venosa. Leaves ternate, coriaceous, smooth and shining prominent-
ly veine4; leaflets ovate with cordate base, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions again
cleft into 3-5 cuspidate dentate lobes, the terminal one long and the lateral
ones short petiolulate: scapes at length 7-12 inches high, equaling or excee-
ding the leaves: sepals petal-like, very narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate
3-4 lines long: petals a little shorter, filiform, dilated and gibbous below the
middle: follicles longer than the stipe: seeds oblong, chestnut-brown. Cas-
cade mountains near the head of Elk Creek Oregon. So fur as known only
collected by myself, and distributed as C. ocgidentalis in 1881--82.

C. laciniata Gray Bot. Gaz. xii, 297. Leaves chartaceous, ternate, triter-
nate, or ternate-quinate; the ovate leaflets deeply 3-5-cleft, acute and acute-
.ly toothed: sepals linear-lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, spreading or reflexed:
petals a third shorter, nearly filiform, cucullate in the middle: follicles 4-5
lines long, exceeding the stipe: seeds oval. Along streams, Coast and Uas-
cade mountains from Oregon to northern California,

C. asplenifolia Salish. 1. c. 303. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate; leaflets all
rather long-petiolulate, mostly ovatc-oblong in outline and pinnately
5-parted or divided ; lowest pair of pinne commonly petiolulate and ubper
confluent all 3-5-cleft and incised: sepals filiform, 2-3 lines long: petals
filiform with a thickened and concave nectary below the middle: mature
follicles shorter than the stipe. Damp woods and marshes, Alaska to Brit.
Columbia. To be looked for in northern Washington. ~

10. AQUILEGIA Tourn. Inst. 428. L. Gen. n. 684.

Perennial herbs with biternate or triternate leaves and showy
terminal flowers in early summer. Sepals 5, colored and petal-
oid. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, with short spreading
lips, and produced backwards into long tubular spurs. Stamens
amany,-the outer ones long-exserted, the inner ones reduced to
thin scales. Follicles 5, sessile, pointed with the slender style.

A. formosa Fischer in DC. Prod. i, 50. Sparingly pubescent with soft
‘spreading hairs: stems branching, 2-4 feet high, from a simple or branched
fleshy fusiform root: lower leaves triternate, on long petioles, the upper sessile
and ternate or reduced to simple bracts: leaflets broadly cuneate, 3-cleft, the
‘divisions variously 3—5-lobed: flowers red,pendutous in anthesis; sepals sprea-
ding or reflexed, 10-14 lines long, lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to a short
‘claw: spurs little or not-at all longer than the sepals: style not longer than tke
:stamens: follicles an inch long by 2 lines wide. Common from California,
ito Alaska Nevada and Utah.

A. trun¢data F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. Suppl. 8. (1848,) Glabrous: stems
1-8 feet high, with lax spreading branches: flowers 1-2 inches in diameter,
red tinged. with yellow: sepals widely spreading or reflexed: petals trun-
cate, the limb very short; the spurs 6-9 lines long, thick and blunt. In

22 RANUNCULACES. AQUILEGIA.
DELPHINIUM.

shady ravines, southern Oregon near Crater Lake, Gorman, and California. -

A. flavescens Watson’ Bot. King, 10. Smooth: stems 1-3 feet high:
leaves ternate: leaflets round-cordate, 3-parted, the segments 2-3-cleft and
coarsely toothed: flowers yellow, pendulous; sepals reflexed, oblong-ovate,
acute, longer than the spurs: style nearly equaling the stamens, much lon-
ger than the pubescent ovary. Subalpine, eastern Oregon to Nevada, Utah
and Brit. Columbia. :

A. leptosera Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii,.9. Stems 1-2 feet high,
glabrous, few-flowered: flowers white or slightly tinged with blue, soon becom-
ing erect: sepals ovate, an inch to inch anda half loug; spur straght, 2 inches
long, very slender: Shaded mouutain slopes, Idaho to eastern California and

Utah,
* * Flowers irregular. Carpels 1-5. Leaves palmately lobed or

dissected.
11 DELPHINIUM Tourn. Inst. 426. L. Gen. n. 781.

_ Erect herbs from grumous or fleshy-fibrous roots, with palmate-
ly lobed cleft or divided alternate leaves and showy flowers in
simple or paniculate racemes. Sepals 5, very irregular, usually
colored and petaloid, the upper one produced backwards at the
base into a hollow spur the others plain: Petals 2-4, very irreg-
ular, the 2 upper ones developed backwards and enclosed in the
spur of the calyx. Stamens many. Pistils 1-5, many-ovuled.
Style persistent. Ours all of

§ Denpninastrum DC. Syst. i, 351, Petals 4. distinct, the up-
per pair usually glabrous: the lateral ones unguiculate, more or
less hairy on the face, in ours emarginate or 2-lobed at the apex.
Follicles in ours usually. 3.

* Flowers blue or white, never scarlet nor orange.

D. Menziesii DC. Syst. i, 855. Glabrous or pubescent with spreading
hairs; 5 to 18 inches high; sparingly leafy: lower leaves round-reniform, irreg-
ularly cut iuto oblong lobes: the upper finely dissected into linear lobes: flowers
blue, ina few-branched panicle: sepals lanceolate, obtuse, 5-8 lines long by
2-3 lines wide, aboutaslong as the stout spur, pubescent with spreading hairs:
petals exserted, white with purple veins: follicles glabrous, 8-10 lines long
with acute widely spreading tips: seeds turbinate, with a broad depressed sum-
mit. Northern California to Brit. Columbia: usually in open woods,

D. pauperculuin Greene Pitt. i, 284. Stem solitary, simple, 2-7-lea1
6-10 inches high; from a small globose or ovate fubere pubEsesnts ue
and soft : nae pe ute ace al trifid segments: flowers only 3 or

on ascending pedicels, deep blue, an inch broad; i i
Near the coast, Washington. M. A. Knapp. HDR SHRSIEHHE, @ecoEsing:

D. Oreganum. Finely pubescent with short reflexed hairs:

slender, 1-3 feet high, from a somewhat branched. flattish ee arene
leafy : leaves all dissected into acute linear lobes: flowers blue. in fee ie
many-flowered racemes ; sepals broadly lanceolate, half inch or ‘more long
shorter than the slender spur; lower petals blue, very obtuse or truncate,
eel and ciliate at the apex, the blade only 2-3 linés long ; upper ones
light blne bordered with white, lanceolate, ‘obtuse: follicles 34 ies lon

by a line broad, densely tomentose, erect and not at all spreading at the
tips: seed triangular, with rounded and rugose back, and truncate poe it
Open plains and hillrides of the Willamette valley. an

DFLEBAINIUM. RANUNCULACESA, 23

D. leucophwum Greene Eryth. iii, 118. D. Menziesti var. ochroleucum
Nutt. T. & G. Fl. 4, 81. Very finely pubescent with retrorsely appressed
hairs, usually rather slender, 1-3 feet high from a more or less branching
tuber: leaves ternate, the nearly sessile leaflets deeply cut into 3-5 lacini-
ately trifid lobes: racemes virgate, 3-10 inches long} pedicels erect in fruit,
the lowest 1-2 inches long, the upper 2-6 lines long, all more or less gland-
ular: sepals whitish or ochroleucous outside, spur slender, 8-10 lines long,
longer than the oblong lower petals, blue bordered with white, rounded at’
the summit, repand-dentate, rather densely bearded: follicles erect, rather
densely pubescent, oblong, 5-7 lines long. Open plains, Willamette val-
ley and along the Willamette river near Oswego. ;

D. simplex Doug]. Hook.’ Fi.i, 25. Tall and strict, 2-3 feet high: '
pubescent throughout, with short and soft spreading almost velvety down:
leaves all dissected into linear divisions and lobes, racemes spiciform and
virgate : pedicels shorter than the spur, erect in flower and fruit: calyx
pubescent outside. Root and fruit not seen. Western Idaho. (Gray Syn.
Fi. i, £9.)

_D. distichum Geyer Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 68. Stem strict a foot or
two to rarely 3 feet high from a fasciculate tuberous root, glaucescent, gla-
brous or the inflorescence puberulent, rather rigid, several-leaved, simple
or the larger plants having one or more lateral racemes: leaves thickish ;
lower ones of rounded outline, with cuneate or narrow divisions and lobes;
wpper ones short-petioled, erect, and with aproximate or little spreading
linear divisions and lobes: raceme spiciform and virgate, many-flowered :
pedicels shorter than the spur, erect or appressed both in flower and fruit:
flowers blue or violet, approximate and conspicuously distichous in the
very spiciform raceme: sepala at first canescent puberulent outside, a third
to nearly a half inch long,follicles erect, seldom over a halt inch long. Low
prairies, etc., Oregon and Washington to Montana. :

D. Columbianum Greene Eryth. ii, 198. Densely canescent: stems
simp.e, 4-12 inches high or more, from a fascicle of thickened roots: lower
leaves reniform, irregularly cut into oblong callous-tipped lobes; upper
ones finely dissected into linear lobes: inflorescence tawny pubescent:
flowers dark blue,-rather small, in a strict secund or virgate spike: pedi-
cels erect, short and stout: sepals oblong, about half as long as the slender
spur, appressed canescent; follicles densely tawny-pubescent, 5-8 lines
long by a line or more wide, erect: seeds winged. In winter rivulets, east-
ern Washington to Nevada and California.

D. Andersoni Gray l.c. Sparingly pubescent or glabrous,4-18 inches
high, rather stout: leaves thickish, round-reniform in outline, the lower
coarsely and the upper finely dissected into obtuse linear lobes; flowers
blue, in a condensed spike: sepals broadly spatulate, 6 lines long or more,
finely pubescent: petals pale blue veined with dark blue: follicles glab-
rous, 8-12 lines. long by 114-2 lines wide; erect, with acute spreading
tips: seeds broadly winged with a broad depressed summit. Southeastern
Oregon to Nevada and California. =e ph gh :

D. Nuttallianum Pritz. in Walp. Rep. ii, 744. Glabrous or barely pu-
berulent:: stem slender, a span to a foot high from a fasciculate-tuberous
iroot; leaves small, all pedately parted into narrowly linear divisions of an
onch or more in length: racemes 3-15 flowered: pedicels about the length,
of the flowers; sepals 3 lines long, oblong, little surpassing the petals
much shorter than the. slender spur: follicles (so far as known) oval-ob-
long, erect, about 4 lines long. astern borders of Washington to the
Rocky Mountains.

D. bicolor Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii, 10. Pubescent, a span toa
foot high from fascicled, and mostly deep descending roots, rather stout :
leaves thickish, the lower orbicular in outline, all deeply cleft or parted
with mostly linear and obtuse segments; racemes few to several-flowered :
lower pedicels an inch or two long, ascending: sepals and spur half to

24 RANUNCULACES. DELPHINIUM.

ACONITUM.
three-fourths inch long; upper petals pale yellow and white and copiously
blue-veined : follicles glabrous, or when young puberulent,sometimes quite
erect, but usually recurving above. Dry ground, mountains of eastern
Oregon and Washington to Utah, Colorado and British Columbia.

D. depauperatum Nuit.1. c. Stem very slender, simple, 1-3 leaved :
leaves scarcely an inch in diameter, glabrous. the lower cne flabelliform
or reniform : upper part of the stem and carpels minutely villous: raceme
1-7-flowered; flowers deep blue, upper petals yellowish: follicles 5-6 lines
long, erect. Mountains of eastern Oregon and Nevada.

D. trolliifolium Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 275. Glabrous through-
out or the inflorescence ‘sparingly villous, tall and.stout, 2-5 feet high:
leaves large, long petioled, 5-7 lobed, the lobes laciniately cleft and
toothed with acuminate segments: flowers large, in a loose raceme: sepals
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 lines long, sparingly villous: follicles
glabrous, 6-8 lines long by two lines broad: seeds turbinate with a narrow
rim at the top. Common along streams from British Columbfa to Califor-
nia. Known as “Poison Larkspur.”

D. occidentale Watson. Glabrous or densely pubescent above, 4-6
feet high’: leaves deeply 3-5 cleft, the divisions broadly cuneate some-
what 3-lobed and sparingly gash-toothed, the teeth narrowing abruptly to
a callous point: flowers small in « many-flowered sparingly branched pan-
icle: sepals spatulate acuminate attached by a broad base, 6 lines long or
more, follicles glabrous or sometimes pubescent: seeds light colored and
spongy. Subalpine in damp soil, from the Blue Mountains of Oregon to,
Nevada.

D. seopulorum Gray Pl. Wright, ii, 9. Glabrous below or throughout:
stems 1-6 feet high from a fascivle of thick roots; leaves numerous, mostly
orbicular in outline, 2-3 inches in diameter, 5-7 parted, the lower into
cuneate and the upper into narrower cleft and laciniate divisions: petio-
les, except the lowest, hardly dilated at base: bracts,and bractlets mainly
filiform : racemes many flowered; flowers blue varying to white or pink on
short erect pedicels; sepals about half an inch long, about equaling the
spur: lower pels deeply notched and with the whitish upper ones but lit-
tle shorter than the oblong sepals: follicles not over half inch long, short-
oblong, erect: seeds with a loose cellular coat. Mountains of eastern
Washington (Sandberg No. 921) to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico

D. glaucum Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 427. Tall and stout, glabrous and
more or less ‘glaucous: leaves large, laciniately lobed and toothed, the
lobes mostly acuminate, the upper leaves sparingly lobed or entire and
narrowly lanceolate: flowers pale blue,numerous in a narrow raceme,upon
slender and rather short pedicels, the somewhat minutely tomentose sep-
als rather narrow, about 6 lines long or less, follicles glabrous. From
Yakima county. Washington, to California and north to the Yukon river.

D. Burkei Greene Eryth. ii. 188. Stems one or several, a foot
high or more, erect, not slender, from a manifestly woody-fibrous
root, leafy at or near the base only: foliage and lower part of stem seem-
ing glabrous, though somewhat puberulent under a lens; upper part of
stem and the inflorescence clot hed with a short villous-hirsute pubescence :
leaves 2 inches broad, deeply parted ihto many linear and oblong-linear
obtusish segments, the textur® rather fleshy: raceme rather long and nar-
row, the pedicels being equal and quite erect: sepals deep blue, pubescent
exteriorly, spur rather long, usually blunt, nearly straight and horizontal:
petals conspicuously white, or perhaps ochroleucous: ovaries densely-ap-
pressed-villous: follicles unknown. “Snake Country” Idaho, Burke. ad

: * * Flowers scarlet,

D. nudicaule T. & G.1.¢. Smooth or slightly vill
two high; leaves mostly near the base, 1-3 aches li dace “3-5 awed
# : ?

ACONITUM. RANUNCULACES. 25
ISOPYRUM.

the lobes more or less deeply 3-7 toothed, with broad obtuse segments:
flowers red: sepals broadly lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, 6 lines long or

- more, much shorter than the long stout spur. In the mountains of south-
ern Oregon and California.

12, ACONITUM Tourn. Inst. 424. L. Gen. n. 682.

Tall perennial herbs with palmately lobed alternate leaves and
showy flowers in open racemes. Sepals 5, colored and petaloid,
very irregular, the upper ones arched into a hood, the lateral
ones plain. Petals 2-5, the upper 2 irregular, with long claw and -
spur-like blade which are concealed in the hood of the sepals ; the
3 lower ones small or obsolete. Follicles 3-5, sessile, many-seeded.

A. Columbianum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 34. Rather stout, 2-6 feet high,
smooth below,somewhat tomentose above: leaves ample,the lower on long .
petioles, the upper subsessile, all deeply 3-5 cleft into broadly cuneate la-
ciniately toothed acuminate lobes: hood 6-8 lines long with helmet-shaped
portion higher than broad, at length much shorter than the downwardly -
narrowed basal portion, very strongly beaked: follicles usually 3, oblong,
obtuse, 6-8 lines long, many-seeded: seeds flat, strongly keeled and trans-
versely wrinkled. Along mountains. steams, California to Brit. Colum-
bia, east to the Récky Mountains and New Mexico.

A. bulbiferum. Stems slender, weak and viney, 2-4 feet long: smooth
below, tomentose above: leaves rather small,'on short petioles, or the up-
per sessile bearing bulbletsin their axils, all laciniately' cut into acute
Jobes: sepals pale blue; hood 6-8 lines long. Fruit not seen. In marshes
on thé eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains near Mount Hood, flower-
ing in September. :

* * * Flowers regular. Carpels 1-5. Leaves ternately compound.
+Fruit.dry. Follicles 1-20.
18. ISOPYRUM L. Gen. n. ed. 2. 533.

Low perennial herbs with mostly alternate 2-3-ternately de-
compound leaves and white flowers in lax terminal panicles or:
solitary. Sepals 5-6, petaloid, regular, deciduous. Petals 5,
very small and nectariferous or none. Stamens 10-40. Follicles
9-20, several-ovuled, Seeds with a smooth or rugulose crustace-
ous testa.

I. stipitatum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 54. Glabrous; stems very.
slender, 2-4 inches high from a large fascicle of thickened fibrous roots,
with about 2 ternate cauline leaves and a single- flower; radical leaves bi-
ternate, petiolate, with cuneate often 2-3 lobed leaflets, 3-5 lines long:
peduncle thickened at the summit; sepals 4-6, oblong, 3 lines long: fila-
ments enlarged in the middle: follicles 2-6,shortly stipitate, oblong,3 lines
long, 3-4 seeded : seeds globular, transversely rugose. Under trees in open
moist places, southern Oregon, near Oakland, to northern California.

I. Hallii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 374. Stems slender, erect, 1-3 feet
high, 2-leaved; leaves ample, 2-3-ternate; leaflets obovate-cuneate }4-2
inches long, irregularly 3-incised at the apex: flowers in simple or ouce or
twice forked foliaceous-bracted subumbellate corymbs: pedicels slender, an
inch or two long: sepals 5, obovate, 4 lines long: filaments as long as the
sepals, clavate: follicles 3-5, sessile, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 2-4 seeded:
seeds rugulose. Along mountain streams both sides of the Willamette val-
ley. A rare species.

26 RANUNCULACES. CIMICIFUGA.
ACTZA.

14 CIMICIFUGA.L, Ameen. Acad. vili, 193 t. 4.

Tall perennial herbs with ample ternately compound leaves
and small white flowers in paniculate racemes In summer. Sep-,
als 4—6, falling soon after the flower opens. Petals 1-8, or none,
small, with short, claws. Stamens numerous. Follicles 1-8,
many- seeded.

C. elata Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 36. Canescently pubescent or the pani-
cle tomentose and glandular, 4-8 feet high; leaves ample; leaflets thin 2-4 _
inches in diameter, 5-7 lobed, segments acute, coarsely cuspidate-
serrate: petals none: filaments equal: pistils 2-5 in the early
flowers, only one in the later ones, glabrous or minutely glandu-.
lar; follicles sessile, 4 lines long, obtuse, 6-10 seeded: seeds terete
transversely rugose. In woodlands Willamette valley to Puget Sound.

C. laciniata Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 352.. Glabrous or the pani-
cle tomentose : 8-5 feet high: leaves ample, ternate, the divisions 3-parted
or deeply 3-lobed, the acuminate segments coarsely laciniate-toothed : pet-
‘als usually present: filaments unequal: pistils 2-5 pubescent ; follicles stip-
itate 4-5 lines long, 6-8 seeded: seeds flat linear, light brown, scaly.
Lost Lake, north side of Mount Hood. Rare.

a + Fruit aone-celled, many-seeded berry.
15 ACTZEA L. Gen. n. 644.

Tall perennial herbs with alternate, triternately decompound
leaves and small white flowers in short terminal racemes. . Sep-
als 5-6, nearly equal, petaloid, caducous. Petals 4-10, or none,
less showy than the numerous white filaments. Carpel solitary,
sessile, covered with a broad and obscurely 2-lobed depressed
stigma, becoming a berry filled. with smooth flattened seeds
packed horizontally in two rows.

A. arguta Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i. 35. Stems 1-6 feet high from a fascicle
of short branching roots, 1-3 leaved; leaves ternately or quinately decom-
pound: leaflets ovate to oblong, often obscurely 3-lobed, acuminate, irregu-
larly incised-dentate: racemes oblong, sometimes divided toward the base,
loose: pedicels longer than the flowers,filiform,scarcely thickened in fruit:
petals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the stamens: berries red or
white subglobose. Common in forests from Cailfornia to Alaska and the
Rocky Mountains.

. A. rubra Wild. Enum. 561. Stems about 2 feet high: leaves ter-
nately decompound ; lewflets ovate, acuminate, 1-2 inches long, unequally
and incisely serrate, the terminal one often 3-cleft: racemes broadly ovate
or hemispherical: pedicels longer than the flowers, scardely any thicker in
fruit: sepals 4 greenish, ovate petals 3-10, rhombic-ovate, acute, shorter
than the stamens: berries’ bright cherry-red, shining, subovate.
Craig Mountains, northern Idaho (Sandberg n. 285), to the Atlantic
States and Canada. 7%

Tribe 5. Peonice DOG. Prod. i. 64. Sepals herbaceous, imbri-
cated in the bud, persistent. Carpels few, many ovuled.
16 PACONIA Tourn. Inst. 273 t. 146. L. Gen. n. 678.
Herbs or low shrubs with tuberous roots, alternate, triter-

nately compound or divided leaves and large solitary flowers
terminating the stems or branches. Sepals 5, strongly imbri-

PEONIA. BERBERIDACE. 27

BERBERIS.
cated, persistent. Petals 5-10 or more, situated with the sta-
mens cn the fleshy perigynous disk that is adnate to the sepals
or concave receptacle. Stamens numerous. Carpels few be-
coming coriaceous many-seeded follicles. Style short or none.
Seeds anatropous, oval or oblong, naked at base or the very
short fleshy funiculus cupulate; embryo straight or slightly
arcuate.

P. Brownii Doug. in Hook. Fl. i, 27. Glabrous and glaucous, stems
ascending or at length decumbent, 1-2 feet long: leaves thick, leaf-
lets ternately dissected into oblong or linear lobes; sepals green, mostly
unequal: petals scarcely larger than the sepals, thick and leathery, dark
dull red: tollicles oblong, an inch or more long: seeds round or oblong 2

lines in diameter, black and shining. Stony hillsides, Brit. Columbia’
to California. :

Orver II. BERBERIDACEA Endl. Gen. 851.

Herbs cr shrubs with compound or divided leaves without
stipules and perfect, hypogynous flowers. Bracts sepals petals
and stamens 6 each (sepals and petals wanting, and stamens 9
or more in Achlys): Anthers 2-celled opening by uplifted
valves that are hinged at the top. Calyx and corolla imbricated
in the bud, deciduous, both usually colored Pistil 1, of a
single carpel. Style short or none. Seeds anatropous, with
nail ox minute embryo in firm-fleshy or horny albumen.

* Flowers complete: stamens 6, mostly short.

1 Berberis. Shrubs with rigid oddpinnate leaves; flowers yellow, in
. clustered racemes: fruit a few-seeded berry.

2 Vancouveria. Herbs with ternately compound leaves: flowers white or

a yellow in a panicle: fruit a follicle. ;

: * * Flowers without sepals or petals: stamens 9 or more.

3. ‘Achlys. Flowers spicate on a scape, without bracts, sepals or petals.
Herbs with 3-parted leaves. By

1 BERBERIS, Tourn. Inst. 614, t. 385, L. Gen. n. 442.

~ Smooth shrubs with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, yellow flow-
ers in clustered bracketed racemes, and oblong or globose, acid,
dark blue berries. Sepals 6, petal-like, with 6 closely appressed
bractlets in 2 rows. Petals 6, opposite the sepals, usually 2-gland-
ular‘at base. Stamens 6, opposite the petals. Stigma peltate.
Fruit a 1-celled berry, with 1-3 seeds. Ours all of

§ Manonra T. & G. Fl. i, 50. Leaves evergreen, all evolute,
(uone reduced to spines) and 3- toseveral-foliolate ; petioles artic-
ulated at the insertion of the leaflets: leaflets thick, coriaceous.
Spiny-toothed: filaments usually 2-toothed at the summit.

* Leaflets pinnately veined.

B. pumila Greene Pitt. ii, 162. A few inches to a foot high, stout and
rigid, erect from the base: leaves very thick-coriaceous: leaflets 1-5, the
terminal one round-ovate, the lateral ones obliquely ovate, all coarsely
toothed, the teeth rigidly spinescent, conspicuously reticulate-veined on
both faces, pale and glaucous beneath, deep but dull green and glauces-

28 BERBERIDACE. BERBERIS.
VANCOUVERIA.

cent above racemes short, terminal and axillary; berries small, very
glaucous. Coast mountains of southern Oregon and northern Califor-
nia. 7 . at gh
B. repens Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1176. Stems stoutish erect, branching, 1-4
feet high: leaflets few, coriaceous, light green, coarsely spinose-toothed: ra-
cemes short, in terminal and axillary clusters: bud_scales triangular,
acute : fruit globose to oblong, dark blue. Idaho to the Rocky Mountains.

B. nana Greene Pitt. ili, 98. Low, 3-15 inches high, increasing from
underground runners: leaflets 3-7, rarely more, ovate to oblong, acute or
obtuse, 1-214 inches long, not shining above: racemes few, terminating
the branches, 1-2 inches long; bud-scales triangular, cuspidate 2 lines
long. Brit. Columbia to California, Montana and New Mexico.

B. Agquifolium Pursh Fl.i, 219 in part. Large, 2-10 feet high: leaf-
Yets 5-9, oblong-ovate, acute, spinulose dentate, 1-3 inches long, green and
shining above: bud scales triangular, acute, 3 lines long; racemens in ter-
minal and axillary clusters, 2-4 inches long: fruit globose to oblong.
Western Washington to California.

* * Leaflets palmately veined.

B. nervosa Pursh |. c. t.5. Stems simple, a foot or two high, from
long underground shoots: leaves 1-2 feet long, of 11-17 ovate acuminate
spinulose-serrate leaflets; bud scales Jong-acuminate, 10-12 lines long, per-
sistent, becoming dry and rigid: racemes in terminal clusters, 6-12 inches
long. In Fir forests trom Brit. Columbia to California.

2 VANCOUVERIA Morr. & Decene, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii, 315.

Slender perennial herbs with 2-3-ternately compound leaves
and white or yellow flowers in open paniculate racemes upon a
naked scape. Sepals 6, obovate reflexed, soon falling with the
6-9 oblong, membranaceous bracts. Petals 6, shorter than the
sepals and opposite them, linear-spatulate, nectary-like re-
flexed. Stigma slightly dilated. Ovules in two rows upon the
ventral suture. Capsule dehiscing by a dorsal valve attached
by the base, persistent. Seeds oblong, somewhat curved, with
a broad attachment and prominent arillus.

VY. hexandra Morr. & Decsne. 1. c. More or less villous, with brown-
ish hairs, 1-2 feet high, from long running rootstocks: leaves diffuse, long
petioled; leaflets 1-2 inches broad, petiolulate, subcordate, obtusely 3: -
lobed, the lobes emarginate, the margin thickened and often undulate:
scapes exceeding the leaves: pedicels an inch long or more, recurved : sep-
es 2-3 lines long: carpels 4-6 lines long, gibbous-lanceolate, with a slender

eak, smooth or slightly glandular; arillus 2-lobed, more than half cov-
ering theseed. In Fir forests, British Columbia to California,

V. chrysantha Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, 66. Stems rusty-vil-
lous pubescent: leaflets evergreen, thickish, sub-3-lobed, glabrous and
reticulated above, whitened and pubescent beneath, margins only slightly
crisped, revolute in places: inflorescence sub-racemose, 5-18 flowered, cov-
ered with dense dark glandular pubescence: flowers golden yellow ; sepals
3-4 lines long; ovules 7-8. Eastern base of the Coast Mountains near
Waldo, Josephine county, Oregon.

3 ACHYLS DC. Syst. ii, 35.
Smooth perennial herbs with one radical trifolilcate leaf and

small white flowers, crowden in a naked spike terminating the
scape. Sepals and petals none. Stamens 9 or more in 3 or more

ACHLYS. NYMPH HACER. 29°
BRASENIA.

rows. Filaments slender, the outer ones dilated at the sum-
mit. Stigma sessile dilated. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit at
first somewhat fleshy, at length dry and coriaceous lunate-in-
curved, dorsally carinate, ventrally excavated each side of the
fleshy salient suture or ventral appendage. Embryo minute.

A. triphylla DC. Syst. ii. 35. Rootstock creeping, clothed with glu-
maceous scales: leaves ample,long-petioled,a foot or more high from a scaly
base; leaflets broadly cuneate, 3-5 inches long, the outer margin irregu-

larly ‘and coarsely sinuate,very fragrant when drying: scape solitary ,equal-
ing or surpassing the leaf. In Fir forests, Brit. Columbia to California.

Orper III. NYMPHAHACEA: Endl. Gen. 858.

Aquatic perennial herbs with trunk-like horizontal root-
. stocks or tubers, Leaves peltate or deeply cordate involute
from both margins in the bud. Flowers perfect, solitary on long
axillary peduncles. Stamens numerous. Ovules on the back
or sides of the carpels, embryo small at thebase of fleshy albu-
men, enclosed in a fleshy bag.

1. Brasenia. Carpels 4-18, in a cluster, indehiscent, 2-seeded.

2. Nymphea. Carpel only one, many-celled and many-seeded: sepals 5-

12, concave.
3. Castalia, Carpel only one, many celled and many-ovuled: sepals only
- 4, plain.
1. BRASENIA Schreb. Gen. 372.

Aquatic perennial herbs with poltate leaves and purple flow-
ers. Sepals and petals nearly alike, nearly oblong, dull dark
purple hopogynous persistent,3-4 of each. Stamens 12-18 hyp-
ogynous. Filaments slender. Anthers oblong-linear. Carpels
11-18, distinct, tipped with the linear one-sided stigma. Fruit
a 1-2 seeded indehiscent pod.

B. Schreberi Gmel. Syst. Veg.i, 854: B. peliata, Pursh. Fl. vi, 389.
Stems ascending from a tuberous rootstock : leaves floating alternate on long
slender petioles, elliptical, centrally peltate, light green above, red and when
young covered with a clear jelly-like substance beneath; flowers 6 lines
long. In ponds, Brit. Columbia to California, and east to the Atlantic.

2. NYMPHAEA Boerh. Hort. Acad. Bat. 281.

Herbs of shallow waters, sending up large and mostly rather
leathery cordate leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles from large
and creeping rootstocks in the mud beneath. Sepals 5-13,con-
cave and roundish, partly colored. Petals numerous, some of
the inner ones resembling sterile stamens persistent. Stam-
ens numerous, short, hypogynous, densely crowded around the
ovary, at length recurving, persistent. Anthers truncate at the
apex, the two linear cells adnate introrse. Ovary oblong or
ovate, 8-20 celled. Stigma sessile, peltate, many-rayed. Fruit
ovoid or flask-shaped indehiscent, with a firm rind and fleshy
or pulpy interior. Cells many-seeded.

30 SARRACENIACE. CASTALIA.
i CHRYSAMPHORA.

N. advena Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 226; Nuphar advena, Att. fs Leaves
floating or emersed and erect. on stout and half cylindrical petioles, deeply
cordate 6-8 inches in diameter ; flowers two inches in diameter: sepals usu-
ally 6, unequal: petals narrowly oblong, thick and fleshy, truncate shorter
than the stamens: anthers longer than. the filame nts: stigmal2-24-rayed,
the margin entire or repand: fruit strongly furrowed, ovoid-oblong. (In
subalpine ponds about Mount Hood), Oregon to Alaska thence eastward
across the continents « ° - ; : ;

N. polysepala’ Greene Bull Torr. Ciub, xv, 84... Nuphar polysepalum
tungelm. Trans. Acad., St. Louis, ti, 282. Resembling the last but larger:
leaves all floating, 8-14 inches in diameter: flowers fragrant, 2-5 inches in
diameter: sepals 8-12, unequal: petals 11-18, dilated ‘and unlike the stam-
ens, yellow: fruit globose, 1--2 inches long. Jn ponds, British Columbia to
California.

CASTALIA Salish. Parad. Lond. 14.

f 4b Babee

Perennial acaulescent herbs with thick creeping or tuberous - - --

rootstocks, rounded cordate leaves and snow white or pink
flowers blooming allsummer. Sepals 4, plain, hypogynous, her-
baceous on the outer and somewhat colored on the inner face.
Pétals plain, those of the outermost row often greenish outside,
all oblong or lanceolate, imbricated over and their bases ad-
nate to the surface of.the 7-35-celled ovary: innermost reduced
to staminodes or imperfect stamens with petaloid filaments.
True stamens with narrow filaments and linear-oblong anthers;
inserted around the broad summit of the ovarv. Ovary con-
cave and umbonate, lineate with as many radiate stigmatic
lines as there are carpels, the tips of the latter produced into
as many incurved short processes. Surface of the spongy-bac-

cate fruit bearing the basis of the decaying stamens or their.

sears. Seeds enclosed in cellular-membranaceous arillus.

C. Leibergi Morong Bot. Gaz. xiii, 124t.7. Leaves oval with rather
open sinus and acutish lobes, entire 114-6 inches, long, two-thirds as broad:
flowers white 1}g-2 inches in diameter when fully expanded: sepals an inch
Jong, narrow. obtuse: petals in two rows, a little shorter and more obtuse
than the sepals: stamens in 3-4 rows running up the ovary more than half
wuy: stigmatic rays 7 or 8, the projecting poiuts very short and blunt. In
‘smali ponds, northern Idaho.

Orver IV, SARRACENIACEE Endl. Gen. 901.

Bog plants with pitcher-shaped or tubular and hooded
leaves, and perfect; polyandrous hypogynous flowers. ‘The
persistent sepals, petals and cells of the ovarv each 5. Fruit
a many-seeded capsule. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen.

CHRYSAMPHORA Greene Pitt. ii, 191.
DARLINGTONIA Torr. Smith. contrib. vi, 4. t. 12.

Calyx without bracts, of 5 imbricated narrowly oblong sepals.
Petals 5, ovate oblong with asmall ovate tip. Stamens 12-15 in
asinglerow. Filamentssubulate. Anthers oblong of 2 unequal
cells. Ovary top-shaped, with a broad concave dilated sum-
mit, longer than the stamens, 5-celled, the cells opposite the pet-,

‘CHRYSAMPHORA. PAPAVERACES. 31
PLATYSTRMON.
als. Style short, with 5 short linear or club-shaped lobes.
Capsule loculicidally 5 valved. Seeds very numerousiobovate-
clavate, thickly beset with soft slender projections.

C. Californica Greene 1.c. A smooth perennial herb of greenish
yellow hue, from long creeping rootstocks, leaves tubular gradually enlarg-
ing upwards to » vaulted ventricose hood which terminates ina forked de-
flexed appendage, under which is the contracted rounded orifice, the ven:
tral edge winged: scapes 2-3 feet high bearing several membranaceous bracts;
and a solitary noddinf flower;.sepals dull yellow 1-2 inches long, much
longer than the brown, spotted with yellow petals. In bogs, soutawestern
Oregon and northern Cialifornia. ; ee

OrvER V. PAPAVERACEAD Endl. Gen. 854.

Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with milky or colored
juice.. Leayes mostly alternate, without stipules. Peduncle 1-
flowered. Sepals, petals and stamens hypogynous.: Sepals 12
or 3. Petals twice asmany, in two sets, imbricated and usu-
ally crumpled inthe bud. Stamens indefinite. Capsule 1-celled
with parietal placents. Seeds anatropous, with minute embryo
in copiousalbumen. Platystemon is exceptional. in having the
several capels distinct or at least early separting and forming
as many torulose pods, and Eschscholtzia has colorless juice
in the herbage.

Trine ri. Annuals with opposite entire leaves. Sepals usually
three, distinct. , ; : te
1. Platystemon.. Filaments very broad; carpels many, distinct or soon
becoming §0. .
2. Platystigma. Filaments slightly dilated or filiform, ovary 8-ovuled.
3. Canbya. Filaments shorter than the anthers, persistent; ovary 3-
valved.
Tripe yr. Annual or perennial herbs. Sepals completely
united into a narrow cap which falls off entire from a top-shaped
receptacle. ie
4. Esechscholtzia. €tigma lobes 4-6, subulate, unequal; style very
short: capsule linear, 2-valved. a ee ng
1 PLATYSTEMON Benth. Trans. Hort. Scc. ser. 2, i, 405.
Low annual with mostly opposite or whorled, entire leayes
and Jong-peduncled yellow flowers that are nodding in the bud.
Sepals 3, distinct. Petals 6, in two series. Stamens many with
broad flattened filaments and linear anthers. Carpels 6--18, each
several-ovuled, at first all united in a circlé into a deeply, pluri-
sulcate, compound ovary by as many parietal placente,. in fruit
separating and. closing into as many torulose, narrow follicles
which when mature are disposed to break up transversely into a
few 1-seeded joints. : ;
P. Californica Benth.1.c. Stems slender, branching . from the base
6-12 inches high, hispid with long spreading hairs: leaves 1-4 inches long,
sessile or -clasping, broadly linear, obtuse: peduncles 3-8 inches long:

4

cS

32 PAPAVERACE A. PLATYSTIGMA.
CANBYA.
sepals hispid: petals pale yellow shading to orange in the center, 3-6 lines
‘long, tardily deciduous, at length loosely’ closing over the forming fruit;
carpels aggregated into an oblong head, 5-10 lines long,,.beaked with the
linear persistent stigmas, the one-seeded divisions a line long: seeds
smooth. Southern Oregon near the sea to California. .

2, PLATYSTIGMA Benth. 1. c. 406.

_ Low and slender annuals with verticillate or opposite entire
leaves and long-peduncled white or yellow flowers in spring. |
Sepals 2or 3. distinct. Petals 4 or 6, in two series, deciduous.
Stamens 6--12, rarely 4, with narrow filaments. Carpels 3, rarely
4, wholly combined into a somewhat 3-lobed, or angled, or nearly
terete ovary, having as many strictly parietal placenta. Stigmas
ovate to subulate. Seeds smooth and shining.

P. lineare Benth. 1. c. 407. Somewhat villous with spreading hairs,
6-12 inches high, the stems usually very short and leafy: leaves all linear
sessile, 1-2 inches long: petals yellow, 4-6 lines long: stamens numerous,
with oblong-linear anthers: capsule half inch long, obovoid or clavate-

ovoid, crowned with the 3 broad and obtuse spreading introrsely stigma-
tose stigmas.—Valleys and low hills, Oregon to central California.

P. Oreganum Watson, Bibl. Index 43. Smooth, 1-3 inches or more high
with spreading branches or peduncles: leaves a quarter to at most an inch
long, lower round to spatulate, on long wing-margined petioles; upper
leaves spatulate to linear 2-4 lines long, verticillate or opposite: flowers on
long filiform peduncles, opening at night only: petals white 1-2 lines long:
stamens 4-6, with filiform filaments and oblong anthers: stigma subulate:
capsule linear, 8-10 lines long, the thin valves commonly twisted in age.

ee re open places, Hood River and the Willamette valley to the borders of
alifornia.

3. CANBYA Parry in Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 51, t. 1.

Little annuals with alternate entire leaves and numerous fili-
form, one-flowered scapes. Sepals 3. Petals 6, scarrious-marces-
cent and perststent, closing over the capsule till the fruit is grown.
Stamens 6 or 9: filaments shorter than the oblong-linear anthers.
Capsule ovoid, strictly 1-celled, 3-6-valved from above; valves
alternating with as many nerviform placentz. Style none. Stig-
mas 3 oblong-linear, opposite the 3 nerviform placente and re-
curved-appressed to them. Seeds neither crested nor carunculate.

C. aurea Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 445. Stems 1-2 inches high:
leaves fleshy, linear, 1-3 lines long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, all
clustered at the base of the stem: scape-like peduncles few to several, half

to an inch or more long: flowers bright yellow; petals ovate, 114 lines long,
deciduous. On the Sage Plains southwest of bineville, One. pears

4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. in Nees. Hore. Phys. Berol. 73, t. 15.

Smooth herbs with colorless (or of the root red,) bitter juice
finely dissected alternate petioled leaves, and bright yellow flow-
ers in summer, usually only opening in bright sunshine. Sepals
2, completely united into a conical calyptra and is detached and
pushed offby the expansion of the petals. Petals 4. Stamens
numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear
strictly 1-celled, with two nerviform placente. Style very short:

ESCHSCHOLTZIA. FUMARIACEA, O38
BICUCULIA.

stigma divided into 4-6 linear unequal, divergent lobes. Capsule
elongated, strongly 10-nerved, dehiscent the whole length, usual-
ly from the bottom, by two valves separating from the placental
ribs: many seeded. Seeds globular, reticulated or rough tubercu-
late.

E. Douglasii Benth. Pl. Hartw. 296. Perennial, smooth and glaucous,
1--2 feet high, rather stout and branching: leaves ternate to triternate, fine-
ly divided into oblong-linear lobes: flowers bright yellow, 2 inches in diam-
eter, on pedicels 4-6 inches long: torus dilated and broadly rimmed: cap-
gule 2-3 inches long, curved: seeds reticulated. Gravelly hillsides and
yiver banks, Oregon and California.

E. hypecoides, Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Ser. 2, i, 408. Annual: stems
slender, paniculately branched from the base: leaves small, mostly pin-
nately 5-foliolate ; leaflets finely divided into linear lobes: flowers small, not
over an inch in diameter, light yellow, on peduncles 1-3 inches long; torus
but little dilated, and very narrowly rimmed: capsule 1-2 inches long by a
line in diameter, tipped with filiform stigmas: seeds reticulate rugose. |
On open hillsides near Wolf Creek, Josephine county, Oregon, to California.

Orver VI. FUMARIACEA, DC., Syst. ii, 105.

Tender herbs with watery and bland juice, dissected compound
leaves, and perfect hypogynous flowers. Sepals 2, small and
hyaline. Petals 4, one or two of them spurred. Stamens 6,
diadelphous. Capsule one-celled with two parietal placente.
Seeds anatropous, with minute embryo in copious albumen.

1 Bieueulla. Corolla 2-spurred:'the two outer and larger petals

similar. ; ; :

2 Corydalis. Corolla with only one of the outer petals spurred.

1 BICUCULLA Adans. Fam. Pl. fi. 23.
DICENTRA Bernh. Linnea, viti, 557, 468.

Smooth: perennials with tuberiferous or granuliferous subter-
ranean base, or running rootstocks, ternately or pinnately com-
pound leaves. and racemous or paniculate flowers. Sepals 2,
small and scale-like. Corolla flattened and cordate, at least at
base, of two pairs of petals, the outer pair larger, saccate or
spurred at base, the tips spreading; the inner much narrower,
spoon-shaped, mostly carinate or crested on the back ; the small
‘hollowed tips slightly united at the apex, the two forming a cavity

_ which contains the anthérs and stigma. ‘Stamens 6, in two ets;
the filaments slightly adhering in the middle: the middle anther
2-celled ; the lateral ones 1-celled:. Style slender persistent: stig-
ma 2-lobed ; each lobe sometimes 2-crested. or horned.- Capsule
narrow, 1-celled, with 2 filiform parietal placente, from which
the valves at maturity separate.

B. formosa. Dicenira (Diclytra) formosa DC. Syst: ii, 109.. Stems and
scapes from the apex of thickish, and almost naked creeping rootstock, a
span to a foot or more high: leaves twice or thrice ternately compound,
the ultimate divisions narrow and incisely pinnatifid: flowers in compound

-yacemes at the summit of the naked scapes: corollas ovate-cordate with
younded somewhat connivent spurs and short spreading tips to the larger

84 FUMARIACEA’. BICUCULLA.
*CORYDALIS.

petals: crests of the inner petals little surpassing their tips: all the petals
united up to above the middle. F

B. Cucullaria Millsp.. Bull, W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. ii, 827, Leayes
usually 2 to each stem, long petioled, triternately decompound, the prim-
ary and secondary divisions petiolate, ultimate divisions laciniately pin-
natifid with oblong-linear mucronulate lobes: scapes 6-10 inches high,
from a kind of scaly, fleshy bulb composed of the triangular bases of former
leaves; several flowered; corolla white with yellowish tips, the spurs
divergent, short and rounded, not longer than the pedicel: crest of the
inner petals small, semi-oval, bladdery. Along the Columbia river from
below the Cascades to Idaho, and the Eastern States. Ours differs from the
eastern plant in having much shorter and rounded spurs.

B. uniflora. Dicentra uniflora, Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci. iv, 141.
Leaves ternately or somewhat pinnately divided, the 3-7 divisions pinnati-
fid into a few spatulate lobes: scapes 3-5 inches high, from a fascicle of
narrow-fusiform and perpendicular fleshy tubers, 2-3 bracted, and -1--2-
flowered: outer petals merely gibbous-saccate at base, their spatulate-
linear recurving tips much longer than the body; inner petals with lamina
dilated and hastate at base directly from the oblong-linear claw. On
Mount Adams, Washington, to the Sierra Nevada in California, and
Wyoming and Utah.

B. pauciflora, Dicentra pauciflora Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 429. Scapes
and leaves very slender, 4--8 inches high, from running tuberiferous root-
stocks : leaves small, 2--3-ternate, with narrow segments: flowers 1--3, 8--12
lines long, the short stout straight spurs not diverging: spreading or
reflexed tips of the outer petals 3--4 lines long; inner petals with ligulate
claw abruptly contracted at apex into a short stalk which abruptly dilates
into the elongate-spatulate lamina: Jn the Siskiyou mountains Southern
Oregon, to Tulare County, California, near perpetual snow.

CORYDALIS Vent. Cels. t. 19.

Herbs with variously decompound alternate leaves and white,
rose-colored or yellow flowers in racemes opposite the leaves or
terminal. Corolla with only one of the -petals spurred or gib-
bous and _nectariferous, by tortion becoming posterior, all erect
and counivent up to the short tips of the outer ones. Filaments
with a nectariferous spur-like process at the base. Style mostly
persistent. Capule few-many-seeded. Seeds with a concave aril-
liform crest. I retain Corydalis because no other name has been
settled on for this genus.

§ 1. Perennials from thickened roots with ample leaves and
many-flowered racemes. Stigma with 6 lobes or processes, one
pair terminal, one medial and one basal. Capsule oval or oblong
rather féw-seeded. :

: C. Seouleri Hook. Fl. 1, 63 t.14. Stems simple 2--4 feet high, with 2-4
cauline leaves from a large and thickened running scaly-jointed rootstock :
leaves very large, pinnately decompound; ultimate leafilets, oblong to
-oblong-lanceolate, entire or the teminal one deeply 3-lobed: flowers rose-
eae eee or oe in a loose raceme; spurs stout, 2--3
imes as long as the balance of the flower: pedic -
wards after Howering, stigma 2-lobed at the: ae ee cane

C. Cusickii Watson in Coult. Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 14. Stems 2--3 feet
high, from strong perennial roots, leafy; leaves bipinnately divided, the
oblong oval leaflets acute at each end, half to-an inch long: raceme term-
inal, ense ; flowers white or purplish with tips of inner petals violét,.an

CORYDALIS. CRUCIFER.®. 35

inch or less long, the nearly straight spur fully twice as long as the rest of
the flower; hood of the outer petals emarginate by the development of
‘broad thin margins which are recurved over the narrow and undulate dor-
sal crest: capsule oblong, turgid, 6 lines long: seeds nearly smooth, with a
conspicuous orbicular carunculate crest. Along alpine streams; Blue and
Fagle creek Mountains, eastern Oregon to western Idaho.

§ 2. Biennials, mostly branched from the base, with finely
dissected leaves and siliquiform capsule.

C. aurea Willd. Enum. 710. Commonly low and spreading: flowers
golden yellow about half an inch long, on rather slender pedicels in a short
raceme: spur barely halt the length of the body when dry, 10-12-seeded.
seeds turgid obtuse at margin, the shining surface obscurely reticulated.

Rocky banks, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Lower Canada and
northern New England (Gray, Syn. Flti, 97).

C. montana Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Fend. 8. Stems decumbent, 6-12
inches long: leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-7 parted, the divisions irregularly
laciniate-toothed : flowers yellow, in short-peduncled racemes ; spur shorter
than the rest of the flower: capsule 4-angled, deflexed in fruit: seeds
acutely margined muricate. From the Blue Mountains of Oregon to west-
ern Idaho and Mexico.

Orver VII. CRUCIFERA Endl. Gen. 861.

Herbs rarely suffrutescent, with pungent watery juice, cruci-
form corolla tetradynamous stamens and 2-celled pod (silicle or
silique). with two parietal placentee. Flowers perfect hypogyn-
ous. Sepals 4, often colored, deciduous. | Petals 4, usually with
narrow claws and spreading lamina, rarely wanting. Stamens 6,
two of them inserted lower down on the receptacle and shorter
than the other 4. Ovary 2-celled by a partition which. stretches
across from the placente or the partition, rarely wanting. Style
undivided or none: stigma entire or 2-lobed. Ovules few or nu-
merous, camplytropous. Seeds smooth, without albumen. Cuty-
ledons either accumbent applied edgewise to the radical or incum-
bent, with the radical against the back of one of them or sometimes
conduplicate, plicately folded and partly enveloping the radical.
Inflorescence racemose orspicate or somewhat corymbose and
(with rare exceptions) ebracteate.

Serigs 1. Pods 2-valved, dghiscent their whole length (except
in Brassica), not compressed contrary to the partition.

Tripe I. Fruit completely or incompletely 2-celled, regu-
larly dehiscent, flattened parallel to a broad partition, terete. or
prismatic, short or long.

* Pods more or less strongly compressed parallel to the partition.
1 Parrya. Pods lanceolate, acuminate; valves flat, with a prominent

central nerve and reticulated: seeds in 1 row in each cell, large, not
winged .

2 Cheiranthus. Pods strongly. compressed, 1-4 ‘inches “Jong, broadly
linear, with flat l-nerved valves or narrow and quadrangular with con-
vex and more or less distinctly keeled valves.

** Pods globose terete or prismatic, at least not compressed parallel
to the partition.

36 CRUCIFER4.

3 Nasturtium. Pods short, turgid, little compressed, nerveless. :
4 Roripa. Pods terete or nearly so, with nearly or quite nerveless, thin
valves.
5 Barbarea. Pods linear, elongated, somewhat tetragonal: seeds in 1
row in each cell. ;
6 Arabis. Pods linear with more or less 1-nerved flat valves and thin
partition : seeds in 1 row in each cell, flattened and more or less winged.
* * * Pods oblong or linear, compressed parallel to the partition, sessile.

7 Streptanthus. Pods oblong to narrowly linear, compressed parallel to
the partition, sessile upon the enlarged receptacle: valves flat, nerve-
less, seeds flat, more or less winged: cotyledons accumbent.

8 Caulanthus. Pods narrowly linear, somewhat flattened or subterete,
sessile : valves 1-nerved and often reticulate-veined: cotyledons incum-
bent. . ;

9 Dentaria. Pods linear, with nerveless flat valves and nerveless
partition : seeds in 1 row in each cell wingless.

10- Cardamine. Pod linear with thin flat nerveless valves, and wingless
seeds in 1 row in each cell. 2

Tripe 1. Pod a silicle, 2-celled, completely dehiscent, strongly
compressed parallel to the broad partition or very turgid with
broad partition and almost hemispherical valves, or didymous, or
strongly obcompressed. Pubescence stellate.

* Pods strongly compressed parallel to the broad partition.
11 Platyspermum. Podssuborbicular, very strongly compressed parallel
tothe broad partition: seeds in 2 rows in each cell, broadly winged.
* * Pods turgid with broad partition. :
12 Lesquerella. Pods subglobose: partition suborbicular : seeds flattened
* * * Pods didymous with narrow partition.

13 Physaria. Silicle didymous or obcompressed, partition narrow-ellip-
tical : cells several-seeded. |

**** Fruit orbicular or nearly go, 2-celled, dehiscent, 2-several-seeded :
filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged near the base.

i4 Psilonema. Capsule with valves convex, pubescence stellate.

**%* Fruit oblong elliptic or lanceolate, rarely linear, 2-celled,
dehiscent, 2-sveral-seeded: stamens unappendaged.

15 Erophila. Flowers white: petals deeply 2-lobed or parted: pods linear
to oblong, many-seeded . ‘.

16 Draba. Sepals short and broad, equal at the base: petals entire or
emarginate.

17 Cochlearia. Pods (in ours) very turgid and appearing obcompressed,
with distinctly 1-nerved valves.

TRIBE 1. Pods longitudinally 2-celled, dehiscent, from linear
to lance-oblong or elliptic, always longer than broad.
18 Sophia. Pods ascending or somewhat spreading, on slender pedicels,
oblong-linear, subterete, less than an inch long. ;
19 Erysimum. Pods subsessile, erect, appressed to the rachis, subulate.
20 Smelowskia. Pods lanceolate to lance-oblong, more or | *
pressed with sharply keeled valves. ; ter eee
21 Schoenocrambe. Pods slender, terete, somewhat torulose,

CRUCIFER. 37

TRIBE Iv. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, dehiscent, elongated,
terete or prismatic or compressed parallel to the partition.

22 Thelypodium. Pods slender, terete or quadrangular, ‘often torulose,
on a short thick stipe: valves 1-nerved: cotyledons incumbent.

23 Stanleya. Pods terete or subterete, on a slender elongated stipe: valves -
l-nerved : cotyledons incumbent. it

TRIBE Vv. Pods short, scarcely longer than broad, turgid or ob-
compressed. Cotyledons incumbent.

24 Braya. Pods oblong to linear-oblong with flattish or convex faintly-
nerved but not keeled valves.

25 Camelina. Silicle obovoid, 2-celled and many-seeded, with somewhat
firm strongly convex valves, and thin obovate partition.

26 Subularia. Silicle turgid, subglobose, pyriform or short fusiform,
dehiscent, several-seeded : cotyledons incumbent: aquatic herbs with
subulate leaves.

TRIBE vt Pods long or short, dehiscent their whole length or
the apex indehiscent Cotyledons longitudinally conduplicate.

27 Brassica. Pods slender and longitudinally dehiscent to near the apex.

SERIES 11, Pods short, dehiscent their whole length. Valves
more or less obcompressed, the partition usually narrow.

TRIBE vil. Pod a 2-celled silicle, strongly obcompressed or
turgid. Pubescence wholly simple or none.

28 Bursa. Pods obcordate, reversed deltoid in outline.
22 Hutchinsia. Pods elliptical, entire at the apex.

30 Coronopus. Pods more or less distinctly didymous with thickish
valves, falling off as closed or nearly closed 1-seeded nutlets: terres-
trial herbs but growing in wet places.

31 Lepidium. Pods strongly obcompressed; with usually 1-seeded cells:
cotyledons incumbent. Terrestrial herbs.

32 Thlaspi. Pods strongly obcompressed, dehiscent; ‘cells 2 to several
seeded : cotyledons accumbent. Glabrous terrestrial herbs.

Serres tu. Pods short, [rarely long], usually crustaceous and
indurated, indehiscent,. 1-2-celled, with 1-2 seeds in each cell.
TRIBE Ix. Pods orbicular to elliptical. Ovule suspended.
33 Heterodraba. Pods short-elliptical, twisted, not margined, very tardi-
ly dehiscent, by a very filmy partition 2-celled.

34 Athysanus. Pods orbicular, not margined, uncinate-hispid, indehis-
cent: ovary 1-celled, 3-4-ovuled but only one maturing.

35 Thysanocarpus. Pods orbicular to obovate, wing-margined, 1-celled
indehiscent: ovary 1-ovuled : pubescence simple.
Series iv. Pods elongated, indehiscent, 1-celled and many-
seeded, or many-celled with 1 seed in each cell.

Trips x. Pods elongated, terete or somewhat prismatic, often
torose, multicellular and indehiscent.

36 pee aa Fruit an indehiscent multicellular or transversely divid-
ed pod. % :

38- CRUCIFERZ. PARRYA.
CHEIRANTHUS.

Tribe 1. Arabidew DC. Stigma when lobed prolonged over the
placentx. Pods 2-celled, sometimes incompletely so, regularly dehi-
scent, flattened parallel to a broad ‘partition or terete. Cotyledons
accumbent (incumbent to convolute in Chieranthus).

1 PARRYA R. Br. in Parry Voy. App. 268.

Low perennial herbs with mostly radical entire or toothed
somewhat fleshy leaves, and rose-colored or purple flowers. Sep-
als erect, equal or the lateral ones saccate at base. Petals spatu-
late unguiculate. Anthers usually linear. Styleshort; stigma
lobes connate. Pods compressed, the valves plane, i-nerved.
Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in the cells, large, somewhat compressed,
orbicular. -Cotyledons various. ¢

P. Menziesii Greene Bul]. Torr. Club xiii, 148. Phenicaulis Cheiranthoi-
des Nutt. T. & G. Fl. 1,89. Cheiranthus Menziesit Watson Bot. King, 14.
Caudex stout and branching, the branches densely clothed with the persist-
ent petioles of former seasons: radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate,
entire, 1-4 inches long, persistent, canescent, with a dense stellate pubesce-
nce, the petioles nearly glabrous: scape-like stems several from each branch
of the caudex, twice longer than the radical leaves, nearly glabrous, often
leafy-bracted below: flowers large dark purple or red, to ochroleucous, in
rather dense many-flowered racemes: pods spreading, on short, stout ped-
icels, 1-2 inches long, 1-2 lines broad, not carinate, attenuate to the slen-
der style, glabrous. few-seeded. On stony hillsides, northern California
and Nevada to Brit. Columbia east of the Cascade Mountains. ;

Var. lanuginosa Watson in Gray’s Syn. Fl. 152. Pubescence more
loose and woolly. Eastern Washington.

2 CHEIRANTHUS L. Gen.n. 815.
Cheiranthus and Erysimum of authors.

Biennial or perennial herbs’ with narrow entire or sparingly-
toothed leaves and yellow or purple flowers in simple racemes.
Sepals erect, oblong to linear-oblong, equal at base or the lateral
ones somewhat saccate. Petals commonly large with broad obo-
vate blade and slender elongated claw. Stamens 6, free and un-
appendaged. Pods strongly compressed, broadly linear with flat
1-nerved valves or narrow and quadrangular with convex and
more or less distinctly keeled valves. Seeds numerous, oblong

and turgid, or suborbicular ard fiattened or winged. Cotyledons

incumbent or accumbent or the radical very oblique.

* Petals 2-244 lines Jong, yellow: pods subterete, 5-10 lines long:
cotyledons incumbent or nearly so.

C. turritoides Lam. Encycl.ii. 716. Erysimum cheiranthoides L.
Stem erect, subterete, simple or with few subterminal branches: leaves
lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or remotely and obscurely denticu-
late, 1-3 inches Jone) thin, green on both faces, sparsely and finely pubes-
cent: flowers small, yellow: pods obtusely angled, 5-10 lines long, on
somewhat spreading and rather slender pedicels, glabrous, slenderly short-
Dewees Along streams, eastern Oregon to Alaska and across the conti-
nent.

* * Petals 3-12 lines long, yellow or orange, rarely purple.

subterete or obviously 4-angled, not meongly, Coipeauiel! ba a

long; cotyledons incumbent or rarely oblique or somewhat accumbent.

CHEIRANTHUS. CRUCIFERA, al

C. inconspicaus Greene Pitt. iii, 134. Erysimum parviflorum Nuit.
(1838), not Pers. (1807) ' Cinereous ‘and scabrous with appressed forked
hairs: stems erect, 10~18 inches high: leaves narrow, oblong-linear or Jan-
ceolate, mostly. entire, the radical crowded, sometimes repand-dentate:
sepals linear-oblong, acute, 3 lines long, little surpassed by the narrow sul-

hur-yellow petals: pedicels 2-3 lines long, spreading in fruit: pods slen-

er, suberect, 1-2 inches long, scarcely narrowed above, tipped with a short
stout style and 2-lobed stigma. Eastern Washington to Alaska, Wyoming
and Minnesota.

C. elatus Greene l.c. 135. Erysimum elatum Nutt. Scabrous and usu-
ally canescent with appressed 2-parted hairs: stems erect from a biennial
or short-lived perennial root, 16 feet high, usually simple, angled ; leaves
lanceolate to entire or repand-dentate, or the lowest pinnatifid: petals
yellow or orange, 6-8 lines long, with broadly obovate suborbicular, blade
the very slender claw, much exceeding the oblong or linear sepals: pods
2-5 inches long by a line wide usually sharply angled, erect or spreading
on spreading pedicels 2-6 lines long; style 1-2 lines long; stigma some-
what 2-lobed: seeds oblong, brown, often sharply wing-appendaged at the
apex. Common on dry hillsides, California to Brit. Columbia.

# # * Flowers large or’ middle-sized, pods more strongly flatten-
. ed, 1-nerved or somewhat keeled.

C. occidentalis Watson Proc. Amer. Acad. xxiii, 261. Erysimum vc-
cidentale, Rob. Stems erect, simple or branching from near the base, 2-18
inches high, from an annual or biennial root, becoming stout, angular,
finely pubescent’ with appressed forked ‘hairs: narrowly linear to lance-lin-
ear, leaves attenuate to long slender petioles entire or nearly so: racemes
at first short, but becoming 4-8 inches long in fruit: pedicels stout, spread-
oF 2-4 lines long: petals light yellow, 8-10 lines long, much exceeding the
pale narrowly-oblong strongly saccate calyx: pods 3-4 inches long, 134 lines
broad, rather abruptly beaked; style slender, 2 lines long; stigma small:
seeds oblong, rather broadly winged: cotyledons accumbent. On sandy or
gravelly banks, Klickitat county, Washington to Nevada.

C. arenicola Greene |. c. 131. Erysimum arenicola Watson Proc. Am.
Acad. xxvi, 142. Cespitose perennial: stems several from the densely mul-
ticipital caudex, terete, 6-8 inches high: leaves very numerous, chiefly
clustered at the base, oblanceolate, repandly denticulate, including the
petiole 11g inches long, 2-3 lines broad, pubescent with white appressed
2-3 pointed hairs: racemes short, rather iew-flowered: pedicels spreading,
a line long: sepals 4 lines long;. petals unknown: pods very gradually nar-
rowed toa point: cotyledons oblique-incumbent. Olympic Mountains -
Washington, 5000 feet altitude. C. V. Piper.

C. capitatus Dougl.in Hook. Fl.1, 38. Cheiranthus usper Cham. &
Schlecht. in Linneai, 14. Finely pubescent with appressed 2-parted or on the
lowest leaves somewhat stellate hairs: stem 3-24 inches high from a per-
ennial root, somewhat angular, stout, simple or less frequently branched,
sometimes from the base: leaves oblong to spatulate: or linear, attenuate
below, entire or more or less deeply repand-dentate: flowers light yellow,
in a many-flowered at first subcapitate but elongating raceme: petals 8-12
lines long, with broad rounded blade and slender claw: pods 1-4 inches
long, 1-11g lines broad; valves flattish, l-nerved: style_stout, g-1 line
long: stigma broad: seeds oblong, brown, margined. Common on the
coast from Curry county, Oregon to California.

; 3 NASTURTIUM R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, iv, 109.
_ Perennial herbs with lyrately compound or simple and pin-
‘natifid or undivided leaves and white flowers. Sepals erect. Pet-
als unguiculate. Pods short, turgid, little compressed, nerveless.

40 CRUCIFERZ. NASTURTIUM.
RORIPA.

Seeds small, rounded, somewhat flattened, impressed punctate.

N. orrictnate R. Br. 1c. Glabrous; stems stoutish hollow rooting at
the decumbent base, the branches 14-5 feet long: roots all fibrous: leaves
pinnate, leaflets rounded or elongated the terminal one largest: petals
white, exceeding the calyx: pods divaricately spreading, 6-10 lines long,
acute at each end, equaling the spreading pedicels, style short and thick.
Common in brooks and wet places. Introduced from kKurope.

4 RORIPA Scop. Fl. Carn. 520.

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with yellow flowers in pan-
ieulate racemes. Commonly referred to Nasturtium. Sepals
greenish yellow, ascending or spreading. Petals short-unguicu-
late and ascending. Pods terete or nearly so; valves thin, nearly
or quite nerveless. Seeds small, turgid and wingless, in 2 rows in
each cell, minutely tuberculate.

R. sinuata A. S. Hitchck. Spring Fl. Manh. 18. Nasturtium sinuatum,
Nutt. Stems decumbent to prostrate pale green glabrous of slightly scurfy-

pubescent: leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, usually deep and regu-
larly pinnatifid, the subequal obiong to deltoid segments entire or with 1

or 2 teeth: pedicels mostly divaricately spreading, slender, 2-5 lines long: '

pods oblong to linear, mostly 3-5 lines long acute at each end and beaked
by a slender style, more or less curved. Eastern Oregon and Washington
to the plains of the Saskatchewan. Minnesota and Arkansas.

Var. pubescens. Nasturtium sintatum var. pubescens Watson in Gray
Syn. Fl. i. 174. Pubescent throughout with woolly hairs: stems very slen-
der, decumbent: racemes lax, 4-6 iriches long: pedicels 3-6 lines long, very
slender: ovary oblong-obovate, pubescent: style long and slender. On
sandy ground Sauvie’s Island Oregon, at the mouth of the Willamette
river. But one plant was found: if not abnormal it is a good species.

R. Columbie. Nasturtium Columbix Suksdorf in Herb. distr. 952. Low
and spreading, pubescent throughout: leaves rather narrow, deeply and
narrowly pinnatifid: pedicels scarcely 2 lines long: pods short-oblong, 13¢
-2 lines long, densely pubescent with short and rather fine somewhat papi-
lose hairs. Low gravelly banks of the Columbia and Snake rivers, which
are submerged most of the year.

R. palustris Bess. Enum. 27. Nasturtium palustre DC. Glabrous or
rarely somewhat pubescent: stems erect from a biennial root, 6-18 inches
high, branching: lower leaves lyrate; upper, more or less deeply pinnatifid
or merely toothed, the lobes narrowly to broadly oblong, dentate; pods ob-
10085 turgid, usually obtuse. Oregon to the Sierra Nevadas and the At-
antic states.

R. Pacifica. Nasturtium ierrestre var. occidentale Watson, inGray Syn.
Fl. i, 148. Glabrous or the auricles of the leaves sometimes ciliate: stems
stout, 1-3 feet high from a stout annual or biennial root: more or less
freely branching: leaves lanceolate, the lower ones lyrate, petioled, 2-6
inches long; the oblong to ovate segments erose-dentate: pods oblong, tur-

gid acutish at both ends or obtuse above, 4-6 lines long, equaling the °

a pedicels. On alluvial soil lower Columbia valley to Brit. Colum-
12. :

R. spherocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. club, v. 170. Nasturtium sphe-
rocarpum, Gray Pl. Fendl.6. More or less hispid with short ‘spreading
hairs: stems erect, 1-3 feet high from a biennial or winter annual root:
branched above: lower leaves lyrate with oblong or ovate, dentate seg-
ments, upper ones lanceolate, more or less pinnatifid or irregularly den-

- tate: pods short, mostly broadly elliptical or subglobose 1+3 lines long.
Oregon and Washington.

tee

RORIPA. CRUCIFERA. "al
BARBAREA.

R. curvisiliqua Bessey Mem. Torr. club v. 169." Nasturtium curvisili-
qua, Nutt. Glabrous, usually erect, diffusely branched 3-12 inches high
from an annual root: leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate pinnatifid
with oblong usually toothed lobes, rarely only sinuate toothed: flowers
yellow in rather dense racemes: petals a little exceeding the sepals: pods
rather slender, 4-8 lines- long, about equaling the pedicels, often curved.
On rich, alluvial river bottoms, British Columbia to Lower California.

R. lyrata Greene Man. 20. Nasturtium lyratum Nutt. Stems erect or
decumbent, commonly diffusely branched from the base: leaves lyrate or
pinnatifid, the segments oblong-lanceolate, incisely serrate or angularly
toothed: pods linear, compressed, 8-10 lines long, more than twice the
length of the pedicel, slightly curved, obtuse, tipped with the very short
style. On muddy banks and in wet places, Oregon and northern Cali-
ornia.

R. polymorpha. Nasturtium polymorphum Nutt. T. & G.i, 74. Stems
6-10 inches high from an annual or biennial root: leaves rather narrow,
deeply pinnatifid or almost ‘entire, the segments entire, short, linear
acute: flowers small; the petals scarcely longer than the calyx: pods ob-
long-linear compressed: stigma minute, nearly sessile. ‘Banks of the Ore-
gon, Nutt.”’ Moist places. Willamette and lower Columbia valleys.

R. tenerrima Greene Eryth. iii, 46. Glabrous: stems weak and de-
cumbent sparingly branched 6-10 inches.long from an annual root: leaves.
few lyrately pinnatifid, the terminal lobe acutish, rachis. of the few ra-
cemes almost capillary: pods subconical to ovate-laaceolate slightly
curved, the apex surmounted by a considerable béak-like style: valves and
partition both very thin: seeds many in 2 rows under each valve. On
moist banks, eastern California and western Nevada to Washington and
Wyoming. ; ;

5 BARBAREA R. Br. in Ait f. Kew. ed. 2. iv. 109.

Glabrous erect branching biennial or perennial herbs with an-
gled stems and entire or pinnatifid leaves. Sepals oblong, often
colored: the lateral pair often saccate at base and slightly con-
nate on the back near the apex.. Petals spatulate or with obovate
blade and slender claws. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged, dis-
tinctly tetradynamous. Style short: stigma bifid. Pods linear,
elongated, somewhat 4-angled. Seeds in one row in each cell.
Cotyledons slightly oblique.

B. vulgaris R. Br.l.c. Stems erect, 1-3 feet high, simple or corym-
bosely branched, somewhat angled: radical and lower caudate leaves usu-
ally pinnately parted, the terminal lobe ovate or orbicular,. rounded at the
apex and varying from cuneate to cordate at base, entire or with a few-
rounded teeth or lobes; lateral segments very variable usually oblong, en-
tire or toothed: petioles auriculate at base: upper leaves entire or toothed,
clasping at base: flowers ina short dense oblong raceme, bright yellow:
petals nearly or quite twice as long as the sepals: pods ascending or sub-
erect upon more or less spreading pedicels. Common along streams and in
cultivated fields. Lower California to Alaska and across the continent.

B. stricta Andrz. Bess. Enum. 72. Stems erect 1-2 feet high, leaves
yrately pinnatifid with a large rounded terminal lobe and-1-5 pairs of lat-
eral ones: flowers pale yellow, during anthesis closely aggregate and sub-
corymbose: petals, usually not over a third or half longer than the ca-
lyx: pods mostly appressed to the elongated rachis. Along streams etc.,
California to Alaska and across the continent.

42 CRUCIFER. ARABI.

6. ARABIS L. Gen. n. 818.

Annual biennial or perennial herbs, rarely suffrutescent at ‘base
with usually simple leaves, stellate or forked pubescence, and
white or purple flowers in ebracteate racemes. Sepals equal or
the lateral ones saccate at base. Petals entire or emarginate,
usually unguiculate. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pods
linear compressed parallel to the partition, with flat or subcon-
vex, more or less prominently 1-nerved valves and membranace-
ous partition. Stigma simple or barely 2-lobed. Seeds in 1-2
rows: elliptical or orbicular, more or less margined or winged.
Cotyledons accumbent or oblique. ;

§ 1 Sisymprina Watson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 159. Bienni-
als or perennials with the pubescence, if any, wholly. simple
above, but forked upon the lowest leaves.

A. Nuttallii Robinson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 160.,.A. spathulata Nutt. T. &
G. Fl. i, 81, not DC. Stems slender simple, 6-10 inches high from a
branching biennial or perennial rootstock, erect or ascending, glabrous
above, more or less hirsute below: radical leaves spatulate-oblanceolate,
obtuse or acutish, entire, an inch or less long: cauline narrowly oblong to
elliptical, sessile but not auricled: petals 2-3 lines long, white: pods short,
6-9 lines long by % of aline broad, somewhat attenuate toa rather stout
style: valves slightly convex, 1-nerved and faintly veined: seeds elliptical:
cotyledons accumbent. -On low grounds, mountains of eastern Washing-
ton and western Montana.

§ 2 Turriris Flowers whitish ; pods narrow: seeds in 2 rows
in the cells. :

A. perfoliata Lam. Encycl. i, 219. Glaucous, stems erect, solitary, sim-
ple or sparingly branched, usually stout, 1-6 feet high from a biennial
root: radical leaves spatulate, 2-4 inches long, sinuate-pinnatifid or
toothed, ciliate and more or less hirsute with stellate hairs; cauline leaves
entire ovate to ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the sagittate base: raceme
long and strict: flowers white or stramineous: petals linear-lanceolate, 2—
3 lines long, not more thau twice the length of the sepals: pods strictly
erect almost teréte, 3-4 inches long, less than a line wide, on short pedi-
cels: style short or none, stigma 2-lobed: seeds somewhat in 2 rows nar-
rowly winged or wingless: cotyledons accumbent to incumbent in the
same pod. On dry ridges and stony hillsides, Brit. Columbia to Califor-
nia and across the continent to New England and New Jersey.

§ 3 Evarapis Watsonin Gray Syn. Fl.i, 160 in part. Seeds
orbicular or broadly elliptical, nore or less wing-margined. Coty-
ledons strictly accumbent.

A. hirsuta Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii, 30. More or less hirsute at least at
the base with spreading simple or forked, rarely stellate hairs: stems often
clustered on the crown of the biennial root or branching caudex, 6-20
inches high, simple or with slender strict branches above: radical leaves in
a rosulate cluster, ovate to spatulate attenuate to a winged petiole, entire
or peareely dentate; cauline ones ovate to oblong or lanceolate sessile and
partly clasping by a somewhat sagittate or cordate base: petals white,
spatulate twice as long as the greenish sepals: pods strictly erect. 1-2
inches long, less than a line wide on erect slender pedicels; style very
short and stout or the stigma nearly . sessile: seeds suborbicular, very. nar-
rowly winged. In moist places, Sierra Nevadas of California through Ore-
gon and Washington to northern Alaska and across the continent to the

ARABIS. CRUCIFER#. 43.

mouth of the St. Lawrence and Virginia. Eu. & Asia.

A. fureata Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 362. Stems several from a
slender branching perennial rootstock, slender ascending, 10-18 inches
high: lower leaves oblong-ovate, attenuate below toa stout petiole, few-
toothed, 1-3 inches long; sparingly pubescent and ciliate with coarse
forked hairs; cauline oblong to linear or lanceolate, scarcely auricled : flow-
ers large in a lax few-flowered raceme; petals white broadly spatulate,
6-7 lines long, more than twice as long as the sparingly hirsute sepals:
pods 10-20 lines long; less than a line broad, attenuate to avery short
style, on slender pedicels 6-10 ‘lines long: seeds oblong-elliptical, winged
at the lower end. On bluffs of the Columbia river from the mouth of the
Sandy to near Hood river.

A. Suksdorfii. A. furcata Watson l. c.in part. Stems tufted from a
thick perennial root, simple, 3-8 inches high, strictly erect, lower leaves
oblong-obovate 1-3 inches long, sparingly pubescent and ciliate with
branched hairs, entire or few-toothed; cauline few, oblong to lanceolate:
flowers middle-sized, in a strict somewhat dense raceme: petals white,
spatulate 3-5 lines long: pods 6-18 lines long by less than a line broad,
erect on short erect pedicels. On dry alluvial ridges Mount Adams Wash-
ington near the line of perpetyal snow.

A. purpurascens Howell in Herb..Greene Pitt. i, 161. Usually livid-
purple throughout: stems tufted, from a branching perennial root, simple,
usually slencer, 6-30 inches high, soft-pubescent with simple or forked
hairs and a shorter, more branching pubescence beneath: leaves scattered
but rather ample, thin sparsely pubescent: the lowest obovate-oblong at-
tenuate below toa petiole, the cauline narrowly-oblong sessile, all with
scattered coarse and salient teeth: racemes loose and few-flowered; calyx
purple 2-3 lines long: petals 6-9 lines long deep rose purple: pods slender,
2 inches long less than a line wide. On rocky ridges and bluffs, northern
base of the Siskiyou Mountains from Ashland to Waldo Oregon.

A. atrorubens Suksdorfin Herb. Greene Eryth. i, 223. Pale and
glaucescent or the herbage becoming purplish in full maturity: stems
erect, a foot or more high from a branching perennial root: radical leaves
spatulate-oblong, an inch long, stellate-pubescent ; cauline ones glabrous,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile and auriculate-clasping, all rather re-
motely and coarsely serrate-toothed: raceme simple, strict, few-flowered :
sepals dark red, sparsely pubescent with branching hairs: petals dark red
or almost black about 4 lines long: pods suberect narrowly linear, acute, 3
inches long or more: seeds flattened, narrowly winged. Edge of brush-
lands on the higher part of the Klickitat hills, Klickitat county, Wash-
ington. ;

A. sparsiflora Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 81. Stems 1-3 feet high from a bi-
ennial or perennial root, sparingly pubescent below with forked or simple
hairs: lower leaves numerous, entire oblanceolate, on slender petioles;
cauline leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire, sessile and clasping by
the auricled base, acut2: racemes rather few-flowered; flowers small; pet-
als linear-oblong, ‘bright purple, twice as long as the often colored sepals:
pods 2-3 inches long, spreading or: suberect on spreading pedicels: seeds

. narrowly winged. On dry plains, eastern Oregon and Washington to the
Rocky Mountains and northern Nevada. ;

A. Bolanderi Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 467. More or less pubes-
cent throughout with soft stellate hairs: stem solitary, much branched, 1-
2 feet high from a biennial root: radical leaves not known; cauline lanceo-
late, 1-2 inches long, auriculate-clasping entire: flowers small 2-3 lines
long, rose-colored: sepals and pedicels pubescent: pods mostly ,divaricately
spreading, glabrous, straight, 6-18 lines long obtuse with a broad sessile
stigma: valves l-nerved to the middle: seeds orbicular to elliptical, nar-.
rowly winged. Yosemite Valley, Bolander; Washington, Brandegee.

at CRUCIFER. ARABIS.

A. Breweri Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 123. Stems several from a
branching perennial caudex 4-12 inches high, more or less villous with
spreading simple or branched hairs or stellate pubescent towards the base,
lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire or toothed, finely stellate-pub-
escent, an inch long or less, the petioles often ciliate; upper cauline leaves
lanceolate to narrowly oblong, sessile with a cordate base or obtusely au-
riculate, somewhat villous or pubescent or nearly glabrous; flowers bright
rose-color or purplish to nearly white, 3-4 lines long; the pedicels and pur-
plish calyx more or less villous: pods at length spreading and more or less
arcuate 143-3 inches long by a line or more broad, acute witha sessile
stigma ; valves l-nerved, veined: seeds orbicalar, narrowly winged. South-
western Oregon to middle Ca:ifornia.

A. Lemmoni Watson Proc. Am. Acad xxii, 467. Stems several from a
branching perennial caudex, slender, 6 inches high or less, glabrous above,
hoary below with fine dense stellate pubescence: lower leaves spatulate-
oblanceolate, rarely with one or two teeth, 6-9 lines long, the petioles
sometimes ciliate; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, auriculate, mostly gla-
brous or nearly so: flowers 2-3 lines long, rose-colored; sepals pubescent:
pods ascending or widely spreading, on short pedicels glabrous, curved 1-
2inches long by 3{ of a line broad, more or less attenuated toa sessile
stigma or short style: seeds in one row, orbitular, narrowly winged. In
the mountains from northern California to Mount Adams Washington,
Nevada, Wyoming, Montana and Brit. Columbia. :

A. Koehleri (In honor of R. Koehler of the S. P. R. R., who has
shown me many favors while ‘botanizing in Oregon). Stems slender,
3-6 inches high from a perennial much branched woody caudex: lower
leaves densely rosulate at the ends of the branching caudex, persistent,
linear-lanceolate. to ‘spatulate, narrowed below but scarcely pet-
ioled, 6-12 lines long entire, canescent with stellate pubescence; cau-
line leaves only one or two, broadly subulate, auriculate: racemes few-
flowered; flowers scarlet 4-6 lines long: pods 2-3 inches long, a
line broad, often arcuate, erect on slender pedicels; style very short or
none: seeds small, narrowly winged. On cliffs, etc., in the Coast Mount-
ains of Douglas county, Oregon and ‘along the Umpqua river at Roseburg,
flowering early. ° :

A. Lyallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 122. Glabrous throughout or
sometimes stellate-pubescent below: stems several or many from a
branched perennial caudex, 2-10 inches high: lower léaves spatulate to
linear-oblanceolate, usually 6-12 lines long, sometimes 2-3 ‘inches long:
the cauline narrowly lanceolate to oblong, sometimes scarcely auricled :
flowers rose-color, 2-3 lines long; sepals glabrous: pods erect or ascending,
straight or nearly so, 1-2 inches long by 24-1 line ‘broad, narrowed toa
short style or sessile stigma; valves 1-nerved, at least to the middle
veined: seeds orbicular narrowly winged in1 row. On the highest peaks
of he Cascade Mountains from Brit. Columbia to California, Montana
an ah.

A. microphylla Nutt. T. &G. Fi. i, 82. Stems slender, 2-6 inches
high from a slender branching perennial caudex, somewhat hirsute at base
with spreading hairs or nearly glabrate: lower leaves stellate pubescent.
linear, acutish, 4-6 lines long; cauline leaves few, sessile linear-lanceolate
to narrowly oblong: racemes few-flowered : flowers pale rose-color to pink
2-3 lines long: pods only 2-6 at the ends of the filiform branches, erect,
1-2 inches long by 14-34 of a line wide: seeds small, slightly winged.
On rocky banks, eastern Oregon to Wyoming and Utah. j

A. Cusickii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 368 Villous-hi i
scattered spreading mostly simple hairs, Stems dually eee tee
biennial (?) root, 6-10 inches high, simple hirsute or glabrate above: rad-
ical leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute and ciliate, 8-12 lines long; the up-

ARABIS. CRUCIFER &. 45

per ones linear-oblong and clasping but not auriculate, all entire or spar-
ingly toothed: petals white with purple veins, linear spatulate, about 3
lines long, twice as long as the sparingly pubescent sepals and exceeding
the pedicels: pods ascending, falcate 2-3 inches long by a line, broad
acuminate, stigma sessile: seeds acutely margined. On high rocky
ridges, Klickitat county to Spokane county, Washington and Union
county Oregon.

A. platysperma Gray Proc. Am. Acad. yi, 519. Glaucous, sometimes
wholly glabrous: stems erect or ascending from a branching perennial root-
stock, 2-12 inches high, simple or branched: lower leaves oblanceolate,
about an inch long; the upper oblong to linear-lanceolate, sessile: petals
rose-colored or nearly white 2-3 lines long: pods erect or a little spreading,
1-24g inches long by 114-214 lines wide, attenuate to a short stout style;
valves distinctly veined, 1-nerved toward the base: seeds orbicular,
broadly winged. From Mount Hood Oregon to the San Bernardino and
Sierra Nevada Mountains.

A. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxv, 124. Glabrous; stems 1-4
inches high from a much-branched cespitose caudex: lower leaves glau-
caus, entire, linear-oblanceolate, an inch long, often sparsely ciliate tow-
ards the base; the few cauline narrowly oblong obtusish, sessile some-
whut clasping but not auriculate at base: flowers few, pale to bright pink,
3-4 lines long: pods erect 1-2 inches long by 2 lines broad acuminate;
stigma sessile: seeds orbicular, broadly winged. On Ashland Butte, Sis-
kiyou Mountains, Oregon.

§ 4 Penpu:a Flowers nodding, -usually pale. Pods usually
pendulous. Séeds in 1-2 rows in the cells.

A. suffrutescens Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 362. Glabrous
throughout or sparingly stellate pubescent below: stems several from a
branching woody perennial caudex, 8-12 inches high: lower leaves nar-
rowly oblanceolate, acute, about an inch long: the cauline more oblong
and sessile or shortly auriculate-clasping: racemes few-flowered; sepals
purple, 3 lines long: pods 1-2% inches long by 134-2 lines wide, attenuate
to a short style, straight, pendant, on reflexed pedicels 4-6 lines long: seeds
orbicular winged. On dry rocky ridges, Mount Adams Washington to the
bluffs of Snake river in Oregon andthe Siskiyou Mountains near the
northern line of California.

A. retrofracta Graham Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1829, 344. Stems
erect from a biennial root, 1-3 feet high, simple or branching above, gla-
prous and often somewhat glaucous above, minutely pubescent below with
reflexed simple or forked hairs: leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the
lower ones attenuate below to a winged petiole, rather coarsely serrate-
dentate, an inch or two long, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; the
upper ones linear, sessile deeply sagittate entire 1}g-3 inches long: ra-
cemes few to many-flowered ; flowers nodding on spreading tomentoge ped-
icels: petals spatulate, pale to bright purple, 3-4 lines long, twice as lon
as the pubescent calyx: pods linear, 2-3 inches long by half a line wide an
with: the pedicels strongly refracted: seeds obovate, narrowly winged,
along streams, eastern Oregon and Weshington to the Rocky Mountains
and Brit. Columbia.

A. secunda Howell Eryth. iii, 33. Stems several from a branching
woody base 10-18 inches high, stellate-pubescent: lower leaves lanceolate,
about an inch long, narrowed below to a winged petiole, entire, acute; cau-
line leaves linear, revolute, sessile, distinctly auricled 6-12 lines long: ra-
cemes many-flowered, strictly secund: pods 1-2 inches long, less than a
line wide on filiform. pedicels 2-3 lines long that are all deflexed one way
forming a secund spike; seeds small, narrowly winged, in 1 row. On
dry ridges Mount Adams, Washington.

46 CRUCIFERZ. ARABIS.
STREPTANTHUS.

A. Columbiana Macoun Cat. Canada PI. ii, 304. Winter annual: al-
most smooth or pubescent below with branching hairs: lower leaves
slightly toothed and tapering into a petiole ; cauline sessile and often clasp-
ing: flowers white: pods exactly sickle-shaped, 3-4 inches long. Common
on the lower slopes of mountains, northern Washington to Brit. Columbia.

A. canescens T. & G. FI. i, 88. Finely stellate-pubescent throughout :
gtems one to several from a perennial or biennial root, 2-8 inches high;
simple or branched : lower leaves linear-oblanceolate, an inch long or less ;
cauline leaves linear, clasping but hardly auriculate: flowers small 2 lines
or less long, pale: pods pendulous, pubescent or glabrate, 1-114 inches
long by less than a line broad, on pedicels 1-3 lines long; valves J-nerved
to the middle: seeds small, orbicular, winged, in lor 2 rows. On dry
plains, Blue Mountains and Harney valley Oregon, to the Rocky
Mountains and Brit. Columbia. :

A. areuata Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 187(?). More or less stellate-
» pubescent or hirsute: stems erect, 6 inches to 2 feet or more high from a
perennial woody caudex, simple or branched ; lower leaves spatulate, entire
or denticulate. acute, 1-2 inches long; cauline oblong-lanceolate, sagit-
tate and clasping at base 6-12 lines long or more; racemes rather few-flow-
ered; flowers pale nodding; petals 3-4 lines long, white or purple, twice as
long as the sepals: pods 1-4 inches long by a line or more broad erect
and slightly curved or spreading and strongly faleate. On rocky ridges
and dry plains, eastern Oregon and Washington to southwestern Oregon.

A. subpinnatifida Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 353. Canescent with a
very fine and dense stellate pubescence: stems 1 to several from a branch-
ing somewhat woody base: lower leaves crowded and persistent, linear-
oblanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, 9-12 lines long; upper ones
lanceolate, coarsely and subpinnatifidly toothed: flowers pale pink, 3-6
lines long: pes strongly reflexed, on pedicels 2-5 lines long, 114-3 inches
long, 1-1% lines broad, more or less attenuate to the short style, pubes-
cent, slightly curved; valves I-nerved to the middle and veined; seeds in
one row, as.broad as the partition, winged. On dry rocky ridges, south-
western Oregon and and adjacent California to northwestern Nevada.

7 STREPTANTHUS Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. v, 134, t. 7.

Caulescent branching herbs with entire or toothed, or rarely
pinnatifid leaves and purple white or yellowish flowers.’ Sepals
‘ovate or oblong usually colored, equal at base (rarely one or both
pair saccate), commonly connivent. Petals often without a di-
latcd blade; more or less twisted or undulate; the claw chan-
neled.. Stamens 6, the longer pair often connate below. Anthers
more or less elongated, sagittate at base. Pods sessile upon the
enlarged receptacle, oblong to narrowiy linear compressed to sub-
terete: valves 1-nerved ; partition hyaline: stigma simple. Seeds
flat, margined cr winged. Cvtyledons accumbent. Ours all of

_§ Evista T. & G. Fl. i, 67. Petals narrow, the blade but
little if any broader than the claw, undulate crisped. Calyx
closed or with spreading tips.

S. orbiculatus Greene Fl. Francis. 258. Glabrous and glacous: stems
erect from an annual or biennial root, 6-18 inches high, diffusely branched
from the base: lowest leaves round obovate, very obtuse or-even truncate
crenately or more remotely and reparidly toothed, abruptly narrowed to a
petiole +a lorg as the blade: middle -cauline okovate-spatulate, auricled
and clasping; uppermost orbicular, mostly entire, obtuse , sepals: purple,

STREPTANTHUS. CRU CIFER A, 47
CAULANTHUS.

.-3 lines long, acute but not acuminate at length petaloid-dilated undulate
and whitish at the recurved tips: stamens in 3 unequal pairs, the upper
part much the longest: torus dilated: pods 2 inches long, falcate, on as-
cending pedicels strongly torulose; seeds wingless, though sometimes dis-
tinctly but very narrowly margined. On dry rocky ridges of the Siskiyou
Mountains to the Sierra Nevadas.

S. glandulosus Hook Ic, t.40(?). Sparsely~ setose-pubescent below,
smooth above: stems erect from an annual root, 1-2 feet high, branching:
lowest leaves broadly oval or obovate, nearly sessile, dentate; cauline
leaves ovate, clasping by a broad base, the uppermost lanceolate and
acuminate, entire or denticulate: flowers purple; sepals acuminate 2-3
lines long, somewhat pubescent or glabrate; the purple petals a half
longer : one pair of filaments connate below: pods 144-24 inches long, less
than a line wide, erect or ascending: seeds margined. Base of the Siski-
you Mountains near Waldo, Oregon.

S. longirostris Watson Proc, Am. Acad. xxv,127. Arabis longirostris
Watson Bot. King 17,t. 2, Brewer and Watson Bot. Cal. i, 31. Glabrous
and glaucous: stems erect 1-4 feet high from on annual root, branching
from the base, radical leaves ovate-spatulate, entire or sparingly toothed :
flowers spreading or reflexed purplish or white 2-3 lines long: sepals lin-
ear, not closed over the ovary 2 lines long, the lower pair saccate at base,
but little shorter than the narrow petals: pods 1-2 inches long by a line
broad, straight attenuate toa slender style, pendulous on short reflexed
pies seeds elliptical, winged. -In alkaline or sandy localities, Wallula,

ashington to Lower California and Utah.

8S: Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 353. Glabrous and glau-
cous: the stout leafy simpie stem 6-30 inches high from a perennial some-
what fleshy root: lower leaves obovate-spatulate, 1-6 inchés long coarsely
repand-dentate; the upper ones ‘narrowly ‘spatulate, entire not clasping:
racemes elongated: pedicels 3-10 lines long not spreading: sepals purple,
ovate, acute, 3 lines long more or less saccate; the dark purple petals but
little longer: filaments all distinct: pods 2-3 inches long by 124-2 lines
broad, erect or spreading on stout pedicels: seeds oblong, winged. fSouth-
ern Oregon near Waldo, and on Stein’s mountain, southeastern Oregon.

8 CAULANTHUS Watson Bot. King, 27.

Stout perennial herbs with mostly pinnatifid leaves and dull-
colored flowers in long loose racemes. Sepals large, nearly equ-
ally saccate.at base. Petals but little lounger than the sepals,
undulate-cgisped, the blade only a somewhat dilated rhomboidal
extension of the broad claw. Anthers linear sagittate. Stigma
2-lobed or slightly emarginate. Pods sessile or with a short and
thick stipe, terete, elongated ; valves convexed, more or less dis-
tinctly I-nerved. Seeds in one row oblong flattened emarginate
or scarcely margined. Cotyledons more or less incumbent. —

C. hastatus Watson Bot. King 28, t.3. Glabrous, stems stout, 3-5 feet
high from a perennial root: simple or somewhat branched: leaves very va-
riable, radical ones lyrate or, entire the terminal leaflet much the largest,
ovate, acute, hastate or truncate at base; cauline leaves ovate-oblong, en- ,
tire, hastate, rounded ‘or cuneate at base: flowers greenish-yellow, in a
loose virgate raceme, reflexed, sepals narrow-lanceolate, distinct: petals
equaling the sepals, sublaciniately toothed laterally : pods linear, subterete,
obtuse, spreading. On shaded slopes in the Blue Mountains of ‘Oregon to
the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains of Utah. =

48 CRUCIFERA. CAULANTHDUS.
DENTARIA.

C. pilosus Watson Bot. King, 27. Pilosely hispid : stems 2-4 feet high
from 2 biennial root, stout erect branched leaves petioled lyrately pinnat-
ifid, the lobes sparingly angular-toothed : flowers greenish white on spread-
ing pedicels, the oblong petals narrowed above, 4 lines long: pods slender
3-5 inches long by less than a line in diameter, flexuous, widely
spreading or recurved. In sandy soilin ‘‘sage brush,”’ etc., southeastern
Oregon to Nevada and California.

C. crassicaulis Watson 1. c. Glabrous: stem simple, erect, 1-3 feet
high, very thick, fistulous: leaves chiefly clustered at or near the base, ob-
‘lanceolate in outline, lyrately toothed or pinnatifid, 2-5 inches long; cau-
line leaves few, much reduced, linear or somewhat hastate: flowers
subsessile, large: sepals oblong-lanceolate 5-6 lines long, more or less pub-
escent, usually densely so, often velvety: pods ascending, slender, terete
4-5 inches long terminated by the conspicuous stigma. On dry foothills
and rocky slopes Idaho to Utah and southern California.

9 DENTARIA Tourn. Inst. 225, t. 110; L. Gen. No. 540.

Sepals equal at base, erect or nearly so. Petals much longer
with slender claw and ovate blade. Pods linear, straight with
stout firm nerveless flat valves that do not separate elastically,
and nerveless partition. Stigma short, capitate or rarely 2-lobed.
Seeds in one row, wingless; cotyledons often thick more or less
unequal and somewhat oblique, petiolate. Low, usually gla-
brous perennials with commonly simple stems, variously lobed
leaves and comparatively large campanulate flowers in very
early spring.

_D. tenella Pursh Fl. ii, 489. Stems slender 3-10 inches high from an
irregular branching or tuberiferous rootstock: radical leaves shallowly
3-5 lobed or coarsely toothed, 6-18 lines long, the petioles often bearing
bulblets on their underground portion: cauline leaves 1-2, sessile, deeply 3-
lobed or 3-foliolate with linear or linear-lanceolate entire obtuse segments,
6-12 lines long; racemes few-flowered, terminal and sometimes axillary:
flowers rose-purple: pods 1-2 inches long by a line broad, attenuate to a
slender style and a broad distinctly 2-lobed stigma. Very common in
woods, western Oregon and Washington, flowering in very early spring.

D. sinuata Greene Pitt. iii, 123. Cardamine sinuata Greene Eryth. 4,
148. Stems 6-18 inches high from tuberous roots, simple or sparingly
branched: radical leat simple from round-reniform to almost orbicular,
cordate at base 2-3 inches broad, sinuately lobed, the 9-15 lobes obtuse or
almost truncate, conspicuously mucronate; cauline leaves # or 3, divided
3-5 more or less cuneate leaflets which are lobed or coarsely toothed at
the apex: racemes lax, few-flowered : flowers large, rose-purple; pods 2-3
inches long, conspicuously rostrate. Among the ‘‘Redwoods’’ near Cres-
cent City, California, no doubt in adjacent Oregon.

D. .pulcherrima Greene 1. c. Cardamine pulcherrima, Greene 1. c.
Stoutish, stems 4-8 inches high froma rather slender horizontal root;
herbage glabrous, somewhat succulent: radical leaf palmately 3-5-lobed-
parted-or-divided, with entire lobes or divisions; cauline leaves 1 or 2,
when solitary situated near the inflorescence, digitately 3-5 parted into
oblong-linear or lanceolate segments an inch long more or less: racemes
short, few-flowered ; petals 6-10 lines long, lilac-purple veined with dark

UE le. In shaded places, eastern Oregon and ashington near The

alles.

D. quercetorum Greene l.c. Cardamine quercetorum ,
iti, 83. Glabrous: stems slender, 6-12 inches neh from a femur ay
root: radical leaf 3-5-foliolate; 'eaflets elliptical, coarsely dentate, 1-2 inches

DENTARIA. CRUCIFERX. 49
CARDAMINE,

long petiolulate; cauline leaves 1-4, mostly 8~5-lobed or-parted,- with oblong-
lanceolate acute, mostly entire divisions: racemes densely many-flowered:
petals rose-purple, half inch long: fruit not known. Under small oaks along
the creek, Silverton, Oregon.

D. gemmuta. Cardamine Gemmata Greene Pitt. i, 162. Stems rather
stout, 3-8 inches high from a round or oblong tuber 4-10 lines in diameter:
radical leaves ternate, the leaflets broad and somewhat quadrate, coarsely
toothed ; cauline leaves 1-8, pinnately divided into 5-7 linear-oblong mucron-
ate, entire or toothed segments: racemes short, several-flowered; petals pur-
ple, 5-8 lines long, In wet places, eastern base of the Coast Mountains
near Waldo Oregon, floweringin very early spring; often in January to
March.

D. Californiea Nutt. T.&G. Fl.i 8&8. Cardamine paucisecta Benth.
Pl. Hartw. 297. Smooth or slightly pubescent: stems stoutish, 6-18
inches high from small deep-seated tubers, simple or branched; lower leaves
simple or’ trifoliolate, the leaflets pitiolulate, suborbicular, cuneate to sub-
cordate at base, sinuate or coarsely toothed; cauline leaves 2-4, mostly
short-petioled, pinnately 3-5-foliolate, rarely simple or lobed; leaflets mostly
petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, entire or tootked, 1-3 inches long,
flowers white or rose-color: pods 1-24 inches long: seeds oblong; cotyledons
thick, the radical decidedly oblique, cleft tothe middle. Along streams,
southwestern Oregon to southern California.

10 CARDAMINE Tourn. Inst. 224, t. 109, L. Gen. n. 812.

Annual or perennial herbs of moist or wet places with simple
or pinnate leaves and mostly small flowers in elongated ra-
cemes. Sepals equal at base erect or more or less spreading.
Petals obovate to narrowly spatulate. Pods linear, with some-
what thickened margins merely beaked or pointed above.
Valves flat, nerveless, opening elastically from the base. Seeds in
1 row, wingléss. Cotyledons accumbent or slightly oyerlap-
ping the radical, more or less petiolate.

C. bellidifolia L. Sp. ii. 654, Glabrous perennial: caudex much
branched, somewhat fleshy, stems very short, tufted: lower leaves ovate or
elliptical, sometimes subcordate usually obtuse. obscurely 3-lobed, or ,arely
with one or two lateral teeth, 1-6 lines long, on long slender petioles: ped -
uncles 3-24 lines long: flowers few, white or pinkish; sepals white, oblong,
a line long; petals spatulate, narrowed’ below to a slender claw, véry ob-
tuse or truncate above twice as long as the sepals: pods erect, 6-15 lines
long, on pedicels 2-3 lines long; style very short and stout, radical cleft to
the middle. On Mount Shasta and Lassen’s Peak California to Crater Lake
Oregon and Alaska, :

C. Lyallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 466. Glabrous: rootstock
creeping: stems erect, simple or branched 4--18 inches high: leaves 4-8, peti-
oled undivided, reniform to cordate, the margin sinuate, 1-3 inches broad:
the upper triangular, cordate, subacuminate : racemes pedunculate; flowers
white, 3-4. lines long: pods erect on spreading pedicels 10-12 lines long,
rather shortly attennate to a very short style: radical cleft to the middle.
Along brooks in the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains.

C. eallosicrenata Piper Bot. Gaz. xxi, 488. ‘‘Perfectly glabrou
throughout; stems erect, purplish below, shining above, coarsely striate,
leaves all similar and pinnately trifoliolate, or some of the radical rarely sim-
ple; terminal leaflet orbicular, 2-5 lines longand nearly as broad, closely
erenate or the uppermost lobed, the crenations tipped with a short. blunt cal-

50 CRUCIFERZ. CARDAMINE.

lous point; lateral leaflets ovate, entire, mostly obtuse, 10-18 lines long: ra-
ceme ample: flowers white: pods 25-30 lines long, erect on widely spread-
ing pedicels: style stout: seeds light brown, about 20 in each pod. In
springy places, Spokane July 2nd and Sept. 27, 1896,” C. V. Piper.

C. Brewerii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. x, 339. Glabrous or slightly
pubescent at base: stems erect or decumbent at base, a foot or more high
from slender running rootstocks; radical leaves simple or with a pair of smal]
lateral leaflets, round-cordate, entire or coarsely sinuate-toothed, the cauline
with rounded and sinuate or lobed leaflets, the upper more oblong or lanceo-
late: petals 2 lines long white: pods 8-15 lines long, obtuse or scarcely
beaked with the short style, ascending on pedicels 2-4 lines long: radical,
scarcely cleft. In the mountains and along the coast, Brit. Columbia to
California and Nevada. ;

C. angulata Hook. Fl. i, 44. Glabrous or sparsely hirsute: stems
rather slender, simple, 1-2 feet high from long running rootstocks: leaves
all 3-foliolate or sometimes 5-foliolate; leaflets triangular-ovate to oblong,
usually cuneate at base and coarsely 3-5 toothed or the lateral ones entire,
the terminal ones not greatly larger than the lateral, about an inch long ex-
ceeding the petioles: raceme short, few-flowered: petals white, 5-7 lines long:
pods about an inch long attenuate to the stout style, spreading on divari-
cate pedicels. In damp woods, Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

C. occidentalis. C. pratensis var occidentali Watson in Gray Syn. Fl.
i, 158. Minutely hirsute below: stems slender, 4-10 inches high from
small oblong tubers, paniculately branched: leaves mostly radical, pinnate;
leaflets 3-5 pairs, obovate or oblong to linear, 1-4 lines long sparingly den-
tate, the terminal one the largest: racemes short, several-flowered:- petals
white, a line long, but little longer than the sepals: pods filiform _ inch
long by less than half a line wide, abruptly contracted to the sessile stigma
ta length erect on spreading pedicels: seeds minute, oblong. In open wet
places about the mouth of the Willamette river.

C. pratensis L. Spec. ii, 656. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent be-
low: stems erect from a fibrous-rooted tuber, 10-16 inches high: leaves pin-
nately 7-13 foliolate; leaflets mostly entire, often petiolulate, those of the
radical leaves roundish, of the cauline oblong to linear: flowers white
usually in a broad. corymb, 2-6 lines long: pods 2-15 lines long by a line
wide, tipped with a short thick style. In wet places, Willamette valley.
Oregon to Alaska and the northeastern states and Labrador. :

““C. parviflora L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10,1181. Very slender, glabrous or
sparingly pubescent stem su simple, erect or nearly so, 6-18 inches nigh
from a fascicle of delicate fibrous roots: leaves pinnately parted into several
pairs of small leaflets, those of the lower leaves oblong to suborbicular, of
the upper linear: flowers small; petals oblong-cuneiform, longer . than ‘the
ovate obtuse sepals: pods about an inch long, erect upon spreading pedicels
In damp woods, Oregon tio the New England states, _

C. Pennsylvanica Muhl. in Willd. Spec. ili, 4) i “
brous: stems a foot or two high from a Peaiole re cee vane re
leafy and branching: leaves pinnately 3-15 foliolate; leaflets of the lower
leaves roundish or short-oblong; of the upper oblong with rounded apex and
narrowed base commonly more or less decurrent upon the rachis Tadall
belt ine or more long and 1-3 me oe petals white, a line or bua lone:

ods suberect upon ascending pedicels. Ualiforni : ;
Aatient to ie Atlantic sae, ormia to Alaska and across the

C. oligosperma Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 85. Hir
brous: stems slender, 3-12 inches high from an annual Ebene rook aver ail
pinnate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, roundish, 1-6 lines in diameter, obtusely 3-5-

PLATYSPERMUM. CRUCIFERA. 61
LESQUERELLA.

lobed, petiolate: petals 1-114 lines long, twice longer than the sepals: pods
few, somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches, 5-9 lites long by half
a line erect: style very short. In upland forests central California to Vau-
couver Island west of the Cascade Mountains.

Tribe II. Alyssinex, DC. Fruit short, orbicular elliptical or
short-oblong, rarely more elongated lanceolate or linear, always
more or less compressed parallel to the partition, 1-2-celled and
I-many-seeded. Valves flat or moderately convex. Cotyledons
accumbent or very rarely incumbent.

* Pods strongly compressed parallel to the broad partition.
2 PLATYSPERMUM Hook. Fi. i, 68 t. 18 fig. B.

Small winter annuals with simple or pinnatifid leaves and
small white solitary flowers on simple scapes. Sepals broad,
equal, erect. Petals obovate, entire or retuse. Pods sessile orbic-
ular strongly compressed, with flat nerveless and hyaline parti-
tion. Stigma sessile, simple. Seeds 4-6 in each cell, in 2 rows
reticulated orbicular and broadly winged. Cotyledons accum-
bent.

P. secapigerum Hook 1. c. Leaves lyrately pianatifid with few
lobes or reduced to a single rhombic or ovate toothed, or entire blade upon a
slender petiole: scapes at length 8-6 inches long ascending: flowers about
a line long; petals narrowly obovate to linear-spatulate, short unguiculate,
not.exceeding the erect sepals: pods orbicular to oblong or obovate 3-4 lines
long, Common in moist places Brit. Columbia to California, chiefly east of
the Cascade Mountains.

_ ** Pods very turgid: partition broad, nerved from the top to the
middle.

-12 LESQUERELLA Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii, 249.
VESICARLA of authors 4s to the American plants.

Low caulescent annual or perennial herbs with stellate, often
dense or white-lepidote pubescence, entire or repand-dentute
leaves and mostly yellow flowers. Petals spatulate to oblong-
obovate entire. Filaments filiform or rarely dilated: anthers
sagittate. Stigma flat, capitate entire or lobed. Pods more or
less turgid, rounded or ovate or short-oblong with nerveless
valves; and a hyaline partition nerved from the apex to the mid-
dle, several to many-seeded, sessile or stipitate. Seeds rounded,
flat, wingless or rarely narrowly margined. Cotyledons accum-
bent.

L. oecidentalis Watson |. c. 251. Canescent with a dense, appressed,
scurffy, obscurely stellate, silvery pubescence: stems many from a fleshy
branching caudex, decumbent, 4-12 inches long or more: lower leaves ob-
lanceolate, attenute at base, 1-4 inches long including the petiole, mostly
coarsely sinuate-dentate; cauline leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, mostly en-
tire: petals spatulate, 3-5 lines long; style very.slender about 2 lines long:

ods compressed-globose, acutish, 2-4 lines long sessile upon a more or
ess flexuous pedicel 4-8 lines long. Sandy or stony hillsides, Washington
to northern California east of the Cascade Mountains.

52 CRUCIFERZ. PHYSARIA.
. PSILONEMA.

L. Douglasii Watson 1. c. 118. Canescent throughout with fine ap-
pressed pubescence: stems usually simple, from a simple caudex : leaves
ovate to oblanceolate or linear mostly entire: petals spatulate, 3-4 lines
long: pods obovate, very obtuse, erect on spreading pedicels; cells 2-

ovuled. On the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington.
*** Pods didymous with narrow nerveless partition.:
12 PHYSARIA Gray Gen. Ill. i, 162. ‘
Low stellately canescent perennial herbs with mostly entire

leaves and yellow flowers. Petals spatulate to oblong, entire.
Filaments filiform. Anthers sagittate. Pods didymous: with
a short narrow partition: cells inflated, nearly globular, mem-
branaceous, nerveless, several-seeded. Seeds not winged. Coty-
ledons accumbent. 2

* Cells of the pods much inflated and longer than the partition.

P. didymocarpa Gray 1. c. Very canescent, and lepidote with dense
white stellate pubescence: radical leaves petiolate, with roundish toothed
angled or entire blade, or oblanceolate and more or less sinuately-toothed
below: cauline leaves mostly entire, spatnlate; racemes dense: pedicels
becoming 6-7 lines long spreading or ascending: sepals lanceolate, shorter
than the rather pale yellow petals: pods strongly didymous, rather deeply
notched above eutire or more or less cordate at base, becoming 6-8 lines
broad; valves subglobose, with no demarcation between the dorsal and
ee surfaces; walls papery. Eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and

evada.

* * Cells more or less compressed and but little exceeding the
partition.

. P. Geyeri Gray l.c. Whitish with dense stellate tomentum: radical
leaves with short, broadly ovate, entire, obtusely pointed blade narrowed
below to long channeled petioles; cauline leaves small, spatulate: racemes
rather dense, 1-2 inches long: pedicels spreading or curved, ascending, 3
lines long: pods small for the genus, broadly and shallowly obcordate,
narrowed towards the base; cells 244-3 lines long at dehiscence ; partition
ovate much exceeded by the persistent style. Sandy soil and volcanic
ashes, upper Spokane valley, Washington.

P. Oregona Watson Prec. Am. Acad. xvii, 363. Canescent: stems
several from the large woody root, 4-6 inches high: leaves oblanceolate-
spatulate, the lower few-toothed below; the upper entire: pods obcom-
pressed 5-10 lines broad, round-reniform ; the narrowly linear partition 3-
4lines long; the flattened obtusely rounded cells 3-4 seeded: style very
short. Gulches, Union county, Oregon. Cusick.

**** Pods orbiculur or nearly so. Filaments often dilated or
appendaged near the base.

14 PSILONEMA C. A. Meyer in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii, 50.

Low stellate-pubescent herbs with mostly simple leaves and
rather small flowers in slender racemes. Sepals equal. Petals
white or yellow, cuneate. Filaments unappendaged. Pods
oval or orbicular, compressed with convex nerveless valves,, 2-
celled, with 2 seeds in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. |

P. calycinum C. A. Meyer Bull. Acad. st. Pet. vii, 182. Stellate pub-

escent: stems branching from near the base, the branches mostly simple,
decumbent at base 6-12 inches long: leaves entire, linear-spatulate 6-12

EROPHILA. CRUCIFER A. 53.
DRABA,

lines long: flowers small, in slender racemes, the white or pale yellow
petals but little exceeding the short sepals: pods orbicular, with a thin
margin, slightly emarginate, 1!) lines in diameter, a little exceeding the
persistent sepals, pubescent, 4-8 seeded, on spreading pedicels a line long:
style half a line long. A native of southern Europe sparingly introduced
at Seattle Washington and the eastern states.

**** * Pods oblong elliptical or oblanceolate rarely linear
2-several-seeded. Stamens wnappendaged.

16 EROPHILA DC. Syst. ii, 356.

Stellate-pubescent scapose winter-annual with entire or coarsely
toothed leaves and white flowers in very early spring. Sepals
equal at dase. Petals 2-lobed.or 2-parted. Style short or none.
Pods oblong, compressed, with membranaceous convex 1-nerved
valves. Seeds numerous in 2 rows in each cell.

E. vutesaris DC. 1. c. Draba verna L. Sp. ii, 642. Scapes naked, 1-6
inches high, filiform : leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed : pods glabrous,
round-oval to oblong, 1-4 lines long, shorter than the spreading pedicels:

stigma nearly sessile. Introduced from Europe. Well established at Van-
couver Washington. ‘

17 DRABA Dill. Cat. Pl. Giss. App. 122. L. Gen. n. 800.

Low, annual or perennial herbs with entire cr toothed leaves
and white or yellow flowers. Sepals short and broad, equal at
the base. Petals commonly obovate, entire (rarely bifid). Fila-
ments mostly flattened,without teeth at the base. Anthers round-
ed or oval. Style short, or slender and somewhat elongated.
Stigma simple or very slightly lobed. Pod oval to oblong or
linear, flat, dehiscent. Seeds few-many, in 2 rows, wingless.
Cotyledons accumbent or rarely incumbent.

§ 1 Drapetua, DC. Syst. ii, 832. 351.. Stellate-pubescent or
more or léss villous short caulescent and more or less leafy-stem-
med winter-annuals with ascending or spreading pedicels, entire
or emarginate petals and smooth seeds. :

* Flowers white: pedicels clustered or approximate at the end of the
stem or branches. Early spring species.

D. Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 174. Scape-like stems very slender,
often branched. 1-3 inches high, smooth; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, ob-
tuse, mostly entire, hispid with simple ot branched hairs: pedicels very short:
pods clustered at the endof the stems, linear, 4-6 lines long, 20-30-seeded,
glabrous; stigma sessile. Under ”Sage-brush’” Umatilla Oregon to Ontario
New England and Carolina.

D. micrantha Nutt. T. &G. Fl.i, 109. D. Caroliniana var. micran-

tha Gray Man..72. Stems leafy and hispid below, naked and smooth

‘ above: leaves cuneate-obovate, hispid, entire: pods hispid, linear, much longer

than the pedicels. Open plains and rocky places, Klickitat Washington
. to Illinois and Texas, ; ,

* * Pedicels more remotely racemose. Flowers very small,
white. &tigma sessile or nearly so.

D. brachycarpa, Nutt. T.&G. Fl. i, 108. Pubescent with minute
appressed stellate hairs: atems simple or branched, 44-2 inches high, from

oe CRUCIFER&. DRABA.

an annual root, leafy: radical leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, petioled, 5-7
lines long; upper ones oblong-lanceolate to linear; racemes many-flowered,
strict, elongated in fruit: petals obovate, very slightly emarginate: pods nate
‘rowly oblong, glabrous, 1-2 lines long, about the length of the pedicels;
valves marked witha median nerve and obscursly veined; cells 4-6-seeded.

Wet places. Willamette Valley (near Coburg) Oregon, and Missouri to
Virginia, Louisiana and Georgia. :

** * High mountain and northern species with entire or few-
toothed leaves and small yellow flowers. Stigma sessile. : ;

D. nemorosa, L. sp. ii, 643. Pubescent with white branching hairs:
stem slender, 4-8 inches high, branching from near the base, leafy:
leaves ovate to lanceolate, sparsely toothed: petals emarginate small, yellow:
pods narrowly oblong, heif the length of the spreading pedicels, minutely
pubescent. “On moist grassy slopes, Oregon to the Arctic Circle and the
Great Lakes. :

D. lutea, Gilib. Fl. Lithuana, iv, 46. D. nemorosa var. leiocarpa Lindb.
Sparingly hirsute: stems very slender, often nearly or quite leafless: pedicels
coarsely exceeding or even shorter than the glabrous pods, In moist places
snd river banks, valley of the Columbia,

D. stenoloba, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 152. Stems slender, simple, or branch-
ing below, villous towards the base: leaves mostly subrosulate, oblong-lan-
ceolate or oblanceolate, mostly entire, usually more or less villous and ciliate :
pods linear, acute, glabrous, 4-7 lines long, equaling or exceeding the
spreading pedicels. Subalpine, from the Sierra Nevadas to Colorado and
Oregon, and northwestward to Unalaska.

§ 3 Drasama Lindb. Linnea xiii, 318. Perennials with bran-
ching leafy-tufted caudex, and soft flat not carinate leaves.

* Scapose. Leaves entire, less than 6 lines long. Flowers yellow.

D. Howellii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 354. Minutely stellate-pu-
bescent throughout: loosely cespitose: scapose stems about 3 inches high:
leaves rosulate, broadly spatulat,e entire or rarely obtusely toothed, 3-5
lines long: petals oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 lines long, much exceeding the
oval yellow sepals: pods pubescent, oblong, acute, 3-4 lines long. beaked
with the sender style. On highrocky ridges of the Siskiyou Mountains
near Preston peak,

D. Lemmoni . Watson, Bot. Cal. ii, 480. Leaves crowded at the sum-
mit of the stout branched caudex, broadly oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusish,
2 to 4 lines long with long branching hairs on the margins and loosely scat-
tered .over the surface: scapes and corymbed pedicels pubescent with
spreading hairs: flowers nearly 2 lines long: pods ovate-lanceolate, beaked
with a very short thick style, sparingly hairy, 3 lines long, rather exceeding
the pedicels. Peaks of the Sierra Nevadas to the Wallowa Mountains in .
eastern Oregon.

D. ventosa, Gray, Am. Nat. viii, 212. Cespitose, the slender branches
of the caudex more or less densely leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse
or acutish, densely stellate-pubescent or glabrate: petals 1-3 lines long,
much exceeding the broad obtuse stellate-pubescent or glabrate sepals:
pods ovate to oblong-lanceolate, densely pubescent or glabrate, on ascending
pedicels: style short and slender. Stein Mountain southeastern Oregon to
northwestern Wyoming, Utah and Nevada.

** Scapes rarely with a single leaf: leaves entireor rarely few-
toothed: flowers white. :

D. levipes DC. Syst. ii, 846. Caudex with numeérous slender matted

DRABA. CRUCIFERA. 55
‘COCHLEARIA.

branches: leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire, with a stout'midnerve,
canescent with short dense stellate pubescence; scapes very slender, pubes-
cent; pods few, on smooth pedicels, 4-8 lines long, glabrous: style short
and stout; stigma 2-lobed. On Mount Adams Washington to the Rocky
Mountains and Brit, Columbia,

*% * Caulescent: stem few-many-leaved; leaves entire few-toothed :
flowers yellow.

D. aureola Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 430. Rather densely stellate-pubescent
throughout: caudex simple or branchec: stem simple, 34-4 inches high:
leaves numerous, 4-6 lines long, oblanceolate, obtuse, entire; the cauline
oblong: racemes short and dense: calyx glabrous: pods broadly oblong, ob-
tuse, pubescent, on short spreading pedicels: style short and stout. On
the high peaks of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains.”

§ 4 Arzopsts DC. Syst. ii, 332. Leaves linear, entire, becom-
ing rigid with reflexed margins, and carinate by the prominent
midnerve. Densely cespitose and scapose perennials.

D. glabella Adams Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. v. 106. Alpine or subalpine:
leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, more_or less densely stellate-pubescent,
sometimes ciliate at base, pods ovate to ovate oblong, acute, usually finely
pubescent, 1-4 lines long: style 1-} line long. In the high mountains of
California and eastern Oregon to the Arctic Circle and the Rocky Mt’s

D. densifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl.i, 104 Densely cespitose in somewhat glo-
bose tufts: leaves closely imbricated, short and rigid, strongly ciliate, glab-
rous or hirsnte with nearly simple hairs: scapes naked, hirsute: pods ovate,
pubescent, 4-6-seeded; the valves only moderately convex: style about }
the length of the pod.. Alpine, Idaho to California, Nevada and Utah.

D. Douglasii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 328. Braya Oregonensis Gray I.
c. xvii, 199. Densely cespitose, 44-2 inches high, very leafy: leaves oblan-
ceolate to linear-spatulate, acute, somewhat rigid, ciliate, sessile, 4-6 lines
long: peduncles scarsely exceeding the leaves: pods ovate, subterete, acute
at een end, attenuate upwards to the long slender style, pubescent: ovules
only 2, rarely 4, in each cell, pendent from near the apex of the cell: seeds
ver’ re On the high hills in wet gravely places, Klickitat Co. Wash.
to California.

17 COCHLEARIA Tourn. Inst. 215, t. 101, L, Gen. n. 803.

Low glabrous and somewhat succulent herbs with mostly en-
tire leaves and small white flowers. Sepals short and broad,
rounded at the apex: petals obovate or cuneate very short ungui-
culate. Stamens straight, free. Style slender, sometimes very
short. Stigma simple or nearly so. Pods subglobose to short
oblong often somewhat obcompressed, very turgid: valves dis-
tinetly 1-nerved. Seeds 2-several, in 2 rows in each cell. Coty-

ledons accumbent. — -

C. Anglica L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1128 & spec. ed 2, ii, 908. (?) Radical
leaves long-petioled, ovate or suborbicular rounded at the base or slightly
and broadly cordate, subentire; lower cauline similar, short petioled, the
middle and upper ones ovate-oblong sparingly and bluntly toothed, sessile
by a more or less auriculate base: pods subglobose reticulated with promi-
nent veins. Shores of bogs, etc., Oregon to Alaska.

Tribe III, Sisymbriee DC. Pods longitudinally dehiscent their
whole length, I-celled, linear to oblong. Seeds in 1 row, not mar-

56 CRUCIFERZ. SOPHIA,
ERYSIMUM.

gined. Cotyledons plane, incumbent.

18 SOPHIA L. Syst. ed. 1 Adams Fam. ii, 417.
SISYMBRIUM of authors as to our plants.

Erect branching annuals with pinnately multifid leaves and
small yellow flowers. Pubescence branched. Sepals oblong to
linear, usually spreading. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged.
Pods ascending or somewhat spreading, on slender pedicels ob-
long-linear, subterete, less than an inch long. Style short or
none. Stigma entire.

S. pinnata Erysimum pinnatum Walt. (1788). Sisymbrium. canescens
Nutt. (1818). Canescently pubescent: stems 6-30 inches high: leaves 1-2-
pinnatifid, the segments toothed or pinnatifid: petals equaling the sepals,
a line long or less: pods oblong or linear-oblong, nearly or quite a line
broad, 3-6 lines long, acute at_ each end, shorter than the slender spread-
ing pedicels: seeds ovate-oblong, 44 line long, in 2 rows in each cell.
Eastern Oregon and Washington to southern California, Florida and Brit.
Columbia. ; i

S. incisa Greene Pitt. iii, 95. Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. Pubes-
cence short, more or less glandular: stems 1-4 feet high: leaves pinnate,
the segments from linear to oblong, pinnatifid or sometimes entire: pet-
als about 14g lines long: pods nearly linear, often 14 inch long, usually
pointed at each end and 8-12 seeded, sometimes much shorter and few-
seeded. Valley of the Snake River to Nevada and Colorado. <

S. Hartwegiana Greene 1. c. ‘“Stsymbrium Hartwegianum Fourn.
Slender, subglabrous or finely glandular-puberulent: leaves pinnate; leaf-
iets lanceolate or narrowly oblong, obtuse and obtusely or acutely toothed :
pods 114-3 lines long, eréct on ascending or erect pedicels as long: seeds
sometimes imperfectly biseriate. Eastern Oregon and Washington to Cal-
ifornia, Colorado and British Columbia.

S. longipedicellata. Sisymbrium longipedicellatum Fourn. Slender,
6-8 inches high, nearly or quite glabrous: lower leaves 1-2-pinnatifid,
the upper pinnate with few elongated linear nearly or quite
entire segments: fruiting racemes lax: pods 5-7 lines long, erect on
sleneer spreading or ascending pedicels 6-10 lines long. Brit. Columbia
to Oregon and Nevada. Not common east of the Cascades.

19 ERYSIMUM Tourn. Inst. 228 t.111, L. Gen. 548.

Pods subsessile, erect, appressed to the rachis, subulate, taper:
ing almost from base to apex. Flowers small and inconspicu-
ous, yellow. Stigma. slightly 2-lobed. Pubescence of simple
hairs. Leaves pinnatifid- ,

E. orricinaue L. Sp. ii, 660. Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Annual or bi-
ennial, erect, rigid, divaricately branching: leaves runcinate-pinnatifid,
the lowest 3-6 inches long: pods subterete, half an inch long, a line wide,

subsessile, closely appressed, ina long raceme. Common in waste places.
Naturalized from Europe.

20 SMELOWSKIA C. A. Meyer in Ledeb. FI. Alt. iii, 165.

Low cespitose perennials with pinnatifid or bipinnatifid leaves
and small fllowers in terminal racemes. Pubescence simple or
‘stellate. Sepals oblong, subequal, somewhat spreading, Petals
-entire, obovate or spatulate, longer than the sepals, Stamens 6,

SMELOWSKIA. CRUCIFERAE. 57
SCHCENOCRAMBE.

unappendaged. Anthers oblong, slightly sagittate at base. Pods
lanceolate or lance-oblong, more or less obcompressed, with
sharply keeled valves, few-seeded. Stigma sessile.

S. calycina C. A. Meyer]. c. 170. Densely white tomentose to nearly
glabrous; cespitose, the thick branching rootstock thickly covered with
the sheathing bases of dead leaves, stems erect, 2-6 inches high: leaves
mostly radical and with long slender petioles, pinnate or pinnatifid, seg-
ments linear to oblong, entire or sparingly lobed: calyx villous, persistent:
petals 2 lines long, a half longer than the sepals: pods 3-6 lines long a line
wide attenuate to each end and beaked with the short style and broad
stigma, ascending, on spreading pedicels: seeds 2-8, a line long. Califor-
nia to the Arctic coast, east to the Rocky Mountains.

S. Fremonti Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 123. Pubescent with short
epeetine scattered hairs, the branching woody base with a few remnants
oi old leaves: stems 2-4 inches high: leaves less than half an inch long,
pinnate with 1-3 pairs of linear leaflets, which are strongly nerved and
somewhat revolute: sepals smooth, ovate to broadly oblong, less than a
line long, deciduous: the white peials twice longer: pods 2-6 lines long
somewhat obcompressed, obtuse at base and scarcely attenuate above,
peaked with the short thick style, valves faintly nerved: seeds.small, 10
or more in each cell; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. Southeastern Ore-
gon to northern California.

21 SCHCENOCRAMBE Greene Pitt. iii,-127. ~

Glaucous perennial herbs, the stems from horizontal branch-
ing rootstocks, often sparingly leafy and the whole plant ofa
reedy aspect. Sepals equal at base. Petals yellow, the limb
small in proportion to the long and broad claw (this much as in
Streptanthus). Pods slender terete, somewhat torulose, the
valves nerveless or faintly l-nerved. Stigma entire.

S. linifolia Greene 1. c. Sisymbrium linifolium Nutt. Stems numer-
ous slender, branching, erect, 1-2 feet high: lowest leaves somewhat spat-
ulate, often coarsely few-toothed; cauline oblong-linear to narrowly lin-
ear, obtuse, entire, 1-2 inches long: racemes rather few-flowered, lax in
fruit: flowers 2-3 lines long: fruiting pedicels 4-5 lines long the slender pods
about 144 inches long, ascending or suberect: seeds elongated, scarcely
compressed. On clayey bluffs and banks, Oregon and Washington to
Montana‘and Wyoming.

Tribe IV. Stanleye. Pods longitudinally 2-celled dehiscent
their whole length, terete or prismatic, borne upon a more or less
manifest stipe. Stigma mostly circular in outline, sessile. Coty-
ledons incumbent.

22 THELYPODIUM Endl. Gen. 876.

Mostly coarse and succulent biennial or annual herbs with
entire or pinnatifid leaves and white purple or rarely yellow flow-
ers in usually dense elongated racemes. Sepals equal or the’ lat-
eral pair saccate at base, at length somewhat spreading. Petals
plane, long and narrow or with a well developed blade. Stamens
6, well exserted ; filaments long and slender; anthers narrowly
linear, sagittate at base curved or coiled. Stigma usually small.
Pods slender, terete or quadrangular, often torulose, borne upon
a short thick stipe. Rood in 1 row somewhat compressed,

58 CRUCIFER. THELY PODIUM.

Cotyledons more or less oblique.

T. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 445. Glabrous and glau-
cous but the base of the stem and the radical leaves villous with spreading
hairs: stems erect, slender, sparingly branched or ‘simple, 6-18 inches
high from an annual or biennial root: radical leaves numerous in a rosu-
late tuft, oblanceolate, obtusish, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, narrowed
at the base, an inch or two long; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate attenu-
ate, sagittate, auriculate erect and_ usually appressed, 6-12 lines Jong:
racemes rather short and loose, the flowers scattered and ascending on
short pedicels; sepals oblong 2-3 lines long the lower pair distinctly sac-
cate at base: petals narrow, crisp twice as long as the sepals: pods ascend-
ing 12-15 lines long, slender beaked. In grassy meadows Harney valley
Oregon and at Camp Polk on the eastern base of the Cascade Mountains.

T. eucosmum Robinson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 175. Glabrous, stems as-
cending from an annual or biennial root 6-18 inches high, freely branch-
ing: lower leaves ovate, long petioled; cauline leaves oblong or lanceolate‘
entire spreading, 1-3 incheslong: racemes very-many-flowered; flowers”
deep purple usually horizontal on spreading pedicels 2-3 lines long: petals
spatulate 4 lines long: pods arcuate ascending 1-2 inches long: mature fruit
not known. On moist slopes of the Blue Mountains at Baker City, R: D.
Nevius, and near Canyon City Oregon, Howell.

T. flexuosum Robinson!l.c. Stems slender weak and subdecumbent,
flexuous, nearly naked above: radical leaves numerous lanceolate, includ-
ing the slender petiole 3-6 inches long: cauline leaves distant, all or at
least the upper much reduced, linear-oblong or lance-linear with narrow
acutish auricles: racemes rather loose and somewhat few-flowered ; flow-
ers usually horizontal on short pedicels; petals spatulate, 3-4 lines long,
usually pale: pods arcuate ascending 1-3 inches long. In alkaline soil
among ‘“‘Sage brush,” etc. Harney valley southeastern Oregon, Huvwell,
to Nevada and California.

T. Nuttallii Watson Bot. King, 26. Glabrous and glaucous: stems
stout, branching above, 3-5 feet high: leaves all entire the radical ones
ovate, petioled, often 6-8 inches long and half as broad; cauline leaves
lanceolate, sagittate-clasping: flowers rather large nearly erect, on pedi-
cels. 3-6 lines long: petals ovate-oblong, the claw exceeding the sepals,
purple 6-8 lines long: pods 2-3 inches long, nearly erect upon the spread-
ing pedicels, subterete, more or less torulose acuminate with the rather
long style. Eastern Washington and Oregon to Idaho, Utah, Nevada and
Arizona.

T. integrifolium Endl. Gen. 876. Glabrous: stout, 2-6 feet high,
branching at the summit: radical leaves large oblong-elliptical, long-pet-
ioled ; cauline leaves mostly narrowly lanceolate 1-2 inches long svssile not
auriculate, ascending, the uppermost linear: flowers crowded and almost
corymbose at the end of the branches: sepals 12-214 lines long: petals
spatulate-obovate, pale rose-color: fruiting racemes short and crowded:
pods 6-15 lines Jong, somewhat torulose accuminate with the slender
style, curved upwards on divaricate, commonly thickened and rigid pedi-

cels 1-5 lines long. On plains, Washington ¢ i .
ids andl Nebo Pp , gton to southern California, Colo:

_T. laciniatum Endl.1.c. Glabrous: stems stout erect 1-6 feet high,
simple or branched ; leaves all petioled 1-6 inches or more long, lanceolate
to broadly oblong, laciniately pinnatifid or coarsely and equally sinuate-
toothed: racemes long and crowded: sepals narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate 3-4 lines long, about half as long as the linear-spatilate petals: an-
thets long-exserted : pods 2-3 inches long pointed with the slender style
distinctly stipitate, erect on short stout divaricately spreading pedicels.

Among rocks, etc., at the base of cliffs along the Columbia ri i
and Washington to California and Nevada.: ey ores eee

STANLEYA. CRUCIFERZ. 59
BRAYA.

T. lasiophyllum Greene Bull. Torr. club xiii, 142. Sisymbrium re-
flecum Nutt. Proc. Acad. Philad. iii, 26. Erect annual, hispid below, often
smoothish above: leaves oblanceolate or oblong in outline irregularly sin-
uate-toothed or pinnatifid with spreading acute or obtuse entire or toothed
segments 1%-6 inches long, petioled, or the upper sessile by a narrow
base: flowers small, roseate or yellowish white; sepals oblong, little more
than half as long as the spatulate-oblong petals: fruiting pedicels 34-134
lines long, curved: pods usually deflexed, slender, slightly curved, atten-
uate at apex; stigmaentire. Sandy and rocky soil, eastern Washington to
California and Utah.

23 STANLEYA Nutt. Gen. ii, 21.

Stout biennial or perennial herbs with entire or few-toothed
leaves and white to yellow flowers in elongated many-flowered
racemes. Calyx long, cylindrical or clavate in bud, at length
spreading. Petals long and narrow, slender-clawed ; stamens 6,
free. Anthers linear, not sagittate, spreading. Stigma sessile
entire. Pods terete, or subterete, borne on a slender stipe;
valves slender, l-nerved. Seeds oblong, in 1 row. Cotyledons
incumbent.

8. viridiflora Nutt. T. &G. FI. i, 98. Glabrous: stems stout, mostly
simple erect or somewhat decumbent, 1-4 feet high, angulate: leaves
thickish, the lower ones ovate to oblanceolate sometimes a little angled or
runcinately 1-2-toothed or even pinnatifid at the base, attenuate below
into long flat winged and often somewhat toothed petioles; middle cauline
lanceolate-hastate, acute, entire gradually reduced upwards: racemes long,
usually simple ; pedicels stoutish 3-4 lines long, spreading: buds becoming
7 lines long and scattered before opening by, the rapid growth of the axis
flowers greenish, pods very narrow, 3-4 inches long, on stipes 6-10 lines

long. Oregon and Nevada to Wyoming and Montana.

S. confertiflora. 8S, viridiflora var. confertiflora, Robinson in Gray
Syn. Fl. i, 178. Glabrous: stems usually simple, terete 1-3 feet high:
Jeaves obovate or lanceolate, usually entire, upper ones clasping and rag-
ittate: racemes . densely many-flowered, buds 4-5 lines long densely
packed together until they open: sepals and petals linear, white: pods nar-
row, 8-12 lines long, stipes more than half as long as the pods, on slender
divaricate pedicels 6-$ lines long. On alkaline plains at the base of Stein’s
Mountain, southeastern Oregon.

Tribe V. Camelinee Pods short, scarcely longer than broad,
or obcompressed orbicular-obovate to elliptical or linear-oblong.

Cotyledons accumbent.
24 BRAYA Sternb. & Hoppe Regensb. Denkschr. i, pt. 1, 65.

Perennial herbs from a usually thickish single root having a
multicipital caudex, chiefly tufted, entire or merely dentate
leaves and white or purplish . flowers in a globular head. Sepals
short, rounded at apex, equal at base. Petals exserted, entire,
short-clawed. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Anthers
-short-ovate. Style short, persistent. Stigma more or less dis-
tinetly 2-lobed. Pods oblong to linear-oblong, with flattish or
convex faintly l-nerved not keeled valves. Cotyledons incum-
bent.

B. humilis Robinson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 141.- Sisymbrium humile, C. A.
Meyer in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. tii, 137, Pubescent throughout with brariched

60 CRUCIFERA. CAMELINA.
: ' SUBULARIA.

hairs; root single, not strongly thickened: stems several, spreading-
ascending simnle or branched eat, 2-10 inches high, terete, slender wae t
leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, subentire to shallowly sinuate ea :
chiefly basal, the cauline rather small and remote: flowers small, w ie or
purplish : pods linear, terete, more or less torulose, erect, 5-9 lines long;
partition nerveless. Alaska to Oregon and Willoughby Mountain
‘Vermont.

25 CAMELINA Crantz Fl, Aust. i, 17.

Erect annuals with sagittate-clasping entire or dentate to pin-
natifid leaves and pale yellow or white flowers. Sepals short-
oblong, obtuse thin-margined, subequal at base, more or less col-
ored, often villous. Petals spatulate or obovate, unguiculate.
Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Style slender: stigma sim-
ple. Pods obovoid 2-celled, many-seeded, with a broad thin obo-
void persistent partition and somewhat firm strongly convex
valves. Seeds in 2 rows in the cells wingless. Cotyledons
incumbent.

C. sativa Crantz 1. c. Stems simple or sparingly branched above
1-4 feet high leafy, nearly glabrous or somewhat hirsute: leaves erect en-
tire-or nearly so: flowers rather small, light yellow: fruiting pedicels
spreading, pods obovate, becoming 3-4 lines long three-fourths as broad,
i margined, finely reticulate and slightly ribbed upon the faces.

An introduced weed becoming common from Seattle Washington, to Cali-
ifornia and across the continent. .

26 SUBULARIA L. Gen. n. 799.

Dwarf stemless aquatic herbs with tufted subulate leaves and
few_minute white flowers. Pods small, ovoid, slightly com-
pressed contrary to the partition. Style none, valves convex, 1-
nerved, Seeds several in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons
incumbent.

S. aquatica L. Sp. ii, 642. Stems slender, 1-3 inches high, from
slender running rootstocks with numerous fibrous rootlets; leaves subu-
late, usually shorter than the scape: flowers ‘scattered, less than a line
long, the petals not exserted: pods 14 lines long, about equaling the ped-

icels, obtuse. Edge of ponds, etc., Vancéuver Island to California, Wyo-
ming, Maine, New Hampshire and Canada.

Tribe VI. Brassicex, DC. Pods elongated, terete or somewhat
prismatic, often torulose, usually partially or wholly dehiscent
by 2 valves, 2-celled with a longitudinal membranous partition.

Seeds in 1 or 2 rous im the cells. Cotyledons conduplicate. Petals
well developed.

12 BRASSICA Tourn. Inst. 218 t. 106 L. Gen. n. 820.

Coarse erect annual or biennial herbs of European or Asiatic
origin with usually (at least the lowest) leaves lyrate and com-
paratively large vellow flowers. Sepals equal, ur one pair often
saccate at base. Anthers long, sagittate at base. Pods linear,
nearly terete or somewhat 4-sided, pointed with a conical beak not
stipitate, with 1-3 nerved valves. Seeds in 1 row globose, not
Imargined, Pree

BURSA. CRUCIFERZ. 61
HUTCHINSIA.

B. campsstais L. Sp. ii, 666, Annual or sometimes biennial, smooth, 2-3
feet high : lower leaves more or less glaucous pinnately divided with a large
terminal lobe, the upper leaves oblong or lanceolate with a broad clasping
auriculate base: flowers 3-4 lines long: pods nearly terete 2 inches long or
‘more, 2 lines wide, ascending on spreading pedicels; the stout beak 8-10
lines long. Cultivated fields, etc.,

B. niera Koch in Roehl. Deutschl. Fl. ed. 3, iv, 713. Glabrous or with
some scattered SpEOndING hairs, annual, branching. 14-12 feet high: leaves
all petioled, the lower lyrate with the terminal segment very large and
deeply lobed ; upper leaves lobed or entire: petals 3-4 lines long twice the
length of the yellowish sepals: pods closely appressed, 4 angled, 6-9 lines
long, sharply beaked with the long style; seeds dark brown. In cultivated
fields. Introduced from Europe.

Tribe VII Lipidinee DC. Pods short, 2-celled. strongly ob-
compressed, dehiscent. Cotyledons accumbent or incumbent. Pubes-
cence wholly simple.

28 BURSA Weber in Wigg. Fl. Hols. 27, (1780).

Low annual with oblong or oblanceolate leaves, small white
flowers in elongated racemes, and cuneate-obcordate pods, Sep-
als ovate, obtuse, thin-margined, not saccate at base. Petals
small, spatulate. Stamens free and unappendaged. Style almost
none. Pods obcordate, the valves carinate, strongly compress-
ed contrary to the narrow, thin and nerveless partition. Coty-
ledons incumbent.

B. Bursa-pastoris Weber |. c. More or less hirsute at base, otherwise
glabrous: stems 6-18 inches high, branching: radical leaves mostly runcin-
ate-pinnatifid, 1-6 inches long; cauline lanceolate, auricled at base, toothed
or entire: pods cuneate-triangular or truncate-emarginate above, 1-2 lines

long and broad: pedicels widely spreading: seeds numerous. Common
everywhere. Introduced from Europe. ;

29 HUTCHINSIA R. Br. Hort. Kew iv, 85.

Small annuals with pinnatifid leaves and small white flowers
in terminal racemes. Sepals ovate or oblong, obtuse, not saccate
-at base, at length spreading. Petals small. Stamens free and
unappendaged. Stigma sessile. Pods ovate orelliptical. Valves
membranaceous, but little compressed contrary to the parti-
tion, somewhat tumid, slightly carinate, wingless: cells many-
seeded. Cotyledons incumbent.

H. procumbens Desv. Jour. Bot. iii, 168. Capsella divaricata W. Low,
weak and spreading, very minutely stellate-pubescent or glabrous through-
out: leaves thin, small, spatulate or lanceolate, the lower commonly with a
few blunt teeth or more or less deeply pinnattfid: stems nearly filiform,
flexuous: flowers minute: sepals ovate-elliptic, obtuse, thin-margined,
about equaled by the narrow white petals: pods elliptic-oblong 1-2 lines
long: entire at the apex. In moist saline places, eastern Oregon and
Washington to California, Brit. Columbia and Wyoming. i

30 CORONOPUS Ruellius.
Diffuse prostrate heavy-scented annuals with pinnatifid leaves

and small greenish flowers. Sepals equal at base, oval, spreading,
often fugacious. Stamens free and unappendaged, all 6 present,

82 CRUCIFER 2. CORONOPUS.
LEPIDIUM.

or only 4 or 2. -Anthers short, somewhat didymous. Stigma
sessile, nearly or quite simple. Pods more or less distinctly did-
ymous, the valves thickish, often sculptured or tuberculate fall-
ing off as 1-seeded closed or nearly closed nutlets. Embryo fold-
ed above the base of the incumbent cotyledons.

_C. piyymus Smith Fl. Britt. ii, 691. Annual or biennial: stems num-
erous and siender: leaves short an inch or less long pinnately parted with
7-9 lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed segments: flowers very small,
greenish white: petals minute or none: pods small, 1-114 lines broad
notched at both ends, thus appearing transversely 2-lobed; valves turgid
and finely wrinkled. In moist soil and ditches, California to Vancouver [s-
fe near the ‘coast, and along the Atlantic seaboard. Introduced from

urope.

C. Ruetum All. Ped. n. 634. Annual or biennial: stems rather stout:
leaves an inch or more long pinnatifid with narrow lanceolate entire or
sparingly toothed segments: pods flattened 11-2 lines broad, not notched
above nor divided into 2 lobes, strongly roughened and somewhat crested
by radiating prominences. Roadsides and rubbish heaps, Poriland Ore-
gon, and the Atlantic States. Introduced from Europe.

81 LEPIDIUM Tourn. Inst. 215, t. 109. .L. Gen. n. 801.

Low herbs with small pinnatifid leaves and small white or yel-
low flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals short, ovate or elliptic-
oblong, obtuse, equal at base, more or less spreading. Petals en-
tire, rounded at the apex: sometimes abortive or none. Stamens
free, unappendaged, all 6 present or by abortion only 4 or 2 pre-
sent, these representing the two larger pair. Style slender and
more or less elongated, or none. Pods orbicular or ovate, emargin-
ate or deeply notched at the apex, strongly compressed contrary
to the narrow partition. Valves acutely carinate; the cells
1-seeded. Seeds not winged. Cotyledons incumbent or rarely
accumbent.

§ 1 Style slender, sometimes rather short but. distinctly de-
veloped and persistent. Cotyledons incumbent. |

. L. montanum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 116. Puberulent or nearly gal-
hrous: stems several from a eal somewhat ligneous root, 8-15 inches
long, decumbent and spreading ina somewhat circular manner: radical
‘leaves more or less bipinnatifid with short-oblong acute segments ; upper-
most leaves trifid or linear and entire: petals nearly twice bs long as the
oval oblong sepals: style conspicuous: pods a line broad élliptical, slightly
emarginate, wingless or obscurely winged above, with short acutish teeth.
pee ene mountain valleys, Washington to California and the Rocky
ountains.

L. integrifolia Nutt. 1. c. Glabrous or puberulent:

from a single stout root, branching from the base: leaves sure pois
ceolate or spatulate, acute or apiculate, thickish, 1-2 inches long 214-844
lines broad, entire: racemes single and terminal, or more commonly sev-
eral, 1-2 inches long: pedicels Bpreading 3-4 lines Jong: petals obovate
white, about twice the length of the broad membranaceous sepals, indis-
tinctly and broadly clawed, deciduous with the sepals : stamens 2: capsule
ovate-oblong 134-2 lines long, barely retuse inconspicuously reticulated
when quite ripe. Southeastern Washington to the Rocky Mountaing

L. campestre R. Br.in Ait. f. Kew ed. 2, iv, 88.

erect, simple and very leafy up to the inflorescence, a ent ee

oot or more high:

LEPIDIUM, CRUCIFER&. 63

leayes oblong, obtuse, denticulate, erect, the lower ones narrowed to slen
der petioles; the upper sessile by along sagittate-clasping base: pedicel-
horizontally spreading, a little shorter than the thickish, papillose caps-
sule: petals white: anthers yellow: style slightly exserted from the narrow-
notch. In wet places, Waldo Oregon and across the continent. Intro-
duced from Europe. :

"§ 2 Stigma sessile or subsessile. Pods emarginate or retuse
at the apex. Cotyledons (in ours) incumbent.

L. Menziesii DC. Syst. ii, 539. More or less pubescent: stems slender
2-12 inches high from an annual or biennial long slender perpendicular
root, simple, or branched above: radical leaves pinnately parted, petiolate

ubescent or somewhat hirsute; segments lanceolate, acutish; ‘cauline
leaves merely toothed, the upper linear and entire: racemes 1-several, not
contracted near the summit; pedicels slender early spreading, longer than
the pods: petals 4, white, exceeding the sepals: stamens 2-4: pods orbic-
ular retuse glabrous about 114 lines in diameter: seeds narrow} winged
on one edge. Cliffs and sandy or rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia
near the coast, not common. ‘

_L. occidentale Howell Eryth. iii, 32. Stems,erect 3-12 inches high
from an annual root pubescent below with short simple white hairs, pub-
erulent above, freely branching: leaves 1-3 inches long, the lower pinna-
tifid with obovate to oblaneeolate segments, gradually reduced upwards to
linear bracts: petals white, obovate, narrowed below to ‘a short claw,
rounded at the apex longer than the obovate sepals: stamens 4, about
equaling the petals: pods orbicular, 114 lines broad,-on long slender divari-
cate pedicels: style very short: seeds obovate, retuse alow, narrowly
winged on the outer edge. On rocky hillsides, Umpqua valley, Oregon
and on cliffs of Cape’ Foulweather. Doubtless at other places along the
coast.

L. medium Greene Eryth. iii, 36. L. intermedium Gray Pl. Wright,
not A. Richard. Glabrous or puberulent: stems erect, branched 6-18
inches high, from a rather stout annual root: lower leaves 1-2 inches
long, toothed or pinnatifid; the upper often entire or bat sparingly
‘toothed, oblanceolate or linear: petals wanting, stamens 2; style very
“short: pods rounded 1-114 lines broad, with short and obtuse teeth: pedi-
cels spreading, 3 lines long. Sandy places and hillsides, California to
Brit. Columbia and Utah, east of the Cascade Mountains. i

L. apetalum Willd. Sp. iii, 489. Stems erect 1-2 feet high, slender,
odorless; leaves somewhat narrow, dull green, the radical ones more or
less incisely toothed or pinnatifid; segments usually acutish: flowers
closely aggregate, the pedicels remaining nearly erect in flower, butin
fruit fegetaxt and widely spreading, thus making the racemes appear ag
if contracted just below the summit: petals wanting: stamens 2: pods gla-
brous, orbicular, retuse on short pedicels. Eastern Oregon to Texas and
the New England States.

‘L. lasiocarpum Nutt. T. & G. Fl.i, 115. Hispidly pubescent: stems
decumbent branching from or near the base: lower leaves pinnately
parted, segments usually rather broad, obtuse or rounded, sparingly
toothed or entire: racemes several: pedicels distinctly flattened, horizon-
tally spreading, 1-14 lines long: sepals broadly oblong usually purple,
with thin white margins: petals minute or none: pods suborbicular, thin
margined near the apex, hispid pubescent upon both faces, or at least
upon the edge. Southern California to Texas and Colorado. Introduced
upon R. R. ballast in Oregon, Henderson.

L. nitidum Nutt. 1.c.116 Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stems sim-
ple or branched, 3-16 inches high: leaves pinnately cut into linear acumi-
nate segments, the uppermost often entire: pedicels flat, 1-2 lines long:

64 CRUCIFERZ. LEPIDIUM.

tals small: pods ina loose raceme, spreading, glabrous and shining,
Pednded. 1-2 tides broad, acutely margined, the teeth short and obtuse :
seeds often ash-color. On dry hillsides, Washington to California.

_** Low annuals: pedicels flat: petals often egg stamens 2-4:
style none: pods reticulated, the apex produced into 2 distinct teeth.

L. reticulatum. Minutely hispid; stems erect, sparingly branched,
1-2 inches high, from a slender Pe root: leaves pinnati-
fid, with linear entire or toothed segments, including the dilated base of
the petiole 6-12 lines long: pedicels approximate, a line long, thin-edged,
erect: sepals oblong, very acute, with hyaline borders, persistent: stamens
2: pods glabrous, reticulated, elliptical, a line long, the short obtuse teeth
somewhat connivent: seeds oblong-obovate, narrowly margined on the
outer edge. Roadsides, southwestern Oregon. Rare.

L. dietyotum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 329. Pubescent throughout
with short spreading hairs, or the leaves glabrous: stems 1-3 inches high,
ascending, slender and branching: leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long,
entire or pinnatifid with a few linear lobes: sepals scarious-margined, not
persistent: petals white, but little exceeding the sepals sometimes wanting
stamens 4: pods rounded, a line broad, the short acutish teeth connivent,
finely reticulated and pubescent, exceeding the thick erect pedicels. In
sandy saline places under ’’Sage brush’’, eastern Washington to California.

L. acutidens. L. dictyotum var. acutidens Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 54.

Sparingly pubescent with short spreading hairs: stems 3-10 inches long,
erect and nearly simple, or decumbent and much branched from the base:
leaves linear, 1-3 inches Jong, entire or sparingly pinnatifid: pods ovate, 2
lines or more broad, deeply notched above, with 2 acuminate divergent
teeth, equalling or shorter than the erect or outwardly curved pedicels. In
alkaline soil, eastern Oregon to California.

L. Oreganum Howell P. C. Pl. Coll. 1887. Finely more or less hispid-
ulous: stems erect, simple or with afew ascending branches, 3-8 inches
high: Jeaves linear, entire or with a few linear attenuate segments: sepals
poopy deciduous pods round-ovate, 134 lines broad, not reticulated or
very faintly so, smooth, the rather prominent teeth divergent. Roadsides,
southwestern Oregon near Woodville.

L. oxycarpum T. & G. Fl. i, 116 Nearly or quite smooth: stems slen-
der, branched from the base; branches ascending, 4-6 inches long, loosely
floriferous more than half their length: leaves linear, acute, subentire or
pinnatilid with a few narrow acute teeth: pedicels comparatively slender,
widely spreading or deflexed, 134 lines long: flowers small, apetalous; sep-
als very unequal, half line long: stamens 2: pods suborbicular, glabrate,
finely reticulated, 144 lines broad, tipped with 2 very short widely diver-
gent teeth. In saline soil, central California to Brit. Columbia.

32 THLASPI L. Gen. n. 802.

Low glabrous herbs with simple stems entire or toothed leaves
and white or pinkish flowers. Sepals short-oval, obtuse, thin-
margined, erect or slightly spreading. Petals obovate or oblan-
ceolate, entire. Stamens free and unappendaged: anthers short.
Style slender or sometimes none. Stigma small, entire or slight-
ly emarginate. Pods cuneate-obovate or oblanceolate, compressed
contrary to the partition, few-seeded : valves acutely carinate or
winged. Seeds. somewhat turgid, not margined. Cotyledons .
accumbent.

THLASPI. CRUCIFERZ. 65
HETERODRABA.

T. alpestre L. Sp. ed. 2, ii. 903 (?) Stems simple, or branched from
the base, from a quite simp'e or branched perennial rootstock, 1-15 inches
high: radical leaves rosulate, elliptical to spatulate, attenuate to a slender pet-
iole, 6-12 lines long or more, entire or sparingly toothed; cauline ovate to ob-
long, entire, acuminate, clasping at base, 8-6 lines long: flowers 2-3 lines
lorg, crowded in a somewhat capitate cluster; sepals purplish, thin-mar-
gined; petals white, or pale purple, 3-4 lines long: peduncle at length elon-
gated: pedicels spreading, in fruit, 2~4 lines long: pods obovate to cuneate-
oblong, 3-4 lines long, emarginate or truncate or rounded at the apex 4~8-
seeded; style a line long.. In mountainous districts, California to Brit. Col-
umbia and the Rocky Mountains.

Tribe VIII. Isatedex DC. Pods short, rarely elongated, inde-
hiscent, inarticulate, usually crustaceous or osseous, 1-celled, 1-
rarely 2-seeded. Pédicels usually slender, recurved in fruit. Coty-

ledons accumbent.

33 HETERODRABA Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. i. 71.

Slender annual with long horizontal and nearly prostrate
branches. Sepals equal at base. Petals minute or wanting. Stig-
masessile. Pod short-elliptical, twisted, very tardily if at all
dehiscent, by a very filmy partition 2-celled: valves flat, nerve-
less. Seeds 38-5 in each cell, in two rows. Cotyledons accumbent.

Hl. unilateralis Greene l.c. 27 Draba unilateralis M. E. Jones Bull. Torr.
Club, ix, 124. Hirsute-pubescent with branching hairs: leaves obovate,
with cuneate base, 6-12 lines long, sparingly toothed towards the apex,
branches from afew inches to more than a foot long, spreading horizontally :
flowering and fruiting throughout their whole length: pods 2 lines long, 144
lines wide, with some stout straight hairs besides the stellate pubescence
in maturity twisted: pedicels scarcely a line long, stout and deflexed. In
open moist places, southern Oregon, near Ashland and California.

34 ATHYSANUS Greene, 1. c, 72.

Slender annual with rosulate usually toothed leaves and
small white flowers in long racemes. Sepals equal at base.
Petals small or none. Style very short. Pods orbicular, not
margined, indehiscent, flat, nerveless, 1-celled, l-seeded. Cotyl-
dons accumbent.

A. pusillus Greene l.c. Thysanocarpus pusillus Hook. Inc. t. 42. Hir-
sute-tomentose with stellate hairs; stems very slender, branching from near
the base, the filiform branches 3-12 inches long: lower leaves broadly oblan-
ceolate, entire or remotely denticulate, 3-12 lines long, short-petioled; cau-
line similar, but smaller, often entire, sessile but not clasping: flowers bare-
ly a line broad, the late ones apetalous: pods orbicular, less than a line
broad, hirsute with hooked hairs,; pedicels 1-2 lines long, at length reflex-
ed. Common on dry hillsides and rocky banks, southern California to
Brit, Columbia: flowering in very early spring.

35 THYSANOCARPUS Hook. Fl. i, 69, t. 18.f.A.

Slender erect sparingly branched annuals with minute white
or rose-color flowers on slender pedicels in elongated racemes.
Sepals equal at base. Petals. minute. Stamens 6, subequal,
free, unappendaged, with slender filaments and short anthers.
Pods orbicular, wing-margined, much compressed, plano-convex,

66 CRUCIFERZ. THYSANOCARPUS.
RAPHANUS.

indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, somewhat flat-
tened, margined. Cotyledons accurmbent to oblique-incumbent.
oT, eurvipes. Hook 1. c. Somewhat hirsute at base, glabrous above,
6-25.inches high: radical leaves, oblanceolate, 1-3 inches long, pinnatifid
or.sinuately toothed: upper ones lanceolate to linear, sagittate-auriculate
and clasping at' base, entire or sparingly toothed: pods rounded to obo-
vate or ovate, densely tomentose or glabrous 2-4 lines broad including the
entire or crenate, veined and often perforated wing, emarginate at the
sammit.and tipped by the short purple style, usually colored ; edicels 2-
4 lines long, at length recurved. Common on dry hillsides Washington
to California, Arizona and Idaho. Flowering in early spring.

~ 'T, radians Bentl® Pl. Hartw. 297. Stems 6-18 inches high simple or
with a few simple, elongated ascending branches, glabrous: lowest leaves
runcinately toothed or pinnatifid; the cauline ones ovate-lanceolate and
auriculate-clasping: racemes long, loosely flowered: pedicels usually as-
cending but nodding near the apex, 4-8 lines long: petals purple, exceed-
ing the sepals; pods rounded, 4-5 lines in diameter, tomentose or quite
smooth, scarcely emarginate with a broad entire translucent wing con-
spicuously marked by radiating nerves: style short. Southern Oregon
(Umpqua valley) to Central California.

' Tribe IX. Raphanse DC. Pods indehiscent, transversely separ-
ated into 1-few-seeded joints. Seeds globose. Cotyledons condu-
plicate..

- 86 RAPHANUS Tourn. Inst. 229 1.114 L. Gen. n. 882.

’ Coarse annual or biennial herbs with pinnatifid leaves and
white or purple flowers. Sepals erect, the lateral somewhat sac-
cate, Petals large, unguiculate. Stamens 6, unappendaged,
attenuate to a slender or rather stout beak, indehiscent trans-
versely divided by several false partitions, seeds globular, pend-
ulous. —

_ R. satrvus L. Sp. ii 669. Stems stout and branching 1-4 feet high from
a straight thick annual root: leaves lyrately pinnatifid, hirsute: petals
white to purple 6-8 lines long: pods terete 4-6 lines in diameter, gradually

narrowed to an elongated beak, usually 2-3-seeded. Escaped from culti-
vation, Washington to California. :

OrpvEer VIII. CAPPARIDACE Endl. Gen. 889.

_ Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves without stipules and
perfect hypogynous flowers. Sepals or lobes of the calyx 4.
Petals 4, rargly 5-8 or none, usually ungu‘culate, more or less
unequal. Stamens. in ours, 6-12, rarely 4. Ovary. often stipi-
‘tate, composed of two united carpels with two parietal pla-
cente. Styles united into one, often filiform, sometimes short
or almost none: stigma often discoid or subcapitate. Fruit
one-celled, in ours a two-valved pod-shaped capsule. Seeds
campylotropous, reniform; without albumen. Embryo curved.
Cotyledons foliaceous, somewhat incumbent.

_ 1 dJacksonia. Stamens 8-32: flowers whitish or pinkish: pods elon-
gated, dehiscent from the top downward. :

2.Cleome. Stamens 6: flowers yellow or purplish: pods oblong or

‘Jinear, dehiscent from the base upward.

JACKSONIA. CAPPARIDACEX. 67
CLEOME,
1 JACKSONIA Raf. Med. Repos. v, 352.
POLANISIA Raf. Journ. de Phys. 98. (1819).

‘* Annual, ill-scented and mostly glandular herbs, with simple or
3-9 foliolate petioled leaves, and yellowish, rose-color or white
flowers in leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals 4 deciduous, lanceolate,
sometimes connate at base. Petals on claws or sessile, equal or
unequal, torus’small depressed. Stamens 8-82 inserted below
the torus. . Pods erect on spreading pedicels, membranaceous,
very shortly stipitate, elongated, compressed or cylindrical, many-
seeded, dehiscent from the top downward. Seeds round-reniform,
rugose or reticulated. a

J. trachysperma Greene Pitt. ii, 175. Glandular-pubescent, erect 6-
‘24inches high: leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate 14-2 inches long,
acute, about equalling the petioles, nearly sessile: floral’ bracts mostly
simple, ovate to. lanceolate, shortly petioled petals 3-5 lines long,
with: slender claws as long as the sepals, and an emarginate blade:
stamens 12-19, filaments exserted: style 2-3 lines long: pods 1-24 inches
long, very rarely ona short slender stipe: seeds finely pitted and’ often
warty. Oregor and Idaho to Brit. Columbia, Kansas and southward to New
Mexico and Texas. ;

2 CLEOME L. Syst. Nat. ed. 1.

Erect branching annuals; with palmately 3-8 foliolate
leaves and yellow or purple flowers, in bracteate racemes. Sepals
4, sometimes united at base. Petals with claws or sessile. Sta-
mens 6, upon the small torus. Pods linear to oblong, stipitate,
many-seeded : style short or none. Pods pendant on spreading
pedicels, dehiscent from the base upward. Seeds globose-reni-
form to ovate. Ours all of .

§ EucLEomE Gray Syn. FI. i, 183. Torus little or not at all
columnar below the stamens. but commonly thickened, and bear-
ing a glandular projection behind the ovary: this in all our spe-
cies raised on a slender stipe or carpophore. Cleome Endl. .

.* Calyx 4-cleft, tardily deciduous, petals indistinctly if at all

unguiculate.

C. serrulata Pursh. Fl. ii, 441. C. integrifolia T. & G. FI. i, 122.
Somewhat glaucous, 2-3 feet high, widely branching; leaves 3-foliolate; leaf-
lets oblong to lanceolate, or the uppermost linear, entire, submucrunate:. ra-
cemes sometimes nearly a foot long: flowers large, showy, reddish-purple,
rarely white: sepals united to the middle, persistent; segments triangular-
acuminate: petals with very short claws, stamens equal: pods oblong-lin-
ear, compressed, much longer than the stipe. On watercourses, from the
Columbia river to Colorado, New Mexico and Dakota.

C. lutea Hook. FI. i, 70, t. 25. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; 1-3
feet high: leaves 5-foliolate: leaflets linear to oblong-lanceolate. 1-2 inches
long acute, short-petiolulate, equalling the petioles; flowers bright yellow:
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous; petals broadly lanceolate, very
short clawed, 3-4 limes long: pod 9-15 lines long, about 2 lines broad,
torulose, equalling or longer than the stipe. On sandy banks along the
Columbia river, and from Wyoming to Colorado and Nevada. :

*-* Sepals distinct to the base, deciduous. Petals not distinctly
unguiculate.

68 VIOLACEA, CLEOME.
VIOLA.

C. platycarpa Torr. Bot. Wilkes 235, t. 2. Pubescent and glandular:
1-2 feet high: leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets broadly oblong to lanceolate, 6-8
lines long: flowers very showy, bright yellow: sepals Jinear-setaceous, vil-
lous: petals broadly lanceolate, without claws: pods elliptical, 8-10 lines
long, stipe about as long as the pod, equalling the pedicels; style slender,
about 2 lines long. Hillsides, John Day valley, Oregon to northern Cali-
fornia and western"Nevada. :

Orper IX. VIOLACEA S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. ii, 667.

Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, alter-
nate with the petals. hypogynous, on short claws, commonly
unequal. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on the
torus: anthers adnate, introrse 2-celled, opening longitudinally:
filaments broad, elongated beyond the anthers, ovary 1-celled,
3-valved, with 8 parietal plscentie: several ovuled. Style
usually declined with an oblique cucullate stigma. Seeds ana-
tropous with a straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Ours are low herbs with watery somewhat acid juice, alternate
leaves with persistent stipules and axillary flowers.

1 VIOLA Tourn. Inst. 419, t. 236 L. Gen. n. 1007.

Perennial or annual herbs with alternate stipulate leaves and
mostly one-flowered axillary 2-bracteolate peduncles. Early flow-
ers usually showy and often infertile, the later ones often cleistog-
amous and more fertile. Sepals more or less auricled at base.
Petals unequal, the lower one produced at base into a nectarifer-
erous sac or spur, the others of about equal length. Filaments
very short or none: anthers connivent. but distinct, at most

lightly coherent, the two anterior each with a dorsal appendage
or spur projecting into the spur or sac of the lower petal. Style:

often flexuous below, enlarged upward. Capsule usually ovoid,
crustaceous or coriaceous: valves several-seeded. Seeds obovoid
or globular, smooth. ;

Ours are all perennial with part orallof the stipules more or
less scarious, never emulating the blade of the leaf. The two
upper petals turned backward, and the lateral ones turned for-
ward, toward the lower one, or merely spreading.

ie Strictly acaulescent, the leaves and scapes directly from root-
stocks: gibbous-clavate with inflexed or truncate and beardless summit
and an introrsely beaked or short-pointed small proper stigma.

+ Rootstock thick and comparatively -short, never filiform or pro-
ducing runners or stolons: spur of the corolla only saccate : cleistoga-
mous flowers abundant and short peduncled.

Vv. cognata Greene Pitt. iii, 145. V. . cucullata of avthors as to our
plants. Acaulescent; rootstocks short and thick: leaves long-petioled,
smooth or more. or less pubescent, slightly fleshy, cordate with a broad
sinus, the earliest often reniform and the later acute or acuminate, cre-
nately toothed : peepee 2-10 inches high. about equalling the leaves: pet-
als 5-8 lines long, blue or violet, all villous ‘at base. the three lower very
strongly so: spur only: saccate: ‘style smooth; stigma small, beaked or

VIOLA, VIOLACEA. 60

short-pdinted. In moist places, eastern Oregon and Washington to Brit
Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. '

+ + Rootstock thickish and creeping, commonly sending off leafy
and floriferous stolons or runners above ground: leaves round-cor-
date and merely crenulate: lateral petals usually bearded: spur short.
and saccate. ; een ;

VY. Langsdorftii Fisch. in DC. Prod. i, 296. Glabrous or nearly so:
stems weak and declined or ascending 1-12 inches. long from a creeping
scaly rootstock: leaves reniform to cordate, crenately serrate, the lower
ones on petioles that about equal the stems, stipules. lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 6-10 lines long: flowers ‘ieually pale. blue, 9-12 lines long
with short saccate spur, lateral petals white with a small bearded spot
near the base: stigma small, rounded. In marshes along the coast from
Crescent City, California to Alaska.

+ + + Rootstock long and filiform. extensively creeping under-
ground: plants low or small: spur saccate.

++ Corolla blue or purple.

'Y¥. palustris L. Sp. ii, 934 (?). Wholly glabrous: rootstock long and
filiform, extensively creeping underground; leaves round-cordate with a
broad sinus and rounded summit, 1-2 inches in diameter, obscurely cre-
nate, scapes 2-4 inches high, much longer than the leaves: flowers pale
lilac to ‘white, lateral petals sparsely if at all bearded 3-4 lines long, spur
short and rounded. In marshes of the high mountains, California to
Alaska and east to the New England States and Labrador, Europe and
northern Asia.

++++ Corolla always white, mostly with que lines on the lower
“petal; stigma as if truncate and margined, and antrorsely short-
‘pointed. © uO :

=: Leaves round-cordate or reniform, on slender marginless
petioles.

_ VY. .blandd& Willd: Hort, Berol. t. 24. Glabrous or nearly so: stems
very short or none, from slender creeping rootstocks with numerous
fibrous rootlets: leaves thin, crenulate, from ovate-cordate to round-ren-
_iform, 6-18 lines broad, on slender petioles'as long: scapes 1-3 inches
high : sepals. a line long, from oblong to almost ovate-lanceolate scarious-
margined: petals white, oblong 3-4 lines long, usually all beardless, the
lower ‘ones conspicuously dark-veiny; spur short, saccate, rounded. In
es places in the mountains from Caiifornia to Alaska and the Atlantic

tates.

VY. .Macloskeyi F. E. Lloyd Eryth. iii, 74. Whole plant glabrous:
rootstdck slender, creeping, bearing three or four leaves and at length a
few runners: leaves reniform with a shallow sinus; the lamina slightly
decumbent down the slender petiole, the margin obscurely crenate-serrate:
Loh ipni ovate acute: peduncles 1-3 inches long: petals white, very thin
and translucent, the spur very short and saccate; lateral petals bearded.
Springy places in the Cascade Mountains about Mt. Hood.

=.= Leaves from linear. to spatulate or ovate or subcordate, the
base decurrent into a margined petiole: sometimes leafy along sum-
mer stolons. ee,

V. ‘occidentalis. V. primulzfolia var. occidentalis Gray Bot. Gaz. xi
255, Glahrous throughout’: rootstock short, not creeping but propagating
by long filiform runners: leaves ovate to spatulate-oblong, attenuate at
base toa long slender petiole, obscurely crenate: scapes 3-6 inches high
not exceeding the leaves: petals white the lower ones veined with purple,
lateral ones bearded; 4-6 lines long, spur saccate, stigma truncate, mar-
gined and antrorsely short-pointed. In marshes, eastern base of the Coast’

70, VIOLACE A, VIOLA.

* * Subcaulescent by leafy stolons, or caulescent with 2-3 leaved '
stems. Stigma terminal beardless and beakless. ,

+ Leaves undivided, at most only cuneate toothed.

Y. ‘ sarmentosa Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i, 80. Sparingly pubescent: stems
weak and decumbent: multiplying by long filiform rootstocks: leaves
rounded-cordate, reniform or sometimes ovate, 4-144 inches broad, finely
crenate, usually punctate with numerous dark dots: peduncles mostly ex-:
ceeding the leaves: flowers yellow, lateral petals with a bunch of long
scales at the base of the blade; spur short’ and saceate. In‘ open forests,
Brit. Columbia to California. j ; ,

‘ Y. orbiculata Geyer Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi, 73. Rootstock short
and thick, with few fibrous rootlets: stems at first very short with a pair
‘of scarious acutely triangular stipules at- the base of the peduncles, at
length sarmentose with a few small lewves. and bearing cleistogamous flow-
ers: leaves mostly basal, orbicular to oblong, cordate.with deep narrow
sinus, crenulate, 1-2 inches broad, glabrous below, pubescent with short
stout appressed scattered hairs above, sepals oblong to nearly lanceolate;
petals yellow, the lower one purple veined,’spurs short and saccate: stigma
beakless, bearded on the sides. In open forests, Cascade Mountains in
Oregon to Idaho and Alaska. ;

Vv. purpurea Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. i, 56. More or less pubescent:
with more or less spreading hairs, stems clustered from branching perpen-.
dicular root 2-6 inches long: leaves ,semi-orbicular to ovate or lanceolate,
cuneate or truncate at base 6-12 lines long, entire or coarsely crenate, of-,
ten purple-veined : peduncles but little longer than the leaves: petals 4-6
lines, Jong, light yellow more or less tinged with dark purple outside: cap-
sule globular, pubescent.- On dry open hillsides, Oregon to California. |.

+ + Leaves 3-parted, with. more or less lobed or cleft. segments.

Y. Sheltonii Torr. Pacif. R. R. Rep. iv. 67, t.2. Glabrous or nearly
so: leaves round-reniform to cordate in outline, & pented, the divisions
lobed and cleft. into linear or oblong segments: peduncles shorter than.
the leaves: petals yellow veined with purple. Wooded mountains, south-
western Oregon to California. ‘

* * * Subcaulescent, first flowering from the ground, from erect or
ascending. rootstocks, not stoloniferous or creeping: stipules ‘partly
and variably adnate: corolla. mostly yellow wii short saccate spur:
stigma beakless, sometimes with a short lip, concave, mostly orbicu-
lar, antros-terminal or slightly oblique at the large and gibbous cla- ‘
vate summit of the style; bearded below its margin-on each side by a
tnft or sometimes ‘by nearly a ring of stiffand réflexéd spreading
bristles. 7 ;

+ Leaves undivided, round ovate or subcordate to lanceolate: lat-,..
eral petals either slightly bearded or beardless.

Y.' Nuttallii Pursh Fl. i, 174, Glabrous or the leaf margins finely and
densely ciliate, root thick, perpendicular; stems scarcely any, leaves lan-'
ceolate, nearly entire, attenuate to a long petiole, stipules lanceo-
late; spur very short and saccate: pubescence of the -depressed- beakless
stigma minute. Plains of the Blue Mountains of Oregon to the Rocky
Mountains and Kansas.

_Y. premorsa Dougl. Bot. Reg, t. 1254. Canescent with short spread-
ing hairs, stems short, from thick, perpendicular branching roots: leaves
from nearly orbicular to lanceolate, densely. pubescent below, sparingly so
or quite smooth above, irregularly crenate toothed, 6-30 lines long, gradu-
ally or abruptly contracted to a slender petiole: stipules scarious, lanceo-
late acuminate entire: scapes longer than .the leaves, pubescent: sepals
linear 4-5 lines long, often minutely ciliate : petals bright yellow, obovate

Mountains near the Oregon and California line. 2: ; 4

VIOLA. VIOLACER. 71

6-8 lines long not bearded: stigma short-apiculate, minutely bearded: cap-
sule oval, sparingly pubescent or glabrous. On open plains about Oregon
City and near Vancouver Washington.
+ + Leaves finely dissected, subterranean shoots commonly send-
ing up their scapiform peduncles from under the ground.

++ Petals beardless, essentially yellow.

VY. Dougilasii Steud. Nom. ii, 771. V. chrysantha Hook. not Schrader..
More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs: leaves bipinnatifid,
with narrow oblong or linear segments; peduncles equalling or exceeding.
the leaves, 2-5 inches long: petals 5-9 lines long bright yellow, the’ upper
brown-purple on the outside, the others veined: capsule acute 5 lines long.
In dry soil, southern Oregon to California. 8

++ «+ Lateral petals bearded: upper deep violet-purple or blue;
lower pale or yellow.

Y. Beeckwithii T. & G. Pac. R. Rep. ii, 119, t. 1. Pubescent or'
puberulent, leaves palmately about thrice 3-parted into linear or spatulate-
linear acutish or obtuse lobes, the primary divisions petiolulate: ped-
uncles about equalling the leaves: upper petals deep violet purple, the
others light, blue or bluish with yellow base, lateral ones short, bearded.
California and Nevada to southern Oregon. > £5

Y. Hallii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 377. Glabrous: leaves subpin-
nately or pedately about twice parted into lanceolate or linear lobes, their
tips obtusé or acutish and callous apiculate: peduncles surpassing the
leaves: upper petals deep violet, the others yellow or cream-color 6-8 lines
long. Gravelly prairies from Salem Oregon, to northern California.

Y. trinervata Howell in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 201. Glabrous: leaves pe-
dately parted, the few divisions lanceolate to almost ovate acute or apicu-
late at maturity almost coriaceous strongly 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
intermarginal, peduncles longer than the leaves: upper petals dark blue,
the others pale blue to white, with a yellow base. Klickitat county,
Washington. : :

*** * Caulescent,; the few ‘to several-leaved stems erect from
short or creeping rootstocks: no'stolons nor radical flowers: spur short ‘'
and saccate: lateral petals commonly scantily papillose-bearded:
stigma beakless, bearded or pubescent at the sides. ee

ra Petals yellow; stems usually naked at base and’ few-leaved
above.

V. lobata Benth.Pl. Hartw. 298. Finely pubescent or glabrous: stems 3-
12 inches high from an erect rootstock: leaves réniform to broadly cune-
ate in outline 1-4 inches broad shortly petioled more or less deeply palm-
ately ‘cleft into 5-9 narrowly oblong to lanceolate lobes, the central lobe
usually more elongated, sometimes only coarsely toothed: peduncles not’
longer than the leaves: petals 6-8 lines long, yellow, the upper brownish
purple outside: capsule 5-6 lines long, acute. Southwestern Oregon. to
southern California. : :

VY. Brooksii Kell. Cal. Hort. ix, 281. V. lobata var. integrifolia Wat-
son Bot. Cal. i, 57. Minutely pubescent: stems erect, 4-8 inches high,
few-leaved: leaves deltoid or rhombic-ovate, often long-acuminate, cre-
nate-serrate, 1-3 inches broad: stipules lanceolate, acute, minutely ciliate,
entire or lacerate: flowers few, sepals linear, little if at all auricled: petals -
jelly 5-6 lines long. in dry open forests southwestern Oregon and
dalifornia.

Vv. Canadensis L Sp. ii, 936. Glabrous. or slightly pubescent: stems»
erect leafy, 6-12 inches high from branching, ascencling rootstocks, leaves-
cordate and mostly acuminate, denticulate-serrate; stipules small, nar-.
row, eritire, scarious: petals usually pale violet outside, white with yel-

72 VIOLACEZ, VIOAL

lowish base and some purple stripes within, the lateral ones with some
apillose hairs near the base; spur short and saccate: stigma beakless,
earded on the sides: capsule oval glabrous, Moist woods, Idaho, Sand-
berg (N. 213), to the northern Atlantic States and Canada.

Y. glabella Nutt. T. & G, Fl.i, 142. Minutely pubescent or glabrous:
stems slender from a short fleshy horizontal rhizoma, naked or sparingly
leafy below 5-12 inches high: radical leaves on long petioles the upper
shortly petioled, reniform-cordate to cordate, acute crenately toothed. or
crenulate 1-+ inches broad; flowers bright yellow petals 4-8 lines long:
capsule ovate-oblong 3-5 lines long,abruptly beaked. In forests, Alaska
to northern California.

V. ocellata T. & G. Fl, i, 142. Pubescent: stems slender 6-12 inches
high from somewhat creeping rootstocks: leaves on very long petioles cor-
date-triangular crenately toothed, seldom acuminate: stipules lanceolate
somewhat ciliate : peduncles shorter than the leaves: sepals linear: petals
oblong lanceolate the upper ones violet or with a deep violet spot on the
upper face; lower ones white or with some yellow and geo veins; spur
very short: stigma strongly bearded on each side. Southern Oregon to.
middle California.

V. cuneata Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 290. Glabrous: stems slen-
der and somewhat trailing, 3-12 inches long, from a long running root-
stock ; leaves rhombic-ovate, acute attenuate into a slender petiole some-
what crenately toothed above: peduncles not exceeding the leaves: upper
petals deep purple, the others purple and white, 4-6 lines long. South-
western Oregon and adjacent California among underbrush.

* * * * * (Caulescent, from more or less creeping rootstocks, or at
first flowering nearly acaulescent, erect or spreading: leaves cordate,
undiyided: corolla from blue to white with projecting, oblong to cylin-
drical spur: style moderately thickened upward, beardless.

Vv. aduneca Smith in Bos. Cycl. xxxviii. V.canina var. adunca Gray.
Puberulent or nearly glabrous, usually 3-11 inches high, at length send-
ing out runners that bear cleistogamous flowers: leaves ovate, more or
less cordate at base, 1j-11¢ inches long obscurely crenate: peduncles usu- -
ally longer than the leaves: flowers violet or purple to white: petals 6-8
lines long tbe lateral ones bearded, spur as long as the sepals, rather slen-
der, hooked or curved. Common from Brit. Columbia to California, east
to the Rocky Mountains.

V. puberula. V. canina var. puberula Watson in Gray Man. ed:
6, 81. Finely puberulent throughout: low, 2 inches high: leaves shallowly
or often not at all cordate, mostly small: peduncles but little exceeding
the leaves, flowers small, light blue: spurs cylindraceous, more than half
the length of the petals. In moist places, Oregon and Washington to the
Atlantic States.

V. Howellii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 308. Stems slender, few-
leaved 4-12 inches long: leaves round-reniform to broadly cordate, repand-
dentate and ciliate an inch or more wide, on long slender petioles: pedun-
cles equalling or surpassing the leaves: flowers large, pale blue or voilet;
spur about half as long as the sepals, straight and blunt. In forests
near Portland, Oregon.

Orper X. POLYGALEAS Endl. Gen. 1077.

Herbs or shrubs with entire leaves and no stipules. Sepals
5, distinct, usually persistent, very irregular, three of them
exterior and smaller; the two lateral or inner ones larger and
usually petal-like: imbricated in the bud. Petals hypogynous,
irregular; deciduous; usually only 3; of which one is larger

BOLYGALA, POLYGALEA, 73

than the rest, the others alternate with the inner sepals,
Stamens -6-8 hypogyncus: filaments combined into a tube
which is split on the upper side and more or less connate with
the claws of the petals, Fruit loculicidal or indehiscent.
Seeds anatropous with a erustaceous testa. Embryo straight
in fleshy albumen.

1 POLYGALA Tourn, L. Gen, n, 851,

Sepals persistent; the wings large and petal-like. Petals 3,
their claws coherent with the staminal tube, the lowest one
keeled. Ovary 2-celled, ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous,
Capsule 2-celled, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, ellip-
tical, obovate, or obcordate. Seeds carunculate, with copious al-
bumen. Herbs shrubby at base, with simple entire leaves. and
racemose or spicate flowers.

P. Californica Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 671. P. cucullata Benth. Stems
slender from a woody base, 2-8 inches high: leaves oblong-lanceolate or
Sometimes ovate-elliptical 44-1 inch long on very short petioles: flowers
rose-color on pediceis 1-3 lines long, without bracts: sepals glabrous or
nearly so, the outer 214 lines long, rounded-saccate at base; the wings
rather broadly spatulate 4-6.lines long: lateral petals linear-lanceolate,
somewhat ciliate, about equalling the keel: fruit mostly from apetalous,
flowers near the root; capsule glabrous, broadly ovate-2!4-3 lines long, re-
tuse above, nearly sessile, narrowly margined: seeds 2 lines long some-
what pubescent; the caruncle vesicular and wrinkled, calyptra-like, half
the length of the seed. Southwestern Oregon and California.

OrpER XI. CARYOPHYLLACEA Juss.

Herbs sometimes suffrutescent at base with bland and inert
juice, regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its
parts and the petals 4 or 5 and imbricated, or the petals some-
times convolute, in the bud, stamens twice as many, or as
many and alternate with them or rarely fewer than the petals,
ovary l-celled with afree central placenta bearing few to several
campylotropous ovules, the reniform seeds with a slender em-
bryo coiled around the outside of farinaceous albumen. Stems
usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves often united at the base
by a. transverse line, in one group with interposed scarious sti-
pules. Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly. hypogynous
around an annular disk, sometimes perigynous by its cohesion
with the base of the calyx. Styles 2-5 mostly distinct and
with the stigma running down the inner face. Fruit a capsule,
opening by valves or by teeth at the summit. [lowers termi-
nal, or in the forks, or in cymes.

TrrpBe 1. Sepals united into a 4- or 5-toothed or lobed calyx.
Petals commonly with an appendage on the base of the bladé
within, narrowed below into a conspicuous claw; these and the
stamens borne on the stipe of the ovary. Styles distinct. Capsule
dehiscent at the summit by as many or twice as many teeth as
styles. Flowers comparatively large, perfect, or not infrequently

74° CARYOPHYLLACE.

polygamous.

1, Saponaria. Calyx 5-angled becoming 5-winged: its teeth short, not
foliaceous: styles 2, capsule 4-5 valved.

2. Silene. Calyx commonly 9-nerved, styles 3: capsule opening by as
many or twice as many teeth.

3. Lychnis. Calyx 10-nerved, styles 4 or 5, alternate with the petals
when of the same number: capsule opening by as many or twice as.
taany teeth: perennials.

4, Agrostemma. Styles 5 opposite the petals: calyx-teeth conspicuously
prolonged into foliaceous appendages. . ; : :

TrIBE 1. Sepals free or slightly united at the very base. Pet-
als unappendaged, more or less narrowed below but not to a dis-
tinct claw, inserted with the stamens on the margin of the disk
at the base of the sessile ovary, not rarely inconspicuous or none.

- * Stipules none. ;
"+. Capsule cylindric more’ or less elongated, often curved, dehiscent.
_by twice as many teeth as there are carpels.

5. Cerastium. Capsule cylindric dehiscent with twice as many equal
teeth as styles: petals emarginate or bifid; styles 5, rarely 3 or 4.

‘4+ Capsule ovoid or oblong, relatively short, dehiscent by as
‘ manly or twice as many teeth as there are styles.

~+ Styles usually fewer than the sepals, when of the same number
opposite them.

6. Alsine. Capsule globose to oblong, with as many valves as styles,
petals bifid or 2-parted : styles 3, rarely 2, 4 or 5.

7, Arenaria. Sepals 5, petals as many, entiré or emarginate rarely
- wanting: styles 3, 4 or 5. ° ;
+* + ° Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them.

8. Alsinella. ‘Capsule globose with as many entire valves as styles:
- sepals 4 or 5, petals entire as many.as the sepals or wanting.

* * Stipules present scarious or setiform: petals undivided.
+ ‘Petals conspicuous, styles distinct.

9 Spergula. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals and with the entire
- valves of the capsule. ;

10. Tissa. Styles and valves of the capsuie 3, very rarely 5.

Tribe I. Silenee DC. Sepals wnited inio a 4- or.d-toothed or
-lobed calyx. Petals unguiculate, often scale-béuwring or appendaged
atthe junction of the blade and claw, inserted with the stamens on
the stipe of the ovary. Stipules none. Flowers usrially showy,
perfect or polygamous. ; 2

1 SAPONARIA L. Gen. n. 564.

Smooth branching herbs with entire leaves and showy pink or
white flowers in terminal clusters or panicles, blooming in sum-
mer. Calyx tubular or obovoid, 5-toothed, terete, with numerous
faint veins or conspicuously 5-angled. Petals 5. Stamens 10.

Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled or lmperfectly 2-4-celled ,at_ base,

dehiscent by 4 short teeth.’ Seeds laterally attached. Embryo
curved.. , a

i

SAPONARIA, CARYOPHYLLACE. 75
SILENE.

S. -Vaccarta L: Sp. 409. Stem solitary from an annual root, erect, 1-4
feet high, widely branching above: leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, ses-
sileand somewhat connate at base; flowers in a broad corymb; calyx
ovoid, with 5 sharp herbaceous angles, the intervening parts white and
scarious: petals ‘rose-color, without appendages. Common in cultivated
grounds. Introduced from Europe.

8. orricinaLe L. Sp. 408. Stems numerous from a perennial root, 1-2
feet high, stout: Jeaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the kage, 2-3
inches long, 3-ribbed : flowers clustered at the ends of the short branches,
often double; calyx tubular, terete, with numerous faint nerves; petals
white or pink, appendaged at the junction of the claws and obovate retuse
blade. Roadsides and R. R. embankments. Introduced from Europe.

7 2 SILENE L. Gen. n. 567.

Annual or perennial herbs with mostly linear entire opposite
leaves and white or red flowers in panicylate racemes: (rarely
solitary or cymose). Calyx tubular more or less inflated, cylin-
dro-clavate.to campanulate, 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Petals 5, with
slender claws, which are usually crowned with scales at their junc-
tion with the mostly 2 to many-cleft blade. Stamens 10. Style
3. Ovary stipitate. Capsule dehiscent by 6, rarely 3 short teeth.
Seeds opaque, tuberculate or echinate, attached by the margin:
embryo peripherical.

: : * * Annuals, mostly introduced.
va Inflorescence simply racemose or subspicate; pedicels solitary.

S. Gaxutca L. Sp. 417. Stems hirsute with white jointed hairs: leaves
spatulate, mucronate, hirsute-pubescent on both sides 8-18 lines long; ra-
cemes terminal one-sided, 2-4 inches long: flowers more or less pedicel-.
late: calyx 10-nerved,. villous-hirsute, slender, subcylindric in anthesis,
becoming in fruit broadly ovoid with contracted orifice and short narrow
spreading teeth: petals usually little exceeding the calyx; the blade ob-
ovate, somewhat bifid, toothed orentire. Along the coast from Brit. Co-
lunibia to Lower California.

._ Var. QurinqurvuuNeraA, Koch. Syn. Fl. Germ. et. Helv. 100. Petals
more showy, subentire, deep crimson with a white or pink border.
With the typical form.

+ + Inflorescence cymose or paniculate, not distinctly racemose.

+ Smooth or nearly so, a part of the upper internodes glutinous.

S. antirrhina L. Sp.'419. Stems slender, 6-36 high: leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate or linear, commonly acute: flowers small in a compourid cyme, on
long filiform pedicels: calyx oblong-cylindric, smooth, in fruit; ovoid with
short teeth; petals obcordate, about equalling the calyx-teeth expanding only
at night or in cloudy weather; scales minute: ovary scarcely stiped. On dry
hillsides, California to Brit. Columbia and across the continent.

* * | Very. low and densely matted subcaulescent perennials.

S. acaulis L. Sp. ed. 2, 603. Closely cespitose, an inch or two high:
.*leaves linear, crowded on the branching caudex: flowers small, 2-3 lines in
diameter, subsessile or raised on naked curved peduncles: calyx narrowly
campanulate glabrous, the teeth short and rounded: petals. purplish or
white,- minutely appendaged, obcordate, exserted: flowers diccious by
abortion. Arctic, America to the Cascade and Rocky Mountains.

* * * Caulescent perennials.

°

76 CARYOPHYLLACE. SILENE,

+ Flowers large rather few: calyx cylindrical or clavate: petals 5-7
lines long, 4-several-cleft: stems leafy: seedcoat more or less rough-
ened but firm.

S. Californica Durand Pl. Pratt. 83. Glandular-pubescent or uberu-
lent: stems several from the ae root, 14-4 feet high, lax, leafy, sim-
ple, or branched above: leaves oblanceolate to ovate 1-4 inches long, acute
or acuminate : flowers large, deep scarlet, few at the ends of the branches:
pedicels short, the lower deflected in fruit: calyx 7-10 lines long: petals
deeply parted with bifid segments, the lobes 2-3 toothed or entire; scales
oblong-lanceolate : capsule ovate 6 lines long rather shortly stipitate. Cal-
ifornia, reaches the southwest corner of Oregon.

S. Hookeri Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 193. White-tomentose, especially
above: stems leafy 3-10 inches high, from a deep perpendicular root:
leaves spatulate or lanceolate, acute, an inch or so long, attenuate below
to a winged petiole: flowers large and showy, on erect pedicels 1-2 inches
long; calyx oblong-clavate, 8-10 lines long: petals pale pink, twice longer
than the calyx, the broad ‘claw not auricled, the cuneate blade 1-6 parted
with lanceolate or linear entire or bifid segments; scales lanceolate, de-
current upon the claw, ovary roundish, nearly sessile. Prairies and
wooded hillsides, Willamette valley to California. a

+ + Flowers smaller, 6-8 lines in diameter.

++ Flowers borne in the forks of the branches forming a leafy in-
florescence.

S. campanulata Watson Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341. Finely giandular
pubescent: root thick, simple,.caudex branching, somewhat woody: stem
6-10 inches high, simple or dichotomously branched at the su mmit;
leaves lanceolate, 1-14¢ inches long, acute or acuminate; flowers solitary
or few, on short deflexed pedicels; calyx campanulate, 5-6 lines long, the
teeth broad, obtuse or acutish, and finely net-veined; petals pale flesh-
color, 9 lines long, with pubescent scarcely auriculate claws, the limb 4-
parted nearly to the base, the lobes bifid to the middle, or the lateral ones
entire or notched ; appendages oblong, fleshy, entire; filarments pubescent,
exserted ; ovary suborbicular, shortly stipitate. In mountains of southern
Oregon and northern California. ;

S. Greenti. S. campaniulaia var. Greenii Watson in Robinson Proc.
Am. Acad. xxviii, 187. Pubescent and viscid-glandwar throughout:
root simple; rootstock branching: stems slender declined or ascending:
leaves ovate: calyx green, open campanulate, deeply toothed : petals rather
broad, cleft into 4 or more greenish or yellow segments: capsule globular.
In the mountains from the Cow Creek country to northern California.

_S. Menziesii Hook. Fl. i, 90 t, 30. 8. stellarioides Nutt. T. & G. i,
193. Finely glandular-pubescent: stems weak,dichotomously branched
above: leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end: flowers small: ca-
lyx 2-4 lines long: petals 2-cleft commonly unappendaged: capsule ovate-
oblong, 2 lines “ or less broad. Common from Vancouver Island to

southern California and the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. e
+ + Flowers few, rather small, white or nearly so, nodding, borne

in a lax naked pannicle: petals cleft into 4 or more narrowly linear almost
filiform segments; styles long exserted.

-S. longistylis Engelm. in Herb. Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxii 469.
Cespitose with a slender much-branched caudex: finely pubescent through-

out, with rey short spreading subglandular hairs: stems slender, 6-12
e

inches high: leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute an inch long or
less, mostly radical, the cauline only 1 or 2 pairs: calyx ovate cylindrical
soon becoming ovoid, the teeth broad ovate, petals white, the narrow claw
scarcely auricled and very pubescent, the blade cleft nearly to the base,

*

SILENE, CARYOPHYLLACE. 77

into four linear or filiform segments; appendages linear, entire: stamens
and style long exserted, capsule subsessile: seeds small, dark red.. Siski-
you Mountains, near Ashland, Oregon, to Scott’s Mountain, California.

+ + + Flowers scattered or variously paniculate: style in-
cluded or somewhat exserted: capsule distinctly stipitate: calyx cylin-
drical or in fruit clavate or obovate, usually distinctly contracted
about the stipe of the capsule.

S. Oregana Watson Proc. Am. Acad. x, 348. Viscidly pubescent:
stems strict, erect, simple, few to several from a deep perpendicular root 1-
2 inches long: flowers in an open dichotomous panicle, somewhat nod-
ding, upon slender pedicels 3-6 lines long: petals white, 10 lines long, the
narrow limb parted to the base and the lobes deeply bifid with filiform
segments, the narrow naked claw with the auricles produced upward into
lanceolate teeth : scales linear entire: ovary oblong, long stipitate. Oregon
and Washington in mountainous districts. .

S. montana Watson 1. c. 343. Finely pubescent: stems erect from a
more or less decumbent base 4-14 inches high: linear-lanceolate or nar-
rowly oblanceolate, acuminate 1-244 inches long mostly radical; the dau-
‘line 3-4 pairs, inflorescence varying from subspicate to paniculate; flowers
rarely solitary: calyx 6-9 lines long: petals greenish white to rose-color
2-4 lines longer than the calyx, stamens and style about equalling the pet-
als: ovary long-stipitate: capsule acutish. Near Carson City, Nevada, to

. Mariposa, Cal. Specimens collected in the Siskiyou Mountains near the
Oregon line are doubtiully referred to this species.

8. Gormani. Finely puberulent with minute crisp hairs, glandular
above; stems slender, simple, 1-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate to linear, the
lower ones narrowed below to along slender petiole, acute or acuminate:
flowers rather few, erect, in a strict elongated panicle, or sometimes con-
tracted to a several-flowered cyme,.pedicels very unequal 3-12 lines long,
slender; calyx oblong-cylindrical, 6-8 lines long, truncate at base, some-
what costate with 10 green ribs, the intervening spaces scarious; the subu-
late teeth very acute; petals well exserted; the blade 8-parted with deeply
2-loted segments: stamens and styles well exserted: capsule oval, abruptly
contracted below to a short stipe. In forests, Hunt’s. Ranch, Jackson Co.
Oregon, 4400 feet elevation: Aug. 13th, 1896: MU. W. Gorman.

+ + + + Calyx oblong, campanulate, or rarely obovate, rather
loosely surrounding the ovary sometimes narrowed downward, but
not distinctly contracted about the stipe.
8S. Suksdorfii Robinson Bot. Gaz. xvi 44 t. 6.. Low, densely matted:

stems 2-5 inches high, simple, 1-3 flowered, minutely pubescent below,
glandular above: stem leaves about 2 pairs, linear 3-7 lines long, a line
wide: radical leaves numerous, crowded, similar or somewhat spatulate:
calyx broadly cylindrical or campanulate seldom exceeding 5 lines in
length; nerves conspicuous, simple below, anastomosing above, petals
white, little exceeding the calyx; shallowly bifid, lobes entire: append-
ages oblong, retuse: stipe of capsule 144 lines long. On the snowy peaks,
Washingon to California.

S. Lyallii Watson 1. c. xxviii, 144. Glabrous excepting the inflores-
cence which is subglandular-puberulent: stems slender ascending: leaves
linear-oblanceolate, 1-2 inches long, the lower attenuate to a slender pet-
iole: flowers in dichotomous few-flowered cymes, the slender pedicels 3-4
lines long, not deflexed ; calyx 4 lines long, campanulate, net-veined above,
the teeth obtuse, broadly triangular; petals 7 lines long, brownish purple,
with an oblong shortly bifid limb, oblong entire appendages, and naked
scarcely auricled claw; anthers purple, included; styles very short; ovary
small, narrowly oblong: Cascade : Mountains lat. 49 Lyall.to California.

a

78 CARYOPHYLLACE4. SILENE.

“This doubtful species is to be distinguished from some forms of 8. Doug.
lasii only by its smaller flowers, more leafy habit and darker, petals.
Robinson Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii, 144. a

S. Douglasii Hook Fl. i, &. Finely pubcrulent throughout and
rarely somewhat glandular above: stems numerous erect or ascending
froma branching decumbent rootstock, slender 6-15 inches high, simple
{ew-flowered: leaves narrowly oblance: olate to linear, an inch or two long:
flowers erect on slender pedice!s: calyx oblong-cylindric, often somewhat
inflated, 5-7 lines long: petals 8-10 lines long, with broad obtuse lobes, a
narrow auricled claw and narr w scales: claws, filaments and stipe of the
ovary, more or less villous: capsule oblong-ovate equalling the calyx,
rather long stipitate seeds strongly tubercled on the back. Rocky places
and cliffs, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains.

Var. viscida Robinson Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii, 144. Glandular-viscia
especially above: stems erect, rigid; mostly simple from a branched,
slightly .woody base: calyx broadly oblong or almost campanulate rela-
tively short: leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-oblong, thickish. Washing-
‘ton to Brit. Columbia.

S. macroecalyx. 8S. Douglasii var. macrocalyx Robinson Proc. Am.
Acad. xxviii, 145. Puberulent or nearly smooth scarcely viscid: stems;
several from the fleshy root, rather stout 1-2 feet high: leaves narrowly lan-
ceolate to linear, attenuate to each end: flowers mostly in 3-flowered long-
peduncled cymes: calyx long-cylindrical, 8-10 lines long,3-5 linesin diameter,
the ends of the teeth surrounded by an obtuse inflexed membrane: petals
pink or purplish, 2-lobed: segments obttise: claw auricled, appendages ob-
long, obtnse. On dry ridges. Mount Adams Washington to the Humboldt
_ Mountains in Nevada.

S. Columbiana. 8S. Douglasii var. brachycalyx Robinson 1. c. Smooth
or puberulent, but not viscid: root thick and branching: stems many from the
-much branched caudex, slender, erect, or decumbent at base, 1-2 feet high:
leaves distant, spreading, narrowly oblanceolate the lower ones attenuate at
both ends, 2-4 inches long: flowers borne in 1-5 flowered lcng-peduncled
cymes: calyx campanulate: 6-10 lines long, in fruit 4—6 lines in diameter,
-strongly 10-nerved, the intervening spaces scarious, the short triangular
teeth scarious-margined: petals white or pale pink 2-lobed reticulate veined,
the blade half. as long as the calyx, the claw conspicuously auricled, the
prominent scales oblong, shallowly 2-lobed: capsule ovoid, 5-6 lines long on
a stout stipe half as long: seeds dark brown with a prominent pectinate bor-
der, On cliffs and rocky banks along the lower Colmnbia and Willamette
rivers.

8S. monantha Watson 1. c. x, 340. Glabrous: stems very weak, elon-
gated, ascending, branched: leaves narrowly oblanceolate 1144-3 inches
long, acuminate, shortly ciliate at base: flowers terminal on elongated
penunelee not reflexed: calyx 6 lines long, slightly puberulent: petals 9
’ Tines long, the naked claw very narrowly auricled, limb bifid with broad
rounded lobes: scales lanceolate entire, half as long as the limb: filaments
naked; style short: ovary oblong, rather long-stipitate. Collected by Kel-

. logg & Harford near the Cascades of the Columbia: not since found.

S. Macounii Watson 1. c. xxvi, 124. Stems very slender from a
slender branching rootstock a foot high, minutely ' pubescent, gland-
ular above: leaves linear-oblanceolate, 3 inches long or less:. flowers few,
on pedicels 6-12 lines long: calyx inflated, oblong-campanulate, 4-5 lines
long, with short obtuse teeth: petals little exserted, with a broadly auri-
cled glabrous claw and large thin quadrate and nearly entire appendages
the flabelliform bifid blade with a linear tooth on each side: capsule
equalling the calyx, oblong-ovate, on a stipe 114 lines long. Washington
to Brit. Columbia.

SILENE, CARYOPHYLLACE. 79
LYCHNIS,

S. multicaule Nutt, T. &G. Fl. i, 192. Grayish tomentulose: stems
numerous, erect, rigid, about a foot high: leaves linear-oblanceolate: rather
acute: flowers in threes, few, on shortish peduncles: calyx ovate-cylindri-
cal, slightly inflated wlth obtuse teeth: petals bifid: seeds brown, mar-
eine ae scaly crest. Eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana
and Idaho. ‘s

S. seaposa Robinson Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii, 145. Finely puberulent,
somewhat viscid above: stems erect, subsimple almost naked.12-18 inches
high, rather rigid: radical leaves thickish, oblanceolate, acute, 3-nerved,
somewhat glaucous 2-3 inches long. 3-5 lines broad, cauline, leaves reduced
to1-2 pairs of distant bracts: inflorescence a narrow rigid panicle: flowers
small erect: calyx oblong or elliptical in outline, with simple green nerves:
petals white scarcely exceeding the calyx; the blade short, retuse, the claw
with somewhat saccate auricles: appendages short, obtuse: ovary shortly
stiped. Blue Mountains of Oregon, Nevius; Cold Camp, Oregon, Howell. ©

+ + + + + Inflorescence subspicate or forming an elongated
thyrse: styles included or moderately exserted.

S. Scouleri Hook. Fl. i, 88. More of less pubescent and glandular,
especially above: stems stout, erect, few or solitary from deep perpendicu-
lar roots, 1-4 feet high, leaves oblanceolate 2-6 inches long: flowers some-
what crowded in the axils of the bracts: calyx oblong clavate: petals bi-
fid, the lobes oblong emarginate; the claws. with acute auricles woolly-cili-
ate as well as the filaments; scales obtuse; capsule ovate-oblong 3-4 times
longer than the stipe. Oregon and Washington, east to the Rocky Moun-
tains.

8. Spauldingii Watson 1. c. x, 344, Viscidly tomentose: stems erect,
stout,‘a foot high or more, simple or branched, very leafy: leaves lan,-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, acutish; floweis in a short-
strict, racemose panicle, nodding or erect: calyx oblong-cylindric, 7-8
lines long; petals scarcely exserted, the broad auricled claw naked, the
limb very short and triangular, notched at the apex and with four small
lanceolate scales at the base; filaments and style included: ovary oblong,
shortly stipitate. Eastern Oregon and. Idaho. - ‘ pa

2 LYCHNIS Tourn. Inst. i, 333 t. 175, L. Gen. n. 584.

Erect herbs with the aspect of Silene. Calyx ovoid, obovate,
or clavate, 5-toothed, 10-nerved, usually inflated, its teeth short
and not foliaceous. Petals with or without appendages; the
blade entire or variously lobed or cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 5,
rarely 4, alternating with the petals when of the same number.
Ovary 1-celled or divided at the base into 4 or 5 partial cells.
Capsule dexiscent by as many or twice as many teeth as styles.
Seeds laterally attached: embryo curved.

L. Drummondii Watson: Bot. King 37. Finely glandular pubescent
above: stems several from thick rootstock, strict and rather stout a foot or
two high: leaves narrowly oblanceolate 2-3 inches long, erect: flowers few,
on stout strictly erect often elongated pedicels: calyx cylindric becoming
ohlous vet: 5-6 lines long, with short acutish teeth: petals rarely
slightly exserted, white or purple, the narrow emarginate blade narrower

than the auricled claw, scales minute, capsule nearly sessile. Eastern
Oregon to Colorado.

L. Coronarts Desr. in'Lam. Dict. iii, 648, Densely woolly-tomentose
throughout: stems 1-3 feet high: leaves oval or oblong: calyx ovoid, its
teeth filiform , twisted, the alternating ribs more prominent: petals large,
light crimson. Escaped from gardens, in several places from €eattle

CE. AGROSTEMMA.
80 CARYOPHYLLACE oe eC

Washington to California.
4 AGROSTEMMA L. Gen. n. 879.

Erect’ annuals or biennials with linear leaves and showy, usu-
ally red, flowers. Calyx ovoid ; with 10 strong ribs, its lobes con-
spicuously prolonged into foliaceous appendages. _ Petals ps
unappendaged. Stamens 10. Styles 5, opposite the peta 2
Capsule 1-celled. Seeds laterally attached: embryo curved.

A. Grraaco'L. Sp. 435. Lychnis Githago Scop. Hirsute annual: stems
1-6 feet high, dichotomously branched : leaves linear: flowers on long ped-
uncles: calyx cylindrical campanulate, with very long teeth, coriaceous:
petals large, purple, the blade obcordate; scales none, capsule sessile.
Cultivated fields.

Tribe I. Alsinesee DC. Sepals free or slightly united at the
very base. Petals more or less contracted at base, but not unguicu-
late, unappendaged, inserted on th2z outside of the hypogynous or
‘more or less perigynous disk. Flowers mostly small; styles distinct
to the base. Ovary sessile.

* Stipules none: petals entire or 2-lobed.
5 CERASTIUM L. Gen. n. 585.

Low herbs with white flowers in terminal bracteate dichoto-
mous cymes. Sepals 5, nut carinate. Petals 5, emarginate o-
bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 5, rarely 3 or 4. Capsule cylindrir
or cylindric-conic, often incurved, 1-celled, many-seeded, dehis-
cent by twice as many teeth as styles. Seeds subreniform-glo-
bose, usually granulate.

* Viscid pubescent annuals.

C. longipedunculatum Muhl. Cat. 46 C. nutans Raf. Prec. Dec. 36.
Erect, usually branching from the base, 4-10 inches high: leaves narrowly
oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, clasping 1¢-1}g inches long: cymes
often many-flowered; pedicels often nodding or deflexed in fruit; calyx
14-2 lines long, the petals slightly longer: capsule 4-6 lines long curved.
Sandy river bottoms, eastern Oregon to the Atlantic.

C. .viscosum L. Sp. 437. Suberect, 3-12 inches high, dichotomously
branched above, leaves ovate or obovate or oblong-ovate 6-12 lines long:
flowers in close clusters on very short pedicels: sepals 4, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, with narrow scarious margins 11g-2 lines long: petals notched with
rounded lobes, about equalling the sepals: capsule narrow, at length much
exserted: Throughout temperate North America in cultivated fields, etc.

* * Perennials.

C. vuieatum L. Sp. ed. 2,627. Prostrate and rooting at the nodes or sub-
erect, 4-12 inches high ; pubescent with spreading hairs: leaves spatulate or
oblanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 6-15 lines long: flowers in clusters at
the ends of the branches, on slender pedicels 1-2 lines long: sepals lanceo-
late acute with scarious tips, 2-8 lines long: petals oblong 2-toothed, about
equalling the sepals. Common everywhere, introduced From Europe.

C. pilosum Ledeb. Mem. Acad. Petr. v, 539 (?). Erect, rather stout,
more or less densely pilose, glandular-pubescent above, leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate 6-12 lines long, 1-6 lines broad, acute, almost sheathing at base:
flowers large, few: calyx 3-4 lines long, the petals half longer: capsule 6-
10 lines long, the slender teeth at length circinate. Alaska and.Siberia. to

CERASTIUM. CARYOPHYLLACEA. 81
ALSINE.

California.

C. arvense L. Sp. 438. More or less pubescent with reflexed hairs: ces-
pitose : stems erect, rather slender, 3-16 inches high : leaves linear or linear-
Janceolate 6-18 lines long, acute, clasping, those of the stem distant:
bracts small: cyme few-flowered, usually narrow: pedicels half to an inch
or more long: calyx 2-3 lines long, lanceolate,

Var. angustifolium Fenzl in Ledeb. FI. Ross. i, 413 (7?) Stems pubes-
cent, hoary or glandular: leaves elongated, linear or narrowly linear-lan-
ceolate, attenuate at base; those of the stem approximate: lobes of the pet-
als oblong-ovate. Oregon. : :

iC. alpinum L, Sp. 438. Densely silky-hirsute: stems weak, decum-
bent and matted: leaves elliptic-ovate, 4-6 lines long: flowers few, on more
or less elongated pedicels; petals bifid, twice the length of the rather ob-
tuse scarious-margined and hairy sepals: capsule nearly twice as long as
the calyx. Wyoming to Alaska, perhaps in Idaho.

6 ALSINE L. (not Wahl. Fl. Lap. 127.)

Low spreading herbs, usually preferring shaded or moist
places, with mostly 4-angled stems, flat, rarely acerose ; leaves
and small white flowers in cymes or solitary. Sepals 5, rarely 4,
somewhat united at base. Petals as many, rarely wanting, al-
ways more or less deeply 2-cleft, often divided almost to the
base, thus appearing as 10, often perigynous. Stamens 10, or by
abortion 3-8, styles 3, sometimes 2,4 or 5, opposite to as many
sepals. Capsule globose to oblong, 1-celled, dehiscent tu :below
the middle with twice as many membranous valves as styles.
Seeds numerous, reniform-globose or laterally compresscd. .

§ 1 Myosoron Monch Method. 225, (as genus). Styles 5, al-
ternate with the sepals. Leaves ovate, acute.

A. aquatica. Stellaria aquatica Scop. Perennial: stems strongly an-
gled and somewhat pubescent: leaves large ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute, the upper sessile, cordate; the lower petiolate: pedicels glandular-
viscid deflexed in fruit: petals 14s-2 times as long as the campanulate
glandular-pubescent calyx: styles 5, alternate with the sepals: seeds nu-
merous dark-colored tuberculately roughened. At Nanaimo, Brit. Colum-
bia, perhaps Washington ; introduced from Europe.

§ 2 Evustrtyaria Fenzl. Styles 3 or 4,

* Petals deeply 2-parted, sometimes minute or wanting: segments
narrow.
+ Lower leaves contracted to slender petioles.

A. media L. Sp. i. 272. Stellaria media Cyr. Char. Comm. 86. Gla-
brous or nearly so: stems weak and spreading, rooting at the lower joints,
marked by a pubescent line: leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-9 lines long
on hairy petioles or the uppermost sessile: pedicels slender, 4-6 lines long,
defiexed in fruit: bracts foliaceous: petals oblong, deeply divided, shorter
than the pubescent sepals: stamens 3-10: capsule oblong-ovate 2-3 lines
long, equalling ‘or exceeding the calyx. A common weed in shady places
and cultivated grounds. faid to be introduced from Europe. :

A. nitens Greene Bot. Bay. Reg. 33. Stellaria nitens Nutt. T. & G. Fl. 7.
185. Smooth and shining, otten hairy at base: stems slender,3-8 inches
high erect or spreading, dichotoniously branched with the flowers in the
forks: leaves lanceolate,, 3-6 lines long, acute, the lower shortly petiolate:
bracts small and scarious: pedicels not deflexed in fruit: petals narrow,

82 CARYOPHYLLACE. ALSINE.

acuminate, 3-nerved, 2 lines long, twice longer than the deeply lobed pet-
als which are sometimes wanting: capsule oblong, shorter than the sepals.
Common in moist open places, Washington to California, east to Utah.

+ + Leaves all sessile or subsessile, sometimes narrow but not
acerose.
++ Bracts small and scarious.
= Flowers small: petals minute or none.

A. baiealensis Coville Contr. Nat. Hegh,.iv, 70. Stellaria umbellata
Turcz. Glabrous, stems very slender, ascendig-fr lender rootstocks,
which are clothed with orbicular scale-like, colorless bracts > Raves spread-
ing, elliptical or olong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 4-8 lines long =: flewers -
in a simple or compound open umbel-like few-rayed cyme: pedicels elon-
gated: sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-2}4 lines: long: petals none:
mature capsule twice longer than the calyx. Rocky Mountains to Union.
county, Oregon, Cusick.

= = Flowers of medium size: petals equalling or exceeding the
calyx. .
a Seeds essentially smooth.

A. longifolia Britton Mem. Torr. Club v. 150. Stellaria ‘longifolia Muhl.
Stems sharply 4-angled, commonly 8 inches or more in height: leaves lin-
ear or linear-oblong, somewhat narrowed at each end, thickish, often cili-
ate toward the base; the larger ones 1-2 inches. long: flowers rather
numerous in a lateral long-peduncled open cyme; pedicels spreading, hori-
zontal or deflexed: petals and capsule exceeding the sepals: seeds smooth.
Idaho to Canada and Maryland. (Europe and Asia).

A. longipes Coville Contr. Nat. Herb. iv,70. Stellaria longipes Goldie.
Smooth and shining or glaucous, erect or ascending, 2-18 inches high:
leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-12 Jines long, 1-114 lines wide acute,
rather rigid and usually ascending: flowers few, on long slender erect
pedicels: sepals scarcely nerved 114-246 lines long: petals about equal-
ling the calyx: mature capsule longer than the calyx. About springs etc.,
eastern Washington to California, east to the Atlantic.

b Seeds distinctly rugose-roughened under a lens.

A. GRaminea L. Sp. 422. Stems ascending, smooth and shining 1-2, feet
high, sharply 4-angled; internodes usually élongated: leaves sessile, lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceclate, thickish, attenuate, furrowed above and with
midrib prominent beneath, inflorescence a broad terminal pedunculate
cyme, often with one or two smaller cymes at its base; pedicels elongated
spreading or deflexed: capsule exceeding the calyx: seeds rugose, rough-
ened. Introduced from Europe.

A. wliginosa Britton 1. ¢. Stellaria uliginosa Murr. Low, weak, dif-
fuse: stems numerous, leafy: leaves lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate,
6-8 lines long: seeds rugose roughened. Mount Rainier, Piper, to the
Eastern States.

+ ++ Bracts wore or less foliaceous.

A. brachypetala. Stellaria bene hepetatg Bong. S. alpestris Fries §. cor-
ollina Fenzl. Glabrous: stems weak and slender, usually erect, 6-20
«inches high dichotomously branched above: leaves lanceolate, attenuate,
the middle cauline the largest, 1-2 inches long, 1-nerved : pedicels in the
forks of the dichotomous branches, slender, spreading, 8-12 lines long:
sepals lanceolate, acute, scarious margined about a line long: petals
erie er the poy were the pale lanceolate, acute: capsule
oblong-ovoid exceeding the sepals, seeds smooth. I t place
to Alaska and the Eastern States, mrper vee Sees

~~ Beracte feliaceous,

ALSINE. CARYOPHYLLACE2., 83
ARENARIA. ‘

A. borealis Britten Mem. Torr. Club v, 149. Stellarvia borealis Bigel-
Glabrous: stems usually weak, erect or spreading, branching 44-2 fee
high: leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, 4-2 inches long, 1-5 lines
wide, acute, flowers in dichotomous cymes: sepals ovate to lanceolate, a
line long or more: petals 2-parted,.shorter than the calyx, 2-5 or wanting:
capsule ovate 114-2 lines long, on spreading or deflexed: peduncles: sears
smooth. Along streams, Oregon, etc., to the Atlantic.

A. humifusa,. Stellaria humifusa Rotth. Low, densely matted, smooth:
stems prostrate or ascending, angulate, shining: leaves elliptic-ovate or ob-
long, acutish, 2-5 lines long, marcescent: bracts foliaceous: peduncles axil-
lary, 4-7 lines long: sepals ovate-oblong acute, narrowly margined,
petals somewhat exceeding the calyx: seeds smooth.

A. crispa Holzinger Contr. Nat. Herb. iii, 116. Stellaria crispa Cham.
& Schlecht. Glabrous: stems very slender, weak and decumbent, 6-12
inches long, simple or sparingly branched: leaves thin, ovate to oblong-
ovate, acuminate, commonly crisp on the edges, 4-6 lines long: pedicels
solitary, 3-10 lines long: sepals scarious-margined, lanceolate, acute, 114-2
lines long, 3-nerved: petals when present, deeply cleft, with linear acute
lobes: capsule acute, longer than the calyx.

A. obtusa. . Stellaria obtusa Engelm. Bot. Gaz. vii, 5. Smooth: stems
weak, nearly simple, 2-6 inches long: leaves thin, ovate to broadly lan-
ceolate, acute, 3-10 lines long: flowers solitary, appearing axillary: sepals
ovate obtuse, hardly at all scarious on the margins: petals none:
capsule 11Z-114 times as long as the calyx, obtuse: seed brown, covered
with minute lighter colored oblong tubercles with fringed edges. In wet
places on mountains, Blue Mountains, Oregon to British Columbia and
Colorado. :

A. Simeoei. Pubescent throughout with spreading hairs: densely ces-
itose: stems filiform erect, simple’ or sparingly branched, 4-8 inches
igh: leaves oblong to elliptical, acute, +-6 lines long, 1-nerved :. pedicels

solitary, filiform, 10-12 lines long: -sepals oblong, acutish, broadly mar-
gined, less than a line long: pétals. 2-parted; segments oblong, about half
as long as the calyx; capsule and seeds not seen. In springs on top of the
Simcoe Mountains, Washington.
* * Petals retuse or shortly bifid, divided but 44-4 the way to the
base, commonly considerably exceeding the calyx.

A. Jamesii Holzinger 1. c. Stellaria Jamesii Torr. Viscid above:
stems strongly angled,.rather stout and ascending, branched, 1-2 feet
high: leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, 1-3 inches long, 2-9
lines wide, acuminate, dark green:. pedicels spreading, rather short, at
length deflexed: sepals oblong, acute, 2-3 lines long, the bifid petals
mostly twice longer: capsule ovate shorter than the calyx: seeds smooth.
Woodlands and creek bottoms, northern Califoiuia to Washington, Colo-
rado, New Mexico and Arizona. ;

7 ARENARIA L. Gen. n. 569.

Mostly low, often tufted annual or perennial herbs with ses-
sile subulate and more or less rigid leaves without stipules and
small white flowers in paniculate or capitate cymes in spring an¢
summer. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many as sepals, rarely
wanting, entire or emarginate. Stamens twice as many as pet-
als. Styles 3, rarely 2,4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Cap-
sule globose or short-oblong, dehiscent into as many 2-cleft*
valves as styles, few to many-seeded. Seeds laterally compressed
or reniform-globose.

84 CARYOPHYLLACE. ARENARIA,

8 1 Masrrara Fenzl. in Endl. Gen. 968. Seeds at least
when young provided with a spongy appendage at the hilum.

A. lateriflora L. Sp, 423. Minutely pubescent: stems erect, slender,
4-12 inches high, simple or branched: leaves oblong or oval obtuse, 5-6
lines long, punctate, hairy on the margin and midrib: peduncles lateral
and terminal, 2-flowered, one of the pedicels bibracteolate near the mid-
dle: sepals oblong-ovate obtuse, 114 lines long: petals oblong, obtuse,
twice longer than the sepals. In damp shady places, western Oregon to
the Atlantic Coast.

A. macrophylla Hook. Fl. i, 102 t. 37. Stems ascending 3-8 inches
high, mostly simple, leafy puberulent above : leaves 3-4 pairs, narrowly lan-
-ceolate, acute ateach end, 1-2 incheslong, thin, bright green, the upper lar-
gest: flowers few on slender pedicels; sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate, 114-
2% lines long, 1-nerved: petals obovate, longer or shorter than the sepals:
capsule ovoid, nearly equalling the calyx: seeds rather large, smooth.
Open forests, Brit. Columbia to California, east to the Rocky Mountains.

§ 2 Ammapenta B. & H. Gen. i, 151. Flowers axillary. Sepals
united at base; styles 8-5: ovary more or less 3-5 celled, disk
conspicuous 10-lobed and glanduliferous : capsule globose, some-
what baccate. Seeds not appendaged.

A. peploides L. Sp. 423. Glabrous perennial: stems 6-8 inches high,
stout, angled: leaven thick, ovute or obovate’ 1-nerved, shortly pointed,
clasping at the bruad base: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 34 lines
long, about equalling the petals. Gandy seashore from the Columbia river
ROPE Wane and on the northern Atlantic Coast, (northern Europe and

sia). :

A. Sitchensis Dietr. Syn. Pl. ii, 1565. A peploides var. major. Hook.
1. c. 102. Glabrous and succulent: 6-12 inches high from thick creeping
rootstocks: leaves oblong to short-spatulate, obtuse or acute, short-apicu-
late, fleshy, with narrow, scarious, crenulate margins: flowers axillary, on
short penduncles: lobes of the calyx lanceolate-ovate, acute, about a line
long: petals oblong, narrowed below to a short claw about half as long as
the ee of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Salt marshes, coast of Oregon
to Alaska.

§ 3 Mercxia B. & H. Gen. i, 151. Styles 3-5. Ovary 3-5-

celled: capsule large, depressed-globose, somewhat inflated:
many-seeded, seeds not appendaged.

A. physodes Fisch. in DC. Prod. i, 413. Cespitose perennial: stems
weak, decumbent, 3-6 inches long: leaves ovate, cuspidately pointed 4-6
lines long: flowers solitary at the summit of the stem dr becoming lateral:
sepals lance-oblong, acute, 3 lines long equalling or slightly exceeding the
petals: capsule 4 lines in diameter. Brit. Columbia to northern Alaska,
perhaps northern Washington. :

§ 4 Evarenarta Robinson 1. c. 219. Styles normally 3, capsule
ovoid, dehiscent by 38 2-toothedor parted valves: seeds not
eappendaged.
* Leaves ovate elliptic or linear, not acerose.

A. seRPYLLIFoLIa L, Sp. 423. Diffuse, 3-10 inches high, retrorsely pu-

bescent: leaves ovate, acute, minutely ciliate: sepals lanceolate, acumi-

, te aay 3-5 meried ay : ee wy length of the petals: capsule

ovate, as long as the sepals. Fields and roadsides, western d.
Washington, also in the Atlantic States. ; eee

Var. TEnuion Koch. Synop. 117. More delicate, leaves reduced : flowers

ARENARIA, CARYOPHYLLACE, 85

smaller, in a nearly naked racemore panicle, capsule more oblong. Port-
land, Oregon and vicinity, (Europe).

* * Leaves very narrowly linear commonly acerose, often rigid and
pungent.

+ Sepals broadly ovate obtusish, sometimes apiculate : flowers not
densely aggregate.

A. capillaris Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vi. 380... Leaves chiefly grouped
at the base in fascicles upon a multicipital caudex, 14-214 inches Jong,
somewhat pungent, little spreading; the cauline few pairs, much reduced:
stems 4-8 inches in height: petals obovate, considerably exceeding the
short obtuse sepals. Idaho to the Rocky Mountains.

A. formosa’ Fisch, in DC. Prcdr. i, 402. More or less glandular-pu-
bescent above, erect, 3-12 inches high: leaves linear subulate, half to two
inches long, pungent: the cauline few, short and erect: flowers few in an
open cyme; bracts small, lanceolate: sepals ovate, acute, 1-2 lines long, 3-
nerved, membranously margined : petals half longer: capsule somewhat ex-
ine _the calyx. In the higher mountains from Brit. Columbia to

alifornia.

A. aculeata Watson Bot. King 40. ° Leaves fascicled at the ends of nu-
merous barren shoots, glaucous, rigid, subulate and aculeate: stems
nearly naked, somewhat scabrous above: flowers few, on long slender
erect pedicels: sepals ovate acute: capsule becoming twice longer than the
calyx, splitting into 3 2-toothed valves: seeds smooth. High hills, south-
east Oregon to Nevada.

a £epals ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, shorter than the
petals.

A. congesta T. & G. FI.i, 178. Smooth, glaucous, 4-12 inches high:
leaves very narrowly subulate, scabrous on the margin, often pungent, the
lower 1-3 inches long ; cauline 6-12 lines long: flowers in 1-3 dense subum-
bellate fascicles, with large dilated membranaceous bracts: sepals ovate-
oblong, strongly concave with scarious margins, 1-3 lines long, acute: pet-
als narrowly oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx: capsule equalling
ae Glo In the mountains from Washington to California, Nevada and

olorado. :

+ + + Sepals lanceolate to lance-linear attenuate, equalling or
exceeding the petals.

++ Flowers cymose, not densely aggregated.

A. Burkei. A. Fendleri var. subcongesta Watson Bot. King 40. Stems
several from a more or less ligneous caudex, smooth or glandular, 4-6
inches high, many-leaved at base: leaves setaceous, somewhat flattened,
glabrous: flowers more or Jess clustered upon short pedicels or the lateral
ones sessile: bracts broad and scarious: petals but little exceeding the ovate
acuminate scarious sepals. On bleak hilltops, eastern Oregon and Nevada
to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

A. Fendleri Gray Pl. Fendl.13. Stems simple, 6-15 inches high gla-
brous below, more or less glandular-pubescent above, imbricately many-
leaved at base, leaves long, erect setaceous somewhat flattened scarious-ser-
rulate glabrous: cymes strict, few-flowered: pedicels slender: sepals
glandular pubescent, ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, green with a
broad scarious margin, nearly equalling the white obovate petals: capsule
about equalling the calyx. New Mexico, etc., to eastern Oregon.

++ ++ Flowers densely fascicled at the end ef the stem.

A. Franklinii Doug]. in Hook. Fl. i, 101 t. 35. A span or less in height:
branches erect, fastigiate, numerons fragile: leaves smooth subulate-setaceous,
very pungent, an inch long: flowers fascicled: sepals subulate scarious,

86 CARYOPHYLLACES. ARENARIA,

broadly 1-nerved, «bout equalling the oblong obtuse petals: flowers on short
pedicels in dense fascicles, crowded with bracts similar to the leaves. On
sandy banks along the Columbia river.

§ 5. Atsine Wahl. (as genus, not Linn.).. Capsule ovoid, 3-
valved ; valves entire; seeds not strophiolate: matted perennials
or delicate annuals, usually with narrow linear subulate or ace-
rose leaves.

* Palustrine perennial with weak elongated stems, narrow linear
or lance-linear leaves and axillary long-peduncled flowers.

A. paludicola Robinson 1. c. 298. Glabrous, flaccid; stems several,
subsimple, procumbent, rooting at the lower joint, sulcate, shining, leafy
throughout: leaves uniform, flat, 1-nerved, acute, spreading, 34-114 inches
long, 1-3 lines in breadth, often punctate, somewhat connate, slightly
scabrous upon the margins: peduncles solitary in the axils, 1-2 inches
long, spreading or somewhat deflexed: sepals nerveless not at all indur-
ated, acutish, about half the length ‘of the obovate petals. In swamps
along the Coast, San Francisco to Seattle, Washington.

* * Terrestrial annuals: sepals neither indurated nor very strongly
nerved. :
= Seeds much flattened, and margined.

A. Douglasii T. & G. Fl. i, 674. Sparingly pubescent with spreading
hairs or glabrous, slender, much branched, 3-10 inches high: leaves filiform,
half to an ineh or more long: flowers rather large on long filiform pedicels:
sepals oblong-ovate obtusish or acute, obscurely 3-nerved, 1} lines long: pet-
als obovate, 2-24 lines long: capsule globose, equatling the calyx: seeds
large, flat, smooth, acutely margined. . Dry hillsides, southwestern Oregon
and California. ;

+ + Seeds not flattened nor winged.

A. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 354. Glandular hispid but
the internodes usually glabrous: widely branching, 6-12 inches high: leaves
thick, narrowly lanceolate or linear, with _ base 6-9 lines long, blunt, spread-
ing: flowers small on slender pedicels: sepals a line long, nerveless: petals
twice longer, narrowly oblong: capsule ovate, a little exceeding the sepals:
seeds black, turgid, with several rows of minute tubercles along the
rounded margins. On dry foothills, eastern base of the Coast Mountains in
Josephine county, Oregon. :

A. Californica Brewer in Bol. Cat. 6, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. i, 69.
Glabrous, very slender, 2-6 inches high: leaves lanceolate, 1-2 lines long,
obtusish: flowers small on slender pedicels: sepals oblong-ovate, acute, 3-
nerved, 1-2 lines long: petals spatulate, 2-3 lines long: capsule oblong:
an small, sharply muriculate. Moist places, southwestern Oregon and

alifornia.

A. pusilla Watson 1. c. xvii, 367. Very slender, an inch or two high;
glabrous: lewves lanceolate, thick and bluntish, a line or two long: sepals
lanceolate, acute, obscurely I-nerved: petals very small or wanting: capsule
olong-ovate, not exceeding the sepals: seeds turgid and smooth. Near
The Dalles, eastern Oregon and Washington, in dry prairies: also on the
-plains about Yreka, northern California.

_* * Annuals or loosely matted perennials: sepals lanceolate. acumi-
nate or attenuate, strongly 3-5 nerved. :

A. tenella Nutt. T. &G. Fl. i, 179. Slender, 2-4 inches high, smooth
leaves filiform-subulate, acute: peduncles minutely glandular: sepals ovate-
lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved 144 lines long: petals oblong, 2-214 lines long:

ARENARIA. CARYOPHYLLACE &. 87
ALSINELLA.

capsule but little longer than the sepals: seeds turgid minutely rugose tuber-
culate. On rocks, Columbia river below the Cascades.

A. stricta Michx. Fl. i, 274. Diffusely cespitose, glabrous, branching
from the base: stems 3-15 inches high: leaves subulate-setaceous, 1-3-nerved,
many, fascicled in the axils: petals oblong-obovate twice the length of the
rigid, ovate, very acute 3-ribbed sepals: capsule about as long as the calyx.
On rocks and sandy.ridges, Columbia river below the Cascades: also on the
Atlantic coast.

* * * Closely tufted perennials: sepals acuminate but not strongly
nerved, except in A. propinqua.

A. propinqua Richardson in Franklin Journ. 738. A verna rar. hirta
Watson Bot. King 41. Closely tufted: stems, peduncles and calyx finely
glandular-pubescent: leaves nearly or quite smooth: stems tufted, numer-
ous, slender, ascending or erect, 1-5 inches high, 1-several-flowered; leaves
linear-subulate, flat, obtuse, 3-nerved, usually erect, not squarrose: pedun-
cles filiform: sepals ovate-oblong, acutish to acuminate, 13-2 lines long ex-
ceeding the obovate or oblanceolate petals: capsule surpassing the sepals,
On the highest mountains, Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

A. Nuttallii Pax in Engler, Jahresb. xviii. 30. A. pungens Nutt in T. &
G. Fl. i, 179 (not of Clem.). Pubescent throughout: extensively cespitose
stems numerous 2-4 inches Ligh. leaves linear-subulate, half to two inches
long, pungent, crowded: flowers in an open cyme, leafy bracted: sepals 1an-
ceolate, acuminate, pungent 1-3 lines long 3-nerved: petals about equalling
the calyx: the capsule shorter: seeds very few, smooth. In mountainous dis-
tricts, California and Nevada to Oregon and Colorado.

** * * Densely cespitose perennials with acicular or subulate
leaves and oblong or linear-oblong, very obtuse sepals.
+ Petals oblong or narrowly obovate.
A. Sajanensis Willd. in Schlecht. Berl. Mag. Natf. (1816) 200. Gla-
brous, or the inflorescence glandular: stems simple, usually 1-flowered:
leaves linear subulate, obtuse thickish, 3-nerved: petals obtuse, about half
longer than the oblong sepals. Alpine, Mounts Hood, and Adams to the
Rocky Mountains and Alaska.

+ + Petals broadly obovate, much exceeding the calyx,

A. aretica Stev.in D.C. Prodr. i. 404. Stems 1-3 inches high, often
scarcely exceeding the leaves: leaves linear-subulate, obtuse fleshy. minutely
ciliate; peduncles glandular-pubescent 1-rarely 2 or 3 flowered; petals about
twice longer than the very obtuse 1-nerved genals. Arctic Coast, perhaps
on our northern border.

8 ALSINELLA Dill.
SAGINA L. Gen. n. 176.

Low herbs with subulate or filiform leaves without stipules,
and small terminal usually long-peduncled flowers. Sepals 4-5,
Petals as many as sepals, entire or slightly emarginate, often
minute or wanting. Stamens as many as petals, rarely twice as
many or fewer. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled. Styles as many
as sepals and alternate with them. Capsule dehiscent to the
base by as many entire valves as sepals and alternate with them.

A. occidentalis Greene FI. Francis.125. Sagina occidentalis Watson.

Annual: glabrous or nearly so: diffusely branched from the base: stems very
slender, 1-6 inches long, décumbent at base or ascending: well. developed,

88 CARYOPHYLLACE. ALSINELLA.
SPERGULA.

several-flowered: the lowest flowers distinctly axillary: leaves not fascicled,
8-6 lines long, pungent flowers 5-merous on long pedicels that are erect in
fruit: sepals a line long: petals nearly as long: stamens 10: capsule ex-
ceeding the calyx. Moist places and along the Uoast, California to Alaska.

A. saginoides Greene l.c. Sagina Linnzi Presl. Biennial or perennial,
glabrous, densely matted and decumbent, 1-3 inches long, rooting and
often forming lateral rosettes: leaves somewhat fascicled, 3-7 lines long,
pungent: flowers on long pedicels, at length ncdding: sepals a line long,
obtuse, exceeding the petals: stamens 10: capsule ut length nearly twice
longer. than the calyx. In wet places on high mountains, Arctic America
to California. A

A. crassicaulis Greene |. c. Sagina crassicaulis Watson. Smooth per-
ennial stems several to many, branching 1-5 inches long: leaves linear, pun-
gent thickish, 2-7 lines long or more, the basal forming a rosette which
may persist or not; the cauline connate by broad scarious membranes: pedi-
cels numerous, straight: flowers 5-parted, petals and sepals subequal 114
lines long: capsule 14-44 longer. Near the sea, mouth of the Columbia river
to Monterey, Cal.

9 SPERGULA L. Gen. n. 586.

Dichotomously or fasciculately branched annuals with subu-
late fascicled or apparently whorled leaves with small scarious
stipules and small white flowers on slender pedicels in dichoto-
mous cymes. Sepals 5, entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Ovary 1-
celled, many-ovuled; styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Cap-
sule 5-valved, the entire valves opposite to the sepals. Seeds
laterally compressed, acutely margined or winged : embryo spiral.

S. arvensis L. Sp. 440. Smooth: stems several, a foot or two high:
leaves filiform, numerous in apparent whorls, 1-2 inches long; stipules
small: pedicels at length reflexed: sepals oblong to ovate 2 or 3 lines long,
equalling the petals, a little shorter than the broadly ovoid capsule: seeds
rough, acutely margined. Sandy fields, especially near the Coast, Wash-
ington to California; naturalized from Europe,

10 TISSA Adanson Fam. des Pl. ii, 507.

Low, more or less succulent herbs, usually depressed, with se-
taceous or linear fascicled leaves with scarious stipules and small
white or pink flowers in subracemose cymes. Sepals 5. Petals
5, rarely few or wanting. Stamenscommonly 10. Styles 3, very
rarely 5. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule with as many valves as styles,
when 5, alternate with the sepals. Seeds often margined.

* Perennials with fusiform fleshy roots.

T. macrothecum Brit. Bull. Torr. Club xvi, 129. Lepigonum macrothe-
cum F.& M_ Perennial, rather stout, 4-12 inches high: decumbent at
base, sparingly pubescent, at least above: leaves linear, fleshy, 1-2 inches
long; with large ovate stipules: flowers large, subracemose; pedicels 4-12
lines long becoming reflexed : sepals ovate-lanceolate, 8-5 nerved, more or less
tomentose, 3 lines long or more, equalling or exceeding the petals: capsule
pa about equalling the calyx. In salt marshes, Washington to Scuthern

alifornia.

* * Annuals: flowers axillary.

T. salina Britton 1. c. 126. Lepigonum marinum Wahl. rgula sd-
lina Preal. More or less pubescent or often “nearly giabrous; mach

TISSA. ILLECEBRACEZ. 89
PENTACENA.

Ibranched, 3-9 inches high; leaves linear, fleshy, 14-1 inch long or more; sti-
pules short: pedicels 1-9 lines long, reflexed: calyx 1-2 Jines long: capsule a
ittle longer than the calyx. Along the Coast, Puget Sourd to California,
and the Atlantic Coast.

* * * Procumbent or decumbent winter annuals, scarcely at all
fleshy: flowers small or of medium size; stipules conspicuous.

T. rubra Britton l.c. 127. Spurgularia rubra Presi. Stems spread
ing: wiry, 1-10 inches long, smoothish below, fine glandular-pubescent
above; leaves flat above, narrowly linear, cuspidate 4-9 lines long 4-4
line broad; stipules white, attenuate 2-3 lines long: inflorescence racemi-
form: pedicels filiform, exceeding the bracts and about twice as long as the
oblong-lanceolate scarious-margined acutish glandular-pubescent sepals:
flowers magenta, 114 lines in diameter, petals scarcely equalling the calyx:
capsule equalling the calyx: seeds minutely crested but not winged. Road-
sides and sandy places, Washington to California and the Atlantic States
(Europe).

* * * * Slender spreading or erect annuals ecarcely flesby; stipules
short, deltoid.

T. diandra Britton 1. c. 128. Spergularia diandria Boiss. Viscid pu-
bescent to nearly glabrous; leaves not fascicled, linear-filiform: pedicels
slender, about two lines long, spreading or deflexed: sepals in fruit 114 lines
long but little exceeding the capsule: stamens usually only 2 or 3. Sandy
places from the Columbia valley to Texas.

Orp&r XII. ILLECEBRACE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 127.

Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent branching plants with op-
posite or fascicled entire mostly sessile leaves and scarious sti-
pules, closely related to Amarantacee. Sepals 5, persistent:
, petals reduced to mere filaments alternate with the sepals or
wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals and epposite them,
fixed by the middle introse. Ovary I-celled by the oblitera-
tion of the dissepiments. Style 2-cleft. Fruit an utricle with
a solitary or geminate ovule borne on slender funiculi rising
from the base of the cell. Seeds campylotropous. Embryo
more or less curved around the outside of mealy albumen.

1 PENTACAINA Bartling.

Low densely tufted perennial, with the subulate leaves densely
crowded on the branches, dry and silvery stipules and axillary
clusters of sessile flowers. Sepals 5, nearly distinct, hooded,
unequal, terminating in a short divergent spine, the inner
more shortly awned. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3-5,
inserted at the base of the sepals: style very short, bifid. Utricle
included in the rigid connivent calyx.

P. ramosissima Hook. & Arn. Bot. Misc. iii, 338. Prostrate and mat-
ted, 2-18 inches long, somewhat woolly: leaves 3-5 lines long, pungently
awned, at length recurved: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than
the leaves, 1-nerved: calyx tube a line long, the divergent outer lobes
nearly twice longer: stamens usually 5: stigmas subsessile: utricle apicu-

ate. On the seashove, Oregon to southern California,

90 PORTULACACE. PORTULACA.

OrpER XIII. PORTULACACEE Reichb. Consp. 161.

More or less succulent herbs with simple entire leaves and
regular perfect flowers. Sepals only 2 (sometimes more in
Lewisia).- Petals 5 and definite or indefinite, imbricated in es-
tivation. Stamens opposite the petals when of the same num-
ber or fewer; filaments all fertile, distinct; anthers fixed by
the middle, versatile or introse. Ovary 1-celled by the obliter-
ation of the dissepiments, with few or many campylotropous or
amphitropous ovules ona free central placenta, in fruit be-
coming a capsule with transverse or loculicidal. dehiscence.
Embryo curved or coiled on the outside of mealy albumen.
Flowers axillary or terminal, mostly ephemeral.

* Capsule dehiscing transversely near the middle: sepals united to
near the middle, and in ours adnate to the ovary, the upper portion at
length deciduous.

1. Portulaca. Petals 4-6 periginous: stamens 9-20.
* * Capsule dehiscing transversely at the very base: sepals per-
sistent.

2. Lewisia. Sepals 6-8; marcescent-persistent : petals 10-16: scapes 1-
flowered, jointed and bracteolate near the middle. i

8. Oreobroma. Sepals 2: petals 3-10, usually 7; stems scape-like with a
pair of (at least when young) opposite bracts below the inflorescence,
1-many-flowered.

* * * Capsule locvlicidally 3-valved: sepals 2, ovary several-
ovuled: petals 3-several. .
4. Calandrinia. Cepais 2, persistent: petals 3-7: stamens 3-10, seldom
of the same number as the petals.
5. Talinum. Sepals 2, deciduous: petals 5. .
* * * * Capsule loculicidally 3-valved: sepals 2, persistent: petals 5.

6. Claytonia. Capsule several-seeded: stamens 10, inserted on the claw
of the free and equal petals.

7. Montia. Petals 5, more or less distinctly united at the base, un-
equal: stamens mostly 3, inserted on the claws of the 3 smaller petals.

ante Capsule 2- valved: sepals 2, broad, more or less scarious,
persistent.

8. Spraguea. Sepals emarginate at base and apex: petals 4: stamens 3,
exserted, opposite the 3 larger petals. :

9. Calyptridium. Sepals mostly unequal, petals 2-4; stamens 1, 2 or 3,
shorter than the petals and alternate with them.
§ 1 Capsule circumscissile.
1 PORTULACA Tourn. Inst. 236.

‘Low succulent diffuse or ascending herbs with alternate or op-
posite leaves’ scarious or setaceous stiptiles and axillary or ter-
minal ephermal yellow or rose-color flowers in summer. Sepals
2, coherent at base into a tube and adnate to the base of the
ovary, the free upper portion at length deciduous. Petals 4-6.
Stamens 4-20, perigynous with the petals. Style 1, deeply 3-8-
cleft. Capsule circumscissile near the middle, many-seeded.

LEWIBSIA, PORTULACACE. 91
OREOBROMA.

P. oleracea L. Sp. 445. Glabrous and usually purplish: stems pros-
trate, 2~20 inches long: leaves flat, fleshy, obovate to spatulate, rounded at
the summit: stipules minute: sepals acute, carinate; petals yellow, 1-2
lines long: stigmas 5: capsule 3-5 lines long: seeds dull, black, finely tu-
berculate: flowers sessile, axillary. Cultivated grounds and waste places
throughout North America, Europe, etc.

2 LEWISIA Pursh. Fl. 368.

Low acaulescent succulent perennials with thick fleshy roots,
short 1-flowered scapes that are joined and bracteolate near the
middle, and large usually pink flowers. Sepals 6-8 distinct, mar-
cescent-persistent. Petals 8-16, large and showy. Stamens nu-
merous, Style 5-8 parted nearly to the base. Capsule circum-
scissile at the very base then bursting irregularly, many-seeded.
Seeds black and shining. Cotyledons accumbent.

L. rediviva Pursh. 1.c. Leaves densely clustered at the crown of the
thick caudex, linear-oblong, subterete 1-2 inches long, smooth and glau-
cous: scapes but little longer than the leaves, sepals broadly ovate, un-
equal, partly scarious 6-9 lines long, petals narrowly oblong 9-16 lines
jong, pink or rose-color to white: capsule broadly ovate, 3 lines long. On
4oP of the highest hills and mountains east of the Cascade Mountains
rom. California to British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

3 OREOBROMA Howell Eryth. i, 31.

Low acaulescent perennials wich fleshy roots with or without a
multicipital caudex bearing tufted leaves and scapose stems
which are jointed at the base and 2-bracteolate below the inflor-
escence. Sepals 2, rarely apparently 4, persistent. Petals 3-10
or more. Stamens 5-20 or more usually not of the same num-
ber as the petals. Style deeply 2-7-cleft. Capsule membran-
aceous, circumscissile at the base, thence splitting upwards irreg-
ularly, many seeded. Cotyledons incumbent.

* ‘Root branching, the caudex at the surface of the ground: nerves
of bracts and sepals excurrent and gland-tipped: stems terminating
in open paniculate many-flowered bracted racemes.

0. Leana Howell 1. c. Crlandrinia Leana Porter Bot. Gaz. i, 43.
Leaves numerous, terete or some of the other ones subspatuiate, acute, 1-
2 inches long, smooth and glaucous: scapose stems, 3-6 inches high; sepals
rounded a line long by 114 lines broad: petals 6-8, obovate, bare retuse or
entire 3 lines long, red to white with darker veins. In beds of tale on high
exposed ridges of the Siskiyou Mountains.

0. Columbiana Howell l.¢. 52. Calandrinia. Columbiana Howell Gray
Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 277. Leaves numerous, linear-spatulate flat 114-3
inches long, not glaucous: scapose stems 5-12 inches high: sepals rounded
or truncate, a line long 144-2 lines broad: petals 4-7, oblong, more or
less truncate, deeply emarginate to entire, rarely several-toothed at
apex, 5-6 lines long, white or pink with dark red veins. On bare exposed
basaltic rock along the Columbia river below the Cascades. Cascade
Mountains lat. 49, Lyall.

0. Cotyledon Howell 1. c. 82. Calandrinia Cotyledon Watson Proc. Am.
- Acad. ax, 355. Leaves flat, spatulate or oblanceolate 1-2 inches long by 6-
12 lines broad, imbricated in a dense rosulate tuft: stems rather stout, 6-
12 inches high, sometimes with 2 pairs of bracts below the short cymose
panicle: sepals 144-2 lines long ovate or orbicular; petals 5-10, 6+8 lines

92 PORTULACACE. OREOBROMA.

long oblanceolate, deep rose-color with orange stripe in the centre: stam-
ens about 7, filaments dilated below, coherent in a tube around the 2-4-
parted style capsule obscurely 2-4 valved, 12-20 ovuled. On high
exposed peaks of syenitic rock near Preston’s peak, Siskiyou Mountains.

0. Howellii Howelll.c. Calandrinia Howellii Watson l.c. sxaxiti, 262.
Leaves flat, oblong to ovate, attenuate to a margined petiole, 5-7 lines
wide, with narrow hyaline crisped margins: stems 4-6 inches high with
one or two pairs of bracts below the short racemose cymes: sepals 1}¢-2
lines long, orbicular to broadly ovate: petals 7-10, oblong-oblanceolate,
emarginate or entire, 6-8 lines long, deep rose-color, stamens 7. On high
exposed ridges, Josephine county, southwestern Oregon.

* * Long thick root branching below: the 2-3-divided caudex not
reaching the surface of the ground: nerves of the calyx excurrent, but
not gland-tipped: stems terminating in a few-flowered umbel.

0. oppositifolix Howell l.c. Calandrinia oppositifolia Watson. Radical
leaves linear-oblanceolate, attenuate to the scarious-margined subterra-
nean base 114-3 inches long: the lower cauline 1-3 pairs, opposite and
similar with'occasionally scattered entire bracts above: stems 5-10 inches
high bearing a terminal 1-5 flowered.umbel: flowers white or pale
pink on elongated pedicels 1-3 inches long: sepals orbicular, 2-3 lines
long: petals 10, 6-10 lines Icng: stamens 8-12 or more: style deeply 3-
cleft: capsule oblong, 3 lines Jong, 5-10-seeded. On wet hillsides about
Waldo, Josephine county, Oregon, flowering in April and May.

0. Tweedyi Howelll.c. Calandrinia Tweedyi Gray Proc. Am. Acad.
xxii, 277, Caudex and root very thick: leaves obovate fleshy 2-4 inches
long, an inch or two wide, scapes a little longer’ than the leaves 1-3 flow-
ered: sepals and bracts entire, the former orbicular: petals an inch long:
stamens 10-11: capsule 20-30-seeded: seeds with a large and loose orbicu-
lar arillus. Wenatchee Mountains, Washington, alpine. :

* % * Root fusiform or conical; wholly underground: scapes 1-3-
flowered, not surpassing the radi¢al leaves.

0. pygmea Howell]. c. 33. Talinum pygmeum Gray Sillim. Journ.
xaertit, 407. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear 1-2 inches long, with
broad scarious margined underground petioles: bracts scarious glandular:
ciliate: sepals orbicular, glandular-dentate 2 lines long: petals” red,
about twice’the length of the sepals: capsule obtuse, nearly equalling the
calyx, 16-20-seeded. On Mount Adams, Washington to the Rocky Mount-
atins, Nevada and California.

_0. Nevadensis Howell 1. c. Calandrinia Nevadensis Gray Leaves
linear 2-4 inches long by a line or two wide, the underground portion di-
lated, scapes 1-3 inches high with a ee of faligtenne ineae bracts near
the middle 1-3 flowered : sepals ovoid, more or less apiculate entire, 3-4
lines long: petals 3-10, white, twice as long as the sepals: capsule ellip-
tical, a little longer than the calyx: ovules 3-50. Wet alpine meadows
and rivulets, Washington to California and Nevada.

*** * Root glandular, comparatively deep-seated : radical 1
few or none: scape-like stems with a pair (or Teestinien 3 or rae

whorl) st opposite fleshy linear leaves near the middle: several-

0. triphylla Howell 1. c. Claytonia triphylla Wa
Stems 1-3 inches high: radical leaves, when Dente nevionin hea
to linear 6-12 lines long ; canline 1-4 in a whorl narrowly lanceolate: at-
tenuate below : 1-2 inches long, inflorescence a several-flowered bracteate
umbel: bracts minute: petals oblong, 2 lines long exceeding the rounded
sepals. In wet places on high mountains, California to Brit, Columbia.

CALANDRINIA, PORTULACACEA, 93
TALINUM,
§ 2. Capsule 3-valved, 3-several-seeded. Sepals 2, green herb-
aceous, becoming more or less colored.

4 CALANDRINIA HBK. Novy. Gen. vi, 77 in part.

Succulent herbs with alternate leaves and ephemeral flowers in
bracted racemes. Sepals 2, subequal, persistent. Petals 3-7.
Stamens 3-10, seldom of the same number as the petals, appar-’
ently always hypogynous. Capsule 3-valved from the summit,
persistent, several-seeded. Seeds black, minutely tuberculate.
Our species annuals,

C. caulescens HBK. 1. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; stems dif-
fusely branching from the base, decumbent, 3-8 inches long: leaves lin-
ear to lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, the lower slender petioled: racemes
simple: peduncles erect or ascending: buds 4-angled: sepals ovate acute,
pe carinate, the keel ciliate: petals broadly obovate, 2-6 lines long:
capsule ovate, acute or acuminate, the valves becoming somewhat in-
durated, about equalling the sepals. Roadsides and moist places, Brit.
Columbia to South America.

C. micrantha Schl. Linnea xiii, Lit. Ber. 97. Diffusely branched
from the base; stems slender, decumbent or ascending, 2-6 inches long:
leaves linear, ciliate on the margins and midrib: racemes simple: pedicels
ascending: sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 114-2 lines long; petals
3-7, about a line long: capsule ovate, acute, equalling the sepals. Moist
sandy places along the Columbia river.

5 TALINUM Adanson Fam. des Pl. ii, 145.

Low glabrous herbs, rarely suffrutescent at base with mostly
linear leaves without stipules and usually white or red flowers in
paniculate racemes. Sepals 2,deciduous. Petals 5, sessile, hyp-
ogynous, stamens 10-30, adherent to the base of the petals.
Style trifid. Capsule globose, 3-valved from the top, many-
seeded. Seeds smooth.

T. spinescens Torr. Bot. Wilkes xvii, 250. Caudex short, succulent,
beset with small subulate spines which are the indurated and persistent,
midribs of former leaves: leaves terete, 6 lines long: scapiform, peduncles
slender, surpassing the leaves: flowers in terminal paniculate naked
cymes: petals rose-red: stamens 20-30. Wenatchee Mountains, Wash-
ington.

; 6 CLAYTONIA L. in Gronov. Fl. Virg. 25.

Low glabrous acaulescent succulent perennial herbs with sca-
pose stems from a fleshy tuber or roots bearing a pair of, at least
when young, opposite leaf-like bracts subtending the loose ter-
minal naked racemes or umbels of delicate white or rose-color
flowers that open for more than one day. Sepals 2, persistent.
Petals 5, equal. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals.
Ovary free, several-ovuled. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds compressed, shining.

* Stems and leaves from a deep-seated corm.

C. lanceolata Pursh. Fl. 175. Scapose stems 3-6 inches high: leaves
narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, asually wanting on flowering speci-
mens) ; involucral leaves sessile, from narrowly lanceolate to oblong, 1 or 2
inches long: racemes few-flowered and cymose with a single scarious bract at

94 PORTULACACEZ. CLAYTONIA.
MONTIA.

the base of the lowest pedicel: sepals ovate, acutich or obtuse, 1-144 lines
long: petals 3-4 lines long, pale rose color with darker veins: roots glo-
bose. Eastern Washington and Oregon to the Rocky Mountains, Nevada
and California, in mountainous districts.

C. umbellata Watson Bot. King 43, t. 6. Scapose stems an inch or
two high: radical leaves orbicular to oblong or ovate on long slender pet-
ioles (often wanting on flowering specimens): involucral leaves orbicular
to ovate or rhomboidal, on slender petioles: flowers 3-5 in a subsessile um-
bel, subtended by a broad scarious bract: petals 3-4 lines long, a little
longer than the rounded, obtuse, somewhat scarious sepals: root of vari-
ous shape, usually oblong or fusiform, 1-2 inches long. In gravelly
ground, Stein’s Mountain, southeastern Oregon to Nevada.

* * Stems and leaves from the crown of a fleshy root.

C. Megarrhiza Parry Watson Bib. Ind. 118. Leaves numerous,
cuneate with rounded ‘apex, attenuate below to a margined petiole
with scarious dilated base 1-6 inches long. 2-18 lines wide; scapose stems
not exceeding the leaves: involucral leaves lanceolate or linear sessile:
raceme secund, subsessile. with comparatively large acutish scarious
‘pract at base; sepals oblong 2-8 lines long, petals obovate subemargin-
ate,a third longer than the sepals. High alpine, growing in_crevices of
rocks, its large purple tap-rdot penetrating to a great depth. Blue Mount-
-ains of eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains.

7 MONTIA Micheli Nova Plantarum Gen. 17 t. 13.

Low glabrous and succulent herbs with delicate pale or white
flowers in looge axillary or terminal simple or compound ra-
cemes. Sepals 2, rarely 3, persistent. Petals usually 5, rarely 3
or wanting; more or less united at base, usually unequal, 3 of
them a little smaller than the other 2. Stamens 3-5, inserted on
the. base of the corolla, opposite its lobes. Ovary 3-ovuled: cap-
sule 3-valved, 3-seeded. |

* lLeafy-stemmed annuals: petals unequal.
+ At least the lower leaves opposite.

M. minor Gmelin Fl. Bad. i, 301, (?), Stems weak and filiform, form-
ing dense mats 2-10 inches in diameter rooting at the lower nodes: leaves
spatulate or obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, 3-9 lines long: flowers a
line long or less: petals conspicuous a little longer than the calyx: seeds
dull black, tuberculate. In wet places and ditches, Washington to north-
ern California.

+ Leaves all alternate.
++ Stamens 2 or 3: opposite the 3 smaller petals.

M. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 191. Stems slender, dif-
fusely branched 14 3 inches long, procumbent and rooting at the nodes:
leaves narrowly spatulate 2-4 lines long with a dilated scarious clasping
base, rarely opposite, usually opposite toa triangular scarious clasping
bract which subtends a few-flowered raceme: pedicels shorter than the
leaves, reflexed in fruit: flowers very small: sepals less than a line long:
petals 2, rarely 3-5 or wanting; the 2 larger a little exserted: seeds black,
smooth and shining. Willamette valley: flowers in very early spring.

M. dichotoma Howell l.c. 36. Claytonia dichotoma Nutt. T. & G. Fl.
202. Erect, 1-3 inches high, branching from the base and areas
all linear 6-12 lines long: flowers in dense terminal racemes; sepals
broadly elliptical, about a line long, usually colored: petals but little
longer: distinctly united at base: seeds thick-lenticular minutely tuber:

MONTIA. PORTURACACESA. - 95

culate, small, dull black. In wet places, Columbia river valley from The
Dalles westward.

M. linearis Greene Fl. Francis. 181. Claytonia linearis Dougl. Stems
erect or spreading 2-6 inches long, branching from the base: leaves lin-
ear, sessile by a clasping base, 1-3 inches long, flowers in lax terminal
often secund racemes: stamens 8, (rarely 2 or 5): sepals broadly elliptical,
2 lines long, often partly scarious and colored; petals a little longer: seeds
black and lustrous, a line broad, the largest in the genus, flat and sharply
margined. In meist or wet places, Vancouver Island to northern
California.

++ ++ Stamens 5, seeds closely striate and transversely lineolate.

M. diffusa Greene l.c. Annual, stems procumbent diffusely branched:
2 inches 'to a span long: leaves broadly ovate or deltoid, abruptly attenuate
ite tiole, 44-1 inch broad: racemes’ very numerous, terminal and
lateral; subcorymbose; pedicels slender, at length recurved, the lowest
one and:efter several of the upper ones bracteate: petals emarginate, 2
lines Iong, a little longer than the calyx. In forests and shady or rocky
places near the mouth of the Willamette river to northern California.

* * Leafy-stemmed perennials, stoloniferous or bulbiferous; ra-
cemes terminal and axillary, not involucrate-bracted: petals 5,
scarcely unequal: stamens 5.

+ Stems filiform: leaves alternate; racemes terminal.

M. parvifolia Greene 1. c. Stems filiform 2-10 inches long: leaves
fleshy, lower clustered, oblanceolate or spatulate, 5-18 lines long; cauline
much smaller, usually with leafy bulblets in their axiles: racemes ter-
minal few-flowered: some or allof the pedicels subtended by scarious
bracts: sepals broadly ovate obtuse, a line Jong: petals oblanceolate, emar-
ginate About springs and wet places, California to Alaske

+ + Leaves opposite: racemes axillary.

M. Chamissonis Greene l.c. 180. Stems weak and slender, erect or
decumbent, a foot or less high, stoloniferous and rooting at the joints:
leaves oblanceolate or spatulate 14-114 inches long; often with bulblets in
their axiles: racemes few-flowered with a scarious bract at base; flowers
‘on slender pedicels: sepals orbicular 14g lines wide: petals white, 3 or 4
lines Iong. In wet places, Alaska to California, east to the Rocky
Mountains.

M. HalliiGreenel.c. A span high, destitute of stolons or bulblets:
leaves only 2or 3 pairs: pedicels in fruit ascending: calyx barely a line
long: seeds muriculate. Wet ground, Willamette valley.

“* * * Leaves all radical: stems scapiform: racemes involucrate,
petals and stamens 5 each.

+ Involucral bracts more or less united intoa disk, other and’
smaller bracts above them: annuals, apparently confluent in a series.
M. perfoliata Howell 1. c. 38. Claytonia perfoliata Donn Willd. Sp. ii,

1186. Scapose stems 6-12 inches high: leaves long petioled, ovate to del-
toid usually acute 4-3 inches broad: light green: involucral bracts com-
pletely joined together forming a perfoliate shallow-funnelform disk:
flowers in short or long peduncled interrupted elongated racemes: sepals
ovate 1-114 lines long; petals a half longer: seeds rather small, black and
lustrous, lenticular. Common in shady moist places, Vancouver Island
to California and the Rocky Mountains, also Mexico and Chile.

M. parviflora Howell 1. c. Claytonia parviflora Dougi. Leaves light
green, spatulate to filiform, including the petiole 2-6 inches long: scapose
stems 2-8 inches long, involucral bracts joined together on one or both
sides into a perfoliate or feel or shallow disk: flowers in sessile or
short-peduneled racemes; sepals ovate, a line long: petals but little longer:

96 PORTULACACE. MONTIA.

seeds.small lenticular, black and shining. Common in moist shady places,
Washington to California,

M. rubra Howell 1. c. Whole plant usually livid red, spreading:
leaves deltoid or rhomboid, abruptly narrowed to a margined petiole 1-3
inches long: scupes 1-3 inches long, more or less depressed; involucral
bracts completely united (or slightly open on one side) into an orbicular
pertoliate disk: flowers in short sessile racemes; sepals orbicular, less
than a line long, about half the length of the petals. ‘In dry open woods
Washington to northren California.

M. spathulata Howell 1. c. Claytonia spathulata Dcugl. Succulent and
glaucous or pale, scapose stems 1-8 inches long, spreading or erect: leaves
slender, terete or some of the outer ones becoming spatulate and flattish :
involucral bracts either wholly united and the disk shorter on one side, or
joined together on one side only and that throughout or only in part: ra-
cemes short, nearly or quite sessile; the slender and mostly alternate pedi-
cels 3-4 lines long; sepals ovate, a line or more long, about half the length
of the white or rose color petals: seeds minutely tuberculate. In wet sa-
line soil, southern Oregon and California.

M. humifusa. Depressed and spreading ina circular manner, form-
ing a rosette 1-4 inches in diameter, pale green or yellowish: leaves rather
few; thin, orbicular or rhombic to oblong or broadly spatulate the blade
2-6 lines long, abruptly or gradually contracted below to a slender petiole,
4-2 inches long: scapose stems numerous, 14-2 inches long: involucral
bracts large, completely united on one edge and little or not at all on the
other, forming a broad somewhat angular réniform sessile leaf: flowers
glomerate in the axils of the involucre and not surpassing it; pedicels
about a line long: calyx orbicular to broadly obovate, a line lorig, petals
not seen: seeds small, very black and lustrous, turgid, with a distinct
white appendage at the hilum. In moist places, valley of the Walla Walla
river near Milton, May 18, 1896, Howell. This may be Claytonia parvi-
flora var. depressa Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 181.

M. tenuifolia Howell 1. c. Claytonia tenuifolia T. & G. Fl. i, 201.
Stems numerous, filiform: leaves narrowly linear or “filiform 14-2 inches
long, insensibly decumbent into long petioles: involucral . bracts linear,
somewhat dilated at base and then slightly connate on one side, much
longer than the sessile 1-bracteate subumbellate raceme: petals oblong,
longer than than the calyx, rose-color. In damp places about cliffs, etc.,
southern Oregon and California.

M. arenicola. Claytonia arenicola Henderson Bull. Torr. Club xxii,
49. ‘Annual with delicate fibrous roots, 2-6 inches high: radical leaves
linear-spatulate, the broadest not over 234 lines wide (generally about a
line wide) 1-2 inches long, tapering from near the obtuse apex into a deli-
cate petiole: cauline leaves a single pair, similar to the radical but shorter,
opposite and distinct: racemes numerous and prolifically flowered, the
flowers on edocs 33-% inch long; petals , pink-white, 3 lines long, emar-
ginate; seeds }¢ line long shining and resembling those of O. Siberica, but
only half as large. Dry sandy banks along streams as well as dry pine
woods, Idaho and eastern Washington.”

+ + Involucral bracts distinct; petals subequal.
++ Perennial with creeping rootstocks: racemes without practlets.

M. asarifolia Howelll. c. Claytonia asarifolia Bong. Veg. Sitch. 187
(?) C. cordifolia Watson Proce. Am. Acad. pl 865. Pasoee stems 4-12
inches high from a creeping caudex: radical leaves subcordate or some-
what reniform to rhombic-ovate, on long slender pedicels: involucrate
leaves ovate acute, 4-114 inches long: flowers few upon slender pedicels ina
long pedunculate naked (or with a single scarious bract) raceme: petals 3-
4 lines long, thrice longer than the rounded sepals. Alpine and alpestrin
from Alaska to California, east to the northern Rocky Mountains.

SPRAGUEA, PORTULACACE, 97
CALYPTRIDIUM,
++ 4+ Perennials with a thickened crown and fibrous roots,

M. Sibirica Howell 1. c, 38. Claytonia Sibirica L. Sp. @04(?). Sca-
pose stems 6-15 inches high from a thickened crown with fibrous roots:
radical leaves rhombic-ovate or nearly orbicular to lanceolate, 1-3 inches
long, }»-2 inches wide: involucral leaves ovate or spatulate-ovate to lan-
ceolate, 44-2 inches long: flowers on slender pedicels in elongated bracted
geminate racemes ; sepals ovate, acute, 1-114 lines long; petals oblong, nar-
rowed to a short claw below, somewhat truncate and notched at the upper
end, 3-6 lines long. Common in moist ground, Alaska to California, west
of the Cascade Mountains.

M. bulbifera Howelll.c. Claytonia bulbifera Gray lL. c. xii, 54. Stems
rather slender, 4-12 inches high, erect or ascending from a cluster of
bulblets that are the fleshy persistent bases of former leaves: leaves orhic-
ular or rhombic to lanceolate, 6-18 lines long, narrowed below to a slender
petiole 2-4 inches long: involucral leaves orbicular to obovate or elliptical,
sessile but not connate: raceme solitary and terminal, rarely with a second
one in the axil of a bract below the terminal one; bracts foliaceous; pedi-
cels filiform, 1-2 inches long: sepals cordate, 1-2 lines long, about as
broad, acutish; petals oblong, emarginate to 2-lobed, 4-6 lines long, white
with red or purple veins; stamens about half as long as the petals: cap-
sule globose: seeds moderately compressed, ovate, with a conspicuous
white appendage at the hilum. Along streams and damp places in forests,
southwestern Oregon and adjacent California.

.§ IV. Sepals 2, broad, more or less scarious, persistent: cap-
sule 2-valved.
9. SPRAGUEA Torr. Pl. Frem.4t. 1.

Herbs with rosulate tufts of fleshy leaves from the crown of
a fleshy root, or on densely-leafy stems, and ephemeral flowers in
dense scorpioid spikes umbellate-clustered on a scape-like pedunc-
le. Sepals 2, orbicular, emarginate at both ends, scarious-hyaline,
persistent. Petals 4, somewhat unequal. Stamens 38, opposite
the 3 larger petals, exserted. Ovary 8-10-ovuled; style long, bifid
at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, membranaceous. Seeds black
and shining.

S. umbellata Torr. 1. c. Stems several from a thickened biennial
root, simple, erect or ascending 2-12 inches high: radical leaves spatulate
or oblanceolate, on thick petioles 1--+ inches long; the cauline similar but
‘smaller, frequently scarious-stipulate, often reduced to a few bracts; invo-
Jacre of broader scarious bracts subtending the dense capitate umbel of
nearly sessile spikes: sepals very conspicuous, 2-4 lines in diameter, about
equalling the oblong-ovate petals: stamens and style conspicuously ex-
serted. In damp sandy places from the Siskiyou to the Sierra Nevada
Mountains. ;

S. multiceps Howell Eryth. i, 39. Depressed freely branching per-
ennial: stems 1-6 inches long with densely leafy branches: leaves 3-6
lines long or on young plants 2 or 3inches ‘long: peduncle solitary,
terminating the short lateral bractlets, usuaily with 1 or 2 scarious bracts
below the involucre: flowers in dense capitate clusters: sepals scarious, 2-4
lines in diameter, about equalling the oblong-ovate petals: stamens and
style conspicuously exserted. In volcanic sand, etc., on the snowy peaks
of the Cascade Mountains.

9 CALYPTRIDIUM Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 198.

Smooth depressed annuals with alternate fleshy Icaves and
small ephemeral flowers in dense axillary and terminal clusters

98 ELATINACE. ELATINE,
BERGIA.

or compound scorpioid spikes. Sepals 2, mostly unequal, ovate

or orbicular, more or less scarious. Petals 2-4. Stamens 1-3, -

shorter than the petals and alternate with them. Capsule mem-

branaceous 2-valved, 6-12-seeded. Seeds black and shining, cir-

cinate, compressed, on filiform funiculi of unequal length, rising

from the base of the cell.

C. roseum Watson Bot. King 44 t. 6. figs. 6-8. Diffusely branched:
stems decumbent, 1-3 inches long: leaves oblong-spatulate, attenuate at
the base: sepals very unequal, nearly orbicular, 1-3 lines broad: petals ‘
minute, rounded-oblong: capsule oblong-ovate, shorter than the calyx:
style very short. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California.

Orper XIII. ELATINACE/ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2,88. |
Low annuals with. opposite dotless membranous stipulates)
leaves, regular and symmetrical flowers with hypogynous pet- -
als and stamens and distinct styles bearing capitate stigmas.
Sepals 2-5 distinct, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals :
and alternate with them. Stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals. Ovary 2-5-celled. Capsule 2-5-valved,
crowned with the persistent styles or stigmas: placentze in the
axis. Seeds anatropous cylindrical with cxustaceous coat and
little or no albumen.

1. Elatine. Parts of the flowers each 2-4, sepals obtuse.
2. Bergia. Parts of the flowers each 5, sepals acute.

1 ELATINE L. Gen. n. 502.

Small prostrate glabrous annuals, growing in water or wet
places with entire leaves and solitary flowers. Sepals 2-4, mem-
branaceous, obtuse, nerveless. Petals as many as sepals. Stam-
ens as many or twice as many as petals. Styles 2,3 or 4. Ovary
globose, with the placente in the axis, many-ovuled. Capsule
membranaceous 2-4-celled, the partitions remaining attached to
the axis or evanescent.

E. Americana Arnott Edinb. Journ. Sci. i, 430. Low and depressed,
1-6 inchés in diameter, rooting at the nodes: leaves obovate, very obtuse:.:
flowers sessile, purplish: seeds cylindrical, slightly curved, about one-
third of_a line long, very minutely pitted in 9 or 10 longitudinal lines.
Lower Columbia river bottoms; also in the Eastern States.

E. Californica Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xiii, 361. Floating: leaves obo-
vate, attenute at base, the lower with a petiole not longer than the blade:
flowers shortly pedicellate, with 3 or 4 sepals and petals and _ twice as
many stamens: seeds circinate-incurved nearly one-third of a line long,
minutely pitted in 10 or 12 lines. In Sierra valley, California ; Spokane
Falls, Washington.

2 BERGIA L. Mant. n. 1309.

Branching and often pubescent nearly erect annuals with er-
tire or serrate leaves and fascicled or solitary flowers. Sepals,
with a strong midnerve or herbaceous in the middle, acute}
Ovary ovoid. Capsule suberustaceous, 5-valved, more or les,
of the partitions in dehiscence remaining with the axis.

'

HYPERICUM. HYPERICACEA. 99

B. Texana Seubert in Walp. Rep. i, 285. Glandular pubescent,
branching from the base, 2-10 inches high: leaves oblanceolate, acute, ser-
rate, 4-144 inches long, attenuate to a short petiole: flowers fascicled,
shortly pedicelled: sepals carinate, 14% lines long exceeding the petals and
stamens: capsule globose: seeds smooth and shining. Moist or very wet
ee along rivers and ditches, Columbia river to Nevada, California and

exas. ;

OrpDER XIV. HYPERICACES Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2,.77.

Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire leaves, punctate
with immersed pellucid resinous glands and often sprinkled
with black glandular dots or lines, without stipules. Calyx of
4 or 5 persistent sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals as many.
convolute in the bud, deciduous or withering, usually glandu-
lar-punctate. [filaments mostly in 8 sets or bundles. ° Styles
2-5, usually distinct or becoming so. Stigmas terminal.
Ovary and capsule with 2-5 parietal placente, or 2-5-celled by
their union in the axis. Seeds anatropous, with a somewhat
crustaceous coat, filled by the straight cylindraceous embryo.
Only one genus in our range.

| HYPERICUM. L. Gen. n. 902.

Herbs or shrubs with simple entire opposite leaves without sti-
pules and yellow flowers in cymes. Sepals 5, rarely 4, similar.
Petals as many, oblique. Stamens numerous, sometimes few, in
3-5 clusters: filaments united at base into 3-8 phalanges or dis-
tinct. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placente or 3-5-celled with
placente: in the axis. Styles 3-5 distinct or united: stigma often
capitate : capsule conical to globose. :

* Stamens numerous, distinct or united into sets: styles 3, long
and distinct: capsule ovate, 3-celled, more or less glandular: tall per-
ennials with opposite leaves. ;

H. perroratum L. Much branched, 1-4 feet high: leaves linear to ob-
long, obtuse, mostly tapering at base, 6-12 lines long, 1-5 wide: flowers
numerous in loose cymes, about an inch in diameter: sepals narrowly lan-
ceolate, very acute or acuminate: petals bright yellow, black dotted along
the margin: capsule conical-ovate 2-3 lines long. Very common in fields
and along roadsides. Introduced from Europe.

H. Scouleri Hook. Fl. i, 111. Simple or sparingly branched above,
often with numerous small branchlets from running rootstocks, 1-2 feet
high: leaves thin, shorter than the internodes, about an inch long mostly
obtuse, more or less clasping, usually black dotted along the margin on the
under side: flowers 6-12 lines in diameter, in more or less panicled cymes:
sepals oval. or oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long, or less: petals 6 lines long,
obovate: stamens numerous in 3 fascicles, 3-celled. In wet meadows and
by streams throughout the Pacific States and Territories, flowering in
summer. ;

* * Stamens 15-20, mostly in 3 clusters; styles 3 or 2, short and
distinct, stigmas capitate: small slender annuals with small flowers:
petals shorter than the sepals.

H. anagalloides Cham. & Schlect. Linnea iii, 127. Procumbent, dif-
fusely branchiug, often forming dense mats: stems 1-12 inches long:
leaves oblong to broadly ovate, obtuse, 5-7 nerved at base, 2-6 lines long,
almost as broad: flowers 3 or 4 lines in diameter, in few-flowered naked or

100 MALVACEA, HYPERICUM,
MALVA,

leafy. cymes: sepals follaceous, unequal, lanceolate to broadly ovate, 1-3
lines long, longer than the ovate l-celled capsule: stamens 15-20, In wet
places, Brit. Columbia to California.

H. Canadense var. major Gray Man. 86. Stems rather stout and strict,
almost simple, 12-18 inches high: leaves lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, 4-6
lines broad, more or less clasping, often very acute, glandular dotted be-
neath: flowers in somewhat crowded cymes: sepals linear-lanceolate long-
pointed; stamens 5-10: capsule very acutely conical, 3-4 lines long: seeds
yellow, more or less striate and pitted. Green Lake, King county, Wash-
ington and the Eastern States.

OrperR XVI. MALVACKEA® Neck. Act. Ac. Theod. Palat. 2, 488.

Herbs or shrubs with alternate siipulate mostly palmately
veined leaves and usually showy flowers. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite or rarely dicecious or polygamous. Sepals 5,
rarely 3 or 4, valvate in the bud, more or less united at base,
often having an external calyx or involucre, Petals hypogyn-
ous, equal innumber to the sepals, twisted in the bud. Stamens
hypogynous, commonly indefinite in number, rarely as few as
the petals, united below into a monadelphous tube or ring:
anthers 1-celled, reniform, bursting transversely. Ovary form-
ed of several carpels around a common axis, either distinct or
cohering. Styles as many as carpels, united or distinct Fruit
capsular or rarely baccate: carpels 1 to many-seeded sometimes
closely united, sometimes separate or separable. Seeds cam-
pylotropous or heterotropous with little or no albumen. Em-
bryo curved: cotyledons foliaceous, twisted and doubled up.

* Styles stigmatic on the inner face: carpels indehiscent: ovules
solitary, ascending.

1. Malva. Bractlects 1-3, distinct: axis broad, shorter than the numer-
ous carpels, filaments in 1 series.

2. Sidalcea. Bractlets none. Filaments in 2 series; those of the outer
‘series united into 5 clusters: carpels 5-10, covering the axis.

* * Stigmas capitate: carpels mostly dehiscent, at least at the
_ apex. ;
8, Spheraleea. Bractlets 1-3, ovules 2, the lower ascending, the up-
per pendulous.
4, Sida. Bractlets usually none: ovule solitary.
5. Abutilon. Bractlets none: ovuled 3-4 in each cell.

1 MALVA L., Gen: n. 841.

Hirsute or glabrate herbs with angularly lobed or dissected
leaves and mostly showy flowers solitary in the axils of the
leaves or rarely in terminal racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, with an in-
volucre of usually 8 oblong or setaceous bractlets or rarely none.
Petals 5, obcordate.. Staminal column divided above into numer-
ous filaments. Styles filiform, stigmatic on the inner side. Car-
pels numerous with a single ascending ovule in each. Fruit de-
pressed, the numerous free carpels separatin g from the broad and
not projecting axis, indehiscent, beakless.

M. soreatis Wall. in Liljebl. Sv. Fl. ed. 2,218. Annual, erector some-

SIDALCEA MALVACE. 101

what decumbent, hairy or nearly glabrous: leaves round-cordate. crenate,
more or less strongly 5-7 lobed; peduncles axillary, solitary or clustered,
1-3 lines long: calyx-lobes acute, becoming very broad and enlarged in
fruit: petals 2-3 lines long: capsule transversely reticulate-rugose. A
weed from Europe, on the Coast trom Puget Sound to Lower California.

.. M._ Roruxprronia L. Stems prostrate from a perennial root, 6-20 inches
long, leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely 5-lobed and crenate on elongated
pubescent petioles: pedicels axillary, 1-flowered involucral bracts ob-
long-linear: calyx lobes acutely triangular: petals 4-6 lines long, pale
purple: carpels numerous, wrinkled. Roadsides and waste grounds; in-
troduced from Europe.

2 SIDALCEA Gray Pl. Fendl. 18.

Herbs with more or less deeply lobed leaves and purple or
white flowers in a terminal raceme or spike: involucre none: ca-
lyx 5-parted. Staminal column double, the filaments of the
outer series united usually into 5 sets opposite the 5 petals, of
the inner distinct. Styles filiform, stigmatic on the inner face.
Carpels 5-9, with a single ascending seed in each, separating at
maturity from the short axis, sometimes beaked, indehiscent.
Ours all perennials.

* Pubescence not hirsute.

S. glaucescens Greene Bull. Cal. Acad: 3, 77. Minutely stellate-pub-
escent, and somewhat glaucous throughout: stems numerous and decum-
bent, 2 feet high, rather slender: leaves, even the lowest, palmately 5-7-
parted, the crenate divisions 3-5 lobed or toothed, those of the uppermost
entire: raceme simple, loosely flowered: divisions of the calyx attenuate-
acuminate: petals deep purple, obtuse or at most only truncate: carpels
with distinct longitudinal -reticulations. Oregon, Hall; station not noted
to Mount Shasta and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California.

S. malveflora Gray Pl. Wright i, 16. Stems 2-4 feet high, erect ora
little decumbent, mostly solitary from a fusiform root: hirsute below and
on the calyx and pedicels; short, stellate pubescence wanting: leaf mar-
gins ciliate: radical leaves orbicular with open sinus and 5-9 shallow,
crenate-incised lobes: the uppermost cauline 5-7-parted into linear, entire
segments: raceme usually solitary, virgate : pedicels erect, twice the length
of the calyx, the lobes of which are broadly ovate, acuminate: carpels
smooth, depressed. Idaho to Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.

S. virgata. fteilate pubescent throughout: stems numerous from the
thick somewhat woody root, spreading or ascending, sparingly branched,
6-24 inches high: leaves orbicular in outline, 1-4 inches in diameter all
petioled, the lower more or less deeply 5-7 lobed, the obtuse, oblong lobes
coarsely toothed at the apex, densely stellate-pubescent beneath, more
sparsely so with more simple appressed hairs above: upper more deeply
lobed or parted with linear-acute or acutish entire or sparingly toothed
segments: flowers bright purple in virgate racemes: bracts setaceous.
calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 lines long, rounded, or retuse and
minutely erose-dentate at the apex. Common on dry hillsides, Willam-
ette valley tothe northern boundry of California.

* * Pubescence of two kinds, hirsute and stellate.

S. spicata Greene]. c. 76. Equably hispid-hirsute throughout, tha
-hairs simple and not deflexed, stellate pubescence sparse, mostly confined
to the aie surface of the leaves and the calyx where it is minute: stems
2 feet high, strict and simple, or with a few short branches above: lowest
leaves orbicular, lobes and teeth shallow, rounded; cauline parted into 7 :

102 MALVACER. SIDALCEA.
SPHARALCEA.

variously incised, or the uppermost linear and entire segments: racere
short, spicate-crowded: petals deeply notched, half inch long: pedicels
very short: calyx thin, very hairy, its lobes ovate acute or acuminate: car-
pels small, smooth. Southwestern Oregon tu California.

S. campestris Greene l.c. Bristly hairs of the stem abundant, forked
from the very base and deflexed: leaves soft beneath with stellate pubes-
cence which’ becomes dense on the pedicels and calyx: stems erect, 2-6
feet high simple or slightly branched above: lower leaves orbicular, about
9-lobed, the middle and upper 7-9-parted, their segments with 3-5 linear
spreading lobes: racemes short: petals emarginate, an inch long: calyx
lobes lanceolate acuminate, 3-nerved; carpels papillose-hirsute. In moist
places, Willamette valley.

S. Oregana Gray Pl. Fendl. 20. Slender, 1-3 feet high, merely puber-
ulent or glabrous up to the simple or paniculate racemes: foliage as in the
preceding, but the segments narrower; lobes of the calyx canescent,
broadly deltoid: petals 6-9 lines long: carpels obscurely rugulose-reticu-
lated, at least on the dorsal angles and sides, the back smoothish. Com-
mon in wet meadows and swales, British Columbia to California, east to
Idaho.

S. Hendersoni Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii, 262. ‘Tall and appar-
ently perennial (3 or 4 feet high), glabrous throughout, the stem simple or
nearly so: leaves palmately 7-cleft to below the middle, the mostly broad
segments coarsely lobed and toothed, the upper leaves 3-5-parted and the
segments narrower: flowers large (9-12 lines long), in a loose raceme, the
pedicels (1-3 lines long), shorter than the linear bracts: calyx large (16
inch long in fruit), the leaves ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate: carpels
few (8), smooth and glabrous, 2 lines long including the conspicuous lin-
ear beak. Near the shore of Clatsop Beach, Henderson,’’ to Seattle,
Washington, Piper.

3 SPHASRALCEA St. Hil. Pl. Us. t. 51.

Herbs or shrubs with angular or lobed leaves and mostly
showy flowers, solitary or fascicled in the axils of the leaves or
bracts, or in terminal racemes. Involucre 2~-3-leaved, setaceous,
often deciduous. Calyx 5-parted, staminal column simple; free
filaments terminal and distinct, numerous. Styles 5 or more,
with capitate stigmas. Ovules 1-3, one ascending and maturing,
tue others pendulous and abortive. Fruit conical. Carpels 2-
valved above, the upper portion where the seed is wanting thin-
walled and smooth, the lower half rugose-reticulated on the sides.
Seeds reniform.

* Carpels 1-2, ovulate, the upper ovule when present abortive, at
length directly deciduous from the axis, Malvastrum Gray, in part.

S. Munroana Spach. Hist. Veg. iii, 353. Malvastrum Munroanum
Gray. (Gyrayish or hoary: with dense stellate pubescence, branching from
the base, 1-2 feet long, usually spreading or ascending: leaves broadly
ovate, usually cordate at base, more or less deeply 3-5-lobed, crenately
or acutely toothed, 1-2 inches long, equalling or exceeding the slender pet-
iole ; calyx lobes acute or acuminate, 2-4 lines long: petals’scarlet, broadly
obovate, 6-10 lines long: carpels oblong 2 lines long, pubescent ‘on the
back. On gravelly banks along rivers, eastern Oregon and Washington to
Nevada and Utah.

** Carpels 2-3 ovulate, 1-3 seeded: when separating from the
axis cohering by their sides and at base held by a kind of thread
which at length either tears away from the back of the earpel or else
is carried away with it. Tall perennial herbs,

SIDA. MALVACEAE. 103

ABUTILON.

S. acerifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 228. Scabrous with stellate pubes-
cence: stems stout, much branched, 3-6 feet high: leaves cordate, deeply
5-7 lobed, lobes acute, coarsely serrate: racemes leafy below, naked above,
the flowers clustered on short peduncles: lobes of the calyx broadly tri-
angular acute or acuminate: petals 9-15 lines long, carpels hirsute on the

back. On the Columbia river and its tributaries from the Rocky Mount-
ains to the ocean.

S. leptosepala Torr. Bot. Wilkes 255, of the upper Columbia has slen-.
der peduncles and caudate-attenuate calyx lobes. I have been unable to
see either a specimen or a description of it.

4 SIDA L.- Gen. n.’ 837.

Pubescent or tomentose herbs with white or yellow axillary
solitary fascicled flowers. Calyx usually without bractlets.
Staminal tube simple antheriferous at the summit. Petal soblique.
Styles 5 or more with capitate stigmas. Carpels as many, 1-

ovuled, indehiscent or 2-valved, at length separating from the
axis.

S. hederacea Torr. in Gray Pl. Fendl. 23. Stems decumbent froma
perennial root, leafy, a foot long or less: leaves reniform, about an inch
broad, very oblique, serrate or crenate, shortly, petioled: flowers in short
axillary panicles or solitary, the pedicels at length deflexed: calyx with 1
or 2 setaceous bractlets at base, the lobes acuminate: petals yellowish, pu-
bescent externally, 4-6 lines long, carpels 6-10, triangular, 14g lines long,

smooth. From Washington (near Walla Walla) to Arizona and New
Mexico.

S. spinosa L. Sp. 683. Annual: minutely and soitly pubescent, much
branched, 10-20 inches high: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate,
rather long petioled: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the
petiole, flowers yellow, small: -carpels 5, each splitting at the top into 2
beaks. On the ballast ground at Portland, Oregon.

5 ABUTILON Tourn.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with cordate, rarely somewhat lobed,
leaves and solitary axillary flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, without an
involucre. Ovary 5-many-celled. with 3, rarely more, ovules in
each cell. Capsule composed of 5 or more '2-valved, 3-seeded,
rarely 4—6-seeded, carpels. Peduncles axillary, solitary or rarely
in pairs, 1-many-flowered, sometimes by the abortion of the up-
per leaves apparently in terminal racemes. None indigenous
but the following one introduced and liable to become common.

A. Avicenna Gertn. Fr. ii, 251, t. 185. Annual: stem 2-5 feet high
with spreading branches: leaves orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, 4-
6 inches in diameter, velvety tomentose, crenately toothed: flowers usually
‘solitary on axillary peduncles, sometimes 3 or more on short flowering

branches which bear 1 or 2 small leaves, orange-yellow: carpels about 15,
3-seeded, inflated, truncate, birostrate, the long beaks spreading in a ra-
diate manner. Waste places and roadsides. Introduced from India.

OrpER XVI. LINACEA Dumort. Comm, Bot. 61.

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or low shrubs. Leaves
alternate sometimes opposite or subverticillate below: simple,
generally entire, sessile or nearly so, mostly estipulate. In-

orescence usually cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-5-mer-

104 LINACE.E. LINUM.

ous, hypogynous. Sepals valvate and petals convolute in the
bud, distinct or nearly so. Stamens as many as petals and al-
ternate with them, united at base, sometimes with intermediate
processes p2rsistent: anthers oblong, introrse more or less ver-
satile, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Styles 2-5. Ovary.
slightly 4-10-lobed its cells equal in number to the stvles or
twice as many from the intrusion of a false partition from the
back of each cell, the cells 2-ovuled. Seeds oily with a little
albumen.
1 LINUM L.*Gen. n. 389.

Leaves estipulate. Flowers5-merous, symmetrical, except that
the carpels are fewer than the other parts in one section. Sepals
persistent or at length deciduous. Petals fugacious. Capsule
splitting through the false partitions and also septicidal in most
species.

* Pedicels elongated: flowers large blue.

L. Lewisii Pursh. Fl. 210. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous 2-3 feet
high: stems mostly cespitosely clustered, striate: leaves often somewhat
crowded, oval-linear, acute or obtusish, 3-5-nerved : flowers somewhat cor-
ymbose: sepals broadly oval mostly pointless, the inner scarious margined:
petals 5-8 lines long, thrice the length of the calyx: stamens equal to or
twice the length of the sepals, appendages slender: capsule two or three
times as long as the calyx ovoid, obtuse, incompletely 10-celled and 10-
valved, the valves dehiscing widely above and separating nearly to the
centre below, the septa ciliate. Alaska to Saskatchewan and the Great
Plains, south to Arkansas and Texas, west to the Cascade and Siskiyou
Mountains.

* * Pedicels often elongated, flowers of -medium-size or mostly
small, yellow, white or rose-purple: sepals usually glandular-ciliate, -
persistent: petals commonly with lateral teeth and 1-3 ventral ap-
pendages at base: filaments without intervening appendages but
sometimes 2-toothed at base: carpels 2-3 without cartilaginous inser-
tions: styles distinct; stigmas small, oblique or subcapitate: capsule
with firm septa, long, ciliate at base, the false partitions mostly incom-
plete seeds mostly plump: annuals.

L. digynum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 334. About a span high, gla-
brous, stems slender, several times forked, rather prominently angled
ab..ve: leaves mostly opposite elliptical-spatulate, the lower obtuse and
entire, the upper acute or mucronate and remotely serrulate, flowers at
length corymbose or subracemose,small,yellow: pedicels short about equal
to the flowers: sepals ovate-oblong rather obtuse, minutely serrulate,
glandular and lacerate below, two of them mostly conspicuously longer
and very blunt; petals spatulate-oblong, truncate or emarginate not ap-
pendaged about a line long, one half longer than the sepals: stamens and
pistils a little shorter than the in a carpels 2: capsule a little shorter
than the calyx, completely 4-celled. Washington to northern California.

L. micranthum Gray 1. c. 333. A span toa foot high, glaucous, some-
what soft-pubescent, loosely dichotomous with slender terete branches:
leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse oracutish, entire, 1-nerved: pedicels slen-
der, longer than the minute white flowers: sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong
the inner slightly glandular ciliate: petals obovate, about twice the length .
of the calyx, not toothed and without lateral appendages, the median ap-

endage ligulate and loosely hairy: filaments. round-toothed and slightly
airy at base: capsule ovoid, acute about equal to the calyx, the false

.

GERANIUM. GERANIACEA, 105

septa incomplete extending half way to the axis below the middle, nar-
rowed above. California and Oregon.

OrpER XVII. GERANIACEA J. St: Hil. Expos. Fam.ii, 51.

Herbs or shrubs with toothed, lobed or compound leaves,
perfect regular or irregular but commonly symmetrical flow-
ers on axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, imbricated in the
bud. Petals 5, generally imbricated in the bud. Stamens
mostly in two sets, those alternate with the petals sometimes
sterile: filaments either dilated or monadelphous at base.
Ovary formed of 5 1-celled carpels around a central axis with
2 anatvopous ovules in each cell of which only J matures,
separating elastically at maturity from the long-beaked and
indurated central axis from below upward, the styles form-
ing long tails which become revolute upward, or spirally
twisted. Embryo filling the seed. Cotyledons convolute
pleated and incumbent on the radicle.

1. Geranium. Fertile stamens 10; tails of the carpels not bearded.
2. Erodium. Fertile stamens 5, tails of the carpels bearded.
1 GERANIUM L. Gen. n. 882.

Usually caulescent herbs with simple radiately-divided, petioled
stipulate leaves and 1-3 flowered peduncles with a 4-bracted in-
volucre at the ba-e of the pedicels. Sepals 5, imbricated in the’
bud, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous: Stamens 10, all antherifer-
ous (except in G. pusillum), mostly united a little at base ; fila-
ments slender in 2 sets, with a gland behind the base of each of
the shorter ones. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled: style 5-lobed at the
summit, the lobes stigmatic on the inner face. Carpels at ma-
turity separating from the long-beaked axis and borne on the re-
curving persistent beardless styles, (except in G. pusillum).

* Annuals with small flowers, the petals not exceeding the sep-
als: perhaps introduced, but now thoroughly naturalized.

+ Sepals awned: carpels hairy, at maturity detached from the
axis and borne on the recurved style. i ‘

G. Carolinianum L. Sp. ii, 682. Erect, diffusely much branched from
the base or nearly simple 4-20 inches high, pubescent: leaves 1-21 inches
in diameter, palmately 5-7-lobed or parted, the divisions cleft into oblong -
linear lobes: pedicels short, crowded at the end of branchlets: petals ob-

cordate, pale flesh-color, equalling the awned sepals: carpels pubescent:
seeds obscurely reticulated. Common from Brit. Columbia to California
and across the continent. :

G. pissecrom L. Ameen. iv, 282. Decumbent or ascending, 6-20
inches long, dichotomously branched, pubescent: leaves 5-7-parted; the
divisions deeply and unequally cleft into linear lobes: peduncles elongated
usually solitary in the forks of the branches: petals rose-color, a little
longer than the ovate acuminate sepals: carpels hairy: seeds strongly
reticulated. Cultivated grounds about the mouth of the Willamette river.

+ + Sepals not. awned, mature earpels detached from the axis
and some on the recurved style.

G. mouie L. Sp. Pl. ii, 682. Low, slender, diffuse, the branches a few

106 GERANIACE. GERANIUM,

inches to’a foot long, the herbage softly and somewhat clammily villous:
leaves aninch broad or more, cleft into oblong obtusish lobes: sepals ovate-
oblong, not awn-pointed: petals’ very small, rose-color: carpels glabrous,
transversely rugose: seeds minutely striate. Plentiful northward, from
northwestern California to Brit. Columbia.

+ + + Sepals not awned: carpels rugore, not hairy, at maturity
remaining on the axis, not borne on the recurved style.

G. pusittum L. Sp. ed. 2, 957. Soft-pubescent or the pedicels and
calyx villous and usually glandular: stems slender or ascending, 3-6 inches
long: lower leaves orbicular an inch or less in diameter equally cleft into
7-9 linear or oblong lobes, each more or less regularly 3-toothed at the
apex; cauline round-reniform, 5-7-parted,'the {divisions cleft into linear
lobes: peduncles often in the axils of bracts opposite the leaves, short:
sepals -ovate, acute or acuminate not awned: petals pale purple, about
equalling the calyx, usually only 5 of the filaments antheriferous: carpels
fine canescent, keeled, not wrinkled: seeds smooth. Common in open
places throughout the Willamette valley; introduced from Europe.

* * Perennials: flowers large: stems naked below, dichotomously
branched with opposite leaves above: sepals shortly aristate, scarious
on one side, the scarious portion often extending lobe-like beyond the
apex: filaments and petals pilose at base.

G. . Fremonti Torr, in Gray Pl. Fendl. 26. Rather stoat, more or less
pubescent throughout with a close glandular pubescence, sparsely inter-
mixed: with longer pilose hairs: radical Jeaves 7-cleft, the segments 3-lobed
or incised; cauline 3-5 cleft, the divisions 3-lobed: petals obovate twice

thelength of the sepals: villous at base. Dry open hillsides, Idaho to the
Rocky Mountains. g

G. Richardsoni F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. iv, 37. Erect with slender
branches 114-3 feet high: pubescence usually fine and appressed: leaves
deeply 5-7-cleft, lobes sharply incised : pedicels and sepals glandular pilose:
bel entire, hirsute at base. In the mountains from Brit. Am. to New

exico and westward, perhaps on our eastern border.

G incisum Nutt. T. & G. FI. i, 206. Densely pilose with short white
spreading or deflexed hairs to nearly glabrate: stems stout, numerous
from the crown of a large somewhat woody perennial root, 1-3 feet high,
dichotomously branched above with a long 2-flowered peduncle or branch
in the forks or at length a pair of opposite sessile leaves, with a peduncle
in theaxil of each, appearing compact and many-flowered : lower leaves very
long petioled, ample, round-reniform in outline, primarily deeply 3-lobed
or-parted, the broad cuneiform lateral segments deeply 2-lobed, the oblong
lobes coarsely incised and serrate; the upper ones similar but very short
petioled or sessile :flowers purple, on slender pedicels 14-2 inches long,
somewhat abruptly contracted above to the rather stout awn, outer one
somewhat pubescent and more or less glandular-ciliate; inner ones min-
utely pubescent, with rather broad scarious margins; petals broadly obo-

_vate 6-8 lines long, more or less retuse, conspicuously veined, densely
bearded at base ; filaments about equalling the style, dilated and ciliate at

base ; styles minutely hispid, the free tips 1-2 lines long and spreading or
recurved, Along small streams, eastern Oregon and Washington to Brit.
Columbia and Dakota.

G. Oreganum. Pilose with short white deflexed hairs or that of the
pedicels spreading and gland-tipped, stems several from the crown of a
thick perennial root, erect, 1-2 feet high comparatively slender with long
internodes, dichotomously branched : leaves all rather long petioled, deeply
5-7-cleft, the cuneate segments irregularly incised and toothed: flowers
bright purple on long slender ascending peduncles thus appearing lonsely
flowered, pedicels 1-2 inches long slender: sepals oblong-dvate, outer ones

ERODIUM. GERANIACE. 107

4-5 lines long, glandular ciliate and minutely pilose, gradually contracted
to the slender awn, inner ones with rather broad purple margins and ab-
ruptly awned ; petals obovate entire, 6-8 lines long densely bearded on the
edges at base inside, obscurely veined; filaments longer than the styles
dilated and ciliate at base; styles pilose, the free tips 14-1 line long, con-
nivent. Carpels minutely pubescent; beak 2 inches long. Edge of woods
and open places throughout the Willamette valley.

2 ERODIUM L’Her. Geran. t. 1-6.

Herbs, rarely shrubby with pinnately parted or palmately
veined stipulate leaves and 1-3-flowered peduncles usually in the
axils of the upper leaves. Sepals 5, equal, regular. Petals 5,
mostly equal. Stamens 10, the 5 opposite the petals short and
sterile, or reduced to scales, the 5 alternate with the petals longer
and perfect, with nectariferous glands at the base of the fila-
ments, Styles persistent, bearded on the inner side, at length
spirally twisted below. Leaves often pinnate and bipinnately
parted or lobed, when opposite more or less unequal in size:
peduncles terminal or laterul (opposite the leaves or in the axil
of the smaller one), umbellately 2-several-flowered with a 4—
bracted involucre at the base of the pedicels. Carpels very sharp-
pointed below, covered with obliquely ascending appressed hairs,
tardily if. at all dehiscent. Seeds obconical or oblong, not
suulptured.

* Leaves mostly opposite, pinnate or pinnatifid, the divisions lobed
or toothed : pedicels at length deflexed, the fruit remaining erect.

E. crcorarrum L’Her. Ait. Hort. Kew. ii, 414. Hairy, much branched
from the base, an inch to 2 feet long: leaves opposite, pinnate, the leaflets
laciniately pinnatifid with narrow acute lobes: peduncles exceeding the
leaves bearing a 4-8-flowered umbel: sepals 1-3 lines long facute: petals
bright rose-color, a little longer: tail of the carpels 1-2 inches long. Com-
mon throughout the Pacific States and Territories. Flowers in very early
spring.

E. moscnatum Willd. Sp. iii, 681. More or less glandular pubescent:
stems a few inches to a foot long: leaves pinnate, the oblong-ovate leaflets
unequally and doubly serrate: flowers pale on short pedicels: sepals 3-4

_lines long: whole plant exhaling a musky odor. Roadsides, southwestern
‘Oregon and California.

* * Leaves mostly radical, round-ovate: pedicels erect in fruit.

E. macrophyllum H. & A. Bot. Beechy 327 (?). Somewhat canes-
cent with short spreading hairs that are often gland-tipped: subcau-
lescent, with a straight perpendicular annual root: leaves round
‘reniform to triangular ovate with a broad shallow sinus, cre-
nately dentate, 6-18 lines broad, on petioles 1-3 inches long: ped-
uncles stout, 1-6 inches long 1-several-flowered: inyolucral bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 lines long: sepals broadly lanceolate shortly
acuminate scarious margined, prominently 5-nerved: petals white, ob-
ovate, entire. 2-3 lines long exceeding the calyx: stamens 5, subtended
bya broad appendage that is attached to them half way ap or more: style
shorter than the stamens, 5-lobed: carpels densely hispid 5-7 lines long,
prominently keeled, acuminate below: seed oblong, smooth, 3 lines long,
Un elayey soil near Ashland, Oregon: :

108 LIMNANTHACE. LIMNANTHES.

Orper XVIII. LIMNANTHACEZ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 142.

Glabrous annual herbs with pungent juice, pinnately dis-
sected alternate leaves wi‘hout stipules and pale flowers. Sep-
als 3-5, valvate in the bud, united at base, persistent. Petals
3-5, withering-persistent. Stamens twice as many as petals
and inserted with them upon a somewhat perigynous disk, all
antheriferous, filaments distinct, those opposite the sepals hav-
ing a small gland at the base on the outside: those opposite the
petals usually shorter: anthers roundish introrse. Ovary con-
sisting of 2-5 distinct 1-ovuled carpels opposite the sepals, the
styles rising from the centre of each carpel and united into one

nearly to the top: stigmas simple. Carpels becoming semi-

drupaceous tuberculate nutlets. Seeds erect, anatrepous, with-
out albumen. Embryo with very large cotyledons and very
short radicle.

1. Limnanthes. Sepals, petals and carpels normally 5: stamens 10.
2. Florkea. Sepals, petals and carpels normally 3: stamens 6.
1 LIMNANTHES R. Br. Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1838 ii, 70.

Low annuals with estipulate pinnatifid leaves and showy white,
yellowish or rose-color flowers, solitary on lateral and terminal
peduncles: growing in water or wet places. Calyx deeply 5-
parted. Petals 5, persistent. Glands 5, alternating with the pet-
als. Stamens 10. Style 5-cleft at the apex. Ovary with solitary
ascending ovules. Carpels distinct, subglobose, at first fleshy, at
length hard and indehiscent, separating from the axis.

L. Douglasii R. Br. 1. c. Glabrous throughout, diffusely branched
from the base: the succulent stems 6-8 inches long: leaves pinnate, the
leaflets incisely lobed or parted into linear acute lobes: peduncles at
length 2-4 inches long: sepals lanceolate acute, 3 or 4 lines long: petals
obovate, emarginate, 6-8 lines long, white, with yellow base: stvle very
slender 3-4 lines long: seeds densely covered with coarse obtusish tubercles.
Umpqua valley, Oregon. :

L. gracilis. Glabrous throughout, branching from the base, the slen-
der stems 6-18 inches long: leaves pinnate, the ovate to ovate—lanceo-
late or linear acute, leaflets entire or 3-parted: sepals lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 3 lines long: petals oblanceolate, truncate or emarginate 6-7 lines
long, white with yellowish base: fruit smooth or sparsely tuberculate. On
wet rocks, Rogue River Valley and southward.

L. rosea Hart. in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 301.
and emarginate or obcordate, light rose-color or purplish below, villous

within near the base: fruit strongly tuberculate. California, to be looked
for on our southwest border. :

_ L.. pumila. Glabrous, simple or sparingly branched near the base, 2-4
inches high: leaves commonly bipinnate with trifoliolate pinnee ; pinules
lanceolate to oblanceolate acute: sepals lanceolate acuminate 3-4 lines
long: petals white, oblong entire, little if at all longer than the sepals:
stamens about half the length of the petals: carpels ovoid, rugose below,

crowned with short-conic processes. On t
Gouna Grace, pe op of Table Rock, Jackson

L. floccosa. Floceose-villous, stems simple or sparingly branched

Glabrous, petals obovate :

YLOIRKIA, OXALIDACEAS, 109
OXALIS.

near-the base, 1-3 inches high, recurving; leaves pinnate with‘ linear or
lanceolate pinne: flowers white on short slender penduncles fascicled at
the end of the stem or branches: sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate
densely villous within: petals oblong, 3-4 lines long not exceeding the
sepals: stamens not more than the length of the petals: carpels obovoid
the upper half beset with white acuminate processes» On gravelly plains,
Jackgon county, Oregon to northern California.

2 FLOGERKEA Willd. Neue Schr. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. iii, 448.

Low smooth annual herbs with alternate dissected leaves with-
out stipules and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Calyx
deeply 8-parted. persistent. Petals 3, alternate with as many
glands, open in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 6, styles
3, united to near the apex. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, 1-
ovuled, distinct, fleshy, becoming indehiscent 1-seeded nutlets,
separating from the axis.

F. proserpinacoides Willd. Act. Berol. iii, 448. Glabrous: stems weak,
4-10 inches high sparingly branched from the base: leaves pinnate, the
lowest trifoliclate with lanceolate leaflets: the upper with more numerous
linear filiform leaflets; sepals ovate-acute, about a line long, a little longer
than the white petals: carpels globose, densely tuberculate. Under Ash
trees in moist places about the mouth of the Willamette river, Oregon to
California, Illinois, Canada and the New England States.

OprerR XIX. OXALIDACE® Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 140.

Herbs, rarely shrubby, with acid juice, trifoliolate or pin-
nate leaves and variously disposed regula: flowers. Sepals 5,
equal distinct or nearly so, persistent, imbricate in the bud.
Petals 5, hypogynous, equal, unguiculate deciduous, spirally
twisted in the bud. Stamens 10, hypogynous, more or less mon-
adelphous: filaments subulate, those opposite the petals longer
than the others: anthers short, attached by the middle, in-
trorse, often reflexed and appearing extrorse, Ovary of 5
united carpels with distinct styles and capitate or penicillate
or sometimes 2-lobed stigmas. Capsule usually membranace-
ous, 5-lobed and 5-celled, the capsule at length mostly separa-
ble to the axis, opening by the dorsal suture, 1-12-seeded.
‘Seeds anatropous, with a loose fleshy testa which bursts elastic-
ally when the seeds are ripe. Embryc straight, as long as the
firm fleshy albumen with a rather long radicle. Cotyledons
bread and foliaceous.

1 OXALIS L. Gen. n. 582.

Herbs, rarely shrubby, with trifoliolate or pinnate leaves with-
out stipules and perfect, regular flowers: Sepals 5, distinct or
united at the very base, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, convo-
lute and twisted in the bud. Stamens 10, the filaments some-
what dilated and united below in 2 sets of unequal length. all
antheriferous. Capsule columnar or ovoid, beaked with the 5
styles, 5-celled, dehiscing loculicidally, the valves remaining at-
tached by the partitions to the axis. Seeds %-several in each
cell, pendulous the outer fleshy aril-like coat at length split-

Missing Page

IMPATIENS. CELASTRACEA. 111

EUONYMUS.
per ones. Petals 4, apparently only 2 from the union of each of
the lower to each of the lateral ones. Filaments 5, more or less
united at the apex. Cells of the ovary formed by membranous
projections of the placentz which occupy the axis of the ovary
and are connected with its apex by 5 slender threads. Capsule
often 1-celled by the disappearance of the dissepiments.

I. pallida Nutt. Gen. i, 146. Stems 2-5 feet high, much branched:
leaves oval or ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate with mucronate teeth:
peduncles 2-4-flowered: lower sepal obtusely conic, dilated, shorter than the
petals, broader than long with _a very short recurved spur: flowers pale
yellow sparingly punctate. Near the Coast from the Columbia river
northward and east to the Atlantic States.

I. fulva Nutt.1. c. Smaller, with smaller flowers: leaves rhombic-
ovate coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate: peduncle 2-4 flow-
ered: lower sepals acutely conic, longer than the petals, (longer than
broad) with a rather long resupinate spur:. flowers deep orange with
numerous reddish-brown spots. Same range as the preceding.

OrpeR XXI. CELASTRACKEAL Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 119.

Shrubs or trees with simple or undivided leaves with small
or no stipules and small, usually perfect regular flowers. Sep-
als 4-5, united at base imbricate in the bud, usually persist-
ent. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them,
inserted by a broad base under the margin of the disk, imbri-
cate in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate
with them inserted on the margin or upper surface of the flat,
fleshy disk. Ovary more or less immersed in and adhering to
the disk, 2-5-celled with 1-several erect or ascending ovules in
each cell. Styles and stigmas 2-5, distinct or combined into
one. Seeds anatropous, often arilled.

1. Euonymous. Flowers rather conspicuous. Ovary 3-5-celled: fruit
colored : seeds in a bright red arill: deciduous shrubs.

2. Pachystima. Flowers very small: ovary 2-celled: fruit small, not
colored. Evergreen undershrubs.

1 EUONYMUS Tourn. Inst. t. 388 L. Gen. n. 271.

Shrubs with 4-angled branches, opposite leaves with small, de-
ciduous stipules and small flowers in axillary t-many-flowered
eymes. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, widely spreading. Stamens as
many, very short, on a broad angular disk. Style short or none.
Capsule 9-6-lobed and 3-5-valved- luculicidal, coriaceous, col-
ored, often warty. Seeds -1—4 in each cell, covered with a fleshy
red arill. ;

E. occidentalis Nutt. T. &G. FL. i, 258. A smcoth straggling shrub
7-15 feet high, with slender greenish branches: leaves smooth, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 2-4 inches lor g, on short petioles:
peduncles slender 1-4-flowered: flowers dark brown, 4 6 lines in diameter,
the parts in fives: fruit smooth, deeply lobed. Aloag mountain streams,
Puget Sound to California.

112 RHAMNACEA. PACHYSTIMA.
RHAMNDS.

2 PACHYSTIMA Raf, Am. Month. Mag. 1818.

Low evergreen shrubs with opposite leaves, and small flowers
in 1-few-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx with a short obconical
tube and four rounded lobes. Petals 4. Stamens 4, inserted at
the edge of the broad disk which lines the calyx-tube. Ovary
free, 2-celled: style very short: capsule 2-valved, 1-2-seeded.
Seeds enclosed in a white, many-cleft membranous aril.

P. Myrsinites Raf. 1.c. Densely branched to nearly simple, 1-3 feet
high: leaves smooth, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at base, the
upper half serrate or serrulate, 1g-1 inch long on very short peduncles:
flowers a line or two long: fruit 2 lines:long, smooth. In the mountains,
from Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

OrpEeR XXII. RHAMNACEZ Dumort. Fl. Belg. 102.

Trees or shrubs, the branches often thorny. Leaves simple
with minute stipules. Flowers small, sometimes by abortion dice-
cious, moneecious or polygamous. Calyx 4—-5-cleft, valvate in the
bud. Petals distinct, cucullate, (each wrapped around a stamen)
narrowed at base, inserted upon the throat of the calyx, some-
times wanting. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and
alternate with them. Ovary 2-4, united carpels, 2—-4-celled, free
from or usually cohering with the tube of the calyx or more or
less immersed in the fleshy perigynous disk : ovules solitary, erect.
Styles more or less connate: stigmas simple usually distinct.
Fruit free or commonly more or less cohering with the calyx,
fleshy and indehiscent or with the carpels dry and at length sep-
arable. Seeds erect, anatropous, with a large, straight embryo
in sparing fleshy albumen.

1. Rhamnus. Calyx and disk free from the ovary: calyx-lobes erect or
spreading: fruit berry-like.

2. Ceanothus. Calyx and disk adnate to the base of. the ovary: calyx-
lobes connivent. Fruit dry or nearly so.

1 RHAMNUS L. Gen. n. 265 in part.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate petioled pinnately veined
leaves, small deciduous stipules and-axillary cymose or racemose
flowers. Flowers perfect or polygamo-diwcious. Calyx 4-5-cleft,
with erect or spreading lobes, the campanulate tube lined with
the disk and persistent. Petals 4 or 6 or more, inserted on the
margin of the disk: claws short, Stamens 4 or 5: filaments ver
short. Ovary free, 2-4-celled: style short, 3-4-cleft.: Fruit bac-
one, containing 2-4 cartilaginous 1-seeded nutlets, mostly inde-

iscent.

§ 1 Ruamyus Brongn. Ann. Se. Nat. x, 360. Seeds and nut- .
lets deeply sulcate or concave on the back, the raphe in the
hollow: flowers mostly dicecious, solitary or fascicled in the
axils. :

R. alnifolia L’Her. Sert. Angl. 5. Shrub 2-4 feet high: leaves decid-

uous, ovate-oblong, acute at each end or acuminate, 2 or 3 inches long,
crenately serrate, the slender petioles slightly puberulent: lobes of the

RHAMNUS. RHAMNACE.E. 113
CEANOTHUS.

calyx and stamens 5; petals wanting: fruit black, 3-lobed, 3 lines long,
equalling the pedicels. Mastern Washington to California, east to Canada
and New England. ae

§ 2 Franouna Brongn. l.c. Seeds and nutlets convex on the
back, the raphe lateral; Howers mostly perfect, in pedunculate
cymes.

R. Californieus Esch. Mem. Acad. Petr. x, 281. A spreading shrub
4-18 feet high; young branches somewhat tomentose: leaves ovate-oblong
to elliptical, 1-4 inches long, 6-18 lines. broad, acute or obtuse, mostly
rounded at base, denticulate or nearly entire, persistent: peduncles with
numerous mostly abortive flowers in subumbellate fascicles: calyx usually
5-cleft; petals very small, broadly ovate, emarginate: fruit very dark pur-
ple, 3-4 lines in diameter, 2-3-lobed and 2-3-seeded;. pulp thin. From
Klamath lake, Oregon, to southern California.

R. occidentalis Howell P. C. Pl. Coll. 1887. Erect shrub 2-10 feet
high: smooth throughout or the young branches and petioles minutely
scabrous: leaves coriaceous, yellowish-green, elliptical, acute to obtuse or
retuse, obscurely repand-dentate, 1-2 inches long by. 6-15 lines broad, per-
sistent: peduncles with numerous flowers in subumbellate fascicles: calyx
usually 5-cleft, the deltoid lobes with a raised callous down the centre:
petals small, orbicular, 2-lobed at the summit: fruit black when mature,
obscurely 3-lobed; pulp moderately thick. On gravelly hillsides and plains,
ae the eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo, Josephine Co.,

regon. ; 7

R. Purshiana DC. Prodr. ii. 25. cascara. <A tree 20—50 feet high:
young branches tomentose: leaves elliptical, 2-7 inches long by 1-3 inches
‘broad, mostly acute, obtuse or cordate at base,, denticulate pubescent
teneath, thin, deciduous: flowers perfect, comparatively large, in a some-
what umbellate cyme; sepals 5; petals 5, ‘small, 2-lobed, embracing the
very short stamens: styles united to the summit; stigmas 3: fruit black.
turbinate, 3-seeded. Common from Brit. Columbia to California west of
the Cascade Mountains.

CEANOTHUS L. Gen. x. 267.

Shrubs or small trees with petioled simple leaves and. perfect
flowers in lateral and terminal dense thyrsoid panicles or corymbs.
Calyx 5-cleft, with acute connivent lobes, the upper part at length
separating by a transverse line the tube remaining; disk thick,
adnate to the turbinate or hemispherical tube and to the ovary.
Petals 5, longer than the calyx, saccate and arched, on long claws.
Stamens 5, exserted; filaments filiform ;:anthers, ovate. 2-celled.
Styles 3, more or less united below, diverging above. Fruit sub-
globose, 3-lobed, surrounded at base by the adnate calyx-tube,
soon dry, the 3 crustaceotts nutlets at length separating and dehis-
cent by the inner suture. Seeds convex on the back. ;

,

§ 1 Cranoruts proper. Leaves all alternate, 3-ribbed from
' the base or pinnately veined, glandular-toothed or entire. Fruit
not crested.

* Leaves 8-ribbed from the base.

« Erect shrubs, the branches not rigidly divaricate nor spiny: leaves
usually large, more or less serrate: inflorescence thyrsoid.

++ Inflorescence on leafless lateral shoots from wood of the previous

114 RHAMNACEE. CEANOTHUS.

season’s growth. : -
Je sanguimeus Pursh Fl. 167. A stout shrub 4-12 feet high with

terete reddish branches: leaves thin, 1-4 inches long, ovate to elliptical,
finely serrate, pubescent beneath, on slender petioles 6-15 lines long, decid-
uous: whole inflorescence white, 1-4 inches long, pubescent, the numerous
flowers fascicled on the sides and at the ends of the short lateral branches:
style shorter ‘than the stamens, 3-lobed. Common on rocky hillsides, Brit.
Columbia to northern California and Montana.

++ Inflorescence on lateral shoots of the previous year’s growth or
terminal on leafy shoots of the present season’s growth.

C. velutinus Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 125, t. 45, (Mountain Baum). A.
smooth shrub 2—6 feet high, with terete green branches, cespitose, often
decumbent at base, the branches somewhat pendulous; leaves orbicu-
lar-elliptical or elliptical-ovate, obtuse, subcordate, glandularly crenate
above, serrulate. coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, (as if varnished
and exuding a fragrant balsamic substance).velvety-canescent and strongly
3-ribbed beneath, 2—3 inches long, on petioles, 6—8 lines-long, persis-
tent; panicles axillary, thrice compound, elongated, on rather long
peduncles; flowers white; styles as long or longer than the stamens.
Common in mountainous districts, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon

and the Rocky Mountains.

GC. laevigatus. C. velutinus var. levigatus T. & G. Fl. i, 686.
(Smoota Mountain Baum). A large shrub 8—15 feet Ligh with smooth
terete green erect branches: leaves orbicular to elliptical, 2—4 inches
long, subcordate, finely glandular-serrate, dark green and shining
above the whole upper surface glandular and exuding a balsamic fra-
grant substance, paler but smooth and prominently 3-ribbed beneath
thick-coriaceous, persistent: panicles axillary, compound, rather small,
the peduncles but little if any longer than the leaves: flowers white.
In forests, Vancouver Island to Northern California, near the coast.

C. Californicus Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. i, 55. CO. inte i re-
cent authors not of H. & A. Bot. Beech. 329: @, hander es: es
thyrsis Torr. Bot. Wilkes 263. A slender branching shrub, 210 feet
high, young branches more or less angled and pubescent: leaves thin
oblong to broaaly lanceolate, 1—3 inches long, more or less serrulate
toward the apex, pubescent with minute appressed hairs, on slender
petioles 2—6 lines long, deciduous: , flowers blue to white ‘tascicled on
terminal and axillary peduncles from wood of the present season’s
growth; bracts ovate, shortly acuminate, 1—2 lines long: pedicels
eee oe pty aa styles shorter than the stamens, united to near
eo mt, On dry open hillsides, from the Columbia river to Cali-

©. thyrsiflorus Esch. Mem. St Petersb. A
3 Esch. n. St. . Acad. x, 285, rl
ied or small tree 6—15 feet high with strongly meee buen eee
r pececiegls finely dentate, 1—2 inches long, on short petioles. deciduous:
acne pe oe Tacemes, terminating ‘the usually
eee vat leaty peduncle. Puget Sound to California,

+ + Erect shrubs, the branches igi
; ; et 8 usually rigid an inose:
leaves rather small: flowers in simple ieconnes or piesa

GC. divaricatus Nutt. T. & G. FL ji P i
terete, often pruinose branches: Teese Solon ee vate a ae
nea long, rounded at base, lucid, Somewhat obtuse Tanai ae
glandularly serrulate, pubescent beneath, somewhat ¢ ae
petioles about 2 lines long. persistent: flowers blue t ie ie b
simple often elongated racemes 1—4 inches long Sonics Garton )
. aho to

CEANOTHUS. VITACEA. 115

southern California.

C. cordulatus Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. ii, 124, fig. 39. A densely ces-
pitose erect shrub with intricate branches and spinose branchlets, 4—6
feet high, hirsutely pubescent with short erect or spreading hairs and
cinereous: leaves oval to elliptical or oblong, 6—12 lines long, rounded
or subcordate at base, finely glandular-serrulate, densely tomentose
beneath, somewhat coriaceous on slender petioles 3—6 lines long, de-
ciduous: flowers white, in racemes or fascicles: styles united to
near the summit, shorter than the stamens. In the mountains of
southern Oregon and California.

§ 2 Crrastes Watson l.c. Leaves mostly opposite, 1-ribbed,
with numerous straight parallel veins, very thick and coriace-
ous, spinosely toothed or entire. Flowers in sessile or short-ped-
uncled axillary clusters. Fruit large, with 8 horn-like or warty
processes below the summit.

Cc. cumeatus Nutt. 1. c. An erect shrub 2—12 feet high with rigid
intricate branches; the young branches white with a villous tomen-
tum, at length smooth and whitish: leaves cuneate-obovate or ob-
long, rounded or retuse above, entire or rarely few-toothed, minutely
tomentose beneath, on‘short rather slender petioles: flowers white or
rarely light blue, in rather loose axillary fascicles. On dry hillsides,
from the lower: Willamette (the original locality,) to Lower California.

Cc. pumilis Greene Eryth. i, 149. A rigid depressed -much branched
under shrub: branches 6—18 inches long, rooting at the nodes and-
forming mats 1—3 feet in diameter: leaves cuneate-oblong to obo-
vate, 2—6 lines long, entire to spinose-dentate, but mostly 3-toothed at
the apex, very minutely white-tomentose between the veins beneath,
very short petioled: fiowers bright blue to white, fascicled at the ends
of short lateral branches; pedicels filiform, 6—S8 lines long; sepals
ovate, spreading, nearly a line long; styles united to the top, shorter
than the stamens. On dry hillsides, about Waldo, Josephine Co., Ore-
gon,

C. prostratus Benth. Pl. Hartw. 302. (Manmata Mats). Glabrous,
prostrate, the branches rooting and repeatedly subdivided, the whole
forming a close mat 2—8 feet in diameter: leaves 3—12 lines long, ob-
ovate or oblong-cuneiform, obtuse or truncate, with 2 or 3 pairs of
coarse spinose teeth above the middle, on short slender petioles: flow-
ers dark blue to white, clustered at the ends of short stout peduncles:
fruit large, with erect horns. In open pine forests, Washington to Cal-
ifornia.

OrperR XXIII VITACE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 30.

Mostly climbing shrubs with simple or compound leaves,
the upper ones opposite the racemes or thyrsoid panicles of
small flowers, or tendrils. Calyx minute, nearly entire or 5-
toothed. Petals 4 or 5, inserted upon the outside of an annu-
lar disk, inflexed, valvate in the bud, caducous. Stamens as
many as petals and opposite them, inserted on the surface of
the disk. Ovary 2 celled. with two collateral ovules in each
cell. Style short or none: stigma simple. [ruit a globose,
mostly pulpy berry, often by abortion 1-celled. Seeds anatro-
pous, erect. with a hard testa. Embryo much shorter than the
horny or fleshy albumen: radicle slender. Cotyledons lanceo-
late or subulate.

116 ACERACE. . VITIS.
ACER.

1 VITIS Tourn. Inst 613. L. Gen. n. 284. _(GRAPE.)

Woody vines, climbing by tendrils that are opposite to leaves,
with acid juice, mostly simple opposite leaves and small greenish
flowers in compound racemes or panicles that are opposite the
upper leaves. Calyx very small, entire or 4-5-toothed or -lobed,
the tube filled with a fleshy annular disk which bears the 4 or 5
thick caducous petals and the distinct stamens. Fruit a more or
less pulpy berry.

V. Californica Benth. Bot. Sulp. 10. Stems often 1—2 inches in
diameter below, climbing trees to the height of 20—30 feet: leaves
round-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus, 2—3 inches long, nearly
as broad, obtuse, rather coarsely. serrate and often somewhat 3-lobed,
tomentose or canescent, especially beneath: fruit 4 lines in diameter.
in rather large clusters, purple, covered with bloom: seeds broad.
Along streams, from the Umpqua Valley, Oregon, to southern Califor-
nia.

Orpen XXIV ACERACEA J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. ii, 15.

_ Trees or shrubs with opposite palmately: lobed or pinnately
3-5-foliolate (rarely alternate and entive) leaves without stip-
ules and small flowers in lateral or terminal racemes or fasci-
cles that are often by a bortion polygamous or dicecious. Sepals
6, rarely 4-9, more or less united, imbricate in the bud. Pet-
a's as many as sepals and alternate with them, inserted around
a commonly lobed hypogynous disk, sometimes wanting. Sta-
mens usually 8, sometimes 3-12, distinct inserted on the disk:
anthers introrse or versatile. Ovary 2-lobed, composed of 2
united carpels each containing 2 collateral ovules, or a single
20 vuled carpel. Styles more or less combined, ‘stigmatose on
the inside or the stigma almost sessile. Fruit composed of 2,
rarely 3 cr 4, indehiscent samarioid carpels, finally separable
from the filiform axis the wing thickened at the lower margin, .
or a cartilaginous follicle. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect,
with little or no albumen. Embryo curved or nearly straight,
with foliaceous cotyledons variously folded upon each other.

1 Acer. Leaves opposite, palmately lobed or rarely divided: flowers in
racemes or fascicles, polygamous.

2 Forsellesia. Leaves alternate, simple and entire: flowers solitary ter-
minating short axillary branches cv spur-like fascicles, perfect.

1 ACER Tourn. Inst. 615, L. Gen. 1155. (Mapue.)

Trees or shrubs with opposite mostly palmately lobed leaves
and small flowers in terminal racemes, umbel-like corymbs or
fascicles. Calyx colored, usually &-lobed. Petals 5, sometimes
wanting. Stamens 3-12, usually 8, inserted with the petals up-
on a lobed hypogynous disk. Styles 2, elongated. Ovary 2-
lobed, rarely 8-or 4-lobed, and as many celled, with a pair of
ovules in each cell, becoming in fruit a double, rarely triple or

quadruple, samara thatis separable at maturity into 1-seeded
indehiscent winged nutlets.

ACER. ACERACE.X. 417
FORSELLESIA.

* Flowers in ravemes: body of the fruit hispid.

A. macrophyllum Pursh I'l. 267. (Lance LEAVED Mapuir). A tree
50—90 feet high, 1—3 feet in diameter: leaves 6—12 inches long, nearly
as broad, cordate with a deep sinus, deeply 3—5-cleft, the segments
cleft into 8—5 sinuate, acute lobes, pubescent beneath when young:
flowers yellow, fragrant, in crowded pendent racemes 3—6 inches long,
appearing after the leaves: calyx petaloid, campanulate, the broad
obovate segments 2—3 lines long: petals obovate, about equalling the
sepals: stamens 8—12 exserted, filaments hirsute at base style longer
than the stamens, deeply 2-lobed: fruit densely hispid, the glabrous
wing 14%—2 inches long. In mountain ravines and river bottoms, Brit.
Columbia to California and Idaho.

* * Flowers in loose umbel-like corymbs or fascicles: fruit
smooth.

A. glabrum Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii, 172. (Moora Marie). A shrub
or small tree 6—30 feet high, 2—8 inches in diameter, glabrous through-
out except the bud séales which are densely villous inside: leaves
round-cordate with shallow sinus, 2—4 inches broad, nearly as long,
more or less deeply 3-lobed or parted, the ovate acuminate lobes doubly
serrate with acuminate teeth, conspicuously veined and reticulated:
flowers few, greenish-yellow, somewhat corymbose, on short 2-leaved
branchlets, appearing after the leaves: calyx campanulate, deeply 5-
cleft, the spatulate segments about 2 lines long: stamens 8, shorter’
than the spatulate petals: fruit very smooth, with slightly spreading
wings, about an inch long. Along streams and on the highest moun-
tains, Vancouver Island to California and the Rocky Mountains.

A. circinatum Pursh Fl. 266. (‘Ving Maptre). A large shrub 10—30
feet high, usually declined and somewhat viny: leaves round-cordate
with a narrow shallow sinus, 3—5 inches long nearly as broad, 7—9
lobed nearly .o the middle, the acute lobes doubly and sharply serrate,
villous beneath and on the veins above when young, becoming glab-
rate: flowers in loose 10—20-flowered terminal corymbs;. calyx dark
red, deeply 5-lobed or parted, the ovate acute sepals 2—8 lines long,
spreading: petals greenish white, about half as long as the sepals,
ovate, acute, erect: stamens 8, exserted: style short; ovary villous:
fruit 10—16 lines long, the wings spreading at right angles to the pedi-
cels. In forests and along sreams, Alaska to California, west of the
Cascade Mountains.

2 FORSELLESIA Greene Eryth. 1, 206.
GLOSSOPETALON Gray Pl. Wright. ii, 29, t. 12. not Schreber.

Low and rigid shrubs with slender spinescent branches, and
small alternate simple entire leaevs, which separate in age by an
indistinct articulation from a dilated scale-like minutely 2-stip-
ulate base; the setaceous-subulate stipules adnate to the scales,
and small solitary flowers, terminating short axillary branchlets,
or spur-like fascivles. “Calyx deeply 4—5-cleft, persistent, its flat
base within filled by an 8-10-lobed perigynous disk; petals 4 or
5, inserted on the margin or under the edge of the disk, some-
what withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10 inserted at the sin-
uses of the disk, shorter than the calyx; filaments subulate,
persistent: anthers didymous. Ovary 1-celled, of a single ovoid
carpel, with style extremely short or none, and a depressed en-
tire or obscurely 2-lobed stigma. Ovules 2, collateral or nearly
so inserted on the ventral suture barely above the base of the

118 ANACARDIACE, RHUS.

cell, ascending, anatropous. Fruit a firm-coriaceous follicle
opening down the ventral suture, 1-2-seeded.

¥F spinescens Greene l. c. “Glossopetalon spinescens Gray l. c. A
smooth rigidly branched shrub 2—8 feet high: leaves oblong to spatu-
late, narrowed below on slender pedicels 2—4 lines long, acute or ob-
‘tuse: flowers on slender pedicels 2—4 lines long: lobes of the calyx
oblong, a line or more long: petals white, 4—5 lines long, spatulate,
attenuate below to a short slender claw: stigma nearly sessile, 2-
lobed; ovary acute; fruit not seen. Bluffs of Snake river (Cusick).

OrpeR XXV. ANACARDIACEA. Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 1:

Shrubs or trees with resinous or milky juice, simple or com-
pound leaves without stipules, and small flowers in axillary or
terminal panicles. _ Flowers usually regular, perfect, dioecious
‘or polygamous. Sepals usually 5, distinct or more’ or less uni-

- ted, mostly persistent. Petals of the samé number as the sep-
als, or wanting, inserted into the disk which lines the bottom
of the calyx. Stamens as many as sepals, or twice as many, or
more, sometimes part of them sterile; filaments distinct. some-
times alternately shorter, inserted with the petals. Ovary sol-
itary, free, or rarely adhering to the calyx, 1-celled, or with 1
or 2 abortive cells;ovule solitary, on a funiculus which rises
from the base of the cell. Styles 3, rarely 4, distinct or com-
bined. Fruit a 1-seeded indehiscent drupelet. Seed erect or
suspended, anatropous, without albumen. A large order,
represented here only by the genus

RHUS L. Gen. n. 361.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate leaves and small poly-
gamous or polygamo-diwcious flowers in axillary and terminal
bracteate racemes or panicles. Calyx small, 4-6-parted, persict-
ent, imbricated in. the bud. Petals 4-6, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens as many or tivice as many as petals, with subulate fila-
ments, inserted under the edge of the disk. Fruit a dry drupe-
let. Seed pendulous upon a slender seed-stalk arising from the
base of the cell.

* Flowers polygamous or dioecious; panicled, developed with or
after the leaves.

R. glabra L. Sp. i, 265. (Sumacn). An erect shrub 4-12 feet high,
smooth and glaucous when young: leaves oddpinnate; leaflets 13—31,
petiolulate, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate 1—8 inches
long: inflorescence terminal, thyrsoid, hirsute: sepals broadly subu-
late, about a line long: petals oblong, a little longer than the sepals:
arenes clothed by ee acid hairs: seeds smooth, about a line
ong. In ravines and along streams, eastern Or i i
and the south Atlantic Staten , ee ee

R. toxicodendron LL. Sp. 266. Stenis erect, 1—3 feet high; leaves
trifoliolate, pubescent; leaflets rhomboid, acuminate, entire Bi ‘toothed,
the lateral ones more or Jess oblique: panicles axillary; racemes sub-
sessile; flowers mostly dioecious: fruit white, subglobose, smooth,

eae Along small streams, eastern Oregon to the Atlantic
ates.

LEGUMINOS 4, 119

R. diversiloba T. & G. FI. i, 218. (Porson Oak). Stems erect and
shrubby or climbing by rootlets attached to the bark of trees; 2—20
feet high, usually somewhat pubescent: leaves usually 3-foliolate rarely
5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, obovate or elliptical, 1—3 inches long, obtuse
or acutish, 3-lobed or coarsely toothed, (rarely entire), the lobes and
teeth rounded: panicles peduncled: flowers dioecious: fruit white,
2-3 lines in diameter, falling soon after maturing. In forests and
rocky hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California.

* “ Towers polygamo-dioecious, in short scaly-bracted spikes
preceding the leaves.

R. trilobata Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 219. A shrub 2—5 feet high, dif-
fusely branched, more or less pubescent, at length nearly glabrous:
leaves trifoliolate: leaflets sessile, cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal, 1—2
inches long, coarsely toothed above and often 3-lobed, the segments
obtuse: ‘spikes of small yellowish flowers 4—6 lines long, approximate
at the ends of the branchlets: fruit somewhat viscid, 2—38 lines in
diameter, globose, bright red; nut smooth. On gravelly plains and
hillsides, along streams, southern Oregon to California and the Rocky
Mountains.

Orper XXVI. LEGUMINOSA® Beerh. Hor. Acad. ii, 22.

Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate usually compound
stipulate leaves, and usually showy flowers in axillary or termin-
al racemes or spikes, rarely solitary or capitate. Sepals united
into a 5-cleft or 5-toothed calvx, the lobes often uyequal or
variously combined, the odd oneinferior. Petals 5, sometimes
by abortion fewer or wanting, perigynous or hypogynous, ir-
regular and unequal, or sometimes regular, distinct or various-
ly cohering, the odd one superior. Stamens mostly 10, diadel-
phous (9 and 1) or monadelphous, sometimes distinct or num-
erous, inserted with the petals. Ovary simple. solitary, very
rarely two or more, free from the calyx, the style proiruding
from the upper or ventral suture: stigma. simple. Fruit a 1-
celled 2-valved pod (legume), or sometimes a drupe. Seeds
solitary or several, heterotropous oy anatropous, sometimes
with an aril or large caruncle: albumen none. Embryo straight
or with the radicle bent back along the edge of the cotyledons.
Cotyledons thin and somewhat foliaceous, or thick and fleshy.

Ours are all of

“SUBORDER Papriionace& L. Sepals imbricate or rarely
somewhat valvate in the bud. Corolla papilionaceous or other-
wise more or less irregular, rarely wanting Stamens 10, rarely
fewer, inserted with the petals into the bottom of the calyx, or
‘perigynous. Radicle bent back upon the edge of the cotyledons,
or straight. Leaves simple or‘simply compound. Flowers usu-
ally perfect. :

TRIBE I. PoDALYRIEH. Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants’ with
palmate, or pinnate or simple leaves and papilionaceous flowers.
Stamens 10, distinct; anthers uniform. Embryo incurved or
inflexed, or oftén straight.

1. Thermopsis. ‘Herbs with conspicuous stipules, digitately trifoliolate

120 LEGUMINOS.

leaves and yellow flowers in racemes.

Tripe u. Geniste®. Herbs or shrubs with palmately com-
pound or simple leaves and various colored flowers Im racemes Or
solitary. Stamens 10, monadelphous: anthers of two forms.
Radical, incurved or inflexed.

2. Lupinus. Herbs, rarely shrubby, with various colored flowers in
racemes: leaves digitate, mostly of more than 3 leaflets: calyx
deeply bilabiate: upper petal with recurved sides; keel . falcate:
pods large, straight.

3. Ulex. Spinescent shrubs with inconspicuous simple leaves and yel-
low axillary flowers. ; ‘

4. Cytisus. Shrubs with green, often angular branches, palmately or
pinnately trifcliolate leaves and solitary or racemose yellow flowers.

Tripe ul. TRIFOLIEZ. Mostly low herbs with palmately or
pinnately trifoliolate, rarely 5—7-foliolate leaves and axillary or
terminal, racemose, spicate, capitate or umbellate inflorescence.
Corolla papilionaceous. Calyx 5-lobed. Stamens diadelphous
(9 and 1).

5. Medicago. Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants with palmately tri-
foliolate leaves and axillary peduncles: petals free from the
stamens, deciduous: pods 1—several-seeded, faleate-incurved, or
coiled.into 2 spiral.

6. Melilotus. rect herbs with pinnately trifoliolate leaves and small
fragrant flowers in slender axillary racemes: petals free from the
stamens, deciduous: pods ovoid, small, scarcely dehiscent, 1—2
seeded. :

7. Trifolium. Herbs with palmately or pinnately trifoliolate, rarely
5—T-foliolate leaves and mostly very many flowers on axillary or
terminal peduncles: corolla persistent: the banner and wings com-

monly coherent with the staminal tube: pods concealed within or
but little exserted from the calyx, 1—6-seeded.

Tripe tv. Lorex. Herbs or shrubs with pinnately l-many- ;
foliolate leaves and various colored flowers capitate or cmubellays
on axillary peduncles, rarely solitary.

8. Lotus. Hérbaceous or suffrutescent plants with pinna
3—many-foliclate leaves and solitary or su cri ee ta ye
lary peduncles with or without a 1—3-foliolate bract at sumuit:
corolla deciduous, the banner often remote from the other petals: :
pods oblong to linear, terete, turgid or plain, few or many-seeded ,

TriBE vy. GaLecea. Erect herbs, or shrubs with unequally
pinnate, seldom stipellate leaves and axillary or terminal, race-
mose or spicate inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous or other-
wise irregular. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or sometimes
monadelphous. Pods continuous, 1-celled several-seeded de-
ee ; or 1-2-seeded and indehiscent. Radicle incurved or in- |

exed. .

9. Psoralea. Herbs with trifoliolate leaves i
Paora! 4 and axills i
rather small flowers; herbage glandular-dotted: ee
delphous or diadelphous: pods indehiscent, 1-seeded ae

10. Petalostemon. Herbs with gland-dotted herbage unequally pinnate

THERMOPSIS. | LEGUMINOS &. 121

leaves and small flowers in pedunculate dense terminal spikes or
heads; petals 5, on filiform claws that are united to the stamen-tube
the upper one free, all deciduous: stamens 5, monadelphous: ovary
with two collateral ovules: pods 1-seeded.

Tripe vi, AstRAGALER. Erect or decumbent herbaceous, rare-
ly suffrutescent, plants with unequally pinnate leaves and axil-
lary or radical, racemose or »picate inflorescence. Stamens diadel-
phous (9 and 1). Pods 1-celled or often spuriously 2-celled by
the introflexion of one or both sutures, dehiscent, several-seeded
or rarely 1-2-seeded. Radicle incurved.

11. «astragalus. Unarmed herbs with unequally pinnate leaves without
tendrils and axillary spikes or racemes of comparatively small flow-
ers: herbage neither glandular nor dotted: pods various, often
coriaceous and turgid, or thin and bladderly-inflated, or thin and
flat, more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture: keel
obtuse.

12. Oxytropis. Unarmed herbs or sometimes suffruticose plants, with
unequally pinnate leaves: the flowers spicate on axillary or radi-
eal peduncles: pods partly 2-celled by the introfiexion of the pla-
cental suture: keel with a subulate point.

13. Glyeyrrhiza. Glandular-viscid perennials with unequally pinnate
leaves and flowers in peduncled axillary spikes: pods short, com-
pressed, prickly, indehiscent, few-seeded.

Trine vil. Hepysarem. Herbs or shrubs with pinnate or
simple leaves, the flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, racemes
or umbels. Stamens10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Pods
usually transversely divided into 1-seeded indehiscent joints.

14. Hedysarum. Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, the flowers in
axillary or terminal racemes: keel obliquely truncate, longer than

the wings: stamens diadelphous: pods of several 1-seeded joints
connected by their middle.

Tripe vin. VicteE®. Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, the
common petiole not articulated with the stem, produced at the
apex into a bristle or tendril, the flowers in axillary racemes.
Stamens 10, diadelphous. Pods not jointed, dehiscent. Cotyle-
dons remaining under ground and unchanged in germination.
Radicle inflexed.

15. Vicia. Weak herbs with stems climbing by tendrils which termin-
ate the pinnate leaves, and 1--several-tlowered axillary peduncles.

Style bent upward at the apex and villous under the stigma on the
under or outer side. ml

16. Lathyrus. Herbs clinging by tendrils which terminate the pinnate
leaves and few—several-flowered axillary peduncles: style bent at
right angles to the ovary and villous in a line on the inside.

Tribe 1 Podalyriee Benth. B. & H. Gen. i, 487. Mostly herbs
with simple or digitately trifoliolate, rarely many-foliolate, leaves,

; and papilionaceous flowers. Stamens 10, free, or slightly united at
base. Pod dehiscent. Radicle incurved or inflexed.

1 THERMOPSIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. e. 2, iii, 3.
Stout perennial herbs with erect ‘stems, digitately trifoliolate

122 LEGUMINOS. THERMOPSIS.

leaves, foliaceous free stipules, petiolulate entire leaflets, and
moderately large yellow flowers in terminal bracteate. racemes.
Bracts herbaceous, persistent. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-cleft to
the middle, the lobes equal or the two upper ones united. Upper
petal roundish, shorter than the oblong lateral-ones, the sides re-
flexed, keel nearly sraight, obtuse, equalling the wings. Stam-
ens 10, distinct. Style slightly curved; stigma minute. Pods
narrow, compressed, few to many-seeded.,

T. montana Nutt. T. & G. FI. i, 388. Glabrous below, somewhat
silky-villous above: stipules ovate to lanceolate, 1—2 inches long:
leaflets oblong-ovate to oblong, 1—3 inches long, obtuse or acute, spar-
nigly villous beneath, smooth above: bracts mostly lanceolate: lobes
of the calyx triangular one and a half lines long: pods silky-villous,
2 inches long or more, nearly straight, erect, short stipitate, linear,
10—15-seeded. Along streams, Brit. Columbia to California and the

Rocky Mountains.

T. gracilis Howell Eryth. i, 109. Sparingly strigose-pubescent
throughout: stems slender, erect, 1—3 feet high, sparsely branched above
the branches spreading: stipules broadly ovate to lanceolate, usually
acute: leaflets oblanceolate, acute at base, petiolulate, 1—3 inches
long by 8—12 lines broad: racemes short, loosely flowered: bracts
ovate, acute, mostly shorter than the pedicels: lower teeth of the
calyx triangular, acute, the upper truncate or barely 2-toothed: ovary
about 12-ovuled: pods appressed-silky, 2 inches long or more by 2
lines broad, on a very short stipe, usually spreading and often falcate.
In the mountains of southern Oregon from the sources of the Willam-
ette river to northern California. <

T. robusta Howell l.c. Densely tomentose throughout: stems stout,
4—6 feet high; stipules large, broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, acute
at both ends, 2—3 inches long: racemes long, densely many-flowered:
bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the pedicels: teeth of
the calyx acuminate, the upper 2- toothed: fruit not seen. In open
forests on top of the Coast Mountains on the old Crescent City Wagon
road, collected in June, 1884, not since reported. :

T. argentata Greene Eryth. iii, 18. Rather slender, a foot or two in
height: all the growing parts, and when young the whole plant
silvery-canescent throughout with a very dense and minute silky pu-
bescence, the mature part also not indistinctly silky and pale: stipules
6—18 lines long, from broadly to narrowly lanceolate and often slight-
ly faleate: leaflets of the lowest leaves obtusish and of narrowly
cuneate-obovate outline, of the upper from oblanceolate to rhombic-
obovate and very acute: raceme short and rather few-flowered: calyx-
teeth triangular-subulate and about as long as the campanulate tube:
petals of the wings and keel notably longer than the banner: pods
long, spreading, silky-tomentulose. Modoc County. California, perhaps
in southeastern Oregon.

Tribe 2. Genistex DC. Prodr. ii, 115. Herhs or shrubs with
simple or compound estipellate leares. and papilionaceous flowers.
Stamens 10, monadelphous; anthers of two forms. Pod continuous
1-celled, sometimes intercepted internally, but not jointed. Radicle
ancurved or inflexed. .

2 LUPINUS Tourn. L. Gen, n, 865,

' Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants with palmately 5-15-folio-

LUPINUS. LEGUMINOS 4é. 123

late, rarely 1-foliolate, leaves, small stipules and mostly showy
flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. Calyx deeply bilabiate,
often ‘2-bracteolate; the upper lip 2-cleft or -toothed, or rarely
entire, the lower entire or 3-toothed. Upper petal with the sides
reflexed, the lateral ones foveolate-plicate toward the base, united
at the summit, keel falcate, acuminate. Stamens monadelphous,
the sheath entire; alternate filaments longer; the 5 anthers op-
posite the sepals oblong, maturing early, those opposite the pet-
als roundish or reniform, maturing later. Stigma bearded: Pod
coriaceous, somewhat oblong, more or less compressed, often
torulose orintercepted with cellular partitions. Cotyledons fleshy.

‘ § 1 Lupinus proper. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sides
of the upper petal strongly reflexed. Ovary 5-12-ovuled. Cotyle-
dons petioled after germination.

* Perennial, shrubby, at least at base, tall, branched and leafy: pu-
bescence silky, mostly appressed: leaflets 5-7: petioles rarely much
exceeding the leaves; bracts deciduous; flowers large; lips of the
calyx nearly equal: ovules 8-12. :

L. holosericeus Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 880. Frutescent, silvery-canes-
cent: stems 12—20 inches high, leafy, branching, ascending: leaflets
5—9, lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mucronulate, narrowed at base, often
arcuate, densely silky-canescent and silvery on both sides, mostly
shorter than the petiole or the upper ones as long or longer than the
petiole: stipules subulate: flowers verticillate or somewhat scattered,
approximate, on short pedicels: bracts lanceolate, shorter than the
flowers: calyx bracteolate the upper lip slightly 2-cleft, the lower near-
ly as long anu entire: petals vright blue, 6 lines long or ‘more, the
lateral ones broadly oblong. Islands and gravelly banks of the Wil-
lamette river, to California.

L. propinquus Greene Eryth. i, 126. Shrubby, much branched and
bushy, usually 2—4 feet high, all the herbage except the glabrous up-
per surface of the leaves puberulent; racemes short and short-ped-
uncled, the flowers indistinctly whorled: bracts squarrose spreading,
very caducous: lobes of the calyx subequal, the upper notched, often
deeply so: petals 5 lines long, subequal, violet, the upper one redden-
ing in age; keel strongly ciliate. In damp woods along the coast from
Santa Barbara to Crescent City, California; no doubt on the coast of
southern Oregon.

* * Perennials: stems wholly herbaceous, more or ‘ess elongated.

+ Leaflets glabrous above or nearly so, oblong or oblanceolate an
inch or more long; stems mostly succulent and fistulous: flowers sub-
verticillate: bracts deciduous: lips of the calyx usually but slightly
toothed: ovules 8 or mure.

L. Nootkatensis Donn Cat. Cant. Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1811. Stems
often stout, 1—2 feet long, more or less decumbent, leafy: pubescence
densely villous, spreading or subappressed: stipules elongated, setace-
ous-acuminate: leaflets 6—8, cuneate-oblong, obtuse‘ or acutish, mu-
vconate, 1—2 inches long, about equalling the petiole: racemes elon-
gated, nearly sessile: bracts linear-lanceolate, equalling the calyx:
flowers blue or purplish, verticillate or scattered; pedicels 2—6 inches
long; caiyx large, with long setaceous bractlets, the upper lip rather |
deeply bifid and the lobes often erosely truncate, the lower one usual-
ly strongly 3-toothed: . petals 8—9 lines long, the keel a little shorter
and usually naked: ovules 9—12: pods 18 lines long. Near the sea,

124 LEGUMINOSZ. LUPINUS.

northern Washington to the Aleutian Islands. .

L. polyphyllus Lindl. Bot. Reg. xiii, t, 1096. Stems stout erect,
2-6 feet high, sparingly villous: the bracts ealyx and youngest leaves
silky-pubescent: stipules triangular to subulate: leaves distant, long-
petioled; leaflets 10—16, in the upper leaves often but 8—10, glabrous
above, 2—6 inches long by 6—12.lines broad: racemes often 1—2 feet
long; bracts oblong-lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the calyx: -
flowers mostly scattered, blue, purple or white: pedicels 3—6 lines
long: lips of the calyx subsequal, entire; bractlets very caducous;
petals equal, 6—7 lines. long, keel naked: ovules 8—10: pods an inch
long or more. Common from Brit. Columbia to California, west of the
the Cascade Mountains. :

L. Wyethii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. 525. Stems ascending, stout,
6—.. inches high, sparingly leafy: pubescence villous, spreading:
stipules setaceous: leaflets 8—12, oblong to oblanceolate, 1—3 inches
long, acute, glabrous above; the lower petioles much elongated:
racemes 4—10 inches long, often long-peduncled: bracts subulate-set-
aceous, exceeding the calyx: flowers blue or pink, scattered or sub-
verticillate: pedicels slender, 3—4 lines long: calyx villous, with short
setaceous bractlets, upper lip 2-toothed, the lower one longer, suben-
tire: petals equal, 6—7 lines long, keel naked: ovules 7—8. _ Flathead
river (Wye..) Clearwater, Idaho (Spalding).

L. longipes Greene Fl. Francis. 41. Stems more or less clustered,
erect, stoutish, not at all succulent, sparingly branched above, 2—4 feet
high, striate, glabrous or loosely hairy: eaves mostly basal, on petioles
12—18 inches long; stipules setaceous-subulate: leaflets 7—11, broad-
ly lanceolate. acute, setaceously mucronulate, 2--4 inches long, glab-
rous, the margin often more or less ciliate: raceme peduncled, elon-
gated, not dense: flowers subverticillate, long-pedicelled. blue to white,
keel ciliate in the middle: pod an inch long or more, densely hirsute,
about 7-seeded: seeds compressed, oval, brown with a dark diagonal
line.. Along streams and in wet meadows, from the Columbia river
to California. ,

L. latifolius Agh. Syn. Lup. 18. Stems erect, 2—4 feet high, smooth,
with numerous slender branches, flowering throughout the season:
stipules small, linear-lanceolate: leatlets T—9, light or yellowish green,
oblanceolate or spatulate, narrowed below, mostly shorter than the
petioles, 1—4 inches long by 3—12 lines broad, obtuse, with a slender
mucro a line long at the apex, smooth above, rather sparsely pubes-
cent with minute appressed hairs beneath: racemes 4+—12 inches loug,
short peduneled; flowers subverticillate or scattered, pale blue or
pinkish; bracts setaceous, about equalling the calyx. caducous; pedi-
cels slender, 4—6 lines long: calyx appressed-pubescent, upper lip
ovate-lanceolate, 2-toothed, shorter than the linear entire lower one:
petals 6 lines long, light blue and white, the keel naked: ovary densely
pubescent with brownish hairs, 7—8-ovuled: seeds light-colored, very
smooth. In open places and among shrubs, Washington to California,
west of the Cascade Mountains.

L. Burkei Watson Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 525. Stems 2—8 feet high.
nearly glabrous: stipules lanceolate; lower leaves long-petioled; leaf- -
lets 7—10, 1—5 inches long, oblanceolate, acute or the lower ones obtuse.
glabrous above: ,racemes short and dense, with the pedicels mostly
but 1—2 lines long: flowers blue: bracts villous, somewhat persistent:
pubescence of the calyx somewhat villous, spreading: pods 8-seeded.
From Movnt Adams, Washington, to the falls of the Yellowstone.
Idaho and Neveda.

L. ligulatus Greene Pitt. i, 215. Stems clustered, simple, erect.

stout and somewhat fistulous, 2—4 feet high, glabrous. a little glaucous:
other parts of the plant except the upper surface of the leaves more or

LUPINUS. LEGUMINOS 4. 125

+ + Leaflets pubescent both sides.

less hirsute: stipules an inch long,adnate for something less than half
their length, the elongated-linear acuminate free part strongly villous-
hirsute: petioles 3—5 inches long; leaflets about 9, oblanceolate, acute,
1—2 inches long: racemes short-peduncled, 6—10 inches long; bracts
villous-ciliate: towers rather distinctly verticillate, nearly 6 lines long;
keel densely ciliate in the middle: ovary very villous. un Crooked
Creek, southern Oregon.

L. littoralis Dougl. Bot. Reg. xiv, t. 1198. Stems slender, decum-
bent or ascending, 1—2 feet long often not succulent, leafy: pubescence
silky, rather thin: stipules linear; leaflets 5—8, oblanceolate or cun-
eate-oblong, 6—12 lines long, the petioles sometimes twice longer:
racemes short; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx: flowers blue or
violet, verticillate or scattered on pedicels 2—3 lines long: calyx
large wich small bractlets, npper lip 2-toothed; petals equal, 6 lines
long; keel ciliate: ovules and seeds 10-12: pods narrow, 15 lines
long. On sand dunes along the coast, Washington to California.

+ + + Rather sparingly leafy, the lower petioles at least twice
as long as the leaflets: racemes loose; bracts mostly deciduous;
flowers large, not yellow: ovules 6—7, rarely fewer: leaflets glab-
rous above.

L. aretieus Watson 1. c. 526. ‘“Villous or subglabrous: stems rather
stout, one foot high or less, erect or ascending, simple: stipules con-
spicuous, acuminate: leaflets 6—8, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate,
1—2 inches long, acute or obtuse, the petioles much elongated:
racemes 2—+ inches long; bracts linear about equalling the calyx, de-
ciduous or subpersistent: flowers subverticillate or scattered, on slender
pedicels 2—8 lines long: bractlets wanting or caducous: calyx-lips
short, the upper entire or slightly toothed, the lower a little longer;
petals 7—8 lines long, the upper one shorter: keel naked: ovary
slightly sthairy, 5—7-ovuled. Near the coast, Washington to the Polar
Sea.”

L. mucronulatus Howell Eryth. i, 109. Pubescence short and ap-
pressed: stems slender, decumbent, 2—6 inches long, 2—3 leaved:
stipules subulate; leaflets G—10, obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or
acutish, mucronulate, 1—2 inches long, sparingly pubescent on both
sides or glabrous above: peduncles equalling the leaves: racemes
2—3 inches long, rather dense; bracts setaceous; flowers subverti-
cillate, purple or ochroleucous; upper lip of the calyx acute, entire,
the lower longer, narrow, subentire: petals 4—5 lines long, equal, keel
ciliate above the middle. On dry hillsides, eastern base of the Coast
Mountains in Josephine County, Oregon.

_ + + + + Leafy and branching: the petioles not longer than the
leaflets: flowers large: subverticillate: bracts deciduous: ovules 6-8.

L. Sabinii Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 166. Stems erect, 2 feet high: pubes-
cence short, appressed, silky:, stipules long, setaceous; leaflets 8—11
oblanceolate, 12—18 lines long, acute, silky both sides, racemes 6—10
inches long, rather dense and long-peduncled: bracts linear-setaceous;
pedicels 3—4 lines long; calyx minutely bracteolate, upper lip shortly
toothed, the lower longer and entire; petals yellow, equal, 7—8 lines
long, the upper one emarginate, naked, keel ciliate: ovules 7. In the
Blue Moun.ains of Oregon.

L. albicaulis Dougl. 1. c. 165. Pubescence short, more or less villous
and spreading or appresssed: cespitose; stems slender, erect, 1—3 feet
high, branched, whitish: stipules linear-setaceous: racemes 4—12
inches long, short-peduncled; bracts subulate: pedicels 2—8 lines long:
calyx large. u-- lips nearly equal; upper one narrow, shortly 2-toothed,

126 LEGU MINOSE. LUPINUS.

lower one subentire: petals equal, 5—7 lines long, blue, violet or whit-
ish, the upper one acute, naked, keel strongly faleate, naked: ovules
5—7: pods 1—2 inches long, 4—5 lines wide, 3—6 seeded. From the Co-
lumbia to the Sacramento Valley.

L. ornatus Dougl. Bot. Reg. xiv, t, 1216. Stems decumbent or as-
cending: pubescence short, more or less silky, mostly appressed:
stipules setaceous: leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, 8—24
lines long, acute or acutish: racemes 3—8 inches long, usually short-
peduncled: bracts short, subulate or ovate; pedicles 2—3 lines long:
calyx-lips nearly equal, the upper rather shortly toothed or bifid, the
lower subentire; petals blue, equal, 5—7 lines long, the upper one
acutish, subsilky on the back; keel ciliate: ovules 5-8. pods 15 lines
long, 3—4 lines broad. From the Columbia river to California.

+ 4+4+ 4+ + Leaves distant lower petioles elongated; leaflets
not smooth above: racemes mostly dense.

L. sulphureus Dougi. -.0ok. Fl. i, 166.. Stems erect slender, sul-
cate, silky: leaflets 13—15, narrowly lanceolate, densely sericeous on
both sides, shorter than the petiole, whitish: stipules subulate, short:
flowers somewhat verticillate, in a dense thick raceme: calyx ebrac-
teolate, very silky: flowers small, pale sulphur-color, keel glabrous.
On the Blue Mountains of Oregon. :

L. sericeus Pursh Fl. 468. Rather stout, suberect, 1—2 feet high:
pubescence more or less coarsely villous or subsilky, spreading: stipules
usually long-setaceous: leaflets 5—8, rarely 10, narrowly oblanceolate,
1—8 inches long, acute; racemes short-peduncled; bracts deciduous, sub-
ulate-setaceous often much exceeaing the calyx; flowers subverticillate
or scattered, on short pedicels blue, pink or white; calyx strongly
gibbous, minutely bracteolate, densely silky-villous, the lips nearly
equal, 6 lines long, keel ciliate: ovules 4—6:: pods densely hairy, an
inch long. Common from Washington to northern California and
Nevada.

L. saxosus Howell Eryth. i, 110. Stems simple, decumbent or as-
cending, 4—10 inches long, soft-pubescent with spreading hairs: stipules
subulate: leaflets 8—12, densely appressed-silky beneath, sparsely so
above, 6—12 lines long, acute or obtusish: racemes dense, 2—3 inches
long, short-peduncled: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, caducous: flow-
ers subverticillate, on short slender pedicels: upper lip of the calyx
bifid, the lower a little longer, trifid: petals equal, 6 lines long, bright
blue, the upper one obtuse, smooth, keel ciliate: ovules 4—5: pods
villous. On high stony ridges in the John Day Valley, eastern Oregon,
and the Klickitat hills, Washington.

L. leucophyllus Dougl. Bot. Reg. xiii, t, 1124. Stout, 2—3 feet high,
branching, leafy, densely white-silky throughout: stipules long-setace-
ous or subulate: leaflets 7°-10, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, 1—3
inches long, acute, the petioles about equalling the leaflets or the lower
ones twice longer: racemes sessile or nearly so, very dense. 6—12
inches long: bracts subulate or linear, subpersistent or deciduous,
longer than ie buds: flowers scattered or subverticillate, nearly
sessile: calyx minutely bracteolate, upper lip rather broad, more or
less villous, keel ciliate. On damp hillsides, Brit. Columbia to Califor-
oe and tvew Mexico. Flowering from May until heavy frosts in au-
umn,

L. canescens Howell, 1. c. Rather stout, strict, 2-8 feet high, at
length branching, silky-canescent or the inflorescence hirsute: leaflets
8—12, lanceolate, acuminate, 1—3 inches long, densely appressed-villous
on both sides: racemes short-peduncled, dense, 8—10 inches long:

LUPINUS. . LEGUMINOS*. 127

bracts somewhat persistent, subulate, about equalling the calyx: flow-
ers subverticillate, on stout pedicels a line long or more: upper lip of
the calyx bifid, the lower subentire: petals 4 lines long, equal, the
upper one rather broad, pubescent outside, keel cilate. By small
streams, western base of Buck Mountain, eastern Oregon.

L. lepidus Doug. Bot. Reg. xiv, t, 1149. Stems slender, 6—24 inches
high, leafy at base, densely appressed silky: stipules setaceous: leaf-
lets 7—9, narrowly oblanceolate, 9—18 lines long, acute, petioles much
elongated: racemes 2—8 inches long, many-flowered: bracts not ex-
ceeding the calyx, caducous: flowers in near verticils or scattered:
pedicels 1—2 lines long: upper lip of. the calyx 2-toothed or deeply
cleft, the lower 3-toothed or subentire: petals violet, equal, 5 lines
long, the keel ciliate: ovules 4—6: pods an inch long. In prairies and
plains, Puget Sound to the Klamath Lakes.

+++ ++ + Stems leafy: petioles short: racemes short-pedunc-
led: bracts deciduous, mostly short: flowers usually small, not yellow:

ovules 3—5.

L. flexuosus Lind; in. Agh. Syn. Lup. 34. Stems ascending or decum-
bent, 18 inches high, branching pubescence short, silky, appressed, or
subvillous on the leaves: stipules linear-setaceous: leaflets 6—8, ob-
lanceolate, 12—18 lines Tone, acute, silky on both sides: racemes 3—6
inches long or more; bracts lanceolate-setaceous, equalling or much
exceeding the ‘calyx; flowers subverticillate, on pedicels 2—3 lines
long: lips of the calyx nearly equal, the upper slightly toothed, the
lower subentire; bractlets short, setaceous; petals blue or flesh-color,
equal, 5 lines long, the upper one very hairy, keel strongly ciliate:
ovules 45; pods an inch long. Columbia valley to the Rocky Moun-
tains,

L. parviflorus Nutt. H. & A. Bot. Beech. 338. Stems strict. usually
solitary, slender, erect 2—3 feet high, at length branching: pubescence
scanty, short, appressed, the calyx and pedicels silky: stipules setace-
ous: leaves rather distant; leafiets 5—11, oblanceolate to obovate,
1—2 inches long, acute or obtuse, mucronulate, glabrous above, the
lower ones shorter than the petioles: racemes 6—12 inches long, slen-
der; bracts linear-subulate, equalling the calyx; flowers subverticillate
or scattered, the slender pedicels 1—2 lines long: lips of the calyx
nearly equal, the upper ‘bifid: petals light blue, equal, 3—4 lines long,
«© + . keel ciliate or: naked: pods 9—10 lines long, 2—4 seeded, pubescent.
In the mountains, from the Columbia river to northern Utah and the
Yosemite Valley, California.

L. laxiflorus Dougl. Bot. Reg. xiv, t. 1140. Stems cespitose, erect or as-
_cending, 1—2 feet high, slender, at length much branched: pubescence
minute, silky, appressed: stipules setaceous, mostly very small: leaf-
lets 6—8, narrowly oblanceolate, canaliculate, arcuate, 1—2 inches long,
acute, appressed-silky both sides or nearly smooth above, at least half
as long as the petioles: racemes rather loose, 3—6 inches long: bracts
subulate, deciduous: flowers subverticillate or scattered, on slender
peucels 2—4 lines long; calyx narrowed and more or less spurred at
base, minutely bracteolate, the upper lip broad, shortly 2-toothed, lower
one a little longer, almost oblong or broadly lanceolate, subentire; pet-
als blue to white or yellowish, 3—5 lines long, equal, the upper one sub-
pubescent, keel villous ciliate in the middle; ovules 4—5; pods silky-
pubescent, Common from Vancouver Island to northern California
Utah and Montana. 7 i

Var. montanus Howeii Eryth. iii, 33. Leaflets silky both sides
rather shorter than the type: calyx dense-silky, prominently spurred,
the upper lip more distinctly toothed. On Mount Hood, near the line
of perpetual snow.

128 LEGUMINOS A. ’ LUPINUS.

L. argenteus Pursh Fl. 468, Silvery canescent sstems erect or ascend-
ing, cespitose,1—2 feet high, slender and branching: pubescence mainte,
silky, appressed: stipules small: leaflets 5-8, linear-lanceolate, 1--2
inches long, acute, smooth above or nearly so, about equalling the pet-
joles: racemes 2—6 inches long, nearly sessile: flowers subverticillate
or scattered; pedicels 1—2 lines long; calyx campanulate, gibbous but
not spurred at base, upper lip broad, 2-toothed, the lower ‘subentire,
slightly longer; petais blue or cream-color, equal, 8—4 lines long, the
upper one very broad, naked or subpubescent, keel naked or subciliate;
ovules 8—5. Plains of the Columbia and Snake rivers.

**# Dwarf, short stemmed, mostly cespitose: racemes mostly
short and dense: bracts subpersistent; tlowers subverticillate, short-
peduncled : calyx with the upper lip deeply cleft, the lower 3- toothed, -
keel ciliate: ovules 3—6: pods hairy, 1—4-seeded. ,

L. cespitosus Nutt. T. & G. FI. i, 376. Stems very shor. and cespi-
tose: pubescence dense, villous, appressed: leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate, .
6—12 lines long, acute, the petioles thrice longer: racemes sessile,
shorter than the leaves: bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx; petals
pale blue, equal, 3—4 lines long, the upper one narrow, 2 lines broad:
pods 6 lines long. BHastern Oregon to Colorado. |

L. aridus Dougl. Bot. Reg. xv, t. 124. Stems cespitose, 2—3 inches
long, with rather long internodes: pubescence silky-hirsute, fulvous,
appressed: leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate, acute, 9—12 lines long, the pet-
ioles 83—4 times longer: racemes dense, 2—3 inches long, the peduncles
shorter than the leaves: bracts nearly equalling the calyx: upper lip
of the calyx shortly toothed, the lower subentire petals purple, 5 lines
long, nearly twice longer than the calyx, the elliptical upper one usual-
ly shorter: pods 5 lines long,very hairy. In sandy or gravelly places,
Washington to California. =

L. Lobbii Gray in Herb. Watson 1. ¢. 583. ZL. eridus var. Lobbit Wat-
son. Stems cespitose, 1—3 inches long, leafy: pubescence silky, ap-
pressed: leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate to obovate, 6—8 lines long, the pet-
ioles 2—3 times longer: racemes dense, 1—2 inches long, peduncles
shorter than the leaves: bracts nearly equalling the calyx: upper lip
of the calyx deeply bifid, the lower slightly trifid; petals purple, the
aed one orbicular. In alluvial prairies and hillsides, Washington to

alifornia.

L. minimus Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 163. Appressed silky-villous, 3—6
inches high: leaflets 5—9, obovate or lanceolate, 3—8 lines long, mostly
acutish, the petioles 3—4 times longer: pedicels equalling or exceeding
the leaves: bracts short, deciduous: calyx half the length of the
petals, upper lip deeply bifid; petals purple,4—5 lines long, equal, the
upper one orbicular. Eastern Oregon and Washington.

L. Cusickii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 469. Canescent through-
out with soft appressed hairs: stems 2—4 inches high, much branched
from the biennial or perennial root: leaflets 5—8 oblanceolate, slightly.
less villous above, 3—9 lines long, the petioles usually elongated: ped-
uncles mostly very short, the loosely few-flowered racemes shorter than’
the leaves: flowers purple, 3—4 Hines long: calyx narrowly lobed
1— lines long; upper petal glabrous, keel ciliate: pods villous with
short appressed hairs, 2—3 seeded, 4—5 lines long. On sterile hillsides,
Union County, Oregon.

L. Breweri Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 334. Stems 2—G inches long,
from a spreading branched woody caudex, very leafy: pubescence
dense, villous, appressed: leaflets 7—10 obovate, obtuse, 4—6 lines long,
the netioles 1—2 times longer: racemes very short: peduncles equall-
ing the leaves: bracts short; lips of the calyx nearly equal, the upper

LUPINUS LEGUMINOS.E. 139

one deeply bifid, the lower one shortly and equally toothed; petals
blue , equal, 3—-4 lines long, the upper one orbicular. .\]pine, on the Sis-
kiyou and ‘Sierra Nevada Mountains.

L. Lyallii Gray 1. c Canescent with dense appressed villous pubes-
cence: stems leafy, 2—G inches long, from a spreading woody caudex:
leaflets 5—7, obovate, 3—4 lines long, acutish, the slender petioles 3—4
times longer: racemes very short, the pedicels exceeding the leaves:
bracts short: lips of the calyx nearly equal; petals purple or blue, 5
lines long, nearly equal, the upper one elliptical: pods silky, 4—G lines
long. Comion on the highest points of the Cascade and Sierra Ne-
vada Mountains from Washington to California.

* * * * Wrect'annnals: leaflets mostly 5—7: upper lip of the
ealyx 2-parted or bifid: keel mostly ciliate.

L..carnosulus Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. ii, 144. Erect annual; 1-2
feet high, simple or branched, steut and succulent: pubescence ap-
pressed, minute; leatiets pubescent both sides, oblanceolate, G—12
lines long, obtuse but with a small recurved mucronation: the petioles
1—3 times longer; racemes loose, distinctly verticillate; bracts most-
ly exceeding the calyx; upper lip of the calyx deeply cleft, the lower
entire; petals barely exceeding the calyx, 2 lines long, the upper one
entire: petals 3—6 lines long, deep blue, keel villous in the middle:
pods fleshy, an inch long. In open places, Willamette Valley to Marin
County, ‘California.

L. micranthus Dougl. Bot. Reg. xv, t, 1251. Stems slender, - branch:
ing from the base, 6—8 inches long, pilose-pubescent, not at all succu-
lent: leafiets 57, narrowly linear to linear-spatulate, 6—18 lines long,
on petioles twice longer: racemes peduncled; flowers more or less dis-
tinctly verticillate; bracts shorter than the calyx;. pedicles 1—8 lines
long; upper lip of the calyx with divergent lobes, lower lip longer,
entire; petals barely exceeding the calyx, 2 lines long, the upper one
short, orbicmar, mucronulate, blue with white dots in the centre, lateral
ones narrow , appressed, dark blue, keel wooly-ciliate toward theapex:
pods an inch long, 3—4 lines broad. appressed-pubescent, 5—7-seeded:
seeds grayish with a dark diagonal line near the hilum. In open places
along streams, Washington to California.

L. bieolor Lind]. Bot. reg. xiii, t,1109. Stems stoutish, 6—10 inches
high, erect, diffusely branched, sometimes simple, silky-pilose: stipules
linear-lanceolate: leaflets 5—8, unequal, narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse
or acutish, 6—10 lines long, appressed-silky. both sides, the petioles
3—4 times longer: racemes long-peduncled ; bracts setaceous, shorter
than the calyx, deciduous; flowers in 2—4 verticils, on stout pedicels
a line or more long; upper lip of the calyx deeply cleft, the lower a-
little longer and slightly 3-cleft; petals 3—4 lines long, the upper one
orbicular, blue with a white dotted with blue stripe down the center,
lateral ones broadly obovate, dark blue, keel ciliate: pods an inch long
by. 8 lines broad, densely appressed-silky, 4—6 seeded; seeds light
brown. In open places, Washington to California.

is
L. trifidus Torr. in Watson Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 585. Stems slender,
6—10 inches high. branched from the base, pubescent throughout with
rather coarse more or less spreading whitish hairs: stipules linear-.
lanceolate, adnate for half their length: leaflets 5—8. unequal, linear-
oblanceolate. obtuse, not half as long as the petioles: bracts deciduous,
linear-lanceolate, 2—3 lines long; upper lip of the calyx deeply cleft,
the segments divergent, lower lip a little longer, trifid: fowers verti-
cillate, on pedicels a line long; petals nearly 3 lines long, the upper
one orbicular. blue and white, the lateral ones dark blue, keel ciliate
above the middle. On dry hillsides, southern Oregon to California.

130 LEGUMINOSE. LUPINUS.
‘ ULEX.

§ 2 Pratycarros Watson Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 588. Flowers
in terminal racemes. Sides of the upper petal strongly reflexed.
Ovary 2-ovuled. Cotyledons broad and clasping after germina-
tion, usually long-persistent. Annuals with cuneate-oblong or
obovate leaflets and persistent bracts; pods ovate.

L. luteolus Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. v, 38. Stout, 1—2 feet high, usual-
ly much brauched: pubescence short, appressed, rather silky: stipules
setaceous, villous: leaflets usually 7, cuneate-oblong, an inch long or
more, the petioles but little longer: racemes short, dense; peduncles ex-
ceeding the leaves; bracts linear-setaceous, villous; flowers yellow, 6
lines long; upper lip of the calyx narrow, about a line long, lower lip 4
lines long, upper petal oblong, shorter than the others: pods villous:
seeds 2 lines long, black, rough. Southern Oregon to California.

L. microcarpus Sims Bot. Mag. t, 24138. Erect and branching, 3—18
inches high, vitious with long spreading hairs: stipules long-setaceous:
leaves mostly approximate upon the stem, on elongated petioles; leaf-
lets 7—11, usually 9, cuneate-oblong, 1—2 inches long, obtuse and mu-
cronulate or emarginate, smooth above: flowers in close verticils, on
pedicels 1—2 lines long; bracts subulate-setaceous, equalling the calyx
or shorter; calyx dense villous, lower lip large 3-toothed, the middle
teoth small; upper lip very short, sub-searious, 2-toothed; petals
purple to ~white or cream-color, 6—7 lines long, the keel slightly ciliate:
pods vilious, 8 lines long. On moist slopes, from the Columbia river to
southern California.

L. pusillus Pursh Fl. 468. Rather stout, 3—10 inches high, diffusely
branched from the base, hirsute with, long spreading hairs; leaflets
usually 5, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, 9—15 lines long, acute or
obtuse, nearly glabrous above, about half as long as the petioles:
racemes short-peduncled or sessile, not exceeding the leaves, 2—3 inches
‘long: pedicels 2—3 lines long; upper lip of the calyx 2-cleft, the lower
subentire; petals purple or rose-color, 4 lines long, equal: seeds nearly
2 lines broad. On sanuy plains, eastern Washington to the Missouri
river nnd New Mexico.

L. brevicaulis Watson Bot. King 53, t, 7. Stems short or nearly
wanting: leaves 1—4+ inches high, pubescent with spreading hairs;
leaflets mostly 7, cuneate-obovate, 5—7 lines long, rounded at the apex:
racemes dense, 1—2 inches long, the peduncles nearly equalling the
leaves: upper lip of the calyx very short or truncate, scarious, the low-
er one subentire: petals blue, 3—5 lines long, equal. Southeastern Ore-
gon to Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.

3 ULEX L. Gen. n. 881. (Furze.)-

Compact therny shrubs with simple prickle-pointed leaf-like.
organs without stipules, and scattered yellow flowers. Calyx of
two nearly or quite distinct yellowish sepals. Petals short, un-
guiculate, subequal the upper one not reflexed. Stamens 10,
monadelphous; anthers in two sets, the outer ones short and
versatile, the inner long and basifixed. Ovary sessile, imany-
ovuled ; style smvoth, incurved; stigma capitate.

U. Europaeus L. Sp. 741, A dense shrub 8—6 feet high, the numerous
short branches villous, ending in a short spine: lower leaves some-
times lanceolate, more commonly reduced to spines, 6 lines long: flow-
ers 6 lines long, yellow, solitary in the axil-of a spinescent leaf, often
crowded on the short branchlets: calyx villous; upper petal ovate,
obtuse, hardly erect: pods few-seeded, but little longer than the calyx.

CYTISUS. LEGUMINOS.E. 131
MEDICAGO.

Gn sandy plains about the mouth of the Columbia river. Introduced
from Europe.

4 CYTISUS L. Gen. n. 877.

_ Shrubs with green, more or less leafy angular branches, palm-
ately or pinnately trifoliolate leaves, minute or inconspicuous
stipules and solitary or racemous, yellow or white flowers. Calyx
with campanulate tube and bilabiate limb. Petals broad, ungui-
tulate, free, the keel obtuse. Stamens 10, monadelphous; anth-
ers in two sets, the outer ones short and versatile, the alternate
ones long and basifixed. Ovary mostly sessile, many-ovuled ;
style glabrous, incurved; stigma terminal, capitate or oblique.
Pod compressed, several-seeded.

C. scoparius Link. Enum. ii, 241. (Scorca Broom). A much branched
shrub 3-8-feet high with prominently angular green branches; sparingly
leafy, leaflets glabrous, often 1 only: flowers large, bright yellow, solitary
or in pairs along the branchlets, in the leaf-axils and apparently racemose:
pods pilose-along the margins. Becoming common-in ‘many’ places. In-
troduced from Europe. ' an : aaa

Tribe 8. Trifoliex Bronn. DC. Prodr. ti, 171. Erect or pro-
cumbent, mostly low herbs, rarely a jittle shrubby, with palmately
or pinnately trifoliolate, rarely 5-7-foliolate leaves, the leaflets often
toothed or serrylate, and axillary or terminal, racemose, spicate,
capitate or umbellate inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous. Sta-
mens diadelphous. Pod continuous, I-celled. several-seeded and de-
hiscent, or one ta few-seeded and nearly indehiscent. Radicle im-
flexed.

5 MEDICAGO Tourn. L. Gen. n. 899.

Herbaceous, or rarely shrubby, plants with palmately trifolio-
late leaves, often incised stipules, and axillary, 1-2- or many-
flowered, peduncles. Calyx somewhat cylindrical, 5-cleft. Keel
of the corolla remote from the upper petal. Pod usually many-
seeded, of various forms, falcate or spirally coiled.

M. sativa Morig. Hist. ii, 150. (Atratra). Perennial; glabrous: stems
erect, 2-4 feet high: leaflets cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, toothed above,
mucronate; stipyles lanceolate, somewhat toothed: flowers numerous,
racemose, violet: pods spirally coiled, unarmed. Fields and roadsides,
sparingly introduced.

M. Luputina L. Sp. 779. ‘Annual, slender, procumbent, 1-2 feet long,
soft-hairy : leaflets obovate, small: flowers minute, in small, oblong heads ;
yellow: pod small, reniform or curved almost into a ring, black when ripe,
l-seeded. Klickitat Co., Washington. Introduced from Asia.

M, penticuLatTa Willd. Sp. iii, 1414. (Bur-Crover). Annual, much
branched, decumbent, glabrous: leaflets obovate or obcordate, denticulate :
flowers 2-3, yellow: pods coiled into 2 circles, their margins armed with
hooked prickles. Introduced from Asia.

6 MELILOTUS Tourn. Inst. t. 226 L. Gen. n. 899 (Swerr Clover).
Erect herbs with pinnately trifoliolate leaves and small fra-

132 LEGUMINOSZE. MELILOTUS.
TRIFOLIUM.

grant flowers in slender axillary racemes. Calyx tubular or
campanulate, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla deciduous, the upper
petal free, longer than the lateral ones, keel petals completely
united cuhering with the lateral ones, all free from the stamens.
Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform. Pods coriaceous, globose
or ovoid, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, one to few-
seeded.

M. Invica All. Fl. Ped. i, 308. Mf. parviflora Desv. Stems erect or is-
cending, with spreading branches, 1-3 feet high, from an annual root:
leaflets of the lower leaves obovate a.id often nearly entire, of the upper
ones cuneate-oblong or linear, truncate or emarginate, serrate; stipules
linear-setaceous; racemes at first dense, at length rather loose; flowers
yellow, small; teeth of the calyx broad, nearly equal, half the length of
the corolla; petals nearly equal: pods globose-ovate, wrinkled, 2-seeded.
In low grounds and along rivers. Introduced.

M. ausa. Lam. Encyel, iv, 63. Stems erect, branching, 3-6 feet high,
irom a biennial root: leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate at the apex, mucro-
nate, remotely serrate; stipules setaceous: racemes elongated, panicled,
loose; teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube; corolla white, 2-3
lines long, more than twice the length of the calyx, the upper petal longer
than the others: pods ovate, wrinkled, two-seeded. Along streams and
river bottoms. Introduced.

7 TRIFOLIUM Tourn. Inst. t. 228. L. Gen. n. 896, (CLovER).

Herbs with palmately or pinnately trifoliolate, rarely 5-7-folio-
late, leaves with adnate stipules, and usually numerous flowers
in capitate racemes, spikes or umbels, on axillary or apparently
terminal peduncles. Calyx 5-cleft or -parted, with nearly equal
teeth, persistent. Petals persistent, unguiculate, the claws all
more or less adnate to the staminal tube, or the upper one free:
keel short, obtuse. Stamens diadelpnous. Pods concealed with-
in or little exserted from the calyx, 1-6-seeded, dehiscent or in-
dehiscent.

§ 1. Luprnaster Monch. DC. Prodr. ii, 203. Heads not in-
voluerate, dense: leaflets 5-7, rarely only 3; flowers sessile :tecth
of the calyx nearly equal, filiform, plumose: perennials.

T. megacephalum Nutt. Gen. ii, 105 (?). Stems stout, 4-8 inches
‘long, from a stout perennial root, decumbent or ascending, villous, 1-2-
leaved below, and a pair of opposite ones at the summit; stipules folia--
ceous, the lower ones lanceolate to oblong, irregularly incised with acumi-’
nate lobes, to almost entire, the pair subtending. the peduncle obliquely
ovate, 6-8 lines Jong by 4-6 lines broad, laciniately lobed and tooled
leaflets 5-7, obovate to oblanceolate, 4-10 lincs long, spinulose-dentate,
apiculate, obtuse or emarginate, strongly veincd: peduncle stout, appar-
ently terminal, longer than the leaves: flowers many, in dense’ capitate
spikes, very shortly pediceled, an inch or more long, ochroleucous and pur-
ple: tube of the calyx 1-2 lines long, the setaceous plumose teeth 5-6
times longer; upper petal broad, free, longer than, and enfolding the oth-
ers, wings and keel unguiculate, the claws adnate to the staminal tube:
pods sessile, ciliate near the apex, otherwise smooth, 4-6-ovuled, usually
2-seeded. In wet gravelly places, Eastern Oregon and Washington.

._ T. Plummere Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 440 (2). Stems cespitose, 1-3 inches
high, clustered at the crown of a thick perpendicular root, canescent with

TRIFOLIUM. LEGUMINOS-E. 133

appressed hoary pubescence throughout: leaflets 3-3, obovate to oblanceo-
late, coarsely serrate, 3-6 lines long: stipules mostly scarious and inflated:
peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers few, 3-4 lines long, on short
pedicels: teeth of the calyx linear, but little longer than the tube, a third
shorter than the petals :ovary densely villous, 2-ovuled. In open forests,
Blue Mountains of Oregon.

§ 2. Evrrirones. Heads not involucrate: peduncles termi-
nal or apparently so: flowers sessile or nearly so.

* More or less pubescent: teeth of the calyx longer than the tube,
very narrow: stipules linear or lanceolate, acuminate.

+ Teeth of the calyx plumose or hairy.
++ Towers never reflexed.

T. albopurpureum T. & G. Fl. i, 308. 2. Maerai of authors not H. «&
A. Somewhat villous, with appressed or spreading hairs: stems slender,
branching, 6-12 inches high: from an annual root: stipules ovate to lancco-
late, long-acuminate: leaflets obovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse or re-
tuse, serrulate above the middle, 2-6 lines long: flowers in dense, ovate
slender-peduncled heads, sessile, dark purple; calyx very villous, the
straight filiform plumose teeth as long as the petals, somewhat spreading:
petals scarcely connected: ovary pubescent: pods I-seeded. On dry hill-
sides, western Washington to California.

T. pratense L. Sp. 1082. (Rep Crover). Perennial: stems ascending,
somewhat hairy, 1-3 feet long: stipules broadly Janceolate, membrana-
ceous, nerved, setaceously acuminate: leaflets obcordate or oblong-oyate,
often emarginate, nearly entire, glabrous above, 1-2 inches long: heads of
tlowers ovate, dense, nearly sessile, bracteate ; teeth of the calyx setaceous,
hairy, the lower one much longer than the other four, which are equal
and about half as long as the corolla; petals purplish-red, all united into a
tube at the base. Roadsides and cultivated fields, common.

T. longipes Nutt. T. & G. Fl.i, 314. Glabrous or nearly so: stems
erect or ascending from spreading perennial roots, 6-20 inches high, stout:
stipules mostly narrow, entire or sparsely toothed, apiculate: leaves long-
petioled; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, entire or minutely denticulate, 1-2
inches long, acute or obtuse, apiculate, strongly veined: flowers white, in
dense ovate long-peduncled heads, sessile or nearly so; tube of the calyx
sparingly villous, a line long, the setaceous teeth minutely plumose; 5-7
lines long, nearly equalling the corolla; upper petal free, the others united
with the staminal tube: ovary pubescent at the apex, shortly stipitate,
2-4-ovuled. In wet places and about springs, Brit. Columbia to California
and the Rocky Mountains. a =

Var. latifolium Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi, 209. Often low: leaflets
broad: flowers pedicillate, in loose heads. From the Rocky Mountains to
the Pacific.

++ ++ Flowers at length reflexed.

YT. eriocephalum Nutt. 1. c. 313. Villous with spreading hairs, stems
erect, 6-10 inches high or more, from astout perennial root: stipules linear
to lanceolate, entire or repand; 12-18 lines long: leaflets oblong to lanceo-
late, 1-2-inches long, acutely and minutely serrulate: flowers in dense
ovate spikes, yellowish or white, 4-8 lines long; tube of the calyx very.
short, its filiform plumose teeth abruptly narrowed from a broad base,
nearly equalling the petals; claws of the petals united-to the staminal
tube; ovary hairy, 2-4-ovuled. Common in open places, western Wash-
ington and Oregon to northern California.

T. plumosum Dougl. Hook. FI. i, 13), t. 49. Silky-pubescent: stems

134 LEGUMINOS 2. TRIFOLIUM,

slender, 8-16 inches high, from a stout perennial root, erect or ascending :
stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, adnate to above the middle: leaflets
narrowly oblong to linear, 1-2 inches long, acuminate, denticulate: flowers
white, in dense oblong or ovate spikes, 6 lines long, reflexed; tube of the
calyx very villous, a line or less long, the subulate-setaceous teeth about
half as long as the petals, silky-plumose: ovary 4-ovuled, In open places
that are wet in spring, Oregon to California.

T. Harneyensis Howell P.C. Pl. Coll. of 1887. Glabrous or nearly so;
stems erect ; 6-18 inches high, from a creeping perennial root: stipules linear
to lanceolate, entire or dentate, an inch or more long; leaflets linear to ob-
lanceolate, irregularly dentate, 1-3 inches long, appressed pubescent be-
neath; flowers in dense oblong heads, on rather long pedicels, at length
reflexed: tube of the calyx appressed-pubescent, less than a line long,
the subulate teeth 2-3 lines long, less than half as long as the petais: ovary
densely tomentose. In alluvial prairies, Harney valley southeastern
Oregon.

T. Oreganum Howell Eryth. i, 110. Perennial; stems decumbent or
ascending, 6-8 inches long; herbage glabrous or the petioles and peduncles
appressed-silky; stipules linear or the upper ones lanceolate, acute, entire
or serrate above the middle; leaflets linear-oblong to lanceolate, entire or
denticulate, 6-12 lines long; flowers pinkish or light red.in loose subumbel-
late heads, the short pedicels reflexed in age; tube of the calyx minutely
villous, a line long, the subulate-setaceous teeth twice longer: ovary
smooth, stipitate, 3-4-ovuled. In moist places, eastern base of the Coast
Mountains, near Waldo, Josephine Co., Oregon.

* * Glibrous p2rennials: teeth of the calyx subulate, rigid, con-
torted, twice longer than the tube: flowers sessile, not reflexed: sti-
pules lanceolate, acuminate.

T. altissimum Douzl. Hook. Fl. i, 130, t, 48. Erect, stout, a foot or
more high: stipules very long, toothed; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate,
very acute, 2 inches long, strongly veined, the veins excurrent: flowers in
dense oblong or ovate spikes, 6-8 lines long; lower tooth of the calyx
straight, the.others curved or twisted: petals red: ovary smooth, 2-ovuled.
Fastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho.

* * * Glabrous throughout: teeth of the calyx straight, scarcely ‘~
longer than the tube: stipules lanceolate to ovate: flowers on very
short pedicels, at length’ relexed: perennials.

T. Beckwithii Brewer Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 128. Stout: leaflets
oblong to oblanceolate,. obtuse or acute, 1-2 inches long, coarsely veined
and toothel: flowers 7-9 lines long, in dense globose heads; teeth of the
calyx lingar-subulate: ovary 2-6-ovuled. Southern Idaho to northern
California.

T. Kingii Watson Bot. King, 59. Slender, 6-8 inches high: stipules’.
Janceolate to ovate, entire or the upper ones dentate; lower leaflets round- °
ovate to oblonz, obtuse, upp2r ones linear-ohlong to lanceolate, acute, all
serrate: flowers in oblong spikes, the rachis often produced above the
head with a few spinescent bracts; teeth of the calyx thin, subulate, a
line long, but little if any longer than the tube, about one-third the
length of the purplish corolla. In: moist places, eastern base of the Cas-
cade Mountains at Camp Polk, Oregon, to California, Utah and Montana.

T. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii, 262. Stems stout, erect, 1-3
feet high: stipules of the lower leaves narrowly lanceolate, of the upper
ones ovate, all entire: petioles short; leaflets mostly cuneate-oblanceolate,
1-3 inches long irregularly-toothed peduncles axillary, longer than the
leaves; flowers white, in rather dense ovate or oblong heads, 4-6 lines
long; teeth of the calyx subulate, about as lung as the tube; upper petal
oblong, (-7 lines long, much longer than the others, free; ovary 2-ovuled;

TRIFOLIUM. LEGUMINOSA. 135

pods 1-2-seeded, a little longer than the calyx, dehiscent. Along streams
and ditches, Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and northern California.

x * * * Peduncles axillary: flowers on slender pedicels, soon re-
flexed: ovules 2-4: spreading perennials.

T. Breweri Watson |. c. xi, 181. Somewhat pubescent throughout,
stems procumbent, very slender, 4-12 inches long, from a rather thick
perennial root: stipules lanceolate, ‘short; leaflets obovate to oblong,
mostly retuse, toothed or serrulate, 3-9 lines long: flowers white or pink-
ish, on slender pedicels, in loose globose heads: calyx very narrow, the
slender teeth much shorter than the corolla. In moist places, south-
western Oregon and northern California.

T. rerens L. Sp. 1080. (Waite Ciover). Glabrous perennial; stems
slender, creeping, rooting at all the nodes, 4-20 inches long: leaves long-
petioled; stipules narrowly lanceolate, scarious; leaflets ohcordate, den-
ticulate, 4-10 lines long: flowers white or pinkish, in loose depressed-glo-
bose long-peduncled heads, soon reflexed; teeth of the calyx unequal,
lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the tube: pods 4-seeded. Common in
cultivated fields and roadsides. Introduced from Europe.

** * * * Peduncles axillary : flowers on short pedicels, in small
heads, at length reflexed: teeth of the calyx subulate, mostly glabrous:
slender annuals.

T. ciliolatum Benth. Pl. Hartw. 304. T. ciliatum Nutt. not Clark.
Glabrous; stems erect, often 1-2 feet high, simple or branched: stipules
usually narrow, acuminate; leaflets cuneate-oblong to obovate, 6-12 lines
long, obtuse or retuse, serrulate: flowers in small dense ovate heads, the
rachis prolonged above as 2 stout bristle: calyx campanulate, the teeth
very unequal, the two upper ones lanceolate, spinulose-acuminate, longer
than the corolla, the others similar but smaller, about two-thirds as long,
all with scarious and rigidly ciliolate margins; petals purple and white,
3-4 lines long, the upper one free and folded around the others: pods
shorter than the calyx, 1-seeded; seeds oblong, turgid, light brown. In
moist meadows of the Willamette Valley to California.

T. Hallii. 7. gracilentum and bifidum of authors as to the Oregon plant
not T.& G. Subvillous to glabrous, pale green and somewhat glaucous:
stems slender, diffusely branched to simple, 6-18 inches high from a slen-
der annual root: stipules ovate-lanceolate, setaceous-acuminate, entire:
leaflets linear-cuneate to obcordate, sparsely dentate, more or less deeply
notched at the apex, the midnerve excurrent in the centre, 4-8 lines long:
peduncles exceeding the leaves, pilose near the summit; flowers pink or °*
rose-color, in small depeamced slabone 10-30-fllowered heads, on short pedi-
cels, soon reflexed; calyx 5-parted, the teeth subulate-setaceous, sparsely
hirsute, somewhat unequal, but little shorter than the corolla; petals rose-
color, 3-4 lines long, the upper one free and folded over the others: pods
included, 1-seeded. Open places and prairies, western Washington to
California.

T. procumpens L. Sp. 772. Pubescent; stems procumbent to sub-erect,
slender, 4-12 inches long: leaves short-petioled, pinnately-trifoliolate ;
stipules rather foliaceous, ovate, ciliate, mostly shorter than the petiole;
leaflets cuneate-obcordate or cuneate-oblong and emarginate, denticulate,
the lower pair distant from the terminal one: flowers on slender axillary
peduncles, in small ovate heads, soon reflexed; teeth of the calyx un-
equal, the two upper ones very short; petals yellow, the upper one striate
when old: pods 1-seeded. Common in fields and roadsides. Introduced

from Europe.
§.3. Invonucrarium T.&G. Fl. i, 817. Heads of flowers sub-
tended biy-a-nicnophyllous, usually many-cleft involucre : pedun-

136 ; LEGUMINOS#. TRIFOLIUM.

cles axillary.: flowers sessile or nearly so, never reflexed: pods
often dehiscent at the ventral suture: veins of the leaves often

reticulate.

* Jnvolucre not membranaceous, deeply lobed, the lobes laciniately
and sharply toothed: corolla not becoming inflated.

T. fimbriatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1070. Glabrous: stems long and
thick, prostrate: stipules ovate, acuminate, laciniate-spinulose : leaflets ob-
long or slightly cuneate, spinulose-denticulate, an inch or more long: in-
volucre laciniately many-cleft, shorter than the large subglobose heads of
purple or reddish flowers: teeth of the calyx broadly subulate, straight,
half the length of the corolla, shorter than the tube, unequal, spiny: cor-
olla slender: pod 2-seeded. In salt marshes along the coast, Oregon to

California.

T. spinulosum Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 133. Glabrous: stems prostrate or
ascending, slender, 1-2 feet long: stipules ovate, acuminate, spinulose-
serrate; leaflets oblong, acute at each end, spinulose-denticulate, termi-
nated by a rigid spiny point; involucre often small, laciniately many-cleft,
shorter than the subglobose heads; teeth of the calyx narrowly subulate,
pungent, shorter than the corolla, 3-4 times as long as the tube; corolla
white, or the keel and wings tipped with fine purple: pods 2-seeded. In
mountain valleys near springs, Oregon.

T. heterodon T. & G. Fl. i, 183. Glabrous: stems several from a
branching perennial root, decumbent, 10-18 inches long, simple or a little
branched, usually producing only terminal heads: stipules membrana-
ceous, ovate, acuminate, laciniately serrate with subulate teeth, the lower
ones lanceolate and nearly or quite entire; leaflets oblong or oval, some-
what cuneiform at base, mucronately ciliate-serrulaté, obtuse, the lower-
most mostly emarginate, 6-18 lines long: heads an inch or more in diam-
eter depressed-globose, long-peduncled; involucre large, foliaceous, lacini-
ately many-cleft with spinulose lobes, little shorter than the heads; teeth
of the calyx narrowly subulate, nearly equal, 2-3 times longer than the
tube, shorter than the corolla; petals an inch long, purple, the upper one
pale at the tip: pods somewhat stipitate, 3-6-seeded. In salt meadows
along the coast, near the mouth of the Columbia river,

T. obtusiflorum Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 218. Sparsely short-hairy or glabrous,
often more or less resinous-glandular: stems stout, a few inches to 8 feet
long, from an annual root, erect or decumbent, ditfusely branched: lower
stipules scarious, prominently nerved, lanceolate, setaceously acuminate,
an inch long, entire or toothed, upper ones more herbaceous, setaceously
pectinate: leaflets elliptic-lanceolate 12-18 lines long, spinulose-serrate.
acute at each end, terminated by a rigid spiny point: heads an inch or
more broad on long stoutish peduncles: involucre setaceously many-cleft ;
tube of the calyx oblong-campanulate, 3 lines long, with 10 prominent and
as many lesser nerves, these branching and forming reticulations above,
teeth subulate-spinose, entire, shorter than the tube; petals 8-10 lincs
long, lilac-purple with dark centre: pods elliptical, 2-seeded, dehiscent.
On clayey hillsides, southwestern Oregon to middle California.

T. tridentata Lindl. Bot. Reg. under t. 1070. Glabrous annual: stems
slender, erect, simple or branched, 3-20 inches high: stipules scarious,
narrowly lanceolate, spinulose acuminate, the lower entire, the upper setua-
ceously laciniate: leaflets linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, spinulose ser-
rate; heads nearly an inch broad: involucre orbicular, setac: ously many-
lobed and toothed, shorter than the flowers: tube ot the calyx campant-
late, prominently 10-nerved, reticulated, the short oblong lobes abruptly
contracted above to a slender spine, often subtended by a pair of short
spines or teeth; flowers purlpe and white: mature pods fully as broad as

TRIFOLIUM. LEGUMINOSAE. 137

long, 2-seeded, dehiscent. Common on rocky hillsides and river banks,
Brit. Columbia to California.

T. oligauthum Steud. Nom. i, 707. 1. pauciflorum Nutt. not d’Ur-
ville. Glabrous annual: stems slender, erect, much branched from the
base and sometimes sparingly so above, about a fout high: stipules lacini-
ate, acuminate: lower leaflets on long petioles, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or
emarginate, upper ones on short petioles, lanceolate-linear, acuminate,
8-10 lines long by 1-2 lines broad, distinctly and minutely spinulose-ser-
rulate; involucre 12-16-parted,-about one-third the length of the flowers:
heads 5-7-flowered, on long filiform peduncles; teeth of the calyx simple,
broadly subulate, pungent, scarcely longer than the tube, shorter than the
petals; lower part of the corolla dull purple, upper part whitish: pods 2-
needed Wet places on the higher plains of the Columbia and Willamette
valleys.

T. variegatum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 317. Glabrous winter annual; stems
weak and decumbent, 8-12 inches long, branching from the base and spar-
ingly above: upper stipules roundish, laciniately dentate with subulate-
setaceous teeth : leaflets obovate to oblong or somewhat obcordate, minutely
spinulose-serrate, 3-6 lines long, peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves;
involucre open-campanulate or at length spreading, laciniately many-clett,
shorter than the flowers; heads about 6 lines in diameter; teeth of the
glabrous calyx equal, lanceolate-subulate with setaceous points, longer
than the tube, shorter than the corolla: petals purple with white tips:
pore small, 2-seeded. Common in wet places throughout the Willamette
valley.

* * Tnvolucre membranaceous, at least at base, less deeply lobed,
the lobes entire or toothed: corolla not becoming inflated: annuals.

T. microcephalum Pursh FI. 478. Villous with soft hairs: stems
slender, erect or decumbent, 6-20 inches long, diffusely branched trom the
base: stipules lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, mostly entire: leaflets ob-
lanceolate to obcordate or obovate, denticnlate: 4-6 lines long: heads
small, densely many-flowered ; involucre about 9-lobed, the lobes acumi-
nate, 3-nerved, entire; calyx hairy, its subulate teeth scariously margined,
sometimes toothed at hase, attenuate toa long spinulose point, equalling
the corolla: ovules 2; pods glabrous, 1-seeded. Cominon in open places,
Brit. Columbia to California.

_T. microdon H. & A. Bot. Beech, 330, t. 79. Somewhat villous:
stems slender, erect or ascending, diffusely branched below, 6-12 inches
high: stipules lanceolate to ovate, spinulose-acuminate, entire; leaflets
obcordate, serrate, 4-8 lines long, nearly as broad: heads small, long-
peduncled; involucre conspicuously cup-shaped, as long as the flowers.
9-12-lobed, the oblong lobes laciniately toothed: calyx glabrous, carnpanu-
late, 10-nerved, the short teeth triangular-subulate, spinose; petals rose-
color: pods small, 1-seeded. On dry hillsides, Brit. Columbia to Cal-
ifornia.

T. eyathiferum Lindl, Bot. Reg. under t. 1070. Glabrous: stems erect
or ascending, 4-12 inches high, diffusely branched: stipules ovate to
lanceolate, laciniately toothed or entire; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate,
obtuse or acute, 6-12 lines long by halt as broad; heads 6-10 lines in
diameter, long-peduncled; involucre broad and membranaceous, conspic-
uously nerved and reticulated, 7-10-lobed, the shallow acute lobes spinulose-
dentate, nearly as long as the flowers: calyx smooth, the tube somewhat
inflated, prominently d5-nerved, the nerves excurrent into branching seta-
ceous tips which equal the small white corolla: pods oblong, 2-seeded.
About springs and on wet rocks, Brit. Columbia to California and the
Rocky Mountains.

* * %® Involucre membranaceous: the upper petal becoming con;
spicuously inflated and enclosing the lower ones.

138 LEGUMINOS&. TRIFOLIUM.
LOTUS.

YT. fueatum Lindl. 1. c. t. 1883. Usually stout and fistulous, the de-
cumbent branches 1-2 feet long: herbage light green, glabrous and some-
what succulent: stipules large, membranaceous nearly or quite entire:
leaflets 6-18 lines long, broadly obovate, obtuse or retuse, dentate or spinu-
lose-denticulate ; peduncles stout, far exceeding the leaves; bracts of the

involucre-ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined, connate at base;
heads hemispherical, 1-2 inches broad: calyx thin, campanulate, the
short teeth entire, unequal: corolla 6-12 lines long, ochroleucous, fading
with a red tinge: pods stipitate, 3-8-seeded: seeds roundish, nearly a line
broad, minutely granulate. Along the coast, Oregon and California.

T. depauperatum Desv. Journ. Bot. iv, 69, t. 32. Smooth, low and
slender, decumbent or ascending: stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate,
entire ; leaflets obcordate to linear, obtuse, 6 lines long or less: heads 3-10-
flowered; involucre reduced to a very smull toothed or truncate, often
minute and scarious ring: calyx short, the narrowly subulate teeth but
little longer than the tube; upper petal much inflated and enclosing the
others, pods 1-2-seeded, seeds little broader than long, rather angular,
tuberculate-rugose. In wet places top of Table Rock, Southern Oregon to
California and South America.

Tribe 4. Lotee B.& H. Gen. 442 Herbs rarely shrubby,
with one to many-foliolate leaves, entire leaflets, foliaceous, scarious or
gland-like stipules, and capitate, umbellate or solitary inflorescence.
Petals free from the stamens. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Pod con-
tinuous, one-celled but often with spongy partitions between the seeds.

8 LOTUS Tourn.
HOSACKLA Benth. and American authors.

Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants with pinnately one to sev-
eral-foliolate leaves with gland-like, rarely scarious or foliaceous,
stipules and one to several-flowered axillary peduncles, the flower
often subtended by a 1-5-foliolate bract. Calyx 5-toothed or
-cleft, the teeth nearly equal, usually longer than the tube.
Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal, the upper one ovate
or roundish, lateral ones obovate or oblong, keel somewhat in-
curved, obtuse or acutely beaked. Stamens diadelphous; the
alternate filaments dilated or thickened under the anthers. Pods
linear, compressed or ‘terete, straight or arcuate, sessile, dehis-
cent or indehiscent, 1-several-seeded, with spongy partitions be-
tween the seeds. Seeds variously rounded or elongated, some?
times quadrate. smooth, tuberculate or rugose.

§ 1 Acmisron Raf. New Fl. 58, as genus. Annuals with 1-5-
foliolate nearly sessile leaves with small gland-like stipules and
small flowers on axillary peduncles. Petals but little exceeding
the calyx the claws equally approximate to cach other, keel nar-
rowed above into a rather short, acute, incurved beak, equalling
or exceeding the wings: pods linear, straight or nearly so, some-
what compressed, readily dehiscent, several-seeded. ~

L. Americanus Bisch. Hort. Heidelb. Hosackia Purshiana Benth.
More or less villous or glabrous: stems erect or assurgent, 6-18 inches
high, simple to diffusely branched: leaves nearly sessile or short-petioled ;

leaflets ovate to lanceolate. or.oblong,.3-9-lines-long:often cnly the terminal
one present, the others when present scattered on a short slightly dilated

LOTUS. _LEGUMINOS 2. 139,

rachis: peduncles usually exceeding the leaves, with a single unifoiiolate,
bract at the summit; flowers solitary, 2-3 lines long; teeth of the calyx
linear, much longer than the tube, almost equalling the corolla; petals
salmon-color, the upper one orbicular: pods narrow, somewhat compressed,
about an inch long, 5-7-seeded, with very spongy partitions between the
oblong black or mottled seeds. Common on bars and_ gravelly banks of
streams. Brit. Columbia‘to California, Missouri and Arkansas.

§ 2. Anrtsonorcs Barnh. as genus. Leaves pinnately
2-10-foliolate, the leaflets scattered on a more or less dilated
rachis, with gland-like stipules and small fléwers on axillary
pedunvles. Pods promptly deciduous.

* Annuals: flowers solitary, on very short pedicels, not bracted:
claws of the petals equally approximate tv each other; the keel nar-
rowed above into a somewhat incurved beak: pods‘short, not attenu-
ate at base, few-seeded, promptly deciduous.

L. Wrangelianus F. &. M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 16. Husackia sub-
pinnata T. 4G. Pilose or subglabrous: stems diffusely branched from the
base, 4-6 inches high: leaflets 2-4, all but one on the outside of the rachis,
oblong, subglabrous, 4-6 lines long, more or less pilose: flowers sessile or
nearly so, about 2 lines long; teeth of the calyx subulate, several times
longer than the tube, ciliate with long spreading hairs, not as long as the
yellow corolla: pods pubescent, 6 lines long, nearly obtuse, 5-7-seeded.
Southern Oregon to California.

L. humistratus Greene Pitt. ii, 189. Hosackia brachycarpa Benth.
Softly villous: stems 4-6 inches high, diffusely branched fron: the base:
leaflets usually 4, all but one on the outside of the rachis 3-6 lines long,
obovate to oblong, acute, flowers sessile, 3-4 lines long, bright yellow;
calyx-tube very short, its subulate teeth much longer, nearly equalling the
corolla: pods 3-4 lines long, oblong, obtusish, very pubescent, nearly
terete, 2-4-seeded. On gravelly bars and banks along streams, Southern
Oregon to California. :

L. denticulatus Greene l.c. Hosackia denticulata Drew. Pale green
and glaucous, glabrous or the inflorescence villous: stems erect, sparingly
branched, 1-2 feet high: leaflets 2-6, all but one on the outside of the
rachis, obovate to oblanceolate, 4-8 lines long, sparingly hairy beneath:
flowers 2-3 lines long, solitary, on short axillary pedicels or nearly sessile:
calyx deeply 5-cleft, its subulate teeth longer than the tube, denticulate,
about equalling the corolla; petals about 2 lines long, pale yellow or sal-
mon-color, changing to rich dark red: pods pubescent, very short, 3-
seeded. In wet places, Vancouver Island to California.

* * Peduncles elongated, one to several-flowered, mostly bracted :
claw of the upper petal commonly remote from the others: keel mostly.
obtuse.

L. micranthus Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 367. Hosackia parvi-
flora Benth. Annual: glabrous or nearly so: stems slender, ascending,
4-12 inches long, usually branching frum the base: leaflets 3-5, obovate to
narrowly oblong, 2-8 lines long: peduncles longer than the leaves, 1-2-
flowered, with a 1-3-foliolate bract at the summit: petals yellow, about 2
lines long, keel with a short incurved apex, nearly equalling the wings;
banner obcordate: pods 6-12 lines long, 5-7-seeded, often contracted be-
tween the seeds. Common on dry or gravelly plains and hillsides, Van-
couver Island to California. , ‘

§ 3 Syrmatrum Vogel as Genus. Mostly perennials with
pinnately 3-7-foliolate leaves, and gland-like stipules. Pedun-
cles umbellately one to several-flowered ; claw of the upper petal

140 LEGU MINOS.#. LOTUS.

remote from the others; keel broad and obtuse above. ‘The ma-
ture calyx deciduous with the indehiscent, usually small, arcuate,

slender-pointed, few-seeded pod.

L. Douglasii Greene }.c. 149. Hoesackia decumbens Benth. Villous-
pubescent and somewhat tomentose: stems slender, ascending or diffusely
procumbent, 6-18 inches long, from a thick very tough perennial root:
leaflets 5-7, cuneate-obovate to oblong, mostly acute, 3-6 lines long: um-
bels of yellow flowers on short peduncles, subtended by a 1-3-foliolate:
pract: calyx silky, its slender teeth often as long as the campanulate tube:

ods pubescent, talcate, the beak longer than the seed-bearing portion,
about 2-seeded. Open plains and hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California.
§ 4. Hosackra Benth. Bot. Reg. xv, under t. 1257, as
Genus. Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves, true stipules, the
leaflets evenly distributed upon a linear rachis. Peduncles um-
bellately many-flowered, the flowers usually subtended by a
bract. Claw of the upper petal remote from the others, the lat-
eral ones partially cohering with the broad and mostly very ob-
tuse keel and spreading away from the claw of the upper one.
Pods acute above, linear, straight or nearly so, 5-20 seeded, gla-
brous, terete or somewhat compressed, tardily dehiscent.

* Glabrous throughont or becoming so: bracts petioled or wanting:
stipules scarious: leaflets 5-15: flowers rather large.

L. ecrassifolius Greene 1. c.147. Hosackia crassifolia Benth. Stout
erect, often 2-4 feet high, widely branching: leaflets 9-15, minutely pubes.
cent or somewhat villous but soon glabrate, thickish obovate or oblong
usually obtuse and mucronulate, 6-12 lines long. peduncles nearly equal-
ling the leaves, usually many-flowered: bract usually some distance be-
low the umbel, 1-3-foliolate: flowers on slender pedicels, 2-4: lines long:
tube of the calyx campanulate, 3 lines long, truncate, the very short tri-
angular teeth distant from each other; petals much longer than the calyx
dull dark purple: pods thick, about 2 inches long by 3 lines in diameter:
seeds nearly orbienlar. In rich allvvial soil, foothills of the Cascade
Moantains, Washington to California.

L. pinnatus Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 29138. Huosackia hicolor Doug?. Glab-
rous throughout: ‘stems numerous, from a thick perennial root, erect
branched above, 1-2 feet high: leaflets 5-9 obovate or oblong, obtuse or
acutish, 6-12 lines long: stipules rather large, triangular, acuminate: ped-
uncles mostly longer than the leaves, 3-10-flowered, naked, or sometimes
with a small scarious or 1-3-foliolate bract at the summit: flowers nearly
sessile, 8-10 lines long; calyx campanulate, oblique, its triangular teeth
but half as long as the tube; upper petal bright vellow, the laterel ones
usually white: pods nearly terete, 2 inches long, but little more than'a
line in diameter: seeds numerous, ob:ong. In springs and ditches, Brit
Columbia‘to California. , 5

L. formosissimus Greene 1. ¢. Hosackia gracilis Benth. Tow 2a
slender, the weak stems 6-12 inches long: jentlets 5-7, bro aa aces
obovate-oblong, obtuse, the lowest truncate or retuse ; stipules thin, ovate:
pedicels equalling or shorter than the leaves; bract petioled, 1-3-foliolate :
teeth of the calyx unequal, triangular, acute or acuminate, shorter than
the campanulate tube; petals 7 lines long, the upper one yellow, the wide
spreading lateral ones and much shorter keel rose-color: pods short In
moist ground along the seaboard, Oregon to California. :

* * Pubeseent or puberulent; bracts nearly sessile, at the top of
the peduncles. 7

*

PSORALEA. ©: LEGUMINOS At. 141

L. Torreyi Greene 1. c. 146. Losackia Torreyi Gray. Minutely pubes-
cent: stems rather slender, numerous, from a stout perennial root, 1-2
feet high, mostly simple: stipules triangular, a Jine or more long; leaflets
5-9, obovate to narrowly oblanceolate or linear, densely pubescent be-
neath, mostly obtuse, 6-12 lines long: peduncles exceeding the leaves;
bracts usually trifoliolate: umbels 5-7-flowered; teeth of the pubescent
calyx subulate, about as long as the short campanulate tube ; petals 6 lines
long, the upper one bright yellow, the lateral ones’ and very obtuse keel
white or reddish: pods linear, 1-2 inches long, with an acuminate hooked
beak. In springs and ditches, southwestern Oregon to California.

Tribe 5. Galegew. Bronn. (partly) T. & G. Fl. i, 292. Erect
herbs, shrubs, or trees with usually unequally pinnate, seldom
stipellate leaves and axillary or terminal, raremose or spi-
cate inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous, or otherwise irregu-
lar. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous. : Pods
continuous, rarely with transverse cellular partitions between the
seeds, but never separating into joints, I-relled. several-seeded, de-
hiscent, or 1-2-seeded and indehiscent. Radicls incurred or in-
flexed.
9 PSORALEA Royen IL. Gen, ed. 2, 358.

Our species perennial herbs, the herbage punctate with dark
glandular dots with digitately or pinnately 3-5-foliolate leaves
with entire leaflets and free stipules, and white or purple flowers
in axillary pedunculate spikes or racemes, mostly with mem-
branaceous deciduous bracts. Calyx campanulate, persistent, 5-
cleft, its teeth nearly equal, or the lower one longest, the two
upper ones often connate. Petals free from the stamens; keel
broad and obtuse above, united with the wings. Stamens usually
diadelphous, the upper one sometimes united with the others at
the base; anthers uniform, often only 5 perfect. Pods ovate,
about as long as the calvx, 1-seeded, indehiscent, thick, often
wrinkled.

* Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, rarely 7-foliolatec.

P. lanceolata Pursh. Fl. 475. Aromatic-glandular throughout: stems
slender, 12-30 inches high, erect or assurgent, branched, glabrous or with
a few scattered hairs: stipules linear-lanceolate to setaceous, 3-6 lines
long: petioles 1-2 inches long; leaves trifoliolate ;, leaflets 1-2 inches long,
linear-lanceolate to obovate, acute or obtuse, mucronate, glabrous or with
a few hairs: peduncles longer than the leaves; inflorescence capitate,
small; bracts minute; flowers nearly white; calyx minutely hairy, the
lobes nearly equal, obtuse: pods globose, 3 lines long, light with conspicu-
ous large raised brown glands, nearly glabrous, beak small and erect:
seeds globose, brown. On sandy plains, Oregon and Washington to Iowa
and Arizona. ; .

P. Purshii Vail Bull. Torr. Club, xxi,94. Glandular throughout;
stems assurgent 6-20 inches high or more, from a’ long slender rootstock,
glabrous or somewhat hirsute at base; scales ovate, scarious: leaves 3-
foliocte; stipules lanceolate, 3-4 lines long; leaflets 1-2 inches long, obo-
vate cuneate or elliptical, or the uppermost nearly lanceolate and often
much narrower, varying greatly in size and shape, retuse or mucronulate,
glandular, glabrous or with a few scattered white hairs: peduncles vary-
ing in length, rarely longer than the leaves: flowers scattered in slender
spikes or crowded in nearly capitate heads; bracts minute; lobes of the

142 LEGU MINOS 4. PSORALEA.
PETALOSTEMEN,

<alyx about equal, sparingly hirsute: Pe glabrous, 4 lines long, with a
short erect beak, light with scattered brown glands and more or less
densely villous with white hairs: seeds globose, 3 lines long, light brown.
On sand banks along the Columbia river, to Idaho and Nevada.

* * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

P. physodes Doug!. Hook. Fl. i, 136.. Glabrous or with a few weak,
mostly black hairs: stems slender, assurgent, 1-2 feet high, simple: leaves
3-foliolate; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed ; leaflets broadly
rhomboid-ovate, mostly acute, mucronate an inch long, glandular ; pedun-
cles equalling or-exceeding the leaves; flowers in capitate racemes; bracts
small, elliptical; calyx more or less villous with usually dark-colored
hairs, 4-5 lines long, becoming much inflated, lobes nearly equal, triangu-
lar, the margins ciliate with dark hairs; petals 5-6 lines long, white or

urplish, pods membranaceous, rounded, somewhat compressed, 3 lines
ong; seeds grayish. In open woods and rocky hillsides, gVancouver Is-
Jand to California. ;

P. melilotoides Michx. Fl. ii, 58. Hedysarwn pedunculatum Mill.
Gardn. Dict, No. 17. Stems erect, 1-2 feet high, from a long rootstock,
simple or branching from the base: stipules 2-3 lines long, setaceous: peti-
oles shorter.than. the leatlets; leaves remote, 3-foliolate, rarely 4-5-folio-
late; leaflets 2 inches long, lanceolate, acute, rarely ovate and obtuse, gla-
brous except the veins and margins which are very sparingly hirsute;
peduncles much exceeding the leaves; flowers in loose spikes; bracts
glandular, broadly ovate, much imbricated, the cuspidate apex longer than
the flowers; lobes of the calyx acute, glandular, the lower one the long-
est: pods orbicnlar, compressed, transversely wrinkled, beak minute, re-
curved: seed orbicular, flat, brown. Seattle, Washington (Piper) and the
Atlantic States.

‘10 PETALOSTEMON Michx. F). ii, 48, t. 37.

Herbaceous, mostly perennial glandular dotted plants with
unequally pinnate leaves with minute setaceous ‘stipules, and
small flowers in dense terminal spikes or heads. Calyx often
glandular, 4-toothed, the teeth connivent, nearly equal. Petals
5, on filiform claws; 4 of them nearly similar, their claws united
to the stamen-tube quite to the summit, alternate with the stan-
ens, deciduous by an articulation, the upper one free, inserted at
the bottom of the calyx, the limb cordate or oblong, condupli-
cate. Stamens 5, monadelphous, the tube cleft. Ovary with
2 collateral ovules. Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx,
indehiscent, 1-seeded.

P. ornatus Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 188. Perennial; stems simple, 1-2
feet high, glandular-dotted: leaflets 5-9, obovate to narrowly oblong, 5-6 -
lines long, frewers in dense, long-peduncled terminal spikes, sessile; bright .
purple ; “bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the flowers: calyx
densely silky-villous ; upeer tooth as long as the tube, the others shorter:
ovary pubescent. Hillsides and old river banks, Eastern Oregon.

Tribe 5. .Astragalee, Adans. Erect or decumbent, herbaceous,
rarely suffrutescent, plants with unequally pinnate leaves and axillary
or radtcal, racemose or spicate inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous.
Stamens monadelphous, Pod continuous, turgid cr inflated, rarely
flattened, often spuriously 2-celled or partly 2-celled by the intro-
flexion of one or bath of the sutures, dehiscent, several-seeded, rarely
i-2-seeded, Radical incurved,

ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOS 2. 148

11 ASTRAGALUS Tourn. (Ratriz weep, Loco-weEep).

Erect or decumbent herbs with unequally pinnate leaves with-
out tendrils, persistent stipules and axillary spikes or racemes of
rather small, narrow flowers. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with
‘slender claws, the keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma
terminal, minute. Pod very various, commonly turgid or in-
flated, one or both sutures often projecting inward more or less,
the dorsal one frequently s0 much as to divide the cell into two,
rarely flat. Seeds few or many, on slender stalks, generally
small for the size of the pod.

Series I. Astrracatus L. gen. n. 892 as genus. Pod com-
pletely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal su-
ture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply intruded.

§ 1 Dipuyst Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 193. Pods ovate or
‘globose, membranaceous or coriaceous, inflated, glabrous or
nearly so, sessile, completely 2-celled and more or léss didymous . °
by the intrusion of both sutures, several-seeded: pubescence
short or wanting; flowers rather sinall, white to purple or yel-
lowish, spicate or subspicate.

A. araneosus Sheld. Bull. Minn. Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 9,170. Gla-
brous throughout or slightly pubescent when young: stems decumbent or
assurgent, 6-18 inches long, very finely striate, simple, few to many from
a thick perennial rout: leaves 4-6 inches long, the rachis slightly winged,,
not channeled or but slightly so: stipules deltoid-acuminate, semi-sheath-
ing below, reflexed’; leatlets 6-8 pairs, 5-6 lines long, somewhat fleshy, or-
bicular or obvordate, obtuse, retuse or emarginate; peduncles equalling
the leaves, striate, capitately or subspicately 10-12. flowered; calyx short-
cylindrical, with a few scattered, blackish hairs, the linear spreading teeth.
wl the length of the tube; petals whitish tipped with purple: pods
ovate-lanceolate, arcuate-incurved, with a long acuminate incurved beak,
6-10 lines long; coriaceous, glabrous, minutely reticulated, sessile, both
sutures intruded so as to form a-nearly 2 celled cavity which is lined
throughout with fine cobwebby hairs, 8-10-seeded. On dry plaias and
hillsides, Eastern Oregon and Washington to Utah.

A&A. lentiginosus Dougl. Don Syst. Gard. and Bot. ii, 257. Slightly pu-.
beseent: stems tufted, 6-12 inches long, soon diffusely spreading: stipules
small, ovate, acute; leaflets 11-19, from obovate or oblanceolate to oblong, |
3-6 lines long: pods turgid, ovate, acuminate, more or less incurved, 4-6
lines long, puberulent, often mottled, thick-membranaceous. sessile, 2-cel-
led by the intrusion of both sutures, 6-8-seeded. Dry plains, Brit. Colum-
bia to California and Nevada.

A. salinus Howell Eryth. i, 111. Minutely hirsute: stems numerous
from a thick perennial root. decumbent or ascending, rather slender 4-3'
inches long, much branched: leaflets 9-17,-obovate to oblong. obtuse or
retuse, 4-6 lines long: peduncles shorter than the leaves: calyx narrow.
its short subulate teeth half as Jong as the tube; flowers yellowish. 6-8
lines long: pods inflated. ovoid. short-beaked. chartaceous, 6-8 lines long,
very glabrous, nearly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, sev-
eral-seeded. In saline soil, Harney valley, southeastern Oregon.

A. diaphanus Dougl. Hook. Fl. i. 151. Prostrate and_ diffuse, pilose-
scabrous; stipules small, ovate, acuminate; leaflets 41-19. obovate: pedun-
cles shorter than the leaves; flowers about 6 lines long, purple, in loose
heads; bracts minute, ovate, acuminate rather shorter than the pedicels:

144 LEGUMINOSAE. ASTRAGALUS.

pods falcate, somewhat reflexed, linear, compressed, somewhat diaphanous zi
nearly glabrous, 2-celled, many-seeded. Sandy soil, near the Great Falls
of the reeon (Douglas).

A. aecidens Watson l.c. Sparingly pubescent; the numerous stems
6-18 inches long, from a thick perennial root: leaflets 10-15 pairs, oblong,
retuse, cuneate at base, glabrous above, appressed pubescent beneath,
6-8 lines long: peduncles about equalling the leaves: flowers reflexed, in
a short raceme; calyx campanulate, dark-pubescent. 3 lines long, the
teeth nearly equalling the tube: corolla yellowish, the narrow erect ban-
ner 6-7 lines long. Pod white-pubegcent, on a stipe as long as the calyx,
oblong-ovate. subsulcate on the back, the ventral suture somewhat promi-
a straight, reflexed, 4-5 lines long. On open hillsides, southwestern

regon.

A. Pacificus Sheld. Bull. Minn. Nat. Hist. Surv. 9, 174. A. Hender-
sout Watson, not Baker. Thinly pubescent throughout with soft woolly
hairs, the numerous stems erect or ascending from a stout perennial root-
stock, 1-2 feet high: leaflets 6-10 pairs, narrowly oblong, obtuse or
retuse, 6-9 lines long; stipules lanceolate: pedunculate racemes exceeding
the leaves, few-flowered: calyx tubular-campanulate, dark-villous, 3-4
lines long, the narrow teeth nearly equalling the tube: pods reflexed, 2-
celled, very fleshy-coriaceous, upon a stipe twice longer than the calyx,
turgid, oblong to oblong-obovate, with a stout prominent ventral suture,
the dorsal less prominent, very abruptly mucronate, glabrous, rugose,
8-11 lines long by 4 thick. Open hillsides, Jackson Co., Oregon and ad-
jacent California, :

$ 2 Caaropontes Gray 1. ¢. 194. Pods ovate, small, sessile,
coriaceous, turgid or at times subcompressed, more or less sulcate
on the back, 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, cells
3-4-ovuled. Many-stemmed perennials.

A. Spaldingii Gray 1. c. 524. Villous-pubescent: stems a foot in height:
leaflets 21-25, lanceolate to oblong-linear, 3-6 lines long: peduncles ex-
ceeding the leaves: spikes oblong, dense, or rather loose at base; flowers
nearly 5 lines long: bracts setaceous; calyx very villous; pods 2-3 lines
tong, villous scarcely sulcate, 2-4-seeded. Plains of eastern Washington
an aho.

A. Lyallii Gray 1.c. 195. White-silky: stems a foot high, leaflets
19-25, 3-6 lines long, lanceolate to oblong-linear: peduncles not exceeding
the leaves; spikes long and loose; calyx villous, the tube equalling the.
teeth: pods hoary, sulcate. Valley of the Yakima, Wash., near the Brit.
Columbia boundary.

$8. Unicrnost Gray lc. 196. Pod coriaceous, turgid, ob--
long, terete, scarcely suleate and only on the back, nearly
straight, sessile, septum perfect. ‘all perennials with appressed
gray-pubescence or glabrate.

A. Mortoni Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 19. Minutely appressed-
pubescent, greenish: stems erect 18-24 inches high: stipules broad and
mem)ranaceous; leaflets 11-17, oblong, obtuse, 6-12 lines long: peduncles
as long as the leaves; flowers sessile or nearly so, in dense .racemose
spikes. reflexed as they open, the fruit erect; calyx villous, its teeth triang-
war-lanceolate, shorter than the tube: pods 6 lines long, minutely pubes-:
cent, elongated-oblong, grooved at the dorsal suture. the ventral suture
externally prominent: seeds numerous. Dry plains, eastern Oregon and
Washington to Montana, Utah and Nevada.

$4. Oxosrycarpes Gray |. ¢. 194. Pods coriaceous, oblong -

ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOS ©. 145

or ovate, straight, usually more or less compressed or obcom-
pressed-triangular, dorsally sulcate 2-cells.l. pubescent, many-
ovuled, erect: stipules more or less sheathing: flowers in dense
spikes or small heads: perennials.

A. adsurgens Pall. Astrag. 40. Cinereous with minute appressed
eee or glabrate: stems rather stout, ‘4-18 inches high, ascending or

ecumbent: leaflets 13-19, narrowly to linear-oblong, 10-12 Jines long, ob-
tuse, pale green: peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers erect, in ob-
long to subglobose spikes ; tube of the calyx long-campanulate, twice as long
as the setaceous teeth, subvillous with partly black hairs; petals bright
purple, the upper one about one-third longer than the others: pods coria-
ceous, erect, sessile, ovate-oblong, 4-5 lines long, straight, usually tri-
angular compressed, dorsally sulcate, pubescent with appressed hairs,
pny eu Plains of eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and western

ansas.

A. hypoglottis L. Mant. ii, 274. Somewhat hirsute: stems 6-24 inches
long, slender, diffusely procumbent or ascending: leaflets 15-21, oblong or
obovate to elliptical, obtuse or retuse; stipules lanceolate, more or less co-
hering: peduncles longer than the leaves; bracts longer than the calyx,
lanceolate: calyx blackish-pilose, its subulate teeth as long as the tube
petals bright purple: pods ovate, triangular, compressed, silky-villous,
very shortly stipitate, 6-8-seeded. Alluvial plains, southeastern Oregon
and Washington to Colorado and Hudson Bay.

§ 5. Dipymocarrr Gray 1. c.188. Pods thin-coriaceous, ob-
compressed-didymous with a narrow perfect septum, transversely
ridged or reticulated, at length separating into two 1-2-seeded
divisions, mostly deflexed ; ovary short-stipitate: caulescent an-
nuals. :

A. Catalinensis Nutt. Pl.Gamb. 152. A. nigrescens Nutt. not Pall. Cin-
ereous with a short appressed pubescence: stem annual, 2-6 inches high,
branching from the base: stipules scarious, triangular-ovate, acuminate,
distinct, nearly free; leaflets 7-11, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, a line
long, pubescent beneath, sometimes smooth above; peduncles longer than
the leaves; flowers 4-8, in a subcapitate raceme, on very short spreading
pedicels, soon deflexed, a line long; calyx campanulate, pubescent with
dark colored hairs, the broadly subulate teeth twice longer than the tube:
pods broadly ovate, obcompressed, pubescent, 2-celled by the intrusion of
the dorsal suture, the ventral suture obtuse, several-ovuled. On dry hill-
sides and banks, both sides of the Siskiyou Mountains near Ashland,
Oregon. ;

§ 6. Micrantut Gray l.c. Pod coriaceous, oblong, lanceo-
late, or linear, straight or curved, sessile, dorsally sulcate, the
ventral suture rather prominent, 2-celled, many-ovuled.

A. drepanolobus Gray 1. c. xix, 75. Perennial: strigose-pubescent,
throughout; the numerous stems ascending or decumbent, diffusely
branched, 6-12 inches long: leaflets 9-11, obovate, usually emarginate,
4-6 lines long: peduncles exceeding the leaves, rather loosely-flowered;
calyx short-campanulate, its subulate teeth shorter than the tube: pod
linear-oblong, compressed, very falcate, 2-celled by the intrusion of the
dorsal suture, many-ovuled. On gravelly bars of the John Day river near
its junction with the Columbia. ,

A. umbraticus Sheld. l.c. <A. sylvaticus Watson, not Willd. Gla-
brous: stems numerous from a stout perennial root, ascending or erect,
12-18 inches high, branching: leaflets 17-21, oblong, retuse, 4-9 lines long:
peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; racemes close, rather few-

146 LEGUMINOS 4. ASTRAGALUS.

flowered; calyx slightly pubescent, campanulate, its acuminate teeth
about equalling the tube; petals 8-10 lines long, yellowish or whitish; pod
deflexed, chartaceous, linear, more or less curved, compressed, 2-celled by:
the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture acute, 6-10 lines long
by 48 line broad, black when mature. In forests at Glendale, south-
western Oregon,

A. malacus Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 336. Villous-hirsute with long
spreading hairs: stems rather stout, from a perennial root.: leaflets 11-17,
obovate, retuse, 4-8 lines long: peduncles exceeding the leaves, bearing a
rather loose spike cf several to many flowers; calyx cylindrical, pubescent,
with dark-colored hairs, the slender teeth much shorter than the tube, but
little shorter than the corolla: pods pendulous or spreading, lunate-lanceo-
late, an inch long, 3-4 lines broad, densely long-hairy, turgid and sulcate
on the back, sharp-edged ventrally, many-seeded. On alkaline plains,
southeastern Oregon to Nevada and Colorado.

A. arrectus Gray 1. c. viii, 280. Somewhat cinereous-pubescent or
nearly glabrous: stems 1-2 feet high from a perennial root, erect, sulcate,
simple or branched: stipules distinct, scarious; leaflets 19-25, ovate or
narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse, 6-8 lines long: racemes on long pedun-
cles, loosely rather few-flowered; flowers ochroleucous, 7 lines long; calyx
tubular-campanulate, pubescent with black hairs, its teeth short and slen-
der: pods erect upon spreading or somewhat deflexed pedicels, coriaceous,
subglabrous, oblong, 8-12 lines long, nearly straight, cuspidate, abruptly
narrowed at base into a stipe as long as the calyx, with a deep dorsal sul-
cus and somewhat carinate ventral edge, 2-celled, many-seeded. Eastern
Washington to Idaho and Nevdda.

A. obscurus Watson Bot. King. 69. Somewhat canescent, with a
minute appressed pubescence: stems 6-12 inches high, numerous, slender,
ascending, from a perennial root: stipules small, triangular, somewhat ad-
nate to the petiole; leaflets 5-15, linear to oblong, 2-5 lines long, obtuse or
acute: peduncles exceeding the leaves: racemes 5—15-flowered, loose or
capitate, calyx pubescent with black hairs, the campanulate tube twice
longer than the acute teeth, petals 6 lines long, ochroleucous or tinged
with violet, the upper one orbicular, longer than the entire lateral ones
and arched keel; pods terete, with a narrow dorsal sulcus, sessile, charta-
ceous, erect, 10-15-ovuled. Eastern Oregon to Nevada.

§ 7. Succumpentes Gray |. c. vi, 200. Pod chartaceous-
coriaceous, sessile, strongly compressed, falcate upward, bicari-
nate and deeply sulcate on the back, the ventral suture promi-
nent and acute.

A. suceumbens Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 151. Hirsute throughout: stems
numerous, from the crown of a perennial root, decumbent, branching, 8-15
inches long: stipules small, oblong, acuminate, free and distinct; leaflets
11-15, obovate to oblong, 6 lines long or less; peduncles stout, shorter than
the leaves; racemes short, dense, many-flowered ; calyx cylindrical, loosely
hirsute, its triangular acuminate teeth shorter than the tube; petals 8-10
lines long, nearly equal: pods glabrous, linear-lanceolate, falcate, 2 inches
long, erect on spreading pedicels, bicarinate and deeply sulcate on the
back, the ventral suture prominent, acute, strongly compressed, many-
ae: On rocky or sandy hillsides along the Columbia river above The

alles.

§ 8. GaLecirormeEs Gray 1. c. Pod exsert-stipitate, pendent,
coriaceous or cartilaginous-chartaceous, straight, narrow, more or
less triangular, very deeply sulcate dorsally, the suture intruded
to the middle or beyond.

ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOS.4, 147

A. Howellii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xv, 46. Cinereous-pubescent
throughout: stems erect, slender, 1-2 feet high, sparsely leafy; stipules
linear-lanceolate, partly adnate, 2 lines iong; leaflets 11-31, oblong to lin-
ear, obtuse to retuse, 4-8 lines long: peduncles exceeding the leaves;
flowers white, on short spreading pedicels, soon deflexed, in a loose raceme;
calyx campanulate, subgibbous at base, its subulate-setaceous teeth about
equalling the tube: pods straight, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate
at base to a stipe, twice longer than the calyx, 2-celled by the intrusion of
the dorsal suture, the ventral suture prominently keeled, canescent,
several-ovuled. Dry hillsides and plains, Eastern Oregon near The Dalles.

A. misellus Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 449. Canescent with a short
appressed pubescence: stems numerous from a thick perennial root, de-
cumbent or ascending, 4-6 inches long: stipules triangular to broad-subu-
late, slightly connate ; leaflets 17-21, oblong to linear, 2-3 lines long, pu-
bescent beneath, soon glabrate above: peduncles about equalling or much
exceeding the leaves, few-flowered; flowers spreading or reflexed, on very
short pedicels: calyx campanulate, its teeth nearly equalling the tube:
pod linear, somewhat curved, attenuate below to a stipe a little longer
than the calyx, compressed, 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture,
the ventral suture rounded or acute, reflexed, finely pubescent, 8-10 lines
long. On sterile hillsides in the John Day valley at Mitchell Oregon.

A. racemosus Pursh Fl. 740. Appressed pubescent or glabrate: stems
1-2 feet high, rather stout, somewhat sulcate, very leafy: leaflets about 21,
elliptical, oblong or oval, obtuse, mucronate, smooth above, 6-8 lines long:
peduncles about the length of the leaves, loosely many-flowered; flowers
nodding and somewhat secund, calyx whitish-pubescent, strongly gibbous
at base, the setaveous teeth slightly shorter than the tube, equalling the
stipe: pods lance-oblong, an inch long, triangular, not 2-celled, very
smooth. Plains of Idaho to Kansas and the Northwest Territory.

§ 9. ARGOPHYLLI Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 209. Pods mostly
thick-coriaceous and obcompressed, the intruded dorsal suture
more or less approaching the ventral, not 2-celled, pubescent.

A. iodanthus Watson Bot. King 70. Canescent with an appressed hairy
pubescence, or nearly glabrous with scattered hairs upon the petioles and
margins of the leaves; stems decumbent, 6-10 inches long, from a peren-
nial root: stipules ovate-lanceolate, free or somewhat adnate to the petiole ;
leaflets 18-21, 2-5 lines long, obovate or orbicular, obtuse: peduncles
equalling the leaves; spikes short, dense; flowers on short pedicels, deep
violet-purple or ochroleucous tinged with purple, the lateral and upper
petals 6-8 lines long, exceeding the obtuse keel, the somewhat nigrescent
campanulate calyx-tube twice longer than the subulate teeth: pods 18
lines long, 3 lines broad, linear-oblong, acuminate, strongly arcuate or
hamate, sessile, nearly glabrous with a very sparse pubescence, mottled,
chartaceous, irregularly folded but usually with a deep dorsal sulcus ap-
proximating the suture to the prominent ventral one, many-seeded. East-
ern Oregon to California, Nevada, Colorado and Montana.

A. Beckwithii T. & G. Pac. R. Rep. ii, 120. Glabrous or nearly so:
stems 1-2 feet long, from perennial roots, ditfusely spreading: stipules
ovate-lanceolate, adnate to the petiole: leaflets 15-25, 6 lines long, broadly
oval: flowers 5-8, in a short loose raceme, orchroleucous, 9 lines long ; calyx
nearly glabrous, its subulate teeth scarcely shorter than or exceeding the
campanulate tube: pods 1 inch long, glabrous, transversely rugulose, coria-
ceous, short stipitate, somewhat obcompressed, flattened dorsally with
the sutures slightly intruded, bisuleate ventrally with the prominent su-
ture acutely margined, many-seeded. Brit. Columbia to Southern Idaho,
Utah, Nevada and California.

A. glareosus Doug). Hook. Fl. i, 152. Silky-villous withincum bent

148 LEGUMINOS/:. ASTRAGALUS.

hairs: stems short, depressed: stipules oblong, acuminate, appressed,
membranaceous: leaflets 13-15, linear-oblong: peduncles as long as the
leaves or shorter, 3-4-flowered; bracts linear, as long as the cylindrical
elongated: blackish-hairy calyx; teeth of the calyx one-third as long as the
tube: pods oblong-ovate, attenuate above, incurved, silky-pubescent,
Southern Idaho and Wyoming.

Series II. Puaca L. Gen. n. 891, as genus. Pod 1-celled,
neither suture being inflexed, nor the ventral more intruded than

the dorsal.

§ 9. Errocarpr Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 212. Pod very
woolly, short turgid, coriaceous, more or less incurved, acumi-
nate or pointed, sessile. Stems prostrate, from a stout perennial
root.

A. inflexus Dougl. in G. Don. Gen. Syst. ii, 256. Soft-woolly
throughout: stems 1-2 feet long, prostrate, branching: stipules subulate or
acuminate from a rather broad base, 6-8 lines long: leaflets 21-25, oblong
or oblanceolate, about 6 lines long, densely silky peduncles not exceeding
the leaves; flowers purple, rather numerous, in short capitate spikes:
bracts setaceous, 6-8 lines long; calyx about equalling the lateral petals,
its subulate teeth about as long as the tube; upper petal longer than the
lateral ones, pubescent on the back: pods ovate, acuminate, densely silky-
villous, at length strongly incurved, 1-celled but at maturity the dorsal
suture becomes inflexed so as to nearly meet the ventral, but not forming
a partition. On sandy banks and plains, along the Columbia river above
The Dalles.

A. doryenioides Dougl. in G. Don Gen. Syst. ii, 258 (?). Appressed-
silky with white hairs, stems short, depressed, several from the crown of a
stout perennial root 1-3 inches long: stipules subulate, setaceous-acumi-
nate, 6-9 lines long: leaves numerous; leaflets usually 13, 6-10 Jines long
by 2 lines broad, oblong to oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, densely silky
both sides; peduncles shorter than the leaves; capitately few-flowered;
calyx tubular, 4-5 lines long, its subulate teeth about half as long as the
tube; corolla 8-10 lines long, persistent, bright purple: pods ovate, acumi-
nate, at length strongly incurved, densely villous, 10-12 lines long, 1-celled,
the dorsal suture at maturity strongly intruded, the ventral rounded. On
rocky hillsides, eastern Oregon and Washington.

A. leucocystis Greene Eryth. iii, 76. (A. lanocarpus Sheld. 1. c. 144).
Woolly-pubescent with long white hairs: stems cespitose, very short, from
athick perennial root, branching and forming a close mat 4-8 inches in
diameter: leaves numerous, 3-6 inches long, the rachis channelled; leat-
lets 7-11, usually absent from the lower half of the rachis, narrowly obo
vate to oblong, acute or obtuse, 3-6 lines long, stipules tria.gular-ovate,
acuminate, sheathing peduncles equalling the leaves, 3-5-flowered; calyx
narrowly cylindrical, with unequal teeth, one-fifth as long as the tube:
corolla ochroleucous tipped with purple, 10-12 lines long: pods 8-10 lines
long, coriaceous, white-pubescent with long stiff hairs, sessile, oblong,
slightly arcuate, 1-celled, but with the ventral suture somewhat intruded,
lined within with cobwebby hairs which traverse the cavity, few to many-
seeded. On dry hillsides and plains, eastern Oregon and Washington.

A. Purshii Doug]. Hook. Fl. i, 152. Very hirsute, stems short, diffuse:
leaflets 13-17, oblong; stipules lanceolate, acuminate: peduncles half as
long as the leaves; flowers in loose heads, spreading; bracts linear-lanceo-
late, twice as long as the pedicels; calyx elongated, membranaceous, its
subulate teeth half as long as the tube, equal; corolla yellow, 18 lines
long, upper petal obovate, equalling the narrow lateral ones, keel purple:
tipped; ovary subsessile, linear, very hirsute. Brit. Columbia to Califor-
nia and Utah.

ASTRAGALUS, LEGUMINOS A. 149

A. Utahensis T. & G. Pac. R. Rep. ii, 120. Canescent with a long and
dense soft-woolly appressed pubescence: subcaulescent, the short stems 2-6
inches long, prostrate: leaflets 11-17, suvorbicular, 2-4 lines in diameter:
flowers violet ; pods oblong, obcompressed, densely woolly, moderately in-
curved, slightly sulcate. nion Co. Oregon to Salt Lake Utah.

A.allanaris Sheld.1. c. 141. Pubescent throughout with white loose
hairs: cespitose, nearly acaulesceut or with very short erect, simple hidden
stems, from the crown of a stout perennial root: leaves 2-5 inches long,
erect, pubescent with sparse spreading hairs, the rachis slightly channelled,
but nearly terete ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually closely
imbricated ; leaflets 7-11, 4-6 lines long, elliptical to lanceolate, acute,
pubescent both sides; peduncles 1-2 inches long, 2-flowered; flowers nar-
row, each subtended by a black-bordered bract; calyx tubular-cylindrical,
oblique at base, spreading-pubescent, striate, the lanceolate teeth nigre-
scent-margined, much shorter than the tube: corolla purp:ish, tinged with
green: pods 6-7 lines long, ovate-arcuate, acute or shortly acuminate
pointed, incurved, coriaceuus, sessile, white-pubescent, 1-celled the dorsal
suture slightly impressed, few-seeded, Eastern Washington.

§ 10. Inruari Gray 1. c. 218. Pod membranaceous, inflated,
globose, egg-shaped or semi-ovate, usually large, finely reticulated,
glabrous or glabrate, neither suture inflexed or rarely the ventral
only and slightly.

* Perennial; pod not mottled. Caulescent, rather tall, leafy: ra-
cemes or spikes usually many-flowered.

A. Suksdorfii Howell Eryth. i, 111. Cinereously pubescent through-
out: stems many from a stout perennial root, slender, ascending, 8-12
inches long: stipules foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, about a line long:
leaflets 9-11 cuneate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, 3-4 lines long: peduncles
very slender, shorter than the leaves; flowers in compact clusters white
or yellowish, on slender pedicels; bracts lanceolate, about half as long as
the pedicels; calyx campanulate, its subulate teeth about equalling the
tube; upper petal far exceeding the lateral ones and twice the length of
the keel, entire: pods of firm texture, sessile, obliquely ovate, acuminate,
8 lines long or less, finely appressed-pubescent. In loose volcanic soil near
the base of Mount Adams, Washington. (Suksdorf).

A. diurnus Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 450. Minutely appressed-
pubescent throughout: stems numerous from a thick perennial root spar-
ingly branched below or simple, 4-10 inches high, slender, ascending or
erect: leaves about 2 inches Iong; leaflets 7-11, obovate, obtuse or retuse,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 1-3 lines long: peduncles shorter than
the leaves, slender, few-flowered; bracts about equalling the pedicels,
subulate: flowers spreading or reflexed, pale yellow or lined with purple,
3 lines long; calyx turbinate-campanulate, the slender teeth as long as the
tube: pods inflated, membranaceous, sessile, obliquely oblong-ovate to ob-
long, the ventral edge nearly straight, or somewhat incurved, somewhat
compressed, finely-pubescent, 6-10 lines long. On gravelly bars of the
John Day river at Dayville, eastern Oregon.

* * Root perennial; pod mottled, short-stipitate, the stipe equal-
ling the calyx: flowers few, rather small, light-colored, keel with the
inflexed apex somewhat produced. ‘

A. Hookerianus Gray 1. c. 215. Canescently pubescent: stems
much branched from the base, ascending, 5-6 inches high, from a per-
ennial root: stipules lanceolate, membranaceous; leaflets 15-19, oblong or
linear-oblong, slightly petiolulate, rather rigid: peduncles scarcely as long
as the leaves; bracts setaceous, about as long as the very short pedicels;
calyx pubescent with whitish and black hairs intermixed, its subulate

150 LEGUMINOSZ. ASTRAGALUS.

teeth shorter tham the tube: ovary canescent; pods very large, inflated,
obovoid, obtuse, tapering into a very short stipe, glabrous, thin and
membranaceous, whitish and beautifully mottled with purple, nearly 2
inches long. Oregon to California and Nevada.

A. ceramicus Sheld.1.c. 19. A. pictus Gray, not Steud. Hoary with
a loose silky pubescence: stems erect, slender, branching, from filiform
roots, ascending, 10-12 inches high: lower petioles short, pinnately 3-5-
foliolate, with narrowly linear leaflets, the upper ones elongated and
filiform, mostly leafless; stipules lanceolate-subulate, the lowermost
united, the upper ones distinct: racemes on filiform peduncles shorter
than the leaves, 7-10-flowered: pods 6-18 lines long, ovoid, scarcely
pointed, membranaceous and much inflated, stipitate, pendent. Idaho to
Nebraska and New Mexico.

A. Cusickii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. iii, 370. Many-stemmed from a
thick perennial root, strict, smooth or nearly so: stipules scarious, tri-
angular, acuminate, slightly connate; leaflets 13-17, remote, linear, 5-7
lines long: peduncles exceeding the leaves, bearing few to several white
or yellowish flowers in a loose raceme; calyx cylindrical, more or less
dark-pubescent, the short triangular teeth not 44 as long as the tube: pods
oblong, with a short incurved acute beak, an inch long or less, contracted
at base to a short stipe about equalling the calyx, glabrous. Powder river
valley_eastern Oregon.

* * * Annual: pod sessile, not mottled ; flowers small, ochroleucous
or purplish. Low; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, grey with strigu-
lose hairs.

A. Geyeri Gray |. c. 214. Subcanescent with an appressed hairy pu-
bescence: stem somewhat simple, 3-6 inches high, annual: leaflets linear
or oblong, obtuse, glabrous above: peduncles shorter than the leaves, 3-5-
flowered; calyx campanulate, its subulate teeth about equalling the tube;
corolla 3 lines long, ochroleucous; pods 8-9 lines long, membranaceous, in-
flated, ovate-lunate with an incurved acumination, sessile, not mottled,
finely reticulated, glabrous, 1-celled. Montana and southern Idaho to
Nevada and California.

§ 11. Microcysrer Gray |. c. 219. Pod membranaceous or
chartaceous, small, globose or ovate, inflated, sessile, neither su-
ture intruded.’ Diffuse or procumbent perennials, mostly small
and slender; flowers small and usually few.

A. microcystis Gray 1. c. 220. Cinéreous-pubescent: stems slender,
procumbent, from a woody root, much branched: stipules scarious, con-
nate or the uppermost nearly distinct; leaflets 9-13, oblong or oblong-lan-
ceolate, obtuse : racemes slender, 5-12-flowered ; calyx hairy, the setaceous-
subulate teeth about as long as the short-campanulate tube; corolla violet
or whitish, the deeply emarginate upper petal slightly exceeding the lat-
eral ones, twice as long as the incurved keel: pods globose‘ovate, 8 lines
long, thin: membranaceous, gray-pubescent. Brit. Columbia to Washing-
ington, Idaho, Wyoming and Montana.

§ 12. Scyrocarpr Gray 1. ¢. 222. Pod coriaceous, ovate or

oblong, rarely cylindrical, turgid, not sulcate and neither suture
intruded.

A. Chameleuce Gray Ives Rep. 10. Perennial; silvery-canescent with
a dense silky pubescence: stems ‘numerous, 1-6 inches. long, prostrate, or
nearly acaulescent: stipules ovate, membranaceous, free; leaflets 3-7, 2-4
lines long, oblong, obovate or oval: peduncles shorter than the leaves,
slender, 3-8-flowered; calyx cylindrical, its subulate teeth much shorter
than the tube: corolla light violet, 9 lines long: pods 6-12 lines long

ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOSA. 151

thick-coriaceous, sessile, ovate-oblong, acuminate, somewhat arcuate,

terete or somewhat obcompressed and frequently sulcate ventrally, ru-

poeely reticulated and subpubescent, l-celled, many-seeded. Idaho to
ew Mexico and Arizona.

A. reventus Gray l.c. xv, 46. Stems short, numerous, from a thick

perennial root, much branched from the base, glabrate: stipules scarious,
connate lanceolate, 2-3 lines long; leaves numerous, 4-6 inches long or
more, leaflets 21-23, linear-oblong to oblong, emarginate, pubescent be-
neath, smooth above, 5-6 lines long: peduncles at length exceeding the
leaves; flowers whitish, in a dense short-oblong raceme, erect in: bud but
soon reflexed; bracts scarious, triangular, a line long or more, a little
longer than the pedicels; calyx campanulate, pubescent with blackish
hairs, its subuiate teeth not more than half as long as the tube: pods ses-
sile or nearly so, erect on stout pedicels, cartilaginous, reticulated, 8-10
lines long, glabrous, ovate-oblong, turgid, acuminate, obcompressed but
the sutures prominent, several-seeded. Open plains and hillsides, eastern
Oregon and Washington. '
A. conjunetus Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 371. Stems short, nu-
merous, from a stout perennial root, erect or assurgent, sparingly ap-
pressed-pubescent: leaves 6-12 inches long; leaflets 11-21, on an elongated
rachis, linear, 4-6 lines long: eileen elongated, 6-12 inches long, but
little or not at all surpassing the leaves, bearing an open few-flowered ra-
ceme; bracts subulate, about equalling the very short pedicels; calyx
narrowly tubular, 3-4 lines long, pubescent with dark-colored hairs, the
narrow teeth not half as long as the tube; petals purple, 6-8 lines long:
pods erect, sessile, coriaceous, rugose narrowly oblong, nearly straight,
acuminate, 1-celled, the dorsal suture impressed, 9-12 lines long. On dry
rocky ridges, John Day valley, Eastern Oregon.

A. Hoodianus Howell Eryth. i,.111. Canescent with a short ap-
pressed pubescence: stems strictly erect, 4-6 inches high, from a stout

erennial root: leaves 6-8 inches long; leaflets 21-29, linear to narrowly
anceolate, very shortly petiolulate, 6-8 lines long; stipules subulate, 3-4
lines long; peduncles very stout, 10-16 inches long; flowers whitish, in a
rather short raceme, 8-10 lines long; bracts setaceous. twice as long as the
stout pedicels; calyx cylindrical, 4-5 lines long, pubescent with white ap-
pressed hairs, its setaceous teeth nearly as long as the tube: mature pods
pubescent, oblong, shortly acuminate, sessile, 8-10 lines long, erect. Open
woods and plains, Oregon and Washington, near The Dalles.

A. Palousensis Piper Bot. Gaz. xxi, 489. Perennial, from a stout
woody caudex: 16-24 inches high. simple, or branched above, striate,
sparingly pubescent with short appressed hairs, these white below and
blackish above: leaves 4-8 inches long; stipules deltoid-acuminate; leaf-
lets 25-31, elliptical or lanceolate, obtuse or truncate, appressed-pubescent
beneath, glabrous above, 6-10 lines long, nearly sessile; petioles sparsely
hirsute; racemes elohgated. 3-7 inches long, flowers 20-25, erect on short
pedicels, 8 lines long; bracts lanczolate, shorter than the calyx: calyx
obliquely campanulate, the slender teeth nearly as long as the tube, pu-
bescent with short appressed black hairs: corolla pale yellowish, with or
without a black spot on the lateral petals: pods 10 lines long, crustaceous,
narowly oblong, tipped with a slender short beak, its surface transversely
reticulated and sparsely pubescent with short white hairs, on a stipe as
long as the calyx tube or shorter. Common on rich loess hillsides about
Pullman, Washington.

§ 18. Popo-scLerocaRPr Gray 1. c. 225. Pod thick-cartilagi-
nous or coriaceous, exsertly stipitate, compressed or turgid, in-
curved ; sutures not intruded, sometimes thickened and separat-
ing from the valves. Perennial, branched, ashy-puberulent ; sti-

pules small, distinct.

152 LEGUMINOS#. ASLRAGALUB,

A. selerocarpus Gray ].c., Cinereous with a very short appressed
pubescence, much branched: leaflets 13-19, linear, 4-6 lines long: pedun-
cles exceeding the leaves, loosely rather, few-flowered; calyx cylindrical,
pubescent with black hairs, 3 lines long, its short triangular teeth not half
as long as the tube: pods canescent-puberulent, lanceolate, acuminate,
faleate or nearly hamate, an inch or more long, attenuate at base to a stipe
an inch or more long. On sandy banks and plains, along the Columbia
river above The Dalles.

A. speirocarpus Gray l.c. Stems slender, decumbent or ascending,
10-12 inches long, cinereous: stipules very small. triangular, obtuse;
leaflets 9-13, oblong or cuneate, obtuse or retuse, 1-4 lines long, pubescent
both sides: peduncles about equalling the leaves, loosely rather many-
flowered; flowers yellowish-white, on very short pedicels. soon deflexed;
calyx cylindrical, 3-4 lines long, pubescent with black hairs, its short tri-
angular teeth not half as long as the tube: pods linear, acuminate. pubes-
cent, coiled into a short spiral, attenuate at base to a stipe a little longer’
than the calyx. Along the Columbia river above The Dalles.

Var. falciformis Gray Rot. Cal. i, 152. Stipe filiform, 6-9 lines long,
nearly the length of the thinner-walled and less turgid falcate or merely
hooked pod. Brit. Columbia to Washington, Nevada and California.

A. Gibbsii Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. ii, 161. Cinereous-pubescent: stems
many from a thick perenniai root, rather stout, 10-12 inches high: leaflets
11-15, oblong with a cuneate base, truncate or retuse, 6-8 lines long: pe-
duncles exceeding the leaves; flowers numerous, in a rather dense raceme,
reflexed on short spreading pedicels; calyx cylindrical, gibbous at base,
5-6 lines long, the triangular teeth not more than \ as long as the tube:
pods linear, about an inch long, curved or annular, very acute, finely pu-
bescent, attenuate at base into a stipe twice as long as the calyx. Plains
and hillsides, eastern Oregon and Idalfo to Nevada.

§ 14. Homatopr Gray I.c. Pod flattened or compressed,
straight, margined by the nerve-like sutures, coriaceous or char,
taceous, sometimes stipitate.

A. collinus Dougl. in G. Don. Gen. Syst. ii, 258. Stems erect or dif-
fuse, 6-12 inches long, numerous, from a stout perennial root, grayish-
pubescent: leaflets 19-23, linear or oblong-linear, obtuse, attenuate at
base, 6-12 lines long; stipules very small, oblong, acuminate; peduncles
twice the length of the leaves: flowers whitish, in dense oblong racemes
refracted on suberect pedicels; calyx tubular, densely hirsute ; 4-6 lines long,
its triangular teeth about half as long as the tube: pods pubescent, linear-
oblong, attenuate at base to a stipe, somewhat turgid. an inch long with

the stipe reflexed. In rocky gulches and hillsides of the Blue Mountains ~
of Oregon.

A. Californicus Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. i,n.3, 157. Stems numerous,
from a stout, perennial root, rather slender, 8-12 inches high, usually sim-
ple, minutely pubescent: leaves 2-4 inches long: stipules triangular, 2
lines long, nearly as broad; leaflets 11-19, cuneate-oblong to linear, obtuse,
pubescent both sides with white hairs, 4-6 lines long by 1-3 broad, peti-
olulate: peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers ochroleucous, 6-8 lines
long, pendent, on erect pedicels in dense oblong racemes: bracts lanceolate
longer than, the pedicels; calyx tubular, 3-5 lines long, pubescent with
minute brownish hairs, its short triangular teeth about a line long: pods
1-2 inches long by 2 lines broad, acute, attenuate below to a slender stipe
as long as the calyx, strongly reticuluted and very minutely pubescent,
compressed or somewhat turgid. In rich alluvial soil, valley of the Klam-
ath river near Yreka, California, no doubt in adjacent Oregon.

A. Tweedyi Canby Bot. Gaz. xi, 150. Stems erect, 12-18 inches high,

ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOSA. 153

from a perennial root, branching, sparsely cinereous-pubescent: stipules
subulate, acuminate, 2-3 lines long; leaflets 13-17, linear to linear-spatu-
late, 6-8 lines long: peduncles much exceeding the leaves; racemes many-
flowered, dense; flowers yellowish-white, spreading, on very short erect
pedicels: calyx cylindrical, subgibbous at base, 3-4 lines long, white-pu-
bescent, the short teeth triangular : pods oblong, turgid, acute at both ends,
slightly curved, 6-8 lines long, erect on along slender stipe. On alluvial
hillsides along the Columbia river and its tributaries above The Dalles.

A. filipes Torr. Bot. Wilkes 278. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high:
stipules triangular, a line long, acute: leaves 3-6 inches long, the slender
rachis channelled; leaflets 7-15, remote, linear, 4-8 lines long, less than a
line broad, finely pubescent: peduncles much longer than the leaves;
flowers numerous, in an elongated narrow raceme, yellowish to nearly
white, erect or spreading on slender pedicels; bracts subulate, not as long
as the pedicels; calyx cylindrical, 2 lines long, pubescent with minute
black hairs, the narrow teeth about 1g as long as the tube: pods elongated-
oblong, 9-15 lines long by 2 lines or more broad, abruptly acute at both
ends, straight,@n a slender stipe 6-8 lines long, glabrous and shining,
finely reticulated, flat, spreading or pendent. Plains and hillsides, eastern
Oregon and Washington to Nevada.

A. Bourgovii Gray 1. c. 227. Stems short, numerous, from a thick
perennial root, thinly strigose-pubescent: leaflets 11-13, lanceolate, pubes-
cent beneath, smouth above, 1-2 lines long: peduncles much longer
than the leaves, loosely 3-7-flowered ; calyx cylindrical, 2-3 lines long, pu-
bescent, the subulate teeth half as iong as the tube: pods oblong, some-
what obcompressed, curved downward, mottled, pubescent, obliquely
rounded at summit, 6-8 lines long, on a stipe shorter than the calyx. On
rocky hillsides, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

A. multiflorus Gray l.c. 226. Perennial, somewhat glabrous: stems
afoot high, numerous, ascending, slender, branched: stipules dark-col-
ored, the lower ones sheathing; leaflets 13-21, 3-6 lines long, linear or
narrowly oblong, acute or obtuse: peduncles not exceeding the leaves,
loosely few-flowered; flowers ochroleucous, small, 2-3 lines long; calyx
campanulate, the teeth shorter than the tube: pods 4-6 lines long, charta-
ceous, flat, glabrous, oblong on a stipe about as long as the calyx-tuhe, re-
flexed, 6-ovuled, 2-4-seeded. Eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Minne-
sota, Colorado and California.

A. tegetarius Watson Bot. King 76. Canescent with a silky pubes-
cence: stems cespitose, 2-6 inches long, numerous, branched, from a much
branched perennial caudex, procumbent: stipules membranaceous, mostly
acuminate, sheathing; leaflets 7-9, 2-3 lines long, linear, acute: peduncles

‘slender, about equalling the leaves, 1-3-flowered: flowers small, 2-3 lines

long, ochroleucous, the keel purplish; calyx-teeth as long as the campan-
ulate tube: pods 2-3 lines long, chartaceous, sessile, compressed, pubes-
cent, ovate-oblong, straight, erect, 1-celled, 6-ovuled, 1-2-seeded. On
high mountains, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho and Nevada.

A. miser Doug]. Hook Fl. i, 153. Cinereous-pubescent: stems diffuse,
8-10 inches long, slender, loosely leaved: stipules rather large, the upper
ones connate to the middle; leaflets broadly-linear to oblong, mostly ob-
tuse: peduncles much exceeding the leaves, loosely 5-7-flowered: young
pods ovate-oblong, canescent. _In the Spokane country, Washington.

A. serotinus Gray Pac. R. Rep. xii, 51. Cinereous with a minute
strigulose pubescence: stems branching from the perennial root, ascend-
ing, slender, often flexuous, 8-15 inches high: stipules triangular, acumi-
nate; leaflets 9-21, linear to oblanceolate, mucronate, not rigid, glabrous
or nearly so above: peduncles exceeding the leaves; racemes virgate;
calyx campanulate, minutely pubescent, its teeth very short: pods sessile,
linear, acute, glabrous or minutely pubescent, 8-]0-seeded. Northeastern
Washington. ,

U

154 LEGUMINOSA. OXYTROPIS.
GLYCYRRHIZA.

12 OXYTROPIS DC. Astragal. 24 t, 2-6.

Perennial, very rarely annual, herbaceous, or sometimes suf-
frutescent, often acaulescent plants with unequally pinnate
leaves and axillary or radical pedunculate spikes of various col-
ored flowers. Calyy & toothed. Kecl with a subulate point.
Pods partly 2-celled by the introflexion of the upper or placen-
tal suture.

0. viscida Nutt, T. & G. Fl. i, 341. ‘‘Stemless, cespitose, hairy and
viscid; leaflets numerous (16-29 pairs),oblong-lanceolate, somewhat acute ;
peduncles longer than the leaves, about 14 inches high; stipules pilose,
membranaceous, with a long acuminatign : spikes subcylindrical ; bracts as
long as the calyx; teeth of the calyx subulate, about the length of the
. tube; legumes short, terete, pubescent, acuminate.” Eastern Oregon to
the Rocky Mountains.

18 GLYCYRRHIZA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 882. (Liquorice).

Erect perennial herbs with unequally pinnate leafes, decidu-
ous stipules, the flowers in dense axillarv pedunculate spikes
with caducous bracts. Calyx tubular, gibbous at base, 5-cleft,
the two upper segments partly united. Upper petal ovate-lanceo-
late, straight, the lateral ones acute, united at the tip, keel not
pointed. Stamens diadelphous. Pod ovate or oblong, com-
pressed, often echinate, 1-celled, few-seeded, scarcely dehiscent,
sessile. Rootstock rather large, sweet. :

G. lepidota Nutt. Gen. ii, 106. Tall and stout, 2-5 feet high, some-
what glandular-puberulent or the younger leaves slightly silky: leaflets
punctate, 6-8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, often acuminate, usual-
ly 1-2 inches long; stipules linear-subulate: peduncles about equalling
the leaves; spikes short; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; flowers ochrolea-
cous, nearly 6 lines long; calyx half as long, the slender teeth much
longer than the tube: pod thickly beset with hooked prickles, oblong, 6

lines long, 2-6-seeded. On sandy plains and river banks, Brit. Columbia
to California, Missouri and Arkansas.

G. glutinosa Nutt.T.&G. Fl. i, 298. Stems rather stout, from long
running rootstocks, 2-4 feet high; glandular-pubescent leaflets oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, strigose with scaly glands: peduncles much
shorter than the leaves, very glandular: spikes short: bracts lanceolate
with a long acuminate point ; ca.yx very glandular, the teeth nearly equal:
pods densely beset with hooked bristles, 2-6-seeded. On sandy river
banks, Brit. Columbia to California.

Tribe 7. Hedysareex, DC. Prodr. ii, 807. Herbs or shrubs with
1-many-foliolate or simple usually stipellate leaves and racemose,
spicate or umbellate axillary or terminal inflorescence. Corolla
papilionaceous. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Pods
usually transversely divided into 1-seeded indehiscent joints. Coty-
ledons plain, foliaceous after germination. Radicle incurved.-

14 HEDYSARUM Jeaum in Desy. Journ. Bot. iii, 61, L. gen. n. 887.

Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, scarious stipules, entire
usually pellucid-punctate exstipellate leaflets and purple, white
or yellow flowers in axillary pedunculate racemes with scarious
or petaceous bracts. Calyx 5-toothed or -parted, the linear-sub-

HEDYSARUM, LEGUMINOS.. 155
VICIA.

ulate lobes subequal. Corolla with the upper petal ample, free
from the stamens, keel oblique, truncate, longer than the wings.
Stamens diadelphous. Pod flattened, tranversely articulated in-
to several equal-sided roundish 1-seeded indehiscent joints that
are connected in the middle.

H. Mackenzii Richard Frankl. Journ. 17. Stems suberect, simple or
branched, 1-2 feet high, minutely pubescent: stipules broadly subulate,
the lower ones connate: leaflets 5-8 pairs, canescently pubescent, oblong
or lanceolate, nearly glabrous above, 3-12 lines long: peduncles longer
than the leaves;. loosely 7-30-flowered; bracts subulate, longer than the
pedicels ; flowers 6-9 lines long, light purple; teeth of the calyx subulate,
about as long as the tube; pods 3-4-jointed, minutely pubescent. Wash-
ington to the Rocky Mountains and tar northward.

H. flavescens Coult. & Fish. Bot. Gaz. xviii, 300. Stems slender, a
foot or more high, puberulent: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, the lower
ones connate; leaflets 9-15, oblong to lanceolate, 8-12 lines long: pedun-
cles longer than the leaves, loosely many-flowered; calyx campanulate, 2
lines long, the somewhat unequal teeth about as long as the tube; flowers
cream-color, 8 lines long, the broad keel conspicuously longer than the
wings and banner, on slender pedicels: joints of the pods 2-3 lines broad,
usually only 2 maturing, the lowest one aborting and serving as a stipe-
Idaho to Montana and Wyoming.

Tribe 8. Viciex, Bronn. Diss. 1338. Herbs with abruptly pin
nate leaves, the common petiole not articulated with the stem, pro-
duced at the apex into a tendril or bristle. Corolla pupilionaceous.
Stamens diadelphous. Pod continuous, not articulated, dehiscent
Radicle inflexed. Cotyledons thick, farinaceous, remaining under-
ground and unchanged in germination.

15 VICIA Tourn. Inst. t. 221. L. Gen. n. 873. (Vetcu, TaRrss.)

Weak herbs with angled stems, more or less climbing by
branched tendrils that terminate the leaves, pinnate leaves, semi-
sagitate usually foliaceous stipules, and numerous, rarely few
or solitary, flowers in loose peduncled axillary racemes. Calyx
5-cleft or toothed, usually unequal. Wings of the corolla ad-
herent to the middle of the short keel, the banner obovate or
oblong, free. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so, the mouth of
the sheath oblique; anthers uniform. Ovary two to many-
ovuled ; style filiform, bent at right angles to the ovary, the apex
surrounded by hairs or hairy on the outside. Pod flat, two-
valved, short-stipitate or sessile, not jointed. Seeds globular,
the stalk expanded above to cover the linear hilum.

* Perennials: flowers in pedunculate secund racemes.

Y. gigantea Hook. FI. i, 157. Stout and tall, climbing several fee t
high, somewhat pubescent or puberulent: leaves 6 inches long or more;
stipules narrow, deeply and sharply toothed in the middle: leaflets 10-15
pairs, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, 1-2 inches long, entire:
peduncles shorter than the ler ves, 5-18-flowered; flowers ochroleucous, re-
texed on short pedicels, 6 lines long; upper calyx-teeth very short, tri-
angular, the lower longer, subulate: pods broadly oblong, 16-18 lines long,
giabrous, 3-4-seeded, black when mature. Common in woods and moist
places, California to Alaska, near the coast.

156 LEGUMINOSAE. VICIA:

Y. semicineta Gicéne Eryth. iii, 17. Stoutish, very leafy, probably
several feet high, the stem very prominently striate-angled and puberu-
lent: leaflets 20-24, approximate, about 1 inch long, oblong-linear, mu-
cronate, glabrous above, beneath silky-puberulent: peduncles far surpass-
ing the leaves, the flowers probably in a short and dense raceme: pods
obliquely oblong-linear, less than 9 lines Jong, glaucescent, not blackening
in matur.ty, few-seeded: seeds globose, 144 lines thick, dull black, nearly
half encircled by the hilum. On Crane Creek, southeastern Oregon. (Mrs.
R. M. Austin, 1893.)

¥. Americana Muhl. Willd. Sp. iii, 1096. Glabrous throughout:
stems 1-4 feet high, from creeplng jointed rootstocks: leaflets 4-8 pairs,
variable, usually oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate, mu-
cronate, entire, somewhat coriaceous, prominently veined and reticulated,
6-12 lines long: pedunclcs shorter than the leaves, 4-8-fiowered ; flowers
purple, 6-9 lines long; calyx tubular, the 2 upper teeth very short or ob-
solete, the lateral ones broadly subulate, the lower one narrow, not half as
long as the corolla; style very villous at the top: pods oblong, glabrous,
an inch or more long, 3-6-seeded ; seeds dark purple, 144 lines in diameter.
oe in copses, Oregon and Washington to the Atlantic States and

anada.

VY. truneata Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 270. Somewhat pubescent: stems 1-2:
feet high, weak: leaflets 5-6 pairs, oblong-linear, usually truncate,
serrate or tridentate at the apex, 10-12 lines long by 1-4 lines broad, the
lowest ones often simply acute and apiculate; stipules lunate, incisely
serrate: peduncles 4-7-flowered, rather shorter than the leaves; lower
teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, the upper ones very short, tri-
angular; style very villous at the apex: pods oblong, an inch long, 1-8-
seeded: seeds globular, 114 lines in diameter. Common in copses, Brit.
Columbia to California.

Y. Californica Greene Fl. Fr. 3. Villous-pubescent: stems erect or
decumbent, 6-12 inches high, scarcely climbing, the tendrils usually short.
and stiffish, not branching: leaflets 8-14, delicately feather-veined, cune-
ate oblong to oblong or orbicular, truncate, or retuse, mucronate, 2-7 iines
long, more or less dentate toward the apex: peduncles 3-5-flowered; up-

er teeth of the calyx triangular, the lower ones subulate; corolla 6-9
ines long, deep purple: pods oblong, pubescent, 2-10-seeded. In copses,
southern Oregon to California.

* * Few-flowered annuals.

Vy. exigua Nutt.T.d¢@G. Fl. i, 272. More or less pubescent: stems
slender, 4-18 inches high, branching: leaflets 6-8, oblong to linear, ob-
tuse, often tridentate at the apex, 2-12 lines long: peduncles filiform, 1-2-
flowered, shorter than the leaves; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, broad at
the base, shorter than the tube; corolla white or purple, 3 lines long:
pods oblong, nearly sessile, 8-12 lines long, glabrous, 2-8-seeded. South-
ern Oregon to California.

* * * Annuals: flowers 3-6, on elongated peduncles.

V. urrsuta Koch Syn. 191. Stems weak and slender, branching: leaf-
lets 4-10 pairs, linear, truncate or retuse at the apex, mucronulate: pe-
duncles 3--6-flowered, about the length of the leaves; flowers white, 2 lines
long; calyx hairy, the subulate teeth nearly equalling the petals, all
nearly alike: pods oblong, 4--6 lines long. torulose, hirsute. 2-seeded; seeds
subglohose, somewhat compressed. In fields and roadsides, western Ore-
gon and Washington. Introduced from Europe.

* * # * Annuals; flowers 1--2, sessile in the axils of the upper
leaves.

V. sativa L. Sp. 736. (Targs). Rather stout, somewhat pubescent:

LATHYRUS. LEGUMINOS. 157

leaflets 5--6 pairs, obovate-oblong to linear, retuse, long-mucronate;
flowers 1 or 2, 10--12 lines long, red purple: pods linear, several-seeded,
black when mature; seeds black, globose, 1--2 lines in diameter. Com-
mon in fields and waste places. Introduced from Europe.

16 LATHYRUS L. Sp. 872. (pra).

Herbs with angled stems, more or less climbing by tendrils
that terminate the pinnate leaves, usually foliaceous stipules
and flowers in loose axillary racemes. Calyx campanulate,
5-toothed, the two upper ones more or less shorter than the
others. Corolla with the lateral petals but slightly if at all co-
herent to the keel, the upper one free. Stamens diadelphous or
nearly so, sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique. Style usu-
ally somewhat flattened and dilated above, bent nearly at a right
angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous in a line along the
inside, next the free stamen. Pods oblong, compressed, two-
valved, one-celled, not jointed, many ovuled. Seeds globular or
angular. :

* Rachis of the leaves tendril-bearing: peduncles mostly equalling
or exceeding the leaves: pods sessile: perennials: racemes several-
flowered.

+ Stipules large, ovate or somewhat semihastate with broad lobes:
calyx-teeth ciliate. Stems not winged.

L. maritimus Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 268. Glabrous throughout: stems
stout, 1-2 feet high, from long slender rootstocks: stipules broadly ovate,
hastate, acute, 12-18 lines long; leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate-oblong, 1-2 inches
long, obtuse or acutish, nearly sessile: peduncles a little shorter than the
leaves, 6-10-flowered; flowers purple and white, 9 lines long;. calyx-teeth
sparingiy ciliate, the upper ones triangular, half as long as the narrowly
subulate lower one: pods linear-oblong, 2 inches long, about 10-ovuled,
slabrous or pubescent, straight. On sandy banks near the sea, northern

alifornia to Alaska and the Atlantic coast: and Europe.

L. polyphyllus Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 274. Glabrous throughout: stems
stout, 2-4 feet high, branching: stipules triangular, as broad or broader
than long, acuminate, often more or less dentate; leaflets 6-10 pairs, thin,
oblong, obtuse or acutish, distinctly petiolulate, 1-2 inches long: pedun-
cles slender, shorter than the leaves, 6-10-flowered; flowers purple 6-8
lines long; calyx teeth ciliate, the upper pair short, triangular, the other
three nearly equal, subulate, 3-4 lines longer: pods. linear-oblong, 2 inches
long, 2-10-seeded. In forests, Puget Sound to California, near the coast.

L. ochroleucus Hook. Fl. i, 159. Glabrous and a little glaucous: stems
slender 1-3 feet high: leaflets 3-4 pairs, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dis-
tinctly petiolulate; stipules semicordate, entire or obtusely toothed below:
peduncles 7-10-flowered; flowers ochroleucous, 5-6 lines long; calyx some-
what truncate above, the upper teeth broadly triangular, scarcely half the
length of the oblong or lanceolate lateral ones, the lower one lanceolate
and a little the longest: pods glabrous, linear-oblong. In iorests, Puget
Sound to the Arctic Circle and across the continent. ;

L. sulphureus Brewer in Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 399, Rather
stout, 1-4 feet high, glabrous: stipules semisagittate, acuminate, 6-10 lines
long, the lower half sometimes toothed; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oblong to
elliptical, obtuse to acute, 9-18 lines long, very shortly petiolulate: pedun-
cles longer than the leaves, few-many-flowered; flowers sulphur-yellow, 6
lines long; calyx teeth ciliate or glabrous, the upper pair very short, tri-
angular, the other three subulate, nearly as long as the corolla: pods

158 LEGUMINOSZ 5 LATHYRUS.

linear-oblong, 1-2 inches long. Edges of copses, western Washington to
California,

L. pauciflorus Fernald Bot. Gaz. xix, 335. Glabrous throughout:
stems rather slender, 2-3 feet high: stipules semisagittate, acuminate,
8-12 lines long, coarsely toothed below; leaflets 4-5 pairs, oblong, 6-18
lines long, 4-6 lines broad, acutish, spinulose apiculate, nearly sessile:
peduncles about equalling the leaves, 2-5-flowered; corolla 6-8 lines long;
upper teeth of the calyx triangular, acuminate, nearly as long as the sub-
ulate lateral ones, the lower one setaceous and nearly as long as the keel
of ue corolla; fruit not seen. In copses, southern Oregon to Utah and

aho.

+ + Stipules narrow, semisagittate, the lobes usually lanceolate,
acuminate: flowers purple or purplish.

+ Leaflets 4-6 pairs: peduncles rather many-flowered.

L. Bolanderi Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 363. Stems usually stout
and tall, wingless; glabrous throughout or the calyx only ciliate; stipules
semisagittate, often toothed; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oblong-lanceolate to broad-
ly ovate, obtuse or retuse to acute, 6-18 lines long or more: racemes
about equalling the leaves, 8-10-flowered; calyx-teeth broad, the lowest
elongated; petals purple, 6-9 lines long: pods linear, attenuate to the
base, 2-214 inches long, 3-4 lines broad. Oregon and California.

L. lanceolatus. Stems rather slender, 1-2 feet high, not winged, pu-
bescent with small soft hairs intermixed with minute dark-colored glands;
leaflets 4-5 pairs, lanceolate, acute, 6-12 lines long, pubescent beneath,
smooth above; stipules small, semisagittate, acuminate, 6-8 lines long, 2-3
lines broad: peduncles about equalling the leaves, 3-6-flowered; flowers
blue or violet, 8-10 lines long; calyx dark purple, pubescent, the tube 3-4
lines long, the lateral teeth triangular, 2 lines long, the lower one seta-
ceous, but little longer; ovary glabrous, 10-16 ovuled: fruit not seen. In
forests at Glendale, southern Oregon.

L. Nuttallii Watson 1. c. xxi, 450. More or less pubescent throughout
with loose woolly hairs; stems rather stout, 1-2 feet high: stipules nar-
row, semisagittate; leaflets 3-6 pairs, variable, narrowly to broadly ellipti-
cal, usually acute or acutish at both ends, apiculate, 1-2 inches long: pe-
duncles shorter than or equalling the leaves, calyx light purple, 3-4 lines
long, the 4 upper teeth triangular, acuminate, the lower one subulate, but
little longer than the lateral ones; petals reddish purple, 6-8 lines long:
pods glabrous, oblong, attenuate to a very short thick stipe, 1-114 inches
ee Mae 4 lines broad; seeds globose, brown. In copses, Brit. Columbia to

alifornia.

L. vestitus Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 276. Stems erect and rigid or a little
climbing, silky-canescent, 1 foot or more high: leaflets 5-7 pairs, small,
elliptical or oval, cuspidate, 6-7 lines long by 2-3 broad, silky pubescent
beneath, smooth above; stipules broadly semisagittate, acuminate, slight-
ly toothed below, about Mie size of the leaflets: peduncles about the
length of the leaves, 4-6-flowered;' flowers large, purple; calyx attenuate
at base, the lower segment narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, rather longer
than the tube: pods flat, pubescent, attenuate at each end. Plains of the
Oregon toward the sea. Nuttall, not since reported.

++ + Leaflets 4-8; peduncles 2-6-flowered.

. L. coriaceus White Bull. Torr. Club, xxi, 452. Glabrous or minutely
papillose throughout; stems erect, 6-18 inches high, rather stout, flexuous,
quadrangular or terete, wingless, scarcely striate: stipules semisagittate,
lanceolate, acuminate, 4-12 lines long; leaflets 3-6 pairs, sub-opposite,
thick and coriaceous, strongly venulose on both sides, elliptical to linear-
lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 1}g-3 inches long by 2-8 lines broad: pedun-

LATHYRUS. LEGUMINOSZ. 159

cles much shorter than the leaves, 3-10-flowered ; upper teeth of the calyx
short, triangular, about half as long as the subulate lateral ones, petals
5-7 lines long, dark purple; ovary glabrous, 6-8-ovuled: pods not seen.
Base of Stein’s Mountain, southeastern Oregon to the Wahsatch Moun-
tains in Utah.

L. parvifolius Watson 1. c. xvii, 345. Glabrous throughout: stems
_rathec stout, not winged: stipules more or less broadly semisagittate;
leaflets 4-6 pairs, rhombic-oblong to ovate, acute, 6-12 lines long: pedun-
cles exceeding the leaves, loosely 6-12-flowered, calyx-teeth triangular,
much shorter than the tube; corolla purple, 6-8 lines long: pods sessile,
linear, 2 inches long by about 3 lines broad. Eastern Washington to
Mexico and the Rocky Mountains. ‘

L. Cusickii Watson 1. c. 371. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, slen-
der, from a slender perennial rootstock, 6-24 inches high; stipules nar-
rowly semisagittate, subulate, 4-6 lines long; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, linear-
lanceolate to narrowly linear, acute or acutish and mucronate, 2-3 inches
long: peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2-4-flowered: corolla
white, 10-12 lines long; calyx 3-4 lines long, with nearly equal teeth:
pods attenuate to a narrow base, 114-2 inches long by 3 lines broad:
hilum short. On dry mountain slopes, eastern Oregon and Washington.

L. Nevadensis Watson 1. c. xi, 133. Slender, usually 8-10 inches high,
finely pubescent or nearly glabrous: stipules semisagittate, the lobes nar-
rowly acuminate; leaflets thin, 2-4 pairs, ovate to ovate-oblong, 1-2 inches
long, obtuse or acute; flowers large, 7-12 lines long, purple; calyx-teeth
shorter than the tube, pods linear, 144-2 inches long by 2-3 lines broad,
obliquely acute, attenuate at hase to a short stipe. On dry wooded hill-
sides, Washington to California and Nevada.

L. rigidus White !.c. 455. Z. albus Watson not Kittle. Glabrous
and somewhat glaucous: stems numerous, from a thick perennial root-
stock, erect, a foot or less high: stipules semisagittate, lanceolate, 6-8
lines long by 2-3 broad, the lower lobe small and subulate: leaflets 3-5

airs, linear to oblong, acute at each end, cuspidate, 7-10 lines long: pe-

uncles about equalling the leaves, 2-3-flowered; flowers white, 8-9 lines
long; upper teeth of the calyx deltoid, the lower one setaceous, all nearly
equal and shorter than the tube: pods 18-20 lines long by 4 lines broad,
attenuate below to a short stipe; seeds olive-yellow, 2 lines in diameter or
more, with very small somewhat sunken hilum. On open hillsides of the
Blue Mountains of Oregon.

L. deeaphyllus Pursh Fl. 471. L. polymorphus Nutt. Mostly glab-
_rous: stems erect, a little woody at the base, much branched, short;
branches quadrangular: leaflets 2-5 pairs, elliptical-lanceolate or linear-
oblong, somewhat glaucous, rigid and very strongly veined, 1-24 inches
long, mostly obtuse at each end; stipules lanceo'ate, subfalcate, minutely
‘semisagittate at base, very variable in size, acute, sometimes almost sub-
ulate: peduncles a little longer than the leaves, 3-5-flowered; flowers an
inch long or more, very showy, purple; teeth of the calyx lanceolate-subu-
late, somewhat unequal, nearly as long as the tube: pods large, glabrous.
Grassy alluvial plains, Idaho to the Missouri river, Colorado, Arizona and
New Mexico.

L. Oregonensis Whitel.c. 456. Sparingly pubescent throughout:
stems erect, 8-16 inches high, flexuous, terete or quadrangular, wingless,
rigid: stipules narrowly semisagittate or semihastate, acuminate at each
end, entire, the lower lobe often quite short, 4-14 the length of the adja-
cent leaf; leaflets mostly 4-7 pairs, opposite, lanceolate, obtuse, 8-20 lines
long, by 2-4 broad, coriaceous, sparingly pubescent on both sides: pedun-
cles shorter than the leaves, 3-8-flowered; flowers purple, veined, 6-8 lines
long; calyx-teeth subequal, the upper slightly shorter, all shorter than
the dilated pubescent tube: pods compressed, abruptly terminated at the

160 LEGUMINOS 4. LATHYRUSB.
AMYGDALACE&,

apex, short-stipitate, brown, 142-2 inches long, 14 as broad, 4-6-seeded;
seeds brown, orbicular. In the mountains of eastern Washington and
Oregon. '

L. bijugatus White 1. c. 457. Stems slender, wingless, round or quad-
rangular, slightly flexuous, erect or slightly decumbent, 1-2 inches high,
glabrous throughout: stipules minute, linear-subulate, semisagittate; leaf-
lets 2 pairs, sometimes only | pair, elliptical: to obovate, obtuse,., thin,
paler green beneath, 1-2 inches long, 1-5—1-3as proad: peduncles about as
long as the rachis of the leaves, 2-flowered; flowers purplish, about 2 lines
long, calyx-teeth very short, triangular, subequal, much shorter than the
tube: pods brown, compressed, about 6-seeded. Northern Idaho and ad-
jacent Washington.’ ©

L. Sandbergi, L. bijugatus Sandbergi White 1.c. Glabrous through-
out: stems very slender, flexuous, 2-3 inches high, wingless: stipules se-
taceous, 2-4 lines long, semisagittate, the lower lobe minute; leaflets 1 or
2 pairs, linear to linear-lanceolate or -spatuiate, 2-344 inches long by 14-1
line broad: peduncles filiform, an inch long,:2-3 times longer than the
rachis of the subtending leaf, 2-flowered; calyx attenuate at base, the
peewee teeth much shorter than the tube: fruit not seen. Northern

aho.

L. Torreyi Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337. Minutely villous through-
out: stems very slender, 6-18 inches high, from slender creeping root-
stocks, branching: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 lines long by 1-2
broad, semisagittate, the lower lobe small; leaflets thin, 4-6 pairs, ovate to
oblong or lanceolate; 3-6 lines long by 2-6 broad: peduncles filiform, 6-12
lines long, much shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered;
calyx campanulate, the two upper teeth triangular, acuminate, about as
long as the tube, about half as long as the subulate lower ones; upper
petal pus, the others yellowish-white; pods linear-oblong, pubescent,
Cmca . In open forests, Washington to California west of the Cascade

ountains.

* * Rachis of the leaves not tendril-bearing: pod broad, shortly
stipitate.

L. littoralis Endl. in Walp. Rep. i, 722. Densely silky-villous through-
out: stems numerous, from creeping perennial rootstocks, stout 14-2 feet
pee decumbent to assurgent, ditfusely branched : stipules ovate to oblong
or lanceolate, 6-12 lines long; leaflets 1-5 pairs with a small linear termi-
nal one, cuneate-oblong, 4-12 lines long: peduncles stout, much longer
than the leaves, 4-10-flowered ; calyx truncate at base, the triangular-sub-
ulate teeth nearly equal, longer than the tube; upper petal bright purple;
6-8 lines long, exceeding the paler wings and keel; style flattened for most
of its length: pods 10-18 lines long by 6-8 broad, nearly semicircular in
outline, villous, 3-5-seeded; seeds nearly 3 lines broad. On sand-hills and
-banks along the coast. Washington to California.

OrpEr XXVII. AMYGDALACEZ Reichb. Consp. 177.

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves, small caducous
stipules and usually perfect, regular flowers. Calyx tubular or
campanulate, free from the ovary, the tube lined with a disk,
deciduous, the limb 5-lobed, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5,
perigynous. Stamens about 20, inserted into the disk of the
ealyx-tube. Pistil 1, rarely 5; style simple. Ovary 1-celled,
usually with two collateral ovules, becoming a mostly 1-seeded
drupe. Seed pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons large,
thick, fleshy, containing hydrocyanic acid.

PRUNUS. AMYGDALACE. 161
CERASUS.

1. Prune, Flowers perfect: carpel solitary: leaves convolute in the
ud.

2. Cerasus. Flowers perfect: carpel solitary: leaves conduplicate in
the bud.

3. Osmaronia. Flowers polygamo-dicecious: carpels 5, becoming 5
drupes, or by abortion fewer or none.

1 PRUNUS Juss. Gen. 341. (PLum. Prone).

Leaves convolute in the bud. Flowers in umbellate clusters
‘from lateral buds, appearing before or with the leaves. Drupe
ovoid, glabrous and glaucous; the thick sarcocarp pulpy. Put-
amen (stone) bony, rmooth, compressed, acutely edged on one
margin, grooved on the other.

P. subcordata Benth. Pl. Hartw. 308 (?). A much branched shrub, 3-
12 feet high, with ashy-gray bark: young branches and leaves finely pu-
bescent, becoming glabrous: stipules narrowly-lanceolate, laciniate-den-
tate, 1-2 lines long; leaves elliptical to ovate, cordate to cuneate at base,
obtuse or acute, sharply and finely serrulate, about an inch long, short-
petioled: umbel 2-4-flowered; pedicels 3-6 lines long; calyx campanulate,
the oblong obtuse minutely dentate lobes about as long as the tube; petals
white, obovate, rounded at the apex, 4-5 lines long by 2-3 lines broad:
fruit 8-10 lines long, oblong, subacid. Oudry rocky hills and open woods,
Umpqua valley, Oregon, to California:

P. Oregana Greene Pitt. iii, 21. ‘Evidently allied to P. subcord-
ata, but leaves little more than an inch long, subcoriaceous, pubescent on
both faces, in outline oval or broadly elliptic, never subcordate, commonly
acutish at both ends, serrulate: flowers unknown: fruits in pairs or
threes, on pedicels 6 lines long or more, densely tomentose when very
young, more thinly so, yet distinctly tomentulose when half-grown.
Known only from specimens collerted on the Yainax Indian reservation
in southeastern Oregon, by Mrs. Austin, in 1893. * * * ”

2 CERASUS Juss. gen. 340. (Currry.)

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves that are condupli-
cate in the bud and corymbose or racemose flowers from lateral
buds, appearing beforé or with the leaves. Calyx campanulate,
deciduous, the limb 5-parted, regular. Petals 5, spreading.
Stamens 15-30. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, with two collateral
pendulous ovules. Drupe globose, fleshy, destitute of bloom;
stone mostly globose, smooth, not prominently margined.

§ 1. Eucerasus T. & G. Fl. i, 409. Flowers from lateral leaf-
less buds, appearing before or with the leaves; pedicels umbel-
late-fascicled, corymbose, or racemose.

C. emarginata Dougl. Hook. Fl.i, 169. Prunus emarginata Walp.
Shrub 3-12 feet high, diffusely branched from the base and clothed throughs
out with a smooth shining bark: leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate,
mostly obtuse, rarely emarginate, crenately serrulate, 1-3 inches long,
with a single or a pair of glands at or above tbe junction of the petiole
and hlade, pubescent beneath, nearly smooth or puberulent above: inflor-
escence pubescent; racemes few-flowered: calyx campanulate, the oblong
obtuse lobes soon reflexed, scarcely equalling the tube, about a line long;
etals orbicular-ovate, 2 lines long, minutely pubescent outside: drupe 3-4
nes in diameter, dark-red, intensely bitter and astringent. - Common in
mountainous districts, Brit. Columbia to California, east of the Cascade
Mountains. ore * es - og

162 AMYGDALACES. CERASUS.
OSMARONIA,

C. mollis Dougl.1.c. Prunus emarginata var. mollis Brew. A. small
straight graceful tree 20-50 feet high by 2-20 inches in diameter, with red-
dish, characteristic cherry bark and slender ashy-gray or reddish branch-
lets: young branches and inflorescence soft-pubescent: stipules lanceolate,
pectinate, 1-2 lines long; leaves obovate to oblong or oblanceolate, mostly
acutish, crenately serrulate, 1-3 inches long, narrowed below to a short
petiole, pubescent beneath, nearly smooth above: corymbs 5-10-flowered ;
calyx turbinate, the oblong, obtuse, entire lobes soon reflexed, not more
than half as long as the tube; petals obovate, on short claws, 2 lines long:
fruit bright red, about 3-4 lines long, intensely bitter: stone wrinkled,
carinate on one edge, rounded or barely acute on the other. Common in
forests, Brit. Columbia to California.

§ 2. Papus T. &G. l.c. 410. Flowers in racemes terminat-
ing leafy branches, appearing after the evolution of the leaves:
leaves deciduous.

C. demissa Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 411. Prunus demissa Walp. An erect
slender shrub 2-20 feet high: leaves obovate or oblong-ovate, usually
broadest above the middle, abruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or some-
what cordate at base, sharply serrate with straight slender teeth, more or
less pubescent beneath, 2-4 inches long, the petiole usually biglandular
just below its summit: racemes 3-4 inches long, many-flowered, longer than
the leaves, usually nodding; calyx hemispherical, the lobes short and ob-
tuse, glandularly ciliate, much shorter than the tube; petals white, orbic-
ular to elliptical, 2-3 lines long: fruit globose, purplish-black or red,
sweet and edible but astringent: stone globose. On rocky hills and river
banks, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

3 OSMARONIA Greene Pitt. ii, 189.

NUTTALLIA T. & G. H. & A. Bot. Beech. Supp. 336 t. 82.

Shrubs with simple alternate deciduous leaves without sti-
pules and polygamo-dicecious white flowers in loose nodding
bracted racemes which appear with the branchlets from the same
buds. Calyx 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, alternate with the
lobes of the calyx. Stamens 15, in two rows, 10 inserted with
the petals and 5 lower down upon the disk that lines the calyx-
tube, those of the fertile flowers all with abortive anthers. Car-
pels 5, inserted upon the persistent base of the calyx, free;
styles lateral, jointed at. base; ovules two in each carpel, pendu-
lous. Fruit 1-5, 1-seeded drupes with thin pulp and smooth
bony stone. Cotyledons convolute in the bud.

0. cerasiformis Greene 1. c. 191. Nuttallia cerasiformis T. & G.
Shrubs with clustered stems 2-15 feet high, dark brown bark and rather
slender glabrous branches: leaves broadly oblanceolate, acute or acutish,
attenuate to a short slender petiole, entire, smooth above, soft-pubescent
beneath, 2-4 inches long: racemes short-peduncled, shorter than the
leaves; bracts spatulate, equalling the calyx-tube; deciduous; pedicels 6-7
lines long, with a pair of linear, acuminate bractlets near the base of the
calyx; calyx campanulate, the short triangular lobes about half as long
as the tube: petals spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes, those of the
fertile flowers smaller: drupes blue-black with a bloom when fully mature,
5-8 lines long, oblong, with a slight furrow on the inner side; stone
smooth, somewhat compressed. Common in wooded districts, Brit. Colum-
bia to California. lowering in very early spring. ;

CRATAGUS. POMACE, 163

OrvER XXVIII. POMACEA Loiseleur-Deslongchamps Man.
Pl. Us. i, 211.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple or unequally pinnate
leaves, caducous free or nearly free stipules and perfect, regu-
lar white or reddish flowers in racemes or corymbosely clus-
tered. Calyx-tube urceolate or campanulate, more or less co-
herent with the ovary, the usuallv short, free portion lined
with an annular or laminar disk, the limb 5-lobed, imbricate
in the bud. Petals 5, perigynous. Stamens mostly 20, in-
serted on the disk of the calyx. Ovary compound, composed
of 2-5 carpels with two collateral ascending ovules in each,
becoming a pome; styles as many as the carpels. Seeds usu-
ally two in each cell, without albumen.

* Carpels 1-celled, not divided by a partition from the back.

1.: Crategus. Fruit drupaceous: ovary 2-5-celled,} becoming 2-5 1-
seeded nutlets, either separable or united into one.

2. Sorbus. Shrubs or small trees with unequally pinnate leaves: fruit
a proper pome, with coriaceous undivided 1-seeded ceils.

8. Malus. Trees or shrubs with simple leaves: fruit a proper_pome with
chartaceous 2-seeded undivided cells.

* * Carpels more or less spuriously 2-celled by a partition from the
back of each carpel.

4. Amelanchier. Shrubs or small trees with simple™leaves: fruit a
proper pome, 5-carpeled or by abortion 3 or 4-carpeled : carpels coherent,
incompletely 2-celled by a partition from the back.

5. Peraphyllum. Small shrubs with simple leaves: fruit a® proper
pome; 2- rarely 3-carpeled; carpels nearly distinct, 2-celled by a par-
tition from the back.

1 CRATAGUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 622.

Thorny shrubs or small trees with simple toothed or lobed
leaves, and mostly white, heavy-scented flowers in terminal
corymbs. Calyx-tube urceolate, the limb 5-parted. Petals 5,
Spreading. Stamens 5-20. Carpels 2-5, becoming bony 1-
seeded nutlets, contiguous, or united: styles distinct. Fruit
drupe-like, globose or ovoid, crowned with the calyx-teeth.

C. Douglasii Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1810. C. rivularis Nutt. (?). A stout
shrub or small tree, 20-40 feet high: spines stout, 6-12 lines long: leaves
elliptical to obovate, usually cuneate at base, irregularly serrate, those of
the young shoots often incisely lobed, 1-3 incher long, somewhat pubes-
cent on both stdes: inflorescence tomentose; lobes of the calyx entire, a
line long, about half as long as the tube, pubescent inside; petals orbicu-
lar, 3-4 lines long: fruit black, 4-5 lines in diameter, often only 3-carpeled;
carpels distinct. Along water courses, Brit. Columbia to California, west
of the Cascade Mountains.

C. Columbiana. A much branched shrub orsmall tree, 6-15 feet high :
spines stout. 1-2 inches long: leaves cuneate-obovate, 1-2 inches long,
incisely 5-9-lobed above the middle. acute, serrate, the teeth often vland-
tipped, especially below, sparingly pubescent or glabrate, attenuate below
to a short petiole: corymbs rather many-flowered, sparingly pubescent or

‘

164 POMACE. SORBUS.
MALUS.

glabrate; lobes of the calyx triangular, acute, often serrate, about as long
as the tube, dark red, petals orbicular, 3-4 lines long: fruit scarlet,
obovoid, 4-6 lines long; carpels distinct. Common along the Columbia
rivér and its tributaries east of the Cascade Mountains.

2 SORBUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 628.

Shrubs or small trees with unequally pinnate deciduous
leaves and small flowers in terminal compound cymes. Calyx
urceolate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, alternate with the lobes of the
calyx. Stamens20. Styles 3-5, distinct. Carpels 3-5, coria-
ceous, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. Fruit small, globose or py-
riforin.

S. sambucifolia Roem. Syn. Monogr. iii, 39.. Pyrus sambucifolia
Cham. & Schlecht. A shrub, 4-12 feet high with coarse ascending
branches: nearly glabrous, the leaf-buds and inflorescence usually spar-
ingly villous: leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong to lanceolate, acute; sharply ser-
rate from near the base, 1-2 inches long: cymes flattish, often 4 to 6 inches
in diameter and many-flowered; lobes of the calyx broadly subulate, 1-2
lines long; petals white, orbicular, attenuate below to a short claw, 2-3
lines long, fruit globose, about three lines in diameter, coral-red, bitter.
On high mountains, Oregon to Alaska. :

S. occidentalis Greene Fl. Fr. 54. Pyrvs occidentalis Watson Proc.
Am Acad. xaiti, 268. A shrub 2-6 feet high with rather coarse erect
branches; glabrous throughout or the inflorescence partly hairy: leaflets
3-5 pairs, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, dentate usu-
ally only toward the apex, rarely below the middle, sometimes entire,
6-20 lines long: cymes small, usually rather. few-flowered ; calyx glabrous,
with short triangular lubes: petals white. 1-2 lines long, orbicular, ab-
ruptly narrowed below to a short claw; styles villous at base: fruit pyri-
form, red, 4 lines long. On high mountains near perpetual snow, Wash-
ington to California and the Rocky Mountains. :

38 MALUS Tourn. (APPLE).

Small deciduous trees with simple more or less serrate leaves
and reddish or white flowers in simple corymbose cymes at the
ends of short lateral branchlets. Calyx tube urceolate, the
limb 5-lobed, petals 5, usually rather large. Stamens 20. Styles
5, more or less united at base. Carpels 5, chartaceous in fruit,
2-seeded, 1-celled, wholly covered by the adnate calyx-tube.
Fruit globose to oblong, depressed at both ends, the flesh con-
taining malic acid and destitute of grit-cells.

M. rivularis Roem. Syn. Monog. ii., 215. Pyrus rirvularis Dougl. A
small tree 15-30 feet high: leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, some-
times obscurely 3-lobed, more or less woolly-pubescent, 1-3 inches long;
stipules setaceous: cymes shortly racemose, leafy at base; pedicels slen-
der, 1-2 inches long. pubescent; calyx pubescent, the limb at length de-
ciduous, the lanceolate acuminate hes as long as the tube; petals orbicu-
lar, abruptly contracted below to a short claw, 4-6 lines long, white;

styles 2-5, united at base: fruit oblong, 4~6 lines in diameter. Common
in swales and along streams, northern California to Alaska.

»' 4 AMELANCHIER Lobelius; Lindl. Linn. Trans. xiii, 100.
0.4, (Szrvicre-BErry).
' Shrubs or small trees with simple alternate deciduous leaves,
small racemes of white flowers and black or purplish edible fruit.

AMELANCHIER,. POMACE. 165
PERAPHYLLUM.

Calyx campanulate, the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5.
Stamens 20, much shorter than the petals. Styles 3-5, coales-
cent at base ordistinct Carpels 8-5. becoming membranaceous,
incompletely 2-celled by a partition from the back, 1-seeded.
Wholly covered by the adnate calyx-tube. Fruit small, berry-
like, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, the pulp sweet.
Seeds small, with a thin black testa.

A. alnifolia Nutt. Journ. Philad, Acad. vii, 22. Stem slender, 3-30
feet high, with slender erect flexuous branches: leaves thin, elliptical to
obovate, obtuse at each end or often cordate, serrate toward the apex,
entire below, !-2 inches long, more’ or less densely tomentose beneath,
smooth, or nearly so above: racemes many-flowered; bracts setaceous,
long-woolly, longer than the pedicels, caducous: calyx densely tomentose,
the triangular-lanceolate lobes closely reflexed, about as long as the
broadly turbinate tube; petals spatulate, 6 12 lines long by 2 lines broad,
obtuse; stamens very short: fruit globose, 3-4 lines in diameter. Com-
mon aiong streams and swales, Brit. Columbia to California and. the
Rocky Mountains.

A. florida Lind]. Bot. Reg. xix, t. 1589. Stems stoutish, erect cespi-'
tose, 2-10 feet high with erect somewhat cinereous branchlets: leaves
thickish, orbicular to elliptical or ovate. 12-14 lines long, rounded to
acute at the apex, coarsely serrate above the middle, entire and rounded
or cordate at base, glabrous, or sparingly tomentose on the midrib and
veins beneath: stipules subulate, setaceously acuminate: racemes rather
loosely séveral-flowered; bracts setaceous, ciliate with long straight hairs;
calyx somewhat tomentose, the subulate lobes longer than the tube, re-
flexed, densely tomentose inside; petals oblong, 6-7 lines long by 2-4 lines
‘broad, rounded at the summit; stamens shorter than the lobes of the
calyx: fruit globose, 3-4 lines in diameter. In wooded districts, Wash-
ington and Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains.

A. pallida Greene Fl. Fr. 53. Stems clustered and bushy, 3-6 feet
high, with an ashy bark, rigid and somewhat intricately branched: leaves
rather thick. oblong-lanceolate to oblong or elliptical obtuse or retuse,
sparingly dentate towards the apex, entire and_ usually rounded below,
often entire and cuspidate, 6-10 lines long, somewhat tomentose: racemes
short and somewhat corymbose, the lower pedicels elongated; calyx more
or less tomentose, the lobes triangular, acute, erect; petals obovate or obo-
vate-oblong, slightly concave, 3-6 lines long: stamens shorter than the
ue Common on dry hillsides. southern .Oregon and northern Cali-
ornia.

5 PERAPHYLLUM Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 474.

Low much branched shrubs with deciduous leaves crowded at
the ends of the branchlets, and 2-4-flowered corymbs of white
flowers. Calyx-tube urceolate, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, obo-
vate, unguiculate. Stamens about 20, exserted. Styles 2, rarely
3, coherent below. Fruit a small pome containing 2, rarely 3 al-
most distinct carpels, each 2-celled by a spurious partition, the
cells 1-seeded. Seeds angular, compressed, with a cartilaginous
testa, erect, with the radicle at the base.

P. ramosissimum Nutt.1.c. A shrub 4-6 feet high with hard white
wood and grayish bark: branches slender, recurved and more or less tor-
tuous, spreading widely: leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-2 inches long,
entire or obsoletely serrulate, smooth and shining above, very minutely
pubescent beneath: calyx urceolate, the tube wholly adnate to the ovary,

166 ROSACEA.

the triangular lobes shorter than the tube, reflexed, pubescent within;
petals broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, 4-6 lines long, white; stam-
ens about equalling the calyx-lobes, persistent; styles filiform, thickened
toward the summit, longer than the stamens, united and pubescent be-
low; fruit globose, 4-5 lines in diameter, crowned with the persistent
calyx-lobes. On dry hillsides, eastern Oregon to California.

OrpER XXIX.’ ROSACEA Juss. Hort. Trian., Endl. Gen. 1240.

Herbs or shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves,
mostly foliaceous commonly adnate stipules and perfect or uni-
sexual flowers in cymes, corymbs, panicles or solitary. Calyx
free from the ovary, 4—5-clefi, the segments mostly valvate in
the bud, commonly persistent. Petals perigynous, as many as
the lobes of the calyx and alternate with them, or none. Sta-
mens five to many, perigynous, rarely hypogynous. Pistils one
to many; ovary usually one-celled and one-valved, sometimes
many-ovuled; ovules pendulous or ascending. Styles as many
as the ovaries, inserted terminally or laterally, persistent or
deciduous. Fruit achenes drupelets or follicular. Seeds
mostly anatropous, with little or no albumen.

Trize tr. Rossa. Carpels many, becoming bony achenes, en-
closed and concealed in the globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-
tube which resenibles a pome.

1. Rosa. Erect, usually prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves and large
flowers.

Tripe m1. SanGuisoRBEH. Carpels 1-3, becoming achenes,
completely enclosed in the dry and firm calyx-tube, the throat
of which is constricted vr sometimes nearly closed: ovule sus-
pended, solitary. Ours are herbs with compound or lobed leaves.

%. Sanguisorba. Calyx-lobes petaloid, deciduous; the tube 4~angled,
naked; petals wanting: carpels 1-2: herbs with compound leaves and
red or white flowers in dense spikes.

8. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, surrounded by a margin of hooked
rickles: stamens 5-15: carpels 2: perennial herbs withb_ pinnate
eaves and yellow flowers in spicate racemes.

4. Alchemilla. ‘Calyx urceolate, naked, minutely bracteolate: petals
wanting: stamens 1-4: sma]l annuals with minute flowers in axillary
clusters. é

TRIBE 11. DryapE&. Carpels numerous, several or solitary,
l-ovuled, becoming dry achenes: calyx not enclosing or at
least not constricted over the fruit: seeds erect or ascending.

* Shrubs: carpel solitary: style not elongated in fruit; stigma
decurrent: calyx imbricated, without bractlets: radicle inferior,

5. Kunzia. Diffusely branched shrubs with mostly fascicled leaves and
solitary yellow flowers, terminal on the short branchlets.
* * Trees or shrubs: carpels solitary: style elongated and plumose
in fruit: calyx imbricated, without bractlets: seeds erect.

6. Cercocarpus. Small trees or shrubs with simple leaves and axillary

ROSACEE. 167

solitary cr somewhat fascicled flowers: calyx-tube long-cylindrical,
the limb deciduous; petals wanting: carpel usually solitary.

* * * Herbs: carpels few-many: calyx valvate in the bud, with a set
of bractlets alternating with the lobes.

. + Seeds erect from the base of the cell: style terminal, often geni
culate in the middle.

72 Geum. Carpels numerous, ona dry receptacle: the elongated style
in fruit mostly geniculate and articulated near the middle or plumose.

~ + feed suspended or ascending: radicle superior: style small,
naked, not geniculate.

8. Fragaria. Petals broad and conspicuous, sessile: carpels numerous,
scattered on a large fleshy, becoming pulpy, receptacle; style lateral:
leaves trifoliolate.

9. Comarum. Carpels very numerous, on a large fleshy or spongy
couvex receptacle: stvle inserted below the apex of the ovary: leaves
pinnate: coarse marsh perennials.

10. Sibbaldia. Petals narrow and minute, sessile: stamens 5; filaments
very short, filiform: carpels 5-10, on a dry receptacle: leaves trifolio-
late.

11. Potentilla. Petals usually conspicuous, sessile: stamens usually 20
or more; filaments narrow or filiform: carpels mostly numerous, on a
dry receptacle: leaves pinnate or digitate; leaflets not confluent.

12. Horkelia. Petals conspicuous, with claws: stamens 10 or more; fil-

aments more or less dilated or subulate: carpels usually many, on a

_ dry nearly naked receptacle: leaves pinnate; leaflets many, the upper
ones often confluent.

18. Ivesia. Petals with claws: stamens 5-20; filaments filiform: car-
pels 1-15, on a dry villous receptacle: leaves pinnate; leaflets cleft or
parted, often small and very numerous, closely imbricated.

Trise iv.. Rupes. Calyx open, without bractlets: stamens
numerous: carpels several or numerous, on a spongy receptacle,
becoming pulpy-cvated achenes in fruit: ovules 2, pendulous,
but one maturing.

14. Rubus. Carpels 2-many, crowded on an elevated receptacle, ripen-
ing into a coherent body of small drupes.

Tring vy. Spiraea. Calyx campanulate, imbricate or some-
times valvate in the bud: carpels few, mostly 5, rarely solitary,
becoming follicles or dehiscent 2-valved pods: styles terminal :
seeds 1-10 in each carpel, pendulous or ascending.

§ 1 Carpels becoming 1-seeded achenes.

15. Holodiscus. Carpels membranaceous, woolly, 1-seeded: shrubs
with simple lobed leaves without stipules.

§ 2 Carpels becoming follicles or 2-valved capsules, usually several-
seeded.

* Seeds in ours not known: carpels distinct: ovules 2, one above
the other, pendulous: herbs with pinnately divided stipulate leaves.

16. Filipendula. Carpels membranaceous, 1-celled, distinct: leaves
pinnate, the terminal leaflet large and lobed.

168 ROSACEA. ROBA.

* * Seeds with shining stony testa: albumen very distinct: stipules
membranaceous, caducous.

17. Opulaster. Carpels membranaceous, inflated, 2-valved, distinct,
often stipitate: flowers perfect, corymbose: leaves lobed.

. * * * Seeds with membranous testa and no albumen: stipules
none.

+ Calyx persistent: stamens perigynous: carpels several-seeded.

18. Spirea. Carpels cartilaginous, follicular, distinct: flowers perfect,
rarely polygamous: shrubs with simple serrate or incised leaves.

19. Luetkea. Carpels membranaceous, 2-valved, distinct: low herbs
with biternately parted leaves and perfect flowers.

+ + Calyx marcescent: stamens hypogynous: carpels few-seeded.

20. Aruncus. Carpels cartilaginous, l-valved, distinct: tall herbs with
ternately compound leaves and dicecious flowers.

Tribe 1. Rosewx Juss. Carpels many, with two suspended
ovules, one above the other, becoming crustaceous, indehiscent, one-
seeded achenes, inserted on the whole inner surface of the thickened
torus or disk which lines the tube of the calyx.

1 ROSA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 631. (Ross).

Prickly shrubs with unequally pinnate leaves, adnate stipules
and large flowers in corymbs or solitary. Calyx urceolate, the
tube contracted at the mouth, at length fleshy or baccate, en-
closing the numerous distinct ovaries. Ovaries one-celled, with
two suspended ovules, one above the other, becoming one-seeded
indehiscent crustaceous or bony achenes, inserted on the whole
jnner surface of the thickened disk that lines the tube of the
calyx, style terminal or nearly so, somewhat exserted, distinct or
connate above.

* Sepals connivent after flowering and persistent.

R. Nutkana Presl. Epimel. Bot. 203.. Stems stout, 1-10 feet high,
armed with stout straight or recurved spines, the branches sometimes un-
armed and the young shoots usually prickly: stipules rather broad, gland-
ular-ciliate ; leaflets 5-9, broadly elliptical to ovate or oblong or lanceolate,
usually rounded at base, serrate above the middle, 34-2 inches long, finely
pubescent and more or less resinous beneath: flowers solitary or 2-3 to-
gether; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate and tipped with a lanceolate
entire foliaceous appendage, the whole 12-18 lines long, densely tomentose
inside, smooth or more or less glandular outside: petals broadly obovate
or obcordate, 12-16 lines long, nearly as broad: fruit globose, 6 lines long
or more, not contracted above into a neck. Common from Brit. Columbia.
to California, Montana and Utah.

R. . blanda Ait. Hort. Kew. ii, 202. Stems 1-2 feet high, wholly un-
armed, or usually with afew slender straight scattered prickles, sometimes
more densely prickly: stipules dilated, naked and entire, or slightly gland-
ular toothed above; leaflets 5-7, usually oblong-oblanceolate, mostly cune-
ate at base and shortly petiolulate, coarsely and simply toothed, glabrous
above, paler and glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, not resinous
or very rarely slightly so, usually large, the terminal one 34-2 inches.
long; rachis pubescent, sometimes sparingly prickly : flowers large, corym-
bose or often solitary: sepals entire, ‘shortly hispid or sometimes naked:
fruit globose or with more or leds -of -a neck ‘below the calyx, sometimes.

ROSA. ROSACE. 169

oblong-obovate by a more gradual attenuation of the base, 4-6 lines long.
On rocky ridges and canyons, Idaho to the Eastern States and Canada,

R. spithameza Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 444. Stems slender, 2-12 inches
high, sparingly branched: stipules narrow, acuminate, glandular-ciliate:
rachis of the leaves glandular and more or less prickly; leaflets 5-9, ellip-
tical or oblong, smooth, rather coarsely and doubly serrate, 6-18 lines lony:
flowers 12-18 lines broad, in few-flowered corymbs, pedicels receptacle and
calyx usually densely glandular-hispid ; sepals lanceolate, with or without
a foliaceous serrate appendage, 6-10 lines long;. petals broadly obovate,
8-12 lines long; fruit not seen. Common on wooded hillsides, southwest-
ern Oregon and northern California.

R. pisocarpa Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 382. Stems slender, armed
with straight, stout or slender, ascending or spreading spines, sometimes
naked, not prickly: leaflets 5-9, oblong to oblong-ovate, shortly acuminate
to obtuse, rounded or subcuneate at base, sessile or nearly so, smooth
ahove, paler and pubescent beneath, simply toothed, 4-12 lines long:
flowers small, corymbose or often solitary, on short branches; pedicels
slender, smooth or rarely sparingly hispid: sepals more or less glandular-
hispid, triangular acuminate, with entire’ lanceolate appendages; p tals
obcordate, 6-s lines long: fruit globose, 3-5 lines in diameter, contracted
above toa very short neck. Common in low places, Brit. Columbia to
Oregon. ’

R. Californica Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea ii, 35. Steras often tall,
with usually stout more or less recurved or sometimes straight spines,
frequently scattered or wanting, often prickly: stipules mostly narrow,
usually naked, sometimes glandular-ciliate: rachis of the leaves pubescent
or prickly; leaflets 3-7, round or broadly elliptical to oblong-ovate, usually
sessile, slightly pubescent or glabrous above, villous or tomentose be-
neath, simply toothed, 6-18 lines long: flowers corymbose or sometimes
solitary, on slender usually short and naked pedicels; sepals and recepta-
cle glabrous or villous or rarely hispid; petals 5-6 lines long: fruit ovate-
globose, with a usually prominent neck, about-6 lines long by 4 broad.
Brit. Columbia to California. ;

R. Fendleri Crepin Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xv, 452. Stems often tall,
with mostly rather slender straight or recurved spines, often scattered or :
wanting: stipules mostly narrow, usually naked; rachis pubescent or
prickly; leaflets 5-9,:oblong or .oblong-obovate, more or less cuneate at
base often petiolulate, usually glaucous, very finely pubescent beneath or
glabrous or somewhat resinous, serrate with usualy simple teéth, 6-18
lines long: flowers small, often solitary; the short pedicels receptacle
and sepals glabrous; sepals lanceolate, with linear-lanceolate entire ap-
pendages: fruit globose or broadly ovate, with little or no neck. From
the Columbia river to New Mexico and’ Texas, and north to beyond the
British boundary.

* * Styles few, distinct, deciduous with the entire calyx from the
very contracted top of the neck of. the receptacle: sepals short and
entire,

R. gymnocarpa Nutt. T. &G. Fl. i, 461. Stems slender and rather
weak, 2-10 feet high, with straight slender infrastipular and scattered
spines and more or less prickly: stipules usually narrow, glandular. cili-
ate: rachis prickly and more or less glandular; leaflets 5-9, usually 7,
from round elliptical and obtuse to narrowly oblong and acute, glab ous,
rarely somewhat tomentose or resinous, doubly glandular-sérrate, sessile
_or nearly so, usually small, 4-12 lines long: flowers in 1-few-flowered
corymbs, on hispid or sometimes glabrous pedicels; sepals’ usually 3-4
lines long, lanceolate, the outer ones often glandular-ciliate all aristate
and usually smooth; petals broadly obcordate, 6-8 lines long:' fruit
smouth ; oblong-obovate to globose, few-seeded. Common in forests and
wooded districts, Brit. Columbi#:to California and Montana. ye es

170 ROSACEA ROSA.
SANGUISORBA.

* * ® Naturalized species.

R. ropiainosa L. Mant. 564. (sweer Brier). Stems stout, armed
with stout, recurved spines, without prickles, 4-6 feet high: stipules often
dilated: leaflets 5-7, elliptical or oblong-ovate, densely resinous beneath
and aromatic, doubly serrate: flowers small,on short hispid pedicels; se-
pals pinnatifid, hispid: fruit large, subglobose to oblong ovate, 6-8 lines
long. Becoming common throughout western Washington and Oregon.

Tribe II. Sanguisorbex Juss. Calyxz-tube mostly indurated
and contracted at the mouth; the segments valvate or rarely imbri-
cate in the bud. Petals often wanting. Stamens 1-15, rarely
more. Carpels 1-2, rarely 3-4, dry: style terminal or lateral:
stigma often plumose. Seed suspended very rarely ascending.
Radicle superior. :

2 SANGUISORBA L. Gen. n. 146.

Herbs with pinnate leaves petiolulate leaflets adnate stipules
and polygamous or perfect flowers in dense long-peduncled
spikes. Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted at the throat, persist-
ent, 2-3-bracteolate, the limb 4-parted, petaloid, deciduous.
Petals none. Stamens 4-12 or none. Carpels 1-%, free from the
calyx; styles terminal; stigma tufted, ovule solitary, suspended.
Achenes dry included in the indurated 4-winged calyx-tube.

S. officinalis L. Sp. 169. Stem simple, usually glabrous, 1-2 feet high,
much longer than the leaves, from a stout perennial root: leaflets about 4
pairs, ovate or oblong, cordate at base, coarsely serrate, 14-2 inches long,
on petioles 2-6 lines long: flowers deep purple or red, polygamous, in 0-
long spikes 6-12 lines long or more; bracts often pubescent; calyx-lobes
ovate-lanceolate, often acute, 1 line long; stamens but little if any longer
than the sepals: filaments filiform: fruit a line long. Common in cold
mountain marshes, Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. Also
Europe.

S. media L. ae ed. 2, 169. Stems slender, simple, but little longer
than the leaves, glabrous, 1-3 feet high, from a stout perennial root: leaf-
lets elliptical to ovate or oblong, cordate with a deep narrow sinus, coarsely
serrate with rounded glandular-apiculate teeth, 1-3 inches long, on stout
petioles 1-2 inches long, the lowest ones smallest: flowers dark purple,
in a dense oblong head; stamens longer than the sepals; filaments flat.
In marshes, Alaska and Brit. Columbia, perhaps northern Washington.

8. Sitchensis C. A. Meyer Trautv. & Meyer Fl. Ochot. 34. Stem
stout, 2-4 feet high. from a stout perennial root, paniculately branched
above: leaves ample, 1-3 feet long; leaflets 13-21, oblong to ovate, 1-3
inches long, coarsely and often doubly serrate with acute gland-tipped
teeth, on pedicels 6-12 lines long: flowers white or slightly tinged with
purple, in a dense cylindrical spike 2-6 inches long; stamens 3-4 times
longer than the sepals, filaments flat. In salt-marshes along the coast
and islands of Alaska, to be looked for in northern Washington.

S. annua Nutt. T. & G- Fl. i. 429. Poterinm annuum Nutt. Glabrous;
stems slender, branching, 6-15 inches high from an annual root: leaflets
3-6 pairs, ovate to oblong, deeply pectinate-pinnatifid, 4-8 lines long, ses-
sile or nearly so: flowers perfect, greenish-white, in dense ovoid or oblong
heads 3-12 lines long; bracts scarious, ovate, a line long, persistent; sta-
mens 2-4, much shorter than the calyx, fruit shorter than the bracts. In
dry open places, Washington to California, Indian Ter. and the upper
Missouri valley.

AGRIMONIA. ROSACEA, 171
ALCHEMILLA.

3 AGRIMONIA Tourn. Inst. t. 155. (AcRimony.)

Tall perennial herbs with oddpinnate leaves and long slender
terminal racemes of small yellow flowers. Calyx-tube turbin-
ate, persistent, somewhat contracted at the throat and surround-
ed by a dense border of hooked prickles, or rarely 5-bracteolate
the limb 5-lobed, at length connivent. Petals 5, yellow. Stam-
ens 5-15 in one row. Curpels 2, free and distinct; styles termi-
nal, stigma dilated, 2-lobed; ovule pendulous. Achenes 1 or 2,
enclosed in the indurated calyx—tube.

A. Eupatoria L. Sp.i, 448. Hirsute: stems 2-4 feet high, sparingly
branched above: leaflets 5-7, usually 2-4 inches long with smaller ones
intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed, acute at each end; stipules
large, semicordate, incised: calyx 2 lines long, becoming 3-4 lines long,
the tube at length 10-sulcate above: petals longer than the lobes of the

calyx: achenes solitary, subglobose, 1 line in diameter. Washington to
California and across the continent. Europe.

4 ALCHEMILLA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 165.

Low herbs with palmately lobed or compound leaves, adnate
stipules and small flowers in axillary corymbs. Calyx-tube ob-
conic, contracted at the throat by an annular disk, the limb 4-5-
parted, with as many bractlets. Petals in ours none. Stamens
1-4; filaments short. Carpels 1-4, stipitate or sessile in the bot-
tom of the calyx-tube; style attached near the base of the ovary,
filiform ; stigma mostly capitate. Seed fixed near the base of the
carpel, ascending, almost orthotropous. Radicle superior.

A. arvensis Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i, 115. Annual; somewhat strigose-
pubescent: stems weak, 3-8 inches long, diffusely branched from the base:
leaves rounded, cuneate at base, on short petioles, 2-6 lines long by 2-4
broad, déeply.3-lobed, segments 2-4 cleft; stipules large, 2-5 cleft; flowers
fascicled in the axils of the leaves, 44 of a line long, on slender pedicels
or nearly sessile: bractlets very small: stamens 1-2: achene solitary, com-
pressed. Common in meadows and open places, Vancouver Island to
California: Europe.

Tribe 8. Dryadex Vent. Tabdl. iti, 349. Calyx campanulate or
turbinate, or rather flat, valvate in the bud; stamens numerous:
carpels numerous, rarely few and definite, dry; ovule erect: radicle
inferior.

5 KUNZIA Spreng. Anleit. ed. 2, ii, 869.
PURSHIA DC. not Raf. nor Spreng,

Diffusely branched shrubs with mostly fascicled leaves, small
triangular stipules and subsessile yellow flowers at the ends of
short lateral leafy branchlets. Calyx persistent, funnel-form, 5-
lobed, without bractlets. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens about
25, in one row, inserted with the petals into the throat of the
calyx. Carpels 1 or 2, free, slightly stipitate attenuate into the
subulate style, 1-ovuled; stigma lateral, extending nearly the
whole length of the style. Seed obovate, with membranaceous
testa, separated from the inner coat by a layer of purple resin-
like intensely bitter granulated matter; albumen none. Cotyle-
dons broadly oval, flat.

172 ROSACEA. KUNZIA.
CERUOCARPUS.

K. tridentata Spreng. 1.c. Purshia tridentata, DC. A shrub or small
tree 2-10 feet high, with brown or grayish bark, the young branches and
branchlets pubescent: stipules connate at base, setaceous ; leaves cuneate-
obovate, 3-12 lines.long, 3-lobed at the apex, attenuate at base to a thick
petiole, white-tomentose beneath, green above: flowers nearly sessile;
calyx 2-4 lines long, densely canescent-tomentose, with or without some
glandular hairs below, the oblong obtuse lobes shorter than the tube;
petals spatulate-obovate, unguiculate, 3-5 lines long, exceeding the calyx-
lobes: carpels oblong, densely pubescent, striate, attenuate at each end,
4-6 lines long, exserted. Common on rocky hillsides ‘and gravelly or sandy
plains, Brit. Columbia to California and.the Rocky Mountains. 4

6 CERCOCARPUS H.B. K. Nov. Gen. vi, 223 t. 556.

Small trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, small wholly ad-
nate stipules and axillary or terminal inflorescence. Tube of
the calyx cylindrical, long and pedicel-like, more or less persis-
tent, the limb short, campanulate, 5-lobed, without bractlets,
deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 15-25, inserted in 2-3 rows
on the limb of the calyx; filaments short; anthers oval or
rounded deeply eniarginate or cleft at each end. Ovary solitary,
free, with a single erect ovule: style terminal, villous: stigma
capitate. Carpel linear-oblong, caudate with the long perzistent
plumose style which is more or less enclosed in the slender per-
sistent tube of the calyx. Seed with a membranous testa and no
albumen. Cotyledons long and linear.

* Leaves persistent, small, entire, thick-coriaceous with revolute
margins, l-nerved.

C. ledifolius Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 427. A small tree or shrub 6-15 feet
high with moderately straight rigid branches: leaves lanceolate or oblong,
acute, glandular apiculate, dark green and usually glabrous above, tomen-
tose beneath, attenuate below to a thick petiole, 6-18 lines long, mid-
nerve prominent: flowers sessile, 3 lines in diameter, tomentose; limb of
the calyx 2 lines long, the oblong-obtuse lobes longer than the throat,
tube becoming 3-5 lines long: tails of the achenes at length 2-3 inches
long. In mountainous districts, eastern Oregon to California and tbe
Rocky Mountain’.

‘C. intricatus Watson Proc. Am. Acad.x, 346. A rigidly and intri-
cately much branched shrub, 1-6 feet high with ashy-gray bark: leaves
lanceolate or apparently linear by the involution of the margins, silky-

ubescent both sides or glabrate above, acute, apiculate, sessile, 5-10 lines

ong: flowers sessile; tomentose; limb of the calyx 2 lines in diameter, 1-2
lines long, the short triangular lobes not half as long as the throat, the
persistent tube becoming 2 lines long: tails of the achenes 1-2 inches
long. On dry hillsides along streams, John Day valley eastern Oregun to
Nevada and California.

* * Leaves deciduous, rather large, the margins not involute, pin-
nately veined. :

C. betulefolius Hook. |]. c. t. 322) C. parvifolius of recent authors not
Nutt. A shrub or small tree 2-15 feet hich with gray tte flaky bark and
long slender spreading or recurved branches: leaves obovate or oblong,
with cuneate base, obtuse, coarsely serrate above the middle, green but
finely pubescent above, densely white tomentose beneath, 1-2 inches long
on'short petioles, conspicuously veined: flowers on rather slender pedicels,
tomentose, limb of the calyx 8-4 lines in diameter, the triangular obtuse
lobes about equalling the throat; the tube becoming 4-6 lines long, ob-

GEUM. ROSACEA. 173

panel open on one side. Ondry hillsides, southwestern Oregon to Cali-
ornia. :
7 GEUM L. Gen. n. 636.

Perennial herbs with mostly radical lyrate or pinnate leaves,
adnate stipules and solitary or corymbose flowers. Calyx ob-
conic at base, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 bracteoles alternat-
ing with the lobes. Petals 5, obtuse or emarginate. Stamens
numerous, inserted into the disk that lines the base of the calyx;
filaments somewhat persistent. Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled, on
a dry, conical or clavate receptacle, becoming achenes; styles
terminal, at least the base persistent, straight, or geniculate near
the middle: stigma simple. Seed erect; radicle inferior.

§ 1 Evceum T. & G. Fl. i, 420. Flowers erect: segments of
_ the calyx reflexed: head of carpels sessile: styles articulated
and geniculate above the middle, the lower portion glabrous,
hooked at the apex, persistent after the deflexed and mostly
hairy terminal portion falls away.

G. macrophyllum Willd. Enum. i, 557. Hirsute throughout with
spreading yellowish hairs: stems mostly solitary, 1-3 feet high, usually
simple: stipules foliaceous, ovate, lacerate serrate, adnate to the petiole
below the middle, acuminate above; radical leaves lyrate and interruptedly
pinnate, 6-12 inches long or more the terminal leaflet very large,
round-cordate, irregularly lobed and toothed, the others very unequal, often
very small; cauline leaves similar but with a’ short rachis or reduced to
. the terminal leaflet only: flowers yellow, 6-9 lines broad, in an open
panicle; bractlets small, often wanting; lobes of the calyx ovate, long
acuminate, puberulent or nearly smooth reflexed, about equalling the
obovate or oblong patals: style three lines long, at length reflexed; achenes
hispid, upon a nearly naked oblong receptacle. In moist meadows and
along streams. Alaska to California and across the continent.

G. strictum Ait. Hort. Kew ii, 218. Stems and petioles hirsute or
hispid, with spreading hairs: stems stout, 2-3 feet high. simple, dichoto-
mous at the summit: radical leaves interrupted and somewhat lyrately
pinnate; leaflets cuneiform-obovate, incisely lobed and serrate; cauline
leaves 3-5-foliolate; the teaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute, sharply
toothed and incised; appressed-pubescent; stipules large, incised: flowers
rather large, numerous; bractlets shorter than the calyx-lobes; petals
yellow, roundish-oyal, longer than the calyx:. carpels hispid at the apex;
style glabrous, the upper joint hairy: receptacle densely pubescent. In
fields and moist places, Idaho to the New England States and Canada.

§ 2. Sreversrta Willd. Berl. Maz. v, 393 as genus. Flowers
rather large, erect; segments of the calyx erect or spreading:
head of carpels sessile: style wholly persistent.- ;

G. triflorum Pursh Fl. 736. Villous and hirsute: stems clustered,
from stout branching rootstocks, 6-15 inches high, simple, nearly naked:
radical leaves pinnate, with ‘numerous cuneate-oblong irregularly incised
leatlets: the cauline reduced to a few small linear-lobed leaves or bracts:
flowers few, usually 3, on long peduncles; ¢alyx often purplish, the linear
bractlets 4-9 lines long usually exceeding the calyx-lobes and equalling
the oblong purplish erect petals: tails of the smali achenes plumose, at
length 2-3 inches long: receptacle small, hemispherical; On bleak hill-
tops, from Arctic America to California and the Rocky Mountains. a

174 . ROSACEA, FRAGARIA.
COMARUM,

8 FRAGARIA Tourn. L. Gen. n 633. (STRAWBERRY).

Acaulescent stoloniferous perennials with trifoliolate, coarsely
toothed leaves and white flowers in few-flowered cymes upon
erect scapes in early spring. Calyx concave, persistent, the
limb 5-lobed with 5 alternate bractlets, valvate in the bud. Petals
5. Stamens many, in one row. Carpels numerous, smooth;
style lateral, very short; ovule solitary, ascending. Receptacle
large, fleshy, becoming conical and pulpy, bearing the small
turgid crustaceous achenes upon its surface, at length separat-
ing trom the conical central portion of the torus.

F. cuneifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 448. Usually low; petioles and
scapes villous with spreading hairs: leaves 1-6 inches high; leaflets cune-
ate-oblong, very obtuse and coarsely toothed at the summit, smooth above,
appressed silky beneath: scapes shorter than the petioles, 1-few-flowered,
decumbent or ascending; bractlets oblanceolate, entire, shorter than the
lanceolate acuminate calyx-lobes: receptacle sparingly villous, in fruit
semi-hemispherical.to oblong 3-9 lines in diameter: achenes deeply im-
bedded in the receptacle. Very commun in prairies and open places, Alaska
to California.

_ F. Californica Cham & Schlecht. Linn. ii, 20. Comparatively tall, 2-

12 inches high: pubescence of the petioles and scapes usually appressed,
sometimes spreading and appressed on the same plant: leaflets obovate to
oblong, more or less cuneate at base, coarsely toothed above the middle,
appressed -silky beneath, sparingly villous above, 6-18 lines long: scapes
equalling or surpassing the leaves, erect; bractlets linear-oblanceolate, en-
tire or sparingly toothed, about equalling the triangular acuminate calyx-
lobes: receptacle very sparingly if at-all hairy; fruit oblong to obovoid, 3-6
lines in diameter: achenes slightly imbedded in the receptacle. Common
throughout the Pacific States, always in wooded districts.

9 COMARUM L. Gen. n. 688.

Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves, mostly scarious wholly
adnate stipules and purple flowers. Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft,
rarely 6-7 cleft, with as many smaller alternate deflexed bract-
lets. Petals 5, somewhat persistent. Stamens numerous, in-
serted into the thickened and hairy slightly lobed disk which
lines the bottom of the calyx; filaments subulate, persistent.
Achenes aggregated on the convex, at length very large and
fleshy or spongy persistent receptacle: styles filiform, at length
deciduous, inserted below the apex of the ovary; stigma simple.
Seed inserted next the insertion of the style, pendulous.. Radicle
superior.

. C. palustre L. Sp. 502. Stems stout, ascending from a decumbent
rooting perennial base 34-2 feet long, glabrous below, minutely silky or
glandular-pubescent above: lower stipules scarious, amplexicaul, long-ad-
nate to the petiole; the upper broadly ovate, entire : leaves pinnate: leaflets
5-7, oblong 1-2 inches long, more or less pubescent beneath, dark green
above, coarsely serrate: flowers dark purple, in an open few-flowered cyme;
bractlets linear, acuminate, much shorter than the calyx; calyx-lobes
purple within, ovate, acuminate, becoming 6-10 lines long; petals spatu-
late, acute, 2-3 lines long; stamens 20, with stout fleshy filaments, in one
row : carpels very numerous, sessile upon the large fleshy receptacle.
marshes and bogs, Alaska to California and across the continent.

SIBBALDIA. ROSACEA. 173
POTENTILLA. ;

10 SIBBALDIA L. Gen. n. 393.

Procumbent or depressed suffruticose plants with trifoliolate
leaves and rather small flowers on scape-like peduncles. Calyx
rather flat, 5-cleft and 5-bracteolate. Stamens 5, alternate with
the 5 petals, inserted into the margin of the villous disk which
lines the base of the calyx; filaments short. Carpels 5-10, raised
on short hairy stipes; styles lateral, attached. near the base of
the ovary; stigma capitate, depressed. Seed ascending, amphi-
tropous. Radicle superior.

8S. procumbens L. Sp. 284. Somewhat villous: stems creeping, leafy at
the extremities: leaves trifoliolate; leaflets cuneiform, 3-12 lines long, 3-5
toothed at the apex: calyx-lobes 1-2 lines long ; bractlets linear and shorter :
petals much shorter, acute. Alpine and subalpine, from the Arctic

regions to California and the Rocky Mountains: Greenland, Labrador
and the White Mountains of N. H., Nerthern Europe.

11 POTENTILLA L. Gen. n. 634.

Herbaceous or suffruticose plants with pinnately or palmately
compound leaves, adnate stipules and axillary or cymous inflor-
‘escence. Calyx concave at the bottom, deeply 4-5-cleft, with
4—5 alternate bractlets. Petals 4-5, obtuse or retuse or obcord-
ate, deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted into the margin of
the disk which lines the base of the calyx: filaments filiform or
subulate. Carpels numerous 1-ovuled, collected into a head on
the flattish persistent dry villous receptacle: styles lateral or
nearly terminal, deciduous: stigmas obtuse or somewhat capi-
tate: ovule always inserted next the insertion of the style and
accordingly either suspended or ascending. Radicle always su-
perior.

§ 1 Styles thickened and glandular toward the base: carpels
glabrous, numerous, sessile: inflorescence cymose.

* Style attached below the middle of the ovary: disk thickened
and pentagonal; stamens 20-30, in one row on the margin of the
disk; herbaceous perennials with pinnate leaves and glandular-vil-
lous pubescence.

P. glutinosa Nutt.T. & G. Fl. i, 446, under P. fissa var. Stems stout,
erect, simple, striate, 1-4 feet high: radical leaves 7-11-foliolate 4-12
inches long, usually long-petioled; stipules ovate, entire or incised; leaf-
lets rounded or subrhomboidal, incised or densely serrate, the terminal
one 1-3 inches long: inflorescence loosely and regularly dichotomous,
forming an almost flat-topped cyme 6-8 inches broad in fruit; calyx
densely pubescent, the acute sepa.s 3-4 lines long; bractlets much smaller;
petals rounded obtuse, 3-5 lines long, clear yellow: achenes very broadly
oblique-ovoid, obtuse, distinctly carinate on the back above the middle,
the sides marked with numerous rather coarse simple or forked veins.
On stony hills, Vancouver Island to Oregon and Idaho.

P. ciliata. Loosely pilose throughout: stems cespitose, slender,
10-12 inches high, from short creeping rootstocks: radical leaves 4-6
inches long; stipules linear to obovate, 4-6 lines long, more or less lacer-
ate; leaflets 5-9, with 2-6 small ones interspersed, mostly obovate with
cuneate base, 4-12 lines long, coarsely lacerate toothed: flowers large, in
a rather close corymbose cyme; sepals ovate, acuminate, 4-6 lines long,

176 ROSACEE. POTENTIULA.

conspicuously ciliate; bractlets linear-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long; petals
broadly obovate or nearly orbicular, 6 lines long or more, bright yellow:
achenes not known. In wet meadows on the Siskiyou Mountains near
Ashland Butte, Oregon.

P. fissa Nutt. 1.c. Viscidly pubescent: stems erect, branching, leafy,
8-10 inches high: leaves 9-11-foliolate on short, petioles; leaflets unequal,
roundish or oval, deeply incised or incisely toothed; cymes narrow, few-
flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate; bractlets much smaller,
often toothed petals bright yellow, large, very concave, much exceeding
the sepals. Idaho to the Rocky Mountains.

P. glandulosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. xix, t. 15883, Stems erect, slender,
branched above, villous-pubescent, viscid toward the summit: radical
leaves pinnately 5-9-foliolate : leaflets ovate or roundish, those of the nearly
sessile cauline leaves obovate or oblong, all deeply and usually doubly ser-
rate-toothed and often incised: branches of the cyme elongated and rather
loosely-flowered; sepals ovate, acute, as long as the broadly oval yellow
petals. Eastern Washington and Brit. Columbia to South Dakota and
New Mexico. ©

P. Wrangelliana Fish. & All. Anim. Bot. Ind.Sem. Stems erect, 1-2
feet high, glandylar-pubescent : leaves pinnately 5-9-foliolate; leaflets ovate
or rhombic-ovate, coarsely and doubly serrate: cyme dichotomously.
branched, with a short-pedicelled flower in the forks, lax, leafy-bracted;
sepals oval, abruptly contracted into a small almost mucronate point;
petals pale yellow, obovoid, scarcely equalling the calyx; stamens 25, in
one row on the margin of the thickened disk. Valleys of the coast range,
Washington to California.

P. reflexa Greene Pitt. iti, 19. Stems erect or spreading, 1-2 feet
high, rather slender; minutely villous-hirsute throughout and somewhat
glandular: radical leaves 3-6 inches long, 5-9-foliolate; stipules entire;
leaflets orbicular to oblong, coarsely and doubly serrate, an inch long or
less: cymes open-paniculate; pedicels slender, often elongated: sepals
narrow'y triangular, acute, 3-4 lines long; the linear-lanceolate bractlets
about half as long; petals obovate, 3-4 lines long, about equalling the
yom ommon on dry open hills and plains, Washington to

alifornia.

P. rhomboidea Rydberg Bull. Torr. Club xxiii, 248. P. glandulosa
var. Nevadensis Watson. Sparingly villous to nearly glabrous; slightly
if at all glandular? stems slender, 4-8 inches high, often solitary: radical
leaves, 5-7-foliolate, short petioled: stipules ovate, subentire; leaflets
rhombic-ovate, mostly acute, serrate with acute teeth, 4-8 lines long:
cymes open, few-flowered pedicels stout and rather rigid; calyx sparingly
hairy, the oblong acute lobes 2-4 lines long; bractlets linear-lanceolate,
1-2 lines long, petals yellow, 12 lines long obovate, tardily deciduous:
stamens 15-25; styles nearly basal, filiform. On cliffs in the high
mountains, Washington to California and Nevada.

* * Style terminal: disk not thickened; flowers small yellow,
leaves pinnate or ternate.

; + Annuals or biennials; leaflets incisely serrate, not white tomen
ose.

P. Monspeliensis L. Sp. 499. P. Norvegica L. Hirsute: stems stout,
erect, 1-8 feet high, leafy, at length dichotomously branched above:
leaves trifoliolate, mostly short petioled; stipules large, ovate, coarsely
incised or entire; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long:
cyme leafy and rather loose; calyx large, becoming 3-5 lines long, the
bractlets nearly equalling or exceeding the sepals; petals obovate, often
emarginate, not longer than the sepals; stamens 15-20, in 2 rows; recep-

POTENTILLA. ROSACEA. 177

tacle large, oblong. Indamp places, Puget Sound to Alaska, Labrador
and the Atlantic States.

P. rivalis Nutt. 1.c. 487. Soft-villous with spreading hairs: diffusely
branched from the base, or erect and branched above, 4-18 inches high:
radical leaves 5-foliolate, or 3-foliolate and the terminal leaflet 3-parted;
the upper ones 3-foliolate; stipules lanceolate to ovate, entire or toothed;
leaflets ovate to oblong-cuneate, 6-18 lines long, more or less incised-ser-
rate: cymes loose, leafy; pedicels slender; bractlets. and sepals nearly
equal, acute, -2-3 lines long; petals small; stamens 10-20; achenes usually
smooth. In moist places along streams, Oregon and Washington to the
Missouri river. 4

‘P. millegrana Engelm. Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hort. Bot. Hamb, 1849. P.
rivalis var millegrana: Watson. Pubescent throughout with minute soft
appressed hairs: stems’6-18 inches long, spreading, profusely branched
with divergent branches: leaves all 3-foliolate; stipules large, often nearly’
free, lanceolate to obovate, acutely 3-lobed, the lower ones often coarsely.
serrate; leaflets cuneate-obovate to oblanceolate, coarsely serrate with
blunt teeth, 1-2 inches long: cymes very leafy, repeatedly dichotomous
with a slender pedicelled flower in the forks; lobes of the calyx triangular,
acute 2 lines long; the lanceolate bractlets nearly as loug; petals obovate
about 1 line long: achenes smooth, nearly white. On sandy bars along
streams, Brit. Columbia.to California and Ill.

P. lateriflora Rydberg 1. c. 261. Soft pubescent with spreading hairs:
stems often several from the root 4-20 inches high, terete, finely and
rather densely glandular-pubescent, often tinged with’ red or purple,
simple or sparingly branched with erect branches: leaves all 3-foliolate,
the lower on petioles 1-4 inches long; stipules small, ovate or oblong, entire
or,toothed; leaflets broadly obovate, coarsely crenate, 1-2 inches long by’
6-18 lines broad ; flowers small, about 3 lines in diameter, on pedicels 2-7
lines long, from the axils of upper leaves, making the branches resemble
leafy racemes: calyx glandular-pubescent in fruit, about3 lines in diameter;
bractlets ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute; a little shorter than the ovate;
acute sepals: petals yellow, obovate-cuneate, sometimes slightly emargin-
ate, shorter than the sepals; stamens about 10; carpels very numerous;
style terminal, thickened and glandular at base: achenes smooth, whitish.
In. moist places and along streams, Brit. Columbia to California, Montana
and Arizona.

Ԥ 2. Styles filuform, not glandular at base: inflorescence
cymose.

' * Style terminal; carpels glabrous: disk not thickened: stamens

20-25 : herbaceous perennials.

+. Leaves pinnate; carpels usually 10-30: bractlets shorter than the

‘sepals. ,

P. Drummondii Lehm. Nov. Stirp. Pug. ii, 9. Stems cespitose, 1-2:
feet high, finely appressed-pubescent, simple; leaves pinnate with 2-5
pairs of leaflets, the lower long-petioled; stipules lanceolate, entire; leaf-
lets obovate to oblong, cuneate at ase, 6-18 lines long, incisely 8-10-lobed;
flowers somewhat panicled at the summit of the stem, on long slender
pedicles; bractlets narrowly lanceolate, 2 lines long, nearly equalling the
acuminate-ovate, acute calyx-lobes; calyx hirsute; petals oblong-obovate
with broad rounded, or almost truncate apex, 6 lineslong: achenes smooth,
brown. In mountain meadows at high elevations, Brit. Columbia to Cali-
fornia and the Rocky Mountains.

P.. Newberryi Gray-Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 532. Ivesia gracilis T. &G.

Pac..R.. Rep. vi, 72.. Canescently villous with spreading hairs: stems
slender, from an apparently annual or bierinial root, 6-8 inches lung:

178 ROSACE&, POTENTILLA,

leaflets 5-10 pairs, scattered on the slender rachis, 3-5-parted with oblong
segments, 2-4 lines long: flowers on slender pedicels in a very diffuse
panicle; calyx nearly 2 lines long, broadly campanulate; bractlets lanceo-
late, nearly equalling the lanceolate acuminate calyx-lobes; petals white,
very broadly obovate, 2 lines long, nearly as broad, exceeding the calyx;
stamens 15-20; carpels numerous; achenes rugose. On sandy plains,
Washington, at Wallula, to California.

+ + Leaves digitately 5-7-foliolate.

P. gracilis Dougl. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2984. Villous and more or less
tomentose: stems erect, 2-3 feet high: stipules ovate or lanceolate, often
long acuminate, entire or sub incised: leaflets mostly 5-7, rarely 3, cune-
ate-oblong, obtuse, incisely serrate or pinnatifid, white-t..mentose beneath,
green and subvillous or appressed-silky above, 1-3 inches long: flowers in
a loose subfastigiate cyme, the pedicles at length elongated and slender;
bractlets narrow, lanceolate, shorter than the broad acute or lanceolate
sepals; petals broadly obcordate, 3-4 lines long, exceeding the calyx:
achenes very numerous, oblong, dark brown. Common on dry praries
and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

P. flabelliformis Lehm.1. c. 12. Appressed-silky and more or less
white tomentose: stems rather stout, 2-4 feet high, erect, branched above;
leaves 5-9-foliolate, the lower long-petiolate; the upper sessile or nearly so;
stipules linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, mostly 3-toothed, 1-2 inches
long; leaflets linear-oblong in outline, 2-4 inches long, deeply pinnatifid
with linear-lanceolate segments, white-tomentose beneath, green and more
or less silky above: Howers in ample flat-topped cymes; bractlets lanceo-
late, 2-3 lines lony, about half as long as the broad triangular-ovate acute
sepals; petals bright yellow, orbicular or broadly obovate, but little ex-
ceeding the sepals. Plains of Eastern Oregon and Washington to the
Saskatchawan.

+ + + Low, arctic or alpine species: densely villous or subglabrous:
leaves ternate: flowers few, in a loose cyme, or solitary: the obcordate
petals exceeding the calyx: carpels 10-40.

_ P. villosa Pall. Pursh Fl. 353. Densely white-tomentose: stems 6-12

inches high: stipules large, cblong, acuminate; leaflets cuneate-obovate,

6-15 lines long, sessile, coarsely incised-serrate: flowers few or solitary,

very large: bractlets ovate, obtuse, shorter than the ovate, acute sepals;

Pere encores, 3-6 lines long, exceeding the sepals. On Mount Rainier
ashington to Alaska.

P. flabellifolia Hook. T. & G.FI. i, 442. P. gelida American authors
not Meyer. Nearly glabrous or with scanty minute villous pubescenice: |
stems slender, erect or spreading, 6-10 inches long, 1-3-flowered : stipules
oval or oblong, mostly entire: leaflets flabelliform, 6-9 lines long, rounded
at the apex and incisely 7-9-toothed, entire at base, the middle leaflet
shortly petiolulate: bractlets oblong, obtuse, 3 lines long, equalling the
triangular, acute, sepals; petals broadly obovate, 4-6 lines long, bright
yellow carpels numerous. Wet banks and meadows of the highest
mountains, Oregon to Alaska.

P. brevifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 442. Minutely glandular-pubescent,
the calyx very sparingly villous: stems decumbent or ascending, 2-3 inches
long: stipules ovate, entire; leaflets suborbicular, 2-3 lines long, 2--3-lobed
and crenately toothed, the middle one petiotulate: bractlets acute shorter
than the acute sepals: petals obovate, scarcely exceeding the calyx; style
attached below the apex of the ovary. Alpine peaks of Oregon.

* * Style attached below the middle of the ovary: carpels on short

stipes: receptacle densely villous: disk not thickened: more or less
woody perennials. i

POTENTILLA,. ROSACEX. 179
HURKELIA. ;
P. fruticosa L. Sp. 495. Shrubby, much branched, 1-4 feet high-
leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate; stipules scarious; leaflets crowded, oblong-
lanceolate, 2-12 lines long, entire, usually whiter beneath and the margin:
revolute: flowers on slender pedicels in loose cymes or solitary: bractlets
equalling the acute sepals; petals yellow, orbicular, 2-6 lines long, ex-
ceeding the calyx; stamens 30; carpels 20. On high mountains, Wash-
ington to California and the Eastern States.

§ 3. Style filiform, attached to the middle of the ovary or
below the apex: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered: carpels glab-
rous, short stipitate, the stipe and receptacle villous: herbaceous
perennials with mostly creeping or decumbent stems and yellow
flowers,

P. amserina L. Sp. 495. Creeping; ascending, stem none; stolons
slender, rooting and proliferous: leaves pinnate; stipules multifid ; leaflets
9-19, with several minute pairs interposed, oblong sharply pinnatifid-ser-
rate, néarly glabrous above, silvery-canescent beneath: pedicels scape-
like, solitary, as long as the leaves. Borders of lakes and streams, Idaho
to the Eastern States and far northward.

P. Pacifica. P. anserina vir. grandis Lehm. Spreading by slender
jointed runners: ascending stems none: leaves pinnate, 10-30 inches long;
stipules scarious; Jeaflets 11-35, with small ones interposed, oblong,
coarsely and sharply serrate, densely white-tomentose and silky beneath,
smooth above, 4-2 inches long; peduncles scape-like, as long or longer
than the leaves; bractlets lanceolate, acute, glabrate, about 3 lines long,
equalling the oblong acute silky sepals; petals broadly ovate, 6 lines long,
nearly as broad; style attached in the middle of the ovary: achenes
ovoid, 1 line long. In salt marshes along the coast, Alaska to California.

12 HORKELIA Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea ii 26.

Perennial herbs with pinnate or pinnately parted leaves, ad-
nate stipules and white or rose-color flowers in crowded or sub-
capitate cymes. Calyx-tube campanulate, with 5 erect lobes
and 5 alternate bractlets. Petals 5, linear or spatulate, more or
less unguiculate. Stamens 5 in one series or 10 in two series;
filaments shorter than the calyx-lobes, triangular and petaloid or
subulate, those alternate with the petals broadest and persistent.
Carpels few to many, attached by their middle to the dry coni-
cal villous reeeptacle: style filiform or thickened at, base, nearly
terminal: stigma obtuse. Achenes reniform-ovate. Seed sus-
pended, with a thick and firm brownish testa. Leaflets not.
crowded ; 3 to many-lobed or -toothed.

, * Style short, thickened at base.

H. fusea Lindl, Bot. Reg. xxiii, t. 1997. Viscous-pubescent; stem
rather slender, 2-3 feet high: radical leaves 12~-19-foliolate, leaflets cune-
ate-oblong, pinnatifid and incised; stipules deeply laciniate: flowers
crowded on the branches of the compound many-flowered cyme: bracts
palmatifid, much shorter than the golmerules bractlets shorter and
much smaller than the triangular-lanceolate calvx-lobes; petals cuneiform-
obcordate, much longer than the calyx. In the mountains of eastern
Oregon to California. . :

H. tenella Rydberg Rev. Pot. H. fusca var. tenella Watson Bot. Cal.
i, 181. Glandular-pubescent: stems slender, simple, 6-18 inches high:
radical leaves pinnately 11-19-foliolate; stipules linear, the free portion

180 ROSACEAE. HORKELIA.

setaceous; leaflets oblong-cuneiform, 6-8 lines long, deeply cut into 5-9
lihear-oblong or filiform segments; cauline leaves similar, with nearly free
pinnatifid stipules and more simple leaflets with linear segments: flowers
stowded on the branches of the almost capitate or at length open-panicu-
late cyme; bractlets linear, shorter and much smaller than the triangular
acuminate calyx lobes; petals white or pinkish, cuneate-obovate, attenu-
ate toa slender claw, 3 lines long, longer than the sepals; filaments
broadly oblong: achenes. oblique-ovoid. In high mountain valleys,
Washington to California.

‘H. pseudocapitata Rydberg l.c. Sparingly pilose and more or less
glandular: stems rather slender, 6-14 inches high: leaves 2-6 inches long,
9-15-foliolate; stipules linear or the upper ones broadly subulate; leaflets
broadly obovate with cuneate base to narrowly cuneate, 3-8 lines long,
more or less deeply incised and toothed with obtuse to acute teeth: flowers
in small subcapitate cymes; bractlets linear, a line long, about half as
long as the broadly subulate calyx-lobes; petals oblong, attenuate below
to a short claw, retuse at the apex, about 3 lines long, but little exceeding
the: calyx,’ filaments triangular, obtuse. In moist meadows and along
streams, southern base of the Blue Mountains in Oregon.

H. capitata Lindl. Bot. Reg. under t. 1997. Somewhat glabrous:
stems viscous-pubescent toward the summit: radical leaves about 13-folio-
late; stipules entire or 3-partéd; leatiets laciniate-incised, the lower ones
roundish-cuneiform, the upper oblong and attenuate at base: heads of
flowers dense, shorter than the laciniate bracts; bractlets lanceolate-subu-
late, about as long as the calyx-lobes: petals broadly cuneiform, longer
than 'the calyx. Cascade Mountains of Oregon. :

H. Hendersoni Howell P. C. Pl. Col. 1887. Densely silky-pubescent;
not glandular: stems densely tufted, 4-6 inches high: simple: stipules se-
taceous, or those of the cauline leaves lanceolate: leaves very numerous
at the ends of the much branched caudex: leaflets 11-17, mostly crowded,
broadly cuneate and palmately 3-5-lobed, or the lowest ones often obovate
and entire, 1-3 lines long, flowers rather few, in compact terminal cymes,
bractlets linear, nearly equalling the subulate calyx-lobes; petals nar-
rowly lanceolate, about equalling the calyx; filaments broad-subulate,
half as long as the sepals: achenes not seen. On top of Ashland Butte,
nee ountains, Oregon. First collected by L. F. Henderson, July
1886. < .

H. parvifiora Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 435. Tomentose; upper part of the
stem viscidly villous: radical leaves 9-13-foliolate; stipules ovate-lanceo-
late, small, entire or toothed: leaflets short, roundish, the upper ones
cuneiform, incised: flowers small, much crowded on the branches of the
fastigiate cyme; bractlets linear subulate, shorter than the narrowly tri-
angular calyx-lobes; petals narrow, spatulate longer than the calyx.
Plains of eastern Oregon and Washington.

_* * Style filiform, about equalling the stamens: stipules much di-
_.vided into linear iobes..

‘H. congesta Dougl. Hooker Bot. Mag. t. 2880. Hirsute with lon:
spreading hairs below, nearly smooth above: stems slender, erect, 6-20
inches high or more: radical leaves 7-15-foliolate, the rachis hirsute be-
low with long white spreading hairs: leaflets narrowly spatulate, or the
earliest ones oblong, 6-10 lines long, 2-3-toothed at the apex, sparingly to
densely silky both sides: flowers rather small, in open paniculate cymes;
bractlets linear, more than half as long as the triangular-acuminate calyx-:
lobes: petals obovate, attenuate below to a: narrow claw, rounded at the
apex, 2-3 lines long, exceeding the calyx: filaments very. short, triangu-
lax: acheneg oyoid, a line long, whitish. On. low hiils. ‘and dry prairies,.
southwestern Oregon and adjacent California. ees

HORKELIA. ROSACEX. 181
IVESIA.

H. caruifolia Rydberg 1.c. Hirsute with long white hairs and more
or less glandular: stems ascending, 6-20 inches long: stipules cut into
many filiform segments; radical leaves 4-6 inches long, 13-21-foliolate;
leaflets broadly cuneiform, 3-6 lines long, deeply cut into 5-9 linear lobes:
flowers rather large, in close paniculate cymes: bractlets linear-lanceolate,
a little shorter than the acuminate-triangular calyx-lobes: petals suborbic-
ular or broadly obovate attenuate below to a claw; filaments deltoid, a
line broad at base: achenes very smooth ovoid, fully a line long. . In
clayey soil southwestern Oregon.

_ H. sericata Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 364. White-silky through-
out, not at all glandular: stems slender, flexuous, 6-12 inches high:
leaves densely white-silky, the numerous leaflets crowded, 2-3 lines long,
oblong or obovate, unequally bifid: cymes open and few-flowered; bract-
lets linear, nearly equalling the narrowly lanceolate acuminate calyx-lobes;
petals narrowly obcordate, white or tinged with pink : filaments short-subu-
late: carpels 5. On barren slopes of the Coast Mountains near the Oregon
and California boundary. ©

‘H. Howellii Rydberg l.c. Potentilla Howellit Greene Pitt. i, 104. -Pu-
bescent with white spreading hairs: stems slender, ascending, 10-20
inches long: paniculately branched above: leaves narrow, on short almost
filiform petioles; leaflets-21-31,2-3 lines long, broadly cuneiform and deeply
2-3-lobed, or narrow and entire: flowers in crowded few-flowered cymes;
bractlets lanceolate, nearly as long as the lanceolate-acuminate calyx-lobes;
petals ales obtuse, 2 lines long: filaments oblong, abruptly acumi-
nate. On barren plains, southwestern Oregon.

H. tridentata Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 84, t.6. More or less villous
with mostly appressed hairs: stems erect from a decumbent base, 10-20
inches high: radical leaves 5-9-foliolate; leaflets cuneate-obovate to nar-
rowly oblong, usually 3-toothed at the apex, 3-6 lines long: flowers on
slender pedicles, in an open paniculate cyme; bractlets linear, shorter than
the lanceolate acuminate lobes of the more or less scarious calyx; petals
linear to broadly spatulate, but little longer than the calyx: filaments
subulate. On dry hillsides, Southwestern Oregon to California.

13 IVESIA T. & G. Bot. Wilkes 288.

Low herbs with pinnate leaves, numerous small palmately or
pedately lobed, often crowded and closely imbricate leaflets and
white purple or yellow flowers in cymes. Calyx campanulate or
cyathiform at base, 5-lobed with 5 alternate bractlets. Stamens
definite, 5, 10, 15, or 20; filaments slender, narrowly subulate or
filiform.. Carpels few or solitary, upon a small villous recepta-
cle; style filiform, subterminal.

I. Baileyi Watson Bot. King 90. Viscidly glandular and villous: stems
several, 3-6 inches long, from a thick perennial branching caudex, slender,
branching above, exceeding the leaves; leaflets 7-21, broadly ovate or
flabelliform, 2~3 lines long, 3-7-toothed: or parted; stipules ovate. entire
or 2-3 toothed: flowers on slender pedicels, in a loose open cyme; calyx
concave or broadly turbinate, the ovate-triangular acute lobes but little
longer than the oblong obtuse bractlets; petals yellow or white, spatulate-
oblong, not longer than the calyx; stamens 5; carpels 1-5. On cliffs in
the mountains of Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California. af

I. Pickeringii Torr. Bot. Wilkes 288 t. 4. Densely villous with white
silky hairs: stems 8-10 inches high: leaflets very numerous, at first closely
imbricated, 2-5-lobed or parted or often entire, 1-4 lines long; stems
panicled above; cymes densely many-flowered; calyx 2 lines long or less;
bractlets linear; petals yellowish, spatulate, equalling the calyx; stamens
20; carpels 4-6. On the Klamath river and southward.

182 ROSACEA. RUBUS:

' I. alpicola Rydberg 1. c. Viscid-pubescent : throughout: stems 3-8
inches high, several from a thick resinous caudex, exceeding the leaves:
leaflets 21-41, 2-3-lines long, 3-5-parted into cuneate-oblong or linear-ob-
long, obtuse, entire lobes the single cauline léaf similar, with ovate-lance-
olate, entire stipules: cyme capitate, many-flowered; calyx somewhat
scarious, campanulate, 2 lines long; bractlets linear, obtuse, % as long as
the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; petals oblong to spatulate, shorter than
the calyx; stamens 5; carpels I-3; receptacle densely long-wooly. On
Mount Adams Washington at 5000-6000 feet elevation.

Tribe 4. Rubex B..& H. Gen. i, 616. Calyx flattish, 5-
parted, mostly imbricate in the bud: stamens numerous; curpels
numerous, or rarely few, drupaceous, crowded on the conical recep-
tacle: ovules 2 colateral: style terminal or nearly so: seed sus-
pended: radical superior.

14 RUBUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 632.

Shrubs or somewhat woody, erect or trailing often prickly
plants or herbs with simple or pinnately 3-7-foliolate leaves, ad-
nate stipules and white or purple flowersin panicles or corymbs
or solitary. Calyx 5-lobed, persistent, without bractlets, tube
short and open. Petals &, conspicuous, deciduous. Stamens
numerous, inserted into the border of the disk which lines the
bottom of the calyx-tube. Ovaries numerous, rarely few, with
colateral suspended ovules, becoming globose 1-seeded drupelets:
style nearly terminal, deciduous

§ 1. Carpels forming a somewhat hemispherical fruit, con-
cave beneath and falling away from the drv receptacle together
when ripe sometimes few in number and.falling away separately.

* Leaves simple, palmately lobed: shrubs without prickles.

R.. parviflorus Nutt. Gen. i, 308. R. Nutkanus Moc. Stems shrubby,
erect, 83-8feet high; bark green and smooth or more or less glandular-
pubescent, becoming brown and shreddy: leaves round-cordate in outline,
palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes acuminate, unequally serrate, 4-12 inches
long, tomentose on-oneor both sides, the veins beneath and the petioles and
peduncles usually hispid with gland-tipped hairs; petioles stout, often
with a small leaflet near the summit; stipules linear, acuminate, the upper
half free, ciliate: peduncles terminal, few-flowered calyx-lobes oblong-
ovate, 4-6 lines long with linear appendages nearly as long, more or less
tomentose; petals broadly ovate to. elliptical, 6-10 lines long: carpels very
numerous, tomentose; fruit red, large, hemispherical, sweet and pleasant-
flavored. Common in forests and wooded districts, Alaska to California
and East to Lake Superior.

* * Leaves trifoliolate, sometimes simple on the flowering branches,
rarely 5-foliolate: stems more or less prickly. ;

R. spectabilis Pursh. Fl. 348 t. 16. Stems perennial, shrubby and
branching, 6-12 feet high, with yellowish shreddy bark, copiously armed
when young with straight stout prickles: leaves usually trifoliolate; leaf-
lets ovate, acute or acuminate, doubly incised-serrate. often 2-3-lobed,
the veins beneath and the petioles eperingly villous-pubescent and prickly;
flowers mostly solitary, large and showy; calyx-lobes pubescent, broadly
ovate, acuminate, 4-5 lines long; petals red, avate to elliptical, acute, 6-8
lines long: fruit large, ovoid, red or yellow, the drupelets smooth and
tipped with the slender subpersistent style: achenes deeply pitted. Com-
mon along streams and moist places, Alaska to California.

RUBUS. ROSACEA. 183

Var. Menziesii Watson Bot. Cal. i, 172. More or less densely tomentos
and silky. Southern Oregon and southward.

R. lencodermis Dougl. T. & G. Fl. i, 454. Stems soft-woody, biennial,
erect, 3-8 feet high, glaucous, armed with stout straight or recurved
prickles: leaves trifoliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, doubly serrate, 1-2 inches long, white-tomentose be-
neath, smooth above, the petioles and veins beneath prickly; flowers in
small terminal corymbose cymes; calyx-lobes lanceolate, long-acumirate,
closely reflexed, 3-4 lines long, longer than the spatulate petals: carpels
tomentose; fruit dark purple when ripe, rather large, with a white
bloom and agreeable flavor: achenes minutely pitted. Common in rich
moist woods, Alaska to California.

R. strigosus Michx. Fl. i, 297. Stems erect, suffruticose, biennial,
armed as well as the petioles, peduncles and calyx, with straight spreading
rigid bristles which are glandular when voung, slightly glaucous: leaves
pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflete oblong-ovate, acuminate, often narrow, but
sometimes broadly ovate, occasionally confluent, incisely serrate, canes-+
cently tomentose beneath, the terminal one often cordate at base, the
lateral ones sessile; stipules setaceous, deciduous: peduncles axillary and
terminal; often aggregated at the summit of the branches so as to form a
leafy panicle 4-6-flowered; petals white, eréct, about as long as the spread-
ing sepals: carpels pruinose; fruit light red, very juicy. Hillsides and
rocky places, Eastern Oregon and Idaho to the Atlantic States and Canada.

* * * Stems herbaceous, more or less trailing, unarmed: leaves .
trifoliolate or 3-lobed : carpels few.

R. arcticus L. Sp. i, 494. Stems low, somewhat pubescent, mostly
erect, 1-2-flowered: leaves trifoliolate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, or obovate,
coarsely and often doubly serrate, petiolulate; stipules ovate: sepals lance-
olate, acute, often shorter than the obovate entire or emarginate petals:
fruit amber-color, very delicious. Marshes and river banks, Idaho to the
Rocky Mountains and far north.

R. pedatus Smith Inc. Ined. t. 63. Stems trailing, filiform, 1-3 feet
long or more, rooting at the nodes, pubescent: leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets
cuneate-obovate, 8-12 lines long, incised and serrate, the lateral ones often
parted to the base, smooth or sparingly villous; stipuies ovate-oblong:
flowers usually solitary, on long slender pedicels, white, 6-9 lines broad;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, entire or incised, exceeding the
petals, at length reflexed: carpels glabrous; styles filiform, not thickened
upward: fruit 1-6 large red juicy drupelets. Common in the Coast and
Cascade Mountains, Alaska to California. .

R. lasiocoecus Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 201. Stems slender, creep-
ing, 2-12 inches long, cinereous-pubescent: leaves 3-5-lobed, rarely 3-folio-
late, the obtuse lobes irregularly and doubly serrate; stipules ovate to
lanceolate, entire or lacerate: peduncles slender, equalling or exceeding
the leaves, 1-3-flowered : flowers white, 6-10.lines broad ; calyx-lobes ovate,
acuminate, entire, exceeding the obovate petals; carpels densely tomen-
tose; styles thickened upward: fruit 1-3 large red tomentose juicy drupe-
lets. In shaded places, base of Mount Hood and other peaks of the Cas-
cade Mountains.

§ 2. Fruit persistent upon the somewhat juicy receptacle
which is at length deciduous from the calyx: stems biennial,
trailing, prickly.

R. nivalis Doug]. Hook. Fl. i, 181. Stems slender, trailing, 1-4 feet

long, armed with small recurved prickles: leaves round-cordate, obscurely
to prominently: 3-lobed, or rarely 3-foliolate, unequally serrate, usually

184 ROSACEX, RUBUS.
HOLODISCUS.

acute, smooth and shining above, sparingly pubescent beneath, 1-2 inches
long or more, persistent, the yeins beneath and the, petioles armed with
recurved prickles; stipules a pair of ovate acuminate lacerate-serrate léaf-
lets, contracted at base, situated on the petiole a line or more from the
base: peduncles short, one to few-flowered; flowers perfect; sepals nearly
distinct, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 lines long, ciliate and more or
less pubescent: petals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the
sepals; carpels few, pubescent, those that mature becoming large red juicy
drupelets ; achenes flattish, a line long, conspicuously pitted. In forests,
Washington to Northern Crlifornia and Idaho. ; uy

R. ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea ii, 11. Stems slender, trail-
ing, 5-20 feet long, armed with straight rather slender prickles, somewhat
glaucous: leaves deciduous, 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate, often simple and
3-lobed on the flowering branches; leaflets ovate to oblong coarsely and
doubly serrate, more or less pubescent or tomentose, veins, petioles, pe-
dungles and calyx more or less armed with prickles; stipules oblanceolate
to linear, often long and toothed: flowers dicecious, in small cymes termi-
nating the numerous lateral branchlets or leafy peduncles; calyx-lobes
ovate-lanceolate acuminate or often foliaceously tipped, densely tomen-
tose inside, glandular outside; petals of the staminate flowers lanceolate
to obovate, unguiculate, 6-8 lines long, much exceeding the calyx; of the
pistilate smaller, but little if at all exceeding the calyx; carpels numerous,
glabrous: fruit oblong to ovoid, black, leasa.it flavored: acheneg
pull flattish, reticulated. Common in wooded districts, Alaska to Cali-
ornia.

Tribe 5. Spirwe Juss. Calyx campanulate, imbricate, ,or
sometimes valvate in the bud: carpels 1-8, mostly 5, verticillate,
follicular or 2-valved in fruit: style terminal: seeds 1-8 or 10 in
each carpel, pendulous or ascending.

15 HOLODISCUS Maxim. Act. Hort. Petrop. vi.

Shrubs with alternate simple leaves without, stipules and nu-
merous flowers in loose panicles that terminate the short branch-
lets. Flowers perfect, disk wholly coherent. Calyx deeply 5-
cleft, persistent. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Carpels 5, op-
posite the calyx-lobes, distinct, shortly stipitate, with two pendu-
lous ovules, becoming woolly achenes. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed.

_H. discolor Maxim Adn. Spir. 150. Spirza discolor Pursh. A diffuse
shrub 2-6 feet high with grayish-brown bark and short rigid pubescent
branches: leaves ovate, obtuse or acutish, cuneately narrowed at base to
a winged petiole, pinnately lobed or toothed above the middle, 6-18 lines
long, more or less silky-pubescent beneath, nearly smooth above: panicle
small, 1-4 inches long; more or less tomentose; calyx-lobes oblong, acute
or acutish; petals obovate, obtuse, barely a line long, exceeding the calyx,
white, changing to tawny-whitein age: achenes densely tomentose with
long white hairs. Common on bluffs and rocky banks, Brit. Columbia to
California and the Rocky Mountains, east of the Cascade range.

H. ariwfolia. Spirxa arizfolia Smith. A rather large shrub 4-16 feet
high, with slender spreading or recurved striate branches: leaves ovate,
often abruptly contracted below to a short more or less margined petiole,
i-4 inches long, pinnately lobed, the mostly obtuse lobes often sharply
toothed, finely tomentose beneath, smooth above: panicles large and ie
fuse, 4-8 inches long, tomentose, white, changing to tawny; petals oblong,
a line long, exceeding the ovate acute calyx-lobes; carpels pubescent with
long white hairs. Common in forests, Puget Sound to California, west of
the Cascade Mountains.

FILIPENDULA. ROS ACEA, 185
NIBILLIA. eds

; 16 FILIPENDULA Erndt, Virid. Warsaw, 43.

_ Perennial herbs with palmately: lobed or pinnate, alternate
leaves, foliaceous persistent stipules and numerous small flowers
in terminal.compound panicles or cymes. Flowers perfect, ca-
lyx 5-cleft, sometimes only 3- or 4-cleft, persistent. Disk obso-
jete. Petals 5, rarely fewer. Stamens in 2-3 rows on the calyx-
tube. Carpels 6-10, distinct. often stipitate, with two pendulous
ovules, becoming one-seeded achenes. Stigma capitate, usually
large. Seed small with thin membranous testa.

F. occidentalis. Spire occidentalis Watson. Stems simple, 2-6 feet
high, glabrous or nearly so: stipules broadly ovate, acute, laciniately
toothed, 4-6 lines long or more; leaves ample, 5-7-lobed, the lobes acute or
acuminate, doubly lacerate-toothed, appressed-silky on the veins beneath,
3-6 inches long; petioles stout, with 1-5 pairs of small ovate to linear-lance-
olate toothed leaflets below the large terminal one: inflorescence a com-
pound cymose panicle, pubescent with short somewhat appressed hairs,
calyx-lobes subulate, twice as long as the tube, smooth or nearly so, soon
reflexed: petals white, elliptical, sessile, 2-3 lines long, carpels about 9,
erect, narrowly lanceolate, long-stipitate, beaked by the elongated style,
villous on the margins from the summit of the style. to the base. Rocky
banks of the Trask river, Tillamook gounty, Oregon.

17 NEILLIA Don. Prodr. Fl. Nep. 228.

Shrubs with simple toothed or lobed alternate leave:, mem-
branaceous deciduous stipules and rather large white flowers in
simple terminal corymbs. Flowers perfect. Disk wholly co-
herent to the tube of the calyx. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Pet-
als 5, rounded, sessile. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Carpels
1-5, distinct, often stipitate, becoming membranaceous, inflated
pods. Ovules few to several,some ascending, some pendulous.
Seeds with shining stony testa and distinct albumen.

N. capitata Greene Pitt. ii, 28. N. a var. mollis Brewer and
Watson. A shrub 3-20 feet high with slender spreading or recurved
branches and ash-colored shreddy bark: stipules linear, 5-6 lines long, re-
motely toothed, caducous; leaves roundish, often subcordate, 3-lobed,
doubly serrate, 1-3 inches long on slender petioles, stellately
soft-pubescent beneath, smooth or nearly so above: flowers on long
slender pedicels in simple hemispherical tomentose corymbs; bracts all
acarious; calyx-lobes triangular, apiculate, as long as the tube, shorter
than the orbicular petals pubescent on both sides: carpels 2-5, at length
4-6 lineslong,glabrous, 2-4-seeded; seeds slenderly and obliquely pyriform,
a line long. Common along streams and moist places. Brit. Columbia to
California and the Rocky Mountains.

N. Torreyi Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 136. A small shrub. barely
2feet high, erect, scarcely surculose, freely branching: leaves of rather
deltoid-ovate outline, incisely 3-lobed to the middle, the lobes nearly
equal, the whole with slight secondary lobes, these crenately or incisely
toothed, about l inch long: flowers few, in usually compound corymbs;
petals comparatively large, often rose-tinted ; carpels mostlv 2, coherent to
above the middle, but littie longer than the calyx, divergent at apex, only
slightly inflated, minutely tomentose, 1-seeded: seeds obovoid. In dry
soils on rocky slopes at. 8000-9000 feet elevation, Idaho to Nevada and the
Rocky Mountains.

N. malvacea Greene Pitt. ii, 80. ‘Shrubs 3-5 feet high, stout, the
shoots erect: leaves digitately 5-veined, with or without 3 broad and

186 ROSACEA, SPIREA.

shallow lobes-above the middle, the general outline orbicular or oval, with
many slight-rounded and crenately toothed secondary lobes: corymbs
mostly simple, short-stalked: calyx tomentose, very large, broadly cam-
panulate, its lobes in maturity connivent over the fruit: carpels 2 (some-
times 3) not infllated, connate above the middle, compressed, erect and
straight at apex, indehiscent, 1- or 2-seeded: seeds large, oblong-obovate.
Dry rocky banks, above the northern shore of Lake Pend d’ Oreille in
Northern Idaho.

18 SPIRAA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 630.

Shrubs with simple alternate leaves without stipules and
white or rose-color perfect flowers in compound corymbs or
elongated panicles or spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the disk
more or less free at the margin. Petals 5, rounded, nearly ses-
sile, stamens numerous, perigynous, inserted with the petals in-
to the disk. Carpels 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes, distinct,
sessile, becoming dry cartilaginous several-seeded follicles, not
inflated. Seeds small, pendulous, linear, with a thin membrana-
ceous testa and no albumen.

S. lucida Dougl. (see Greene Pitt. ii, 221). S. betulefolia of Ameri-
can authors in part, not Pall. Stems erect, mostly simple, 1-2 feet high,
from horizontal running and woody not deep-seated rootstocks or roots:
lowest leaves small, obovate to oblanceolate, the upper oval to oblong,
1-2 inches long, acutish often obscurely lobed, sharply and doubly serrate
above the middle, narrowed below to a short petiole, glabrous throughout,
pale and glaucescent beneath: flowers white, in a terminal glabrous com-
pound fastigiate corymb: calyx-lobes triangular, shorter than the tube,
reflexed ; petals elliptical, shortly unguiculate; stamens 15-20, filaments
three times as long as the petals; carpels 5, glabrous a line or more long,
tipped with a style half as long, 5-8-ovuled. common on dry wooded hill
sides, Brit Coiumbia to Oregon and Montana.

S. pyramidata Greene Pitt. ii, 221. 8. betulefolia of American au-
thors in part, not Pall. Stems erect, sometimes cespitose, often branched,
1-3 feet high: leaves elliptical to oblong. mostly obtuse, narrowed at base
to a.short petiole,. coarsely serrate above the middle, 1-2 inches long:
flowers white to rose-color, in a dense pyramidal compound panicle; calyx
more or less pubescent, its broadly ovate lobes about equalling the short
campanulate tube; petals orbicular, less than a line long; filaments very
slender, not twice the length of the petals; follicles glabrous, scarcely a
line long, tipped with a style of equal length. On rocky ridges, Oregon
and, Washington.

S. arbuscula Greene Erythea iii, 63. 8. betulefolia var. rosea Gray.
Stems erect, 2-4 feet high or more, red, shedding annually a thin bark:
leaves ovate to elliptical, serrulate at the apex, entire below, narrowed at
base to a very short petiole or the lowest sessile, dark green both sides, 6-8
lines long: flowers deep rose-color, in small roundish leafy-bracted cor-
ymbs, terminating the numerous branches; calyx-lobes deltoid-ovate, not
reflexed, about as long as the broad tube; petals oblong, narrowed at
base to a very short claw; filaments twice as long as the petals: free edge
of the disk obsolete or reduced to a mere ring: carpels glabrous; styles
shorter than the petals. Along brooks at subalpine elevations in the
Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains. :

8. Douglasii Hook. Fl.i,172. Stems erect, 3-8 feet high, with red-
dish-brown bark, cespitose and forming dense patches several yards in ex-
tent, branching, young branches and inflorescence more or less densel
tomentose; leaves elongated-oblong, 1-4 inches long by 6-12 lines broad,

BPIREA,. ROSACEA. 187
LUETEEA.

unequally serrate toward the rounded or acutish apex, often cuneate at
base, very shortly petivled, densely white-tomentose beneath, smooth
above: flowers deep rose-color, densely crowded in a narrow usually
elongated sessile leafy panicle; calyx campanulate, the ovate acute lobes
as long as the tube, retlexed; petals obovate, narrowed at base to a short
claw ; stamens twice as long as the petals; free edge of the disk obsolete or
reduced to a mere ring: carpels glabrous, 9-1l-ovuled. Common in low
grounds and swales, Brit. Columbia to California.

S. Menziesii Hookl. c. 173. Stems erect, 3-4 feet high, with light
brown bark: leaves obovate to elliptical. 1-3 inches long by 8-16 lines
broad, coarsely anu unequally serrate above the middle, glabrous and of
nearly the same color both sides or paler beneath, narrowed below toa
very short petiole: flowers rose-color, in a rather small somewhat pyra-
midal obtuse panicle; calyx pubescent, the broadly ovate acute lobes as
long as the broad shallow tube; petals ovate, a line long, exceeding the
sepals ; stamens more than twice as long as the petals; carpels glabrous.
In cold marshes, Alaska to Oregon.

S. cxspitosa Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 418. Cespitose, with simple or branch-
ing scape-like stems: leaves rosulate on the short tufted branches of the
prostrate and root-like stems, oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, acute silky
on both sides, 2-12 lines long, those of the scape scattered and narrower:
scapés 2-4} inches high; flowers white, in small oblong spiks. 6-20 lines
long; calyx-lobes silky, exceeding the tube and nearly equalling the spatu-
late petals, not reflexed ; filaments twice as long as the petals; disk of the
calyx-tube conspicuous, entire; carpels 3-5, villous or glabrate, 2-3-
ovuled. On high shelving rocks, in the Cascade Mountains of svuthern
Oregon to Arizona and the Rocky Mountains.

19 LUETKEA Bong. Veg. Sit. 230, t. 2.
ERIOGYNIA Hook. Fl. i, 255, ts.88.

Low, nearly herbaceous perennial plants with palmately cleft
or entire leaves without stipules and-scape-like stems terminated
by a short spike or panicle of small white flowers. Flowers per-
fect. Disk wholly coherent with the tube of the 5-cleft persistent
calyx. Petals 5, rounded. Stamens numerous, perigynous.
Carpels 4-6, membranaceous, becoming 2—valved, 4-seeded pods.
Seeds small, attenuate at each end, with thin membranaceous
testa and no albumen.

L. sibbaldioides Bong. 1]. c. Eripgynia pectinata Hook. Glabrous
stems cespitose, creeping, very leafy, 1-2 inches long; flowering stems erect,
2-6 inches high; leaves trifoliolate persistent; leaflets deeply 2-4-lobed,
usually 3-lobed, the lateral ones decurrent and forming a broad flat petiole :
flowers rather large, white, in short terminal racemes; inflorescence more
or less pubescent; pedicels stout, 1-2 lines long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute,
equalling the tube; petals obovate, 1-2 lines long, exceeding the calyx;
filaments united at base, shorter than the petals; carpels 3-5, villous along
the inner suture. On the highest mountains near perpetual snow, Alaska
to California and the Rocky Mountains.

. L. Hendersonii Canby, Greene Pitt. ii, 119. Stems cespitose, 1-2 inches
long, very leafy: leaves spatulate, entire, the margin slightly involute,
acutish, attenuate below to a broad petiole, 6-$ lines long, silky, pubescent,
‘both sides coriaceous, persistent: flowers white, in oblong racemes that
terminate the slender scapes; calyx almost rotate, the oblong obtuse lobes
longer than the tube; petals oblong, 144 lines Jong, rounded at the apex;
filaments distinct; carpels 3-5, villousalong the sutures. ‘‘In rock crevices
7000 feet altitude Mount Steele, Olympic Mountains Washington.’’ Piper.

188 SAXIFRAGACEA., ARUNCUS.

20 ARUNCUS L.

' Herbaceous perennials with repeatedly ternately divided leaves
without stipules and loose panicles of small white flowers termi-
nating the branches. Flowers dicwcious. Calyx 5-cleft, marces-
cent in fruit; disk entire, coherent to the tube. Petals 5.
Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Carpels 8-5, distinct, sessile,
becoming cartilaginous several-seeded follicles. Seeds with a
loose membranaceous testa and no albumen. 2

A. vulgaris Raf. Sylv. Tell. 152. Spirea Aruncus L. Glabrous:
stems stout, 2-6 feet high or more, branching: leaves large. ternately
decompound; leaflets thin, sparingly villous beneath, ovate to lanceolate,
acuminate, 2-5 inches long sharply and laciniately doubly: toothed, the
terminal ones broadest: panicles large, compound, pubescent; : flowers a
line broad, nearly sessile; petals spatulate ; filaments twice as long as the
petals; styles short; carpels 3-5, several seeded, globose, the pedicels
reflexed in fruit. -Along streams in mountainous districts, Alaska to Cali-
fornia and across the Continent. ~~ =| :

Oper XXX SAXIFRAGACEH Dumort. Anal. Fam. 36.

Herbs with bland watery often astringent juice, alternate or
opposite leaves without true stipules and mostly perfect
flowers. Sepals 4-5, united or nearly disiinct, imbricate in the
bud. Petals as many as sepals and alternate with them, rarely
wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many as petals, rarely
fewer, inserted into the throat of the calyx; anthers introrse.
Ovary either free from the calyx or coherent with its tube, 1-3-
celled with parietal placentz: ovules mostly numerous: styles
distinct or more or less united. Fruit capsular, usually beaked
with the distinct summits of the carpels, opening along the inner
suture of each, septicidal. Seeds anatropous, usually small and
numerous. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen:
radical cylindrical: cotyledons short.

*Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells and placente in the axis, or of as
many distinct carpels: fruit capsular or follicular.

1. Leptarrhena. Petals 5; stamens 5: carpels 2, distinct, free and ex-
serted from the small calyx.

2. Peltiphyllum. Petals deciduous: stamens 10, inserted at the union
of the ovary and calyx-tube: carpels distinct, adnate to the tube of
the calyx: leaves peltate, radiately veined.

%. Saxifraga, Petals deciduous: stamens 10, rarely more, inserted
under the ovary: carpels 2, rarely 8, more or less united at base, free
from or adnate to the base of the calyx. :

4. Saxifragopsis. Petals persistent, soon deflexed: stamens 10, insert-
ed at the base of the calyx: carpels united at base, adnate to the lower
part of the calyx-tube: leaves palmately veined, the blade obscurely
articulated, to the petiole.

5. Sullivantia. Petals persistent: stamens 5. inserted on the throat

_ of the calyx: carpels united at base, adnate to the tube of the calyx.

6. Boykinia. Petals deciduous. stamens 5 or 10, inserted on the calyx-
tube at its union with the ovary: carpels united at base and adnate
to the calyx-tube, .

LEPTARRHENA ‘ SAXIFRAGACEA, 189

7.. Bolandra. Petals 5, linear, persistent: stamens 5, inserted in the
throat of the calyx: carpels 2, united at base free from but included
‘in the inflated calyx.

8. Hemieva. Petals persistent: stamens 5, inserted on the throat of
the ‘calyx: carpels united and wholly adnate to the tube of the calyx:

leaves not peltate :
\* * Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal or basal placente alternate
with the styles or stigmas; filaments all antheriferous.

9. Leptaxis. Petals 4, filiform, ‘entire, persistent: stamens 2-3, in-
serted in the throat of the calyx: capsule 2-valved, attenuate below
to a stipe, free from the calyx.

10. Tellima. Petals 5, deciduous, pectinately lobed or parted: stameus
9 or 10, short, inserted in the throat of the calyx: capsule 2-valved,
sessile, adnate to the base of the inflated calyx.

11. Lithophragma. Petals 5, deciduous, unguiculate, palmately lobed
or entire: stamens 5 or 10, inserted in t e throat of the calyx: cap-
sule mostly 3-valved, free or adnate to the base of the calyx.

12. Mitella. Petals 5, deciduous, pinnately lobed or parted: stamens 5
or 10, very short, inserted in the throat of the calyx: capsule 2-
valved, depressed, adnate to the base of the calyx: inflorescence
racemose. _

13. Mitellastra. ‘Stamens 5, included connivent: petals 5, deciduous,
styles 2, recurved: inflorescence cymose.

14. Tiarella. Petals 5, entire: stamens 10, inserted‘at the base of the
calyx: capsule very unequally 2-valved, free from the calyx.

15. Heuchera. Petals 5, entire, deciduous: stamens. 5, inserted in the
throat of the calyx: capsule equally 2-valved, the lower half adnate to
the calyx. - 7 :

16. Chrysosplenium. Petals always wanting: stamens 8-10,° short,
inserted in the throat of the calyx: capsule short, equally 2-valved,

-the lower half adnate to the calyx.

* *%* Ovary 1-celled, with 8-4 parietal placente directly under
as many obtuse sessile stigmas: stamens 5, alternating with as many
clusters of united sterile filaments.

17. Parnassia. Petals 5, large: calyx 5-parted, free from the ovary:
flowers solitary. _

1 LEPrARRHENA R. Brown, Parry’s lst voy. Suppl. 2738.
Herbs with coriaceous persistent leaves crowded at the base of
_ the nearly naked stems and rather numerous flowers in bracted
paniculate racemes. Calyx .campanulate, 5-parted, the base
adherent tothe ovary. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, inserted
into the tube of the.calyx: filaments subulate: anthers 1-celled,
2-valved. Ovary of two nearly distinct carpels, tapering into
very short styles. Seeds -numerous, ascending, scobiform ; the
testa loose, elongated and subulate at both ends, including the
oval nucleus. =f 7 oe

. pyrolifolia Ser. DC. Prodr. ‘iv, 48. Scape-like stems 8-16 inches

high, rigid, ‘a little pubescent or glandular toward the summit, and-1-2

small leaves with ‘sheathing petioles near the base; radical leaves obovate
to oblong or spatulate, 1-6 inches’long, coriaceous, glabrous both sides,
coarsely serrate above the middle, attenuate below toa short winged

190 SAXIFRAGACES. PELTIPHYLLUM.
SAXIFRAGA.

etiole which is dilated’and sheathing at base; cauline similar: petals
inear, 1-2 lines long, scarcely: longer than the calyx, white: carpels
becoming 4-6 lines long -, purplish, but slightly divergent. In high moun-
tain marshes, Alaska to Washington and the Rocky Mountains.

2 PELTIPHYLLUM Engler Nat. PIL. iii, Abt. 2, 61.

Coarse perennial herbs with peltate leaves and rather large
flowers in paniculate cymes on scapes that appear before the
leaves. Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, the very short tube adherent
to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, entire, deciduous. Stamens
10, persistent, inserted at the base of the calyx; anthers 2-celled.
Carpels 2, distinct, becoming many-seeded follicles with pla-
cente on the margin. Stigma capitate. Seeds angular, obconic
with a loose testa.

P. peltatum Engler 1. c. Susifraga pellata Torr. Rootstock large
and creeping, 1-3 inches in diameter, branching; scapes and leaves from
the ends of scaly branchlets: leaves centrally peltate, at length 6-18
inches in diameter, orbicular, 9-14-lobed and sharply serrate,.on stout
petioles, 2-4 feet high: scapes rather stout, at length equalling the leaves,
striate, more or less hispid with brownish hairs; flowers numerous, in
rather large paniculate cymes; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long,
much longer than the shallow tube; petals round-oval to obovate, 3-4
lines long, white cr pinkish, tardily deciduous; filaments subulate with a
broad flat base: mature follicles turgid, 3-4 lines long, dehiscent to-the
base. In mountoia streams, central Oregon to California.

8 SAXIFRAGA L. Gen. n. 559.

Herbs with alternate simple leaves, their petioles commonly
sheathing at base, and usually rather small flowers in one to
many-flowered cymose thyrsoid or panicled clusters. Sepals 5,
-united at base or nearly distinct, valvate in the bud. Petals 5,
inserted on the tube of the calyx, entire. Stamens 10, inserted
with or below the petals on the base of the calyx, or between it
and a fleshy disk: anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally.
Carpels 2—-beaked, rarely 3-6-beaked, as many-celled below,
many-seeded, opening by a roundish hole between the diverging
beaks. Seeds numerous, smooth or rugose, not winged, the
testa mostly thin and conformed to the nucleus.

§ 1 Hurcuntus Tausch Hort. Canal. i. Caudex perennial,
leafy: leaves flat, mostly persistent, often bristly ciliate, the
margins not punctate nor cartilaginous: flowering stems annual,
leafy: sepals united at the hase, slightly coherent with the base
of the ovary: cilia of the leaves not articulated.

S. bronchialis L. Sp. 572 Stems ascending, slender, producing
short branchlets: leaves somewhat coriaceous, narrowly lanceolate, acumt-
nate-cuspidate, sessile with a broad base, finely ciliate, 2-8 lines ‘long,
crowded on the short branches: flowering stems 1-4 inches high; flowers
solitary or few in an open corymh, on slender pedicels; sepals lanceolate,
sub-mucronate. spreading; petals obovate-oblong, white marked with
orange spots; capsule opening only half way down, there diverging at
eee angles. Alaska to Mt. Adams, Washington, and the Rocky Moun-
ains.

SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGACEA, 191

S. cherlerioides D. Don Monogr. Saxifr. 382. S. bronchialis var.
cherlerioides Engler. Cespitose, with many creeping branches and short
branchlets forming dense masses 6-18 inches in diameter: leaves spatu-
late, rounded or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, finely ciliate, 1-3 lines
long, crowded on the short branchlets: flowering stems 2-4 inches long;
flowers white, in a loose open cyme on slender pedicels; sepals nearly dis-
tinct, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, a line long; petals oblong-obovate, 3-
nerved, thrice longer than the sepals; styles connivent in flower. On
rocky slopes along the Columbia river near the Cascade falls.

S. tricuspidata Ritz. Prodr. Fl. Scand. ed. 2, 104. Stems erect, thick,
2-3 inches high: leaves densely imbricated below, thick-coriaceous, 3-
cuspidate, with cartilaginous points, the margins very slightly ciliate:
flowers somewhat corymbose, on short stout pedicels; sepals ovate, some-
what coriaceous; petals obovate-oblong, longer than the sepals: capsule
ovoid, apiculate with the conical divergent styles. Arctic America: said
to have been tound on Mount Hood.

§ 2 Dactytorpes Tausch |]. c. Caudex perennial, leafy:
leaves persistent, the margins not punctate nor cartilaginous:
flowering stems annual, somewhat leafy: sepals united at base
and coherent with the base of the ovary: cilie of the leaves
articulated.

S. exspitosa L. Sp. 404 (?). Cespitose, the slender running stems
and short branchlets forming dense tutts 6-16 inches in diameter: leaves
pale or yellowish, thin, pubescent, spatulate, 2-5-cleft or entire, the seg-
ments usually obtuse, closely imbricate on the short branchlets, persist-
ent, flowering stems slender, 2-6 inches high, glandular, 1~5-flowered:
calyx cleft to the middle, with oblong acute lobes; petals white, 3-5 lines
long, oblong, 3-nerved, rounded above, twice asiong as the calyx: cap-
sule open only at the top. the slender beaks but slightly diverging. On
cliffs and rocky slopes, along the Columbia river near the Cascade falls.

S. Tolmei T. & G. Fl. i, 567. Cespitose with leafy running diffusely
branching stems, forming dense tufts 4-20 inches in diameter: leaves suc-
culent, nearly terete when young, glabrous, sometimes sparingly ciliate
near the base, 4-6 lines long, clavate, obtuse, closely imbricated on the
slender branches, persistent: flowering stems scape-like, 2-4 inche- high,
1-f-tlowered; sepals ovate, 3-nerved, about 2 lines long; petals white, nar-
rowly lanceolate, unguiculate, 3-nerved, longer than the sepals; capsule

- large, 4-5 lines long, ovoid, united only at the base, the acute beaks di-
verging, sometimes abnormally 3-4-celled. In sand along rivulets on the,
hig..est mountains near perpetual snow. Brit. Columbia to California.

§ 8 Hypatica Tausch.1.c. Caudex perennial, commonly
subdterranean; stems or scapes annual; calyx nearly free from
the ovary; sepals almost distinct, reflexed; filaments more or
less dilated upward.

* Leaves all clustered at the crown of a ligneous more or less

creeping caudex.

8S Lyalli Engler Index Crit. Saxifr. 3). Glabrous: caudex creeping and
sparingly branehed: leaves obovate, attenuate below to a margined petiole,
coarsely toothed at the summit. 6-12 lines long: stems erect, slender, 6-12
inches high, 6-10-flowered; calyx parted nearly or quite to the base, the
ovate acute segments soon reflexed, 2 iines long; petals round-obovate,
subunguiculate, l-nerved, but little if any longer than the sepals; fila-
ments flat, broadest in the middle: capsule united only at the base, rarely
3-1-celled, the beaks erect. Along streams, northern Idaho to Brit.
Columbia and the Arctic Coast.

192 SAXIFRAGACEA. SAXIEKAGA.

Var. laxa Engler 1. c. “Leaves ovate. the whole margin dentate: panicle
10-12-flowered; pedicels long and slender. With the type.

S. wstivalis Fisch. Ind. Sem. Petr ii, 37. S. punctata of American
authors not L. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: caudex short, slightly
creeping: leaves: reniform, to round-cordate, on long slender petioles,
coarsely and almost equally many-toothed or somewhat incised, 1-2 inches
in diameter: stems erect, 6-18 inches high, bearing many flowers-in a
loose open panicle; pedicels long and slender; calyx cleft to near the
base; sepals narrowly oblong, acute, soon reflexed: petals oblong, obtuse,
rather abruptly narrowed below to a short claw; filaments dilated toward,
the top: capsule oblong, cleft to near the middle. the short beaks abruptly
diverging. -Along high mountain streams, Alaska to California and the’
Rocky Mountains.

* * Leaves and stems from the summit of a fleshy or bulb-like
caudex.

S. Mertensiana Bong. Veg. Sitch. 141. S. heterantha Hook. Sparingly
pubescent: caudex bulb-like propagating by bulbletsin the axils of the
leaves; leaves round-cordate, 10-12-lobed, the lobes 2-5-toothed, 1-3 inches
in diameter, on petioles severe] times longer than the bl:de: stems erect,’
6-12 inches high, often bearing bulblets in the axils of the much branched,
many-flowered, open panicle; flowers white, on slender pedicels; petals
ovate, attenuate below to a short claw, spreading, white with two yellow
spots near the hase, 2 lines long, longer than. the lanceolate reflexed calyx-
lobes: filaments dilated upward; ovary free from the calyx: capsule
inflated-ovate, united only at base, the beaks widely divergent in fruit.
©n wet rocks and cliffs, Alaska to California, west of the Cascade
Mountains. : :

S. Marshalii: Greene Pitt.i, 159 Scurffy-pubescent: caudex fleshy,
propagating by oblong tubers at the ends of long filiform runnners: leaves,
oval or oblong to ovate, abruptly contracted at base to a broad petiole,
obtuse, rather coarsely dentate, 6-20 lines long: stems 6-12 inches high:
panicle loose, many-flowered, not bulblet-bearing; flowers on slender
pedicels; calyx free from the ovary; cleft to the base, the lanceolate ob-
tusish segments soon reflexed: petals oblong-oval, white with two yellow
spots near the base; filaments dilated about the middle. becoming lanceo-
late on- long claws; capsule short, united only at base, the beaks diverg-
ing at right anglesin fruit. On wet banks, southern Oregon, on the
Rogue river, to Humbolut Co., California.

S. Californica Greene l.c. 286. White-pubescent or glandular-tomen-
tose: caudex fleshy, propagating by small oblong tubers at the ends of fiti-
form underground runners: leaves ovate to oblong or elliptical, 1-2 inches
long, narrowed below to a broad petiole, the margin from coarsely crenate to
repandly denticulate or almost entire, more or less ciliate: stems 6-18.
inches high, few-many-flowered; flowers white, on slender pedicels; calyx
nearly free from the ovary, divided almost to the base. with oblong rather
acute soon reflexed segments; petals white not spotted, elliptical to spatu-
late, obtuse; filaments flattened but not dilated upward; carpels united only
at the hase, strongly diverging in fruit. On open hillsides, southern Ore-
gon to California.

8. fragosa Suksdorf, Small Bull. Torr. Club xxiii, 363. ‘Perennial by
an ascending or horizontal rootstock that increases by branching at the’
crown, glandular-pilose with rigid hairs: stems erect or assurgent, 12-18
inches high: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, entire or repand. 1-2 inches
long, abruptly narrowed or truncate at base, decurrent on the winged
petiole which is slightly dilated at base, somewhat coriaceous, glabrate:’
stems 12-18 inches high, erect or assurgent, paniculately branched at the’
top: flowers white, on slender pedicels, in many-flowered cymules, ‘calyx’

SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGACEA., 198

broadly caupanulate, the tube adnate to the ovary, the lobes triangular
or triangular-ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, about a line long, at length re-
flexed; petals obovate, obtuse or notched at the apex, nearly 2 lines long.
strongly 3-nerved, the lateral nerves arising below the middle and con-
verging toward the apex; filaments subulate, shorter than the petals;
earpels flat, surrounded by a disk, becoming globose-ovoid, nearly dis-
tinct follicles 2-3 lines long, the short beaks strongly diverging: seeds
obovoid. more or less pointed at both ends. On wet cliffs along the
Columbia and Willamette rivers.

S. claytoniefolia Canby, Small 1. c. 365. Perennial by a short hori-
zontal rootstock, slender, glandular-pilose above, glabrate below: leaves
fleshy, orbicular-elliptic, more or less oblique, 3-4 inches long, glabrate,
obtuse, entire, undulate, palmately 6-8-nerved, narrowed into a winged
ribbed petiole which is as long as the blade or longer: stems erect or
assergent 8-12 inches high, glabrate near the base; inflorescenve thyr-
soid-corymbose, its branches subtended by small linear or linear-oblong
bracts: calyx flattish, 1 line high, its lobes spreading and recurved, thin,
oblong, acute, 3-nerved, longer than the tube; petals white, spatulate or
obovate-spatulate, about 1 line long, slightly emarginate or minutely
apiculate, gradually narrowed into a claw, marked with a stout mid-nerve
which gives off two lateral nerves about the middle; filaments subulate,
shorter than the petals, incurved at the summit; carpels each ovoid, 144
lines long, the short stout beaks strongly diverging; seeds irregularly ob-
long, reddish, smooth or very faintly striate. Damp crevices of rocks,
The Dalles, Oregon.

8. nidifica Greene Eryth. i, 222. ‘‘Near S. integrifolia, but crown and
roots imbedded in a dense subglobose mass of small bulblets: leaves
ovate or obovate, entire or merely denticulate, an inch long, on dilated
petioles rather shorter: scapes 8-12 inches high, stoutish, glandular-hir-
sute: cymes several-flowered and pedicillate, forming a thrysoid panicle
toward the summit: calyx-segments ascending, oblong-ovoid, acutish and
mucronulate: petals round-obovate, not unguiculate, white: filaments
very short; anthers dull red: ovary very broad at summit, depressed and
even slightly concave: carpels not known.’’ In wet springy places, east-
ern Washington to the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California.

S. plantaginea Smajll.c. ‘Perennial by a thick rootstock, stout,
scapose, glandular-pilose: leaves elliptic or elliptic-spatulate, 2-4 inches
long, obtuse, undulate or distinctly and shallowly toothed, leathery, cili-
ate, 5-7-ribbed, narrowed into a winged petiole, which is usually much
shorter than the blade; scape erect, 8-10 inches tall, sparingly branched
near the top, the branches subtended by elliptic bracts; flowers greenish;
in dense cymules; calyx flat, its segments ovate, 2 lines long, obtuse, 3-
nerved, longer than the tube; petals suborbicular-oblong or some ia-
clined to be broadly spatulate, 1-2 lines long, greenish, shorter than the
calyx-segments, obtuse, marked with a midnerve and several branches
narrowed into a broad claw; filaments converging, subulate, shorter than
perl ovaries immersed in a lobed disk, fruit not seen.’”? Spokane, Wash-
ington.

S. intergrifolia Hook Fl. i,249,t. 86. Glandular-puhescent through-
out; leaves and stems from a somewhat woody caudex: leaves ovate to
oblong or lanceolate, usually obtuse, entire or slightly sinuate-crenate,
somewhat membranaceous; stems 6-20 inches high, rather stout: flowers
many, in an elongated panicle, on short pedicels, clustered at the ends of
the branchlets of the narrow panicle; petals white. obovate, twice the
length of the glabrous spreading sepals; filaments short, subulate; ovary
free: styles divergent: carpels united only atthe base. In moist prairies ,
and wet places, Washington to California.

2

194 SAXIFRAGACEA. SAXFRAGA.

S. parvifolia Greene Pitt. iii, 116.. Stems stoutish, 6-16 inches high,
from'a small somewhat woody caudex, pubescent with coarse glandular
hairs: leaves ovate, obtuse, entire or slightly toothed, 6-10 lines long, on
winged petioles as long or longer, somewhat fleshy, glabrous: branches of
the panicle each cymosely 3-d-flowered; calyx cleft to the middle into
deltoid erect segments; petals white, spatulate-oblong, obtuse; nearly 2
lines ong, more than twice as long as the calyx: filaments filifurm; an-
thers orbicular; mature carpels red, united to near the middle, adnate to
the tube of the calyx, only the beaks divergent. On damp open hillsides
about Grants Pass, Oregon.

S. Oregana Howell Eryth. iii, 34. Canescently pubescent: leaves
and stem trom a thickened fleshy caudex: leaves spatulate to lanceolate,
1-8 inches long, obtuse, obscurely repand-dentate, sessile or attenuate be-
low to a broad petiole: stem stout, |-4 feet high, leafless, branched near
the top, the branches subtended by linear-lanceolate mostly cuminate
bracts; flowers in dense cymules, sessile or nearly so;.calyx adnate to the
base of the ovary, cleft to the middle, with short triangular obtuse or
acute at length reflexed segments; petals yvellowish-white, 2 lines long,
oblong, attenuate below to a short claw; filaments subulate, half as long
as the petals: carpels distinct or nearly so, diverging, the short beak at
length bent at a right angle; seeds oblong. In marshes and about springs,
Washington and Oregon.

§ 5. Araxprpra Tausch. 1. c. Caudex above the ground
scarcely any: stems annual, mostly leafless: calyx free from the
ovary; the sepals nearly distinct: petals with slender claws,
often unequal: filaments filiform: seeds longitudinally striate.

S. Nutkama Moc. Engler Monog. Sax. 1385. Pubescent: stems and
leaves from the crown of a small fleshy caudex: leaves cuneate-spatulate.
sessile or some of the outer ones attenuate below to a broad petiole, 10-18
lines long, unequally ciliate, rather coarsely dentate above the middle:
stems 3-12 inches high, paniculately branched above, bearing numerous
propagula in the axils of the floral bracts; flowers numerous, in a loose
usually secund panicle; calyx free from the ovary, cleft to the base; sepals
broadly lanceolate, acute, very early reflexed, barely a line long; petals
white, with a yellow or red spot at the base of the blade, somewhat un-
equal, lanceolate, long-clawed; filaments clavate, as long as the petals;
carpels lance-ovate, united to above the middle, the short slender beaks
erect. In moist places on the highest mountains, Alaska to Oregon.

S. reflexa Hook. Fl. i, 249, t. 85 Canescently pubescent: leaves
ovate, rather coriaceous, opaque, incisely serrate, attenuate into a_peti-
ole: stem naked; panicle glabrous, compact, corvmbose; petals obovate,
marked with two orange spots, scarcely twice the length of the obtuse re-
flexed calyx-segments; filaments dilated upward cr petaloid, often abort-
ive; ovary free from the calyx Northeastern Washington and Idaho to
the Arctic Sea shore.

S. occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 264. Leaves some-
what fleshy, 6-18 lines long, roundish to oblong cr ovate, coarsely dentate,
contracted below to a short petiole, tomentose beneath with red or reddish
hairs, sracoth above: stems 2-10 inches bigh, more or less pubescent and

landular; flowers numerous, in a semewhat corymbose cyme: calyx free
rom the ovary, cleft nearly or quite to the base, the .oblong or ovate ob-
tuse segment not reflexed; petals white, oblong-obovate, obtuse, twice as
long as the sepals; filaments slender-subulate about equalling the sepals;
carpels lanceolate, united below, the stout beaks divergent: seeds oblong,
apiculate at one or both ends, with a loose smooth testa. Common on
wet rocks, Brit. Columbia to California.

SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGACER. 195
SAXI{FRAGOPSIS.

S. Howellii Greene Pitt. ii, 163. Leaves thin, less than an inch long,
oblong to obovate, tapering to a rather long slender petiole, coarsely den-
tate, smooth both sides: stems 3-6 inches high: flowers rather few, in a
loose corymbose cyme: calyx free from the ovary, cleft nearly to the base,
the narrow oblong segments obtuse or acutish, spreading in flower; petals
oblong, obtuse, but little longer than the sepals, the claw very short
or obsolete; filaments filiform, as long as the petals: seeds obscurely
tuberculate, the testa loose at the ends. (On wet banks along the Coquell
river. Oregon.

§ 6. NeruropHyLttum Gaud. Fl. Helvet. iii, 103. Caudex
above the ground none: stems annual, leafy; bracts at the base
of the pediccls often geminate: calyx free or adnate to the base
of the ovary; the sepals erect or spreading: filaments subulate.

S. Nuttallii Small Bull. Torr. Club xxiii, 368. §. elegans Nutt. not
Sternb. Annual, smooth or nearly so: stems slender, leafy, simple or
branched, 2-12 inches high: leaves rotund to ovate or lanceolate, con-
tracted below to a short petiole, 2-6 lines long, entire or with one or two
coarse teeth toward the apex; flowers white in open few-flowered ra-
cemes on long slender pedicels; calyx campanulate, with short erect tri-
angular acute lobes, the tube coherent to the lower half of the ovary
in fruit: petals oblong, obtuse, 2-3 lines long, more than twice the
length of the calyx; carpels united to the middle, the slender beaks di-
verging: seeds striate with scabrous ridges. On wet banks and cliffs at
Oregon City and other places in western Oregon.

4 SAXIFRAGOPSIS Small Bull. Torr Club xxiii, 19.

“Low caulescent cespitose, sparingly glandular-pilose plants
perennial by woody rootstocks. Stems straw-like, rather slender,
not fleshy, sparingly leafy. Leaves alternate, membranaceous,
the blade articulated to the petiole and not decurrent: petiole
wiry, dilated into a scarious ribbed base. Inflorescence consist-
ing of a terminal thyrsoid-panicle, its cymules peduncled, sub-
tended by small bracts: pedicels usually bearing several opposite
or nearly opposite bractlets below the flower. Calyx hemis-
pheric, its tube ribbed, united to the ovary, its segments 5,
unequal in size and shape, reflexed. Petals 5, inserted just be-
low the sinuses of the calvx-tube, long-clawed, at length deflexed.
Stamens 10, converging; filaments inserted at the base of the
calyx-segmenis, dilated below into two thin wings ; anthers sagit-
tate,4-angled. Ovary very short when young, soon elongating, im-
mersed in a glandular disk; plavente central. Follicles slender,
the bodies united, the tips erect. Seeds minute, smooth, some-
what curved.”

S. fragarioides Small 1.c. 20. Savifruga fragarioides Greene. Ces-
pitose, the short, much branched woody caudex leafy at the ends: leaves
thin, broadly cuneate to oblong, coarsely dentate above the middle, spar-
ingly pubescent both sides, 8-14 lines long, on slender petioles as long or
longer than the biade: flowering stems 3-LU inches high; slender, glandu-
lar-pubescent, leaty; flowers numerous, in an elongated panicle; calyx
hemispheric; its segments longer than the tube or at length shorter, ovate,
ciliate, obtuse, reflexed. a line long; petals oblong-spatulate or spatulate,
persistent, white, 44 longer than the calyx-lobes, at length reflexed: cap-
sule cleft to the middle, the slender beaks slightly diverging. On dry
cliffs in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and adjacent California.

196 SAXIFRAGACEZ. SULLIVANTIA,
BOYKINIA.

5 SULLIVANTIA T. & G.

Slender herbs with running roots, palmately veined leaves
and small flowers in paniculate cymules. -Calyx campanulate,
coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad,
entire, alternate with the calyx-lobes, withering-persistent. Sta-
mens 5, shorter than the petals. Ovary 2-celled, with the
placente in the axis, many-ovuled: carpels united to the middle,
the beaks flat and early open down the inner side. Seeds numer-
ous, wing-margined.,

S. Oregana Watson Proc Am. Acad. xiv. 292. Smooth below, pubes-
cent and glandular above: stems slender, 3-10 inches high, sparingly leafy,
from slender running rootstalks: propagating by long filiform runners:
leaves round-cordate, 1-2 inches in diameter, laciniately cut and toothed,
on long petioles with dilated scarious base: flowers numerous, in an elong-
ated panicle; calyx campanulate; with acute triangular lobes; petals white,
oblong-ovate, obtuse, a half longer than the calyx-lobes, somewhat cuneate
at base: carpels membranaceous, the beaks exserted and slightly diverging
in fruit: seeds oblong, dark brown and shining, narrowly winged. On
wet cliffs along the Columbia river near the Cascades, and at £1k Rock on
the Willamette.

6 BOYKINIA Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii, 118.

Perennial herbs with creeping caudex, alternate leaves with
dilated stipule-like base and corymbose cymes of white flowers.
Calyx campanulate, adnate to the lower part of the ovary, the tube
at length urceolate, the limb spreading, valvate in the bud. Petals
5, entire, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat ‘of the
calyx, shorter than its segments: anthers 2-celled. Styles 2-3,
short: stigmas simple. Capsule 2-3-celled, with a central many-
seeded placentze, 2-3 beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds
small, ovoid, with a close somewhat crustaceous testa, very
minutely and evenly papillose.

B. major Gray Bot. Cal. i, 196. Sparingly pubescent; glandular
above: stems stout, 1-8 feet high, from a creeping lignious’caudex : ‘leaves
round-reniform, deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes irregularly toothed and cut,
2-8 inches in diameter, the lower on long slender petioles with merely en-
larged base, the upper similar but smaller,on shorter petioles with foliaceous
stipular base: flowers many, in a corymbose at length elongated cyme;
calyx campanulate, the lower half of the tube coherent with the ovary,
enlarging and becoming urceolate in fruit; petals white, rounded above, a
little longer than the triangular acute erect calyx-lobes: carpels united to
above the middle, erect, the tips of the beaks divergent in fruit. In
mountain streams, Oregon and California.

B. occidentalis T. & G Fl i, 577. Sparingly pubescent with fuscous
hairs: stems rather slender, erect or declined, 1-2 ieet high, from a creep-
ing somewhat woody caudex: leaves round-cordate, incisely 3-9-lobed, the
lohes 3-5-toothed, 1-2 inches in diameter, all on slender petioles with dilated
ciliate base: flowers numerous, in elongated paniculate cymes; calyx cam-
panulate, adherent to the lower half of the ovarv, enlarging and becoming
urceolate in fruit; petals white, early deciduous, spatulate, narrowed
below toa long claw, 2-3 lines Jong. much longer than the acuminate
calyx-lobes: carpels united to the middle, the long slender beaks slightly

diverging. Common along mountain Streams, western Washington to
California.

BOLANDRA. SAXIFRAGACE, 197
HEMIEVA.

7 BOLANDRA Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 341.

Perennial herbs with palmately veined, thin leaves and loose
panicles of purple flowers. Calyx broadly campanulate,.5-lobed,
valvate in the bud,.the tube free from the ovary. Petals 5,
linear, entire, inserted in the throat of the calyx and alternate
with its lobes, persistent. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals:
filaments filitorm: anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovary included in
but wholly free from the inflated calyx, many-ovuled with the
placente in the axis: stigma truncate. Capsule membranaceous,
ovate, with a broad 2-celled base. Seeds numerous, with a
rather loose testa.

B. Californica Gray 1c. Stems 6-18 inches high, weak and ascend-
ing apparently from a filiform rootstock, granulate-bulblet-bearing at the
base of the stem, glabrous or nearly so: leaves alternate, membranaceous;
the lower round-reniform, 1-2 inches in diameter, about 5-lobed, on long-
filiform petioles; the upper sessile or clasping, merely incised or few-
toothed, gradually reduced upward to small ovate or lanceolate bracts,
borne on or subtending the slender 1-flowered somewhat paniculate pedun-
cles: petals dull purple, attenuated, 2 ines long. On wet rocks near the
Ennis falls, California, said by Mr. Wheelock to have been found in

regon.

B. Ovregana Watson Proc Am Acad. xiv, 292. Minutely-pubescent
and glandular, at least above, stems slender, 6-20 inches high, froma
sinall bulbiliferous caudex: lower leaves round-reniform, incisely lobed
and toothed, 1-3 inches in diameter, on long slender ‘petioles with dilated
stipule-like base; the upper similar but smaller, gradually passing into
sessile bracts: flowers rather numerous, in loose panicles, on slender
pedicels; calyx inflated, campanulate, becoming urceolate, the -tube 3-4
lines long, the subulate acuminate lobes, as long as the tube; petals dark
purple, filiform, 6 lines long or more; filaments a line or more long: cap-
sule ovate, the long acuminate beaks but slightly diverging, included in
the calyx; carpels united to the middle. On wet cliffs along the Colum-
bia river near the Cascades.

8 HEMIEVA Raf. FI. Tell. ii, 70.
SUKSDORFIA Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xv, 42.

Low herbs with small bulb-like caudex, round lobed leaves
and few flowers in loose paniculate cymes. Calyx campanulate,
the tube coherent with the ovarv, the 5 erect. lobes imbricate in
the bud. Petals 5, altérnate with the calyx-lobes, persistent.
Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 2-celled, many-
ovuled, with the placente in the axis. Stigma truncate.

H. ranunculifolin Raf. 1. c. Saxifraga ranunculifolia Hook. Pubes-
cent and glandular: stems erect, 6-12 inches high, from a small bulb-like
_ caudex, propagating by bulblets in the axils of the. lowest leaves: lower
leaves round-cordate, 6-12 lines in diameter, 3-lobed, the lobes 3-9-toothed,
on long petioles with dilated base, upper ones similar, on short petioles, or
reduced to oblong or lanceolate bracts: flowers white, in a loose open or
short capitate cymouse panicle; calyx campanulate, cleft to about the
middle, with oblong acute erect lobes; petals oblong. acute, attenuate
below to a short claw, 3-4 lines long; stamens 5, filaments less than a line
long: carpels united only near the base, the beaks diverging. On wet
cliffs on the highest mountains, Brit. Columbia to Oregon.

198 SAXIFRAGACEA. LEPTAXIS.
TELLIMA.

H. violacea Wheelock Bull Torr. Club xxiii, 71. Suksdorfia violacea
Gray. VNiscid-pubescent throughout: stems slender, 6-10 inches high,
from a small bulb-like caudex which is covered with bulblets that are
borne in the axils of the radical leaves: lower leaves round-cordate. cren-
ately lobed and toothed, on slender petioles with scarious dilated base,
upper ones obovate, 3-5-lobed, on short petioles with foliaceous stipular
base: petals violet, entire or sometimes 2-3-lobed, spatulate, attenuate
below to a long claw, 5-6 lines long, much longer than the acuminate at
length connivent lobes of the calyx: capsule oblong; carpels united to
near the top, the short beaks diverging: seeds oblong, with a close light-
colored testa. On moss-covered rocks, along the Columbia river near
Viento Oregon and on the opposite’side of the river near the mouth of the
White Salnion river.

9 LEPTANIS Raf. Fl. Tel. ii. 75.
TOLMIEA T. & G. Fl. i, £82; not Hook.

Perennial herbs with cordate leaves on long petioles bearing a
bud at the base of the blade, and simple stems with long ebrac-
teate racemes of purple flowers on short pedicels. Calyx cylin-
drical, free from the ovary, unequally 4-cleft, the tube split down
the lower side and gibbous at base, imbricate in the bud. Petals
4, filiform, entire, inserte.| between the lobes of the calyx, per-
sistent. Stamens %, scarcely exserted, inserted into the throat of
the calyx opposite the three larger lobes: filaments subulate,
unequal: anthers. reniform, 2-celled, the cells confluent at the
apex. Ovary stipitate at base, 1-celled, with two parietal placen-
te; stigma obtuse. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, 2-valved at
the apex, the valves equal. Seeds small, globose, muricate-hispid.

L. Menziesii Raf.1.c. 76. Tolmiea Menziesii T. & G. Hispid-pubescent
throughout: stems clustered, 1-3 feet high, trom a creeping branched
caudex: leaves cordate, acute, obscurely lobed and repandly cuspidate-
toothed, ciliate, 1-4 inches long, the lower on long petioles, the upper ones
with petioles successively shorter until they become sessile bracts: racemes
many-flowered, elongated; calyx cylindraceous, purple-veined, the upper
lobes oblong, obtuse, the lower one narrow, acuminate, shorter; petals
brown, filiform, somewhat dilated in the middle, recurved; filaments sub-
ulate, the upper one inserted lower down on the tube of the calyx than
the other 2: capsule oblong, 2-valved, the valves beaked with the indur-
ated styles, the valves spreading in age. Common along mountain streams
from Brit. Columbia to Calitornia.

10 TELLIMA R. Pr. App. Frankl. Journ. 765.

Perennial herbs with roundish-cordate leaves on petioles with
dilated and somewhat stipuliform base and rather large flowers
1 elongated simple somewhat spicate racemes. Calyx campanu-
late, obconic and coherent with the ovary at base, free and in-
Hated above, 5-toothed, valvate in the bud. Petals 5, inserted in
the throat of the calyx, laciniate-pinnatifid, deciduous. Stam-
ens 5 or 10, inserted on the tube of the calyx; anthers 2-celled,
ovate. Styles Z, short and distinct: stigmas capitate, obscurely
8-lobed. Capsule 1-celled with 2 parietal many-seeded placente,
2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds horizontal.

TELLIMA. SAXIFRAGACEA, 199
LITHOPHRAGMA,

* Stamens 10.

T. Grandiflora R. Br. 1 c. 759. Hispid-pubescent throughout, glan-
dular above: stems clustered, 1-2 feet high, from stout short tufted root-
stocks: leaves round-cordate, 2-4 inches in diameter, 3-Y-lobed, the lobes
coarsely toothed, prominently reticulate-veined, on long petioles with
scarcely dilated base, the few cauline ones smaller and nearly sessile:
flowers not fragrant, on short reflexed pedicels: calyx 4 lines long, thick-
cylindraceous, with turbinate tube and ‘short triangular erect lobes, in-
flated, coherent with the ovary only at the base; petals lanceolate in out-
line, laciniately cut into long filiform segments, abruptly narrowed below
toashort claw, soon bent at the lower third, the upper part closely re-
flexed, bright red; styles short, persistent, with broad flat stigmas, ap-
proximate: capsule ovate, open at the top, the indurated styles divergent
in fruit: seeds oblong, tuberculate. Common in moist woods, brit. Col-
umbia to California.

T. odorata. Coarsely pilose below, glandular-pubescent above: stems
rather slender, clustered. 1-2 feet high, from a multicepital caudex: leaves
broadly cordate, acute, obscurely lobed and crenately toothed, 1--3 inches
long, on long petioles with dilated scarions base. the few cauline ones
smaller and nearly sessile: flowers fragrant, numerous, on short pedicels
in a long terminal raceme; calyx campanulate, the inflated tube 3-4 lines
long, coherent with the lower half ot the ovary, the oblong erect lobes
about half as long as the tube: petals red, lanceolate in outline, lacini-
ately cut into long filiform segments, narrowed below to a long claw, bent
at the middle, the upper half spreading or at length loosely reflexed;
stvles short, with broad capitate stigmas: capsule elliptical, the very short
styles divergent in fruit: seeds oblong, rough tuberculate. In wet places
and springs, along the Columbia river near the Cascaies to southern
Oregon.

x Stamens 5.

T. racemosa Greene Eryth. iii, 55. Heuchers racemosa Watson.
““Glandular-hispid, leaves reniform-cordate, crenately lobed and toothed,
1 or 2 inches broad: flowering stems 4-10 inches high, bearing 2 or 3 peti-
colate leaves and a loose few (6-15) flowered raceme; pedicels short (a line
long or less): calyx very broadly campanulate, 2 (becoming 3) lines long,
acutely lobed; petals glandular, linear, entire and acuminate or more or
less laciniately toothed toward the top, a little exceeding the calyx-lobes:
stamens 5, very short, opposite to the calyx-lobes: styles very short; cap-
sule sub-globose, very shortly beaked: seeds very numerous, brownish,
with wrinkled testa, not muricate.”? On cliffs of Mount Adams Wasning-
ton at 7-000 feet altitude. Suksdorf.

11 LITHOPHRAGMA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila vii, 26.

Small and slender herbs with fibrous at length grumous roots,
3-5-parted or lobed leaves on petioles with stipuliform base and
vather large flowers in simple few-flowered raceines. Calyx
cyathiform or campanulate, coherent with or free from the lower
part of the ovary: the limb short, '5-cleft, valvate in the bud.
Petals 5, inserted in the sinuses of the calyx just below the
margin. cuneiform, unguiculate, much exserted, 3-cleft, or rarely
entire, deciduous. Stamens 10, inserted in the throat of the
calyx: anthers cordate, 2-celled. Styles 2-3, short; stigmas
obtuse or somewhat dilated. Capsule l-celled with 2-3 parietal
many-seeded placentae, 2-3 valved at the apex. Seeds horizon-
tal, ovate, with a distinct raphe ; the testa smooth and membran-
aceous.

’

200 SAXTIFRAGACEA, LITHOPHRAGMA.
MITELLA.

L. campanulata. Minutely pubescent below, glanular above: stem
slender, 12-2.) inches high: radical leaves round-cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes
coarsely 3-5-toothed, 8-12 lines in diameter, on long, slender petioles with
a bulblet in the axil of each; cauline usually only one, similar or more
deeply lobed : flowers few, very remote, on short pedicels; calyx campanu-
late, 3-4 lines long, with rounded base and short, triangular, acute teeth;
petals inciseiy 3-5-lobed, white to pink, broadly ovate, 6 lines long, nar-
rowed below to a filiform claw: capsule conical, divided nearly to the
middle. On high open ridges of the Siskiyou mountains near the Oregon
boundary.

L. parviflora Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 584. Tellima parviflora Hook.
Roughish hirsute or scabrous-pubescent: stems slender, 8-20 inches high:
radical leaves round-cordate, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes coarsely toothed ,
6-10 lines in diameter, on slender petioles 1-4 inches long; cauline leaves
usually 2, trifoliolate, leaflets decry 3-lobed, the lobes 2-3-toothed ;
flowers few, in a subcapitate at length elongated raceme; calyx obconical,
with triangular acute lobes; petals white or pinkish, deeply 3-cleft into
linear or oblong lobes, attenuate below to a slender claw, 4-6 lines long,
capsule oblong, often 3-va ved, open only at the top. Common in moist
or shady places, Brit. Columbia to California and Colorado.

L. tenella Nutt.T. &€G Fl.i,534 Tellima tenella Walp. Roughish
with a minute glandular pubescence: stems slender, branching from the
base, 4-12 inches high: leaves trifoliolate; leaflets 2-3-parted, with cunei-
form 2-3-lobed segments: flowers few, in a capitate at length elongated
often bulblet bearing usually simple raceme; calyx campanulate, 2 lines
long, with very short triangular teeth; petals pink, 6 lines long, irregu-
larly 3-7-parted into mostly linear-lanceolate, acute divisions: capsule
almost free from the calyx, elliptical, usually 3-valved opening 4 its
length from the top: seeds short-oblong, rough-tuberculate. Common on
prairies, Brit. Columhia to California and Colorado.

L. rupicola Greene Eryth. iii, 102. “stems often 2 or 3 from the smal}
grunious root, not very slender, a foot high or more, rather strongly hispi-
dulous-scabrous throughout: lowest leaves from round-reniform to round-
ovate in outline, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes again 3-lobed; petioles long,
each with a large bulblet in its axil; cauline leaves of more angular outline,
doubly cleft into narrow segments: racemes elongated, 12-20-flowered;
fruiting pedicels nearly twice the length of the calyx: hemispherical base
of the calyx adherent to the ovary, the body in maturity obviously 10-stri-
ate, the lobes short and obtuse: petals white, all deeply palmatifid, the 2
upper much smaller than the others: capsule 3-valved at the apex and the
valves well exserted: seeds striate lengthwise but neither muriate nor
obviousiy granular. Lava beds of Modoc Co., California, growing in the
shade of Junipers.” Perhaps in adjacent Oregon.

12 MITELLA L. Gen. n. 561.

Perennial herbs with mostly radical leaves, slender stems and
small flowers in simple spicate racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, short-
campanulate, more or less coherent with the ovary. Petals 5,
lobed or pinnatifid, inserted into the throat of the calyx, decidu-
ous. Stamens 5 or 10, not exserted; anthers cordate or reni-
form, 2-celled. Styles 2, short and distinct. Capsule 1-celled,
with 2 parietal or somewhat basal many-seeded placenta, 2-
valved at the summit. Seeds obovoid, horizontal or ascending,
smooth and shining.

* Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.

MITELLA. SAXIFRAGACE. 201
MITEL. ASTRA.

M. Breweri Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 533. epennely pubescent
with long crisp brownish hairs: scapes slender, 4-8 inches high: leaves
round-cordate to reniform, obscurely 3-5-lobed, irregularly crenately
toothed, with callous-apiculate teeth, 1-3 inches in diameter, on petioles
3-4 inches Jong that are subtended by scarious ciliate brownish bracts:
racemes 4-20-flowered: flowers on short spreading pedicels subtended by
minute scarious bracts; calyx short-campanulate, with short and rounded
somewhat scarious lobes, petals greenish-vellow, pectinately pinnate with
3-5 filiform pinnza; stigma distinctly 2-lobed. On the highest mountains,
Brit Columbia to California.

M. ovalis Greene Pitt. i, 32. Pubescent with long whitish hairs:
scapes 6-18 inches high: leaves oblong-cordate, obscurely 5-7-lobed, re-
pandly toothed, 6-18 lines long, on rather stout petioles 1-4 inches long:
flowers numerous, on short erect pedicels that are subtended by minute
scarious bracts, often two or three together on a short peduncle and thus
somewhat paniculate; calyx saucer-shaped, its short rounded lobes green-
ish-yellow; petals pectinately pinnate, with 3-5 rather short and distant
pinnea; filaments subulate, inflexed; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Along
mountain streams in wet places, Brit. Columbia to California.

M. trifida Graham Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 185. Sparingly pubes-
cent with coarse whitish hairs: scapes slender, 6-18 inches high, from a
stout rootstock: leayes broadly cordate to reniform, 12-18 lines long, cre-
nately toothed, ciliate: flowers several, in a short secund somewhat cir-
cinate raceme, on very short pedicels subtended by scarious white bracts:
calyx campanulate, its oblong or triangular acute lobes white and petal-
like, glabrous; petals ovate, on long slender claws, 3-toothed or 3-parted
at the apex; stigma 2-lobed. On the high mountains of Washington and
Oregon to the Rocky mountains.

*.* Stamens 5, opposite the petals.

M. pentandra Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 293’. Sparingly pubescent with short
white hairs: scapes slender, 6-12 inches high: leaves cordate to round-ren-
iform, obscurely 3-5-lobed, unequally serrate, an inch or more in diame-
ter: flowers numerous, in a subpaniculate raceme, calyx short-campanu-
late, its very short obtuse lobes green; petals pinnate with 7-9 approximate
filiform pinnea; filaments very short, inflexed. In wet piaces, on the
highest mountains. Alaska to Oregon and the Rocky mountains.

_ 18 MITELLASTRA.
MITELLA § MITELLASTRA T. & G. Fl. i, 586.

Low herbs with alternate leaves without stipules. and small .
flowers in spicate cymes. Calyx short-campanulate, 5-cleft, co-
herent with the base of the ovary. Petals 5, pinnatifid, inserted
into the throat of the calyx. Deciduous. Stamens 5, not ex-
serted, alternate with the petals. Styles 2, short and distinct.
Stigmas simple. Capsule I-celled with 2 parietal many-seeded
placentz, 2-valved. Seeds black and shining.

M. caulescens. Mitella caulescens Nutt. Retrorsely hispid and min-
utely scabrous, especially on the petioles and stems: stems simple, soli-
tary, slender, bearing 1-3 leaves with 1-2 scarious bracts below them,
6-12 inches high, from a.sealy slender caudex, propagating by long filiform
runners: leaves broadly cordate, 3-5-lobed, the lobes crenately apiculate-
toothed, 1-2 inches in diameter: flowers numerous, in a long slender sim-
ple cyme, on long slender pedicels, reflexed in bud, soon spreading or
erect; calyx saucer-shape, its lobes ovate, colored and petal-like; petals
pectinately pinnatifid with 7-9 filiform pinnea; filaments subulate, nearly

202 SAXIFRAGACE AS TIARELLA.
HEUCHERA,

a line long. connivent over the recurved styles: capsule globose nearly
free from the calyx Common along mountain streams at low elevations.
Brit. Columbia to Oregon.

14 TIARELLA L. Gen. n. 560.

Perennial herbs with simple or trifoliolate leaves and small
white flowers in simple or paniculate racemes. Calyx campanu-
late, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted, white and petal-like,
valvate in the bud. Petals 5, entire, small, with short claws, in
ours persistent. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals into the
base of the calyx: filaments filiform, exserted, the 5 opposite
the sepals longest: anthers ovate, 2-celled: styles 2; stigmas sim-
ple. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placente, 2-valved, the
valves very unequal. Seeds rather large, subglobose, smooth and
shining,

T. trifoliata L.Sp 406. Softly hirsute: stems slender, ascending,
6-12 inches high, from slender creeping rootstocks: leaves trifoliolate, the
middle leaflet ovate with cuneate: base, slightly 3-lobed; the lateral ones
oblique, 2-lobed, all coarsely and repandly apiculate-dentate, on slender
petioles: flowers numerous, in an elongated narrow panicle: calyx cleft
nearly to the base, the lanceolate lobes ubout a line long, acute; petals
tiliform, nearly twice as long as the calyx; filaments filiform, as long as the
petals; valves of the capsule membranaceons, tipped with the slender per-
sistent styles, the larger one 6 lines long, more than twice as long as the
other. Common in forests, Alaska to California.

T. laeciniata Hook. Fl i, 239, t.77. Scabrous-hirsute: stems about
3-lenved: leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet deeply 3-cleft, the lateral
ones 2-cleft, the segments broadly lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid: panicle
loose: petals fililorm and resembling the filaments. Vancouver Island to
Washington.

T. uuifoliata Hook. 1.c. 238 t. 81. Sparingly pubescent or nearly
glabrous: stems slender, erect or ascending, 6-16 inches high from slender
running rootstocks: leaves simple, cordate, acute, obscurely 5-7-lobed,
coarsely apiculate-dentate, 1-3 inches in diameter, on long slender petioles:
flowers numerous, in a narrow panicle; calyx cleft to near the base; petals
filiform, twice the length of the rather obtuse oblang-ovate calyx-lobes:
valves of the capsule merely convex, the largest one oblong, acute. 5 lines
long, twice as long as the other. Common in the forests of the high
mountains, Alaska to California.

15 HEUCHERA L. Gen. n. 320.

Perennial herbs with mostly radical palmatelv veined leaves
with partly free stipules and rather small flowers in terminal
panicals or spikes. Calyx campanulatc, coherent with the ovary
below, 5-cleft, the segments imbricate in the bud. Petals 5,
sometimes wanting, small, entire. Siamens 5, inserted alter-
nately with the petals into the throat of the calyx; anthers 2-
celled ; styles 2; capsule 1-celled with 2 parietal placents, many-
seeded, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks; seeds horizontal,
oval, minutely muriate or hispidulous.

* Filaments and styles filiform, much exserted: calyx short obconic
or campanulate, the lobes spreading, equal: petals mostly persistent, , .’
at length often revolute or twisted: panicle effuse. :

HEUCHERA, SAXIFRAGACEA, 203

H. glabra Willd. Roem. & Schult. Syst. vi, 216 Glabrous: stems
1-3-leaved, 12-20 inches high, clustered at the ends of a much branched
caudex: leaves rvoundish-cordate, acurately and irregularly lobed and
doubly serrate, sparingly ciliate, 2-4 inches broad; on slender petioles 6-10
inches long; flowers numerous in an open cymulose panicle; calyx glandu-
lar-pubesvent, 2 lines long, cleft to the middle, the ohlong obtuse lobes
about as long as the tube; petals white, little more than a line long, about
equalling the stamens with ovate-lanceolate blade and long slender claw,
recurved; styles at length much exserted: seeds oblong or oval, minutely
hispid in lines. On cliffs and rocks along streams, Alaska to the highest
peaks of the Cascade and Rocky mountains.

H. micrantha Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. xv, t. 1302. Pilose with long
crinkly hairs below: stems nearly naked, 1-2 feet high, from the ends of
slender creeping rootstocks: leaves ruund-cordate to reniform, !-3 inches
broad, slightly and obtusely lobed, mucronulately crenate, ciliate, on
slender pedicels 2-8 inches long; panicle diffuse, many-flowered ; flowers
small, on slender pedicels, in small dichotomous cymules; calyx turbi-
nate, the rounded lobes about equalling the tube; limb of the petals
linear-lanceolate as long as the claw, soon curled or twisted: styles slen-
der, long exserted : capsule ovate-lanceolate, at length exserted, the slender
beaks erect. Common on rocky banks and cliffs, Brit. Columbia to
California.

* ® Filaments and styles subulate, short: calyx campanulate, the
lobes equal: flowers small, in narrow panicles.

H. cuneata. Smooth or the leaves and inflorescence minutely pubes-
cent: stems slender, 6-18 inches long, leafless but with a few ovate ciliate
sessile bracts below: leaves elliptical to ov te or oblong, more or less
cuneate at base, 6-12 lines long. obscurely 3-d-lobed, coarsely serrate and
ciliate: flowers rather numerous. on short pedicels; calyx purplish, pubes-
cent, 2 lines long, cleft to the middle, with oblong acutish lobes; petals
minute, scarcely equalling the calyx-lobes; stamens and styles not exceed-
ing the calyx: capsule ovoid scarcely exserted. On dry cliffs, Harney
Valley eastern Oregon.

H. pilosissima F. & M. Ind. Sem Hort. Petrop. v, 56. Villous or
hirsute with spreading viscid hairs: stems 6-18 inches high, rather stout,
leafless or with a few small leaves: leaves round-cordate, obtusely lobed
and crenate, 1-3 inches in diameter: flowers in a close and clustered or
sometimes loose panicle, usually as long as their. pedicels: calyx somewhat
globular; rounded or obtuse at base and the broad short lobes more or less
incurving, densely hairy; stamens about equalling the calyx; short styles
and narrow spatulate petals but little exserted. On dry cliffs in the Coast
Mountains, from the border of Oregon southward.

H. parvifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 581. Scabrous-pubescent: stems
leafless, 10-20 inches high: leaves forming a small radical cluster, round-
cordate, crenately 5-7-lobed with short and rounded lobes, rather coarsely
dentate, ciliate: panicle racemose; flowers very small; calyx campanu-
late, the limb spreading, dilated; petals minute; stems shorter than the
lobes of the calyx; styles very short, conical: capsule ovate, the beaks
exserted: seeds minutely hispid. From the Blue Mountains of Oregon to
the Rocky Mountains. —

* * * Filaments and styles very short; subulate; calyx campanu-
late, the lobes erect and somewhat unequal: petals minute or want-
ing: flowers often large, glomerate or spicate.

H. cylindrica Doug]. Hook. Fl.i, 236. Stems 1-3 feet high, leafless
the lower portion with the petioles and veins beneath very villous or hir-
sute with spreading fulvous hairs: leaves ovate-cordate, glabrous above,

204 SAXIFRAGACE. HEUCHERA.
PA NASSIA

5-7-lobed,the lobes obtuse,crenate with mucronate teeth : panicle spike-like,
cylindrical, 2-4 inches long, the subsessile branches subtended by lanceolate
ciliate bracts 6 lines long; calyx campanulate, 4 lines long, the somewhat
unequal narrowly oblong lobes longer than the tube; petals filiform rudi-
ments or none; stamens shorter than the calyx-lobes; filaments a line
long; styles very short: capsule ovate, the acuminate beaxe slightly
exserted at maturity: seeds hispid. On gravelly plains at low elevations,
Brit. Columbia to California.

H. glabella T. &G. Fl.i, 581. (?) Glabrous or the upper part of the
stem and inflorescence pulverulent-pubescent: stems wholly naked, rather
slender, 1-2 feet high: leaves round-cordate, 1-3 inches in diameter pri-
marily 5-lobed, the lobes often again 2-3-lobed, crenately toothed, the broad
teeth bristly apiculate and ciliate, somewhat coriaceous, very glabrous
both sides, persistent, on slender petioles 3-6 inches long; stipules con-
spicuous, the free portion broadly subulate, long acuminate, ciliate: flow-
ers rather small, numerous, in a rather loose spike-like panicle, 3-4 inches
long, the subsessile branches subtended by setaceous pectinately ciliate
bristly acuminate bracts; calyx campanulate, 2-3 lines long, cleft to the
middle, with somewhat unequal oblong obtuse lobes; petals white, shorter
than the calyx-lobes, the lanceolate blade but little longer than the slender
claw; anthers subsessile: styles short, stout: mature capsule notseen. On
rocks along the Columbia river between the Cascades and The Dalles’

H. ovalifolia T. & G.1l. c. Minutely and somewhat glandularly
ubescent throughout: somewhat cespitose stems leafless, 4-12 inches high:
eaves ovate, subeordate to somewhat cuneate at base, incisely 5-lobed, the
lobes coarsely toothed with obtuse to acute bristly apiculate ciliate teeth,
6-12 lines long, on petioles 1-2 inches long. persistent; stipules narrow,
acute, ciliate: flowers rather few, in an almost or quite simple spike; bracts
lanceolate; long acuminate, laciniate and ciliate above the middle; calyx
tubular, becoming urceolate, 3 lines long cleft to the middle, the lanceolate
mostly acutish lobes white and petal-like; petals usually if not always
wanting; filaments subulate, a line long: capsule obovoid, cleft nearly tothe
base, the acuminate beaks scarcely equalling the calyx: seeds somewhat
reniform, hispid. On cliffs and dry rocky ridges, throughout eastern Ore-
gon and Washington.

16 CHRYSOSPLENIUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 320.

Small depressed herbs growing in swamps and brooks with
fleshy simple leaves and small yellowish green flowers solitary
in the-forks of dichotomous branches or terminal. Calyx rotate,
its short tube coherent with the ovary, the 4-5 obtuse lobes col-
ored within. Petals none. Stamens twice as many as the calyx-
lobes, inserted on the margin of the evident epigynous disk:
anthers reniform, 2-celled. Styles 2, distinct: stigmas simple.
Capsule cbcordate, compressed, 1-celled with 2 parietal placente
at the base, 2-valved at the summit, seeds numerous, with a crus-
taceous testa.

C. glechomefolia Nutt T. & G. Fl.i, 589. Glabrous: stems ascending,
2-6 inches high: leaves opposite, roundish, abruptly cuneiform at base, cre-
nate above,2-6 lines broad: flowers usually solitary, in the forks of the upper
branchjets : calyx 2 lines broad with rounded entire lobes; stamens about

equalling the calyx: capsule at length exserted. About springs and in
marshes, Brit. Columbia to California west of the Cascade mountains.

_ 17 .PARNASSIA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 384.
Smooth perennial herbs with entire petioled leaves in a clus-

PARNASSIA. HYDRANGEACA. 205
PHILADELPHUS

ter on the short caudex, and simple scape-like stems not rarely
bearing a small sessile leaf or two near the middle and a large
terminal solitary flower. Calyx rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the base
free from or adnate to the base of the ovary, the lobes herba
ceous, soinewhat imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, imbricate in
the bud, with a cluster of more or less united gland-tipped fila-
ments at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals:
anthers 2-celled. Ovary entire, 1-celled with 3-4 parietal pla-
cente: stigmas as many, closely sessile, very obtuse. Capsule
3-4-valved from the apex, the valves bearing the many-seeded
placente on their middle. Seeds with a loose thickish some-
what winged testa.

P. Californica Greene Pitt. ii, 102. Leaves ovate to broadly oval,
6-18 lines long, narrowed below to a slender petiole: stems slender, flex-
uous, 1-2 feet high, with a small sessile bract borne above the middle;
calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, 4 lines long; petals white, broadly ovate to
elliptical, 8-10 lines long by 6 lines broad, bristles of the appendages 20-
24, almost capillary, united below into a broad cuneiform base; filaments
subulate, about half as long as the petals. In marshes at the eastern base
of the Coast Mountains southern Oregon and adjacent California. :

P.. fimbriata Banks Sims 7 Koen. Ann. Bot. i, 591. Leaves cordate to
reniform, 6-12 lines long, on long slender petioles: stems slender, 6-18
‘inches high, with a comparatively large leaf-like bract above the middle:
sepals oblong, acutish; petals spatulate, 4-6 lines long, conspicuously fim-
briolate ciliate at base; bristles of the appendages 5-9, often short or re-
duced to mere teeth on the cuneiform base; filaments filiform, about half as
long as the petals. In high mountain marshes, Alaska to California and
the Rocky Mountains.

Orper XXXI. HYDRANGEACA Dumort Anal. Fam. 36, 38.

Shrubs with opposite leaves: without stipules, the flowers in
terminal or axillary panicles or cymes. Calyx 4- 5-cleft, valvate
in the bud. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with
- them, convolute in- the ‘bud. -Stamens few or numerous in-
serted with the petals into the throat of the cslyx: anthers in-
trorse. Ovary either free from or coherent with the tube of
the calyx, of 8-5 or more carpels with as many cells as carpels
and the placente in the axis. Fruit capsular, with septicidal
or loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds anatropous, small and nu-
merous or solitary. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy
albumen.

1. Philadelphus. Calyx-tube coherent with the 4-5-celled ovary:.
stamens 20 or more: seeds numerous.

2. Whipplea. Calyx nearly free from the 3-5-celled ovary: stamens
8-12; ovules and seeds solitary in the cells.

1 PHILADELPHUS L. Gen. n. 614.
Rather large shrubs with opposite simple leaves without sti-

pules. and large showy flowers in paniculate cvmes or sometimes
solitary in the axils. Calyx with turbinate tube coherent with

206 RIBESACEZ. PHILLADELPHUS.
WIITPPLEA,.

the ovary nearly or quite to the summit, the limb 4-4-parted,
valvate in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, large, convolute in
the bud. Stamens 20-40, shorter than th2 petals. Styles 3-5,
usually 4, united sometimes nearly to the summit: stigmas ob-
long or linear. Capsule mostly 4-celled. free at the summit; 4-
valved, loculicidal, the placente projecting into the cells, many-
seeded. Seeds pendulous and densely imbricated downward on
the thickened placenta, with a loose coat, usually prolonged at
both ends or fimbriate at the hilum.

P. Lewisii Pursh Fl. 329. Shrub 3-12 feet high: leaves broadly lance-
olate, entire or serrate, acute, more or less pubescent both sides: flowers
in small cymes at the ends of the branchlets; lobes of the calyx acute,
twice the length of the tube: petals white, oblong-ovate, 6-10 lines long;
filaments unequal the longer ones about half as long as the petals; styles

about equalling the shorter stamens, deeply 2-4-cleft. Common in open
woods and rocky hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California.

2 WHIPPLE 4 Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 90, t. 7.

Small diffuse shrubs with opposite simple leaves and small
white flowers in cymous clusters on terminal naked peduncles.
Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the’ovary,
the lobes thin and petal-like. Petals 5. Stamens 10, rarely niore
or less; anthers short, 2-celled. Ovary 3-5-celled with a single
suspended ovule in each cell; styles distinct; stigmas introrse.
Capsule septicidally dehiscent into 3-5 cartilaginous 1-seeded
closed valves which open down the ventral suture only. Seeds
oblong with a closed coat.

W. motlesta Torr. 1.c. Stems slender, spreading or trailing, rooting
at the nodes, 1-2 feet long or more: leaves ovate or oval, obtusely few-
toothed or entire, somewhat 3-ribbed, 8-12 lines long, tapering below toa
short petiole, acute or acutish, pubescent both sides: flowers white, few, in
in a close cyme at the end of a rather long slender peduncle hardly 2 lines
broad; calyx campanulate, the white oblong lobes longer than the tube;
petals white, with a lanceolate blade and broad claw, longer than the
calyx-lobes : capsule globose: stvles at length deciduous: seeds oblong. In
open woods, from near the Columbia river to California.

Order XXXII. RIBESACEA.

Spiny or smooth shrubs with alternate often fascicled pal-

mately veined leaves without stipules, and few to numerous, ,
mostly perfect, flowers in racemes. either produced from the

bud with the leaves and terminating the very short axillary:

#

branchlets, or sometimes leafless buds. Calyx campanulate or
tubular, colored, the tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4-5-
cleft, with mostly equal segments, marcescent, imbricate in
the bud. Petals distinct. equal in number to the segments of
the calyx and alternate with them, inserte | in the throat of the
calyx. Stamens as manv as jetals and inserted alternately
with them: anthers introrse. Ovary 1-cellel with two parietal
placente: ovules numerous, or sometimes few; styles 2, :arely

RIBES. RIBESACEA. 207

3-4, Fruit a berry, crowned with the remains of the flower,
l-celled, usually many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, the raphe at
length distinct from the gelatinous testa: the inner integument
somewhat crustaceous, adhering firmly to the fleshy albumen.
Embryo minute excentric.

‘1 RIBES Juss. Gen. 281. L. Gen. u. 281.

Shrubs with alternate palmately veined and lobed leaves, the
flowers in few to many-flowered racemes. Calyx campanulate,
4—5-cleft with mostly equal marcescent lobes. Petals distinct as
many as the lobes of the calyx and alternate with them. Stamens
as many as petals, inserted alternately with them into the throat
of the calyx. Ovary 1-celled, closely adnate to the tube of the
calyx, with 2 parietal mostly many-ovuled placente. Fruita berry.

§ 1 SipHocatyx Berlandier Mem. Soc. Gnev. iii, t. 2 as
genus. Stems neither prickly nor thorny: leaves convolute in
the bud: racemes many-Howered: bracts foliaceous: flowers yellow;
calyx long and tubular: berries smooth.

R. aureum Pursh Fl. 164. A smooth shrub 4-8 feet high: leaves
3-lobed, often broader than long, the lobes usually divaricate, few-toothed
at the apex, ciliate when young, otherwise very glabrous: racemes 10-30-
flowered, leafy at base; bracts lanceolate, more or less acuminate, 2-6 lines
long or more, about equalling the pedicels: calyx yellow, tubular, the nar-
row tube 6-8 lines long, about twice as long as the oblong merely spreading
lobes; petals cuneiform, truncate and erose-dentate at the apex, little more
than a line long: berries yellow or black, 2-3 lines in diameter. On rocky
— along streams. eastern Uregon and Washington to Missouri and
Arkansas,

R. tenuiflorum Lindl. Hort Trans. vii, 242. A slender shrub 6-12
feet high, glabrous or the young branches and leaves pubescent with
spreading hairs: leaves round-cordate, s-iobed, the lobes often again 2-3-
lobed, crenate at the apex, 1-3 inches in diameter: racemes usually about
9-flowered, leafy at base: bracts foliaceous, broadly !anceolate, 6-9 lines
long, usually longer than the pedicels; calyx-tube 7-8 lines long, by a line
in diameter, the unequal lobes about 3 lines long by less than a line broad:
petals about a line long, narrowly o long, narrowed below to a broad
claw: berries 2-3 lines in diameter. Along streams, southern Oregon and
adjacent California.

§ 2 Rreesta Berlandier (CurRANT). Stems neither prickly nor
3 d :

spiny : leaves plicate in the bud: racemes several-Howered : calyx
campanulate or cylindrical: ovules numerous, in 2 or more rows.

* Calyx produced into a campanulate or cylindrical tube: fruit
and foliage more or less glandular: bracts conspicuous: stamens not
produced beyond the petals. :

+ Flowers dull white or light-colored; racemes corymb-like and few-
flowered.

_R. viscosissimum Pursh Fl. 163. A shrub 3-5 feet high with reddish
shredy bark and stiffish branches: young branches, leaves and inflores-
cence viscid-pubescent: leaves round-cordate, shallowly 3-lobed, incisely
crenate, 1-2 inches in diameter: racemes short; bracts spatulate, 6-8 lines
ong, about equalling the glandular pedicels; calyx-tube cylindrical, 5-6

208 RIBESACE. RIBES.

lines long, abruptly inflated adove its union with the ovary, twice as long
as the oblong lobes: petals oblong, rounded at the summit, about half as
long as the lobes of the calyx; styles smooth, 2-cleft at the apex about
equalling the short included stamens: fruit ovoid, black, viscid-pubescent.
On mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

R. cereum Dougl. Hort. Trans. vii, 312. A low shrub 2-3 feet high
with rather stiff branches and whitish bark: leaves roundish-cordate, usu-
ally broader than long, incisely 3-5-lobed and doubly crenate-toothed 6-9
lines in diameter. more or less viscid:pubescent and dotted with white
waxy glands on one or both sides: racemes nodding, 1-5-flowered ; bracts
ovate to, lanceolate, often toothed, appressed to the ovary, 3-4 lines long,
longer than the very short pedicels; calyx tubular, 6 lines long, viscid-
glandular, the ovate spreading lobes less than a line long; petals minute,
broadly cuneiform ; stamens inserted on the 'tube of the-calyx.and included
in it; style minutely pubescent above, 2-lobed: fruit bright red, minntely
glandular. On dry rocky ridges, Brit. Columbia to California and the
Rocky Mountains.

+ + Flowers bright red varying to white; racemes drooping, many-
flowered.

R. sanguineum Pursh1! c. 164, A stout shrub 3-12 feet high with
erect branches: young branches and petioles glandular-pubescent: leaves
cordate, 3-5 lobed, deeply serrate, glabrous above, canescent-pubescent
beneath, 1-3 inches in diameter: racemes 1-4 inches long, pubescent and
glandular, rather loosely many-flowered; bracts spatulate to obovate, en-
tire or erose dentate, 6 lines long, about equalling the slender pedicels;
calyx-tube cylindrical, 4 lines long, about equalled by the ample obovate or
broadly lanceolate red lobes; petals oblong, obtuse. narrowed below to a
broad claw, 2 lines long; style smooth, minutely 2-cleft: fruit subglobose,
sparingly glandular-hirsute, black with a dense white bloom. Very com-
mon in wooded districts, Brit. Columbia to California.

i * - Calyx with very short or no tube and rotate or saucer-shaped
imb.

R. ciliosum. Stems prostrate,2-4 feet long: leaves broadly cordate, 1-2
inches in diameter, acutely 3-5-lobed acutely serrate and _ ciliolate,
minutely pubescent on the veins beneath smooth above. on petioles about
as long as the blade with dilated ciliate base: racemes 6-10-flowered ; bracts
small, ovate, about halfas.long as the smooth pedicels; calyx dark red,
saucer-shaped, with broad rounded lobes and very short tube; petals
broadly obovate, 44 line long; anthers broader than long, sessile or nearly
so; style very short, entire: fruit red. about the size of the common red
currant and much like it in flavor. In marshy ground about the base
of Mount Hood on the south side.

R. laxifiorum Pursh Fl. 731. BR. acerifolium Howell: R. Howellii
Greene. Stems cespitose, erect to ascending, 3-9 feet long: leaves triangu-
lar, 2-3 inches in diameter, truncate or more or less cordate at base, deeply
5-lobed, the acute lobes laciniately doubly serrate, smooth above, often
resinous-dotted beneath; petiole as long or longer than the blade, rather
abruptly dilated and ciliate at base: racemes finely pubescent, 5-12-flow-
ered; bracts usually linear-lanceolate, 1-2 lines long, about equalling the
slender pedicels; calyx rotate, with broad spatulate lobes; petals red,
narrowly spatulate, a line long; anthers broader than long, on flat pedi-
cels a line or more long; style deeply 2-lobed: fruit purple or black, with
a whitish bloom, 2-3 lines in diameter. About springs and wet places
along the coast and in the highest mountains, Alaska to Oregon.

R. erythrocarpum Covill & Leiberg Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash. x, 132.
Stems trailing, rooting and giving rise to ascending branches 4-8 inches
high: leaves round-cordate, 6-18 lines in diameter deeply 3-loted, the

RIBES, RIBESACEA., 209

lobes coarsely crenate and the crenature uneven; apiculate-dentate, gland-
ular-ciliate, more or less glandular: racemes erect, usually 10-20-flowered :
bracts herbaceous, lanceolate to obovate, 1-3 lines long, equalling or
shorter than the slender pedicels; calyx saucer-shaped, the oblong
lobes spreading, yellow dotted with red, 114 lines long; petals broadly
spatulate, pebrns, 44-16 as long as the calyx-lobes; filaments glabrous,
equalling the petals, style glabrous, 2-parted: fruit scarlet, 4-5 lines long,
subpyriform to spherical, glandular, Common on Mount Mazama around
Crater Lake, Oregon.

R. bracteosum Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 233. Stems ascending, 2-8 feet
long: leaves long-petioled, cordate, 7-S inches in diameter, deeply 5-7-
lohed, the lobes acuminate, coarsely and doubly serrate or incised, resinous
' dotted beneath: pedicels 6-12 inches long, loosely many-flowered; bracts
foliaceous, lanceolate to linear, the lower ones broad and petioled the upper
reduced and sessile, all as long or longer than the pedicels; calyx rotate,
the purplish oblong lobes nearly 2 lines long; petals broadly cuneiform;
rounded at the apex, less than a line long; style shorter than the petals,
deeply cleft; fruit black, resinous dotted. Common along mountain
streams in deep shade, Alaska to California.

R. Hudsonianum Richard. Franklin Journ 2 ed. 6. Stems erect, 4-
6 feet high ; leaves round-cordate in outline, 2-4 inches in didmeter,smooth
above, resinous dotted beneath, 3-5-lobed, the lvbes acute, coarsely and
doubly serrate: racemes erect, with or without a few small leaves at base,
2-4 inches long, many-flowered ; bracts setaceous, much shorter than the
pedicels; calyx campanulate deeply 5-parted, the oblong obtuse lobes more
thar a line long; petals oblong, minute; style glabrous, deeply cleft: fruit
globose, resinous dotted. Along mountain streams, Brit. Columbia to
Eastern Washington.

§ 8. GrossuLaRia Tourn. as genus. (GoosEBERRY). Stems
usually armed with subaxillary spines and often prickly: leaves
plicate in the bud: peduncles (except in the first), 1—4-flowered :
calyx more or less campanulate: ovules very numerous, in sev-
eral rows: berries often prickly.

* Calyx-tube: saucer-shaped, spreading immediately above the
ovary: peduncles racemously several-flowered: anthers-very short,
pointless berries small and currant-like, sparingly bristly-glandular.

R. lacustre Poir. Suppl ii, 856. Stems prostrate or ascending, 3-4
feet long, very prickly when young; subaxillary spines several, weak and
scarcely ditfering from the prickles: leaves cordate, 3-5-parted, the lobes
deeply incised and toothed, the teeth bristly apiculate, 6-18 lines long;
petio!es slender, 1-2 inches long ciliate with long brownish bristles: racemes
5-9-flowered; calyx rotate; stamens about the length of the petals; styles
short glabrous, 2-cleft; ovary glandular-hispid; fruit small, black. In
cold mountain marshes and along streams, Alaska to California and the
Atlantic States and Canada.

R. molle &. lacustre var molle Gray Bot. Cal. i, 206. Stems 1-4 feet
high, intricately much branched: young shoots often prickly : subaxillary
spines triple or multiple, rigid: leaves round-cordate in outline, 6-12 lines
in diameter, 3-5-parted, the divisions 3-lobed and incisely toothed, soft-
pubescent and sparingly glandular both sides: racemes 1-9 flowered short-
peduncled; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the pedicels; flowers greenish-
white, the open calyx three lines in diameter, its short lobes rounded;
pee small; stamens very short: berries light red, not larger than peas.

n rocky ridges in the mountains of Southeastern Oregon to California.

210 RIBESACE. RIBES.

* * Calyx-tube campanulate to cylindrical: peduncles 1-4-flowered.
+ Anthers oval or didymous, very obtuse and pointless.
++ Tube of the calyx above the ovary very short.

R. velutinum Greene Bull. Cal. Acad.i, 85. Stout and rigid, 2-6 feet
high, with strongly recurved branches, these not prickly ; subaxillary spines
solitary: leaves orbicular, palmately 3-5-cleft, the lobes crenately 3-toothed,
6-8 lines in diameter, densely vel vety-tomentose to nearly glabrous: racemes
short, 2-3-flowered, the orbicular bracts not half as long as the pedicels;
calyx cylindrical, its lanceolate lobes twice longer than the tube; petals
oblong, shorter thao the’ calyx-lobes: stamens shorter than the petals;
styles glat rous, equalling the stamens: ovary and fruit velvety-pubescent.
On dry hillsides at the southern base of the Siskiyou Mountains.

R. montanum. Stems slender, creeping, 3-4 feet long: subaxillary
spines 3, unequal: leaves round to oblong, less than an inch in diameter,
slightly cordate or truncate, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes doubly toothed, pu-
bescent but not glandular: peduncles usually one-flowered, bracts con-
spicuous, longer than the pedicels: calyx pubescent, its linear-oblong:
lobes 2 lines long, longer than the cylindraceous tube; petals narrowly
oblong, a line long: stamens longer than the petals, anthers broadly ob-
jong; style glabrous, entire or nearly so; ovary and fruit spinose. In the
forests of the Siskiyou Mountains near the summit.

R. ambiguum Watson Proc. Am. \cad. xviii, 198. Stems erect or
ascending, 4-6 feet high: leaves roundish, 1-2 inches in diameter, villous
and glandular, 5-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed, peduncle 1-3-flowered,
calyx 6 lines long, more or less villous, the ligulate lobes several times
longer than the tube, ciliate equalling the linear petals; anthers small
elliptical, ovary and fruit densely spinose. Mt. Adams, Washington, to
Northern California at high altitudes.

++ 4+ Calyx-tube longer than the limb.

R. cognatum Greene Pitt. iii, 115. Slender shrub 3-10 feet high:
younger branches stiffly and densely setose-hispid, the 1-8 subaxillary.
spines short, not very stout: leaves and the long and slender petioles vil-
lous pubescent: flowers 3-5, at the ends of long and slender ‘pendulous’
peduncles: calyx salver-form, the long cylindric tube _villous-pubescent,
twice the length of the oblong segments, the whole white or pale flesh-
color: peta's spatulate-obovate, truncate or retuse, not equalling the calyx-
lobes: ovaries Zlabrous, fruit not seen. Along the Umatilla river, near
Pendleton, Oregon.

++ ++ ++ Flowers small, dull-colored, fruit smooth.

R. gracile Michx. Fl. i, 111. Branches slender: subaxillary spines 1-8,
leaves roundish, obtusely 3-lobed, crenately incised, entire at base. glab-
rous: peduncles elongated. 1-3-flowered; lobes of the calyx ligulate,
twice or thrice longer than the short tube; stamens long exserted hairy,
longer than the hairy style: fruit black smooth. Brit Columbia to Ure-
gon and the S. E. States.

R. oxyacanthoides L. Sp. 20!. Stems sometimes clothed with
bristly prickles: subaxillary spines 1-3, often united at the base: leaves
roundish, subcordate 5-lohed, pubescent or nearly glabrous, the lobes
deeply toothed or crenate: peduncles very short 2-3-flowered; calyx tube
cylindraceous, pubescent at the base within, the segments spreading,
rather longer than the stamens, about twice the length of the obovate
petals; style cleft to the middle, hairy at base a little exceeding the sta-
mens. Along streams, eastern Oregon to California and N. E. States.

R. divaricatum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. vii, 515. Stems 3-12 feet

RIBES. CRASSULACEA, 211

high, variously branched: subaxillary spines 1-3, usually stout and de-
flexed, leaves roundish, more or less cordate,3-5-lobed, the lobes crenately
incised; peduncles slender, usually 3-flowered: bracts broad, scarious:
lobes of the calyx ligulate about twice the length of the campanulate tube:
stamens exserted; anthers small, oval; style about equalling the stamens
and calyx, 2-parted, hairy below; fruit small black. Brit. Columbia to
California.
++ ++ + + Flowers large and showy.

R. Lobbii Gray Am. Nat.x,274. Stems 2-6 feet high, much branched,
subaxillary spines 3, usually unequal: leaves roundish, truncate or slightly
cordate at base, more or less pubescent and glandular: peduncle almost
filiform, 1-3-flowered; bracts broad about equalling the short pedicels:
calyx campanulate, pubescent, the dark red ligulate lobes about equalling
the tube, twice as long as the white truncate cuneate petals, strongly re-
flexed; stamens long exserted, slightly unequal; anthers nearly orbicular:
style about equalling the longest stamens: fruit 6-8 lines in diameter
deneily glandular hispid. Washington to Valifornia, west of the Cascade

ange.

R. Marshallii Greene Pitt. i, 31 (?). Stems 2-4 feet high; subaxillary
spines 3; roundish, 3-5-lobed, crenately toothed, an inch or less in diam-
eter, smooth not glandular; peduncles short, usually 1-flowered: bracts
broadly lanceolate: calyx dark red, campanulate, 8-12 lines long, the '
lanceolate acute lobes much longer than the tube: petals oblong, rounded
at. the summit, 2-3 lines long, yellow: stamens and style exserted but
shorter than the calyx-lobes; anthers oblong, obtuse at both ends, fruit
large an inch long or more, covered with fleshy spines but not glandular.
In forests in the Siskiyou Mouutains.

+ ~ Anthers sagittate, mucronate-tipped.
+ Bracts presistent.

R. Menziesii Pursh. Fl. 732. Stems 5-10 feet high, branches strongly
hispid or varying to glabrous: leaves deeply 3-cleft, the lobes coarsely in-
cised, usually soft-pubescent beneath: pedicels slender, 1-2-flowered; |
bracts broadly ovate, acute; calyx 6-10 lines long, the lanceolate obtuse
lobes twice as long as the campanulate tube: petals broadly cuneate,
rounded at the summit; stamens equalling the calyx, unthers lanceolate,
a'line long, style longer than the stamens; ovary densely glandular hispid.
In the coast ranges, Southern Oregon to California.

++ + Bracts deciduous.

R. amictum Greene,|. c. 69. Stems 2-4 feet high, intricately branched :
subaxillary spines 1-8, slender: leaves orbicular to oblong, less than an
inch long, 3-5-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed: peduncle short, usually
one-flowered; bract broadly ovate, longer than the very short pedicel,
clasping the ovary when young: calyx 6-10 lines long, the lanceolate acute
lobes but little longer than the narrow tube: fruit densely spinose. On
dry rocky ridges, southwestern Oregon and adjacent California.

OrperR XXXIII. CRASSULACE D. C. Fl. France. iv, 382.

Succulent or fleshy herbs with simple leaves without stipules
and usually cymose inflorescence. Sepals 4-5, rarely 3-20,
imbricate in the bud, more or less united at base, persistent.
Petals as many as sepals and alternate with them, not unguicu-
late, imbr icate in the bud, inserted on the base of the calyx,
sometimes united at base. Stamens as many as petals and

212 CRASSULACE. TILLEA.

SEDUM.
alternate with them or twice as many, inserted with the petals
or adnate to their base: filaments subulate or linear filiform:
anthers introrse. Ovaries always equal in number to the petals
and opposite-to them with numerous, or rarely few, ovules in-
two rows: carpels follicular in fruit, subulate with the persist-
ent style, usually many-seeded, opening by the inner suture.
Seeds anatropous, with a membranaceous often loose testa.
Embryo straight in the axil of thin fleshy albumen.

1. Tillea. Parts of the flowers 3-5. Small annuals with opposite leaves
and minute axillary flowers.
2. Beda Parts of the flowers 4-7: stamens twice as many: petals dis-
inct: :
8. Cotyledon. Parts of the flower in five, stamens ten. Petals somewhat
united.
1 TILLAA Micheli Gen. t, 20.

Small and slender somewhat succulent glabrous annual with
opposite entire leaves and minute axillary flowers. Sepals and
petals 3-4, distinct or united at base. Stamens as many ; carpels
distinct: style short-subulate: ovules one to many. Seeds longi-
tudinally striate.

* Trtuma PRopeR. Flowers clustered: petals acuminate, hypog-
ynous; scale minute or none: carpels 1-2-seeded.

T. minima Miers Trav. Chil. ii, 530. Diffusely branched, 1-3 inches
high, erect or ascending: leaves ovate to oblong, connate at base, acute,
about a line long: flowers.in short leafy axillary panicles, nearly sessile or
on pedicels a line or two long: sepals 4 scarcely half a line long, oblong-
ovate, acute, a little exceeding the linear-lanceolate acuminate petals:
carpels not longer, acute: seed usually solitary. On wet rocks etc , South-
ern Oregon to California and Chile.

* * Battarpia DC. Flowers solitary; petals oval or oblong, hy-
pogynous: scale linear: carpels, several-seeded.

T. angustifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 558. Branching from the base,
1-2 inches high, rooting; leaves linear, acute connate; flowers axillary,
usually solitary, on very short pedicels; segments of the calyx 4, ovate
about half the length of the ovate obtuse-petals, carpels broad ohtuse
many-seeded, styles none, seeds linear-oblong. On muddy flats, Washing-

ton to California.
2 SEDUM L. Gen. n. 579.

Herbs or rarely suffrutescent plants with alternate or scat-
tered (rarely opposite or verticillate) leaves and flowers in
cymes. Sepals usually 5, rarely 4 or 6-7, more or less united at
base, usually turgid. Petals distinct, mostly spreading. Sta-
mens twice the number of the petals. Carpels as many as the
sepals, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each..

* Flowers mostly dicecious in a regular compact compound cyme,
‘deep purple or becoming so, leaves flat, serrate.

S. Rhodiola DC, Fl. Franc. ed. 3, iv, 386. Stems sim: le, nearly erect,
rom a thick perennial root 1-10 inches high, leafy: leaves alunite. oblong-

SEDUM. CRASSULACEA. 213

oblanceolate, acute rarely entire : 6-18 lines long : cyme sessile often an inch
or two in diameter: flowers on short naked pedicels, usually 4-merous
sepals short, oblong: petals 1-2 lines long linear-oblong: carpels becoming
3 lines long shortly beaked. .In the high mountains Alaska to California.

* * Flowers perfect, decandrous; secund upon the branches of a
forked cyme, mostly yellow: style filiform: leaves entire, very fleshy.

+ Leaves broad and obtuse, narrowed toward the base: perennials.

S. spathulifolium Hook Fl. i, 227. Glabrous and sometimes mealy;
stems ascending from a branched rooting caudex, 4-8 inches high, simple:
leaves obovate or spatulate, 6-10 lines long: branches of the cyme approxi-
mate : flowers on short pedicels or sessile, 3 lines long: petals yellow, lance-
olate, acute, twice longer than the ovate acute sepals and scarcely exceed-
ing the stamens and style. On rocks, etc., Brit Columbia to California.
Flowering in May.

S. Oreganum Nutt. T. &G. Fl. i, 559. Glabrous, not glaucous, leaves
all scattered, cuneate, rounded at the summit: stems erect simple; from
a creeping branched caudex: cymes compound; the flowers on very short
pedicels, petals yellow linear-lanceolate, acuminate 3-4 times the length of
the ovate-lancevlate acuminate sepals and about twice the length of the
stamens. On rocky banks along the Columbia river near the Cascades.

S. divergens Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 372. Stems rather stout,
2-1 inches high from a creeping-branched caudex: leaves broadly ovate or
obovate, sessile, 3-4 lines long: inflorescence close with short branches, flow-
ers yellow, the lanceolate petals thrice longer than the triangular-ovate
sepals and equalling the stamens: carpels united at base, widely divergent
atove. Eastern slopes of the Cascade Mts.

S. debile Watson Bot. King v, 102. Stems weak, 2-4 inches high,
from very slender running root stocks: leaves rounded or obovate, 1-3 lines
long: flowers on rather long pedicels in small cymes, 3 lines long, yellow:
petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice the length of the acute sepals and little
exceeding the stamens and styles. Southeastern Uregon to Nevada and
Utah.

S. divaricatum Wateon Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 372 Cespitose with
slender branching rootstock: the lower rosulate leaves oblanceolate or
acutish, roughish on the margin, 6 lines long or less, flowering stems 2-8
inches high, branches of the cymes once forked: flowers nearly sessile,
bright yellow, with short lanceolate sepals and narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate petals: carpels united at base strongly divergent above. Eastern
Cregon and Washington.

++ Leaves lanceolate to subulate, mostly acute.
+ Perennials. :

S. Douglasii Hook. Fl.i, 228. Sranching at base from a stout prolif-
erous root-stock : the rather stout stems 6-10 inches high: leaves lanceolate
or the lowest linear-subulate 6-12 lines long, smooth on the margins, flat
above, carinate beneath: flowers yellow, sessile,in an open,cyme: petals
2-3 lines long, acuminate-lanceolate, twice the length of the ovate acumi-
nate sepals ‘and exceeding the stamens: carpels united at base, strongly
divergent. Brit. Columbia to Uregon west of the Cascade Range.

S. unifiorum Stems rather slender, branching at the base, from a short
proliferous caudex, 4-8 inches high, leaves lanceolate; acuminate,flat above,
carinate beneath, 4-8 lines long: stems ' earing numerous propagula and
terminated by a single flower: petals lanceolate; sepals a little longer than
the stamens. On rocks along the Willamette and Columbia rivers near
Portland.

214 CRASSULACES. COTYLEDON.

S. ciliosam. Stems branching from a short proliferous root-stock, 2-4
inches high: leaves lanceolate from a broad base, long acuminate, 6-10 lines
long, ciliate on the margin or the cauline smooth: flowers yellow in small
compact cymes, sessile: petals lanceolate, acuminate, a little longer than
the stamens, twice as long as the ovate long-acuminate sepals: carpels
divergent above. On rocksin the Coast mountains near Roseburg, Oregon.

S. stenopetalum Pursh. Fl. 324. Cespitose: stems erect from a
decumbent base, 2-4 inches high: leaves lanceolate, closely sessile, 2-4
lines long, granular-puberulent : flowers yellow, crowded in close compound
cymes, on short pedicels: petals lanceolate acute equalling or a little ex-
ceeding the stamens, twice as long as the ovate sepals: carpels erect, tipped
‘by the long divergent styles. Onthe higher ridges of Eastern Washington
and Oregon to the Rocky Mountains.

+ + Annuals.

S. pumilum Benth. Pl. Hartw. 310. Slender, branching or single, 1-3
inches high: leaves ovate-oblong, a line or two long: flowers sessile, in
sparingly branched cymes, yellow: calyx-lobes very small, triangular,
‘acute; petals linear, acute, 1-2 lines long, exceeding the stamens and
style: follicles short, 1-seeded, the seed erect, filling the cavity. On gray-
elly soil Oregon Nuttall to California.

COTYLEDON L. Gen. n. 578.

Herbs or soft-wood plants with thick fleshy entire leaves and
often showy, mostly scarlet and yellow flowers in scorpioid cymes
or Jong racemes. Calyx 5-parted, petals united into a 5-lobed
pitcher-shaped or cylindrical corolla. Stamens 10 inserted on
the corolla-tube : carpels distinct or rarely united at base, many-
seeded beaked by th subulate style.

C. Oregonensis Watson Proc Am. Acad. xvii, 373. Stems ascending
from a stout branched rooting caudex 6-8 inches high, the rosulate basal
leaves spatulate, obtuse, 8-15 lines long, the cauline oblong-spatulate, 6
lines long or less: peduncles ax‘llary along the upper part of the stem 6-12:
-Tines long, bearing short simple or compound few-flowered racemes, pedi-
ceils 1-2 lines long, with small bractlets; sepals deltoid, a line long: petals
pale yellow, united below the middle. 4 lines long; stamens slightly shorter,
‘carpels oblong, rounded at the top, apiculate with the slender style. East-
ern base of the Cascade Mts. near Mt. Hood.

C_ farinosa Baker Refug. Bot 1, t. 71. Caulescent: ‘more or less
mealy-pulverulent: rosulate leaves rather flaccid, ascending, lanceolate,
acuminate, the larger ones 2-4 inches long, very acute: flowering branches
a span high or less with scattered broadly ovate to lanceolate clasping
leaves: flowers in a rather close short compound cyme; bracts ovate-lanceo-
‘late, rather large ; pedicels stout, 1-3 lines long: sepals broadly lanceolate,
about 3 lines long; petals yellow. oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, 4-6
‘lines long; carpels ovate-oblong about three lines long. At the mouth of
‘the Chetco River, Orezon and Southward along the Coast.

OrDER XXXIV. DROSERACE- 8. F. Grav Arr. Brit: P1. ii, 664.

Herbs or rarely suffrutescent plants with alternate or crowded
entire, usually viscid-glandular leaves without stipules and
perfect flowers. Se als 5, persistent, equal, sometimes united
at base; imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, alternate with the
sepals, marcescent, stamens distinct, usually as many as petals

DROSERA. CERATOPHYLLACEZ. 215
CERATOPHYLLUM.

and alternate with them, rarely 2 ox 3 times as many, marces-
cent; anthers extrorse or innate, the cells distinct or somewhat
connivent above, opening down the sides or rarely by a term!-
nal pore. Ovary composed of 2—5 united carpels: placenta
parietai or filling the base of the cell. Styles 2-5, distinct or
united at base, each 2-parted, or multifid and pencil-shaped,
sometimes all united into one. Capsule loculicidally 2-5-valved
or indehiscent mostly many-seeded. Seeds anatropous; the
testa sometimes arilliform. Embryo short, at the base of car-
tilaginous or fleshy albumen.

1 DROSERA L. Gen. n. 391 (SuNDEW).

Small herbs growing in sphagnous.or sandy marshes, with the
leaves all radical and furnished with numerous long glandular
hairs, and small flowers on simple scapes. Stamens 5, styles
3-5, 2-parted with the divisions somewhat thickened toward the
apex, or multifid. Capsule subglobose or ovoid, usually 3-valved
at the top; the valves placentiferous to the top Seeds numer-
ous, in 2-5 rows on each placenta.

D. rotundifolia L. Sp. i, 281. Leaves spreading, orbicular, ab-
ruptly attenuate toa long hairy petiole: scapes 2-6 inches high, 5-10-flow-
ered: petals oblong, 2 lines lou,,, 1 littie exceeding the oblong sepals: styles
short, 2-parted: capsule included in the calyx: seeds linear with a loose
ce in cold marshes Alaska to California, the Atlantic States and
-kurope.

D. Anglica Hudson Fl. Angl. 135. Leaves ascending, oblong, attenuate
:into the slender naked petioles: scapes 3-10 inches high, sometimes forked
at the top, few-flowered: petals linear-oblanceolate 3-4 lines long nearly
twice longer than the oblong sepals: capsule exceeding the calyx : seeds
linear with a loose coat: In cold marshes alaska to California, Siberia and
northern Europe.

Orper XXXV. CERATOPHYLLACEH. Gray, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y. iv. 41.

Perennial submerged aquatic herbs with cylindrical jointed
stems and branches, verticillate, sessile, filliformly 2-3-choto-
mous leaves without stipules, and sessile axillary-flowers.
Flowers moncecious without perianth but surrounded by a
persistén: 8 -12-cleft involucre; anthers numerous sessile, fleshy,

: 2-3-cuspidate at top, ovary solitary, 1-celled, with a pendulous
orthotropous ovule; achene beaked by the slender persistent
style,seeds with membranous transparent testa and no albumen;
radicle inferior very short; the cotyledons thick and oval, the

pohly developed plumule consisting of several nodes and
eaves.
1 CERATOPHYLLUM L. Gertn Fr. t. 44.
Characters as of the order. °

Cc. demersum L. Sp. 1409. Stems very slender, a foot or two long,

216 LYS HRACEA. AMMANDIA.

gmooth or nearly so: leaves in numerous whorls of 6-8, the filiform or
linear segments acute, more or less aculeate-dentate. 14 to one inch long:
achene 2 lines long or more, elliptical, somewhat compressed, shortly stipi-
tate, with a short spine or tubercle on each side near the base, not mar-
gined : style aslong as the achenes. Washington to California, the East-
ern States and Eurove.

Orper XXXVI. LYTHRACE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 184.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with usually 4-sided branches
opposite, rarely a‘ternate, entire leaves without stipules and
flowers in the axils or in terminal racemes. Sepals combined
into a 4 -7-toothed or lobed calyx; the lobes valvate or distant
in the bud; the sinuses sometimes produced into accessory ‘
lobes or processes. Petals alternate with the proper lobes of
the calyx and inserted on its throat, deciduous, sometimes
wanting. Stamens inserted into the tube of the calyx below
the petals, equal to them in number, or 2-4 times as many,
rarely fewer: anthers short, introrse. Ovary enclosed in but
‘free from the calyx, 2-4-celled, with numerous ovules in
each cell; the placente in the axis: style filiform, sometimes
short or almost none: stigma usually capitate Capsule mem-
branaceous, surrounded by the calyx, often one-celled by the.
obliteration of the partitions, dehiscent either longitudinally or
irregularly. Seeds numerous and small, rarely few and large,
anatropous, without albumen. Cotelydons flat and foliaceous.

1. Ammannia. Calyx barely 4-angled, short: stamens 4 or 8: capsule
globular.

2. Lythrum. Calyx striate, cylindrical: petals usually 6: stamens
as many or twice as many: capsule oblong or cylindrical.

AMMANNIA Houst. L. Gen. n. 155.

Herbs with square stems, opposite entire leaves and axillary
bracteolate flowers. Calyx more or less campanulate, 4—5-toothed
or lobed, the sinuses usually expanding into spreading accessory
teeth or horns. Petals as many as lobes of the calyx or want-
ing. Stamens as many or twice as many as lobes of the calyx:
Ovary 2-4-celled: style short or rather long: stigma capitate, cap-
sule globose or ovoid, included in the calyx, either bursting trans-
versely or opening by valves. Seeds numerous, attached to thick
central placente.

A. latifolia L. Sp. 115. Stems erect, branching, 6-24 inches high:
leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, dilated and obtusely cordate-auriculate at
base, closely sessile, 2-3 inches long: flowers 1-5 in each axil, somewhat
pedunculate, at least when solitary: calyx 4-angled or pleated, with 4 short
lobes and as many small spreading horn-like processes: petals 4. caducous;
stamens 4; style more than half as long as the capsule: capsule 4-celled.
Wet places along the Columbia River and the Eastern States.

A. humilis Michx. Fl. i, 99. Stems ascending, 2-10 inches high,
branching from the base: leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, taper-
ing below to a short petiole or sessile: flowers sessile or 2-3 in the lower
axils; calyx 4-angled with 4 short lobes and as many small spreading pro-

LYTHRUM. HALORAGE. Q17
HIPPURIS.

cesses; petals 4, caducous; stamens 4; style very short or none; capsule
4-celled. On wet banks, along the Columbia River and the Eastern States.

2 LYTHRUM Juss. Gen. 132.

Herbs, rarely suffrutescent plants, with opposite or scat-
tered entire leaves and purplish or white flowers. Calyx cylin-
drical, striate, with 4-6 short lobes and usually as many inter-
mediate teeth or processes. Petals 4-6. Stamens as many or
twice as many as petals, inserted on the tube of the calyx.
Style filiform: stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many-
seeded, enclosed in the calyx-tube.

L. adsurgens Greene Pitt. ii, 12. Stems 1-' feet long, from a stoloni-
ferous perennial base, stoutish but tough and flexible, 5-angled, decumbent
or nearly prostrate, herbage pallid and glabrous: leaves scattered, linear,
sessile : calyx 2-3 lines long the small lobes subulate, the intermediate
processes broad and mucronulate: petals pale purple, but little exceeding
the calyx-lobes. In wet or springy places, Puget Sound to California.

Orper XXXVII. HALORAGE/S Endl. Gen. 1155.

Herbs or suffruticose plants growing in water or wet places
with various leaves and small axillary sessile perfect, rarely
monecious or diccious flowers. Limb of the calyx 3-4-lobed or
entire, sometimes wanting. Petals 3-4 small or wanting. Sta-
mens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, some-
times fewer, inserted with the petals into the summit of the
calyx. Ovary coherent with the calyx, 1—4-celled, with a solitary
_pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles 1-4 or none: stigmas as
many as cells of the ovary, distinct. Fruit dry and indehiscent.
Seeds anatropous with a straight embryo and thin fleshy albu-
men.

* Stamens one.
1. Hippuris. Ovary 2-celled: leaves verticillate, linear or oblong, entire.
2. Callitriche. Ovary 4-celled: leaves opposite, linear or spatuiate,
entire.
* * Stamens 5-8.
8. Myriophyllum.. Ovary 4-celled: leaves verticillate subvert'cillate or

scattered, the emersed entire toothed or pectinate, the submerged pin-
natifid.

1 HIPPURIS. L. Gen. n. 11.

Aquatic perennial herbs with simple stems, verticillate entire
leaves and minute axillary flowers. Flowers perfect, or by
abortion sometimes neutral or pistillate. Calyx-tube adherent
to the ovary, the limb minute, entire. Petals none. Stamen
one, inserted on the margin of the calyx. Style filiform, stig:
matic its whole length and lying in a groove of the stamen.
Fruit 1-celled, 4-seeded.

H. vulgaris L. Sp. i, 4. Stems erect, 10-20 inches high, rather stout:
leaves in whorls of 6-12, linear, 8-12 lines long or more, one-nerved:

218 HALORAGE, CALLITRICHE.

‘stamen with large thick filament and rather large 2-celled anther: fruit
‘oval or somewhat 4-sided, 2-3 lines long; stigma persistent. In ponds and

marshes, Alaska to California, the Eastern States and Europe.
Var fluviatilis Hart. Larger; leaves 2-3 inches long, grass-like, in

“closely crowdéd whorls Oregon to Canada and Sweden.

H. tetraphyllum L.i Suppl. 81. Stems 10-12 inches high, leaves in
whorls of 4 or 6, oval to obovate, often feather-veined; fruit less than 2
lines long. Alaska, perhaps northern Washington.

H. montana Ledeb. Reichenb. Incon. Bot.i, 71. Stems 2-4 inches high;
leaves 1-nerved, linear mucronate, in whorls of 5-6, 4-6 lines long: flowers
often monecious: fruit almost oval, a line or more long, minutely granu-
late. In wet turfy places, Alaska to Washington.

2 CALLITRICHE L. Gen. n. 13.

Small, mostly aquatic, herbs with opposite entire leaves with-
out stipules and small axillary monecious flowers without pet-
als. Calyx adherent to the ovary the limb very short or obso-
lete. Petals none. Stamen one with slender filament and cor-
date 4-celled anther., Ovary 4-celled, with 2 filiform styles.

_ Fruit 4-celled, flattened and emarginate, 4-seeded, indehiscent,

the cells separating at maturity into 1-seeded nutlets.

* Emersed leaves obovate-spatulate, 3-nerved, the submersed
linear, (all uniform and narrow in terrestrial forms): carpels connate.

+ Fruit pedicillate, wing-margined; bracts none

C. marginata Torr Pacif R. Rep. iv, 185. Stems slender, branch-
ing, rooting in the mud growing in water: submersed leaves linear, 1-
nerved, running gradually into the emersed oblanceolate or spatulate 3-
nerved ones, or the terrestrial form with linear spatulate 3-nerved leaves
4-5 lines long: peduncles about two-thirds as long as the leaves, spread-
ing or reflexed: styles as long or shorter than the fruit reflexed deciduous:
fruit broader than long with conspicuous membranaceous wings and di-
vergent lobes. From arizona and California to The Dalles, Oregon.

C. sepulta Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 298. Terrestrial, prostrate
and rooting in the mud: the numerous narrowly linear leaves 2-3 lines

‘ long: fruit broader than long emarginate. at both ends, the thick carpels

with acute divergent margins, on stout pedicels 1-3 lines long soon de-
flexed and buried in the soil: stigmas elongated. reflexed, soon deci
Oregon. (Hall 1871.) - Re Sean,

C. verna L.Sp.i,2. Perennial, with elongated stems and floating
rosulate obovate often emarginate leaves which are more or less narrowly
petioled the submerged ones from spatulate to linear: sometimes terres-
trial and rooting with short linear leaves: bracts often longer than the
fruit rarely wanting: stigmas erect or spreading, usually shorter than the
fruit, deciduous: fruit oblong flat on the face mostly with a small apical
notch and narrow apicai wings the grooves between the lobes deep. Com-

mon from Alaska to California, the Eastern States and Europe, Asia and
S. America, i

C. heterophylla Pursh. Perennial with elongated stems and obovate
floating leaves, the submerged ones linear-lanceolate, long acuminate
4-8 lines long, sometimes terrestrial and rooting, with short linear leaves:
stigmas longer than the fruit persistent: fruit obovate, broader than long
with a deep broad notch at the apex. thick, almost ventricose near the
pase, the lobes obtusely angled. with a small groove between them, wing-

MYRIOPHYLLUM. HALORAGES. 219

less or with a narrow wing or raised border on the upper margin. Oregon
to Colorado and the Eastern States.

C. Bolunderi Hegelm. Verhandl. Bot. Verein Brandenb. x, 116. Stems
stout, elongated, floating: leaves rhombic-obovate, the submerged ones
linear: stigmas twice as long as the fruit persistent or sub-persistent :
fruit orbicular or slightly obcordate, with obtuse closely approximate mar-
gins, the lobes scarcely winged. Brit Columbia to California.

* * Submersed perennials with numerous uniform 1-nerved leaves:
flowers without bracts: carpels separated nearly to the axis.

C. autumnalis L.1.c. Stems very slender, 2-10 inches long: leaves
linear truncate or retuse at the apex: fruit sessile, round. deeply notched,
nearly a line in diameter, the margins thin or at length winged: stigma
long. reflexed, caducous. Eastern Oregon to California, the Eastern
States, Europe and Asia.

3 MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Gen. n. 10, 66.

Aquatic usually submersed perennial plants, the upper part
emersed while flowering, with verticillate, sometimes opposite or
alternate leaves, the submersed ones pinnately parted with cap-
illary or filiform segments, and sessile flowers in the axils of the
upper leaves (which are frequently reduced to bracts) bibracteo-
late the uppermost usually staminate, the lower fertile the in-
termediate often perfect. Flowers monecious or frequently
perfect. Calyx 4-parted in the sterile flowers, 4-toothed
in the pistillate and perfect ones. Petals 4, frequently incon-
spicuous or wanting. Stamens 4 or 8. Ovary 4-celled: stigmas
oblong or linear, often compressed, penicillate, or papillose along
the inner surface, recurved. Fruit of 4 indehiscent nut-like
carpels cohering by their inner angles and enclosed-in the ad-
herent tube of the calyx, apiculate with the base of the stigma.

* stamens 8, petals caducous carpels not ridged on the back:
leaves verticillate

M. spicatum LL. Sp. 992. Stems very long and slender, branching:
leaves ternateiy verticillate. submerged all pinnately parted with capillary
segments, emersed teaves bract-like, shorter than the flowers, ovate, entire,
the lowermost larger and serrate: bracteoles triangular-ovate, about halt
the length of the bracts: lobes of the calyx somewhat obtuse: petals
broadly ovate: anthers oblong: stigma short, pubescent along the inner
side: carpels smooth and even. Deep ponds, Washington to California
and the Eastern States.

M. verticillatum L. Sp. 992. Stem stout: leaves ternately verticil-
late, the lower ones pinnately parted with capillary or setaceous seg-
ments, floral leaves pectinate-pinnatifid, commonly much longer than the
flowers: -bracteoles minute: lobes of the calyx nearly lanceolate, acute,
minutely serrulate: petals oblong-obovate: anthers oblong, stigmas
linear-oblong, at length woolly: carpels smooth and even. Uregon,
Nuttall (not since reported) and the Eastern states.

* * Stamens 3: petals somewhat persistent: carpels 1-2 ridged on

the back. .

M. hippuroides Nutt.T & G Fl. i, 530 Leaves quaternately verticil-
late, the lower ones pinnately parted, with capillary segments; floral leaves
linear, remotely denticulate or serrate; petals obovate, carpels nearly 2-
ridged on the back. In ponds, Washington to northern California.

220 ONAGRACE.

M. pinnatum Walt. Leaves in whorls of 3’s and 5’s, sometimes
rcattered, the floral linear, pectinate toothed, or cut serrate, the teeth
comparatively few, 5-12 lines long, gradually changing into the sub-
merged which are in crowded verticels, the capillary pinnz sparse;
spikes 3-6 inches long: petals purplish, somewhat persistent, stamens 4,
very rarely 6: mature fruit about | line long: carpels strongly 2-keeled.

OrpER XX XVIII. ONAGRACEA. Dumort. Anal. Fam. xxxvi. 35,

Herbacecus or sometimes shrubby plants with entire or
toothed leaves, with flowers in the axils or in terminal spikes
or racemes. Sepals united into a tubular calyx, the limb 4
parted rarely more or less; valvate in the bud. Petals usually
as many as the lobes of the calyx, and attenuate with them,
inserted on the summit of the tube: twisted in the bud, some-
times wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes
of the calyx, rarely half as many, inserted with the petals, fila-
ments distinct; ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx, 2-4-
(or by abortion) 1-2-celled: placenta in the axis, style elon-
gated or filiform; stigma capitate or 4-lobed, fruit capsular
with mostly loculicidal dehiscence, or dry and indehiscent,
rarely baccate. Seeds indefinite or solitary in each cell, ana-
tropous without albumen ; embryo straight.

Trise I. Jusstem. Limb of the calyx divided quite down
to the ovary and persistent on a many-seeded capsule. Seeds
naked. :

1. Ludwigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsules short.

Tripe II. Onacrem. Limb of the free tube of the calyx,
when there is any, deciduous from the ovary or capsule. Cap-
sule loculicidal, few to many seeled. Parts of the flowers in
fours. :

* Seeds comose at the apex; stamens 8, lower leaves often opposite.

2. Epilobium. Calyx 4-parted nearly down to the ovary or with a
short and campanulate tuhe beyond it.

* * Seeds not comose: leaves all alternate.

+ aAnthers attached near the middle and versatile. Petals gen-
erally yellow or white.

8. Gayophytum. Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary; this and
the membranous capsule only 2-celled.

+ Stamens all of equal length.
= Stigma deeply 4-cleft, its segments linear.

4. Qnagra. Ovules and seeds horizontal, inserted in 2 or rarely in sev-
eral rows, prismatic-angled.

5. Cnothera. Ovules and seeds ascending in one row; not angled:
flower-buds erect: flowers yellow.

6. Anogra. Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled, in two rows:
flower-buds drooping, flowers pink or white.

LUDWIGIA. ONAGRACES. 221

== Stigma entire or rarely 4-toothed: ovaries and capsule sessile
or nearly so.

7. Taraxia. Stigma capitate: calyx-tube longer than the ovary; usually
adherent to the style.

8. Spherostigma. Stigma capitate: calyx-tube campanulate, shorter
than the ovary. ;

= = = Stigma capitate, ovules and capsule long-stalked.

9 Chylismia. Calyx-tube somewhat funnel-form, many: times shorter
than the ovary.

«+ ++ Flowers irregular: the alternate stamens longer.

10. Pachylophus. Plants normally acaulescent: ovules and seeds few,
sessile: seeds with a deep furrow along the raphe.

+ + Anthers attached at or near the base, remaining erect; those
opposite the petals much shorter or sterile, rarely wanting; petals
never yellow.

11. Godetia. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconical, ite lobes reflexed.
Petals sessile, entire, rarely 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous. Seeds nu-
merous angled or margined.

12. Boisduvalia. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconical, its lobes erect.
Petals sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule membranaceous, the cells few-seeded,
seeds smooth.

13. Clarkia. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconical; its lobes reflexed.
Petals with claws either lobed or entire: the stamens opposite them
often sterile. Capsule coriaceous.

Tripe III. Gaurinem. Limb or produced tube of the calyx
deciduous from the dry and indehiscent 1—-4-seeded fruit. Parts
of the flowers in 4’s or rarely 4’s. Leaves alternate.

14. Gaura. Stamens 8, all perfect. Anthers attached by the middle,
versatile.

15. Heterogaura. Fertile stamens 4 with anthers attached at the base,
sterile stamens 4 opposite the petals.
Trise IV. Crrca#ea. Limb of the calyx deciduous from the
indehiscent burr-like 1-2-seeded fruit. Parts of the flowers in
2’s throughout. Leaves opposite.

16. Cirewa. Small perennial herbs with opposite petioled leaves.
LUDWIGIA L. Gen. n. 153.

Calyx-tube not produced beyond the short ovary, the 4 lobes
usually. persistent. Petals 4 often small or wanting. Stamens
4; filaments short. Capsule short or cylindrical, many-seeded,
4-valved, dehiscent septicidally or by openings at the summit.
Seeds minute. Aquatic or marsh perennials; leaves entire (op-
posite in one species); flowers axillary, mostly solitary and
sessile.

L. palustris Ell. i, 211. Stems creeping and rooting in the mud or
floating, 4-12 inches long or more: leaves all opposite, ovate or oval, 6-12

lines long tapering to a short petiole acute: flowers solitary, sessile: petals
none or short anu reddish: capsule short-oblong 2 lines long or less some-

222 ONAGRACE.E., EPILOBIUM.

what angled. Western Washington and Oregon to California, in the
Eastern States and Europe.

2 EPILOBIUM L. Gen. n. 471.

Perennial or annual herbs, with nearly sessile, denticulate or en-
tire, often fascicled leaves, and rose-colored, purple or white, very
rarely yellow, fowers in panicles or racemes. Tube of the valyx
not conspicuously prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb deeply
4-cleft; campanulate or funnel-form or 4-parted to the base, the
lobes spreading deciduous. Petals 4, spreading or. somewhat
erect. Stamens 8 the 4 alternate ones shorter; anthers - ellipti-
cal or roundish, fixed near the middle. Stigma oblong, clavate
or with four spreading or revolute lobes; capsule linear, 4-sided,
4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, ascending, the summit fur-
nished with a coma or tuft of long hairs.

§ 1. CHammnerion. Calyx cleft almost to the ovary. Cor-
olla slightly irregular. Petals widely expanded. Stamens in-
serted in a single series; the filaments dilated below. Style at
first recurved. Stigma with four ultimately divergent lobes.
Capsule mostly linear-fusiform, many-seeded. Seeds fusiform,
beakless, not papillate in one species. Cespitose perennials
from a stout caudex, bearing sessile scaly winter buds with terete
stems and ample leaves.

E. spicatum Lam. Fl. France 1077. Stems erect, 2-6 feet high, sub-
~ simple, glabrate below: leaves lanceolate, acute, nearly entire, 4-3 inches
long,on very short petioles, thin pinnately veined, with the evident lateral
veins confluent in submarginal loops: infloresence elongated; racemes
with small bracts; young flower buds soon reflexed, but again spreading
or ascending before expansion: petals 5-7 lines long, style exceeding the
stamens, hairy at base; capsule 2-3 inches long; seeds less than a line
long,with very long dingy coma. Alaska to California, the Eastern States,
Europe and Asia.

E. latifolium. L. sp. 347. A span to afoot or more high, frequently
branched, mostly glabrate below; leaves 1-2 inches long; usually oppo-
site and connected below on the branches and rarely on the main stem;
.lanceolate to ovate, acute at both ends, entire or sparingly and minutely
denticulate, scarcely petioled, rather coriaceous, the mostly free lateral
veins inconspicuous: inflorescence usually short and few-flowered, leafy
throughout, the buds not reflexed; petals 8-15 lines long, rather narrow,
styles shorter than the stamens, glabrous; seeds a line long or more.
Damp places Arctic America to N. Soh Oregon and N. E. states, Asia and
the Himalayas.

§ 2. Lystmacuion. Calyx with an evident though usually
short tube mostly somewhat hairy within. Corolla regular, the
petals deeply notched or obcordate; usually not expanding be-
yond funnelform. Stamens inserted in two more or less dis-
tinct whorls; those opposite the sepals longer and more deeply
inserted. Style not declined mostly glabrous.

* Stigma 4-cleft: seeds beakless. Perennials with rather slender
caudex and usually terete stems.

'

EPILOBIUM. ONAGRACE. 223:

+ Capsule linear-fusiform; many seeded; seeds beakless. Rather
tall plants with ample conspicuously-veined chiefly opposite leaves
and large flowers with short and open calyx tube. :

E. luteum Pursh 259. Stems slender a foot or two high, nearly simple};
glabrate below except along the elevated lines decurrent from some of the
nodes: leaves one to three inches long, ovate or ellipticalto broadly lanceo-;
late, acute or acuminate, sinuate-toothed, sessile or when large obliquely”
tapering to a winged petiole, slightly fleshy: inflorescence more or less.
glandular-pubescent; the flowers at first nodding, not very numerous, in
the axils of the somewhat crowded and frequently reduced upper leaves;
petals bright yellow 8-9 lines long, style frequently exserted, its obconical
apex mostly deeply 4-parted : capsule long stalked more or less puberulent;
seeds obovoid very acute at base, smooth or slightly areolated, less than a
line long; coma at length reddish. Uregon to Alaska.

+ + Capsules rather short; subclayate-fusiform ; few-seeded: rather
low and slender stemmed, more or less cespitose plants, usually some-
what shreddy at base :

++ Leaves rather broad; flowers large, rose-purple; style shorter than
the petals. A ae

KE. rigidum Haussgn. Bot. Zeitschr. xxix, 51. Stems decumbent, 4-8"
inches long, glabrous and rather glossy at base, glandular-pubescent
above: leaves 3-16 lines long, the upper more or less attenuate, lanceolate to
nearly obovate, acute, entire, cunedtely narrowed into short winged petioles,
glabrous and very glaucous, firm with mostly inconspicuous lateral veins:
flowers rather few in the axils of the reduced upper leaves which are often
adnate to the base of the peduncles; sovary more or less densely white
pubescent; calyx cleft nearly to the base; petals 7-10 lines long; stigma very
large, its surface pilose-papillate; seed smooth. Eastern base of the
Coast range, Josephine Co, Oregon.

Var. canescens. Trel. Sp. Epilob.83, Densely velvety-canescent through-
out. With the type.

+ + Leaves relatively narrow, flowers rather small; cream-colored,
style exserted; seeds nearly obconical, closely low-papillate.

E. suffruticosum Nutt T. &G. Fl. i, 488. Stems woody and intricately
much branched at base, a span high, minutely canescent throughout or at
length glabrate below: leaves numerous, less than 10 lines long, mainly
opposite, broadly lanceolate, acutish, entire, narrowed below but hardly
petioled, thick, with inconspicuous veins: flowers rather few, in the axils of
the scarcely reduced upper leaves; calyx-tube broadly funnel-form; petals
3-4 lines long; capsule an inch long, short-stalked: seeds a line or more
long; coma long and very dingy. Oregon to northwest Montana and the
Yellowstone Park. :

* * Stigma more or less 4-cleft in the larger flowers, usually sub-
entire in the smaller; capsule prominently ribbed, rather short and
few-seeded ; seeds beakless, very hroad and blunt, usually abruptly
contracted above the base, areolate or low-papillate; coma pale, fall-
ing easily: mostly slender annuals with terete stems, more or less
glandular-pubescent above, and rather firm veinless leaves.

E. paniculatum Nutt. 1. c. 490. Stems rather slender, 1-4 feet high,
loosely dichotomously branched, mostly white glabrate below: leaves
1-2 inches long, chiefly alternate and fascicled in the axils, lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, often folded along the midrib, acute, rather sparingly
denticulate, tapering toa slender winged petiole, gradually passing into
the smaller bracts above: flowers rather remote towards the ends of the
ascending branches, erect: the bracts often carried up on the peduncle;

224 ONAGRACE. EPILOBIUM.

calyx-tube very narrowly funnel-form, 1-2 lines long; petals about 4 lines
long, violet; capsule fusiform, falcate, ascending about LO lines long; seeds
a line long, low-papillate. Brit. Columbia to California, and the
Rocky Mts.

E. jucundum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 57. Stems erect, 2-4 feet
high, diffusely paniculately branched: leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or.
acuminate, sparingly denticulate: 1-2 inches long, narrowed below toa
distinct petiole: flowers somewhat fasciculate at the end of the branches;
tube of the calyx linear, dilated at the top, 6 lines long; petals obcordate
6 lines long or more; capsule somewhat clavate. Dry prairies, eastern
Washington to northern California.

E. Hammondi. Stems slender and flexuous,1-3 feet high, paniculately
branched above, glabrate and whitish below: leaves linear, 1-2 inches long:
flowers larger, borne towards the ends of the branches, erect: calyx tube
6-8 lines long, almost filiform below ; petals obcordate, 6 lines long or more,
bright purple: capsule lanceolate to somewhat clavate about an inch long,
ascending. On dry rocky slopes, Southwestern Oregon, blooming in
August and September.

E. minutum Lindl. Hook. Fl. I. 207. Stems slender, a span or two
high, simple or mostly with ascending branches throughout, crisp-pubes-
cent below: leaves 6-10 lines long, usually alternate, narrowly to broadly
lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, acutish, undulate, cuneately narrowed to
a slender winged petiole; flowers rather numerous, erect; calyx tube
broadly funnel-form, short; petals |-2 lines long; capsules about one inch
long, narrowed to the base, on short pedicles; seeds less than a line long,
reticulated or low papillate. Brit ©olumbia to California.

** * Stigma clavate, entire or slightly notched: coma of seeds
mostly persistent. Plants of various habit; perennial by rhizomes,
stolons, turions, etc. (Exceptions are E. exaltatum and E. Oreganum,
both of which have conspicuously 4-lobed stigmas. )

+ Spreading by filiform remotely scaly subterranean shoots which
end in ovoid winter bulblets with fleshy scales: capsule many-seeded :
seeds more or less papillate mostly fusiform with conspicuous trans-
lucent beak at insertion of coma.

E. palustre L Sp. 348. Quite canescent above, with incurved hairs;
leaves 1-2 inches long, narrowly oblong or rarely lanceolate, obtuse or
almost truncate, gradually narrowed to a sessile base: fruiting peduncle
often long and slender; flowers few, mostly nodding at first; seed fusiform
with prominent scarcely narrowed translucent point’ Swamps and wet
places, Alaska to Oregon and the N. E. states.

+ + Producing at base of stem in late summer and autumn ro-
settes of foliage; leaves not revolute, more or less toothed: seeds
papillate. ;

+ Habit of E. palustre: stems terete or with occasional low decur-
rent lines: seeds fusiform, prominently beaked.

E. Davuricum Fischer. A span or two high, mostly simple, the very
slender stems sparingly incurved-pubescent, otherwise glabrous; roots
densely fascicled: leaves less than 8 lines long, somewhat crowded at base,
alternate and remote above, linear or oblong, obtuse, remotely denticu-
late, sessile, 1-nerved: flowers pale, not very numerous, nodding: capsule
erect, 2) lines long, on long slender peduncles; seeds less than a line long;
coma white. Bogs Alaska to Washington and east to the Selkirk range.

++ ++ Qoarser branched plants of the habit of E. coloratum: stems
with rather prominent ridges decurrent from some of the leaves:

i

EPILOBIUM. ONAGRACES. , 225

leaves usually ample, commonly toothed, with evident lateral veins;
capsule 20-25 lines long; seeds mostly broadly obovoid, short-beaked,
sharply papillate in rather distinct longitudinal lines.

_ = Large flowered for the group, with rather deep violet petals 3-5
lines long, hairs within calyx-tube well developed: leaves mainly op-
posite; 1-2 inches long.

E. Franciscanum Barbzy. Bot. Cal. i, 220 A span to mostly a foot
or two high, the larger forms much branched; subcanescent or more or
less pilose above; leaves elliptical-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; obtuse,
with rather numerous and prominent serrations; rounded to the very
short and broad petioles: flowers at first crowded scarcely exceeding the
somewhat reduced leaves, .clustered at the end of branches; seeds broad,
very hyaline-papillate. Oregon to California and Nevada.

= = Petals 2-3 lines long, pale to mostly rather deep rose-colored;
leaves for the most part attenuate, rather broad often purple in
autumn.

E. coloratum Muhl. Glabrate below, the rather numerous panicled
branches canescent with incurved hairs, at least along the decurrent lines
and more or less glandular towards the end: leaves 2-6 inches long, lanceo-
late to oblong-lanceolate, acute, deeply and irregularly serrulate, mostly
gradually narrowed to ea pienone slender petioles, glabrous except the
uppermost, rugose veiny: flowers very numerous more or less nodding;
patals 1-2 lines long, rosy: fruiting peduncles slender mostly short:
seeds beakless, strongly papillate; coma at length cinnamon-colored, at
least at base. Oregon and Eastern States.

E. adenocaulon Hausskn.1.c. 119. Habit of the preceding; inflorescence
and capsule very glandular-pubescent, with few if any incurved hairs; leaves
2 inches long or more; frequently erect, elliptical to mostly ovate-lanceo-
late, obtuse, only slightly serrulate or denticulate, abruptly rounded to
short winged petioles, rather pale green and glossy, glabrous except the
uppermost which are gradually reduced and seldom as rugose asin E.
coloratum; flowers very numerous, more or less nodding, two lines long,
rosy; seeds obovoid, abruptly short-beaked; coma white. Oregon to New
Brunswick, Pennsylvania, Utah and California.

Var. occidentale Trel. l.c. 95 Remotely leafy, especially the mostly
strict glandular branches; leaves more triangular-lanceolate ; 2 inches long
on oe main stem, prominently denticulate. Brit. Columbia to Central
California.

Var.(2) perplexans Trel. ].c. 96. Slender, subsimple or with few ascend-
ing remotely leafy branches; less glandular, the inflorescence sometimes
canescent with incurved hairs: leaves scarcely 2 inches long, divergent,
‘lanceolate, rather obtuse, the upper acutely tapering to'slender sometimes
elongated petiales. Yellowstone Park to Uregon and California.

+ + + Producing globose or ovoid sessile or sub-sessile subter-
ranean winter bulblets with fleshy scales: seeds papillate and more or
less beaked.

~+ Leaves mostly broad and ample or of medium size and with evi-
dent lateral veins; stems with more or less prominent lines decurrent
from some of the nodes.

E. delicatum Trel.1.c. 98. Slender stemmed, glabrous except for the

* crisp-hairy lines above and slightly crisp-hairy or glandular inflorescence:
leaves as much as 38 lines long, mostly very divergent, chiefly ovate-lance-
olate and obtuse, undulately low-denticulate, rounded to the very short
narrow base or cuneate and somewhat petioled, thin and pale: flowers

226 ONAGRACE. EPILOBIUM.

few nodding; petals 2-4 lines long, violet; capsules 20-30 lines long, their slen-
der peduncles about half as long: seeds finely papillate; coma dingy.
Union county, Oregon (Cusick).

E. glandulosum Lehm. Hook. Fl. i, 206. Tall and rather thick
stemmed, the largest specimens branched; commonly somewhat loosely
crisp-pubescent above or with very flexuous glandular hair-: leaves
crowded near the summit, frequently exceeding the inflorescence; 3-5
inches long, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the upper ‘acute or sub-
acuminate, prominently serrulate, mostly abruptly rounded to the base,
drying dark: flowers erect,near the end of the stem: petals 2-3 lines long,
more or less purple; capsules about 30 lines long, short-stalked: seeds
coarsely hyaline-papillate or with the papille often entirely collapsed,
very blunt above; coma dingy. “Alaska and Brit. Columbia, perhaps

Washin gton.

E. brevistylum Barbey. Bot. Cal. i, 220. Slender pubescent, leaves
scarcely 2 inches long, ovate or elliptical. loosely and uniformly distrib-
uted along the stem, the uppermost reduced and surpassed by the nearly
glabrous capsule; seeds slightly tapering upwards, coarsely hyaline-papil-
late. Springs etc , Washington to California.

E. ursinum S. B. Parish. A span to a foot high, slender: both
leaves and stems below pilose with’ rather remote and spreading long
white hairs; the infloresence minutely glandular-pubescent: leaves an
inch long or less, rather uniformly and in larger plants remotely distrib-
uted, ovate, broadly lanceolate, the upper subacute and serrate, the lower
blunter and finely denticulate or nearly entire, very abruptly rounded to
the sessile base, tlowers few, erect or somewhat nodding; petals white or
lavender, 2-3 lines long: capsules ascending 15 lines long on very siender
peduncles of more than half their length, soon glabrous; seeds olten very
rough, short beaked: coma rather scant, white. San Bernardino county
California to Washington, ,

Var. subfaleatum Trel. 1.c.101. Lower but often branched below,almost
witbout decurrent lines, densely tomentose or pilose to the glandular
shorter inflorescence; leaves narrower sometimes falcate, entire or remotely
and inconspicuously denticulate, mostlyfobtuse, more cuneate at base, more
tomentose with inconspicuous lateral veins; capsule at first very short
stalked. California to Southern Oregon. :

‘ E. Halleanum Hausskn. Monog Epilob. 261 Tall and slender, glan-
dular-puberulent throughout or soon glabrous below. leaves remote, mostly
ascending 10-15 lines long ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the lower obtuse,
decidedly undulate-serrulate, abruptly sessile or some of them clasping
decurrent by the broad base; flowers and capsules ultimately rather
remote in the upper axils; petals 2-3 lines long, pale to mostly rather
deep violet; capsule almost 2 inches long on slender peduncles of nearly
equal length, exceeding the subtending leaves: seeds sometimes smooth
usually very finely papillate, fusiform, blunt at base, with gradually nar-
zoe pale apex and hyaline beak ; coma scarcely dingy. Vancouver Island
o Oregon.

it Leaves rather small with less conspicuous lateral veins evidently
petioled; stems terete but sometimes pubescent in lines. Much-
branched small plants, with the rather spreading leaves therefore
mainly attenuate.

E. leptocarpum Hausskn. |.c. 258. A span or less high, glabrous except
for some incurved pubescence on the.stem: leaves less than10 lines long
broadly lanceolate, sparingly low-toothed, tapering from near the middle
to the obtuse or subacute apex and winced petiole; flowers abundant

EPILOBIUM. ONAGRACEA, 227

for the size of the plant; calyx-tube narrow; petals about 2 lines long, rosy

capsules 10 lines long,on very slender peduncles of nearly equal length;
seeds nearly ellipsoidal. shortly hyaline esbed coma at length cinnamon-
+ colored. Oregon (Hall No. 188.)

Var.(?) Macounii Trel.1 c. 105 Less branched, crisp-pubescent in lines,the
same pubescence more or less abundant also on the flowers and capsules;
leaves more ovate; seeds longer; coma paler. Washington to Athabasca.

+ + + + Producing subterranean scaly branches which ulti-
mately turn upwards and usually develop at once into leafy shoots.

+ Gla>rous and glaucous; stems terete slender rather tall except in
the variety usually somewhat cespitose, leaves mortly simple and oppo-
site, subsessile with faint lateral veins; flowers erect or suberect; seeds
obovoid; scarcely beaked, coarsely papillate.

E. glaberrimum Barbey. Bot. Cal. i, 220. About a foot high, simple
or nearly sv: leaves erect or ascending, often remote, an inch long, all but
the lowest lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire to slightly repand, narrowed
to the sometimes subpetioled base: petals purple to nearly white, 2-4 lines
long; capsule 3 inches long, linear, falcate; seeds very rough with blunt
papille, abruptly rounded to the short insertion of the barely dingy coma.
In high mountains Washington to California.

Var. latifolium Barbey' 1. c. Rather firmer stemmed and more

branched; sometimes dwarf; leaves more divergent scarcely an inch long;

‘ broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly subcordately contracted to the
very short base. Oregon to California and the mountains of Utah.

++ + Puberulent at least in lines; seeds more fusiform, usually
somewhat beaked above.

=. Seeds papillate.

E. Oreganum Greene Pitt. i, 225. Two to four feet high, stout sim-
ple or sparingly branched with ascending: branches, glabrate and glaucous
below. glandular-puberulent above: leaves ascending 2-3 inches long,
lanceolate obtuse, closely denticulate, cuneately subsessile or abruptly
rounded to short winged petioles; flowers rather numerous, erect in the
axils of the reduced upper leaves; calyx-tube 1-2 lines long, narrowly
funnel-form, petals violet 4-6 lines long, pubescent near the apex and on
the outside of the four divergent stigmatic lobes; capsule nearly erect 20
lines long, usually subsessile; seeds oblong, fusiform, obliquely pointed at
base and very shortly pellucid-beaked; coma white. In runoing water
Spring Hill, Grant’s Pass,Oregon.

E. Hornemanni Reichenb. Incon. Cirt. ii, 73. Mostly a span or two
high; ascending, simple, somewhat crisp-hairy in the inflorescence and
along.the decurrent lines or slightly grandular at top, otherwise glabrate:
leaves about an inch long, elliptical ovate, mostly very obtuse, nearly entire
to remotely serrulate, the lower cuneately narrowed, the upper usually
abruptly rounded to the short petioles: flowers rather few, nearly erect:
petals 2-4 lines long, lilac to deep violet; capsule an inch long, slender,
erect on slender peduncles, about equalling the gradually reduced suh-
tending leaves; seeds rather abruptly short’ appendaged; coma somewhat
dingy. Mountains, Brit Columbia to California, Colorado, Utah and

urope ,

= = Seeds smooth or merely areolate.

Es Bongardi Hausskn Oesterr Bot Zeitschr. xxix 89. A foot or less
high, erect, simple with crisp hairy lines, apex at first nodding: leaves 1-2
inches long, crowded above, very broadly lanceolate, the upper acute,

228 ONAGRACEA, EPILOBIUM.

sharply but remotely denticulate. usually crisp-ciliate, gradually narrowed
to the conspicuous cuneately winged base; inflorescence sparingly glandu-
lar; flowers rather few, somewhat nodding: petals about 4 lines long pale
or rosy; capsule rather slender, 20 lines long, on slender peduncles much
shorter than the leaves: seeds nearly beakless; comadingy. Alaska and
the adjacent islands, peraps Washington.

+ + + + + Often more or less cespitose by leafy stolons, other-
wise simple or nearly so, sometimes apparently annual.

+» Seeds smooth or at most undulate-areolate except in forms re-
ferred to Oregonense.

= Leaves rather ample.

E, alpinum L. Sp. 348, in Part. Mostly a span or two high, simple,
inflorescence and decurrent lines nearly glabrous; leaves thin and delicate,
pale green, 20 lines long, sub-elliptical, rather obtuse, subentire to some-
what sharply serrulate, gradually narrowed to slender petioles: flowers
few, suberect. in the upper axils; petals a line or more long, white or rosy-
tipped; capsule very slender, erect or ascending, about-2 incles long, their
peduncles rather slender and about equalling the subtending leaves or
stouter and as long as the capsules: seeds smooth gradually attenuated at
apex, with veiny beak. In the high mountain swamps, Brit Columbia to
California and Eastern States.

= = Leaves narrow, subentire.
E. Oregonense Hausskn Monogr. Epilob. 270. A span high with

few sterile shoots at base, erect even as to the apex, glabrous except for *

very sparing glandular hairs in the inflorescence; leaves 6-1u lines long
crowded lelow, remote and very small above, narrowly oblong-ovate or the
uppermost linear very obtuse, remotely denticulate, somewhat cuneately
narrowed at base but sessile: flowers few, strictly erect; petals deep violet,
4 lines long; capsules about 2 inches long slender strict, much surpassing
the summit of the stem, their very slender peduncles of nearly equal
length, far exceeding the subtending leaves; seeds smooth, blunt. Bogs,
Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

Var. (2) gracillimuin Trel. Sp Epilob. 105. A span to nearly a foot
high, cespitose, very slender; quickly erect and hardly bent at top, glab-
rous except’the very: minutely and sparingly glandular inflorescence:
leaves shorter than the internodes, narrow, entire keeled, on the midrib;
flowers few, nearly erect; petals: white or pale, 3 lines long; seeds evi-
geniy papillate, the beak scarcely hyaline Bogs, Washington to Cali-
ornia. : ; i

E. anagallidifolium Lam. Dict ii, 376. About a span high, at length
rather densely cespitose, otherwise unbranched, stems very slender,
strongly nodding at apex, somewhat crisp-hairy at least in lines; leaves 5-10
lines long, all but the lowermost very narrowly ovate or oblong, rather
obtuse, entire or remotely denticulate; flowers few, crowded at apex
somewhat nodding; petals lilac to violet, 2 lines long; capsule one inch
long, slender, surpassing the end of the stem, their rather slender pedun-
cles shorter than the leaves or when only one or two are present equalling
the capsules; seeds short-beaked; coma somewhat dingy. Arctic America

to California, also in the Old World. e

+ ++ Seeds often coarsely papillate, nearly one-half longer than
in the preceding group

E. clavatum Trel. 1 ‘ell. A span high, mostly densely cespitose, the
slender-stems ascending, glabrate to sparingly glandular throughout; leaves
8-10 lines long, broadly ovate, very obtuse, mostly rounded to evident peti-

GAYOPHYTUM. ONAGRACEA. 229°

oles: flowers rather few,, suberect, petals rose-colored, 2 lines long, capsules
an inch long, subclavate, arcuately divergent the lowest often not reach-.
ing the apex of the stem, their slender peduncles equalling the subtending
leaves: seeds fusiform, taperiug into a pale beak. Oregon to Brit. Colum-
bia, Wyoming and Utah.

38 GAYOPHYTUM. A. Juss, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxv, 18, Pl. 4.

Z

Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary: the 4-parted decid-
uous limb reflexed. Petals 4, white or rose-colored, very small,
obovate or oval with a very short claw. Stamens 8; anthers
broad or rounded, attached by the middle, those opposite to the
petals on shorter filaments and usually sterile. Ovary 2-celled:
style short: stigma capitate or clavate. Capsulemembranaceous,
clavate, 2-celled, 4-valved. Seeds few to many, in one row in each
cell, small, smooth, oblong, naked, ascending. Very slender
branching annuals, of Western North America and Chili, with
linear entire leaves and axillary flowers. The following are the
only North American species known:

G. lasiospermum Greene Pitt. ii, 164. Stems 10-12 inches high, ©
loosely dichotomous with filiform branches: the upper leaves and inftor-
escence more or less canescent with appressed or spreading short hairs:
leaves ascending; flowers small, the petals about 4 line long: shorter
stamens with small anthers: stigma globose, about 2 lines in diameter:
capsule erect, about equalling the subtending leaves, narrowly linear or
slightly clavate, scarcely torulose, on slender pedicels about z lines long:
seeds miostly numerous, erect, not papillate, finely appressed pubescent.
In the high mountains, Washington to Southern California.

G. diffusum T.&G _ Fl. i, 513. Minutely pubescent above especially
when young, stems very slender, 6-18 inches high diffusely much
branched above; leaves linear-spatulate to linear, the lower obtuse, the
upper acute or acuminate; flowers 2 lines in diameter, petals ovate a line
or less long; stamens all fertile; stigma small clavate; pod linear-subu-
late, minutely canescent, attenuate below to a slender pedicel; the cells:
4-8-seeded Brit Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

G. eriospermum Coville Bot Death Valley Exp. 103. Stems 12-20
inches high, glabrous, widely branching: leaves narrowly linear, acute,
attenuate at base, the largest 2 inches long and 3 lines broad: pedicels 4-8
lines long, erect: ovary appressed-pubescent: calyx-lobes 2 lines long,
sparingly appressed-hairy: petals 3-4 lines long, obovate, rose-colored in
age: capsule erect, about 5 lines long, torulose, commonly 8-1U-seeded :
seeds a line long, narrowly obovate, densely pubescent. In the mountains
of Svutheastern Uregon’ to widdle California.

G. ramosissmum T. & G. Fl. i, 518. Glabrous or the inflorescence
sometimes puberulent, diffusely much branched 6-18 inches high; leaves
an inch long or less: flowers half a line long, mostly near the ends of the
branches; capsule oblong, two or three lines long, on pedicels about the
Same length or shorter, often deflexed; 3-5-seeded. Eastern Oregon to
Mariposa county, California. :

G. racemosum T. & G.1..c. Glabrous or more or les3canescent with
short appressed hairs; 6-18 inches high, the elongated branches mostly
simple; flowers half a line long, axillary the whole length of the branches;
capsules linear, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, 8-lu lines long, usually
Imany-seeded. Brit. Columbia to California,

230 ONAGRACEA, ONAGRA.
ANOGRA.

G. pumilam Watson .Proc. Am. Acad. Filiform stems 2-6 inches
high, somewhat ‘strict, sparingly branched: above: flowers less than a line
broad; capsule erect, very shortly pedicelled, 6 lines long by half a line
broad or more; the numerous seeds oblique in the cells. - Marshy places
in the high mountains, from Washington to California,

4 ONAGRA Adns. Fam. Pl, ii, 85.

Caulescent annual or biennial herbs with alternate leaves and
yellow nocturnal flowers,that are erect before opening. Calyx-
tube more or less prolonged above the ovary, deciduous, segments
4, reflexed. Petals 4, equal obcordate to obovate sessile, yellow
changing to pink in age. Stamens 8, equal in length. Stigma
deeply 4-cleft, its segments linear. Ovules and seeds horizontal,
inserted in two rows, rarely in several rows, prismatic-angled.

0. Hookeri. Small Bull. Torr. Club xxiii, 17!. Ciénothera Hookeri T.
&G. Fl. i, 493. CE. biennis of authors as.to plants of ourrange. stems
erect, usually stout and mostly simple, 1-5 feet high, canescently pubescent
and more or less hirsute or strigose : root often persisting for three or more
years: leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, acute or
acuminate, repandly denticulate, the lowest petioled: flowers sessile, in a
leafy spike; calyx villous, the tube twice the length of the ovary, rather
shorter than the slightly acuminate segments: petals obcordate, 6-12 lines
long, stigma linear; somewhat thickened : capsule ¥-12 lines long, more or
less pubescent or hirsute. Common along rivers, etc. Washington to
California and the Rocky Mountains. ‘

6 ANOGRA Spach. Ann. Sci. Nat. (IT iv, 164.

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs with alternate leaves
and axillary white, becoming rose-color, diurnal flowers that are
nodding in the bud. Calyx-tube prolonged above. the ovary,
deciduous. Stamens 8, equal. Style filiform; stigma 4-lobed.
Capsule coriaceous or somewhat woody, dehiscing loculicidally,
4-valved. Ovules and seeds in 2 rows in each cell ascending,
not angled. :

A. trichocalyx. Smalll.c Cnothera trichocalyx Nutt. Stems mostly
stout, 6-12 inches long, erect or decumbent at base, white and shining,
from a perennial base: leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate or rhomboidal,
2-4 inches long, acute or acuminate, attenuate to a tong petiole, repandly
denticulate or sinuate-pinnatifid with irregular marginal segments or the
lowest entire: calyx very villous, the bud obtuse: tube slender, 6-18 lines
long, naked: petals about equalling the calyx-tube, very broad, entire or
deeply sinuous: capsule linear, tapering upward, 1-2 inches long: seeds
linear not punctate, subangled. Southeastern Oregon to California and
the Rocky Mountains.

A. pallida Britton Mem. Torr Club v. Mnothera albicaulis of authors
as to the plants in our range. Stems rather stout, 6-24 inches high, simple
or branched, white and often shreddy, from a perennial running root-
stock: leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, entire or repand-
denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid towards the base: calyx with the tips of
the segments free, the tube rather slender, 9-12 lines long, throat naked;
petals equalling or somewhat shorter than the tube, suborbicular, entire
or emarginate; capsule linear, tapering upward, 1-2 inches long; seeds
lanceo-linear, smooth, subangled. On sandy plains, Brit. Columbia to
Oregon and Minnesota.

TARAXIA, ONAGRACE, 231

7 TARAXIA Nutt. Raimann in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pfl. Fam. 111, 216..

Acaulescent plant with pinnatifid or entire leaves:
and yellow or white axillary flowers.. Calyx 4-parted,.
the tube filiform, longer than the ovary, marcescent or tardily
deciduous, Petals 4, deviducus. Stamens 8, erect; anthers oval’
or oblong and fixed near the base or linear and fixed near the:
middle. Style usually adherent to the calyx-tube: stigma capi-.
tate, entire or rarely 4-toothed Capsule sessile. ‘Seeds some-~.
what ascending, in a double series with a crustaceous testa.

T. graciliflora Raimann. 1. c. (Enothera gracilifora H. & 4. Small
villous annual: leaves linear, 18-30 lines long acuminate or obtuse. attenu-
ate or more frequently broad at base, entire or obscurely repand-dentate,
ciliate calyx-tube 6-18 lines long; petals 3-5 lines long, yellow changing to.
greenish in age: capsule compressed-ovate 4-6 lines long -coriaceous, tet- ,
ragonal below and 4-winged above the middle, the wings obliquely, truncate
and hairy: seeds horizontal, smooth. On barren plains and gravelly bars,
southern Oregon and California.

T. heterantha Small l.c. Mnothera heterantha Nutt. Glabrous per-
ennial: leaves oblong-lanceolate tapering into a slender petiole. acute or
acuminate, entire or repand, 2-4 inches long: tube of the calyx much
shorter than the leaves, the segments linear-lanceolate; about the length
of the broadly obovate retuse petals, anthers oblong, fixed near the base,
capsule 9 lines long, obovoid-oblong, tetragonal, attenuate above into the
persistent calyx-tube, the sides nearly flat, ribbed, subreticulated: seeds
numerous, minutely pitted. On dry plains, Eastern Oregon and Idaho to-
Utah and Nevada.

T. ovata Smalll c. @. ovata Nutt. Subpubescent perennial leaves ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, acute. erosely or repandly denticulate, or
serrulate, 2-8 inches long: calyx-tube 1-4 inches long: petals yellow, 3-10
lines long: capsule 6 lines long, strongly torulose: seeds few, in one or two
rows, erect, oval a line long. Jn moist piaces, Southern Oregon to Cali-
fornia. ‘ :

T. longiflora Nutt. in Herb. Cnothera Nuttallii T.& G. Densely
pubescent perennial: leaves lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, petioled, acumi-
nate, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, the numerous very unequal segments often
roundish or obtuse: tube of the calyx 12-18 lines long; petals 5-7 lines
long usually white: capsule 6-10 lines long, terete, attenuate above into
the persistent calyx-tube: seeds numerous, conspicuously pitted. Along
streams, eastern Washington to California and Nevada.

8 SPHAROSTIGMA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii, 49.

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs with entire or pinnatifid
leaves and yellow white or rose-color flowers in bracted or leafy
spikes. Tube of the calyx obconic or shortly funnel form, much
shorter than the ovary ; the limb 4-parted. Petals 4, entire or
emarginate. Stamens 8, somewhat unequal, the oblong anthers
attached near the middle. Stigma capitate, entire. Capsule
linear, sessile, terete or tetragonal, attenuate at the apex, more
or less contortéd, completely 4-celled. Seeds ascending, in a
single row in each cell, ovate to linear-oblong, smooth or nearly
80. :

232 ONAGRACEA. SPH EROSTIGMA.

* Flowers white or rose color, in a nodding spike: tube of the
calyx funnel form: capsule narrowly linear, terete, much contorted:
seeds linear acute ateach end.

S. alyssoides Walp. Rep. ii, 78. Cinothera alyssoides H. & A. Can-
escently pubescent annual: stems 1-12 inches high,, branching from the
base: leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, attenuate
into a slender petiole, entire or repand-denticulate; the bracts much
smaller. but similar: spikes many-flowered, elongating in age; tube ‘of the
calyx 2-3 lines long, equalling the orbicular entire. white petals: ‘capsule
puberulent, 8-12 lines long, very slender: seeds nearly white very minutely
pitted. On sandy plains Southeastern Oregon to Nevada, Idaho and Utah.

S. Boothii Walp l.c., 77. Very viscidly pubescent annual; branch-
ing from the base, 2-4 inches high; leaves ovate, 6-12 lines long, acute or ac-
cuminate; denticulate shortly petioled; tube of the calyx 1-3 lines long; petals
rose-color, 2-3 iines long; capsule linear-fusiform, 6-9 lines long, viscid-
glandular, much contorted ; seeds brownish, angled, very minutely tuber-
culate. On dry hillsides, Eastern Oregon and Washington to California
and Nevada.

* * Flowers yellow becoming greenish or bluish in age: calyx-
tube obconic: capsule linear, tetragonal, more or less contorted; stems
leafy throughout. :

S. spirale Walp. Rep. ii, 77. Cnothera chetranthifolia Hornem.
Stems decumbent, spreading, often 2 feet long or more, canescently
pubescent: Jeaves thick, 6-.0 lines long, broad!y ovate to oblong or lancev-
late, the radical and lower cauline often spatulate or oblanceolate and
slender pétioled, mostly entire: calyx canescent, its tube 1-2-lines long;
peels 3-4 lines long, yellow becoming bluish: capsule 4-8 lines long, sub-

airy, contorted: seed ovate oblong, acute at base, smooth. Along the
oust, Southern Oregon and California. :

* * * Flowers small, yellow usually turning red, calyx-tube very
short; capsule elongated, very narrowly linear slightly curved.

S. contorta Walp.l.c. 78. Cnothera strigulosa T. &G. Nearly
glabrous; the ovary and calyx usually somewhat avpressed-pubescent :
stems slender, ascending or erect, usually divaricately branched; 2-12
inches high: leaves linear or lanceolate, 3- lines long, attenuate at base.
entire or sparingly denticulate, flowers.very small: petuls 1-2 lines. long,
usually turning red in age: capsule 8-13 lines long, sessile or attenuate
into a very short pedicel, scarcely attenuate above, more or less curved
or contorted: seeds smooth. On dry sandy plains Eastern Washington
to California, Nevada and Arizona.

Var. pubens Smalll.c 189. Pubescence hirsute and spreading es-
pecially below. often subglandular above, sometimes very smooth. Van-
couver Island to Nevada; Arizona and Southern California.

Var. Greenei Smalll.c strictly erect with ascending somewhat vir-
gate branches: pubescence neither white nor appressed, but spreading and .
hirsute: pods longer and slender. Oregon to California.

* * * * Low, flowers minute: capsule fusiform, short.

S. Hilgardi Smalll.c 188. Gnothera Hilgardi Greene. Canescently
ee stems 3-6 inches high, divaricately much branched: leaves
inear-spatulate, entire including the petiole 1-2 inches long: branches
corymbose in flower, densely spicate in fruit, the spikes leafy; petals 1-2
lines long, obovate. entire: capsule 6 lines long, straight, sharply angled,
attenuate upward; seeds obovate pale, smooth and shining. In moist
places Eastern Washington and Oregon.

CHYLISMA. ONAGRACEA. 233
PACHYLOPHUS.

8. andinum Walp 1. c. 79. C£nothera andina Nutt. Canescently

ubescent throughout: stems slender, 1-3 inches high, becoming diffiusely
Crineheds leaves linear-spatulate €-12 lines long, attenuate into a slender

etiole : spikes mostly dense, many-flowered : flowers yellow. barely a line
ong: capsule 3-6 lines long, attenuate upward from near the base: seeds
linear-oblong, nearly smooth. On alkaline plains, eastern Washington to
Nevada, Montana and Utah. :

9 CHYLISMA Nutt. Raimann, Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam: ili, 217,

Caulescent annuals with pinnate.or simple leaves and yellow
flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube funnel-furm or obconic,
the limb 4-parted. Petals4,entire. Stamens 8, unequal; anthers
oblong, attached near the middle. Stigma capitate, entire. Cup-
sule linear, subcylindrical or subclavate, obtuse, membranaceous,
not sessile, seeds ascending, in a single row in each cell.

C. scapoidea Small 1 s. 193. Cénothera scapoidea Nutt. Puberulent
or subglabrous: stems erect, 4-18 inches high, usually branching from
near the base: leaves mostly subradica!, long-petioled, lyrately pinnatifid,
or sometimes undivided, the terminal segment much the longest, ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, cuneate to cordate at base, irregularly serrate, the
prominent véing often dark colored, the lateral leaflets few to many or
none, very irregular in size and shape: racemes at first nodding, the bracts
very sma!l or wanting; calyx-tube funnel form with a narrow base, 1-2
lines long, the bud closed and abruptly acute; petals yellow, 1-2 lines long:
capsule glabrous, 4-12 lines long, attenuate into a pedicel 2-8 lines long,
prcenaling or divaricate. Idaho and Wyoming to Utah and Southern Cali-
ornia.

C. eruciformis. C£nothera crucifurmis Kil. CH. se-poidea Var. pur-
purascens Watson. Stems erect, 6-18 inches high, stoutish usually branch-
ing trom near the base: leaves mostly subradical, long-petioled, lyrately
pinnate, the terminal leaflets much the largest; lateral few to several
or none, very irregular in size and shape, racemes at first nodding, the
bracts very small or wanting, calyx-tube funnelform with a narrow base,
2-3 lines long; the bud abruptly acuminate, petals white or pinkish, rarely,
yellowish, 2-4 lines long: capsule glabrous, 4-12 lines long, somewhat
clavate, on pedicels 2-10 lines long On alkaline plains, southeastern
Oregon to' Nevada and Southern California.

10 PACHYLOPHUS Spach. Hist. Veg. iv, 365.

Acaulascent or very short caulescent perennials with entire or
pinnatifid leaves and large white or rose-color flowers that open
only at night or in cloudy weather. Calyx-tube elongated, some-
what dilated at the throat, the limb 4-parted, erect in the bud.
Petals 4, sessile white, changing to red in age. Stamens 8, un-
equal: anthers oblong attached near the base. ‘Capsule ovate or
ovate-oblong, large and rigid, obtusely tetragonal or sharply
angled, mostly sessile. Ovules horizontal, sessile few, in one or
two rows. Seeds large, with a deep furrow along the raphe.

P. Nuttallia Spach. Hist. Veg. iv, 365. Cinothera cxspitosa Nutt.
Gla! rous or more or less villous with spreading subscabrous hairs: leaves
oblong.to narrowly lanceolate 2-12 inches long attenuate to a long petiole
acute or acuminate, sometimes spatulate, irregularly sinuate-toothed or
pinnatifid or repand-denticulate: tube of the calyx 2-7 inches long, 3-6
‘lines wide at the throat, segments not free in the bud: petals broadly ob_

234 ONAGRACEZ. PACHYLOPHUS.
GODETIA.

cordate, 9-20 lines long: capsule oblong 1-214 inches long by 3-6 lines in
diameter, subattenuate at each end, sessile or short-pediceled, strongly
ribbed at the sides and often with a double crest along the sutures: seeds
in two rows in each cell, oval oblong, not angled, very minutely and
densely tubercled upon the back, with a thin flattened process and a longi-
tudinal furrow on the ventral side. Oregon and Idaho to California, Da-
kota and New Mexico.

11 GODETTIA Spach. 1. e.

Simple or branched-erect annuals with alternate leaves and
showy flowers in racemes or spikes. Calyx-tube above the
ovary obconic or shortly funnelform, deciduous. Petals 4,
broad and sessile, entire or emarginate or very rarely 2-lobed;
lilac-purple or rose-color. Stamens 8, unequal, the filaments op-
posite the petals shorter: anthers ‘all perfect, oblong attached at.
the base and erect or arcuate. Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled.
Style filiform: stigma-lobes short, linear or roundish. Capsule
ovate to linear, 4-sided, somewhat coriaceous, loculicidally de-
hiscent. Seeds ascending or horizontal, in one or two rows in
each cell, obliquely angled, the upper surface with a thin tuber-
culate margin.

* Capsule ovate to oblong, sessile, stems erect, leafy, usually stout
and strict; the flowers in a strict compact spike erect in the bud.

G. purpurea Watson Bot. Cal. i, 229. Mostly very leafy, 1-2 feet
high, canescently-puberulent, the ovary hirsutely villous; leaves oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, obtuse or acute, entire, sessile with an
obtuse or attenuate base; flowers mostly in a leafv terminal cluster; calyx-
tube 2-3 lines long, the tips not free; petals 4-6 lines long, deep purple; .
style shorter than the stamens, the stigma-lobes very short, purple; cap-
sule ovate to linear-o' long, 6-9 lines long, acute, not attenuate at base,
pany the sides nearly flat, ribbed. From the valley of the Columbia to

alifornia.

G. lepida Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 1849. Erect, 6-24 inches high, can-
escently-puberulent, the stem usually white and shining; leaves oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, usually obtuse, sessile and scarcely
attennate at base, sparingly denticulate; flowers in a short simple spike;
calyx-tube 2-8 lintes long, the tips very slightly free; petals 9-12 lines long,
rose-color with a darker spot near the apex; stigmas very short, purple;
capsule 5-8 lines long, 2 lines broad and attenuate to the apex, hairy, the
sides tricostate, at least alternately. | Willamette valley to California.

G. decumbens Spach. Monog. Onogr. 68.: Stems slender, erect or
ascending, 3 inches to 3 feet high; leaves linear to oblong, 6-12 lines long;
calyx-tube 2 lines long; petals 3-8 lines long, purple to rose-color; capsule
shortly pubescent, 4-6 lines long. Columbia River to California.

G. Arnottii Walp. Rep. ii, 88. G. lepidu var. Arnottii Watson. Nearly
glabrous or subcanescently puberulent; leaves linear to lanceolate, 12-18
lines long, acute, entire or sparingly denticulate; petals 4-8 lines long;
capsules glabrous or nearly so. Southern Oregon to California.

'G@. albescens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27. Simple or branching from the
base, erect, 1-2 feet high, canescently puberxlent, leaves linear to oblong-
lanceolate an inch long, acutish, sparingly denticulate; flowers small in
numerous short lateral spikelets, mostiy crowded into:a compact spike; '
calyx-tube 2 lines long; petals 3-5 lines long, purplish-blue;- stigmas

GODETIA. ONAGRACEA, 255
BOISDUVALIA,

greenish to purple; capsule oblong 3-6 lines long, shortly hirsute or pubes-
cent, at least the alternate sides tricostate. Oregon to California.

* * Capsule linear; flowers loosely scattered in a slender spike or
raceme, nodding in the bud.

_ + Capsules sessile.

G. quadrivulnera Spach. 1.c. Usually very slender, erect, or ascend-
ing 1-2 it. high, puberulent; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches
long, sessile or attenuate to a short petiole; calyx-tube obconic, 2-3 lines
long, the tips slightly free; petals 3-6 lines long, deep purple or purplish
stigma lobes very short, yellow; ovary and capsule hairy, capsule linear
5-10 lines long, mostly short, attenuate atthe apex, the sides nearly flat or -
channe!led by the prominence of the sutures. On dry plains, Brit. Colum-
‘bia to California. BPE ite aA OT dic neat Soa

G. tenella Watson 1. c. Erect, 6-18,.in, high, puberulent: leaves
linear, 6-24 lines long, acute or obtuse, more or less attenuate, mostly
entire: calyx-tube shortly obconic, 1-3 lines long, the tips closed or slightly
free; petals 3-5 lines long, deep purple; stigma lobes purple or purplish,
the style shorter than the stamens; capsules puberulent, 8-12 lines long,
aa above but not at base, the sides nearly. flat. Washington to.

alifornia.

G. viminea Spach. Monog. Onogr. 60. Usually stout, 1-3 ft. high,
branched; leaves linear to linear lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, narrowed at the
base, entire ; calyx-tube 2-4 lines long, the tips slightly free; petals 9-12
lines long, deep purple or purplish; capsule 9 lines long, 8-costate, smooth-
ish. Washington to California.

e+ Capsule, pedicelled not costate; stigmas mostly yellow; calyx
tips not free in the bud.

G. amena Liljain Lindblom Bot. Notes 1839, 53. Usually slender,
erect, 1-2 feet hign, minutely puberulent; leaves linear to narrowly oblanceo-
late,or sometimes lanceolate, 1-3 in. long, petioled, entire or nearly so; ca-
lyx-tube obconic, 2-4 lines long; petals 8-15 lines long, frequently rather.
villous, as also the purple anthers, varying from nearly white to rose-culor,
with more or less of purple; filaments rather stout; stignia-lobes linear,
1-2 lines long, yellow; capsules 12-18 lines long attenuate to a slender
beak above and into the pedicel below which is 2-6 lines long. Brit.
Columbia to California.

G. epilobioides Watson Bot. Cal. i.231. Erect, 1-3 ft. high tomen-
tosely _puberulent; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long,
petioled, entire or sparingly denticulate ;. calyx-tube 1-2 lines long; petals
3-6 ines long, light purple or rose-color; stigma lobes short; capsule 6-14
lines long, acuminate, attenuate to a short pedicel, or rarely nearly sessile.
Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada,

G hispidula Watson 1.c. 693. Erect, 6-12 in. high, mostly simple
and often but ‘1-flowered, hispidly puberulent, especially above; leaves
very narrowly linear. 1-2 in. long: calyx-tube 2-3 lines long; petals 6-12
lines long, purple; filaments rather slender; style elongated and stigma-
:obes linear; capsule 4-9 lines long, attenuate at the apex, abruptly con-
tracted into a pedicel 2-4 lines long Brit. Columbia to California.

12 BOISDUVALIA Spach. Hist Veg. iv, 383. ,

Erect leafy annuals with alternate simple sessile leaves and
small flowers in leafy simple or compound spikes. Calyx-tube
funnelform above the ovary, deciduous, the lobes erect. Petals 4,
sessile, 2-lobed, purple to white. Stamens 8, those opposite the

236 ONAGRACEA. BOISDUVALIA.
CLARKIA.

petals shorter ; filaments very slender, naked at base; anthers all
perfect, oblong, attached near the base. Ovary 4-celled several
ovuled: style filiform: stigma-lobes short somewhat cuneate.
Capsule membranaceous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly terete,
acute sessile dehiscent to the base. Seeds ascending few in one
row in each cell, oyate-oblong; somewhat angled, smooth.

B. Torreyi Watson Bot Cal. i, 233. Villous throughout with short
stiffish spreading haits; stems rather slender, 4-18 inches high: leaves
linear to lanceolate, usually narrowed at base, entire cr somewhat denticu-
late, 4-9 lines long; the floral leaves. similar and scarcely smaller; flowers
in a loose simple spike, 1-2 lines long, purplish: capsule linear acuminate,
4-6 lines Jong, cells 6-8 seeded, the partitions adherent to the valves; seeds
ovate half a line long or less. Washington to California.

B. Douglasii Spach. Hist. Veg. 223. B densiflora Watson. Canes-
cently pubescent and. more or less villous, often stout, 1-3 feet high:
leaves lanceolate to linear lanceolate, acuminate, mostly denticulate, 1-3
inches long the floral leaves usually much shorter and ‘broader; flowers
usually in aclose terminal spike or numerous lateral spikelets; calyx 1-3
lines long, about half the length of §the petals; capsule ovate-oblong,
smooth or slightly villous, 2-4 lines long, cell 3-6 seeded, the partitions
wholly separating from the valves and adherent to the placenta; seeds
nearly or quite a line long. In wet places, Brit Columbia to California.

B. glabella ‘Walp. 1.c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent: slender, 8-16
inches high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute. serrate, 6-12 lines
long, the floral bracts scarcely smaller: flowers. in a simple spike, shorter
than ‘the leaves, petals deep purple, less than a line long; capsule ovate-
oblong, 2-4 lines long, the partitions adherent to the valves, seeds 4-6 in
each cell, linear-lanceolate, a line long. ‘In ditches and wet places, Brit.
Columbia to Oregon and Nevada.

13 CLARKIA Pursh. Fl i, 260, t, 11.

Annuals with erect brittle stems, alternate leaves and showy
flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube obconical above the
ovary, deciduous: the 4-cleft limb reflexed. Petals 4, with
claws lobed or'entire,'purple or violet. ‘Stamens 8, those oppo-
site to the petals often. sterile or rudimentary; anthers oblong
or linear, attached by the base. Ovary 4-velled: style elongated ;
stigma with 4 broad lobes, sometimes unequal, at length spread-
ing. Capsule linear, attenuate above, coriaceous, erect, some-
what 4-angled, 4-celled and 4-valved to the middle. Seeds num-
erous, angled or margined,

C. pulehella Pursh.1.c. Stem 6-20 inches high, simple or branched,
inflorescence puberulent: leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, 1-3 inches
long, nearly glabrous, entire petals 6-9 lines long, 3-lobed, attenuate to a
long claw, which has a spreading tooth on each side; perfect stamens with
a linear scale on each side at base, the alternate stamens rudimentary and
filiform: stigma-lobes equal, dilated: capsule 8-12 lines long, #-angled, on
a spreading pedicel, 2-8 lines long; seeds obliquely cubical, minutely
tuberculate.. Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

_C._ rhomboidea Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 214. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high,
simple or sparingly branched above, puberulent or nearly glabrous:
leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, the upper narrower, all on slender peti-
oles, entire; petals entire, rhomboidal, with a short broad claw which is

GAURA. ONAGRACEA. 237
HETEROGAURA.

often broadly toothed; anthers all perfect; filaments with hairy scales at
the base: stigma-lobes short: capsule 8-12 lines long, 4-angled, nearly
glabrous, on pedicels about a line long; seeds obliquely cubical, sparingly
hispid. Washington to California.

14 GAURA L. Gen. n. 470.

Herbs with mostly sessile alternate leaves and numerous white
or rose-color flowers in spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube prolonged
beyond the obconic or clavate ovary ; the 4-parted limb deciduous.
Petals 4 with claws. Stamens 8, nearly equal; filaments fur-
nished with a scale-like appendage on the inside next the base;
anthers oval, versatile. Ovary 4 celled: ovules 1-2 in each cell,
pendulous: style filiform, hairy below : stigma 4-lobed, surrounded
by an obscure ring or indusium. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent or
splitting at the apex, obtusely 4-angled and ridged upon the
sides.

G. parviflora Dougl. Hook Fl. i, 208. Stems erect, 2-5 ft. high,
sparingly branched softly white-pubescent and minutely glandular; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, repand-denticulate, velvety pubescent
on both sides, 1-3 inches long, the uppermost smaller; spikes virgate
strict, very many flowered, much elongated in fruit, bracts lanceolate,
subvulate; petals spatulate, oblong, shorter than the calyx, segments, rose-
color; fruit sessile, oblong-clavate, 4-nerved, 4-angled at the apex, about
2-seeded. Washington to California and east to Arkansas.

15 HETEROGAURA Rothrock Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 354,

Annual herbs with alternate leaves and small flowers in termi-
nal racemes. Calyx-tube with a short obconic prolongation
above the small ovary; limb 4-cleft, spreading, deciduous. Pet-
als 4, entire, with claws. Stamens 8; filaments naked; anthers
ovate-cordate, attached by the base and not versatile; those op-
posite to the petals on. shorter filaments, lanceolate, acute, ster-
ile. Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary pedulous ovule in each cell:
style long: stigma discoid, entire. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent,
obovoid, 2-4-celled, 1-2-seeded.

H. Californica Rothr.1 c. Smooth or sparingly puberulent, 12-18
inches high, leaves lanceolate,-entire, 1-2 inches long, tapering to a slen-
der petiole: petals purple, narrowly spatulate, 2 lines long: anthers very

small: fruit 2 lines long, obovate, 4-angled, 144 lines long, smooth, on a
short spreading pedicel. Southern \regon (Evans (reek, Jos Howell: to

California. :
16 CIRCAA L. Gen. n. 24.

Low perennial herbs with thin opposite petioled leaves and
small white flowers in terminal and lateral racemes, the fruit on
slender spreading or deflexed pedicels. Tube of the calyx
‘slightly produced beyond the ovary; the free portion nearly
filled with a cup-shaped disk, deciduous; the limb 2-parted. Pet-
als 2, obcordate. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals: filaments
filiform: anthers short. Style filiform: stigma somewhat capi-
tate marginate. Capsule obovate, 1-2-celled, at length 2-

238 CUCURBITACA. CIRCEA.

valved, with a single erect seed in each cell, hispid with hooke.l
hairs.

C. Pacifica Asch. & Mag. Mostly glabrous, stems usually simple,
6-12 inches high, from a small tuber; leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at
base, acute or acuminate, repandly-denticulate, 1-3 inches long; the slen-
der petiole about as long; racemes without bracts; flowers half a line long;
calyx white with a very short tube; fruit a line long, rather loosely covered
with soft hairs curved above, 1-celled, 1-seeded. In damp woods, Brit.
Columbia to California.

C. alpina L. Sp.9. Glabrous, stems weak, 3-8 inches high, often
branching above: leaves cordate, shining, rather coarsely toothed, 1-6
inches long, on slender petioles nearly as long as the blade: pedicels sub-
tended by minute setaceous bracts:. flowers ‘reddish, especially before
opening: fruit pubescent but scarcely hispid. In damp woods, Alaska to
Washington and the Northeastern States and Canada. ,

OrpEerR XXXIX. CUCURBITACEZ B. Juss.Hort.Trian.(1759.)

Tendril-bearing herbs with alternate palmately veined leaves
and axillary moneecious or dicecious, rarely perfect flowers.
Calyx 5-6-toothed, the limb sometimes obsolete. Petals 5-6,
distinct or more or less united with each other and coherent
with the calyx. Stamens 5, sometimes distinct, commonly
united in three parcels (two, and two and one separate) so as
to appear like three stamens only, rarely 3 and diadelphous, fila-
ments of each set sometimes connate; anthers usually long and
sinuous, or variously contorted or folded, 2-celled, adnate, ex-
trorse, commonly more or less connate. Ovary coherent with the
tube of the calyx, usually of 3, rarely of 2 or 4, united carpels,
sometimes 1-celled by the obliteration of the partitions, more
often with each carpel spuriously 2-celled. Fruit fleshy or
juicy, rarely membranous. Seeds avatropous, compressed,
often enveloped by a juicy or dry and membranous arillus;
the testa coriaceous, albumen none.

MARAH Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. i, 38.
MEGARRHIZA (Torr-) Watson.

Flowers moneecious: the sterile in racemes or panicles; the
fertile solitary, from the same axils. Calyx-tube broadly cam-
panulate: teeth obsolete or very small. Corolla rotate, deeply
5-7-lobed, with oblong papillose segments. Sterile flowers with
the stamens at the base: filaments short and connate: anthers
free or somewhat adherent; the cells somewhat horizontal, flex-
uous. Pistillate flowers pedicelled: with or without abortive
stamens: ovary oblong to globose, usually more or less echinate,
2-celled or more: cells.1-several-ovuled: ovules ascending, hori-
zontal, or pendulous, .the attachment mostly parietal: style
short: stigma 2-3 lobed or parted. Fruit mostly echinate, more
or less fibrous within, becoming dry, at length bursting regu-

MENTZELIA. LOASACEX, 239

larly. (2) Seed large, tinged, ovoid or subglobose, smooth, not
margined; hilum linear, acute: cotyledons thick, remaining
under ground in germination. Stems elongated and climbing,
from large fusiform perennial roots; leaves cordate, palmately
5-7-lobed or angled; tendrils 2-5-cleft; flowers small, white.

_ M. Oregana Megarrhirz4 Oregana Torr, Watson. Stems 10-30 feet
long; scabrous or nearly smooth; leaves cordate or: reniform 3-6 inches
broad, deeply 5-7 lohed, lobes broad-triangular, abruptly acute, mucron-
ate, sterile flowers 10-20 in slender racemes 4-6 in. long, on slender pedi-
-cels; corolla 3-4 lines broad; fertile flowers without abortive stamens;
ovary globose, densely echinate, 2-4-celled, the cells 1-2 ovuled, fruit glo-
bose to oblong, 1-2 in. in diameter covered with stout fleshy spines, 1-sev-
eral-seeded, seeds orbicular 6-10 lines in diameter. In atluvial soil, Oregon
and Washington to Idaho and Montana.

OrperR XL. LOASACEAL. Reichb. Consp. 161.

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and
usually showy flowers, the herbage often clothed with bristly
hairs. Sepals united into an equally 5-lobed calyx, persistent.
Petals 5 sometimes 10 (the inner series mostly dissimilar) insert-
ed in the throat of the calyx. Stamens numerous, rarely few or
definite, inserted with the petals, some of the outer filaments
often dilated or petaloid and mostly sterile, the others com-
monly disposed in fascicles opposite the petals and slightly
united. Ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx, 1-celled
with mostly 3 parietal placente; ovules numerous.or sometimes
few rarely solitary, styles usually united into’ one. Fruit
mostly capsular or succulent, crowned with the’ limb of the
calyx. Seeds anatropous, usually with more or less fleshy
albumen.

1 MENTZELIA L. Gen. n. 670.

Annual or biennial herbs with alternate mostly coarsely
toothed or.pinnatifid leaves and mostly showy flowers. Calyx-
tute cylindrical to ovoid or turbinate; the limb 5-lobed, per-
sistent. Petals5 or 10. Stamens numerous, inserted below the
petals on the throat of the calyx and not adnate to them: fila-
ments free or in clusters opposite the petals, filiform, or the
outer more or less dilated or sometimes petaloid and’ barren.
‘Ovary truncate at the summit, 1-celled: style 3-cleft, the lobes
often twisted: ovules pendulous or horizontal, few to many in
one or two rows on the three linear parietal placente. Capsule
short-oblong to cylindrical, few to many-seeded, opening by
valves or usually irregularly at the truncate apex. Seeds flat or
angled. ;

§ 1. Tracuypuytum T. & G. Fl.i, 543. Seeds pendulous,
few to rather many, small, in 1-3 rows, irregularly angled or
somewhat cubical, not winged, opaque, minutely tuberculate:
flowers in terminal cymes, mostly small: calyx-limb 5-parted:

240 LOASACE A, MENTZELI}.

petals 5: filaments all filiform or the 5 outer more or less di-
lated: capsule linear: leaves sessile, flat, sinuately toothed or
pinnatifid: annuals.

M. albicaulis Dougl. Don Mill. iii, 61. Slender, 3-12 inches high or
more: leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes,
the upper leaves broader and often lobed or toothed at base only: flowers
mostly approximate near the ends of the tranches: calyx-lobes 144-2
lines long, a little shorter than the spatulate or obovate petals: filaments
not dilated : capsule linear-clavate, 6-9 lines long: seeds numerous, rather
strongly tuberculate, irregularly angled with obtuse margins less than

“half a line long. On sandy plains, Brit. Columia to California.

M. dispersa Wat. Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 115 & 187. Stems slender annual,
4-12 in. high, leaves narrowly lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or sometimes
entire, the uppermost often ovate; flowers small mostly clustered near the
ends of the branches; calyx lobes a line long, little shorter than the 5
spatulate or obovate petals; capsule narrowly linear-clavate, 6-9 lines long;
seeds often in a single row, angular and somewhat-rhombohedra!, more or
less grooved upon the angles, very nearly smooth, halfa line tong. East-
ern Oregon to California. ,

M. gracilenta T. & G. Fl. i, 534. Stems pubescent 12-18 inches
high: leaves narrowly lanceolate muricate-scabrous, pinnatifid, the
lobes short, obtuse: flowers usually clustered at the summit; calyx-lobes

‘2-5 lines long; petals obovate to oblanceolate, 4-8 lines long, capsule
linear clavate 6-12 lines long; seeds in three rows irregularly angled,
minutely tuberculate. Idaho to California.

M. congesta I. & G.1l.c. Slender, a foot high; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, the upper leaves broa er and
often lobed or toothed at base only: flowers clustered at the ends of the
branches, conspicuously bracted with broad toothed bracts, which are
membranaceous at base: calyx-lobes 114-2 lines Jong: petals bright orange,
3-6 lines long: filaments all filiform: capsule clavate, half an inch long:
seeds irregularly angled, minutely tuberculate, nearly a line long. Inter-

“tor of Oregon to California and Nevada.

§ 2. Bartronra T. & G. FI. i, 535. Seeds numerous in
double rows upon the 3 broad placente, horizontal,’ flattened,
suborbicular-winged, minutely tuberculate or nearly smooth:
flowers often large and showy: calyx-limb 5-cleft nearly to the
‘base: petals 5 or 10: filaments numerous, the outer often more
‘or less dilated or petaloid: capsule broad, oblong: leaves sessile,
sinuately toothed or pinnatifid: biennials.

M. levicaulis T. & G. ]. c. 535. Stout 2-3 ft. high, branching: leaves
lanceolate, 2-8 inches long: flowers sessile on short branches, very Jarge,
light yellow, opening in sunshine: calyx-tube naked, the lobes 12-15 lines
long: petals acute at each end, 2-214 inches long, the filaments and slender
style a little shorter: capsule 15 lines long, 8-4 lines in diameter: seeds
Naas minutely tuberculate. On gravelly bars, Brit. Columbia to Cali-
ornia. :

M. Brandegei Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 367. Stem branching, a foot
‘high: leaves linear, pinnatifid with narrow lobes, 1-3 inches long; the
bracts on the short pedicels mostly entire, very narrow: flowers in open cor-
ymbs: calyx-lobes 6-8 lines long, the 5 narrowly oblanceolate petals an inch
long or more: stamens abont 30, a little shorter, none petaloid: capsule
narrowly oblong, 7-9 lines.long by nearly 3 lines wide: seeds horizontal,
flattened, with somewhat angular or rugose sides and narrow scarcely
winged margin. Yakima County, Washington.

MOLLUGO. FICOIDEZA., 241

M. pamila Nutt. T. &G. Fl. i, 5385. Stems 8-10 in. high, rough with
a minute barbed pubescence, whitish branching towards the summit;
leaves lanceolate, sinuate tuothed or pinnatifid, the lower ones somewhat
petioled, the upper sessile; flowers solitary or three together, terminating
the loose flowering branches, slightly pedicilate, with1 or 2 linear-setaceous
bracts at the base; petals 10, lanceolate, acute, spreading, longer than the
lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes, the inner ones smaller; stamens very
numerous, the outer filaments flat and somewhat dilated; capsule clavate-
cylindrical, 3-valved ; seeds numerous winged. Colorado, perhaps Idaho.

Orpver XLI. FICOIDEA Juss.

Suceulent herbs or shrubs with plain triquetrous, or terete,
leaves without stipules. Calyx-tube coherent to the ovary, the
lobes usually 5, unequal. Petals very many and linear, or none.
Stamens 5-many, with slender filaments, inserted on the calyx-
tube. Styles 4-20. Fruit 4-20-celled, dehiscent stellately
across the summit or circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds
usually numerous and minute with mealy albumen.

1 MOLLUGO L. Sp. 89.

Low and much branched glabrous annuals, with linear to obo-
vate-spatulate entire opposite and apparently verticillate leaves
and axillary flowers. Calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base, lobes
herbaceous, membranaceously margined. Petals none. Stamens
3 or 5, rarely twice as many, hypogynous. Styles 3. Capsule
free, thin, membranaceous 8—-5-celled, loculicidally 3-5-valved ;
the partitions breaking away from the pérsistent central placenta.
Seeds several in each cell, longitudinally sulcate on the back.

M. verticillata L. 1.c. Prostrate slender stems 1-6 inches long;
leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, an inch long or less; pedicels um-
bellately fascicled at the nodes; slender, 2-3 lines long; sepals and ob-
long-ovoid capsule about a line and a half long; seeds reniform, shining.
Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent.

Orver XLII. CACTACEA. Linll. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 53.

Succulent spiny planis with usually angular or 2-edged leaf-
like stems without leaves, or these represented by fleshy pro-
cesses or spines and sessile flowers. Sepals numerous usually
indefinite and confounded with the petals, imbricated either
coherent with and crowning the ovary or covering its whole
surface. Petals numerous, usually indefinite in several series,
arising from the orifice of the calyx. Stamens indefinite cohering
more or less with the petals and sepals; filaments long filiform;
anthers ovate, versatile. Ovary fleshy coherent with the calyx
1-celled with numerous parietal placente: ovules indefinite,
styles united into 4 long tube or column; stigmas as many as
the placent». Fruit succulent, 1-celled, many seeded. Seeds
ovate or obovate anatropous without albumen.

242 CACTACE, CACTUS
OPUNTIA.

1. Cactus. Globose or oval plants without proper leaves, covered with
spine-bearing tubercles; spines never barbed: flowers sessile, solitary,
from between the tubercles.

2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed spiny plants with subulate early
deciduous leaves: spines always barbed: flowers from the same areola

as the spines. ;
CACTUS L. Sp. PI. 466. in part.

MAMALARIA Haw.

Roundish or somewhat cylindrical plants, destitute of woody
axis, often with a somewhat milky juice, covered with conical
or mammeeform crowded spirally disposed tubercles which bear
deciduous spines and tomentum at their extremity. Flowers
sessile among the tubercles usually in a transversezone. Tube of
the calyx adherent to the ovary, the lobes 5-6 crowning the
young fruit colored ; petals 5-6 scarcely distinct from the calyx,
longer than the sepals and united with them into a tube. Sta-
mens filiform, in several series. Styles filiform; stigma 5-7-
cleft, radiate. Fruit smooth,

C. viviparus Nutt. Fraser’s Catalogue. Cespitose, the glomerules
subglobose: tubercles cylindric-ovate, bearded, marked above with a pro-
liferous groove; flowers bright red, large, exserted, exterior segments of

the calyx ciliate; fruit filiiorm, greenish. On summits of gravelly hills,
Eastern Cregon to British Columbia, east to Missouri.

2 OPUNTIA Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 6.

Shrubby plants with articulate branches, the joints mostly
compressed and dilated, bearing fascicles of prickles or bristles
arranged in a quincuncial or spiral order; flowers arising from
the clusters of prickles or along the margin of thejoints. Sepals
and petals numerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced into a
tube, the interior petaloid. Stamens numerous, shorter than
the petals. Style cylindrical constricted at the base, stigmas
numerous, thick, erect. Fruit umbilicate at the apex, tubercu-
late, often prickly.

0. polyacantha Haw. Suppl. Succ. 82. 0. Missouriensis DC. Pros-
trate, forming large spreading masses: joints light-green, orbicular, tuber-
culate, 4-8 inches long: leaves minute, 2-3 lines long: pulvina 6-8 lines
apart, with reddish-brown bristles, all armed: spines 8-15, the 5-10 ex-
terior radiant, setiform, whitish or reddish variegated; the 3-5 interior ones
stout, reddish-brown, 1-2 inches long, 2-4 of them deflexed, the other one
spreading or suberect and very stout: flowers yellow or sometimes purple;
stigmas 5-8; fruit ovate, dry and spiny, with shaliow flat umbilicus, 1-2
inches long: seeds irregular, large. Plains and mountains, Eastern Wash-
ington to beyond the Rocky Mountains, ,

Var. platycarpa Coulter Rev. Cact. 436. Joints elongated-obovate to
obovate-orbicular, 3-5 inches long: pulvina 6-9 lines apart, with few
straw-colored bristles, the lower ones unarmed or upper ones with few
spines, or with exterior spines as in the species and mostly 1 stout spread-
ing or deflexed reddish-brown interior one: fruit depressed-globose with a
romsrmebly large and flat umbilicus, 4-Y lines long. Idaho to the Upper

issouri.

UMBELLIFERA, 243

Var. borealis Coulter 1.c. Joints elongated obovate to orbicular, 2-8
inches long: pulvina 6-9 lines apart, with few straw-colored bristles, and
mostly one stout spreading or deflexed reddish-brown interior spine:
fruit ovate, with depressed umbilicus, shortly spiny; seeds 2 lines broad,
with narrow and acute margin. On sandy plains, Brit. Columbia to
Eastern Oregon and Dakota.

Orper XLII. UMBELLIFERZ Juss. Gen.

Herbs or rarely suffrutescent plants with alternate (rarely
opposite) usually pinnatifid or ternately divided leaves, the
etioles usually dilated and sheathing at base, and small
hoger in simple or compound umbels, usually subtended by
an involucre, and often by involucels. Calyx adherent to the
ovary, its limb very small, 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, in-
serted on the outside of the epigynous disk, usually inflexed
at the point, the inflexed portion cohering with the lamina.
Stamens 5 alternate with the petals, inflexed‘in the bud: an-
thers ovate, introrse. Ovary composed of two united carpels
invested with the coherent calyx, 2-celled, with a solitary sus-
pended ovule.in each cell: styles 2, their bases dilated and
thickened into a fleshy body (cailed stylopodium) which cov-
ers the top of the ovary: stigmas simple. Fruit consisting of
two dry carpels which adhere by their faces (called comis-
sures) to a common axis (called carpophore) at length sep-
arating from each other and suspended from the summit of the
carpophore, each carpel indehiscent, marked with 5 longitudi-
nal primary ribs, one opposite each petal and each stamen,
and often with 5 secondary ones: in the substance of the peri-
carp are usually several longitudinal tubes (called vittea), filled
with a colored aromatic oil, which are commonly lodged in the
spaces (intervalves) between the ribs but sometimes opposite
them. Seeds anatropous, usually coherent with the carpel
rarely loose. Embryo minute at the base of the copious

horny albumen.
§ I. Fruit with secondary ribs the most prominent or the only ones:

oil-tubes solitary beneath the secondary ribs or wanting: stylopodium con-
ical (except in Daucus).

_ * Fruit bristly primary ribs filiform, secondary ribs winged, um-
bels compound; leaves pinnately decompound.

1. Daucus. Stylopodium depressed or wanting.
2. Caucalis. Stylopodium conical.
3 Corranprum Calyx-teeth evident: fruit globose, with broad commissure,

§ II. Fruit with primary ribs only. ,
* Fruit strongly flattened dorsally with prominently winged ribs.

+ Caulescent branching plants with solitary oil-tubes (except
some species of Angelica) depressed stylopodium, filiform to winged

dorsal and intermediate ribs and white flowers.

244: UMBELLIFERA,

4. . Angelica. Carpels with strong ribs, laterals forming, a distinct dou-
ble-winged margin to the fruit, oil-tubes one to several in the inter-
vals, 2-10 on the commissure.

5. Selinum. Carpels with prominent winged ribs, the lateral ones
usually the broadest; oil-tubes conspicuous, 2-40n the commissure; seed
sulcate beneath the oil-tubes.

+ + Caulescent branching plants, with solitary oil-tubes, conical
stylopodium, filiform or stronger dorsal and intermediate ribs and
white flowers. ‘

6. Heracleum. Carpels with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; the
broad lateral wings contiguous to those of the other carpel, strongly
‘nerved towards, the outer margin.

+ + + Short caulescent or acaulescent with solitary or numer-
ous oil-tubes, no stylopodium, filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs.

++ Lateral wings coherent till maturity.

7. Pastinaca Calyx-teeth obsolete: fruit oval, very much flattened,
glabrous.

8. Coloptera. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or
winged and frat lateral wings broad, very thick and corky:
oil-tubes small, 4-8 in the intervals, 8-14 on the commissure

9. Leptotenia. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or
obsolete, the lateral wings with thick corky margin that is coherent
with the margin of the opposite one till maturity: oil-tubes 3-6 in the
intervals, 4-6 on the commisure. (Sometimes obsolete.)

10. Peucedanum. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform
approximate, lateral wings broad and thin: oil-tubes 1-8 in the inter-
vals, 2-10 on the commissure.

++ ++ Carpels not coherent.

11. Pseudocymopterus. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs promi-
nent and acute; lateral wings rather broad and thickish, oil-tubes 1-4
in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure,

* * Fruit but slightly if at all flattened either way.

+ Fruit with all the ribs conspicuously winged, stylopodium de-
pressed or wanting. :

12. Cymopterus. Carpel somewhat flattened dorsally, with mostly 5
broad thin equal wings, the lateral wings distinct.

18. Phellopterus. Carpel somewbat flattened dorsally with 5 equal
broad and corky-thickened wings, the wings distinct.

14. Thaspium. Carpels with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged: sty-
lopodium wanting.

. . + Fruit with all the ribs prominent and equal acute or slightly
winged stylopodium, conical oil-tubes numerous. :

15. Ligusticum. Oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 6-10 on the commissure.

+ + + Fruit with broad and equal corky ribs, stylopodium de-
pressed, oil-tubes solitary.

16. Celopleurum. Carpel with very thick and prominent corky ribs:

UMBELLIFERA. 245

+ + + +: Fruit with very thick and corky lateral ribs, filiform %.
dorsal and intermediate ones, stylopodium depressed, oil-tubes soli-
ary.

17. Orogenia. Carpel flattened dorsally, lateral wings very corky thick-
ened, oil-tubes very small 3 in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure.

18. Crantzia. Seed terete, carpel with filiform dorsal and intermediate
ribs lateral wings very thick and corky next the commissure; oil-
tubes 2 on the commissure.

19. nanthe. Carpel with broad obtuse corky ribs the lateral ones
largest, oil-tubes 2 on the commissure; seed semi-terete, sulcate be-
neath each oil-tube, ;

* * *. Fruit flattened laterally.
+ Fruit prickly or with tuberculate scales, the ribs obsolete.

20. Eryngium. Calyx-lobes very prominent, rigid, often spinose, per-
sistent.

21. Sanicula. Calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous fruit sub-globose densely
covered with hooked prickles, or tuberculate.

+ + Fruit neither prickly nor scaly.
++ Carpels flattened dorsally.

= Fruit with plane seed-face, numerous oil-tubes, depressed stylo-
podium and filiform ribs.

22, Pimpinella. Calyx-teeth obsolete, carpel with equal slender ribs.

= = ‘Fruit ‘with concave seed face, numerous oil-tubes and fili-
form ribs.

23. Musenium. Calyx-teeth prominent, stylopodium depressed; oil-tubes-
usually 3 in the intervals, unequal, 2-4 on the commissure.

24. Eulophus. Calyx-teeth prominent, stylopodium conical; oil-tubes 1-5
in the intervals, 4-8 on the commissure. :

25. Bupleuram. Calyx-teeth obsulete: fruit vbl ng, with rather brcad
commissure.

++ + Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally.

ae Fruit linear-oblong, with concave seed-face and conical stylopo-
ium.

26. Leibergia. Fruit flattened laterally, linear, beaked stylopodium
wanting, .

27. Osmorhiza. Calyx-tube obsolete, fruit acute at both ends, oil-tubes
obsolete in mature fruit.

28. Glycosma. Calyx-teeth obs lete: fruit linear to linear-oblong, not
attenuate at base.

= = Fruit with concave seed-face depressed stylopodium, and
numerous oil-tubes.

29. Valea. Carpel-somewhat flattened laterally with prominent equal
filiform ribs.

= == Fruit with plane -seed-face and depressed stylopodium.
‘a. ‘Oil-tubes numerous, ribs broad and corky. :

246. UMBELLIFER A, DAUCUS.

80. Sium. Calyx-lobes minute carpels with prominent corky nearly
equal ribs; seed subangular. ;

b. Oil-tubes solitary in all the intervals.

81. Apium. Calyx-lobes obsolete; fruit ovate or broader ‘than long: oil-
tubes 2 on the commissure. ‘

ce. Ribs filiform.

$2. Zizia. Calyx-lobes prominent; stylopodium wanting; seed terete
sulcate beneath the oil-tubes.

= = = = Fruit with plane seed-face conical stylopodium and
solitary oil-tubes.

33. Carum. Calyx-lobes small, carpels with filiform or inconspicuous
ribs seeds dorsally flattened.

34. Teniopleurum. Calyx-lobes prominent carpel with broad salient
ribs.

35. Cicuta. Calyx-lobes rather prominent carpels with strong flattish
corky ribs, the lateral ones the largest.

= = = = = Fruit with plane seed-face conical stylopodium and
numerous oil-tubes

86. Berula Calyx-lobes minute; carpel nearly globose with very slender
ribs thick corky pericarp and terete seeds.

+ a+ 4+ Carpels strongly flattened laterally stylopodium de-
pressed.

87. Hydrocotyle. Caylx-lobes minute or none carpel with 5 primary ribs
and filiform intermediate ones.

I. Fruit with secondary: ribs the most prominent or the only
\ ones: oil tubes beneath the secondary ribs or wanting.

: 1 DAUCUS Tourn. L. Gen. n, 333.

Bristly annual or biennial herbs with pinnately decompound
leaves foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, entire or toothed
involucels and white flowers in concave umbels. Calyx-lobes
obsolete. Fruit oblong flattened dorsally. Carpel with 5 slen-
der bristly primary ribs ,and 4 winged secondary ones, each
bearing a single row of prominent barbed prickles. Stylopodi-
um depressed or wanting. Oil-tube solitary in the intervals, 2
on the commissure. Seed-face concave or almost plane.

D. pusillus Michx. Fl. i, 164. Stems retrorsely papillate-hispid,
from an inch to 2 feet high: leaves finely dissected into narrowly linear-
segments: umbels unequally few to many-rayed; rays 6-18 lines long;

peaioels very unequal. 1-8 lines long. On dry rocky or sterile ground.
rit. Columbia to California and across the continent.

D. Canota L. (THE CULTIVATED CARROT.) Stems bristly 1-4 feet high;
leaves rather coarsely divided, the ultimate segments lanceolate and cus--
idate, umbels with numerous elongated rays and prominent involucels.

caped from gardens and extensively naturalized.

CAUCALIS. UMBELLIFERA. 247
CORIANDKUM.

2 CAUCALIS L. Gen. n. 331.

Mostly hispid annual herbs with pinnately dissected leaves
and white flowers. Calyx-lobes prominent Fruit ovate or ob-
long flattened laterally. Carpel with 5 filiform bristly primary
ribs, and 4 prominent winged secondary ones with barbed or
hooked prickles. Stylopodium thick-conical. Oil-tubes solitary
in the intervals (that is under the secondary ribs),.2 on the com-
missure. Seed face deeply sulcate.

C. microcarpa Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 848. Stem slender, erect,
3-15 inches high, nearly glabrous: leaves much dissected; slightly hispid:
umbels at the ends of the stems and branches, very unequally 3-6 rayed
involucre foliaceous the bracts divided: involucels of entire or somewhat
divided bractlets: rays slender, 3 inches long or less, pedicels very unequal :
fruit oblong, 2-3 lines long armed with rows of hooked prickles, the pri-
mary lateral ribs near and pushed around upon the commissural face
while the adjoining secondary ones become marginal. Eastern Washing-
ton and Oregon to California and Arizona.

3 CORIANDRUM L. Gen. n. 356.

Slender branching glabrous annuals with pinnately compound
leaves, no involucre, involucels of several small narrow bractlets,
and white flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit globose, with
broad commissure carpels with inconspicuous secondary ribs
Stylopodium conical. Ojil-tubes beneath the secondary ribs.
and obscure, the commissural pair larger. Seeds dorsally flat-
tened with somewhat concave face. —

C. satrvum L the common coriander has ercaped from gardens and is
seen along roadsides in places.

Il, Fruit with primary ribs only.
4 ANGELICA L. Gen. n. 347.

Stout perennial branching herbs with ternately or pinnatelv
compound leaves, scanty involucre or none, involucels of small
bractlets or none and large terminal umbels of usually white
flowers. Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit ovate or oblong,
with prominent crenulate disk. Carpels with strong ribs, the
lateral ones broadly winged, the wings distinct from those of the
opposite carpel, thus forming a double-winged margin to the
fruit. Stylopodium depressed or sometimes slightly conical.
Oil-tubes 1-several in the intervals, 2-10 on the commissure.

* Qil-tubes solitary in all the intervals.

A. genuflexa Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 620. Stems stout 2-6 feet high,
glabrous except the rough-pubescent inflorescence; leaves orice or twice
ternate, the divisions often deflexed; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, more or.
less acuminate, irregularly and sharply serrate: umbel equally many-
rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of numerous linear bractlets,
rays an inch or more long; fruiting. pedicels 4-t lines long; fruit nearly
round, emarginate at base and apex, glabrous; lateral wings broader than
the body: oil-tubes 2 on the commissure: seed-face plane. In wet places;
Oregon to Alaska, west of the Cascades.

248 UMBELLIFERA. ANGELICA,
SELINUM.

A. Lyallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 874. Stout, 4-5 feet high,
oo leaves once ur twice ternate then quinate, the uppermost re-
duced to large inflated petioles; leaflets ovate to Jaficeolate, acute or acutish,
unequally dentate; umbel-unequally many-rayed with neither involucre
nor involucels: rays 14-4 inches long; fruiting pedicels thick, a line or
Jess long: fruit oblong to obovate, glabrous 2-3 lines long; lateral wings as
broad or broader.than the body, oil-tubes 2 on the commissure: seed-face
broadly ‘concave. ‘In the mountains, Uregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana
and Idaho. ; :

A. arguta Nutt. 1l.c. Stout 2-4 feet high, glabrous or the inflores-
cence sometimes minutely. puberulent: leaves ternate then pinnate or
bipinnate; leaflets mostly small, ovate to lanceolate, rather acute, serrate:
um el rather equally many-rayed with neither involucre nor involucels:
rays 1-8 inches long; pedicels 3-5 lines long, fruit oblong-elliptical, glab-
rous 3-4 lines long, dorsal and intermediate ribs thick and slightly elevat-.
ed; lateral wings very corky, thick and broad as the much flattened body,
or broader, oil-tubes 2 on the commissure (sometimes 4 in 2 distinct pairs) :
seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes with plane face. Along high mountain
streams, Oregon and Washington.

A. Hendersoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 80. Very stout densely tomen-
tose throughout, especially the inflorescence and whitened lower surface of
the leaves: leaves quinate then pinnate; leaflets thick, broadly ovate, 2-4
inches long by 2-3 broad, obtuse, serrate: umbel equally many rayed with
no.involucre and involucels of numerous linear-acuminate bractlets: rays
1-2.inches long: pedicels a line or less long: fruit oblong more or less pu-
bescent, 3 lines long: dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent; lateral wings
thick and corky, as broad as the body: oil-tubes 2 on the commissure, seed
deeply sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane face. Bluffs moistened by
the sea spray Washington and Oregon

* * Oil-tubes in pairs in some of the intervals.

A. Canbyi C. & R. Rev. Umb. 40. Rather stout, 2-3 feet high, gla-
brous except the puherulent inflorescence : leaves bipinnate : leaflets lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate 1-2 inches long acute or acuminate, laciniately
toothed: umbel rather equally !0-20-rayed, with neither involucre nor
involucels; rays 1-2 inches long: pedicels slender 3-4 lines lung: flowers
pinkish : stylopodium conical: fruit oblong, glabrous at maturity; dorsal
and intermediate ribs thin and very prominent somewhat winged: laterab
wings rather thin half as broad as the body; vil-tubes solitary in the dorsal
intervals in pairs in the lateral ones, 40n the commissure; seed-face plane.
Eastern Washington to Southern Oregon. is :

5 SELINUM L.. Gen. n. 337.

Tall stout branching perennials with pinnately decompound.
leaves, few-leaved involucre, involucels of numerous bractlets
and white flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit:oblong to obo-
vate with more or less prominent disk. Carpels with prominent
winged ribs, the laterals usually broader.Qi 1-tubes conspicuous,
2-4 on the commissure. Seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with
plane face. a

S. capitellatum Watson, Bot. King, 126. Very stout, 1-5 feet high,
smooth except. the tomentose infloresence; leaves large with much dilated
petioles bipinnate, the few leaflets oblong ¢o . linear-lanceolate, an: inch. or
{wo long,-coarsely laciniately toothed or Jobed: umbel equally 6-12. rayed,
with globose umbellets of sessile pubescent flowers having involucels of a

. SELINUM: . UMBELLIFRA, 249
HERACLEUM,

few deciduous bractlets: rays 1-2 inches long: fruit sessile and dilated; re-
ceptacle, hirsute,.cuneate-obovate, 3 lines long: lateral wings broader than
the dorsal and intermediate ones. Along stream banks eastern Oregon to
Nevada and California.

8S. Kingii Watson, Bot. King, 126. Smooth, 1-2 feet high : lower leaves
bipinnate the upper nearly simply pinnate with dilated petioles; leaflets
ovate or linear lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, coarsely and unequally serrate;
umbel 5-10 rayed, with no involucels; pedicels 2-3 lines long, fruit broadly
ovate, hispid, 2-3 lines long; lateral wings broader than the narrow dorsal
and intermediate ones. Aquatic in mountain swamps Eastern Washington
to Nevada and California.

S. Dawsoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz., xili, 144. A foot or so high glabrous:
leaves ternate then pinnate, the small ovate acute segments laciniately
toothed to entire: umbel with involucels of linear-oblong scarious bractlets
longer than the pedicels and abruptly ending in a longer attenuation: ped-
icels 1-2lines long, fruit oblong, smooth about 2 lines long, with . promi-
nent wings, the lateral ones but little broader, At Pelly Banks Yukon
river, lat. 61 deg., perhaps Northern Washington.

S. Benthami Watson. Bibl. Ind. 482. Glabrous throughout: leaves
ternate then pinnate the oblong to linear-oblong acute segments 6-9 lines
long, laciniately toothed or lobed to entire; umbels on stout peduncles,
10-15 rayed, with an involucre of a few linear setateous bracts, and
involucels of: several: elongated. linear entire bractlets equalling
the flowers or longer; rays about an inch long; pedicels 2-3 lines
long: fruit ovate, 2- lines long, often with a single prominent
calyx-tooth. Arctic shores and mountains to Queen Charlotte Islands,
perhaps Northern Washington. : :

S. Hookeri Watson C. & R. Rev. Umb. 45. Conioselinum Fisheri of
Anthers in part. Stout, 2-3 feet high, gla: rous except the somewhat pu-
berulent inflorescence: leaves large with much dilated petioles bipinnatifid,
the narrowly ovate to linear-oblong acute segments an inch or less long,
laciniately toothed or lobed to entire: umbel 10-25 rayed, with involucre of
few deciduous linear-setaceous bracts, and involucels of narrowly linear
more or less elongated bractlets; rays about an inch long; pedicels 2-3
lines long: fruit oblong, glabrous, 2-3 lines long, with prominent but
scarcely winged dorsal and intermediate ribs and rather ‘broadly winged
thickish lateral ribs. Ocean bluff mouth of the Columbia to Alaska.

6 HERACLEUM L. Gen. n. 345.

Tall stout perennial herbs with large ternately compound
leaves, deciduous involucres, involucels of numerous bractlets
and large many-rayed umbels of white flowers with obcordate
petals. Calyx-lobes small or obsolete. Fruit broadly ovate,
very much flattene.l, somewhat pubesceni. Carpel with dorsal
and intermediate ribs filiform; the broad lateral wings con-
tiguous to those of the other carpel, strongly nerved towards the
outer margin. Stylopodium thick conical. Oil-tubes about
lialf aslong as:the carpel. 2-4.0n.the commissure. Seed. very
much flattened dorsally. aks
::6 lanatum Michx Fl,..i, 166. Very stout, 4-8 feet high, pubescent
or woolly above: petioles much dilated; leaflets petiolulate round-cordate
4-10 inches broad irregularly cut-toothed: rays 2-6 inches long: fruit 4-6

lines long, somewhat pubescent. Wet grounds, Alaska to-California and
across the continent. ; a

“250 UMBELLIFERA. PASTINACA.
COL PTERA.

7 ‘PASTINACA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 362.

Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened, glab-
rous. Carpel with broad lateral wings continuous to those of the
-opposite carpel, and strongly nerved towards the outer margin.
Stylopodium depressed but prominent. Oil-tubes small, solitary
in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure. Seed very much flat-
tened dorsally, Tall stout biennial herbs with pinnately com-
pound, leaves and yellow flowers.

P. sativa L the common parsnip is introduced almost everywhere.
“The leaflets are ovate to oblong and cut-toothed.

8 COLOPTERA OC. & R. Rev. Umbelif. 49.

Dwarf sandy ground plants with small leaves, no involucre
involucels of foliaceous more or less united bractlets and *yellow
flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete or evident. Fruit ovate, glabrous.
-Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or winged and
approximate ; lateral wings broad. very thick and corky, coherent
till maturity with those of the other carpel forming a broad
corky margin to the fruit usually thicker than the fruit proper.
‘Oil-tubes very small, 4-8 in the intervals, 8-14 on the commis-
sure. Seed very flat with plane or slightly concave face.

Cc. Parryi C. & R. 1. c 50. Acaulescent, 2-6 inches high: leaves
small, ovate in outline, bipinnate with very small oblong segments: in-
volucels of slightly united bractlets: fruit with prominent corky
and undulate dorsal and intermediate wings. N. W. Wyoming, to be
looked for in Idaho.

9 LEPTOTANIA Nutt. T. & G. FI. i, 629.

Stout glabrous short-caulescent perennial herbs with thick _
-often very large fusiform roots, usually pinnately decompound —
leaves, involucre of few bracts or none, involucels. of. numerous
small bractlets and yellow or purple flowers. Calyx-lobes obso-
dete or evident. Fruit oblong-elliptical, glabrous. Carpel
with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or obscure and ap-
proximate ; lateral wings broad very thick and corky, coherent
‘until maturity with those of the other carpel, commissural face
with a prominent central longitudinal ridge left after separation
from the carpophore. Oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals 4-6 on the
commissure, mostly small, sometimes obsolete. Seed very flat,
with plane or slightly concave face.

* Oil-tubes obsolete or very obscure.

L. dissecta Nutt. 1c. 630. Ferula dissoluta Watson Bot. Cal. i, 271.
‘Stems stout, 1-3 feet high, leafy at base: leaves broad, a foot or so long,
‘ternate and thrice pinnate: segments ovate or oblong 6-12 lines long pin-
natifidly laciniate-lobed and toothed, puberulent on the veins and margins;
umbel 8-20 rayed, with an involucre of few linear bracts, involucels of
several linear bractlets; rays 2-5 inches long: flowers yellow or purplish:
‘fruit sessile or nearly so 5-9 lines long, about 3 lines broad: seed-face
plane. Brit. Columbia to California.

LEPTOTANTA. UMBELLIFERE. 251
PEUCEDANUM.

L. maltifida Nutt. 1. c.:Ferula multifida Gray. Stems 1-2 feet high,
‘somewhat spreading, leaves ternate and pinnate: umbels mostly without
involucre, pedicels of the fruit 3-12 lines long: fruit 4-6 lines long: seed-
face concave. Brit. Columbia to California, Utah and Montana.

* * Fruit with oil-tubes and pedicels.

L. Watsoni C. & R.1.c.52. Low, afoot high or :less, rather stout,
somewhat branching: leaves few and small, at or near the base, ternate-
pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments very small, ovate and cus-
pidate: umbel with 5-10 variously elongated divaricate rays, no involucre
cand involucels of few setaceous bractlets: rays 2-4 inches long: fruiting
pedicels about 6 lines long and divaricate; fruit 6 lines long: oil-tubes 3 in
the intervals: seed face concave. In the Wenatchee region, Washington.

L. minor Rose in Herb. Stems about a foot high. glabrous: leaves
very much dissected, the alternate segments linear or filiform : umbel 8-20-
rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of several linear accuminate
bractlets ; rays 3-4 inches long; flowers purple: fruit 6-9 lines long as long as
the pedicels 4-6 lines broad ; wings very corky margined: oil-tube prominent,
3 in the intervals of the distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs, 4 on the
commissure. Un stony hillsides in the John Day country, Oregon.

L. purpurea C. & R. 1. c. Ferula purpurea Watson Stout many-
stemmed from a large thick root; stems 2-4 feet high, whole plant glau-
cous with a white bloom: leaves ample very finely dissected, ultimate
segments linear or filiform umbel many rayed with no involucre and in-
volucels of séveral bractlets rays 3-4 inches long; flowers purple: fruit
9-12 lines long as long as the pedicels; 5-6 lines broad with very promi-
neut corky marging to the wings: oil-tubes prominent. 3 in the intervals
of the distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs,4 on the commissure. On
rocky hillsides along the Columbia river, near the mouth of the Klickitat.

L. Californica Nutt. lL. c. 630. Ferula Culifornica Gray. Rather
stout, 1-3 feet high, with 1 or 2 stem leaves: leaves ternate and pinnate
or twice ternate; leaflets cuneate-obovate 1-2 inches long, usually 3-lobed,
coarsely toothed above: umbel 15-20 rayed, with involucre of 1-2 narrow
bracts or none and no involucels; rays 2-4 inches long, pedicels 2-4 lines
long; fruit 5-7 lines long, 3-4 lines broad, with a thinner margin than any
other species; dorsal and intermediate ribs distinct: oil-tubes 3-4 in the
intervals 6 on the commissure. On dry hillsides, Southern Oregon to
California.

10 PEUCEDANUM Kech Umb. f. 28 and 29, L. Gen. n. 339.

Short caulescent or acaulescent perennial or biennial herbs with
fusiform or tuberous roots, ternate or pinnate to dissected leaves,
no involucre, involucels usually present, and yellow, white or
pinkish flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete or evident. Fruit oblong
+o suborbicular. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs fili-
form and approximate; lateral wings broad and thin, coherent
till maturity with those of the other carpel, forming a broad,
membranous wing to the fruit; commissural face without a
prominent longitudinal ridge atter separation from the carpo-
phore. Oil-tubes 1-8 in the intervals, 2-10 on the commissure.
Seed flat with plane or slightly concave face.

§ I. Mostly low, from globose tubers: leaves small more or less dis-
sected, with short segments: wings of the fruit narrow: oil-tubes

252 “ UMBELLIFERZ., PEUCEDANUM.

mostly solitary: in the intervals, or with accessory ones in some species.:
* Always acaulescent, mostly glabrous.
+ Flowers white.

P. Hendersoni C..& R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 210. Scapes 4-6 inches long,
decumbent from a shallow constricted tuber 6-12 lines in diameter; leaves:
ternate then bipinnate, ultimate segments short and obtuse: umbel equally
2-5-rayed, with involucels of linear acuminate scarious bractlets; rays'6
lines long; pedicels 1-2 lines long; fruit ovate very glabrous 214 lines long-
by 2 lines broad, with thickish narrow wings more or less involute and a.
rather prominent ridge on the commissural face: oil-tubes solitary in the
interyals, 2 on the commissure: seed face plane. On high hill-tops, John.
Day Valley, Eastern Oregon.

_P. Canbyi C.&R.1 c¢ 78. Scapes erect, 3-8 inches high, with a
short underground stem from a thick more or less elongated root which
ends in a globose tuber 6-15 lines in diameter: leaves ternate pinnate or
bipinnate, ultimate segments small with 3-5 linear-oblong lobes: umbel
equally 5-10-rayed, with involucel of narrowly linear scarious-margined
bractlets: rays 1-2 inches long: pedicels 4-6 lines long; fruit oblong-ovate,.
glabrous, 4 lines long, with wings about half as broad as the body: oil-
tubes solitary in the intervals, Zor 4 on the commissure. High ridges,
Eastern Oregon and Washington.

P. Geyeri Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 2938. Low, glabrous; root
moniliform with 2 or 3 small globose tubers: leaves ternate-quinate, with.
linear leaflets 4-9 lines long: umbel small with unequal rays: involucel of
several linear acuminate bractlets;-mature fruit unknown. Collected by
Geyer Spalding and Lyall, not since reported. ‘

P. farinosum Geyer Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi, 235. Somewhat
caulescent: stems slender from a rather deep-seated small round tuber
4-6 lines in diameter with numerous clusters of fine rootlets on its sur-
face: leaves 2-3-ternate, with segments more or less lobed, ultimate di-
visions all linear: umbel 1-8 rayed, with involucels of few small linear-
bractlets: rays 1-2 inches Jong, fruit almost sessile, oblong-elliptical,
glabrous, 3-4 lines long, 2 lines broad, with wings half as broad as the-
body: oil-tubes small, 2-4 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissure: seed- ,
face plane. From Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. :

P. Gormani P. Watsoni C. & R in Part. Stems 2-3 inches high:
from a shallow globular tuber an inch or less in diameter with fascicles cf
rootlets on its surface: leaves bipinnate, the ultimate divisions oblong or:
linear, umbel unequally 1-5 rayed with involucels of a few setaceous
bractlets or none: fruit sessile or nearly so; ovate, rough-puberulent 3 lines.
long with wing more than half as wide as the body and conspicuous dor-
sal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes one in each rib, 2-6 on the commis
sure, seed-face plane. High hills opposite The Dalles.

P. evittatum C.&R. Eight toeighteen inches high from a deep-seated:
small tuber, glabrous: leaves once or twice ternate then more or less.
pinnate into linear, callous-tipped segments 6-12 lines long: umbel some-
what unequal 8-18-rayed with involucels of numerous purplish lanceolate
acuminate gamophyllus bractlets; rays 1-2 inches long, pedicels short::
fruit oblong glabrous 4-6 lines long 244 lines broad, with very thin wings.
more than half as broad as the body: oil-tubes none. Ellensburg, Wash-
ington. (G. R. Vasey, 1889). © ~ ; ‘

+ + Flowers yellow. :
P. Watsoni C.&R, Bot. Gaz. xiii, 209in Part. Low, 2-3 inches

PEUCEDANUM. UMBELLIFERZA. 253

high with a short subterranean stem from a deep-seated fusiform root:
leaves bipinnate, the ultimate divisions short and linear-oblong; umbel
unequally 1-5-rayed, with involucels of more or less united, often toothed
bractlets: fruit sessile or nearly so, ovate rough puberulent, 3 lines long,
with narrow wings, oil-tubes obscure, seed face plane. Simcoe Mountains,
Washingten. :

P. Cous Watson I. c. xxi, 453. Glabrous or slightly puberulent, with
roughish scapes 2-6 inches high from a nearly globose tuber 6-12 lines in
‘diameter: leaves pinnate: leaflets 3-7 parted or cleft or even entire; ulti-
mate divisions linear-oblong: umbel unequally 3-10-rayed, with involu-
cels of short oblong-ovate scarious-margined bractlets, rays from nearly
wanting to 2 inches long; pedicels short: fruit oblong, more or less puber-
ulent, 2-4 lines long, 1-2 lines broad, with wings about half as broad as
the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes large,
filling the intervals: 4-6 on the commissure: seed-face plane with central
longitudinal ridge. On high gravelly ridges, John Day Valley, Oregon.

P. ambiguum Nutt. T. & G. FI. i, 626. From low acaulescent to a
foot high and caulescent; glabrous: root tuberous, usually moniliform: pet-
ioles much dilated at base: leaves 1-2-pinnate with more or less elongated
linear leaflets, the Upper often more dissecte’?: umbel unequally 8-18-rayed
with mostly no involucels: rays 1-4 inches long; pedicels 2-3 lines long:
fruit narrowly winged: oil-tubes 20n the commissure. Oregon to Brit.
Columbia, Idaho and Montana.

Var. leptocarpum C. & R. Rev. Umb. 59. Fruit sessile or nearly so
ne a close somewhat divaricate cluster: rays few and very unequal.
regon.

P. circumdatum Watson 1. c. xxii, 478. Stem solitary from a deep-'
seated constricted tuber, glabrous or puberulent a foot or less high: leaves
ternate-quinate, the ultimate divisions linear 1-4 lines long: umbel un-
equally 6-12-rayed, with involucels of conspicuous broadly oblanceolate
bractlets becoming scarious; rays 1-334 inches long; pedicels very short:
fruit oblong elliptical, glabrous, 3-4 lines long 114 lines broad, with nar-
row wings and very prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 4
on the commissure: seed-face concave with a prominent central ridge.
Oregon and Washington to Dakota.

§ II. Stout, glabrous only in P. Grayi, from large roots: leaves
mostly large and very finely dissected, the ultimate segments filiform
or narrowly linear: fruit wings more than half as bypad as the body: o1l-
tubes 1-3 in the intervals, (solitary in P. Grayiand P. macrocarpum).

* Flowers yellow: fruit glabrous: short caulescent.

P. Grayi C.&R. Bot Gaz. xiii, 209. P. millefolium Watson. Gla-
brous, peduncles 2-20 inches long numerous from a thick perennial root:
leaves ternate-pinnately. decompound, the ultimate segments linear,
elongated or short cuspidate, very numerous: umbel rather equally 6-16-
rayed, with involucels of distinct linear-subulate bractlets; rays 1-3 inches
long; pedicels 5-8 lines long: fruit oblong 4-8 lines long, 2-5 lines broad,
with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes usually solitary in
the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure. Common on dry rocky banks Ore-
gon and Washington to Utah.

* * Flowers white.

_ P. eurycarpum C.&R. Rev. Umb. 61. Somewhat caulescent 6-12
inches high more or less pubescent from a long biennial caudex terminat-
ing below in a fusiform tuber: ‘leaves bipinnate, segments pinnately in-
seised, ultimate divisions ovate or shortly linear: umbel somewhat

254. UMBELLIFER&. PEUCEDANUM.

eqiially 6-8-rayed, with involucels of conspicuous and somewhat folia-
ceous lanceolate or linear gamophyllus bractlets: rays 1-3 inches long:
pedicels 2-5 lines long, calyx-lobes evident: fruit narrowly oblong, glabrous
4-12 lines long 2-3 lines broad, with wings about half as wide as the body,
and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes solitary in the inter-
vals, 2 or 4 on the commissure: seed face with a slight central longitudi-
nal ridge. On dry rocky ridges and plains Brit. Columbia to California.

P. macrocarpum Nutt. 1.c.627. Caulescent, branching a foot or two
high. more or less pubescent: leaves ternate-pinnately decompound, with
small linear cuspidate segments; umbel 3-12-rayed with involucels of
lanceolate acuminate often united bractlets rays from 14-4 inches long:
fruit broadly elliptical glabrous 5-9 lines long: 3-4 lines broad with wings.
as.broad as the body, on pedicels 1-5 lines long: oil-tubes large, solitary in the
intervals, 2 on the commissure. Brit. Columbia to California.

§ III. Low and rather slender, from elongated comparatively slen-
der roots leaves rather small, more or less pinnately compound. With
short segments fruit-wings never broader than the body: oil-tubes 3-6.
in the intervals. ,

* Flowers white, fruit-wings more than half as wide as the body.

P. Nevadense Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 143. Glaucous- puberulent,.
shortly caulescent peduncle 3-15 inches high: leaves pinnately decom-
pound with small segments: umbel equally 5-10-rayed, with involucels of
scarious-margined linear lanceolate bractlets: rays often 1-2 inches long;
pedicels 2-5 lines long: fruit rounded to ovate, somewhat pubescent, 3-d
lines long, 2-4 lines broad, with wings almost as broad as the body and evi-
dent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 or 6
on the commissure. From Northern Cal. toS. E Oregon, Utah and Ne-
vada.

* * Flowers yellow, fruit wings narrower.

P. Oreganun C. & R. Rev. Umb. 64. Acaulescent and cespitose
from a multicipital caudex, with very slender peduncles 1-2 inches high:
bearing a very small single umbel or sometimes two nearly sessile umbellets
and one to few matured puberulent fruits about 2 lines long ultimate leaf
segments very small, linear-oblong not cuspidate. Alpine rocks Blue and
Eagle Creek Mountains, Oregon. (Cusick )

P. villosum Nutt. Watson Bot. King 131. Acaulescent more or less:
densely pubescent 3-8 gnches high: leaves finely dissected, with very nu-
merous narrow crowded segments: umbel somewhat equally 4-5 rayed,
with involucels of ovate to linear usually very tomentose bractlets; rays.
about an inch long; pedicels 1-3 lines long: fruit oval, somewhat pubes-
cent with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal and in-
termediate ribs: oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals 4 on the commissure,
seed-face plane. Northern California and Nevada to the Yukon river.

P. Donnellii C. & R. Bot. Gaz., xiii, 148. Shortly caulescent or
acaulescent 6-12 inches high, glabrons from a fusiform root; leaves ter-
nate then pinnately decompound leaves with segments cleft into short
oblong or linear lobes: umbel somewhat unequally 6-12-rayed, with in-
volucels of linear acuminate bractlets: rays 1-4 inches long; pedicels 2-8.
lines long: fruit ovate to broadly oblong, glabrous, 3-4 lines long, 2-3:
lines broad, with wings less than half as broad as the body and promi-
nent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes small, 4-6 in. the intervals,
4-6 on the commissure In wet places, John Day Valley, Oregon.

_r. Sandhergii C’&R.1.c. 79. Caulescent, branching at base, an
inch or two to a foot high, from an elongated comparatively slender root.

PEUCEDANUM, * UMBELLIFERA,. 255°

rough pubescent petioles wholly inflated, with a very conspicuous white
scarious margin; leaves ternately or pinnately dissected, the ultimate seg-
ments very short, linear: umbel very unequally 6-15-rayed, with involu-
cels of distinct linear-lanceolate bractlets; rays 1-4 inches long; pedicels a
line or two long; flowers bright yellow: fruit ovate puberulent 2-214 lines
long with very narrow wings, and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs
oil-tubes 4-5 in the intervals 6 on the commissure: seed-face plane. Bare-
mountain tops, Northern Idaho and Montana to Brit. Columbia.

P. microcarpum Howell P.C. Pl. Coll. 1887. Caulescent, branching
from the base 6-16 inches high, glabrous: leaves pinnately-decompound.
the ultimate seginents oblong- to. linear-lanceolate: minutely cuspidate:
umbel somewhat equally 1v-18-rayed with involucels of several linear-
lanceolate bractlets 1-3 lines long: pedicels 2 lines long, flowers dark.
yellow: fruit oblong 3 lines long 2 lines broad with narrow wings: oil-tubes.
4on the commissure. On dry cliffs, Umpqua Valley.

§ IV. Shortly caulescent, slender from elongated comparatively
slender roots; glabrous; ‘leaves small, lanceolate or oblong in outline,
pinnate or bipinnate with ovate toothed segments.

* Fruit wings half as broad as the body.

P. Hallit Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 141. Peduncles elongated 6-15
inches high: leaves pinnate oblong in outline, the ovate segments 44-inch
long, deeply toothed or pinnatifid: umbel equally 3-6-rayed, with small
involucels; rays about an inch long; pedicels 3=4 lines long: flowers yel-
low: truit broadly elliptical 3 lines long, 2 lines broad with filiform dorsal
and intermediate ribs, oil-tubes 3 in the intervals 4-6 on the commissure.
Northern Oregon and Washington.

* * Fruit wings much broader than the body.

P. Martindalei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 142. Caulescent and branching,
with elongated peduncles 4-12 inches high: leaves pinnate, or bipinnate
with toothed or pinnatifid segment: fruit 4-7 lines long, 3-4 lines broad,
with wings as broad or broader than the body, and prominent dorsal and
intermediate ribs; ‘oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 20n the commissure,
seed-face somewhat concave with central longitudinal ridge. On bluffs of
the Columbia river, near the Cascades.

Var. angustatum C. & R. 1. c. 143. Usually more caulescent and
sometimes taller with more dissected leaves, and wings of the fruit but
half a line wide making a fruit 2 lines wide. On high mountains, Brit.
Columbia to California,

§ V. Caulescent; from elongated comparatively slender roots: leaves
decompound with narrow linear more or less elongated segments and
usually wholly dilated petioles: bractlets of the involucels scarious-
margined more or les3 conspicuous.

* Wings of the fruit nefrly as broad as the body, thin: oil-tubes
large and solitary in the intervals: dorsal and intermediate ribs
prominent. ;

P. utriculatum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 628. Caulescent to nearly acaul-
escent, 4-12 inches high from a more or less tuberous root, puberulent or
glabrous: petioles very broadly dilated; leaves ternately or pinnately de-
compound, with ultimate segments narrowly linear, 6 lines long or less:
umbvel unequally 5-20-rayed with involucels of much dilated mostly obo-
vate often toothed petiolulate bractlets; rays about 2 inches long, pedicels
2-5 lines long; flowers yellow; fruit broadly elliptical, glabrous, 2-5 lines
long, 1-3 lines broad: oil-tubes 4-6 on the commissure: seed-face some-

256 - UMBELLIFERZ. PEUCEDANUM,

what concave. On open places, Brit. Columbia to California, west of the
Cascade Mountains.

* * Wings of the fruit narrow and thickish oil-tubes obsolete or
very indistinct and numerous in the intervals: do1sal and intermedi-
ate ribs obsolete or nearly so.

P. bicolor Watson But King, 129. Caulescentor scarcely so, 4~18 inches
high, glabrous or slightly puberulent: petioles wholly dilated; leaves ter-
nate-pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments very numerous and
linear: umbel very unequally 2-12-rayed, with involucels of 1-8 linear-
subulate bractlets; rays 1-5 inches long; pedicels short; fruit oblong
glabrous, 5-6 lines long, 1-244 lines broad. Eastern Oregon to Nevada
and Utah.

§ VI. Mostly tall and often stout, from long fleshy roots: leaves
with usually broad or elongated segments: bractlets of the involucel
small or none.

* Leaves with narrowly linear more or less elongated leaflets.
+ Low: flowers white.

P. Cusickii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 453. Caulescent, 2-5 inches
high, from a thick elongated root: leaves 1-2-ternate, the segments with
3-5 linear acute lobes, 3-12 lines long: umbel with 1-3 short fertile rays
and involucels of narrow acuminate bractlets which are distinct or more.
or less united pedicels very chort: fruit oblong-elliptical, 4-5 lines long
the thin wings as broad as the body or narrower: oil-tubes 1-3 in the in-
tervals, 4 or 6 on the commissure: seed-face concave. On the highest
summits of Eagle Creek Mountains, Union county, Oregon.

+ + Taller: flowers yellow.

P. simplex Nutt. Watson Bot. King. 129. Caulescent, 6-18 inches
high, puberulent: leaves ternate or biternate; leaflets from almost filiform
to linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long: umbel unequally 3-15-rayed, with
involucels of lanceolate or setaceous bractlets; rays 14-3 inches long: ped-
icels 1-3 lines long: fruit broadly oblong to nearly orbicular, sometimes
emarginate at each end, 3-6 lines long, 2-5 lines broad, with wings broader
than the body and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes large
and solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure: seed-face slightly con-
cave. Eastern Washington to California, Idaho and Montana.

P. triternatum Nutt.T. & G. Fl. i, 626. Caulescent 1-3 feet high,
from a deep-seated elongated fusiform root: lzaves biternate or triternate: -
leaflets from narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long: umbel
unequally 5-18-rayed, with involucels of lanceolate or setaceous bractlets;
rays 44-3 inches long; pedicels a line or more long: fruit narrowly oblong,
glabrous 3-6 lines long 114-2 lines broad with narrow wings, and some-
what prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes very large and
broad, solitary in the intervals, 2on the comnaissure. Brit Columbia to
California, very variable.

Var. macrocarpum C. & R. Rev. Umb. 70. A more robust. form
with broader leaflets, longer rays and fruit 6-8 lines long. About Hood
River, Oregon.

Var. brevifolium C.&R.1.c. Stout 6-18 inches high, rough-puber-
ulent with more compact leaves, stout inflated petioles, and shorter and
broader often toothed leaflets. On the high hills opposite [he Dalles. :

Var. alatum C. & R.1.c. Leaves with very narrowly linear and

elongated segments fruit 5-6 lines long with broader- wings. Eastern
Oregon to California.

PEUCEDANUM. ‘UMBELLIFER2. 257

P. levigatum Nutt 1. c. 627. Caulescent or acaulescent, 6-15 inches
high, glabrous, from shallow seated long roots: leaves triternate; leaflets
linear 3-12 lines long by half a line wide: umbel unequally 10-14-rayed,
with involucels obsolete or rarely 1-3 small triangular bractlets: pedicels
4-5 lines long: fruit 4-5 lines long 114-2 lines broad, with narrow wings
and prominent: dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 2 on the commis-
sure: seed-face wore or less concave with central longitudinal ridge. On
bluffs of the Columbia River, near Celilo. :

* * Leaves with lanceolate or orbicular segments.

_ P. leiocarpum Nutt 1.c 626. Acaulescent, glabrous, 1-2 feet high,
from a very long fleshy root: leaves biternate or triternate or ternate-
quinate, sometimes simply ‘ternate; leaflets thickish, from ovate to nar-
rowly lanceolate 1-2 inches long, petiolulate, entire, or toothed at the
apex: umbel very unequally 6-15-rayed without involucels; peduncles
and rays dilated at summit: rays 1-8 inches long: pedicels variable 1-9
lines long : flowers yellow: fruit narrowly oblong 5-7 lines long 114-24 lines
broad narrowly winged: oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals, 4 on
the commissure: seed-face somewhat concave. Brit. Columbia to Cali-
fornia and Idaho.

P. Nuttallii Watson Bot. King. 128, Acaulescent, glabrous, 6-12
inches high: leaves once or twice ternate with ovate to orbicular leaflets
with cuneate or cordate base; fruit ovate to oblong, 4 lines long, 3 lines
broad, very narrowly winged: oil-tubes small, 3 in the intervals, 4 or 6 on
a comirilgenED: seed-face almost plane. Eastern Oregon to N. Nevada
and Idaho.

P. Brandegei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 210. Short caulescent, glab-
rous, 6-12 inches high from a thick elongated root; leaves ter-
nately decompound the ultimate segments lanceolate, 6-12 lines
long, cuspidate: umbel 6-12-rayed, with involucels of few linear or seta-
ceous bractlets: rays 3-6 lines long; pedicels not more than a line long,
both reflexed at maturity: flowers yellow: calyx-teeth evident: fruit (im-
mature) oblong, about 4 lines long, 2 lines broad, with wings about half
as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-
tubes 2-4 in the intervals 4 or 6 on the commissure. Near Walla Walla,
Washington. (Brandegee.)

* * * Very stout and tall with large decompound leaves and linear
oblong segments. ;

P. Suksdorfii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 369. Caulescent, 2-4 feet
high: leaf-segments 1-2 inches long, entire or 2-3-cleft at the top: umbel
somewhat equally 6-12-rayed with involucels of linear acuminate bractlets;
rays 1-5 inches long; pedicels 3-9 lines long: flowers yellow: fruit nar-
rowly oblong, 9-14 lines long 3-6 lines wide with wings narrower than the
body, and very prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes solitary
in the intervals, very large, 2 onthe commissure: seéd-face somewhat
concave. Dry rocky mountain sides, Klickitat county, Washington.

§ VII. Low shortly caulescent or acaulescent, from a thick elong-
ated root, glabrous: leaves ternate or pinnate with. broad oblong or
round coarsely cuspidate-toothed leaflets, flowers yellow: fruit-wings
very broad, often several times broader than the body: oil-tubés 3-4 °
or solitary in the intervals. .

P. Howellii Watson 1. c. Short caulescent, peduncles 12-15 inches
high: leaves biternate to biquinate: leaflets cuneate-orbicular to round-
cordate, acutely dentate, often 3-lobed, 6-12 lines long: umbel with elong-
ated and divaricate fertile rays with involucels of acuminate lanceolate

ry

258 UMBELLIFERZA, PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS,
CYMOPTERUS.

bractlets; pedicels 4 lines long: fruit glabrous, broadly elliptical or nearly
orbicular, emarginate, with wings broader than the body, 4 lines long,
oil-tubes 3 or 4in the intervals 4-10 on the commissure. On dry hill-
sides, near Waldo, Josephine county, Oregon.

11- PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS, C. & BR. Rev. Umb. 74.

Mostly low glabrous perennials from a thick elongated root,
with bipinnate leaves, no involucre and involucels of narrow
bractlets mostly longer than the flowers. Calyx-lobes evident.
Fruit ovate or oblong. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs
very prominent and acute: lateral wings rather broad and thick-
ish, distinct from those of the other carpel. Oil-tubes 1-4 in
the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure.

P. anisatus C..& BR. 1. c. 75. Acaulescent, cespitose from a much
branched caudex which is more or less covered with the remains of old
leaves: leaves on tong petioles, narrow, somewhat rigid, pinnate and the
leaflets pindtelyparted into linear pungently acute segments: peduncles
6-12 inches long exceeding the leaves: umbel unequally 5-12-rayed, with
involucels of linear-subulate bractlets ere dis the white or yellow
flowers: rays 14-8 inches long: pedicels 1-3 lines long: fruit about 2 lines
long, the carpel irregularly 2-5-winged; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals, 2 or
4 on the commissure: seed-face plane. Oregon to Wyoming, Utah and
Colorado.

* * Fruit not flattened either way or but siightly so.

+ Fruit with all the ribs conspicuously winged; stylopodium de-
pressed or wanting.

12 CYMOPIrERUS Raf. Journ. Phys. 1819, 100.

Mostly low perennials from thick elongated roots with more
or less pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, promi-
nent involucels and white, yellow or purple flowers. Calyx-
lobes more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, somewhat
flattened laterally if at all.. Carpel.somewhat flattened dorsally
with mostly 5 broad thin equal wings, lateral wings distinct
from those of the other carpel. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-
tubes 1-several in the intervals, 2-8 on the commissure.

C. terebinthinus T. &G. Fl. i, 624. Shortly caulescent, decumbent,
6-18 inches long, leafy at base: leaves rather rigid, thrice pinnate; leaflets
a line long or less, linear or linear oblong, entire or toothed, mucronate:
umbel with 4-15 fertile rays, mostly no involucre, and involucels of short
linear or lanceolate bractlets; rays 14-2 inches long; pedicels 1-5 lines
long: flowers yellow: fruit 3-4 lines long, the 5 carpel-wings broad and
thin: oil-tubes 2-5 in the intervals, 5-10 on the commissure. Brit. Colum-
bia to California, Wyoming and Colorado.

. C. glaucus Nutt. Journ. Philad. Acad. vii, 28. Leaves and peduncles
clustered at the summit of a short caudex, more or less scabrous-puberu-
lent: leaves tripinnite the ultimate segments crowded, linear-oblong,
with revolute margins: peduncles at first short, elongated in fruit and
exceeding the leaves: umbels 5-15-rayed, with an involucre of setaceous
bracts or none and involucels of linear acute bractlets; rays 4-12 lines
long; pedicels 2-3 lines long; flowers white: fruit 2-314 lines long, the 2-5

PHELLOPTERUS. UMBELLIFERA., 259
LIGUSTICUM. pe ee
carpel-wings rather narrow : oil-tubes 3-5 in the broad intervals 6-8 on
the commissure: seed-face deeply sulcate or involute. Nevada to Idaho
and Montana,

18 PHELLOPTERUS Benth. B. & H. Gen. Plant. i, 905.

A low tomentose seashore herb with once or twice ternate or
ternate-pinnate thick leaves ovate to roundish more or less con-
fluent leaflets that are densely white-tomentose beneath, involu-
cre and involucels of subulate bracts and glomerate white flowers.
Calyx-lobes small. Fruit globose, glabrous. Carpel somewhat
flattened dorsally, with 5 equal broad and corky-thickened wings ;
lateral wings distinct from those of the other carpel. Stylopodi-
um depressed. Oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals, 4-6 on the com-
missure. Seed-face'slightly concave.

P. littoralis Schmidt.’ Fl. Sachel. in Mem. Acad. sa 7, xii, 138.
Subacaulescent: petioles elongated ; leaflets callous-serrate to dentate, with
impressed veinlets above, 1-2 inches long: umbel shorter than the leaves,
10-12-rayed; rays 6-12 lines long; umbellets capitate: fruit 4-5 lines in
diameter the wings 114 lines broad. On’ shifting sands of the seashore,
Vancoaver Island to Southern Oregon.

14 THASPIUM Nutt. Gen. i, 196..

Perennial herbs with ternately divided leaves with broad :er-
rate or toothed leaflets, mostly no involucre, involucels of small
bractlets mostly yellow flowers and all the fruits pedicelled.
Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flat-
tened dorsally if at all, mostly glabrous. Carpel with 3 or 4 or
all the ribs strongly ‘winged. Stylopodium wanting; styles
long. Qil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure:
Seed suleate beneath the oil-tubes, almost terete or somewhat
dorsally flattened with plane face.

T. aureum Nutt.1l.c. Glabrous: radical leaves mostly cordate, ser-
rate: stem leaves simply ternate: leaflets ovate to lanceolate, rounded or
tapering at base, serrate: umbel 8-12-rayed; rays 6-12 lines long; pedicels
abuut a line long, flowers deep yellow: fruit globose-ovoid, about 2 lines
long. all the ribs equally winged. Thickets and woodlands through the
Eagtern States. :

Var. trifoliatum (©. & R. Bot. Gaz. xii, 136. Leaves or leaflets cre-
nately-toothed. Ohio and Illinois to Oregon and Brit. Columbia.

Var. involucratum C.&R.1.c. Radical leaves twice or thrice ter-
nate; leaflets as in the species: umbel with conspicuous involucre of ser-
rate bracts and involucels of numerous toothed bractlets often as long as
the pedicels which are 2-3 lines long. Kootenai county, Idaho. (Leiberg.)

_ * * Fruit with all the ribs prominent and equal; stylopodium con-
ical: oil-tubes numerous. .
15 LIGUSTICUM Linn. Gen. n. 346.

Smooth perennials from large aromatic roots; with large ter-
nate-pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels
of narrow bractlets and white flowers in large many-rayed um-

260 UMBELLIFER&. LIGUSTICUM.

bels. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit oblong or. ovate, flattened
laterally if at all,glabrous. Oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals 6-10
on the commissure. Seed with round or angled back and plane
to deeply concave face.

* Leaves ternately decompound the broad leaflets simply toothed
or serrate: seed-face plane.

L. Scoticum L. Sp. 250. Stems simple, 1-2 feet high, somewhat
leafy, with glabrous inflorescence: leaves biternate; leaflets ovate, 1-2
inches long, coarsely toothed: umbel 8-15-rayed, with involucels of several
linear bractlets; rays at length 1-3 inches long: fruit narrowly oblong,
A-5 lines long, with prominent somewhat winged ribs: oil-tubes small 2 or
3 in the intervals, 6 on the commissure: seed flattened dorsally with
rounded back Alaska to Brit. Columbia, perhaps Washington, also on
the N. Eastern coast. ‘

* * Leaves ternate-pinnately compound with leaflets laciniately
toothed or pinnatifid. ‘

L. scopulorum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 347. Stout, 2-3 feet high,
ymore or less leafy, with puberulent inflorescence: lower leaves often very
Jarge, twice or thrice ternate. then once or twice pinnate; segments ovate,
jlaciniately pinnatifid; upper leaves often ternate-pinnate or simply pin-
mately compound: umbel of numerous rays with involucels of several
narrowly linear elongated bractlets: rays at length 2-3 inches long; pedi-
cels 6 lines long: fruit oblong, about 3 lines long, with somewhat promi-
nent conical stylopodium, and prominent somewhat winged ribs: oil-
tubes 3-5 in the intervals, 6-8 on the commissure: seed somewhat dor-
sally flattened, with angled or sulcate back and face with a broad shallow
cavity and central longitudinal ridge. In the coast mountains of Southern
Oregon, Sierra county, California, and the mountains of Colorado.

L. tenuifolium Watson Proc. Am. Acad xiv, 293 Stem slender, 1-2
feet high, naked above the base or with a single leaf, bearing 1-3 glabrous
umbels: leaves smail, ternate then pinnately decompound, finely dis-
seoted with laciniately divided leaflets the ultimate segments linear and
short; umbel few-rayed, with involucels of 1 or 2 narrowly linear bract-
Jets; rays about an inch long; pedicels 2-3 lines long: fruit oblong 144-2
lines long, with narrow ribs: oil-tubes 3-5 in the intervals, 6-8 on the
commissure. Union county, Oregon, to Colorado.

L_ apiifolium Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 345. Stems 2-+ feet high,
few-leaved or almost naked; inflorescence puberulent: leaves mostly radi-
cal, ternate or biternate then once or twice pinnate; the segments ovate,
laciniately pinnatifid: umbel of numerous rays, with involucels of several
narrowly linear elongated bractlets; rays at length about 2 inches long;
pedicels 2-4 lines long: fruit oval 114-2 lines long, with short conical stylo-
podium and narrow acute ribs: oil-tubes 3-5 in the intervals, 4-6 on the
commissure: seed with round back and more or less deeply concave
‘face, and a prominent central longitudinal ridge. In the mountains of
Oregon and Washington.

L. Grayi C & R. Rev. Umb. 88 Stems 1-2 feet high, with leaves all
nearly radical, and glabrous inflorescence: leaves ternate then pinnate;
the segments ovate, laciniately pinnatifid: umbel of numerous rays with
involucels of several narrowly linear elongated bractlets: rays 1-2 inches
long ;pedicels 2-4 lineslong :fruit narrowly oblong,2-23¢ lines long, with short
conical stylopodia and narrow prominent almost winged ribs: oil-tubes,
38-5 in the intervals, 8 on the commissure: seed strongly flattened darsally,
with angled back’ and face ‘but slightly concave, et Aes central ridge.

C@LOPLEURUM. UMBELLIFERA. 261
OROGENIA. ‘ :

Common from Washington to California.

-L. verticillatum C. & R. Cont. Nat. Herb. iii, 320, t.12. Angelica
verticillata Hook. I have neither specimens nor description of this spe-
cies, and. the plate cited is not sufficient to draw one from: it is found on
“shady oaey borders of pine woods of the high plains of the Nez
Perces,’’ Idaho. °

16 CHLOPLEURUM Ledeb. FI. Ross. ii, 361.

_ Stout glabrous sea-coast perennials with 2-3-ternate leaves on
very large inflated petioles, few-leaved involucre, involucel of
numerous small bractlets and greenish-white flowers in many-
rayed umbels. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong,
slightly flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Carpel with very
thick and prominent corky ribs, Oil-tubes small, one in
the interval and 1 or 2 under each rib, 2-4 on the commissure,
all adhering to the seed which is loose in the pericarp.

C. Gmelini Ledeb. l.c. Stems stout, 1-3 feet high: leaflets ovate,
acute irregularly cut-serrate 2-3 inches long, 1-114 inches broad: rays 1-114
inches long: pedicels 3-4 lines long: fruit globose to oblong 2-314 lines

long, with ribs all nearly equal and seed-face plane. Alaska to the coast
of Washington, also on the Northern Atlantic coast.

C. maritimum C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 145. Stems 2-3 feet high: leaf-
lets broad, often round, usually with cordate base, very obtuse, dentate or
crenate-denate, 214-3 inches long, 214 inches broad: rays 2-8 inches long;
pedicels 6-7 lines long: fruit oblong. 3-314 lines long, with lateral ribs
broader than the others, and seed-face ‘plane. Wet ocean blutis near the
mouth of the Columbia and southward. :

17 OROGENIA Watson Bot, King. 120, t. 15.

Dwarf glabrous nearly acaulescent plants from tuberous or
fusiform. roots with ternate leaves and linear segments, no in-
volucre, involucels of few linear bractlets, and white flowers in
subcompound umbels with very unequal rays. Calyx-lobes
minute. Fruit oblong, very slightly flattened laterally, glabrous.
Carpel much flattened dorsally with filiform dorsal and interme-
diate ribs: laterals excessively corky-thickened, involute (that is,
extended towards the other carpel leaving between the com-
missural faces a cavity which is divided longitudinally by a
thick corky projection from the middle of each face). Oil-tubes
very small, 3 in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure.

0. linearifolia Watson 1.c. Stems slender, 1-2 inches high, from a
deep-seated tuber : leaves 2 or 3, once or twice ternate, upon slender peti-
oles; leaflets entire 1-2 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, obtuse: umbels --4-
rayed, with nearly sesrile flowers: fruit 144-2 lines long; lateral ribs and

Poni ASUne projection strongly developed. Oregon and Washington to
tah.

0. fusiformis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 474. Rather stout 3-6
inches high, from a long fusiform root: leaves 2-3-ternate, with terminal
leaflets often 3-parted; leaflets an inch or less long: umbels 6-10 rayed:
fruit about 3 lines long, 13¢ lines broad, lateral ribs and commissural pro-

262. UMBELLIFER A. CRANTZIA.
ERYNGIUM.
jection smaller. California and Nevada.
Var. Leibergi C. & R. Rev. Umb. 92. Tall andslender, a foot or
more high, with petioles correspondingly elongated. Sand hills in the
Bitterroot Mts., Idaho. .

18 CRANTZIA Nutt. Gen. i, 178.

Small glabrous: perennial herbs, creeping and rooting in the
mud, with leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped
petioles, jointed by transverse partitions, minute involucral.
bracts, and simple few-flowered umbels of white flowers. Calyx-
lobes small. Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally, glabrous.
Carpel with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs; laterals very
thick and corky next the commissure. Oil-tubes 2 on the com-
missure. Seed terete.

C. liniata Nutt.1.c. Leaves very obtuse, 1-3 inches long, 1-2 lines

broad: fruit a line long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.
In salt marshes, Vancouver Island to Oregon and the Atlantic Coast.

19 GNANTHE L. Gen. n. 352.

Mostly aquatic glabrous herbs, with succulent stems, pinnate
or decompound leaves, and usually involucrate umbels of white
flowers. Calyx-lobes rather prominent. Fruit globose, slightly
flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Carpel with broad obtuse
corky ribs: laterals the largest. Stylopodium very short-coni-
cal. Oil-tubes 2 on the commissure. Seed sulcate beneath each
oil-tube.

«. sarmentosa Presl. D-C. Prod. iv, 138 Stems 2-5 feet high, leaves
ternate and bipinnate; leaflets ovate, avuminate, toothed often lobed at
base, 6-12 lines long: umbels many-rayed, wlth involucre of few linear
bracts or none, and involucels of similar more numerous bractlets: rays an
inch long or less; pedicels short: fruit about 2 lines long, with commis-
sural face and ribs very corky. In marshes, Alaska to California.

** * Fruit flattened laterally.
+ Prickly, or with tuberculate scales.
20 ERYNGIUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 324.

Glabrous perennials with mostly rigid, coriaceous, spinosely
toothed or divided leaves and white or blue flowers, in dense ses-
sile bracteate heads. the outer bracts form the involucre, the
inner ones, bractless, intermixed with the flowers represent the in-
volucels. Calyx-lobes very prominent, rigid and_ persistent.
Fruit ovoid, crowded with hyaline scales or tubercles, Carpel
with ribs obsolete. Stylopodium wanting: styles. shor$ or long,
often rigid. Oil-tubes mostly 4 on the back and 2 on the com-
missure. Seed-face plane.

E. Vaseyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 142. Stems from a few inches toa
foot high, several from a common root and branching above: leaves ob-

lanceolate, unequally spinulose-serrate, attenuate below :-involucre of nar-
row thick and rigid spinose and spiny-toothed bracts, much longer than

SANICULA. UMBELLIFERA, 263

the heads; bractlets the same: fruit with Janceolate acuminate-cuspidate
pe aaa hak longer than the short styles. Wet grounds, Southern Oregon
to California.

E. articulatum Hook. Fl. i, 259. Erect, a foot or so high, more or
less branching throughout: radical and lower stem leaves reduced to very
long jointed petioles, with or without small lanceolate blades; upper stem
leaves sessile: involucre of linear cuspidate-tipped and spiny-toothed
bracts much longer than the heads; bractlets tricuspidate, the middle one
much the largest, scarcely longer than the flowers: fruit with lanceolate
cuspidate-acuminate calyx-lobes hardly longer than the styles. Swamps
and wet meadows, Brit. Columbia to California. :

E. Harknessii Curran Bull. Cal. Acad. iii, 153. Erect, slender, 2-4
feet high, dichotomously branched above: radical and lower leaves con-
sisting only of the jointed fistulous petiole,. often very long: stem leaves
lanceolate entire, sparingly ciliate-toothed, on jointed petioles of equal
length, laciniate-fringed near the base; upper reduced to sessile laciniate
bracts: heads oblong, 6-9 lines in diameter, blue involucre of 8-10 nar-
row bracts, exceeding the head, calyx-lobes subulate, equalling the styles.
In wet places, Washington to California and Idaho.

21 SANICULA Tourn. L. Gen. u. 326.

Smooth herbs with almost naked or few-leaved stems palmate
or pinnate leaves with more or less pinnatifid or incised lobes,
and greenish yellow or purple flowers in irregularly compound
few-rayed umbels. Calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous, persistent.
Fruit sub-globose, densely covered with hooked prickles or tu-
berculate. Carpel without ribs. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-
tubes mostly large, 3 on the back and 2 on the commissure, or
8-19 irregularly distributed.

* Oil-tubes irregular in number and in distribution.
+ Mature fruit pedicelled: leaves palmately divided.

8S. urctopoides Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 141. Stems. very short,
from thickened rootstocks, bearing a tuft of leaves and several divergent
scape-like branches 2-8 iriches long, each bearing an umbel of 1-3 elong-
ated rays: leaves deeply palmately 3-lobed, the cuneate divisions once or
twice laciniately cleft or dissected with lanceolate acute spreading seg-
ments: involucre of 1-2 similar leaf-like bracts; umbellets large 3-6 lines
in diameter, with conspicuous involucels of 8-12 narrowly oblanceolate
mostly entire bractlets: flowers yellow: fruit short pedicellate 11¢ lines
long naked at base with strong prickles above; seed-face almost plane. On

lains and hillsides, Sacramento Valley, California, also Vancouver
sland, Brit. Columbia, to be looked for in our range. =

S. Howellii C.& R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 81 Stems coarse,.a foot or less
high, often bearing tufts of stout elongated peduncles and leaves; leaves
broad and palmately 3-5-lobed, the upper inclined to be pinnately lobed, -
the divisions rather sharply cut and foothed, the teeth mucronate-tipped :
umbel unequally few-rayed, with involucre of few leaf-like bracts and in-
volucels of very prominent bractlets sometimes much exceeding the large
globose head of fruit; flowers yellow: fruit short pedicellate, prickly all
over 144-2 lines long, seed-face concave. Sandy seashore, Columbia river
to Southern Oregon.

S. Menziesii Hook. & Arn, 1. c. 142. Stem solitary, erect, from a
long, thickish perpendicular root, 1-5 feet high, branching: leaves round-

264 UMBELLIFERA, SANICULA.
PIMPINELLA.

cordate 2-4 incbes broad, very deeply 3-5-lobed, the broad segments
sharply toothed or somewhat cleft, the teeth bristle-tipped; upper leaves
more narrowly lobed and laciniately toothed: umbel with 3-4 slender
rays, involucre of 2-3 small leaf-like bracts, and involucels of 6-8 small
entire bractlets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones nearly sessile: fruit be-
coming distinctly pedicellate and divergent, obovate 1-2 lines long, covered
with strong prickles: seed-face plane. Brit. Columbia to California.
+ + Mature fruit sessile.

+ Leaves pinnately divided.

8S. laciniata Hook & Arn. ].c.147 Stems more or less branching,
6-18 inches high; from a thickened root-stock: leaves mostly palmately
3-5-parted, the divisions 1-2 pinnatifid, segments laciniately toothed,
the teeth spinosely pointed: umbel 3-5 rayed, with involucre of
leaf-like bracts, and involucels of lanceolate spinosely pointed bractlets;
flowers yellow, the sterile ones on long pedicels: fruit somewhat naked
below,-more prickly above 144 lines long: seed-face deeply sulcate some-
what involute. California to the Willamette Valley, Oregon.

S. Nevadensis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 189. Stem slender some-
times very short, simple or branching near the base, a foot or less high:
leaves ternate, the divisions oblong-ovate, 3-5 lobed; the segments lobed
or toothed: umbel with about 5 rays, which are sometimes branched and
become 6-18 lines long in fruit; involucre of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts; in-
volucels of small oblong acute bractlets: flowers yellow, the sterile ones
pediceled : fruit prickly all over 14g lines long: seed-face plane. Dry open
woods, Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada.

++ ++ Leaves more or less pinnately divided.

S. bipinnatifida Dougl. Hook, Fl. i, 258. Stems a foot or more high
from a thickened rootstock: with usually a pair of opposite leaves at base
and 1-3 leaves above; leaves pinnately 3-7 parted, the divisions incisely
toothed or lobed, decurrent on the toothed rhachis, teeth acute or slightly
pointed; umbel with 3-4 elongated rays: involucre of leaf-like bracts, and
involucels of small narrow merely acute bractlets; flowers purple, in dense
heads, the sterile ones on long pedicels: fruit prickly all over. Seed-face
broadly concave with a prominent central longitudinal ridge. Common
in open places Brit. Columbia to California.

S. bipinnata Hook. & Arn. l.c. 347. A foot or more high from a
slender fusiform root: leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with divisions not at
all decurrent, cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely and mucronately toothed:
umbel 3-4 rayed, with involucre of leaf-like bracts and involucels of afew
small bractlets more or less united: flowers yellow: fruit tuberculate at
base, prickly above: seed-face deeply sulcate, more or less involute, with
a central longitudinal ridge. California to the southern boundary of Ore-
gon.

* * Fruit neither prickly nor sealy.

22 PIMPINELLA L. Gen. n. 366,

’ Glabrous perennials with ternately or pinnately compound
leaves, involucre and involucels scanty or none, and white -or
yellow flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete: fruit oblong to ovate,
glabrous, carpel with equal slender ribs: stylopodium depressed
or cushion-like. Oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 4-8 on the com-
missure: seed somewhat dorsally flattened.

P. apiodora Gray Proc, Am. Acad. vii, 345. Smooth, rather stout,

MUSENIUM. UMBELLIFER. 265:
BUPLEURUM,

2-3 feet high: leaves mostly radical, 2-3-ternate, the cuneate-ovate leaflets
laciniately pinnatifid and toothed, an inch long: umbel long-peduncled,.
6-15-rayed ; rays 1-2 inches long, hispidly puberulent: flowers white or
pinkish : fruit broadly ovate: oil-tubes numerous in the intervals, 8 or
more on the commissure. From San Francisco to Eastern Nevada.

Var. nudicaulis Gray 1.c. viii, 385. Small; stem scapiform, almost.
leafless, scarcely a foot high. Oregon Hall 1871, not since found.

23 MUSENIUM, Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 642.

Dwarf resinous dry ground perennials, from thick elongated
roots, with pinnate decompound leaves, no involucre and invol-
ucels of a few narrow bracts. Calyx-lobes prominent. Fruit.
ovate or ovate oblong, carpel with equal filiform ribs, and thin
pericarp: stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes usually 3 in the
intervals, the middle one the largest, 2-4 on the commissure.
Seed-face broadly concave.

M. divaricatum Nutt.1.c. Decumbent, glabrous: stem short, dicho-
tomously branching from the base: leaves bipinnatifid, with winged
rhachis; segments 3-5-toothed: peduncles 2-5 inches long: umbel 10-25
rayed ; rays 3-9 lines long, pedicels short: fruit smooth or nearly so, about
2 lines long;-oil-tubes 3 in the intervale, with accessory ones beneath the
ribs, 4 on the commissure: Seed terete, with rather deeply concave face.
From the plains of the upper Missouri to Oregon and Brit. Columbia.

24 EULOPHUS Nutt. DC. Prodr. iv, 248.

‘Glabrous perennials from deep-seated fascicled tubers, 1-5
feet high, with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, narrowly
linear to cblong-linear mostly entire leaflets, the terminal one
elongated, involucre and involucels of several lanceolate acumi-
nate usually scabrous bractlets and. long-peduncled umbels of
white or pinkish flowers. Calyx-lobes prominent. Fruit ovate
to linear-oblong glabrous. Carpel with equal filiform ribs, and
thin pericarp. Stylopodium conical, with long and recurved
styles. Oil-tubes 1-5 in the intervals,’ 4-8 on the commissur2
and a small ‘group in the parenchyma of the commissural sulcus.
Seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge.

E. Bolanderi C. & R. Rev. Umb. 112. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high;.
leaf divisions more or less pinnately compound: ultimate divisions narrowly
linear, 6-18 lines long, the terminal cnes sometimes much longer, 14-1 line
wide: uppermost leaves simple: umbel 10-25-rayed, with prominent in-
volucre and involucels of scarious ovate-lanceolate abruptly long acuni-
nate bractlets, longer than the eoeprons rays 5-10 lines long; pedicels 1-2
lines long: fruit oblong: oil-tubes small 2-5 in the intervals, 6 on the
commissure. Southeastern Oregon to California. >

25 BUPLEURUM: L. Gen. n. 328. .

Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit oblong with rather broad com-
missure. Carpel with equal very slender or prominent ribs,
Stylopodium prominent and flat. Oil-tubes wanting or contin-
uous about the seed-cavity. Ours perennial from a branching
caudex, with simple entire clasping or perfoliate stem-leaves and

266 UMBELLIFERZ. LEIBERGIA.
GLYCOSwA.

yellow flowers.

B. Americanum C. & R. Rev. Umb. 115. Radical leaves linear-
‘lanceolate, cauline ones very variable, oblong to linear, more or less clasp-
inz: rays unequal, 6-24 lines long, with involucre: of 3-5 unequal bracts
and involucels of 5-8 rather small ovate bractlets: pedicels short: carpel
with prominent ribs, oil-tubes continuous about the seed-cavity and one
in each rib. Seed-face plane. Alaska to Yellowstone Park, perhaps
“Washington. 2

26 LEIBERGIA C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. iii, 675, t. xxvii.

Slender glabrous acaulescent plants from a small globose root,
ternately divided leaves and irregular umbels of white flowers.
‘Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, linear, beaked,
glabrous: stylopodium wanting. Carpels only slightly flattened
dorsally, with 5 filiform ribs, the 2 lateral a little more promi-
nent and turned inward. Oil-tubes small, solitary in the inter- ,
vals, 2 on the commissure. Seed-face slightly concave but when
-dry becoming more or less involute.

L. orogenioides C. & R. 1.c. Stem slender 6-2) inches high; leaves
nearly as long as the flowering peduncle: leaflets linear, 133-4 inches
long, entire or with a few teeth or linear lobes: rays of the umbel 3-10,
-very slender, often spreading, 1-6 inches long; umbellets with few fi wers
and fruits: involucre none ;involucels of few small bracts that are somewhat
-united at base: fruit 4 lines long, flattened laterally but terete at base,
terete and somewhat beaked at apex. Along small streams, Coeur d’Alene
Mountains Idaho, Spokane Co., Washington.

27 OSMORHIZA Jour. Phys. lxxxix.

Perennials from thick aromatic roots, with ternately decom-
‘pound leaves, ovate variously toothe| leaflets, invelucre and in-
volucels few-leaved ox wanting and white flowers in few-rayed
sand few-fruited umbels. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit linear to
dinear-oblong, caudate, attenuate at base, acute above, very
bristly on the ribs. Carpel slightly flattened dorsally or not at
all, nearly pentagonal in section, with equal ribs and thin peri-
carp. Oil-tubes obsolete in mature fruit.

QO. nuda Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. iv, 93. Stems rather slender, 1-3 feet
high, divaricately branched, somewhat pubescent or glabrous: leaves
‘twice ternate; leaflets 6-24 lines long, toothed and cleft: umbel long ped-
-uncled, 3-6-rayed, mostly naked; rays slender, spreading 2-4 inches long:
~pedicels 2-12 lines long: fruit with not very prominent ribs: stylopodium
and style very short, seed-face concave. Very common in wooded dis-
tricts. Alaska to California and the Rocky mountains.

28 GLYCOSMA Nutt. T. &G. Fi. i, 639.

Mostly tall perennials from thick aromatic roots with ter-
mately decompound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets,
amostly without involucre or involucels, and white flowers in few-
rayed umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. © Fruit linear to linear-ob-
Jong, not attenuate-at base; acute above, glabrous or somewhat

VELZA. UMBELLIFER. 267

bristly on the ribs. Carpels slightly flattened dorsally or not at
all, with 5 acutely carinate equal ribs. Stylopodium mostly de-
pressed. Oil-tubes obsolete in mature fruit. Seed-face concave.

G. occidentalis Nutt.1.c. Rather stout, puberulent or pubescent:
leaves 2-3-ternate ; leaflets 1-4 inches long, acute, coarsely serrate. rarely
incised: umbel 5-12-rayed, naked or with lor 2 involucral bracts; rays
1-5 inches lorig, mostly erect: pedicels 1-3 lines long: fruit 7-12 lines
long obtuse at base, glabrous, with prominent acute ribs: stylopodium
half toa line long; seed-face coneave. In the higher mountains, Brit.
Columbia to California, Montana and the Wahsatch.

G. ambiguum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 386. Glabrous or hairy
near the nodes: leaves 2-3 ternate: leaflets 1-2inches long, acute, shortly.
toothed or cleft: umbel 4-8-rayed, naked; rays about 2 inches long, some-
what spreading; pedicels 1-3 lines long: fruit 6-7 lines long acutish at
base, sometimes bristly, with prominent ribs: styles half a line long: seed-
face concave. Western Washington and Oregon to California.

29 VELA DC. Prodr. iv, 230.
DEWEYA T. & G.

Perennial herbs from thick elongated roots with mostly radical
pinnate or ternate leaves, conspicuous involucels and vellow
flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete or prominent. Fruit oblong to
orbicular, glabrous or pubescent. Carpel somewhat flattened
laterally, with prominent and equal filiform ribs (the intermedi-
ates somewhat distant from the laterals) and a thin pericarp.
Oil-tubes conspicuous, 3-6 in the intervals, 4-10 on the comnis-
sure. Seed terete, the face strongly involute, enclosing a central
cavity.

VY. glauca C.&R. Contrib. Nat. Herb. iii, 321. Shortly caulescen
slender, 8-18 inches high, erect or somewhat spreading, glabrous and
somewhat glaucous: radical leaves small, bi- or tri-ternate; stem leaves of-
ten simply ternate ; leaflets small, 4-8 lines long, mostly cordate or truncate
at base, often 3-lohed or 3-parted, irregularly toothed: um‘el 7-15-rayed,
with no involucre and involucels of small linear bracts: rays 1-3 inches
long; pedicels a line long or less: fruit orbicular, a line in diameter; carpo-
phore parted below the middle, flowers yellow. On dry hillsides in open
wood3, Southwestern Oregon.

Vv. Kelloggii C. & R. Rev. Umb. 121. Deweya Kelloggii Gray.
Acaulescent or nearly so, mostly puberulent; 2-3 feet high: leaves tri-
ternate; leaflets ovate, half to less than an inch long, mostly *-lobed:
umbel 8-16-rayed, mostly with o0 involucre, and involucels of small linear
bractlets; rays 2-3 inches long: fruit 1-2 lines long, almost as broad, some-
what notched at base, with. filiform ribs: oil-tubes 3 in the dorsal inter-
vals, 5-6 in the lateral ones, 8-18 on the commissure. Southern Uregon to
Southern California. , : ;

Y. Howellii C. & R.1.c. 122. Glabrous throughout, shert-caulescent;
2-4 inches high: leaves 1-3, thickish about 18 lines long, with ovate out-
line, pinnatifid, the oblong segments irregularly cuspidate-toothed and
lobed, with revolute margins; umbel 3-6-rayed, with no involucre and
involucels exceedingly prominent, being exactly like the leaves and form-
ing the principal part of the foliage of the plant; rays 6-8 lines long; pedi-

268 UMBELLIFER#. SIUM.
CARUM.

cels about a line long, calyx-lobes prominent: fruit (immature) oblong,
glabrous: oil-tubes several in the intervals. In the Siskiyou mountains at :
high elevations, southwest of Ashland, Oregon. an

30 SIUM L. Gen. n. 348.

Smooth perennials, growing in water or wet places, with’
pinnate leaves, serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and in-.
volucels of numerous narrow bracts, and numerous white flowers.
Calyx-lobes minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous. Carpels
with prominent corky nearly equal ribs. Stylopodium de-
pressed. Style short. Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals, 2-6 on the-
commissure. Seed subangular with plane face.

S. cicutefolium Gmelin. Syst. ii, 482. Stout, 2-6 feet high: leaflets -
8-8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate; mostly acuminate, 2-5-
inches long, submerged leaves when present finely dissected: umbel
many-rayed; rays 12-18 lines long; pedicels 1-3 lines long: vil-tubes 2-6-
on the commissure. Apparently throughout North America.

31 ZIZIA Koch Umbel. 129.

Smooth perennial herbs with mostly simple or ternate leaves, .
no involucre, involucels of small bractlets and yellow flowers: the
central fruit of each umbellet sessile, calyx-teeth prominent. .
Fruit oblong, glabrous. Stylopodium wanting. Styles long.
Oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, 20 on the-
commissure and a small one in each rib. Seed terete, sulcate.

Z. cordata Kochl.c. Radical leaves mostly long-peticled, cordate or -
even rounder, crenately toothed, very rarely lobed or divided; stem leaves .
simply ternate or quinate, the leaflets ovate to lanceolate, serrate incised,
or even parted: fruit ovate. Throughout Canada and the Atlantic States -

and Oregon.
32 CARUM Linn.

Smooth erect slender herbs with tuberous or fusiform fascicled!
roots, pinnate leaves with few linear leaflets, involucre and in-
volucels of few to,many bracts and white flowers. Calyx-lobes-
small. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, carpel with filiform or.
inconspicuous ribs. Oil-tubes 2-6 on the commissure. Seed
dorsally flattened, more or less sulcate beneath the oil-tubes.

C. Gairdneri Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 344. Stems 1-4 feet high, .
from fascicled-tuberous or fusiform roots: leaves few usually simply pin-
nate, with 3-7 linear leaflets 2-6 inches long; upper leaves usually simple: -
umbels 6-15-rayed with involucre of several bracts or none and involucels
of, linear acuminate bractlets: rays about 18 lines long: fruit ovate, small,
with long styles: seed terete. From .Brit. Columbia and Montana to.
Utah and California. : :

C. Oregana Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 368. ‘Closely resembling
the preceding, but the lower leaves more divided, with shorter linear lobes; :
fruit oblong, larger with long styles: seed flattened dorsally, sulcate be-
neath the oil-tubes.and slight y concave on the face,with central longitudi--
nal ridge.’’ Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada.

T MNIOPLEURUM. UMBELLIFER. 269
HYDROCOTYLE.

33 TAINIOPLEURUM OC. &R. Bot. Gaz. Nov. 1889.

Smooth erect herbs, from a fascicle of thickened fibers, with
ternate-pinnate leaves, toothed leaflets. involucre and involucels
of numerous conspicuous bracts and white flowers. Calyx-lobes
prominent. Fruit oblong, glabrous flattened latterly. Carpel with
broad, salient ribs. Stylopodium prominent and conical. Oil-
tubes solitary in the intervals, very large, two on the commis-
sure. Seeds dorsally flattened, sulcate beneath the oil-tubes,
becoming loose in the pericarp, and invested by a layer of secret-
ing cells.

T. Howellii C & R.1.c. Stems rather stout, 3-4 feet high, leaves
few, ternate then once or twice pinnate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate,
strongly toothed or lobed; umbels many-rayed, with involucre of long nar-
rowly oblanceolate bracts and involucels of prominent lanceolate scarious-
margined bractlets; ray 1-3 inches long; pedicels 3-5 lines long. Wet
places Grants Pass, Oregon. ©

34 CICUTA L. Gen. n. 354.

Tall branching glabrous perennial herbs with pinnately or
ternately compound leaves, involucre small or wanting, involu-
cels of several small bractlets and many-rayed umbels of small
flowers. Calyx-lobes rather prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly
orbicular, glabrous. Stylopodium conical. Carpels with strong
flattish corky ribs, the laterals the largest. Seed nearly terete,
-or somewhat dorsally flattened, with plane face. Oil-tubes soli-
tary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.

C. occidentalis Greene Pitt ii, 7. Stem stout, 3-6 feet high, green,
‘scarcely glaucous, paniculate from toward the base: leaves bipinnate; leaf-
lets 2-3 inches long, narrowly lanceolate, coarsely serrate: umbel many-
rayed; involucre usually wanting; involucels of few narrow lanceolate
bractlets: rays 1-4 inches long; pedicels 2~4 lines long: fruit broadly ovate
‘to oval, the lateral ribs mnch larger than the others: oil-tubes broad and
‘conspicuous, the commissural pair contiguous. In marshes and wet
places. Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains.

C. purpurata Greenel.c. 8. Stems3-4 feet high, purple glaucous, con-
‘spicuously striate, paniculate from the middle: leaves bipinnate; leaflets
-ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long closely and often deeply serrate, the teeth
a little faleate; umbels many, long peduncied: involucre and involucels
wanting or deciduous: flowers dull and inconspicuous: fruit orbicular, ribs
-of the carpels broad and low: oil-tubes small. Springy and boggy places
near Cle Elum, Washington. ;

C. vagans Greene 1. c. Stem branching from the very base, the
branches diffuse or reclining, 3-5 feet long, abundantly floriferous : herbage
‘purplish or glaucous: radical leaves 2 feet long bi- or tri-pinnate; leaflets
2 inches long, lanceolate, somewhat cuneate below and entire, but from
below the middle bearing rather remote short but salient serrate teeth:
flowers dull, fruit orbicular; the ribs very broad and_low; oil-tube small,
‘cross-section of seed nearly reniform. Borders of Lake Pend d’Oreille, Idaho.

35 HYDROCOTYLE Tourn.
Low perennial: herbs growing in water or wet.places with slen-

270 ARALIACE, ARALIA,

der creeping stems, orbicular-peltate or reniform leaves and small
white flowers in simple or proliferous umbels. Calyx teeth mi-
nute or obsolete. Fruit more or less orbicular. Carpels with
5 primary ribs, the dorsal marginal, broad or filiform; inter-
mediate filiform, usually curved; laterals filiform or broad, dis-
tinct from those of the other carpel or confluent: a prominent
oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis occasionally containing
small oil-tubes.

H. ranuncluoides L. f. Suppl.177. Stems rather slender 6-12 inches
long: leaves thickish, round-reniform ,6-18 lines in diameter, 3-7-cleft, with
erenate lobes: peduncles 1-3 inches long, reflexed in fruit: umbel capi-
tate, 5-10-flowered: fruit with rather obscure ribs, strongly flattened. lat-
erally: stylopodium depressed. In ponds, Oregon to California and
across the ‘continent.

OrvER XLIV. ARALIACE Vent. Tabl. iii, 2.

Shrubs. trees or perennial herbs with compound or simple
leaves without stipules, the petioles thickened and dilated at
base, and umbellate paniculate, or racemose infloresence.
Calyx adherent to the ovary. the limb usually very small, en-
tire or toothed. Petals 5-10, valvate in the bud, very 1arely
none. Stamens as many as petals and alternate with them:
filaments short: anthers introrse. Ovary crowned with an
epigynous disk, 2-15-celled, with a solitary suspended ovule in
each cell: styles erect and connivent or spreading: stigma sim-
ple. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, sometimes nearly dry, but
the carpels not separating. Seed solitary in each cell, anatro-
pous. Embryo short, at the base of copious fleshy albumen.
1. Aralia, Petals imbricate in the bud, drupes 5-celled: pedicels not
' jointed.

2. Echinopanax. Petals valvate in the bud, drupes 2-3-celled, pedicels

not jointed.
1 ARALIA Vaillant.

Perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate digitate or com-
pound leaves and small flowers in racemed umbels. Calyx 5-
toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate, slightly imbricate. Sta-
mens 5. Disk depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2-5-celled;
styles few or connate at base, at length divaricate; stigmas
terminal. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3-5-angled,
fleshy externally ,endocarp chartaceous.

A. Californica Watson. Herbaceous, unarmed and nearly glabrous,
8-10 feet high from a large thick root: leaves bipinnate, or the upper pin-
nate with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets, which are cordate-ovate, 4-8 inches long
or more, shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate with short acute
teeth, uppermost leaves ovate-lanceolate: umbels in loose terminal and
axilary compound or simple racemose panicles, which are a foot or two
long and more or less glandular-tomentose ; rays numerous, 4-6 lines long;
involucres of several linear bractlets; flowers 114-2 lines long; disk and

ECHINOPANAX, CORNACEZ. 271)
CORNUS,

stylopodium obsolete; styles united to the middle. Shaded mountain ra-
vines California. ;
Var. acuminata Watson in Herb. Leaflets long acuminate, pedicels-
10-14 lines long. Mountain streams Southern Oregon.
2 ECHINOPANAX Decaisne & Planch. in Rev. Hortic, 1854, 105.

Densely prickly shrubs with. large palmately lobed leaves.
and greenish-white flowers in dense paniculate umbels.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 5, valvate in the bud. Stamens
5, alternate with the petals: filaments filiform; anthers ovate-
to oblong. Ovary 2-3-celled: styles 2, filiform: stigma termir
nal. Fruit laterally compressed, drupaceous; endocarp indur-:
ated.

E. horridum Decaisne &. Planch. 1. c. Very prickly throughout:
stems erect from a decumbent base, 4-12 feet high, leaty at the top: leaves:
roundish-cordate, prickly both sides, palmately lobed, aculeate-dentate,.
more or less pubescent beneath, 6-24 inches long: inflorescence terminal,
densely tomentose: rays subtended by a scarious laciniately cut bract:

petals ovate, with a broad base: styles united to the middle. In moun--
tain swamps, Oregon to the arctic regions.

OrpER XLV. CORNACE Link. Handb. ii, 2.

Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs with opposite mostly entire
pinnately veined leaves without stipules and cymose or capi-
tate infloresence, with or without an involucre. Calyx adher-
ent to the ovary, the limb.4-5-toothed or lobed, valvate in the-
bud. Petals distinct, as many as the calyx-lobes and alter-
nate with them, inserted on the margin of the epigynous disk,.
-valvate in the bud: stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and
alternate with them: anthers introrse, mostly cordate. Ovary
one-celled with a single pendulous ovule. Style single. fruit
drupelets covered with the remains of the calyx. Seed ana-
tropous. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen.

1 CORNUS Tourn. (Doawoop)

Trees, shrubs or herbs with opposite entire leaves and small
perfect flowers in dichotomous cymes or involucrate heads.
Limb of the calyx 4-toothed, minute. Petals oblong, spread-
ing. Filaments filiform. Style subclavate; stigma obtuse or
capitate. Drupelets not connate..

* Flowers greenish or purple, in a close head, surrounded by a con-
spicuous involucre of white petal-like bracts: fruit bright red.
+ Low and herbaceous, from slender, creeping root-stocks.

C. Canadensis L. Sp.i, 118. Stems simple, 4-8 inches high; leaves -
scarcely petioled, mostly in an-apparent whorl of 4 or 6 near the suimmit, .
oval to obovate pointed at both ends, somewhat appressed-pubescent on

both sides 2-3 inches long, near the middle of the stem; a pair of smaller’
leaves and scale-like bracts below; .peduncles 1-3 inches long: involucral

272 ‘CORNACEZ. CORNUS.

‘practs 4, white or creani-color, ovate, 3-8 lines long: fruit globular: stone
smooth, not flattened, a little higher than broad. In the higher moun-
tains and along the coast, across the continent as far north as forests grow,
south to California and New Jersey.

C. Suecica L. 1..c. Stems.sometimes branching. above, 5-20 inches
high : leaves sessile, all opposite, becoming smaller downwards, ovate or
oval, acute, nerves all arising at or near ‘the base, appressed-pubescent on
‘oth sides, uppermost leaves 1-3 inches long: peduncle 1-8 inches long:
involucral bracts 4, white or cream-color, ovate 3-6 lines long: flowers dark
purple: fruit globular: stone flattened, mostly with a shallow furrow on
each face, acute, as broad as high. Alaska and across the continent: per-
haps N. Washington. : .

4 + + Shrubs or trees.

C. Nuttallii Audubon Birds 467, T. & G. Fl. i, 652. A tree 20-75 feet
high : leaves mostly obovate, on petioles 3-12 lines long, usually wooly-
pubescent beneath, with intermixed appressed hairs: involucral bracts
4-6 or more, narrowly oblong to obovate or even round, obtuse, 114-2
inches long: heads of flowers 6-12 lines in diameter: fruit crowded among
the abortive ovaries, crowned with the broad persistent calyx: stone 4-5
lines high, 3-4 lines broad. Brit. Columbia to California west of the
‘Cascade Mountains. ’

* * Flowers yellowish, in sessile umbels, appearing before the
leaves, involucrate with 4 small deciduous bracts.

C. sessilis Torr. Durand Pl. Pratt. 89, Shrub 10-15 feet high with
greenish bark: leaves short-petioled, approximate, ovate, short acuminate,
nearly smooth above, pale beneath, with appressed and silky pubescence:
umbels terminal but becoming lateral by the development of the shoot:
involucral bracts 3-4 lines long, about as long as the slender silky pedicels:
fruit oblong, 6-7 lines long, 3-5 lines wide : stone oblong somewhat pointed
and longitudinally rigid, 4-5 lines long, 2-214 lines broad. Northern Cali-
fornia, perhaps reaches our limits.

* * * Flowers white or cream-colored, cymose, not involucrate:
fruit white, lead-colored or blue: leaves opposite.

C. pubescens Nutt Svly. iii, 54. Shrub 6-20 feet high with smooth
red or purplish slender branches branchlets and inflorescence more or
less hirsute: petioles 3-12 lines long; leaves from narrowly to broadly
ovate or oval, acute or somewhat accuminate mostly acute at base; ap-

ressed-pubescent or glabrous above, whitish silky-pubescent beneath

owers in more or less compact cymes; calyx-teeth minute:
fruit white; stone somewhat compressed, mostly oblique,
with a more or less prominently furrowed edge about 2 lines long by 2%
lines broad, the sides apt to have more or lessprominentridges Inalluvial
places, Brit. Columbia to California west of the Cascade Mountains.

C. Baileyi C. & E .Bot. Gaz. xv. 89. Erect shrub with reddish-brown
mostly smooth branches: branchlets and inflorescence pubescent to woolly :
petiole 6-12 lines long; leaves from lanceolate to ovate, acute or short-_
acuminate, acute or obtuse at base, appressed-pubescent to glabrous -
above, white beneath and with woolly hairs variously intermingled with
appressed ones: flowers in small rather compact cymes: calyx-teeth from
small to prominent; fruit white or bluish: stone decidedly compressed,
flat-topped rarely oblique, with a very prominently furrowed edge, much
broader than high, About the Great Lakes and westward to the Cascades
of the Columbia.

C. stolonifera Michx. FI. i, 92. Shrub 3-9 feet high, erect or ros-

GARRYA, GARRYACEA. 372

trate, stoloniferous, with branches usually bright red-purple and smooth:
branchlets and influrescense appressed pubescent, petioles 3-18 lines long;
leaves from lanceolate to broadly ovate or oblong short- or long acuminate
or only acute mostly obtuse at base, minutely appressed pubescent

aboge, more ‘or less white, and appressed pubesceni beneath with
straight’ rigid hairs: flowers mostly in .small cymes: calyx-teeth
minute: fruit white or lead-color; stones very variable srom ovate and
p-inted scarcely flattened, higher than’ broad, to more or less flat-
tened, broader than high, these extremes: completely connected by
. intermediate. shapes and dimensions, all with more or less furrowed edge.
From. New Brunswick .to the District of Columbia aud westward to the
percade Mountains and, British Columbia. South to New Mexico and
rizona. . : : :

C. giabrata. Benth. Bot. Suppl. 18. Shrub 4-12 feet high, with erect
and mostly bushy, gray, smooth branches brearing, usually crowded small
‘leaves: branchlets and inflorescence glabrous or nearly so: petioles short
and slender; leaves laneolate to nearly ovate or oblong, acute at each
end, glabrous or sparsely and minutely appressed-pudescent on both sides,
the lower surface but little paler than the upper: flowers in numerous
small open cvmes; calyx-teeth prominent: fruit white or light blue: stone
but little compressed, not furrowed; broader than high. Along streams
southwest Oregon to Calitornia,

Orper XLVI. GARRYACEH Windl., Bot Reg. xx, t. 1686.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite persistent cntire leaves
and dicecious flowers in aments or catkins. (alyx adnate to
the ovary, the limb 4-toothed, valvate inthe bud. Petals none.
Stamens 4, inserted on the epigynous disk. Ovary 1.celJed,
with two pendulous ovules. Fruit baccate, crowned with the
remains of the calyx. Seeds anatropous. fmbryo nearly as
long as tue fleshy albumen.

GARRYA_ Dougl. Lind). 1. c.

Evergreen shrubs with greenish bark, opposite entire coria-
ceous leaevs and diccious tlowers in axillary pendulous aments,
solitary or in threes between the decussately connate bracts.
Calyx of the sterile Mowers 4-parted with linear valvate seg-
ments. Stamens 4, filaments distinct, disk and rudimentary
ovary none. Calyx of the fertile flowers with a sh ortly 2-lobed
or obsolete limb, disk and rudimentary stamins none. Ovary
1 celled with two pendulous ovules. Styles 2, stigmatic on the
inner side, persistent. Berry ovoid, 1-2 seeded.

G. Fremontii forr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 136. Shrub 4-12 feet high, be-
coming glabrous: petioles 3-9 lines long; leaves ovate to oblong or ellipti-
cal, mostly acute at each end, usually somewhat mucronate. entire
smooth or nearly so on both sfdes! fertile-aments 24-5 inches long;
bracts prominent, connate above the middle, acute, somewhat silky: fruit
globose, becoming glabrous, short-prdicellate, 2-3 lines in diameter-

G. elliptica Doug! Linil. loc. A stout shrub or small tree 6-16 feet
high: petioles 3-6 lines long; leaves elliptical, rounded at base, round or

274. - GARRYACES. GARKYA

acute and mucronate at apex, undniate on the margin, smooth above,
dénsely tomentose heneath, 2-5 inches long; sterile aments 3-15 inches
long, the bracts truncate or acute, silky: fertile anents stonter 114-4
inches long,with acute or acuminate bracts: fruit globose densely. siky-
tomentose, sessile 3-4 lines in diameter. Along the coast of Oregon and
California.

G. buxifolia Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, B19, Small shrub 2-5 feet
high ; leaves oblong-elliptical 12-18 lines long. 4-8 lines’ broad acnte at
each. end,’ glabrous above, densely. white-silky beneath; petioles !-3 lines
long, fertfle aments 1-3 inches long, the short bracte acute; more or less
silky: fruit glabrous, globose, subsessile 244-3 lines in diameter. On dry
hilsides, southwestern Oregon to Mendocino county, pnilorniae Ee

hie 33 - re 7 . eorelicg
- a cee

Division II. GAMOPETALA.

Floral envelopes consisting usually of both calyx and corolla,
the petals usually more or less united into a gamopetalous corolla,

SynopticaL Key To tng GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS,

a. Ovary inferior.
* Filaments and anthers distinct, leaves opposite.

47. Viburnacex. Shrubs with simple or pinnate leaves and no stipules;
Stamens 4or 5: styles1 or none. Fruit a 1-5-celled, 1-few-seeded
berry or capsule. Seeds albuminous. ;

48. ubiacex. Herbs or shrubs with opposite, stipulate or verticellate
leaves. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Fruit
dry, indehiscent, 2-4-celled, 2-4-seeded. seeds albuminous.

49, Valerianacex. Herbs with simple or pinnate opposite leaves, with-
out stipules. Flowers irregular. Stamens 1-4; fewer than the lobeg
of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, becoming a 1-celled, 1-seeded achene-:
like fruit. Seeds without albumen. :

50. Dipsacacee. Herbs with opposite or verticellate leaves, without
stipules and capitate involucrate inflorescence Stamens 2-4; as many
as or fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Ovary simple, 1-celled,
with asingle suspended ovule. Seeds albuminous.

* * Stamens 5; anthers or filaments united into a tube around the
2-cleit or entire style. Leaves various, without stipules.

51, Composite. Herbs, shrubs or trees with opposite or alternate
leaves without stipules and !-numerous flowers in a capitate cluster,
surrounded by an involucre. Calyx reduced to a pappus or obsolete.
Filaments mostly distinct. Fruit an achene. Seeds without albu-
men.

52. Lobeliacew. Herbs with alternate, simple leaves and irregular
scattered or racemose flowers. Filaments united: anthers sometimes
distinct. Fruit a 1-2-celled, many-seeded capsule; more or less infe-
rior. Seeds with fleshy albumen , .

* * * Stamens distinct. Leaves alternate.

53. Campanulacex. Herbs with simple leaves, without stipules. Flow-
ers regular, 5-merous. ~tyle one, 2-5 lobed. Fruit a 2-5-celled,many-
seeded capsule with placentz in the axis. Seed with fleshy albumen.

pb. Ovary superior or nearly so, compound.
* Corolla regular. Stamens not didynamous.
+ Fruit 5-many-celled.

54. Vacciniaeeer. Shrubs with simple leaves without stipules. Flow-
ers regular, 4-5-merous. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Style
one. Fruit a 4-10-celled many-seeded berry.

55. Ericacee. Shrubs with simple, mostly alternate leaves. without
stipules. Flowers 4-5-merous. Styles one. Anther-cells opening by

57.

58,

59.

60.

él

62.

63.

67.

SYNOPTICAL KEY.

a terminal pore or chink. Fruit a 4~10-celled, 5-many-seeded capsule
with central (rarely parietal) placentz.

Monotropacex. Scaly-bracted herbs without green foliage. Flow-
ers. regular, 4-5-merous; style 1, anther cells opening by a chink.
Fruit a 1-5-celled, many-seeded loculicidal capsule.

«+ «+ Fruit 1-celled, with a central basal placenta.

Armeriacee. Maritime acaulescent herbs with entire leaves.
Flowers 5-merous; petals nearly distinct. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle.
enclosed in the scarious calyx.

Primulaceez. Herbs with mostly entire alternate leaves Flow-
ers mostly 5-merous. Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla,
which is wanting in Glauz. Style, one. Fruit a 5-valved, few to
many-seeded capsule with basal placentz:

Oleacew. Shrubs or trees with opposite pinnate or simple leaves.
Flowers 4-merous, perfect or dicecious. Petals often wanting Sta-
mens usually 2. Style one. Fruit a simple samara, usually 1-celled
and 1-seeded, or a 2-celled capsule or drupe. &

Apocynacex. Perennial herbs with milky juice, opposite, entire
leaves and 5-merous flowers Corolla convolute in the bud. Anthers

mearly free Pollen powdery. Fruit 2 carpels united by their styles
‘or stigmas, becoming distinct follicles with numerous comose seeds.

Asclepiadacex. Perennial herbs with milky juice; opposite, entire
leaves and 4-merous flowers. Corolla and calyx nearly valvate in the
bud Anthers attached to the stigma. |’ollen in waxy masses. Fruit
2 carpels, united by their styles or stigmas; becoming distinct follicles
with numerous seeds

Gentianacee. Glabrous herbs with simple and opposite or 3-folio-
late an alternate leaves and not scorpioid inflorescence Flowers 4 or
5-merous. Styles one or none. Stigmaslor 2. Fruita 1-celled, sep-
ticidal few-many-seeded capsule with 2 parietal placente.

Polemoniacex. Herbs, rarely shrubby, with opposite or alternate.
simple or compound Jeaves Flowers 5-merous. styles 3-cleit Fruit
a 8-celled, 3-many-s eded loculicidal capsule with central placente.

Hydroleacee. Herbs rarely shrubby, with alternate, rarely oppo
site, often compound leaves and scorpioid inflorescence. Flowers 5-
merous Styles 2, usually more or less distinct: Fruit a 1-celled locu-
licida] few-many-seeded capsule.

Ehretiacew. Herbs, mostly rongh-hairy, with alternate or the
lower opposite, entire leaves, and scorpioid inflorescence. Flowers
5-merous Styles single. Ovary 4-celled and mostly 4-lohed, with
central placentze Frnit 1-4 1-seeded nutiets.

Convolvulacee. Herbs mostly twining, with alternate leaves or par-
asitic and without green herbage. lowers mostly 5-merous. Styles 1
or 2, Fruit a 2-celled, 1-4-seeded 2-valved or circumacissile capsule.

Solanacee. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, simple or pinnate
leaves. Flowers 5-merous Style simple. Corolla valvate or plaited
in the bud Fruit a 2-celled many-seeded capsule or berry.

Herbs with alternate leaves and racemuse flowers. Flowers 5-merous.
Style single: corolla irregular, imbricate in the bud. Fruit a 2-celled,
many-seeded capsule. Verbascum:-in Rhinanthacex. ‘-

* * Flowers irregular. ertile stamens 2 or 4 and didynameus.: »
+ Fruit capsular, 1-2-celled. Style single.

SYNOPTICAL KEY. 277

+ Seeds albuminous.

68. Rhinanthacew. Herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves.
Corolla imbricate in the bud. Capsule 2-celled, with central pla-
cent, few-many-seeded.

69. Orobanchacex. Parasitic herbs, without green herbage: scales al-
ternate; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, with 2-4 parietal
placente. ;

++ ++ Seeds without albumen.

70. Pinguiculacer. Herbs with capillary dissected or entire leaves.
Stamens 2; anthers l-celled. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, with
central placente.

+ + Fruit of 2 or 4 distinct or united 1-seeded nutlets.

71, Labiate. Mostly aromatic herbs or shrubs with square stems
and opposite, simple leaves. Stamens 4 or2. Uvary 4-lobed around
the 2-cleft style, forming as many distinct nutlets.

72. Verbenacee. Herbs or shrubs with opposite or whorled leaves.
Stamens 4. Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled at maturity, splitting into 4
l-seeded nutlets.

+ + + Fruit a 2-celled, circumscissile capsule.

78. Plantaginacee. Acaulescent herbs Flowers 4-merous: corolla
scorions: Stamens 2 or 4. Style 1. Fruita 2-celled, 2-few-seeded
capsule.

OrpER XLVII. VIBURNACE, Dumort. Coum. Bot. 56.

CAPRIFOLIACE, Vent. Tabl. i, 598.

Shrubs or herbs with opposite leaves normally without sti-
pules and regular or irregular hermaphrodite flowers. Calyx-
tube adnate to the 2-5-celled ovary. Stamens as many as lobes
of the corolla (in Linnza one fewer) and alternate with them,
inserted on its tube or base. Embryo small, in the axis of
fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the
‘bud. Ovules anatropous, when solitary, suspended and resup-
inate; the rhaphe dorsal; seed-coat,adherent to the albumen.

TriBet. Corolla rotate or open campanulate, regular style
short and 2-5-parted, or as many sessile stigmas.
1. Viburnum. Shrubs with simple or merely lobed leaves: nutlet of
. the berry-like drupe only 1, flattened.
2. Sambucus. ‘Shrubs or shrubby trees with pinnate leaves: nutlets of
the berry-like fruit, 2-5. se
TriseE u. Corolla from campanulate to tubular ; . often irreg-
ular; styles elongated; stigma capitate. ee .
8 Linnea. Creeping undershrubs with simple leaves: corolla cam-
panulate, 5-lobed, obscurely irregular: stamens 4, unequal; ovary 3.

278 VIBURNACE, |. VIBURNUM.

celled, two of the cells containing several imperfect ovules, the third
a solitary fertile ovule; fruit-dry ; 1-seeded.

4. Symphoricarpos. Shrubs with simple or merely lobed leaves: corolla
campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed: stamens as many as
lobes of the corolla: ovary 4-celled, but the berry-like fruit. only
2-seeded. : :

5. Lonicera. Climbing or erect herbs with simple leaves: corolla tub-

ular, more or less irregular, commonly 2-lipped: stamens 5: ovary
and berry-like fruit 2-3-celled, several-seeded.

Tribe 1. Sambucex H. B. K. Corolla regular, short, rotate or
open-campanulate, 5 lobed. Styles short, or hardly any: stigmas
$-5; ovary 1-8-celled: ovules solitary. Fruit baccate-drupaceous,
with 1-5 seed-like nutlets; inflorescence terminal and cymose.

1 VIBURNUM Tourn.

Shrubs or small trees with petioled, undivided or lobed stipu-
late or pseudostipulate leaves and mostly white flowers in ter-
minal cymes, the marginal ones -sometimes sterile and radiant.
Limb of the calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, sometimes some-
what tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5: ovary 1-5-
celled, one of the cells containing a single suspended ovule. the
other abortive: stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit drupaceous, with a
thin pulp, 2-seeded. Embryo minute, at the extremity of the
fleshy albumen.

§ 1. Cyme never radiant: drupes blue or dark purple or
black.

VY. ellipticum Hook. Fl. i, 280. An erect shrub 2-10 feet high; win-
ter buds scaly: leaves from orbicular-oval to elliptical-oblong, rounded at
both ends, dentate above the middle, not lobed, at length rather coriace-
ous, 3-5-nerved from the base, the nerves ascending or parallel, pubescent
with simple hairs or glabrate above; on slender petioles; stipules subu-
late to setaceous: cymes pedunculate, with 5-7 primary rays. Corolla 4-5
lines in-diameter: filaments equalling the corolla: stone of the fruit
deeply and broadly sulcate on both faces, the furrow of one face divided
by a median ridge. On rocky ridges, Washington to California.

2. Opurus Tourn. Cymes radiant or not radiant: drupes
light red, acid, edible, globose.

Y. Opulus L. Sp. 268. Usually nearly or quite glabrous: stems 4-10
feet. high: winter buds scaly: leaves dilated, 3-lobed, with accuminate
lobes, incisely dentate or the upper ones entire, rounded or broadly cune-
ate at base, palmately or pedately 3-5-ribbed, on slender petioles bearing
2 or more glands at or near the summit and usually setaceous stipules
near the base: cymes rather ample, terminating several-leaved branchlets,
radiant: anthers exserted: fruit nearly a half inch long, red, juicy, glo-
bose; stone flat, orbicular, even. In swamps and along mountain streams,
Oregon to British Columbia, Pennsylvania. ;

VY. paucifiorum Pylaie in Herb. T. & G. Fl. ii, 17. A straggling
shrub 2-10 feet high with rather.slender. branches: leaves roundish or
broadly uval in outline, unequally dentate, many of them obscurely or
distinctly 3-lobed, about 5-nerved at base, loosely veined, glabrous or
sparsely pubescent; 1-4 inches long: cymes small, terminating short and

SAMBUCUS. VIBURNACE&. 279

merely 2-leaved branchlets, involucrate with slender, subulate caducous

bracts, destitute of neutral, radiant flowers: stamens very short: - berries

light red, 4-6 lines in diameter, globose to oblong; stone flat, orbicular,

not furrowed on the sides. In swamps ‘and marshes along mountain:

keine Oregon to Alaska, the Rocky Mountains, New Hampshire and
abrador. : 5

2, SAMBUCUS Tourn. («cLpER).

Small trees or shrubs with warty bark, pinnately compound
leaves and compound thyrsoid or fastigiate cymes of small
white or reddish flowers. Limb of the calyx small, 5-cleft, at
length obsolete. Corolla rotate, or nearly so. Stamens 5. Ovary
3-5-celled, forming small, baccate drupelets, with 3-5 cartilagi-
nous nutlets. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen.

* Cymes compound, thyrsoid-paniculate; the axis continued and
sending off 3-4 pairs of lateral primary branches, these mostly trifid and
again bifid or trifid: early flowering and fruiting.

S. arborescens Nutt Mss. 8S. pubens var. arborescens T. & G. Fl. ii,
18. A large shrub or small tree, 10-30 feet high with spreading branches:
leaves ample; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, scarcely acuminate, closely er-
yate with strong, lanceolate teeth; 1-6 inches long: thyrsoid cyme ovate
to semi-orbicular; flowers white to yellowish, usually drying brownish;
fruit small, scarlet. On rich, alluvial lands along rivers, etc. Oregon to
British Columbia. ;

S. pubens Michx Fl. i,180 Stems 2-12 feet high with spreading
branches; leaves from pubescent to nearly gla rous: leaflets 5-7, ovate-
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate: thyrsi-.
form cyme ovate or oblong: flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit
scarlet, oily: nutlet- minutely punctate-rugulose Rocky banks and open
woods, Oreg -n to Alaska and across the continent..

S leiosperma Leiberg Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash. xi, 40. Shrublhy, 4-
7 feet nigh, forming with its spreading stems loose, open clumps: pith of
two-year old shoots yellowish-brown: leailets 5-7, oblong to lanceolate, 2-
+ inches long, 6-18 lines broad, acute or acuminate, subsessile or shortly
petioled, sharply serrate, the apices of the teeth usually inflexed, smooth or
with a scattered, short pubescence, especially on the petioles and the
lower surface of the leave along the midrib; stipulés present on the flow-
ering shoots, subulate, about lines long: ¢yme oblong, somewhat flat-
tened in fruit, scabrous-puberulent, the branches membranaceously mar-
gined at the fo ks: flowers yellowish-white: berry scarlet, containing 3-5
seed-like, very smooth nutlets 1-13¢ lines Jong. In the Cascade Mount-
ains from Crate Lake, Oregon to Aiaska. —

S melanocarpa Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 76. Stems 2-8 feet high:
glabrous or the young leaves slightly pubescent: leaflets 5-7, rarely 9:
cyme convex, as broad as high: flowers white: fruit black, witnout
bloom. Inthe mountain- of eastern Oregon to California and the Rocky
Mountains. :

* * Cymes compound, depressed or fastigiate, 5-rayed ; 4 external
yays once to thrice 5-rayed, 'ut the rays unequal, the 2 outer ones
stronger, or in ultimate divisions reduced to these; central rays smaller
and at length reduced to 3-flowered cymelets or to single flowers: berries
never red; nutlets punctate-rugulose. :

S. glauca Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii, 13. A large shrub or small tree 12-

30 feet high and 2-12 inches in diameter covered with a dark. close, very
distinctly and rather finely fissured bark; glabrous throughout: leaflets

280 VIBURNACEA. LINNEA.
SYMPHORICARPOS.

lanceolate to narrowlv oblong, thickish, sharply serrulate, the lower ones
rarely 3-parted; cymes very large, flat; fruit blue with a dense bloom.
Common from British Columbia to California.

Tribe 2.. Loniceree R. Br. Corolla elongated or at least cam-
panulute, commonly more or less irregular. Styles elongated.
Stigma mostly capitate. Stipules or stipular appendages seldom
seen,

3 LINNAZA Gronov. L. Gen ed. i, 118. (Twin-FLOWER.)

Creeping or trailing evergreen herbs with broadly oval, spar-
ingly crenate leaves and showy, drooping flowers, on 2-flowered
peduncles. Calyx with the limb 5-parted into subulate-lanceo-
late lobes constricted above, the globular tube, deciduous from
the fruit. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, not gibbous, almost
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4,2 long and 2 shorter. Ovary 3-
celled, 2 of the cells containing several abortive ovules; the other
with a solitary, suspended, perfect ovule, forming the single seed
in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style
exserted: stigmas capitate.

L. borealis Gronov. L. Fl. Lap. t. 12 f. 4. Somewhat pubescent;
branches filiform, leaves round to obovate, 6-12 lines long, crenately few-
toothed ; somewhat rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole: peduncles
filiform, terminating, ascending, short leafy branches, bearing at summit
a pair of small, leafy bracts and from the axil of each a filiform, 1-flow-
ered pedicel, rarely the axis prolonged and bearing another pair of flow- .
ers: pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit and a pair of larger ovate,

landular-hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary, soon connivent over
it or enclosing and even adnate to the akene-like fruit: flowers nodding:
corolla purplish to rose-color or almost white, a half inch or less long in
forests, California to Alaska and across the con inent

L. longiflora. L. borealis var. longiflora Torr. Stems filiform, 1-4 feet
long, trailing and sending up numerous erect, filiform branches: leaves:
round to obovate, crenate-toothed above, 4-12 lines long. narrowed below
to a short petiole: peduncles filiform, 2-4 inches long, terminating the
erect. branches, 2-bracteate at the summit, 2-flowered; pedicels filiform,
2-bracteolate and the flowers subtended by an involucel of two ovate,
hairy bracts:. corolla pink or rose-color, to nearly white, funnelform, 6-8
lines long. In forests, Washington to California.

4 SYMPHORICARPOS Dill. Elth. 371, t. 278. (Snowserry.)

Low, branching shrubs with entire or lobed leaves on short
petioles, scaly leaf-buds and 2-bracteolate small flowers, usually
crowded in axillary or terminal spikes or clusters, rarely soli-
tary. Calyx with a globular’ tube and 4-5-toothed, persistent
limb. Corolla regular, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to
salverform, 4—5 lobed. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla,
inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled; 2 cells containing a few
sterile ovules, the alternate cells containing a single, suspended
ovule. Fruit a globose, berry-like drupe containing 2 small and
seed-like, bony, smooth nutlets, each filled by a seed.

SYMPHORICARPOS, VIBURNACES. 281
XYLOSTEON.

§ 1. Corolla urceolate or open-campanulate, only 2-3 lines
long.

S. occidentalis Hook. Fl. i, 285. Glabrous or strictly pubescent: ro-
bust; leaves oval or oblong, thickish, 2 inches long; axillary flower clus-
ters not rarely pedunculate, sometimes becoming spicate, 4-12 lines long:
corolla 3 lines long, 5-cleft to below the middle; densely villous-hirsute
with long hairs within: stamens and style more or less exserted; style
glabrous; fruit white. Rocky grounds, eastern Oregon to Michigan and
north to lat. 64 degrees.

S. racemosus Michx. Fl. i, 107. An erect shrub, 2-10 feet high, with
slender branches:' leaves round-oval to oblong, 6-18 lines long, entire, or
those of young and vigorous shoots sometimes irregularly lobed or toothed,
smooth above, more or less pubescent beneath: flowers in short and sev-
eral-flowered axillary clusters or spikes: corolla 2-3 lines long, 5-lobed
above the middle, villous-bearded within; narrowed at base: stamens not
exserted; style glabrous, not exceeding the stamens: fruit white, 3-8
lines in diameter. Common, California to Alaska and across the con-
tinent.

S. pauciflorus 8. racemosus var. pauciflorus Robbins, at least in part.
A prostrate shrub with slender stems 1-8 feet long: leaves oval to oblong,
6-18 lines long; the lower ones and those of vigorous shoots variously
lobed or toothed: flowers in small, 1-few-flowered, loose spikes; corolla
small, 5-lobed above the middle, villons within: stamens not exserted;
style glabrous, not longer than the corolla: fruit white when mature, de-
pressed globose, 3-6 lines in diameter. In forests, Uregon and Washing-
ton, west of the Cascade Mountains.

S. acutas 8. mollis var. acutus Gray Syn Fl. i, 14. Low, diffuse or
decumbent, soft-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong, acute at
both ends or acuminate, sometimes irregularly and acutely dentate, very
soft-tomentulose: flowers solitary or in short clusters; corolla open-cam-
panulate, with a broad base, 5-lobed above the middle, barely pubescent
within; stamens and style included. Washington to California, east of
the Cascade Mountains.

§ 2. Corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed
only at the summit: flowers mostly axillary.

S. rotundifolius Gray Pl. Wright ii 66. Tomentulose or glabrate:
stems rigid, much-branched, 1-3 feet high: leaves from orbicular to ob-
long-elliptical, thickish, i-! lines long; entire or coarsely lobed: corolla
elongated-campanulate, 3-4 lines long, its tube pubescent within below the
stamens, twice or thrice the length of the broad lobes: stamens and style
included: fruit white, globular or oblong; nutlets oval, equally broad and
obtuse at both ends. On rocky ridges in mountainous districts, Washing-
ton to California and New Mexico.

S. oreophilus Gray Journ Linn. Soc. xiv, 12 Glabrous or some-
times with soft pubescence: leaves oblong to broadly oval, thickish, 6-10
lines long: corolla tubular, 4-6 lines long, its tube almost glabrous within,
4 or 5 times as long as the broad lobes: nutlets of the white drup2 oblong,
flattened attenuate and pointed at base. Mountains of eastern Oregon to
California and Arizona.

5 XYLOSTEON Tourn.
LONICERA § XYLOSTEON DC. Prodr. iv, 333.

Erect or merely trailing shrubs with membranaceous leaves
that are all distinct, and rather small flowers on usually 2-fiow-

282 VIBURNACE. XYLOSTEON,
CAPRIFOLIUM,

ered axillary peduncles. Tube of the calyx ovoid or glandular,
the lim» 5-toothed or obsolete. Corolla from campanulate to
tubular, more or less gibbous at base, the limb somewhat irregu-
lar and more or less bilabiate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube
of the corolla. Style slender: stigma capitate. Ovary 2—4-celled,
with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a few-
seeded berry.

X. villosum Michx Fl. i, 106. Lonicera cerulea of American au-
thors. Low, 1-2 feet high, pubescent or glabrate: leaves thin, pale or
glaucescent, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, an inch or more long: pedun-
cles shorter than the flowers: corolla ochroleucous, gibbous at base, nar-
rowly funnelform, scarcely at all bilabiate: bracts subulate or linear,
commonly larger than the ovaries: ovaries completely united formng a
roundish or ovoid black but glaucous berry. In moist grounds, California
to Alaska and across the continent.

X. conjugialis Lonicera cunjugialis Kell. Shrub 3-5 feet high, fully
branching and bushy: leaves thickish, bright green. pubescent when
young ovate or oval, acute or acuminate, 1-2!, inches long, short peti-
oled: peduncles slender, 3-5 times the length of the dark, narrow flowers:
bracts subnlate, caducous; corolla 4-5 lines long, gibbous-campanulate,
the upper lip crenately 5-lobed, throat and lower part of filaments and
style very hirsute: berries dark red, almost wholly connate. On the high
mountains at 6,000-10,000 feet altitude, Washington to California.

X. Utahensis Lonicera Utahensis Watson. Stems erect, 3-5 feet high
with loose, slender spreading branches: leaves oblong, subcordate at base.
obtuse glabrous, 2 inches long by oneinch broad, on petioles 1-2 lines
long: peduncles axillary: bracts shorter than the ovaries: corolla 5 lines
long, obtusely saccate at base, bilabiate, the lobes half shorter than the
broad tube; style included: berries red, nearly distinct. globular, 2-3
lines in diameter, 2-4-seeded, on short peduncles. Un high mountains,
Oregon to British Columbia, Montana and Utah.

X. involucratum Richard App. Frankl Journ. 6. Lonicera involu-
crata Banks. An erect shrub. 2-10 feet high with slender erect branches:
leaves ovate-elliptical to lanceolate, acutish to acuminate, 2-3 inches long,
petioled: peduncles 1-2 inches long: corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent,
6-8 lines long, tubular funnelform, with 5 short, scarcely unequal lobes;
bractlets 2, viscid-pubescent at first. short, bovate or obcordate, in fruit
enlarging and loosely enclosing or surrounding the fruit: berries distinct,
slates On high mountains, (iregon to British Columbia and the Rocky

ountains.

X. Ledebourii Lonicera Ledebouriit Esch. Stems stout, 5-20 feet long,
often with the long vine-like branches reclining on or half climbing over
other shrubs .or small trees: leaves ovate to lanceolate acute or acumi-
nate, short-petiolate 2-3 inches long, pubescent on the veins beneath and
on the margins: pedunc’es short: the flowers subtended by a pair of
large, ovate foliaceous bracts, calyx-limb obsolete: corolla strongly gib-
bous at base, strictly salverform above the gibbosity, the short rounded
lobes spreading abruptly; berries distinct, black. Tide lands and river
bottoms, California to Alaska.

6. CAPRIFOLIUM Juss.
LONICERA § CAPRIFOLUM DC 1. ce. (HoNeysucKLe)

Mostly twining shrubs with the upper leaves often connate-
perfoliate, and showy flowers sessile in spiked whorls at the

CAPRIFOIIUM. ~ RUBIACEA. | 283

ends of the branches. Tube of the calyx ovoid or globular, the
limb 5-toothed or truncate. Corolla tubular, more or less gib-
bous at base, the limb mostly bilabiate. Stamens 4, inserted on
the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2 celled with several] pendulous
ovules in each cell becoming a few—several-seeded berry.

C. ciliesum Pursh. Fl. 160. Loniccra ciliosa Poir Stems twining or
depressed and almost prostrate, 2-20 feet long, slender, leaves ovate o1
oval, glaucous beneath, usually ciliate, otherwise glabrous 2-3 inches
long, uppermost 1 or 2 pairs connate into an oval or orbicular disk ; whorls
of flowers single and terminal or rarely 2 or 3 and occasionally from
the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves. Corolla glabrous or spar-
ingly pilose-pubescent. vellow or crimson-scarlet, the limb slightly bilab-
jate, very much shorter than the elongated tube; stamens and style but
little exserted. Common in wooded districts, California to British Col-
umbia and Montana.

C. hispidulum Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1761, Lonicera hispidula Doug!.
Stems slender, twining or trailing, 2-10 feet long, hirsute or pilose-hispid
when young: leaves rather rigid, ovate or cordate, obtuse, 6-12 lines long,
glaucous and viJlous-hirsute beneath, glabrous above, the lower ones peti-
oled, the upper one or two pairs connate-perfoliate: whorls of flowers
on slender peduncles; flowers small, rose-color, 6-10 lines long, strongly
bilabiate, the linear, lower lip nearly as long as the gibbous tube; fila-
ments slightly hairy below, exserted: ovaries glabrous. Common on
rocky places, western Oregon and Washington.

C. Californicum Lonicera Californica T. & G. Stems slender, twin-
ing or trailing 6-10 feet or more long; branches glabrous: leaves some-
what coriaceous; ovate-oblong, 1-2 inches long, glabrous, glaucous be-
neath, not ciliate, uppermost usually connate-perfoliate: flowers in rather
distinct whorls, the peduncle and rachis clothed with glandular and his-
pid hairs intermixed ; corolla 6-8 lines long, yellowish, bilabiate, the short
tubes conspicuously gibbous, lower lip linear, the upper with four very
short, rounded lobes: ovaries glandular On dry rocky hillsides, Southern
Oregon to Califurnia

Orper XLVIII. RUKIACEA® RB. Juss. Hort. Train 1759.

Trees shrubs or herbs with opposite or whorled entire leaves
and regular flowers. Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary,
the limb mostly 4-5-parted or toothed. Corolla inserted upon
the summit of the calyx tube, composed of as many united
petals as there are lobes of the calyx, mostlv valvate in the
“bud Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, equal in
number and alternate with its lobes: anthers introrse. Ovary
2-celled with a single ovule in each cell, or 3-several-celled
with 1-several ovules in each cell. Style single, sometimes
with 2or more lobes or stigmas. Seeds anatropous or am-
phitropous, solitary, few or numerous in each cell. Embryo
straight or slightly curved, in the axis or at the extremity of
copious, densely fleshy or horny albumen.

1. Galium. Herbs with whorled leaves and no apparent stipules: fruit
' 2-lobed and 2-seeded

@. Kelloggia. Herbs with oppcesite leaves and stipules between the
petioles; flowers in cymes; fruit 2 lobed and 2-seeded.

284 , RUBIACEX. GALIUM.

1 GALIUM Tourn. (Bepsrraw. CLmayERs).

Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants with square stems,
opposite or verticillate leaves and perfect or rarely polygamous
small flowers in axillary or terminal simple or paniculate cy-
mules or solitary. Calyx-tube ovate globose or oblong; the limb.
obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, rarely 3-parted: stamens as
many as lobes of the corolla, short. Styles 2, more or less united
at base: stigma globose. Fruit 2-lobed, dry or baccate, separa-
ble at maturity into 2 indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. ,

§ Fruit dry.

* Annuals; fruit more or less hispidulous or hirsute, without hooked
bristles: flowers herniaphrodite, white or whitish.

G. Aparine L. Sp. i, 108. Stems coarse, reclining, 1-8 feet long; in-
trorsely hispid on the angles; leaves 6-8 in the whorls, oblanceolate to al-
most linear, 1-2 inches long, cuspicate acuminate, retrorsely hispid on the
margin and midrib: peduncles rather long, 1-3 in the upper axils or ter-
minal, bearing 1-3 pedicellate flowers: corolla 1-2 lines in diameter,.white-
ish: fruit not pendulous rather large, granulate-tuberculate, the tuber-
cles tipped with uncinate bristles. In rich lands along streams, etc., Cal-
ifornia to Alaska and across the continent. (Europe).

G. spurium L. Sp. i, 106? G. Apurine var. minor Hook. Stems slen-
der, branching from the base, diffuse, 1-2 feet long, retrorsely hispid on
the angles: leaves 6-8 in the whorl, linear-oblanceolate, cuspidate, 6-15
lines long, retrorsely scabrous on the veins and margin, the axillary um-
bellate cymes 3-9-flowered: corolla about 1line in diameter, white or
greenish: fruit large, more or Jess fine-tuberculate and uncinate-hispid.
On stony hillsides, Calitornia to British Columbia and the Rocky Mount-
ains, east of the Cascade Mountains.

G bifoliuam Watson Bot King 134, t. 14. Smooth and glabrous:
stems slender, 2-12 inches high, mostly erect, sparingly branched: leaves
2-4 in the whorl, lanceolate, 4-8 lines long, when 4 the alternate pair much
smaller: peduncles solitary, lateral and terminal, naked, 1-flowered, when
in fruit about equalling the leaves, spreading: corolla minute, white;
fruit small, minutely hispid, recurved at the end of the peduncle. In
open places on the high mountains, Washington to California, Nevada and

tah. ;

* * Wholly herbaceous perennials: flowers not dicecious: bristles
on the fruit short and uncinate or none.

+ Leaves in fours throughout or fewer.

G. Oreganum Britton Bull. Torr. Club xxi, 31. G. Kamtschaticum of
authors as to the Pacitic Coast plant. Stems slender, numerous and radi-
ately spreading from the crown of a rather thick root, 6-18 inches long:
leaves oblong to ovate, acute or acutish, or the lowest obtuse 6-18 ines
long, 4-6 lines broad, distinctly-'3 nerved,' ciliate on the margins and usu-
ally also on the upper side of the nerves: cymes mostly terminal, rather
few-flowered ; flowers dull cream color, on short diverging pedicels; fruit
hispid. In the Cascade and Coast mountains, Oregon to Alaska.

G. boreale L ~p i, 108. Stems erect, 1-2 feet high, mostly glabrous:
very leafy: leaves from linear to broadly-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, ob-
tuse, distinctly 3-nerved, often with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils:
the uppermost reduced to pairs of oblong or oval bracts : howers in numer-
ous close cymules collected ina terminal and ample thyrsitorm panicle,

GALIUM. RU 8IACE.. 285

bright white, fragrant: fruit small, hispidulous when young, often soon
glabrous. Rocky banks of streams, Oregon to Alaska and across the con-
tinent

+ + Pointless leaves in fours, fives or sixes; small, 1-nerved.

G. trifidum L. Sp. i, 105. Stems almost filiform; erect; branching,
6-20 inches high, smooth, except the retrorsely hispid angles; leaves lin-
ear to oblanceolate, obtuse, 4-8 lines long; the midrib beneath and the
margin sparsely hispidulous: peduncles scattered, 1-several-flowered ;.
flowers white, sometimes 3-merous: fruit small, smooth. In wet places,
California to Alaska and across the continent.

+ + + Leaves in sixes, sometimes fives or on the branchlets fours,
cuspidately mucronate or acuminate.

G. asperrimum Gray Pl. Fendl. 60 and Bot. Cal. i, 284. Stems erect
or diffusely ascending, but weak, 1-2 feet long; leaves lanceolate, 6-12
lines long: cymes twice or thrice dichotomous, with filiform peduncles
and pedicels: corolla white or turning purplish: ovary merely puberu-
lent or scabrous: fruit granulate-scabrous and sometimes minutely his-
pidulous. shady places in mountains, eastern Oregon to Calitornia and
New Mexico.

G. triflorum Michx. Fl. i, 80. Stems slender, diffusely procumbent,
smoothish, 1-3 feet long: leaves elliptical-lanceolate to narrowly oblong»
1-2 inches long: cymes once or. twice 4-rayed: pedicels soon divaricate ;
corolla yellowish-white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles:
of the ovary: fruit uncinate-hispid. In forests, California to slaska and
across the continent.

* * * Perennials with somewhat woody base: leaves 4, in the
ve without any roughness; fruit hirsute with long and straight.
ristles.

G multiflorum Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. ii, 97. Suffrutescent at base:
minutely scabrous to pruinose or glabrous: stems erect, tufted, 2-12 inches
high : leaves in fours or the uppermost ones in twos, sessile, ovate to ob-
long-lanceolate, mucronate-apiculate or abruptly acaminate, 4-8 lines:
long, with 2 or sometimes 4 lateral nerves from the base: flowers yellow-
ish or greenish, dicecious moncecious or perfect, solitary or somewhat
cymose or thyrsoid-paniculate: fruit usually covered with long white
ae i dry or rocky gulches, southern Oregon to California, Nevada
an ah.

Var. Watsoni Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2,40. Mostly glabrous and
smooth: leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate; commonly about 6 lines long
by 2 lines broad, with lateral nerves either distinct or obsolete. In dry
gulches, southeastern Oregon to Arizona and Idaho.

§ 2 Genus RELBuNIuM Endl. Leaves 4 in the whorls, one-
nerved. Fruit baccate.

G. Nuttallii Gray Pl. Wright i, 80. Suffrutescent, tall and climbing,
often 3-4 feet high, mostly glabrous except the minutely aculeolate-his-
pidulous angles of the stems and margins of the leaves. these also some-
times naked:-leaves.small,.oval to linear-oblong, mucronate, mucronu-
late, or obtuse: fruit smooth and glabrous. In thickets and open woods,
Southern Oregon and California. :

G. Bolanderi Gray Proc. Am Acad vii, 350. Herbaceous from a
woody root, diffuse, a foot or two. high, glabrous, sometimes pubescent:
angles of the stem not at all or hardly scabrous: leaves oblong-linear or-
lanceolate, rather acute, about 6 lines long. thickish, with margins and
midrib either smooth and naked or sparsely hispidulous, those of the:

286 VALERIANACE. KELLOGGIA,
t

branches not rarely opposite: corolla dull purple; fruit white, smooth
juicy, drying black. Dry grounds, southern Oregon’ and western Cali-
fornia.

G. Andrewsii Gray Proc. Amer. Acad vi, 538. Depressed: cespitose,
and with slender creeping rootstocks: glabrous or nearly so: the matted
tufts 3-luv inches high: leaves very crowded, acerose-subulate, usually
shining, naked or sparsely spinulose-ciliate, 2-6 lines 1 ng: flowers dic-
cious, staminate slender-pedicelled, in few-flowered terminal cymes; pis-
tillate solitary, subtended by a whorl of leaves that are longer than the at
length deflexed peduncle: fruit dark-colored, smooth. Dry hills, south-
ern Oregon and California

2 KELLOGGIA Torr. Bot. Wilkes 332, t. 6.

Herbs with opposite leaves and loosely cymose-panicled, small
flowers. Flowers commonly 4-merous; calyx-tube obovoid,
somewhat flattened laterally ; teeth 4, subulate persistent. Co-
rolla funnelform, the lobes naked, valvate in bud. Stamens as
many as lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube, more or
less exserted : filaments flattened ; anthers oblong-linear, attached
above the base. Styles filiform, exserted: stigmas 2. Ovary 2-
celled, ovules erect from the base, anatropous. Fruit dry and
coriaceous, separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels which
are conformed an.1 adherent to the seed, somewhat reniform in
‘cross section. Embryo comparatively large in fleshy albumen

K. galioides Torr. Bot. Wilkes 332 t 6. Glabrous or minutely pubes-
cent; stems slender, 4-12 inches high: leaves lanceolate, sessile, 1-2
inches long, the stipules small and scarious: flowers small, in a loose
dichotomous cyme, the long pedicels thickened above and articulated with
the flower; corolla funnelform, white or pinkish,.3-5 lines long, pubescent
on the outside: fruit small, oblong, coriaceous, uncinate-hispid. In shady
places, Washington to California.

Orper XLIX. VALERIANACE® Batsck Tab. Affin. 227.

Herbs, rarely shrubby, with opposite, simple or divided
leaves without stipules and usually small flowers in dichoto-
mous cymes that are often glomerate when young, frequently
corymbose or paniculate. Tube of the calyx adherent to the
ovary: the limb various, sometimes forming a plumous pappus,

occasionally obsolete. Corolla tubular furnelform or obcon-~ —

ical, often gibbose anteriorly or spurred, the limb mostly 5-
lobed and more or less irregular, imbricate in bud. Stamens
distinct, inserted intc the corolla; anthers introrse. Ovary
mostly 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, the other containing a
single suspended ovule: style filiform stigmas 2-3, or united
into one. Fruit membranaceous or coriaceous, indehiscent;
l-celled or frequently 3 celled with 2 of the cells empty, some-
times 2-celled by the confluence of the empty cells, 1-seeded.
Seeds anatropous with a membranaceous testa and no albumen.

* Limb of the calyx inrolled and concealed in flower, evolute and
pappus-like in fruit.

a Ay oe 0

VALESIANA. VALERIANACEA., 287

1. Valeriana. Mostly tall perennial herbs with simple or sparingly
- branched stems; corolla salverform, the limb not spurred. ”

* * Limb of the calyx obsolete.

2. Plectritis. Stems often simple, at least not dichotomous: cymes.
thyrsoidly congested at the summit of the stem or branches: corolla
gibbous or spurred at base: fruit usually winged laterally.

8. Valerianella. Stems dichotomoisly branched, the branchlets ter-

minated by cymules of small flowers: fruit not winged. :
1 VALERIANA Tourn

Perennial herbs with strong-scented mostly thickened root-
stocks or roots, simple or pinnate leaves and white or flesh col-
‘ored perfect or polygamo-diccious; flowers in terminal often
panicled cymes. Limb of the calyx involute and concealed in the
flowering state, evolute in fruit, formed of several plumose bris-
tles, deciduous. Corolla with more or less cylindrical or obcon-
ical tube, which is often gibbous but not spurred at base, the
limb abdut equally 5-lobed. Stamens 3; abortive cells of the
ovary small or obscure, obliterated in the achene-like fruit.

VY. edulis Nutt.T & G.-FI. ii, 48. Glabrous or glabrate; the nas-
cent herbage tomentulose-puberulent sometimes remaining so on the
leaf margins, stems erect, from a large fusiform perpendicular stock that
branches below into thickened roots, 1-8 feet high : leaves thickish, ner-
vously veined, the radical oblanceolate to spatulate, tapering into a mar-
gined petiole, entire or some sparingly laciniate-pinnatifid: cauline rarely
none, commonly 1-3 pairs, sessile, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear or lan-
ceolate divisions: flowers polygamo-diccious, yellowish white, sessile in
the cymules which form an elongated thyrsiform naked panicle, fruit
ovate, puberulent or glabrous. Wet plains and prairies. eastern Oregon
to British Columbia, east to the Rocky Mountains and Ohio.

VY. sylvatica Banks Richard App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 2. Stems erect
from creeping rootstocks. 8-10 inches high: radical leaves mostly simple,
ovate to oblong, sometimes some of them 3-5-foliolate: cauline more or
less petioled, 3-11-foliolate or parted, the divisions entire or rarely few-
toothed: flowers more or less dimorphous; corolla light rose-color, 2-3
lines long or more, the tube short: stigma nearly entire: fruiting cyme
open, at length thyrsoid-paniculate. Wet mountain valleys, California to

‘British Columbia and across the continent. :

VY. Sitchensis Bong. Veg. Sitch. 145. Stems rather stout, 1-5 feet
high, often branching: radical leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate, the terminal
one always much the largest: cauline short petioled, 3-5-foliolate, the
divisions orbicular to oblong-ovate or of the upper ones ovate-lanceolate,
not rarely dentate or repand: cymes contracted; corolla funnelform ; 3-4
lines long; white or more commonly pinkish: stigma entire. In moist
woods and wet places, Vregon to Alaska and the northern Rocky
Mountains.

VY Columbiana Piper Bot. (taz xxi, 485. Stems erect from a rather
slender caudex 10 inches high. minntely puberulent, especially below:
radical leaves ovate, entire obtuse at ap:x an inch long glabrous, their
petioles 2-3 times as long, narrowly murzined, puberulent; cauline 2 pairs,
3-divided: the basal segments ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, the termi-
nal segment 3-cleft into ovate-acutish lubes; petioles as long as the blade
or shorter, nearly--glabrous:: inflorescence loosely cymose, the whitish
‘flowers sessile in the cymules: peduncles puberulént:- corolla seven lines

288 VALERIANACEA. PLECTRITIS,

long, the tube twice the length of the limb, hairy at base within: sta-
mens glabrous: stigma minutely: 3-lobed: bracts, linear-subulate, as long
as the glabrous fruit. Wenatchee Washington.

2 PLECTRITIS Lindl. Bot.-Reg. t. 1095.

Low smooth annuals with opposite mostly entire leaves and
small flowers in terminal heads or spikes. Calyx-limb truncate,
entire or obsolete; tube of the corolla gibbous: anteriorly, spurred
at base; the limb 5-cleft, more or less bilabiate. Stamens 8.
Stigma capitate. Fruit with a coriaceous, somewhat triangular,
fertile cell, the two empty ones often open their full length, each
forming an involute wing; in one species almost wingless.

* Fruit somewhat meniscoidal, only obtusely angled dorsally: cotyl-
edons incumbent, that is parallel to the ventral face and expanded
wings.

P. macrocera T. & G Fl. ii, 50. ~tems slender, 2-10 inches high,
simple or sparingly branched: flowers small, usually in 2-4 somewhat dis-
tant and spicately: disposed verticillastrate clusters: corolla narrow, white
or pinkish, 1-2 lines long with a spur usually as long as the tube: limb
somewhat equally spreading, hardly bilabiate, or equally 4-lobed and the
posterior lobe emarginate-bifid: fruit glabrous or pubernilent, obtuse or
liglitly lineate-sulcate on the dorsal angle, the broad wing circumscribing
the ventral face of the achene, spreading or incurved. On dry hillsides,
British Columbia to California, Nevada and Arizona.

* * Fruit strongly carinate-angled dorsally: cotyledons transverse to
the ventral face, accumbent

+ Wings conspicuous, more or less introrse, in the last species
small.

P. congesta DC Prodr iv, 631. Stems often rather stout, 4-20
inches high, simple or sparingly branched: flowers 1-4 lines long ina
eapituliform or oblong simple or interrupted thyrsus, or sparingly verticil-
lastrate below: corolla rose or flesh color with o'viously bilabiate limb
and spur half or less the length of the very gibbous throat: fruit broadly
winged and with prominent but rather obtuse keel, glabrous or puberu-
lent to short villous. On moist, usually shady slopes, British Columbia to
California.

P. anomala Suksdorf Valerianella anomala Gray Stems stoutish, 8-
20 inches high, freely branching: flowers small, in several approximate
verticillastrate clusters; corolla white, a line long, wholly destitute of
spur, at most a small mammezform gibbosity near the base of the short
and broadly: funnelform throat; limb small, obscurely bilabiate, usually
4-lobed and posterior lobe emurginate or 2-cleft: fruit 11g lines long,
acutely angled, with sharp edge on the back, with broad wings usually in-
flexed at base and expanding above. In moist meadows and woodlands
along the lower Columbia River

P. aphanoptera Suksdorf Valerianella aphanoptera Gray. Stems
slender and weak, 1-2 feet high, branching: flowers small, in 2-4 verticel-
lastrate clusters: corolla only a line long, white, with obviously bilabiate
‘limb and short basal spur; fruit puberulent or glabrate, trigonous ; dorsal
angle salient but rather obtuse, lateral angles with distinct: but narrow in-
vurved wings. Along streams, Southern Oregon. ~ 2 oe?

+ + Wings wholly wanting to the triquetrous fruit, the lateral
angle of which resembles the dorsal.

VALERIANELLA, DIPSACACEA. 289
DIPSACUS. :

P. samolifolia Hock in Engler, Jahrb iii, 37. A span to a foot high:
verticillastrate clusters 2-4, emall: corolla a line or so in length, ob-
scurely bilabiate, with short conical-saccate spur; achene-like fruit of the
shape of buckwheat, glabrous ora little pubescent, about a line long.
Low grounds along the Columbia River and coast of California.

38 VALERIANELLA Tourn. (CoRN SALAD).

Low glabrous annuals with opposite leaves and small flowers
in terminal, capitate clusters. Calyx-limb none or a mere toothed
or oblique border. Corolla with nearly regular 4-parted limb,
funnelform or more open throat, with or without a small saccate
gibbosity at its base anteriorly, and a short, proper tube. - Sta-
mens 3; fruit 3-celled, two of them empty and manifest, or often
enlarged and closed, sometimes at length confluent into one.

YV. oriroria Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat i, 30. Plants 4-10 inches high,
dichotomous, pubescent on the angles; upper leaves sparingly toothed at
the base, ciliate; the radical petioled: flowers pale blue in small glomer-
ules: stigma of 3 very small linear-oblong lobes: fruit compressed, ob-
lique, at length broader than long, glabrous, the partition between the
empty cells often imperfect. In fields and waste places near Portland.
Oregon. Introduced from Europe.

Orper L. DIPSACACEA® Lindl. Veg. King 699.

Herbs or suffrutescent plants (none of them native of Amer-
ica) with opposite or verticillate sessile leaves without. sti-
pules: the flowers aggregated in a dense involucrate head upon
&@common receptacle, eich usually subtended by a chaff-like
bract and surrounded at the base by a very short closely ap-
pressed monophyllous involucel. Tube of the calyx adherent
to the ovary or sometimes free except at the summit the limb
various, sometimes forming a hairy or plumose pappus. Co-
rolla tubular: the limb 5-cleft or 4-cleft by the union of the
two upper lobes. Stamens 4. inserted intc the corolla towards
the base, distinct, or rarely with the filaments united in pairs:
anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended
ovule. Fruit membranaceous or acheneiform, indehiscent,
er.swned with the limb of the calyx. Seed anatropous with a
very thin testa. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy
albumen.

1 DIPSACUS Tourn. (TEASEL).

Stout, erect hairy or prickly herbs with opposite leaves and
large, oblong or roundish head of small flowers: the expansion
of the flowers commencing about the middle-and proceeding in
opposite directions. Involucre of rigid, spreading unequal
bracts. Bracts of the receptacle rigid, acuminate. Involucel ses-
sile, 4-angled, 8-ribbed,:4-foothed. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, 4-
lobed. Corolla funnelform, .4-cleft.

290 COMPOSITA. TUBULIFLOR.R,

D. syxvesteis Mill. Dict. Stems stout, 2-5 feet high prickly: lanceo-
late-oblong, connate at base, 4-6 inches long: involucre as long as the
heads: bracts of the receptacle tipped witha long and straight flexible
awn; corolla flesh-color. In waste places and old fields. Naturalized

from Europe.

Orpver LI, COMPOSITA Vaill. Act..Acad. Paris 143.

Herbs, shrubs or small trees with various leaves and small
. flowers in dense, closely involucrate heads on a simple recepta-
cle, the heads often resembling asingle flower. Flowers 5-
merous or sometimes 4-merous. Tube of the calyx wholly ad-
nate to the ovary, its limb none or obsolete or developed into
a cup or teeth scales awns or capillary bristles. Corolla epigy-
nous, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the co-
rolla and alternate with them, inserted on the corolla-tube:
anthers united by their edges into a tube, commonly with ster-
ile tips or appendages, the cells introrse, discharging the
pollen within the tube, this forced out by the lengthening of
the style. Style in all fertile flowers 2-cleft or lobed at sum-
mit and bearing introrse-marginal stigmas; ovary 1-celled,
with a solitary anatropous ovule erect from the base. Fruit an
achene. Seed with a straight embryo and. no albumen.

Herbs are said to be homogamous when all its flowers are alike
in sex; heterogamous when unlike (generally marginal flowers
pistillate or neutral, and central hermaphrodite or by abortion
only staminate): androgynous when of pistillate and staminate
flowers: moneectous or diecious when the flowers of different sexes
are in different heads either on the same or different plants: ra-
diate when there are enlarged Jigulate flowers in the margin:
ligulate when all the flowers have ligulate corollas: discoid when
there are no enlarged marginal corollas.

Suporprr I. TUBULIFLORA.

Herbs or shrubs with ‘watery or resinous, rarely somewhat
milky juice. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermaphro-
dite flowers.

* Heads homogamous and discoid flowers all hermaphrodite, never
yellow; anthers not caudate at base.

I. Eupatgriacgex. Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate-thick-
ened upward and obtuse, minutely papillose-puberulent, stigmatic only

below the middie:

ape ‘

* * Heads homogamous or heterogamous; flowers not rarely yellow:

style-branches. of hermaphrodite flowers with..stigmatic lines mostly

rominulous and extending either to the naked summit or to a more or
ess distinct pubescent or hispidulous tip or appendage.

If. Asteroidew. Anthers not cordate at base; style-branches in her-
maphrodite:“‘flowets flattened ang with a distin terminat appendage:
disk corolignZenerally yellow: rays of same or different color.

COMPOSITA. 291
EUPATORIUM

III. Inuloidew. Anthers caudate: style-branches of hermaphrodite
flowers slender, destitute of any terminal appendage, the stigmatic lines
extending to or vanishing near the naked obtuse or truncate summit.

Iv. Helianthoidex. Anthers not caudate: style-branches with truncate
or variously appendiculate pubescent or hispid tips: involucre not sca-
rious: receptacle with chaffy bracts subtending at least the outer disk
flowers: pappus none or various: never of fine capillary bristles.

V. Helenioidew. Anthers not caudate: style-branches truncate or
variously appendiculate: involucre not scarious: receptacle without any
bracts subtending the flowers: pappus from setiform to paleaceous or
none.

VI Anthemidex. Anthers not caudate: style-branches mostly truncate:
involucre of dry and scarious bracts, receptacle without or sometimes
with bracts subtending the flowers: pappus coroniform -r of short
pale or none.

VII. Senecionideex. Anthers not caudate; stvle-branches of bermaph-
rodite flowers mostly obtuse or truncate, with or without short append -
ages: involucre of mostly equal not scarious bracts: receptacle without
bracts subtending the flowers: pappus of 3oft-capillary bristles

VIII. Carduinee Anthers conspicuously caudate, and with elongated,
mostly connate cartilaginous appendagés at tip: style branches short
or united, without appendage, stigmatic quite to the obtuse summit,
smooth and naked, but sometimes a pubescent or hispidulous ring or
node’ below: involucre much imbricated: receptacle densely setose or
fimbrillate or favose: pappus usually of many plumose bristles: heads
never truly radiate

SusporpeEerR IJ. LIGULIFLORA.

Herbs with milky juice. Corollas all ligulate and flowers all
hermaphrodite.

IX. Cichoriacee. Anthers not caudate: style-branches filiform, naked,
stigmatic only toward the base: receptacle naked or paleaceous.

Tribe I. BUPATORIE.. DC. Prodr. v, 104. Heads homoga-
mous, discoid: Flowers hermaphrodite, with tubular and regular
corollas; receptacle in a few genera paleaccous, in most naked. An-
thers without tails at base. Style-branches elongated, more or less
clavate or thickened upward, minutely papillose or puberulous, or
glabrous; the stigmatic lines only near the base and inconspicuous.
Flowers never yellow.

1. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 bracts: avhenes 5-angled,
te of intervening ribs: pappus of wholly capillary scabrous
ristles

2. Coleosanthus. Bracts of the involucre not herbaceous striate-nerved :.
achenes 10-costate or striate: pappus a single series of capillary bristles.
1 .KUPATORIUM Tourn. Inst. t.-259.

Perennial herbs or somewhat shrubby plants with opposite
(rarely alternate or verticillate) mostly entire leaves that are
often connate at base, and mostly corvmbose heads of purple
blue or white flowers. Heads 3-many-flowered. Involucre cyl-

292 COMPOSITA, COLEOSANTHUS.

indrical or campanulate; the scales imbricated, in 2-3 or more
series or sumetimes nearly equal in a single series. Receptacle
flat, naked. Curolla tubular-infundibuliform or often with: a
campanulate limb, 5-toothed. Anthers included. Branches of
the style mostly exserted and elongated cylindraceous or some-
what flattened, obtuse. Achenes 5-angled, without intermediate
stria. Pappus a single series of very slender capillary bristles.

E. occidentale Hook Fl. i, 303 Nearly glabrous: stems slender, 8-12
inches high, somewhat wo dy at base: leaves alternate, rarely opposite,
‘ovate with a truncate or subcordate or roundish base, acute or acuminate,
sparingly dentate repand or entire, rather short petioled: cymes small
-and rather compact, usually paniculate: heads 15-25-flowered: scales of
the involucre linear, acute, nearly equal in 1 or 2 series, nearly nerveless;
hardly longer than the mature achenes. Corolla white to purple: achenes.
slender glabrous. On cliffs andin stony places, eastern Washington to
southern Oregon, California and Nevada.

2 COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Dict. x, 36.
BRICKELLIA Eu. Sk. ii, 290.

Herbs or undershrubs with opposite or alternate leaves and
variously disposed heads of white or flesh-colored flowers in late
summer. Scales of the cumpanulate involucre imbricated lan-
ccolate or linear, the exterior shorter. none herbaceous, Recep-
tacle flat, naked. Corolla slender. 5-toothed at summit, the teeth
mostly glanduiar externally. Pappus a single series of barbel-
late or subplumose or merely scabrous bristles. Achenes 10-cos-
tate or 10-striate.

* Heads 35-h0-tlowered, 6-9 lines high, pappus bristles merely sca-
brous or densely serrulate.

+ Pubescent to almost glalrous: leaves sessile or subsessile all
alternate, cordate. seldom an inch long: stems herbaceous from a lig-
neous base, 1-16 inches high or more, leafy to the top: heads mostly
single, terminating corymbose, leafy branches.

C. Greenei O Ktze. Rev Gen i, 328 Brickellia Greenei Gray Very
viscid-pubescent: stems slender, 10-16 inches high, numerous from a
woody, perennial base, sparingly branched above or simple: leaves ovate,
obtuse, somewhat serrate. sessile or somewhat petioled, the uppermost
forming accessary loose bracts to the involucre proper: heads terminal, 9
lines high; involucral bracts lanceolate and linear, acuminate glabrous:
achenes not glandular, glabrous or the upper part hirtellous with a few-
scattered hairs on the ribs: pappus bristles subplumous. In gravelly
gulches and along streams, southern Oregon and northern Galifornia.

C. oblongifolius 0. Ktze.1.c. Brickellia oblongifolia Nutt Slightly
viscidulous: stems herbaceous from a lignescent base 10-2. inches high:
leaves oblong or some upper ones lanceolate; involucral bracts all acute or
muricate pointed; outer ones oblong-lanceolate, inner ones narrowly-lin-
ear: achenes sprinkled with minute glands, often afew bristles on the ribs

near the summit. In gravelly or dry soil, British Columbia to eastern
Oregon.

C. linifolius O. Ktze. 1. c. Brickellia linifolia Eaton. Minutely
glandular-pubescent: stems very numerous, 12-16 inches high from a
stout, woody base, cymose at the summit: leaves numerous, alternate
sessile, elliptical-lanceolate, entire, obscurely 3-nerved, 9-12 lines long,

COLEOSANTHUS, COMPOSIT A 293

heads large, solitary, on elongated somewhat leafy branches: involucre
40-5..-flowered, the scales in several series, outer ones ovate, inner ones
linear, acute, style-branches club-shaped, exeerted: achenes with a double
row of minute bristles along the strize not glandular: pappus obscurely
plumose. Sandy bottoms and rocky gulches, eastern Washington to Utah.

+ + Barely pubescent or glabrate perennials: heads not viscid:
leaves slender-petioled, at least the lower ones opposite.

C. grandiflorus O Ktze.1 c. Brickellia grand: flora Nutt. Puber-
ulent or almost glabrous: stems 2-3 feet high, paniculately branched:
leaves broadly or narrowly deltoid-cordate or the upper deltoid-lanceolate,
coarsely dentate-serrate with an entire usually acuminate apex, 1-4 inches
long: involucre about 40-flowered, its bracts papery and scarious when
dried, the short outer ones ovate, the inner ones oblong-linear, obtuse or
acutish or some exterior ones with loose subulate acuminations: pappus
white; acbenes sparingly setulose toward the summit. On hills along
streams, Oregon to the Sierra Nevadas Montana and Arizona.

* %* Heads 3-25-flowered not over 6 lines long: pappus-lristles
scabrous or not manifestly barbellate: heads sessile or short-pedun-
cled, terminating short leafy branchlets or in axillary clusters forming
a spiciform paniculate or interrupted thyrsus.

+ Involucre naked at base, all the bracts dry and chartaceous,
glabrous and smooth, the outermost short and appressed, wholly des-
titute of green tips

C. ‘alifornicus O Ktze. 1. c. Brickellia Californica Gray, Minutely
puberulent: stems 2-3 feet high; virgately branched: leaves ovate, obtuse,
rarely subcordate, somewhat crenate-dentate, commonly an inch or less
long, mostly surpassed by the smal] clusters of heads, these rather spic-
ately glomerate, forming an uninterrupted strict thyrsus: involucral br-
acts al] obtuse or the innermost linear ones abruptly acute, short outer-
most ones oval and ovate: heads 10-20-flowered, 4-5 lines high. On rocky
banks of the Rogue River to California, Nevada and Arizona.

++ Involucre of firmer bracts the outer with greenish and some-
what spreading tips, outermost loose and herbaceous and passing into
the small leaves of the branchlets.

C. microphyllus O. Ktze, 1.c. Brickellia microphylla Gray Viscidly
pubescent and glandular: stems 12-18 inches high, much branched from a
woody base: leaves alternate, short petioled, ovate, coarsely todthed 4-7
lines long, those of the branchlets much smaller and sessile, heads small,
15-20-ilowered, clustered at the end of the branchlets: involucral bracts’
imbricated, in many rows outer ones ovate, herbaceous with squarrose tips,
inner ones erect, lanceolate, acute: pappus scabrous: achenes slightly setu-
lose. Eastern Oregon to California, Nevada, Colorado and Montana.

Tribe 11. ASTEROIDE., Heads either heterogamous and radiate,
the ligulate ray flowers feminine or rarely neutral, or homogamous
with the flowers all hermaphrodite and tubular or rarely the female
flowers with filiform corolla and no ligule or in Baccharis dto-cious
_ and the female corollas all filiform. Receptacle seldom paleaceous.
Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers regularly 5-lobed, rarely 4-
lobed. ‘Anthers obtuse und entire or barely emarginate at base.
Style branches of hermaphrodite flowers flattened, conspicuously
margined by the stigmatic lines, and extending into a hispid or
papillase appendage. Pappus various or sometimes none. Leaves
mostly alternate. Disk flowers usually yellow.

294 C MPosIT As

Suprrine 1. HomocHrom#. Disk wholly of hermaphrodite
flowers, of the same color as the ray when that is present,
mostly yellow:

8. Grindelia. Pappus of few elongated awns or rigid bristles, heads
usually radiate, solitary at the ends of the branches: coarse herbs with
sessile rigid mostly serrate leaves.

4. Chrysopsis. Pappus of numerous setose bristles both in disk ind
ray, manifestly double, the inner capillary, the outer very short and
squamellate, low :eafy stemmed perennials with sessile entire or nearly
entire leaves .

5. Ammodia. Pappus of slender setose bristles obscurely double, the
inner capillary, the outer very short and setulose or obsolete: low per-
ennial herbs :

6. Eriocarpum Pappus white or nearly so. of exceedingly unequal
somewhat flattened barbellate bristles: achenes short, densely silky ; low
herbs with narrow sparsely dentate leaves.

7. Pyrrocoma. Pappus reddish-br wn or fulvous, of numerous uniform
slender rigid bristles: achenes linear, elongated, somewhat turbinate,
3-angled and striate: glabrous, rigid perennial herbs with mostly radical .
leaves.

8. Stenotus. Pappus commonly bright white, of numerous soft unequal
densely scabrous capillary bristles: achenes oblong-turbinate densely
silky-vi lous: glabrous shrubby plants with narrow entire leaves.

9. Macronema. Pappus of soft slender bristles: achenes slender, com-
pressed, few-nerved: soft pubescent low and many-stemmed sufffutescent
plants with thinnish sessile entire leaves.

10. Chrysothamnus. Pappus of soft subequal bristles: achenes narrow,
not compressed: shrubby or half shrubby plants with narrow entire
subcoriaceous leaves.

11. Euthamia. Pappus of numerous equal capillary scabrous bristles in
one or more series: achenes short and turbinate: villous pubescent;
perennial herbs with linear entire 1-nerved leaves.

1%. Solidago. Pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles: achenes
terete or angulate 5-12-nerved or costate: perennial herbs with entire or .
serrate leaves.

Susrripe 1. Herrrocuromez. Disk flowers mostly yellow
the rays white, red, purple or blue; seldom yellow.

13. Bellis.. Pappus none: achenes obovate and compressed, nerveless
except at the margins: low perennial herbs with all radical leaves

14. Boltonia. Pappus of several short-setulose squamellz and 2-4 elon-
gated rigid awns: achenes obovate, very flat, with callous or winged mar-
gin: leaty-stemmed perennials.

15. Townsendia. Pappus a single series of long awns: achenes obovate _
or oblong, much compressed. with thickish or callous margins: depres-
sed or low many-stemmed herbs

16. Sericocarpus. ‘'appus of numerous unequal scabrous bristles:
achenes narrow, little compressed, 2-nerved, silky-pubescent: leafy-
‘stemmed perennials.

17. Aster. Pappus of numerous dull white scabrous bristles: achenes
compressed: leafy-stemmed herbs with panicled or somewhat corym-
bose heads of flowers. ;

GRINDELIA. COMPOSI lA 295

18.. Eucephalus. Pappus copious the bristles unequal: achenes oblong,
compressed, villous: perennial herbs without radical leaves.

19. Oreastrum. | appus a single series of brownish scabrous barbellate
bristles: achenes subterete, 5-\-costate : acaulescent perennials with nar-
row entire leaves and scapiform monocephalous branches.

20. Macheranthera. Pappus a single series of rather rigid unequal
bristles: achenes narrowed downward, compressed, few-nerved, the
faces somewhat striate: leafy-stemmed, branching biennials or annuals.

21, Erigeron. Pappus scanty and fragile: achenes small, mostly 2-ner-
ved: annual or perennial herbs. é
SuBTRIBE I. BAccHARIDE&. Headsdiscoid and unisexual.
Corolla of the fertile flowers filiform.

22, Baccharis. Pappus copious, of fine and soft bristles, accrescent
after floweri: g: achenes compressed, 5-1U costate; shrubby or herbac-
eous perennials. ;

Subtribe 1, Homochromez, Gray Syn. Fl 1, Pt. 11,62. Disk
wholly of hermaphrodite flowers, of the same color as the ray when that
is present, mostly yellow: these corollas tubular with more or less am-
pliate throat and 4-5-lobed limb Receptacle not chaffy flat or mere-
ly convex. Involucre closely imbricate. mostly in several series

3 GRINDELIA Willd. Mag. Nat. Berl 1807, 259. (Gum Puayt.)

Perennial biennial or suffiutescent plants with entire or ser-
rate, somewhat vellucid-punctate or reticulate leaves the radical
one; usually spatulate; the cau ine sessile or partly clasping;
and middle-sized or large heads of yellow flowers terminating
the branches. Herbage balsamic-viscid, heads many-flowered.
Involucre h2mispherical or subglobose ;the scales imbricated,in sev-
eral series. Receptacle flat, foveolute Corolla of the ray ligu-
late, pistillate or neutral, in a single series ( in one species want-,
ing); of the disk tubular infundibuliform, 5-toothed, perfect:
branches of the style linear, rather acute, the hairy appendages as
long as the stigmatic portion. Achenes obovate or oval, some-
what angled, glabrous. Pappus of 2-8 caducous nearly smooth
awns or corneous bristles.

G. integrifolia {)C. Prodr v,415 Stems rather stout, 1-3 feet high,
usually corymbosely branched above and bearing several or numerous
heads: pubescence soft villous sometimes sparse or none; leaves of
soft texture, commonly entire, sometimes ser ate, cauline 3-4 inches long,
mostly tapering from a broad base to an acute or acuminate apex: radical
spatulate and obtuse: heads large, naked or surrounded by foliaceous
b:acts passing into leaves: bracts of the involucre with mostly elongated
setaceous subulate points to the bracts: achenes truncate and with an ir-
regular undulate or obscurely 3-5 toothed border around the terminal
are la; pappus awns stout, flattish. Along swales and ditches. Brit-

ish Columbia to Wregon west of the Cascade Mts Flowering in
summer

‘ * ‘*
G Hendersoni Greene Pitt ii, 18. Flowering -tems erect, a foot
high, sparsely hirsute: leaves (on sterile basal branches) 6-8 inches
jong, blade oblanceolate, closely dentate or serrate, tapering to a

296 COMPOSITA GRINDELIA,
CHRYSOPSIS

winged petiole of its own length, heads large, the invulucral bracts
squarrose and very glutinous, achenes neither angled nor striate, the ter-
minal border low and entire; awns of the pappus 2 or 3, flattened and cor-
neous, barbellate along the edges Dry rocky banks of Lummi Island
outhern shore of the Gulf of Georgia Henderson.

G. Oregana Gray Syn. ii. 1, Pt. 11,118. Stems rather stout and tall,
branched above, leaves thickish not rigid, sparsely denticulate or entire,
mostly obtuse, oblong, spatulate or ligulate, or the upper lanceolate, the
larger 4 inches long by an inch wide, whole herbage glabrous: heads
large, bracts of the involucre with erect or spreading slender linear-sub- ,
ulate tips; achenes squarely truncate and even at the summit, not bor-
dered nor tovthed, minutely striate; awns ot the pappus 1-3. In dry
soil, Oregon to Idaho

G. nana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sac. viii, 314. stems rather slender,
6-30 inches high, the larger plants corymbosely and fully branched above,
herbage wholly glabrous: leaves thinnish, lanceolate to linear or the
lower spatulate, entire or spinulose serrate heads 5-6 lines high: bracts
of the involucre with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips; acheneg
narrow, excisely truncate or bideniate, at summit: awns of the pappua
mostly 2. On dry hillsides. Washington to California.

G disecoidea Nutt.1 ¢.315 Whole herbage glabrous. stems slender,
several from the same root, fastigiately branched, leaves oblong-linear,
tapering to the base, sessile, somewhat spinulose serrulate above: heads
5-7 lines high almost globose: -cales of the involucre with short subulate
squarrose recurved tips: rays none, achenes auriculate bordered at the
summit; pappus of 2 bristles. On dry banks of the Columbia river
east of the ( ascades.

4 CHRYSOPSIS blliot Sk. 11 333.

Mostly perennial herbs with oblong or linear usually entire
sessile leaves and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers terminat-
ing the stem and branches. Heads many-flowered, radiate.
Scales of the involucre linear imbricated: receptacle somewhat
* alveolate, flat. Corolla of the ray flowers ligulate, pistillate, in a
single series disk corollas tubular, 5-toothed, perfect: Style
branches mostly terminated by linear or linear-subulate his-
pid tips, often longer than the flat stigmatic portion.
Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, compressed. Pappus of the
disk and ray similar, double, the outer short syuamellate-setose
or somewhat chaffy, the inner of numérous scabrous capillary
bristles.

“(. villosa Nutt Hook. Fl. ii22. Stems 1-2 feet high, villous-pubescent
and sparsely hirsute, erect, simple or corymbosely branched, very leafy:

leaves one inch or more long, 1 nerved slightly veiny, canescently stri- ....

gose on both sides, mucronate, entire or rarely with a few sharp scattered
teeth, hispidly ciliate toward the base, the upper linear-oblong, the lower
oblong-spatulate: heads solitary or somewhat corymbose at the ends of
the branches, on short peduncles: scales of the -roadly campanulate invol-
ucre linear-subulate, strigosely pubescent; achenes obovate, villous; exter
ior pappus setose squamellate. Dry plains and river bars, Oregon: to
Ill. and the Saskatchewan.

C. hirsuta Greene, Pitt. iii, 296. “Low, slender. the tufted and
leafy stems only 6 or8 inches higd, very leafy and the leaves asven‘ding

AMMODIA. COMPOSITA 297
ERIOCARPUM,
PYRROCOM\.

spatulately oblanceolate, acute, green and granular-glandular beneath a
sparse rather stiffly hirsute pubescence, the leafy bracts subtending the
2 or 3 subsessile heads hirsute-ciliate, as are also the small outer bracts of
the tur inate involucre, the others merely granular viscidulous: rays very
few (about 5 to 8), deep yellow: pappus with an outer series of short very
narrow palee Banks of Hanginan Creek, near Spokane, Washington.
C. V. Piper.”

5. AMM DIA Nutt. Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. n. Ser. vii 321.

Somewhat viscid and pubescent perennials with entire leaves
and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers terminating the stem
and branches. Heads many-flowered; the flowers all perfect
and tubular. Scales of the companulate involucre scarious—
membranaceous, l-nerved, imbricated in few series,the outermost
shortest, Receptacle flat, alveolate-touthed. Branches of the
style subulate-filiform, the appendages longer than the stigmatic
portion. Achenes fusiform or somewhat compressed, pubescent.
Pappus of copious minutely scabrous capillary bristles.

Ae oregana Nutt. 1. c. Chrysopsis Oreganu Gray. Stems a foot
high, many from the same root, paniculately branched. leaves
alternate, oblong, entire, veiny, sessile: peduncles some-
what glandular; heads irregularly paniculate corymbose:

_ Scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, I-nerved,: the inne most as
long as the flowers, the outermost short and appressed : corollas all similar,
slender, slightly dilated upwards, 5-toothed, pale yellow nearly hid in the
rapes white pappus. On gravelly bars along streams, Washington to

alitornia,

6 ERIOCARPUM Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 321.

Perennial or annual herbs with spinulose-dentate leaves and
(in ours) rayless heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flower-
ed: involucre hemispherical, its bracts rigid appressed-imbricate
with the outer successively shorter, all with abrupt and more or
less spreading herbaceous tips. Disk corollas narrow merely 5-
toothed. Achenes densely silky, mostly short and -turbinate.
Pappus white, of very unequal usually short and somewhat fat-
tened awnlike barbellate bristles.

E. grindelioides Nutt. 1.c. Aplopappus Nuttallii T. & G. Cinereous-
tomentose, becoming glabrate in age: stems 6-12 inches long, numerous
from a woody caudex: leaves from spatulate oblong to almost lanceolate,
rather sparsely pectinately dentate: heads few, terminating the branches,

- 8-10 lines high : involucre hemispherical, its bracts rather few ranked, and
with slightly spreading greenish tips: style appendages oblong-lanceolate.
Idaho to the Saskatchewan, New Mexico and «rizona. «

7 PYxROCOMA Hook. FI. 1, 306.

Perennial rigid herbs with simple stems, coriaceous alternate
leaves and showy heads of yellow flowers terminal or in the axils
of the upper leaves. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Bracts of
the hemispherical or campanulate involucre rigid, some vhat foli-
aceous, nerveless, oblong with more or less squarrose or herbace-
ous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate-toothed. Ray-flowers num+

298 COMPOSI! 4& PYRRUCOMA

erous, pistillate, sometimes infertile or inconspicuous : disk-flow-
ers cylindrical. slightly dilated upward. with short erect teeth.

Style-branches of the ray-flowers often unequal, or one of them _ ,
abortive, glabrous: those of the disk-flowers subulate-linear,

elongated, the hispid appendages much longer than the stigmatic
portion. Achenes linear. elongated. somewhat 3-angled and
striate glabrous or rarely hairy. Pappus reddish-brown or ful-
vous, of copious and uniform slender rigid bristles

« Heads large and discoid the sterile rays being hardly apparent
or very small for the size of the head: achenes glabrous and smooth,
slender but flattish, 4-costate or nerved often finely striate

P. curthamoides. Hook- Fl. i, :06.+.107. Stems rigid several from
the same rout, 6-12 inches high, leafy, -cabro puberulert when young, be-
coming smooth, bearing a solitary terminal large head and sometimes one
or two in axils: leaves from spatulate to oblong or lanceolate: coriaceous,
sparingly spinulose-serrulate the lowest 4-4 inches long, taperinginto slen-
der petioles: involucre hemispherical, d-l» lines high, often leafy-
subtended at base, its proper bracts coriaceous rigid, from oblong to
broadly lanceolate or the innermost linear, more or less scarious-margin-
ed. most of them tipped with an abrupt mucro or cusp, the outer com-
monly loose and becoming leaf-like either entire or spinulore-denticulate :
rays almost always present and rather numerous. but their ligules incon-
spictious, being short involute and concealed in the pappus On plains and
rocky hillsides; British Columbia to 0 egon and Idaho.

P. radiata Nutt Trans. \m. Vhil. Soc n. ser, vii 333. Whole plant
glabrous: stem stout, 12-18 inches high: leaves thick ,the radical and lower
canline obovate-oblong.the lowest 3-6 inches long by 2 inches broad, petio-

led the upper cauline ovate-lanceolate or oblong: heads usuaily several .
pp g J

and somewhat corymbose, an inch high and broad, bracts of the invo-
lucre n.merous. broad or broadish : rays very narrow, exserted but incon-
spicuons: achenes 4 lines long, about the length of the rigid expanding
pappus, the bristles of which are barbellate-scabrous — liry plains near
Walla Walla, Washington

P. “usiekii Greene Ervth. ii; 59 Apluprppus carth moides Var. Cus-

ickii Gray Stems 6-18 inches high ascending few-leaved: leaves mostly” .

spatulate-lanceolate: heads comparatively small and few-flowered, termi-
nal and subterminal: bracts of the involucre rather few, lanceolate, most-
ly acute or acuminate. Union County. Oregon Cusick.

1 « Tleads middle-sized to small, evidently radiate: the exserted
ravs often infertile but styliferous

Pp. racemosa '.& G. Fl ii, 244, Stenis glabrous, 12-18 inches high,
bearing 8-7 racemose heads at the summit: leaves glabrous, lanceolate,
slightly spinulose-serrate, the upper acute, sblong-lanceolate, partly clasp-
ing, the lower tapering to the base, somewhat petioled : heads hemispher-
ical, less than an.inch in diameter: involucre imbricated, in 3 series its
ovate-oblong scales pubescent; ray-flowers conspicuous and fertile; disk
corollas shorter than the pappus: achenes sparsely hirsute. Wllains of
the Columbia. :

* * Heads obovoid, sessile and often clustered : involucre as long
as the disk, the scales linear-oblong, with short distinct herbaceous
tips imbricated in several series: achenes glabrous.

Pp. paniculata T &G 1 ¢. Glabrous. tems a foot high, branched at
the summit: leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, obscurely and remotely

PYRROCOMA, COMP SIT 46 299

sserrulate, the cauline partly clasping: heads numerous, 6-8 lines high,
‘sessile and somewhat clustered along the branches: bracts of the involu-
cre oblong, obtuse, mucronate: rays 1-12, slender: achenes slightly hairy
toward the summit. Plains of the Culumbia near Walla Walla, Washing-
ton

P. arguta T &G 1c¢ Glabrous. Stems 10-12 inches high: leaves
‘spatulate-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, sharply serrate, the cauline
partly clasping: heads axillary and terminal, clustered, sessile, bracts of
the involucre lanceolate, acute: rays 10-12, usually infertile. Plains of
the Columbia near \\ alla Walla, Washington.

P glomerata T & G 1. c. Glabrous. ‘tem simple or branched:
leaves obl ng lanceolate or the lower spatulate-lanceolate; very acute,
mostly entire. the cauline partly clasping: heads 6 lines long, nearly as
broad, clustered and disposed in an interrupted spike: rays 8-10, usually
fertile. Plains of the Columbia near Walla Walla, ‘ashington.

P. congesta Greene Pitt, iii; 2: Glabrous throughout except a
scanty pubescence about the inflorescence: stems rather slender, 1 '-30 in-
ches high, several from the thick ligneous root, ascending, simple, leafy
below. floriferous from below the mindle: radical leaves lanceolate, acute
at both ends, entire,the blade 3-+ inches long, ona slender petiole as long ;
cauline snaller, tapering toasmill winged petiole. Heads clustered in
the axils of all the re luced cauline leaves: involucre campanulate, 4~4 lines
high, its bracts rigid oblong. 3-nerved. with acute green tips: pappus
tawny, of coarse very unequal bristles: only the outer disk flowers fertile,
the achenes of these oblong. appressed piluse: abortive achenes of ray and
inner disk densely silky-pubescent. ndry hillsides, western base of the
Coast mountains near Waldo, Oregon

P. hirta Greene Eryth. ii, 69 Aplopappus hirtus Gray. Hirsutely pu-
bescent and villous,*even to the involucre, or at base lanuginose: stems 8-
12 inches high, rather simple ascending, bearing few or scattered pedun-
culate heads: leaves membranaceons, pectinately serrate with long and
salient slender-suliulate teeth: cauline an inch or two long: radical some-
times 4 inches long and with margined petioles: involucre hemispherical,
hhali inch or more high, its b acts rather loose. linear, acuminate or acute,

all about equalling the disk, the outer mainly foliaceous: rays 20 or more
conspicuous: achenes rather short, sericeous-pubescent: pappus oft,
whitish. «astern: regon and Washington

P. Howellii Greene 1. c. 70 <Aplopappus Howellii Gray. ericeous-
tomentose: stems 6-1 inches long ascending branching from the base:
leaves all narrowly lanceolate, acute, entire or rarely denticulate: heads
solitary, terminating the stem an branches, rather few-flowered involu-
-cre 6-10 lines high, its bracts linear, rather obtuse, all of equal length:
rays conspicuous; style appendages long and slender: achenes oblong lin-
ear, nearly as long as the rigid pappus, pubescent. On dry ridges, Crain
Creek, Eastern (regon.

rk. lanceolata Aplopappus lanceolatus '. & G. Stems 6-24 inches high
at first lanuginose, at length near:y glabrous: leaves coriaceous the radical
and lowest cauline lanceolate, acute irregularly spinulose-toothed, peti
-oled: the upper small and bract like, linear-lanceolate, partly clasping:
heads 2-5: involucre hemispherical, its bracts lanceolate-oblong. charta-
eous, unequal, imbricated: rays 2-25 pistillate: style appendages lanceo-
late acute a out the length of the stigmatic portion: achenes silky. Idaho
to British Columbia and the plains of the Saskatchewan.

P. Hallii Aplopappus Hallit Gray. Glabrous threughout: stems 12-
20 inches high. paniculately branched from a suffrutescent or even more
woody base, very leafy : leaves lanceolate or linear, 8-12 lines long by 2-3
lines broad rather rigid, mustly scabrous on the margins, midrib promi-

300 COM POSIT STENOTUS.

nent beneath: heads paniculate, terminating short branchlets or some-
times rather congested : involucre obovate, 4-5 lines high, its bracts broad-
ish-linear, imbricated in several ranks, the outer successively shorter, the
short tips merely mucronate-acute: rays about 10: style appendages lan-
ceolate, rather obtuse, about as long as the stigmatic portion: pappus
barely sordid. Base of the Casca e Mountains of Oregon and Washington.

P. tenuicaulis Aplopappus tenuicaulis Eaton Bot. King. 16. Silky-to-
mentose or at length nearly glabrous stems 6-14 inches long, very slender,
‘ curved and ascending from a fusiform caudex: leaves all narrowly lanceo-
late, rather rigid, the radical 2-3 inches long, 2-8 lines wide, ‘entire or
sparingly denticulate, narrowed into avery short petiole; cauline ones
sessile by a dilated base: heads small, 2-6, racemose, on slender peduncles:
involuvre hemispherical, the broadly oblong scales tomentose on the back
and rather obtuse rays about 20: disk-flowers numerous: style-branches
linear-lanceolate, hispid, twice as long as the stigmatic portion: achenes
silky-villous; pappus white, of unequal almost plumulose capillary brist-
les. In alkaline meadows, Eastern Oregon to Nevada.

8 STENOTUS Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil, Soc. vii, 334.

Dwarf herbaceous plants with linear or lanceolate 1-3-nerved
rigid persistent entire alternate or crowded leaves and middle-
sized heads of yellow flowers. Involucre hemispherical, its
scales oblong-ovate to orbicular, 1-nerved, nembranaceous with
scarious margins, of equal or moderately unequal length, closely
appressed and imbricated. Receptacle flat, alveolate-toothed.
Heads many-flowered, radiate. Rays x-12, ligulate, pistillate,
oval to oblong: disk corollas perfect, dilated toward the summut,
deeply 5-toothed, Style branches broad and flat with the pu-
bescent appendages various in form. Achenes oblong-turbinate,
densely silky villous. Pappus commonly bright w-ite, of num-
erous soft unequal densely scabrous. capillary bristles.

S. Lyallii Aplop ppus Lyallii Gray. Viscid puberulent: stems 6-12 in-
ches high, equally leaty upto the head: leaves obovate-spatulate to ob-
lanceolate: heads solitary at the ends of the stem or branches, radiate:
involucre hemispherical 6 lines high, glandular, its bracts acute, sometimes
2 or 3 of the outermost oblongand more foliaceous : rays 15-20, conspicuous:
style appendages not longer than the stigmatic portion: achenes and
ovaries glabrous or nearly so. Alpine region of eastern regon to British
Columbia, Montana and Colorado.

S. lanuginosus Greene Eryth. ii, 72. Aplopappus lanugin sus
Gray. Floccose-tomentose: stems 8-10) inches high from creeping root-
stocks, leafy: leaves soft, narrowly spatulate or the upper linear, the
‘sparse uppermost almost filiform, 1-2 inches long: heads solitary, termin-
al, radiate, many-flowered : involucre 6 lines high; its bracts lanceolate,
acute or acuminate thin, nearly equal in 2 series. outer barely greenish:
style appendages elongated-subulate: achenes sericeous-canescent Al-
pine in the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana.

S Brandegei. Aplopappus Brandegei Gray. Stems 8-1" inches high
from a tufted caudex, cinereous- pubescent or puberulent, and the involucre
lanuginose- tomentose: radica leaves obovate or spatulate or roundish, 6-8
lines long, contracted into aslender petiole; cauline few and sparse,
sinall, « lines long, oblong or ianceolate: involucre 3-4 lines high, its
lanceolate bracts loose, neaily equal: style appendages trianuular-subu-
late: young achenes hirsute-pubescent: pappus rather scanty Moun-
tains of Washington in the Yakima district.

MACRONEMA. COMPOSITAE 301

S. acaulis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 334. Aploprppus acaulis
Gray. Depressed-cespitose from a multicipital lignescent caudex: leaves
rigid and persistent, crowded on the crownof the caudex and a
few on the scapiform flowering stems, from spatulate to oblanceo-
late or linear, 4-3 inches long mucronate more or less 3-nerved ¢ommonly
scabrous: scapiform flowering stems 1-10 inches high: heads mostly soli-
tary, many-flowered, radiate: bracts of the involucre from ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, mucronately acute or acuminate, destitute of greenish tips
the outer a little shortest: style appendages subulate: achenes canescent-
ly villous. Dry rocks on the mountains at 600U-8U0u feet, eastern Oregon to
California and saskatchewan.

S. stenophyllus Greene Eryth. ii, 72. Aplopappus stenophylins Gray.
Hirtellous-scabrous ; suffruticulose spreading: stems numerous 1-3 inches
long: leaves very narrow, linear-spatulate to filiform, 6-12 lines long 1-
nerved persistent: scapiform peduncles 1-2 inches long:. heads solitary,
radiate: involucre 6 lines high, its bracts linear, eyual, in1 or2 series
glandular puberulent: style appendages subulate :achenes canescently vil—
oe rocky ridges, eastern Washington to northeastern California
and Idaho

9 MACRONEMA Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 322.

Low and _ viscidly-pubescent much branched shrubby plants,
the fastigiate leafy branches terminated by solitary rather large
heads, with entire sessile leaves and yellow flowers. Heads
many-flowered, the rays 6-8, ligulate, pistillate, or none: disk-
flowers tubular, perfect. Bracts of the involcre few, loose, some-
what in two series, nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved,
the exterior mostly with foliaceous spreading tips, commonly
with one or more foliaceous bracts at the base resembling the
upper leaves. Receptacle flat, areolate. Branches of the style
much exserted, the appendages elongated, subulate, hirsute,
much longer than the flat stigmatic partion. Achenes large,
much compressed. Pappus of copious somewhat unequal scab-
rous capillary bristles.

M. suffruticosa Nutt.1 c Aplopappus suffrvticosus Gray. Stems 6-8.
inches long from a low woody base, leafy to the summit: leaves oblong-
linear to lanceolate, acute, somewhat narrowed toward the base, 12-18
lines long by about 2 lines broad: heads mostly solitary, teminating the
branches: involucre simple’ and loose, 8-1) lines high, its bracts mostly
with foliaceous tips: ray-flowers 2-8 linear-oblong, pistillate: achenes ob-
long or slightly obovate. flat, i-3-nerved o : each side: pappus ferruginous.
In the mountains of eastern (/regon to Valifornia and Wyoming

M. molle Greene Eryth ii, 73. <Aplopappus Greenei rar mollis Gray.
Cinereous-pubescent to canescent-tomentose, even to the involcure:
branches about a foot high from a shrubby base: leaves somewhat lance-
olate, 6-12 lines long, 2-3 lines broad: heads solitary or few and crowded,
6 lines high bracts of the involucre in about three series, lanceolate, all
more or less foliaceous: ravs 2-7, 3-4 lines long; disk flowers 10-16. Inthe
mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington.

M. Greenei Greene l. c. Aplopappus Greenet Gray. ‘ilabrous or
above very obscurely viscid-puberulent,about a toot high, branching trom a
shrubby base: leaves spatulate-oblong to somewhat lanceolate, 6-12 lines
long, 2-3 lines broad, obtuse or mucronate: heads solitary or few and
crowded, half inch high: bracts of the involucre in about 3 series, lance

302 COMPOSIP Aé CHRYSOTHAMNUS.

olate to linear, all but the innermost with conspicuous and spreading

mostly elongated-subulate foliaceous tips: rays 2-7, 3 or 4 lines long: disk- °°

flowers 10-16. Achenes soft-pubescent. In the mountains of eastern
Oregon and Washington tu California.

10 CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. Trans Am hil. viii, 323.

Perennial herbs or suff uticose plants with linear or oblong
sessile alternate leaves, ind rather small corymbose heads of
vellow flowers. Heads 5-flowered. rarely 6- or 7-flowered in-
volucre campanulate, its bracts imbvicated mostly concave or
ca:inate, dry and chartaceous, destitute of green tips. Recep-
tacle flat, alveolate-toothed, the teeth fleshy or somewhat lacer-
ate. Co oll s n row. § yle br nches wt) exs td u ulate
0; setaceous-filiform appenlazes. Achenes slende: somewhat
compressed, silky villous. Pappus simple, of copious
capillary bristles.

(. pumilus Nutt Trans. Phil. Soc. vii, 323. Bigelovia Douglasii var
pumila ‘ry. Branches erect, numerous, 6-10 inches high,’ glabrous,
very leafy: leaves an inch long or more, glabrous slightly glutinous, nar-
rowly linear, very acute, 3-nerved, often involute or occasionally some-
what twisted : involucre 2-3 lines high the bracts not very distinctly 4-
ranked, the outer short, ovate-lanceolate, the inner obiong-linear, not

acute, faintly carinate Dry plains eastern Washington to Montana and
Utah. :

C. puberulus (Greene Eryth iii, 93. Bigelovia Douslasii rar puberula
Gray. Puberulent to almost hispidulous throughout: branches numer-
ous, 6-10 inches high, very leafy: leaves narrowly linear very acute 10-15
lines long, 3-nerved: involucre 2-3 lines high, the br cts +-ranked, the
outcr ovate-lanceolate, the inner oblong-linear On desert plains, Idaho
to Utah and Nevada.

C. viscidiflorus Nutt. 1. c¢. 324, Bigeluvia Donglasti Gray Shrub 2-6
feet high, fastigiately branched: leay s 2 inches long, nar owly linear,
very acute, rather firm, 3 nerved, their margins more or less distinctly
serrulate scabrous: heads numerous, in an ample fastigiate terminal cor-
ym), 3-4 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, abruptly acute,
2-4 in each vertical rank. Plains of the ‘olumbia.

C. speciosus Nutt.l.c. Bigelovia graveolens Gray in part. Shrub
2-4 feet high with rather slender stems terminated by an ample rather
open cymous corymb of yellow flowers: leaves very narrowly linear and
branches of the inflorescence minutely white-tomentose: bracts of the in-
volucre firm acutish, not ciliate tomentose on the back, at least near the
tip, in 3-4 vertical ranks: tube of the corolla slender, almost glabrous,
the limb rather deeply 5-lobed. ‘Dry plains Washington to California
and Idaho.

var albicaulis Nutt.1.c. Stems and branches densely lanate-
tomentose: tu e of the corolla clothed with long villous or somewhat
arachnoid hairs. Idaho.

C. nanus Ap opappus nanus Maton. A low branching heath-liké
shrub 3-8 inches high, glabrous and somewhat glutinous: leaves crowded,
3-6 lines long, linear-spatulate. rigid channelled, acute and with minute.
leaves fascicled in their axils: heads small, cor. mbed; involucreturbinate,
of numerous lanceolate carinate chartaveous bracts with scarious margins,
very acute the outer ones small and passing into the leaves: rays 4-6, disk-

SOLIDAGO COMPOSIT 46 303

flowers 8-9 as long as the rays; branches of the style linear-subulate, the
hirsute appendages much longer than the stigmatic portion. Plains of
the higher mountains, Washington to Nevada, Idaho and Utah.

C. Bloomeri Greene Eryth, iii, 115 Aplopappus Boomert Grry. \
shrub 1-2 feet high with numerous slender virgate branches, glabrons,
more or less glutinous, leafy to the top: leaves narrowly linear with taper-
ing base, ur spatulate-linear, mucronate, scarcely punctate, 1-2 inches
long: heads narrowly panicled or corymbed, leafy-bracted, 8-10 lines
high. 10-25-flowered : bracts of the oblong cylindraceous nvolucre imbri-
cated in 8 or 4 ranks, chartaceo-coriaceous ith a greenish midrib and
scarious margins, the inner linear-oblong, thinner and villous-ciliate, ob-
tuse, a little shorter than the disk; the outer shorter and abruptly tipped
with a subulate foliaceous appendage: rays 1-4 or none, oblong, conspicn
ously exserted: style-appendages subulate-filiform, much exserted:
achenes linear. finely pubescent. Diy ridges of the higher mountains of
British Columbia to: alifornia and Nevada.

C. resinosus Lricameria resinosus Nutt. ~hrubby, 6-8 inches high,
very much branched, glabrous, becoming very glutinous, leafy: leaves
filiform-linear, about an inch long, acute, tapering to the base, mostly
with some very short ones fascicled in their axils: heads loosely coryin-
bose, 5 lines high. 8-12 flowered: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute:
achenes hirsute when young. On shelving rocks in the Blue Mountains
of Oregon.

11 SOLIDAGO Vaillant. (GOLDEN RUD)

Perennial herbs with mostly simple strict or virgate stems ,ses-
sile alternate cauline leaves and small yellow fl wers in ample
terminal panicles. Heads fewto many-Howered, mostly radiate ;
disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Bracts of the involucre imbri-
cated, appressed, destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips.
Receptacle narrow mostly alveolate. Appendages of the style
lanceolate. Achenes somewhat terete, many-ribbed. Pappus
simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles.

S. confertiflora DC. Prodr. v. 339. Stems simple, leafy to the thyr-
sus, 1-3 feet high, glabrous, angular above: leaves oval-lanceolate, or ob-
long-lanceolat , serrate at the apex, entire below, the lower 3-4 inches
long by 6 lines broad, the radical attenuated into long petioles: upper part
of the stem and infloresence resinous: heads numerous, in an elongated
com ound thyrsus, 8-15-flowered: bracts of the involucre linear, erect:
rays few and small n gravelly plains Pritish Columbia to Oregon.

S. hesperius 8. humilis var nans Gray. Stems erect. 2-10 inches
high, leafy to the inflorescence; leaves spatulate to obovate, 1-2 inches long:
heads few in a close glomerule or more numerous in a spiciform thyrsus:
bracts of the involucre oblong-linear: achenes pubescent. On the highest
peaks of the Cascade and Rocky mountains.

S. Tolmieana Gray Syn. Fl. ipt.ii 151. Low, a foot or less high,
‘leafy up to the short and rather broad inflorescence of spiciform some-
what corymbosely disposed clusters: leaves thickish and veins very in-
conspicuous, Jinear or lanceolate (2 or, three inches long), entire, rarely
with some minute serratures, the margins usually scabrous-ciliate, glab-
rous and smooth: heads about -} lines high crowded in thyrsoid inflorescence,
not secund: involucral bracts lanceolate acutish, thin: rays rather smail
8-15: achenes pubescent. Oregon and Washington to Idaho.

304 COMPOSIT4& EUTHAMIA

‘

S. Missouriensis Nutt. Journ. Acad Philad. vii, 32. Smooth and
glabrous: stems a foot or more high, simple or sometimes fastigiately
branched at the summit: leaves rigid, crowded, often fascicled in the upper
axils, linear-lanceolate, acute, with very scabrous margins, the lower tap-
ering to the base, sharply and sparsely serrulate toward the apex: the
radical oblong-spatulate, petioled, 3-5-nerved, reticulated. the uppermost
entire and scarcely if at all nerved: racemes rather dense, slender at length
recurved-spreading, forming a short and crowded pyramidal panicle;
bracts imbricated : rays 6-10, rather short, achenes slightly pubescent. Dry
prairies, Idaho to the Assiniboine and the southeastern states.

S. serotina Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 211. Stems stout, 2-8 feet high very
smooth and glabrous up to or near the ample secund panicle: leaves
lanceolote or broader, 3-10 incheslong, sharply and saliently serrate,
glabrous both sides: heads very numerous, crowded: rather laege and full, 3
lines high: bracts of the involucre broadly linear-oblong or linear: , rays
7-14, conspicuous achenes more or less pubescent. In rich alluvial lands,
Oregon to British Columbia and eastward

8. elongata Nutt. Trans. Am Phil. Soc. xii, 327. Stems rather
slender, 2-4 feet high, smooth or minutely pubescent, strict: leaves lanceo-
late. acute or acuminate at both ends, sparingly serrate, nearly glabrous,
obscurely 3-nerved: panicle elongated, virgate or narrowly pyramidal, 6-10
inches long, the racemes at length somewhat spreading: bracts of the in-
volucre linear subulate: rays small and slender: achenes pubescent Com-
mon in dry grounds, kritish Columbia to California.

S. Californica Nutt.i.c. Stems rather stout, 2-4 feet high canescent-
ly peberulent or pubescent: leaves oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate
and the lower obovate, obtuse or apiculate, entire or the lower with some
small teeth, canescently puberulent or beneath more pubescent: panicle
virgate, 4-12 inches long, dense, the racemiform clusters erect or, barely
‘spreading in age, when elongated mostly secund and even with the apex
at length recurved, heads 3-4 lines long: bracts of the involucre lanceolate
oblong or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse, externally somewhat uberulent:
rays 7-12 fewer than the disk-flowers: achenes minutely pubescent Dry
grounds, southern Oregon to California, the borders of Nevada and

exico.

12 EUTHAMIA Cass Dict. xxxvii, 471.

Erect scabrous perennials with narrow alternate leaves and
numerous small heads of vellow flowers in terminal corymbose
panicles. Heads many-fiowered, the ray flowers more numer-
ous than those of the disk, and never surpassing them in
height. Receptacle fimbrillate or the alv oli pilose. Achenes
villous- pubescent, short and turbinate.

EK. occidentalis Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc vii, 326. Stems numer-
ous from extensively creeping rootstocks, 2-6 feet high, loosely branched,
the branches terminated by small clusters gf mostly pedicellate heads:
leaves numerous, linear, entire, smooth, usuatly 3-nerved, the margins ob-
scurely scabrous: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute: rays 16-
20; disk flowers 8-14. alveoli of the receptacle pilose.

Subiribe ti. Heterochromee Gray. Syn. Fi. t pt. 2 64. Ray
flow rs ble red or purple ta white rer ly vellow or wanting in cer
tain snecies Disk af hermaphodite and mostly fertile flowers, their

BELLIS. COMPOSIT A 305
BOLT NIA.

corolla yellow or rarely cream-color, sometimes changing to purple.
Rerep'acle naked.

18 BELLIs iourn (parsy)

Ours low perennial herbs with spatulate leaves and solitary
heads of various colored flowers terminating simple scapes.
Heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers pist Hate, in a single
series, those of the disk tubular and perfect. Invelucre cam-
panulate, its bracts somewhat ina double series, foliaceous,
herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous, equal. The receptacle
conical, slightly alveolate. Branches of the style tipped with a
short triangular appendage. Achenes obovate, compressed,
sligitly hairy or hispid. Pappus none.

B. prerennis L. Sp. 1248. Leaves all radical: spatulate-obovate,
crenately dentate, obscurely 4-nerved, 1-2 inches long. heads large termin-
ating simple scapes: boacts of the involucre oblony, obtuse, somewhat
foliaceous, equa]: ray-flowers narrow, twice as long as the involucre. Es-
caped from gardens and becoming naturalized along the coast.

14 BOLIONIA L’Her. ‘ert. Angl. 27.

Glabrous perennial herbs with striate-angled stems, sessile
entire leaves and rather showy heads of white, purple or violet
flowers. Heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers numerous, pis-
tillate, ina single series; disk-flowers tubular perfect. Scales of
the hemispherical involeure imbricated, somewhat in 2 series, ©
appresved. scarcely as long as the disk, with somewhat mem-

' branaceous niargins. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, ob-
seurely alveolate. Branches of the style Jinear-obleng, with
very short appendages. Achenes compressed, obovate, margined
with a callous wing, in the ray often 3-winged. Pappus of sev-
eral setose bristles and frequently with 2—4 more or less elongat-
ed subulate awns/

B. occidentalis B latisquama var occidentulis Gray. Stems 2-6 feet
high, cymose-paniculate at summit: leaves broadly lanceolate or the
upper linear-lanceolate: heads short-peduncled: bracts of the involucre ob-
long, obtuse: ray flowers white, 4-5 lines long: awns of the pappus pres-

ent and conspicuous, the setulose squamellz small. River-bottoms of Un-
ion county; Oregon.

15 TOWNSENDIA. Hook. FI. ii, 16 t. 119.
»

Depressed or low many-stemmed herbs with from linear to
spatulate entire leaves agd comparatively large heads, of from
violet or rose purple to white tay-flowers. Involucre broad,
many-flowered, imbricate: the bracts lanceolate, with scarious
margins and tips. outer usually shorter and inner more mem-
branaceous. keceptacle broad, merely areolate, flat. Stvle-ap-
pendages laniceolate. Achenes obovate or oblong much com-
pressed and with thickish or mostly callous margins, those of

306 COMPOSIT 4& / TOWNSENDIA
SERICOCARPUS

the ray sometimes triangular, Pappus.a single series of long
awns or of coarse and rigid bristles or in the ray reduced to
squamelle or pales.

T. ‘arryi Eaton Am ‘at. viii, 212. Stems erect, stout, naked and
pedunculiform a ove, 2-6 inches high, the taller forms sometimes branch-
ing: leaves mcstly spatulate: bracts of.the very broad involucre lanceolate,
thinnish, with rather soft attenuate tips or the outer barely acuminate:
achenes narrowly obovate canes:ently pubescent the hairs simple or many
of them 2-dentate at tip. | appus of ray-flowers plurisetose, like that of
the disk. !daho to \\ yoming and Montana

T. florifer Gray Proc. Am. Acad xvi, 84. (inereous-hirsute: stems
rather slender, 4-10 inches long, leafy: leaves linear or the lowest lanceo-
late-spatulate, acute, mostly apiculate-acuminate: heads rather large, pe-
dunculate: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate not prominentiy acum-
inate nearly equal: achenes oblong-obovate, pubescent: pappus of numer-
ous setose barbellulate bristles. On sandy banks anc arid plains of the
Columbia.

16 SER COCARPU Nees \st. 148.

Perennial herbs with alternate commonly entire and_ sessile
leaves, and small heads of white flowers usually fascicled: in a
terminal eompact cynie. + eads 12-15-Howered, the rays about
5, distant. Bracts of the obovate-oblong or turbinate-cylindri-
cal involucre closely imbricated in several series, nerveless or
obscurely 1-nerved, the lower portion cartilaginous, appressed,
the apex herbaceous, often spreading. keveptarle small, alveo-
late, the alv ola toothed or lacerate-ciliate. Apendages of the
style lanceolate-subulate, minutely hispid, longer than the stig-
matic portion. Achenes obpyramidal, short, densely silky.
Pappus simple, composed of rather numerous and rigid unequal
scabrous bristles, some of them thickened upward.

S rigidus |.indl, tlook. Fl. ii, 14. Minutely scabrous: stems slender,
1-2 feet high, mostly simple, leafy: leaves rigid, oblong spatulate obtuse,
often mucronate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved, the margins ciliate-scabrous
1u-12 lines long: heads about 15-flowered, clustered in small compact cory-
mobs: bracts of the turbinate involucre narrowly oblong or linear, 1-nerved,
the inuer ones about equalling the disk, somewhat scarious; the outer
shorter and with somewhat squarrofe greenish tips: rays but little if at all
exserted achenes when mature about halt as longas the white pappus,
slender, not very densely silky. -On cry ridges Oregon and Washington to
the tierra Nevadas in California.

S. Oregonensis Nutt. Trans. 4m, lhil, Soc. vii, 802 Nearly glab-
rous: stems rather stout, 2-5 feet high, corymbosely branched above:
leaves broadly lanceolate, acutish entire 1-nerved, scabrous 1-2 inches
long by 6 lines broad, thickish, narrowed below: heads about 14-flowered,
clustered in small compact corymbs: bracts of the turbinate involucre ch-
long-linear 1-nerved: rays conspicuously exserted: achenes slender, fully
halt as long as the white pappus, slender, not very densely silky. On dry
or gravelly plains western Oregon and Washington.

ASTER COMPOSITE 807

17, ASTER Tourn, Inst. 174. L. Gen. n. 954.

Perennial, or rarely annual herbs with alternate entire or ser-
rate leaves and racemose paniculate or corymbose heads of
flowers with white, purple or blue ray, and yellow, often chang-
ing to purple, disk corollas. Heads many flowered; the ray-
flowers in a single series, not very numerous, pistillate ; those of
the disk tubular, perfect. Bracts of the involucre more or less im-
bricated, usually with herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Receptacle
flat or convex, naked. Appendages of the style (in the disk-
flowers) lanceolate or subulate, acute, rarely triangular. Pappus
simple; of numerous, often unequal, scabrous capillary bristles.
Achenes usually compressed.

* Involucre well imbricated: the bracts appressed and coriaceous
with short and abrupt mostly obtuse herbaceous or foliaceous, spread-
ing tips: achenes narrow, 5-10-nerved: rays showy, blue or violet:
leaves of firm texture, more or less scabrous.

A. radulinus Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 385. Rough-pubescent
throughout: stems rather stout, 6-20 inches high, branching above and
bearing an open corymb of middle-sized heads: leaves rigid and coriaceous,
oblong or the lower obovate-spatulate, sharply serrate above, tapering be-
low into a narrow entire base, prominently reticulate-veiny, scabrous both
sides, the midrib very prominent beneath: peduncles short: involucre ob-
conical, 4-5 lines long, its bracts rigid,appressed, lanceolote or oblong, ob-
tuse to abruptly pointed or mucronate, more or less glandular—pubescent,
the tips mostly green: rays 15-18, white to purp'e: achenes minutely pub-
escent. Dry open ground, British Columbia to California and Idaho.

A. conspicuous Lindl. Hook. Fl. ii, 7. Scabrous: stems 1-3 feet hizh,
stout, rigid, bearing several or numerous corymbosely cymose heads, leaves
rigid, ovate, oblong, or the lower obovate, acute, ample, often 4-6 incbes
long, by 1-4 inches broad, acutely serrate, reticulate-venulose as well as
veiny: involucre broadly campanulate, about equalling the disk, 5-6 lines
high, its bracts in several series,minutely glandular—puberulent or viscidu-
lous, lanceolate, acute; the greenish tips a little spreading: rays half inch
long, violet: achenes minutely pubescent. In the mountains of Eastern
Washington and Idaho, to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan.

* * Involucreand usually branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular,
either well imbricated or loose: rays showy, violet to purple: achenes
mostly several-nerved and narrow : pubescence not sericeous: leaves all
entire or the lower with few and rare teeth, cauline all sessile or
partly clasping.

A. integrifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. s.vii, 291. Stems stout,
simple 6-12 inches high or more, yillous-pubescent, the summit and the
simple corymb glandular and viscid: leaves of firm texture, oblong or spat-
ulate, or the upper ones lanceolate, the larger ones 4-7 inches long, some-
times obsoletely repand-gerrulate, apiculate, traversed by a strong midrib-
venulose-reticulated, glabrate, half-clasping: lowest tapering into along
stout wing-margined petiole with clasping base: heads fully half inch high,
hemispherical: involucre and branchlets viscid-glandular: its bracts
few-ranked, linear, ascending, not squarrose; the outer sometimes short
and rather close, commonly larger and more foliaceous, nearly equalling
the inner; these equalling the disk: rays 15-25, bluish-purple, half-inch
long : achenes compressed-fusiform, 5-nerved, and cometimes, with inter-
mediate nerves,sparsely pubescent : pappus decidedly rigid. Open.and moist

308 COMPOSITA ASTER

subalpine woods and meadows in the Cascade mountains, Washington to
California and Montana.

A campestris Nutt. 1. c. 298 Pruinose-puberulent and viscidulous;
stems 10-15 inches high, branching: leaves linear, about an inch long by
2-4 lines broad or the lower lingulate-spatulate, mostly glabriate, same ok-
scurely 3-nerved: involucre 3-4 lines, high hemispherical, of rather few-
ranked and little unequal linear, acute bracts pruinose-glandular: rays
3-4 lines long, light violet or purple. Low grounds and plains British
Columbia to California, Idaho and Montana.

A. modestus Lincl. Hook. Fl. ii, 8. Merely pubescent or glabrate:
stems rather slender, 2-3 feet high, simple, very leafy: leaves thinnish,
lanceolate or broader, 1-4 inches long, sparringly and acutely serrate or
denticulate,very acute, mostly narrowed to a sessile or partly clasping, but
not auriculate base : heads hemispherical, numerous and usually thyrsoidly
or cymosely congested at the summit of the stem: bracts of the involucre
loose and more or less herbaceous almost from the base, linear, attenuate,
all equalling the disk: rays numerous and narrow, pale blue to violet: style
appendages lanceolate: acbenes hirsute. Along mountain streams, Brit-
ish Columbia to Oregon. Saskatchewan and Pembina.

* * Heads and infloresence, various, radical leaves all acute or at-
tenuate at base, not glandular nor viscid nor eilky-canescent: achenes
compressed, few nerved.

A. Geyeri. A. levis Var. Geyeri Gray. Whole pant very smooth and
glabrous: stem stout, a foot or two bigh, rigid: leaves from ovate orf ob-
long to lanceolate, 4 or 5 inches long, decreasing upward to subulate
bracts ; radical and lowest cauline contracted below into a winged, petiole;
upy er all with auriculate or subcordate partly claspfng base: heads sparse-
ly tbyrsoid-paniculate, on short and rigid branchlets: involucre campanu-
late, the whitish subcoriaceous bracts mostly attenuate-acute, with ob-
scure green tips: rays 20-30, broadish, sky-blue to violet: achenes glabrous
or nearly so, 4-5 ribbed. Valleys of Idaho to the Rocky mountains.

A. commutatus Gray Syn. Fl.i, Pt. 2,185. Stems rather slender,
1-2 feet high, with divergent branches, cinereous or green: leaves small,
all linear and entire scarcely narrowed at the abrupt, closely sessile or
partly clasping base, uppermost of the branchlets passing into involucral
bracts, the-e mostly with obtuse tips: heads numerous, racemosely dis-
posed, 3-4 lines high and broad: involucre of squarrose or at least spread-
ing herbaceous obtuse or merely pointed tips: rays 20-30, white: achenes
canescent-hirsute. On plains and river banks Eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington to Utah and Dakota.

A. chammissonis Gray Bot. Wilkes 841. Glabrous or above romewhat
hirsute: stems 2-5 feet high paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute
entire or the larger obscurely serrate, 2-5 inches long, scabrous with sparse
appressed pubescence, or glabrous, those of the flowering branchlets be-
coming small or minute and squarrose-spreading: heads loosely panicled,
5--6 lines high: involucre broadly campanulate or somewhat obconical ; its
bracts numerous and imbricated in several ranks, thickish ,linear-spatulate,
with short and rounded green tips, the outer successively shorter: rays
20-25 purple or violet, nearly halt inch long: achenes sparsely.and mi-
nutely pubescent. In moist thickets vf Southern Oregon to California.

A. menziesii Lindl. Hook. Fl. ii, 12. Minutely hoary with a fine
pubescence, or glabrate below; 1-2 feet high: stems and branches virgate,
rigid : leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, entire, or the lower obtusely ser-
rate, rather rigid, 1-2inches long by 2-4 lines broad: heads racemose or
panicled, 4--5 lines high: irivolucre campanulate; its bracts numerous and
imbricated in several ranks, thickish, linear, with short usually somewhat

ASTER COMPOSITA 309

dilated and obtuse green tips, appressed, the outer successively ‘shorter:
rays about 20, purple or violet, nearly half-inch long: achenes compressed
‘minutely pubescent. In Southern Oregon to California.

A. Hallii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 388. Stems slender, strict, 1-2
feet high, leafy to the top, bearing numerous, short racem vusely disposed
flowering branches, these minutely pubescent; leaves, I--2 inches long by
1-2 lines broad, entire, scabrous-ciliate, otherwise smooth and glabrous,
neither dilated nor contracted at base: heads numerous, 3-4 lines high,
somewhat racemosely paniculate and crowded: involucre campanulate,
glabrous; the bracts subspatulate-linear, with oval or oblong green tips,
rather close and erect: rays white or whitish, 2-3 lines long. Along ditches
and embankments, Willamette Valley, Oregen.

A. Fremonti Gray Syn. Fl. 1, Pt. 2,191. Stems slender, erect,1-2 feet
high,glabrous or the upper parts soft-pubescent: leaves thinnish, the mar-
gins either quite naked and smooth or obscurely ciliolate-scabrous, radi-
cal and lowest cauline oblong or oblanceolate, or somewhat oboyate, 1--3
inches long, tapering into a slender margined petiole; cauline from ob-
long-lanceolate to linear, commonly half-clasping at base: heads solitary
in tne smaller specimens, severalin the larger, 4-6 lines high, somewhat
naked-peduncled: bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, obtuse or acut-
ish, or the inner acute, some of. the outer shorter, all loose and similiar:
ravs numerous, 4-6 lines long. Inwet mountain meadows, Cascade moun-
tains near Mt. Hood to the Rocky mountains.

A. occidentalis. Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii, 164. Smooth and glabrous, or
minutely pubescent below the heads, slender, 1--2 feet high; small plants
simple, bearing several to numerous corymbose or paniculate heads:
leaves mainly linear and narrow; cauline 1-3 inches long by 1-3 lines
broad, rarely lanceolate and larger; radical, sometimes lanceolate-spatu-
late, with long tapering base: heads 4- 6 lines high: involucral bracts nar-
rowly- or eubulate-linear acute or acutish, thinnish, loose, obviously im-
pricated of two or three lengths: rays light violet,4-5 lines long. In moist
meadows in Eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky mountains.

Var. intermedius Gray Syn. Fl.i, Pt. 2, 192. Stems slender, 1-2
fcet high rather rigid; somewhat sparingly leafy, with paniculate flower-
ing branches: radical and sometimes cauline leaves lanceolate: short outer
bracts of the involucre often quite obtuse. On edgeof wet mountain
meadows of Washington to California.

A Oreganus Nutt. T. &G. Fl. ii, 164. Nearly glabrous: stem rather
slender, 2 feet high, paniculate branched at summit or bearing several to
many, paniculate heads: leaves linear-lanceolate, entire: heads about 3
lines bigh; bracts of the involucre loose, the outer ones herbaceous, lanceo-
late, acute, not longer than the thin and narrow inner ones: rays about
2lines long whiteor purplish. On wet banks of streams, Oregon and
Washington to Idaho.

A. Douglasii Lindl. DC. Prodr. v, 239. Glabrous or nearly so:
stems 2-6 feet high with erect or ascending branches, bearing several or
numerous paniculate heads: leaves, lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, tapering to
both ends, more or less petioled, commonly serrate along the middle by
acute and appressed or erect teeth: heads numerous, 5-6 lines high : bracts
of the involucre linear, acute, loosely imbricated, the small green tips
commonly spreading outer foliaceous ones few and not dilated, often want-
ing: rays 20--30, violet to purple, 6-8 lines long: achenes smooth. Com-
om along streams and river bottoms of Northern California to British

olumbia. :

A. foliaceus Lindl. DC. Prodr. v, 228. Smooth and glabrous or
the upper part of stem tomentulose or pubescent: leaves from broadly

.

310 COMPOSITA ASTER

lanceolate to oblong or the lower spatulate, entire or nearly so, 2-6
inches long: heads 5-6 lines high, often solitary: bracts of the involucre
lanceolate to linear, nearly equal, the outer conspicuously foliaceous and
spreading or sometimes more imbricated and squarrose: rays violet to
purple, 6-10 lines long, Along streams and in wet mountain meadows,
Alaska to California and the Rocky mountains. The following varieties are
perhaps good species but material is not now at hand for a thorough study
of their character.

Var. frondeus. Gray Syn. F1.i,Pt. 2,193. Stems simple or with epar-
ing erect flowering branches, sparsely leaved: leaves comparatively am-
‘ple, 4-5 inches long, the lower tapering into winged petioles, upper often
with clasping base: heads solitary or few, aad Pecunculats: broad: in-
volucral bracts linear-lanceolate, loose and not imbricate, all equalling the
disk occasionally the outermost broader and leaf-like. Subalpine in the
Cascade and Rocky mountains. :

Var. apricus ig lc. Steme clustered, ascending from tufted root-
stalks, 10-18 inches high, bearing solitary or 2-3 broad heads: leaves
thickish ; involucral bracta all alike, somewhat spatulate-linear, obtuse or
acutish : rays deep blue-violet. On dry ridges, of Mount Adams, Washing-
ton, at 6000 feet.

A. Burkei A. foliaceous var. Burkei, Gray,1. c. A foot or two high,
rather stout, simple or branched above, leafy to the top: leaves thickish,
very smooth, ample; upper cauline mostly oblong, and with broadly half-
clasping usually auriculate base: heads solitary or several very broad: in-
volucre of oblong or spatulate and obtuse, loosely imbricated bracts, the
oute: commonly shorter, or outermost sometimes more foliaceous and
equaling the disk. On Simcoe mountains, Washington, to the Rocky
mountains and New Mexico.

A. Eatoni. A foliaceous var. Eatoni Gray,1 c. Rather tall, 2-3 feet
high, branching: heads numerous, rather small, paniculate or glomezate:
leaves rather narrow lanceolate: involucre loosely imbricate, outer and
sometimes inner bracts foliaceous, erect or squarrose-spreading. In open
ground or woods and along streams of British Columbia to California,
Montana and Nevada. 3 :

A. militarius Greene. Minutely tomentose, at least on the underside
of the leaves and the inflorescet.ce: stems rather slender, 1-2 feet high:
leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-6 inches long, acute, narrowed below to a
broad petiole, those of the branchlets small and passing into bracts:
heads numerous, in close panicles, about 6 lines high, its linear-lanceolate
or almost subulate bracts in several ranks, the outer successively shorter
and passing into the ordinary bracts of the branchlets, all acute, the inner
with distinct white margins: Rays 6-8 lines long, purple: achenes
sparsely hirsute: pappus rather copious, sorded. Along ditches and small
streams, Rogue River Valley, Oregon.

A. Cusickii Gray Proc. Am, Acad. xvi,99 Soft-pubescent through-
out or sometimes approaching to glabrous: stems 1-2 feet high, simple or
corymbosely branched, leafy to the summit: leaves thin, nearly entire,
oblong-lanceolate or oblong; upper ones moderately contracted above the
deeply cordate clasping base; lower ones with more elongated narrow
lower portion or winged petiole, with dilated but smaller auriculate re
ing insertion: heads large and broad, terminating the stem or short leafy
branches: involucre very foliose-cubtended and loose, the larger and
broader lanceolate outer bracts fully equalling the inner: rays numerous,
narrowly linear,nearly half-inch long,pale violet: achenes glabrous. Along
subalpine streams of Eastern Oregon and Idaho.

Var, Lyalli Gray Syn. Fl. 195, Villous with soft pubescence: stems

ASTER COMPOSITA 311

EUCEPHALUS

over 2 feet high, rather stout: cauline leaves mostly narrowed below and
with more or less auriculate, half-clasping base : the lower 5 inches long by
an inch broad, not petiolar-contracted: heads terminating, simple leafy
branches: rays 8-9 lines long. . Between Kootenay and Pend Orielle, Wash-
ington.

A. Hendersoni Fernald. Stems rather slender, loosely tomentose
above, branching near the top, leafy: upper leaves lanceolate, more or
less acuminate, entire, one-nerved, glabrous except the midrib, auriculate.
clasping by a broad base, 2-4 inches long: heads numerous, in an ample
panicle: bracts of the involucre iinear, acute, green or the inner wi h whi-
tish base, all of nearly equal length, equalling or surpassing the disk. 4-5
lines long: rays numerous, 8-i0 lines long by a iine broad, bright purpie.
Eastern Washington to Idaho.

18 EUCEPHALUS Nutt. trans. Am. Phil, Soc. vii, 298.

Perennial leafy-stemmed herbs without radical leaves and
solitary or panicled heads of purple, blue or white ray-flowers
in a single series, not very numerous, pistillate: disk flowers
tubular and perfect. Bracts of the turbinate campanulate in-
volucre regularly imbricated in 3-4 series, dry and chartaceous,
ovate, concave, somewhat carinate, the innermost about the
length of the disk, the outer successively shorter but similar. Al-
veola of the receptacle lacerate. Appendages of the style lanceo-
late, acute. Achenes oblong, compressed. Pappus copious,
rather longer than the corolla: the bristles unequal; the longest
ones sometimes thickened upwards. Stems very leafy,the lower
leaves being reduced to bract-like scales, or bristles.

_E.. elegans Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 298. Aster elegans
T. & G. Stems slender, 1-3 feet high, mostly scabro puberu-
lent, leaves thickish, lancezlate, 1-2 inches long, erect, closely sessile, the
upper apiculate-mucronate: heads several at the summit of simple stems
or branches, 4-5 lines high: bracts of the involucie a'l close and conspicu-
ously woolly-ciliate, barely acute, outer ovate, none with pointed tips:
‘rays rather few, about 4 lines long: style appendages linear-subulate,
hardly acute, equaling the stigma ic portion: achenes flat, hirsute, becom-
ing glabrate at maturity. On mountains of Eastern Oregon and Wash-
- ington to Montana, Wyoming and Nevada.

E. Engelmannii Greene Pitt. iii, 54. Aster Engelmanii Gray
Commonly, rather tall and robust, green, slightly puberulent
to glabrous: leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate,
2-4. inches long,loosely veined, the larger sometimes with a few
small acute teeth, the upper commonly tapering at apex into a slender or
cuspidate acumination: heads fully half inch high, hemispherical, either
racemosely disposed on slender axillary peduncles or somewhat thyrsoid-
cyiiose : bracts of the involucre mostly acute or acuminate: some outer
ones loose, narrow and partly herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; in-
ner ones purp ish rays about 6 lines long: style,appendages attenuate-sub-
ulate: achenes obovate-oblong with narrowish summit. In the higher
mountains of Oregon and Washington to the Rocky mountains.

E. serrulatus Greene 1. c, 55. ‘‘Stoutish and rather tall, vivid green
and scabrous, the leaf margins even serrulate-scabrous under a lens:
leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 inches long, acute, marked by a very strong and
‘conspicuous white mid-vein and some reticulation of the surface: heads
few, large as in the preceeding, but bracts very different, being narrow

819 COMPOSIT A RUCEPHALUS

OREASTRUM

and ‘almost woolly herbaceous and taper pointed the margins serrulate-
scabrous, not woolly or ciliate. Mt. Adams, Washington. Suksdorf No.

1563.”

E. ledophyllus Greene 1. c. Aster Engelmannii var. ledophyllus Gray,
Stems 1-2 feet high, rather strict: leaves lanceolate, mucrona’‘e-apiculate,
entire or lower, witha few apiculate teeth toward the apex 1-2 inches
long, cottony tomentulose beneath, at least when young, the lower often
obtuse: heads solitary, or few ina simple paniculate cyme: bracts of the
involucre lanceolate to linear, very acute or acuminate, the outer succes-
sively shorter but similar: rays purp'e, 10--12.Jines long: achenes hirsute
at the summit. On the highest parts of the Cascade mountains.

E. tomentellus Greene 1]. c. Sericocarpus tomentellus Greene Pitt. i, 283.
Strict, erect 2-3 feet high, paniculately branched above, leaves ovate-
lanceolate, atute or acutish barely apiculate, entire, 1-2 inches long, to-
mentulose beneatb, smooth above: heads small and narrow: involucral
bracts, strict with loose tomentose tips, in several ranks, the outer succes-
sively shorter and passing into ordinary leaves: rays usually wanting
rarely 1 or 2: achenes minutely appressed-hirsute. On dry ridges eastern
base of the Coast mountains near Waldo, Oregon.

E, glabratus Greene, Pitt. iii, 56. Stems strict, 1-2 feet high: glab-
rate throughout: leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate,acute 8-18 lines long,
entire, conspicuously reticulate veiny: heads rather few, small and nar-
row: bracts of the involucre linear, abruptly acute, in several ranks, the
outer successively shorter and more lanceolate: rays none : achenes hirgu-
tulous. On dry ridges of the Siskiyou mountains.

E. glaucescens Greenel.c, Aster Engelmanni var. glancescens Gray
Herbage, pale green and smooth throughout: stems mostly slender, 1-3
feet high: leaves somewhat glaucous, lanceolate, often acuminate, 2-3
inches long, 2-7 lin s broad, entire: heads large, one to several in an open
terminal cyme: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, often acuminate in few
ranks, the outer successively shorter: rays 15-20, 8-12 lines long: achenes
appressed-pubescent, On Mt. Adams, Washington and vicinity.

E. paucicapitatus “Greene 1. c. Aster paucicapitatus Robinson. Sim-
ple, monacephalous: stems decumbent at base, 6-18 inches high: herbage
glandular-puberulent even somewhat scabrously so, only the margins of
the oblong-lanceolate obtuse thinnish leaves minutely woolly-ciliate : bracts
of the broad involucre not very unequal or much imbricated, lanceolate
and herbaceous though with a distinct carinate mid-vein: rays few, their
color doubtful: pappus rather c pious and fine, the bristle in.no degree di- .
lated upwards: achenes sparsely appressed-pubescent. Olympic moun-
tains, Washington. Piper.”

E, Covillei Greene Pitt. iii, 162. “Tufted stems more than a foot high,
somewhat flexuous, racemous-corymbose from near the middle. these and
the lower face of the leaves sparingly tomentulose: leaves oblong-lance-
late, acute,entire: bracts of the narrowly campanulate involucre granular-
puberulent, well imbricated, herbaceous and scarcely carinate, lanceolate
and oblong-lanceolate: rays few (5-7), long and narrow, deep violet. Near
Crater Lake, Oregon. Coville.”

19 OREASTRUM Greene Pitt. iii, 146.

Acaulescent perennials with narrow sub-coriaceous entire
leaves and scapiform monacephalous branches froma stout some-
what fusiform and not freely branching taproot. Bracts of the
involucre narrow, sub-equal in about 2 series. Rays rather nu-
merous, elongated, purple. Disk carollas tubular-funnel form,

OREASTRUM COMPOSITA 313
MACH@RANTHRA TONACTIS

5 toothed and the teeth erect. Style-branches filiform to subu-
late-linear. strongly hirsutulous. Achenes subterete, distinctly
5-8 costate. Pappus a single series of brownish barbellate-scab-
rous and rather fragile or deciduous bristles.

0. alpigenum Greene l. c. 147. Aster alpigenus Gray Aster pulchel-
lus Eaton?. Scapiform stems spreading and as urgent,2-4 inches long to-
mentose at the summit: radical leaves from lingulate-spatulate to narrowly
linear, glabrous, obtuse, nerveless,1-8 inches long,3-4 lines wide near the
apex : heads broad, fully 6 lines high and broad: bracts of the involucre
not very unequal, usually pubescent, liner, acute: rays purple, 6-8 lines
long, style-appendages linear-subulate: achenes linear, striate glabrate be-
oes hirsute near the top. On the highest peaks of the Cascade moun-

ains,

0. Andersoni Gre-ne 1. ¢. Aster Andersoni Gray. Scapiform stems
erect, 8-14 inches high : radical leaves lingulate-linear or slightly broader
upward, grass-like, mostly acute, 2-10 inches long, 2-3 lines broad ,nervose
when dry glabrous; upper cauline reduced to scattered subulate bracts:
heads broad, fully half inch high and wide: bracts of the involucre linear, |
acutish, rather loose, often tomentulose whrn young: style appendages fili-
form: rays rather numerous, purple or violet: achenes oblong-linear, soft
villous. In wet mountain meadows. Coast mountains, near Waldo, Ore-
gon, and along the whole length of the Sierra Nevadas.

19 a IONACTIS Greene Pitt. iii, 245.

Low tufted perennials, often lignescent at base, never stolonif-
erous, or with radical leaves. Stems clothed equally with nar-
row, rigid, one nerved and veinless leaves and terminating in one
ormore showy heads with violet rays. Involucre of well imbri-
cated bracts of coriaceous texture without herbaceous tips, ap-
pressed even to the tips. Achenes narrow, villous. Pappus
double the more copious inner series bristly, the outer short and
setulose.

I. alpina Greene l.c. Aster Scopulorum Gray. Stems several from a
suffrutescent base, simple tomentose-pubescent, naked at the summit 3-4
inches high: leaves crowded, erect, linear-oblong, mucronulate, rather
rigid scabrous, l-nerved, flat, with cartilaginous minutely serrulate-scab-
rious margins, about 5 lines long, by 1-2lines broad: heads solitary, 4-6
lines high ; bracts of the hem‘spherical involucre linear, acute, 1-nerved,
with scabrious margins, pubescent, imbricated in about 3 series: rays vio-
let, 12-15: exterior pappus of rather numerous setaceous bristles. Style
appendages subulate-linear as long as the stigmatic portion: ach+ nes com-—
pressed, silky-villous. On high rocky ridges of Southeastern Oregon to
the Rocky mountains. .

I. stenomeres Greene l. c. Aster stenomeres Gray. ‘‘More slender, 6-10
inches high, green, minutely scabrous: solitary, naked peduncnlate head
larger : leaves all linear, (half to full inch long, a line wide), acute:y mu-
cronate, hardly margined : involucre broad; its bracts barely in two mod-
erately unequal series, linear, acute or acuminate, thinnish, often pubes-
cent: rays pale violet, over half inch long; outer pappus setulose. style-ap-
pendages elongated, subulate-linear or narrower: achenes flat, with strong
marginal nerves. On Rocky mountains of Montana and Idaho ”

20 MACH ZRANTHRA Nees. Ast. 224,
Annual biennial, or perennial divaricately branched herbs with

314 COMPOSITE MACHZRANTHRA
BRACHYACTIS

pinnatifid or rarely entire leaves and solitary or corymbosely or
racemosely disposed heads of purple-rayed flowers. Heads many
flowered, the rays numerous, in a single series, pistillate ; those
of the disk tubular and perfect, with 5short erect teeth. Bracts
or the obovoid or turbinate involucre closely imbricated. for the
most part in several series, linear rigid, somewhat carinate, un-
equal, with herbaceous squarrose-spreading or recurved tips: re-
ceptacle flat, somewhat alveolate ; the alveoli toothed or lacerate.
Style-appendages filiform subulate or linear-lanceolate, minutely
hirsute. Achenes turbinate or cuneiform, often. compressed,
pubescent or silky. Pappus of numerous scabrous and rather
rigid very unequal bristles.

M. Shastensis Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 539. Aster Shastensis Gray.
Canescnt with aclose scurfy tomentum: stems slender, 4-8 inches high
from a perennial root, paniculately branched: leaves linear-spatulate to
linear, 1-2 inches long with a few teeth near the middle: heads rather nu-
merous, scattered, 5-6 lines high: bracts of the inyolucre linear, acute: the
outer ones shorter and often with spreading tips: rays 12-20, violet 3-6
lines long: style appendages slender-subulate: pappus simple and soft:
achenes narrow, hardly at all compressed, silky-pubescent. Southeastern
Oregon (Camp Polk) to Northeastern California.

M. eradiata Aster Shastensis var. eradiatus Gray. Whole plant some-
what glaucous and canescently puberulent: stems stoutish, 6-10 inches
high from a stout perennial root: leaves oblanceolate 1-2 inches. long, 2-6
lines broad, attenuate below to a margined petiole, obtuse or acutish min-
utely apiculate, entire or sparsely serrate: heads rather numerous, 4-5
lines high: bracts of the involucre linear, acute, in 3-4 ranks, the outer
successively shorter and more subulate: rays wanting: achenea sparsely
pubescent. On high rocky ridge of the Siskiyou and Scott’s mountains.

_M. attenuata. Whole plant cinereous: stems stoutish,.1~-2 feet high
from a large perennial root: cauline leaves linear, reduced above to sub-
ulate bracts, all acute and apiculate: heads numerous terminating in the
branchlets: involucre hemispherical, its linear bracts well imbricated in
several series, the outer successively shorter and passing into the ordinary
bracts of the branchlets, the inner ones attenuate above-to a slender bris-
tle: rays dark purple, numerous’ 5-6 lines long: style appendages slender-
subulate: pappus simple, of soft capillary bristles: young achenes silky-
canescent. On sandy plains and banks near The Dalles, Oregon.

« 20 d, BRACHYAOTIS Ledeb. FI. Ross, ii, 495.

Annual or perennial low herbs with mostly entire leaves and
solitary or racemose-paniculate heads of inconspicuous flowers.
Heads many-flowered heterogamous; the rays very numerous
and occupying more than one series, fertile. Involucre loosely
imbricated, in few series of herbaceous bracts or the innermost
somewhat scabrous. Receptacle flat, naked. Style appendages
lanceolate. Achenes more or less compressed, Pappus simple of
copious fine and soft capillary. bristles.

B. frondosa Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 647. Aster frondusus G. & T.
Glabrous or nearly so: stems 1-12 inches high or more from an annual

root branching from the base: leaves spatulate linear, 1-2 inches lorig, the
uppermost passing into the involucral bracts, the lower attenuate below

BRACHYACTIS COMPOSITA 316
ERIGERON

into winged petioles, often ciliate: heads numerous, hemispherical, 4 lines
high: bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, herbaceous: rays a line long,
pinkish-purple exceeding the involucre but shorter than the pappus;
achenes narrow, appressed-pubescent. Muddy saline flats and margins of
ponds, Washington to California, New Mexico and the Rocky mountains.

21 ERIGERON L. Gen. n, 951.

Herbs or rarely suffrutescent plants with entire, toothed or
lobed leaves and solitary, corymbose or paniculate heads of vari-
ous colored ray-flowere. Heads mostly hemispherical, many
flowered: the ray flowers very numerous and usually in more
than one series (sometimes wanting), pistillate those of the disk
tubular, perfect, or some ofthe exterior filiform-tubular and trun-
cate, pistillate. Bracts of the involucre mostly equal, narrow, in
asingle or somewhat double series. Receptacle flat, naked,
punctate or scrobiculate. Appendages of the style very short
and obtuse. Achenes compressed, usually pubescent, commonly
with 2 lateral nerves. Pappus a single series of capillary scab-
rous bristles, rather few in number, often with minute set# inter-
mixed or forming an indistinct outer series, or sometimes with
a distinct and short squamellate-subulate ‘or setacéous exterior
pappas, the inner rarely wanting in the ray.

§ 1 Evericrron DC. Gray Syn. Fl. Pt. 2, 207. Rays
elongated and conspicuous, or in a few species uniformly want-
ing,in one or two occasionally abortive: no rayless pistillate
flowers between the proper ray and disk.

*" Perennials, commonly dwarf, from a multicipital caudex, alpine or

alpestrine with comparatively large and mostly solitary heads: invol-

ae loose or spreading, and copiously lanate With Jéngmultiseptate

airs. t

E. uniflorus L. Fl. Lapp. t. 9, £. 3. Stems 1-2 inches high or mo:e
strictly monocephalous, few-leaved, otten naked and pedunculiform at
summit: radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 1-2 inches long: cauline
lanceolate to linear: involucre usually hirsute as well as lanate occasion-
ally becoming naked, the linear acute bracts rather close, or merely the
short tips spreading: rays purple or sometimes white, 2-4 lines long. In
Labrador to the Arctic coast and Unalaska, south to the Sierra Nevadas,
California and the Rocky mountains.

E. lanatus Hook, Fl. ii, 17, t.121. Stems 8-10 inches high from a mul-
‘ ticipital caudex, scapiform or few-leaved, monocephalous: radical leaves
spatulate to obovate, about half-inch long tapering into a narrowed base
or into a slender margined petiole; some primary ones occasionally pal-
mately 3-lobed ; cauline one or two small and laner, or hardly any: involu-
cre densely soft-lanate: the linear acute bracts rather close or merely the
short tips spreading: rays 3 lines long, white. In the ‘Cascade mountains
of Washington to the northern Rocky mountains. .

E. grandiflorus Hook. Fl. ii, 18, t. 123. Stems 8-20 inches high,
rather stout, usually several-leaved and monacephatous: radical leaves ob-
ovate-spatulate‘ 1-3 inches long; cauline oblong’ to lanceolate, 4-6 lines
long: involucre half-inch high, very woolly, its linear and attenuate-acumi-
nate bracts squarroses-spreading or the tips recurved: rays violet or pur-
ple, 4-6 lines long. Rocky mountains from British Columbia to Colorado.

316 COMPOSITA ERIGERON

* * Submaritime perennial : heads full one inch in diameter: involu-
cre rather loose, villous with long multiseptate hairs: rays about 100,
rather broad, aster-like: pappus simple: leaves obovate or spatulate,
ample, mostly entire.

E. glaucus Ker. Bot. Reg. t.10. A span to a foot high, viscidulous
and mre or less pubescent, produc:ng a tuft of radical leaves from a rather
fleshy crown and some ascending monocephalous or occasionally branch-
ing stems; leaves glaucescent or pale green but hardly glaucous, somewhat
succulent; larger radical 3-4 inches long by an inch wide, rarely 2~3-toothed ;
upper.cauline few, spatulate-oblong, obtuse, sessile, 10-18 lines long: rays
hali-inch long, bright violet: achenes 4-nerved. On banks or bluffs of the
Pacific coast within the influence of salt water, Oregon to southern Califor-
nia.

* * * True perennials from rootstocks or a caudex, neither stolon-
iferous-surculose nor flagelliferous: involucre from hisp‘d or villous

t» glabrous but not lanate, in the first species loose and spreading.

+ Comparatively tall and large, a foot or more high, except in al-
pine or depauperate forms, leafy-stemmed, glabrous to soft-hirsute:
leaves ratner ample, entire or sometimes few-toothed: heads pretty
large with usually very numerous rays.

+ Aster-like; the rays comparatively broad: heads solitary or on
larger plants few and corymbosely disposed : pappus simple.

E. salsuginosus Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xvi, 93. Rootstocks short and
thickis! : stems 7-20 inches high, the summit or peduncles lanate-pubes-
cent or puberulent: no bristly or hirsute hairs: leaves very smooth and
glabrous or glabrate, thickish; radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate
to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole, 1-3 inches
long; upper cauline ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, mucronate or apic-
ulate-acuminate; uppermost small and bract-like: bracts of the involucre
loose or even spreading, linear-subulate, or attenuate, viscidalous or pu-
berulous (or at some northern stations sometimes pubescent): disk over
half-inch in diameter: rays 50-70, purple or violet, half-inch or more long.
Wet ground, Kotzebue Sound and Unalaska and along the higher
mountains to California and the Racky mountains.

E. peregrinus Greene Pitt. iii, 166 Aster peregrinus Pursh. Tomentose-
pubescent and glabrate: stems slender, erect, usually solitary, 1-2 feet
high, leafy: rootstock slender, creeping: lower cauline and radical leaves
oblong-lanceolate, attenuate below to a margined petiole, 2-3 inches long,
upper cauline lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or shapely denticulate:
head solitary, or rarely 2, half-inch or more high, terminating the simple
stem: bracts of the involucre linear, acuminate, 5-7 lines long, tomentose-

ubescent or villous, not at all viscid or glandular: rays 20-30, 6-8 lines
lone, pale to dark purple or violet. Wet meadows, Arctic coast and
Alaskan Islands to the mountains of Northern Washington and Idaho.

E. Howellii Gray Syn. Fli. Pt. 2, 209. Rootstecks slender: stem
12-20 inches high, leafy: leaves membranaceous, glabrous and smooth;
radica!, slender, petioléd, with oval or obovate blade; cauline mostly ovate
with b oad half clasping base, 1-2 inches long by an inch broad ; mucronate-
acumina‘e: peduncle puberulent: heads solitary, 8-10 lines broad: bracts
of the involucre subulate, the inner ones acuminate: rays only 80-35, 8-10
lines long, often 2 lines wide, white. Moist rocky banks along the Colum-
bia river near the Cascades.

E. cervinus Greene Pitt. iii, 163. Stems slender, 8-12 inches high, from
s‘out ascending rootstocks, leafy at base, the whole herbage glabrous,
only the ‘peduncles and involucre glandular and slightly puberulent:

ERIGERON COMPOSITA 317

leaves thin, the lowest with obovate to oblanceolate blade, less than an
inch long and slender petiole 2 inches or more long; cauline leaves
oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-2 inches long, sessile: Heads solitary or 2-3,
slender-peduncled: involucre about. 3 lines high and 8-4 broad, the
bracts equal, broad-subulate, attenuate-acuminate: rays 25-30, 5-6 lines
long, white to pale purple. Wet banks, at the head of Cheney Creek,
Josephine Co., Oregon.

E_spatulifolius. Stems numervus from a thick multisepital caudex,
slender, leafy, somewhat hirsute toward the top, monocephalous, 4-8 inches
long, erect or ascending: radical leaves spatulate, attenuate below to a
‘broad-winged petiole, rounded at the summit, entire, or sparingly dentate
toward the apex, 1-3 inches long, glabrous both sides; cauline leaves
several, rather crowded, oblong to ovate, sessile by a broad somewhat
clasping base: heads half-inch high and broad: bracts of the involucre
linear, acute: rays 30-40, purple: pappus nearly simple of rather few
bristles: achenes smooth. On rocky banks Pansy Camp, Cascade moun-
tains, Oregon.

E. Alice Rootstock slender, stem 18-30 inches high, erect, sparingly
branched near the top: whole herbage pubescent with soft spreading
hairs: radical and lower cauline leaves lanceolate, entire, the blade 2-3
inches long, 4-8 lines broad, on slender petioles as long or longer-than the
blade: upper cauline lanceolate, sessile, often attenuate-acuminate: heads
solitary, terminating the slender branches, 6-7 lines. broad: bracts of the
involucre subulate acuminate, nearly equal, tomentose with rather long
white wool: rays 50-60, purple or violet. In open damp woods, Siskiyou
mountains near the Oregon line. Distributed in 1887 as E. Coulteri.

E. amplifolius. Stems erect, 20-30 inches high from a. somewhat
eurculose rootstock, leafy, glabrous or sparingly pubescent toward the top:
lower leaves ovate-lanceolate 8-15 lines broad. attenuate below to a long
slender petiole: upper ones lanceolate or oblong and sessile: heads one 1o
several, large, hemispherical: bracts of the involucre linear, acute or
acuminate, rather numerous, imbricated in 2 or 3 ranks: rays 50-60,
rather broad, blue or violet, 10-12 lines long: pappus simple or nearly so:
achenes obovate, 2-neryed, sparingly pubescent. On oyen hillsides near
Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon.

++ a+ Less Aster-like: rays 100 or more and narrow: involucre
closer: pappus more or less double, but the exterior minute, setulose
or subulate-squamellate: stems chiefly erect, tufted, generally leafy
to the summit and bearing few or several heads: leaves entire.

E. speciosus DC. Prodr. v, 284. Sparingly and loosely hirsate or with
a few scattering hair: stems 20-80 inches high, very teafy to the top; leaves
lanceolate, acute 3-8 lines wide, sparsely ciliate; lowest more or less spatu-
late: involucre hirsute-pubescent, or sometimes almost glabrous: rays
half-inch to almost an inch long, violet. Dry ridges and edges of prai ies.
British Columbia to western Oregon.

+ + Low, rarely a foot high, conspicuously hispid o: hirsute with
spreading bristly hairs: leaves entire, narrow, inyolucre close: rays
numerous occasionally wanting: pappus conspicuously doubie.

++ Sparimgly branched, stems several or numerous from the er. wn
of a tap root, more or less leafy: heads middle-sized: disk a third to
half inch in diameter: involucre hispid: rays 50-80 long and narrow,
soon deflexed occasionally wanting.

_E. coneinnus T. & G. Fl. ii, 174. Very hirsute throughout with long
spreading white haits: stems several from tle same root or caudex, 6-10
inches high, slender, leafy, branching; above, the branches terminated by

318 COMPOSITA ERIGERON

single heads: leaves narrowly linear, elongated, entire, attenuate at the
base, the lowermost tapering into a slender petiole: heads 5-6 lines in
diameter: bracts of the involucre linear, very acute, densely hirsute: rays
numerous, 6 lines long, white to purple. Arid plains between the Cascade
and Rocky mountains, British Columbia to California ana New Mexico.

++ 4+ Tufted, stems very short and densely leafy, bearing
simple and monocephalous scapiform or few-leaved flowering stems:
leaves narrowly spatulate-linear: heads large: rays 25-50 not very
narrow, 3-4 lines long.

E. Poliospermns Gray Syn. FI. i, Pt. 2, 210. Soft-hispid throughout
with white hairs: stems numerous, from a branched rootstock, an inch or
less long, very leafy: leaves spatulate to lanceolate, 2-6 lines long, on
slender petioles 1-2 inches long: scapose peduncle 2-4 inches long: heads
half-inch or more in diameter: bracts of the involucre eetaceous, densely
hispidulous: raya 20-30, blue-violet to almost white: achenes densely
white-villous: outer pappus slender-squammellate, fully as long as the
breadth of the achene covered by the copious white silky hairs of the
Bene On dry rocky ridges along the Columbia rivcr from The Dalles
eastward.

E. Chrysopsidis Gray 1. c. Chrysopsis hirtella DC. Hirsute with
white spreading hairs, stems scape-like, leafy at the base, 2-4 inches high:
leaves spatu'ate, mostly obtuse, including the petiole 1-3 inches long,
usually about a line wide at the summit: heads solitary, terminal: in-
volucre open-companulate, its bracts narrow, numerous 3-5 lines long,
hirsute: rays, 4)-50, golden yellow, 6-8 lines long: achenes barely pubes-
cent or hirsutulous: outer pappus merely setulose. On high stony ridges,
Eastern Oregon in the John Day country.

+ + + Dwarf, cespitose from a multicipital candex, with
monocephalous flowering stems, often ecapose : radical leaves dissected :
pappus simple.

E. compositus Pursh Fl. ii, 535. Werbage hirsute to glabrate' and
more or less viscidulous: stems very short, from a somewhat woody creep-
ing base, densely leafy : leaves fan-shaped in outline, usually 1-3-ternately
parted into linear or short and narrow spatulate lobes, 2-6 lines long, on
jong slender hispid-ciliate petio'es; the few on the erect flowing stems 3-
lobed, or entire and linear: involucre 3-4 lines high, sparsely hirsute: rays
40-60 not very narrow, white purple or violet mostly 3-4 lines long. On
cliffs, Artic seacoast, Greenland, and Spitzbergen to the higher moun-
tains of Washington, Oregon and California and the Rocky mountains.

Var. discoideus Gray, Am. Jour Sci. Ser. 2, xxxiii, 237. Rays want-
ing or abortive: heady commonly smaller. Some range as the radiate
form, often growing with it.

+ + + + Dwarf or low species, alpine or alpestine, entire-
leaved, cespitose from multicipital caudex, no fine or cinereous
pubescence, monocephalous: leaves few on the simple stem at least
the radical broader than linear: rays rather numerous and not very
narrow: pappus simple or nearly so.

++ Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish: herbage not strigulose
nor cinereous.

E. radicatus Hook. Fl. ii, 17. ‘A span high or less, densely tufted:
leaves all spatulate-linear or somewhat wider (broadest only a line or two
wide), hirsute or hirsutely, ciliate, or sometimes almost naked, then
glabrous; no glandular’ roughness : involucre more or less villous-pubes-
cent (barely 3 lines high); rays white or purplish, 2 or 3 lines Jong.’ Al-

ERIGERON COMPOSITA 319

pioe or subalpine in the Blue mountains of Oregon to the Rocky
mountains and northward.

E. pacificus Hirsute with white hairs, stems seveal from.a simple or
more or less multicipital samewhat woody perennial root, ascending, 2-4
inches long, leafy monocephalous: lower leaves narrowly lanceolate to al-
most linear, 1-2 inches long; cauline leaves similar but smaller: heads
4-5 lines high; bracts of. the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acumin-
ate, hirsute: rays 30-40, blue to purple, 6 lines long: pappus of ray-
flowers manifestly double, the outer very short or a mere crown, the inner
about equalling the disk-flowers, soon deciduous: achenes minutely
pubescent. On grassy slopes of the Cascade mountains near Table Rock,
Clackamas County, Oregon. :

+ + + + + Various species with entire leaves, none truly
alpine, none hispidly. hirsute except very rarely some spreading
bristly hairs fringing the base of the leaves: involucre close, disposed
to be somewhat imbricated and rigid: rays not very nume:ous, in
several species uniformly: wanting.

+ Either low or comparatively tall, leafy-stemmed or subscapose:
achenes compressed, 2-rerved, rarely 3-nerved.

= Heads radiate: leaves all narrowly linear to filiform, the broad-
est not over a line wide: pubescence either cinerous or obscure.

‘ a, Involucre only 2-3 lines high of unequal and somewhat imbricated
racta.

E. filifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil Sos. vii, 328. Canescent or cinereous
throughout with very fine close pubescence, no loose hairs: stems slender,
10-20 inches hizh from @ lignescent slender base or branched rootstock
leafy, usually paniculately branched and bearing several or rather numer-
ous heads: leaves linear-filiform or quite filiform, some lower ones some-
times dilated upward and flat: involucre canescent: rays 30-50, rarely over
80, purple, violet or white, 3-4 lines long: achenes slightly pubescent or
glabrate: pappus simple, of fragile and indistinctly scabrous bristles.
pee or dry sandy ground, Eastern Oregon to British Columbia and

aho.

E. peucephyllus Gray Syn. FI. i, Pt. 2, 218. Hoary with a minute
appressed pubescence: stems slender, 4-12 inches high, usually sparingly
branched: leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long by half of a line wide,
flat: involucre 3-4 lines high; its narrowly lanceolate bracts unequal,
hirsute: rays 20-30, 4-6 lines lang, bright yellow: pappus double, the outer
squamellate: achenes smooth or nearly so: Dry hills Eastern Oregon and
Washington near the Cascade mountains. Dr. Gray evidently had two or
three species mixed in his description of E. peucephyllus, the above des-
cription is for the yellow-flowered one only.

b. Involucre 3-4 lines high, of equal bracts: rays of equal length.

E. ochroleucus Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 309. Cinereous-
pubescent to glabrate: atemis 10-18 inches high, somewhat cespitose,
usually simple, naked ahoye and monocephalous, occasionally with one or
two additional heads: ledves rather rigid, narrowly linear, the radical 2-3
inches long, often a line wide at the upper part, not rarely sparsely
hirsute-ciliate below : involycré tomentose or hirsute pubescent: rays 40-60,
ochroleucous, white er purplish: outer pappus setulose. Gravelly hills
and plains, Idaho to Montana and Wyoming.

= = Heads rayless: leaves. filiform to narrowly spatulate-linear,
chiefly from the multigipital caudex : stems more or less scapiform and

monocephalous. “ . i

E. Bloomeri Gray Proc, Am. Acad, vi, 40, Densely cespitose, cinereous-

320 COMPOSITZ ERIGERON

Poberuleds to glabrate: stems 2-6 inches high: radical leaves 1-3 inches
ong, the largér dilated upward, sometimes to a line or more wide; cauline
few and nearly filiform: heads almost half-inch high: bracts of the
involucre linear-lanceolate, equal, soft-villous or canescent: rays wanting:
achenes glabrate, cblong-linear, flat: pappus whitish, simple. Stony ground
Idaho to Eastern Oregon and California.

E. nudatus Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 297. Glabrous throughout
or the involucral bracts sparingly puberulent, cespitose: stems scapiform,
2-6 inches high, monocephalous: leaves linear-spatulate to almost filiform,
1-2 inches long, rarely a line wide: involucre nearly half-inch high, of thick-
ish and green lanceolate bracts: achenes obovate-oblong, sparsely pubes-
cent: pappus whitish, simple. Rocky hillsides about Waldo, Josephine
Co., Oregon.

= = = Heads radiate: leaves from narrowly linear to oblong:
stems leafy and disposed to branch but sometimes monocephalous:
pubescence cinereous: outer pappus setulose, sometimes rather mani-
fest, sometimes obscure or none.

E. corymbosus Nutt. 1.c. Stems erect from acreeping rootstock often
a foot or two high, soft-cinereous or sometimes hispidulous with mostly
spreading short pubescence: radical Jeaves narrow-lanceolate or spatulate-
lanceolate, largest 3-4 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, 3-nerved; cavline linear
and narrow: heads sometimes solitary, usually several and corymbosely
disposed on short slender peduncles: involucre 3 lines high, canescently
pubescent: rays 30-50, mostly narrow and 3-5lines long, blue or violet, ap-
parently sometimes white. Mountains of eastern Oregon and Washing-
ton to Montana.

E. confinus Howell Eryth. iii, 35. Stems simple, one to several from
-a woody perennial rdot, 4-8 inches high, very leafy: leaves narrowly
spatulate-linear, an inch long or more: heads usually solitary at the ends
of the stem, but often several together: involucre hemispherical, its linear
acuminate bracts in few ranks nearly equal, 3-4 lines long: rays numer-
ous, rather broad, 6-10 lines long, purplish; pappus a single series of
barbellate-scabrous bristles : achenes sparingly pubescent. On high rocky
ridges of the Siskiyou mountains.

E. decumbens Nutt. 1. c., 309. Strigulose-pubescent or puberulent or
glabrate: stems slender, commonly low or spreading, 6-18 inches high,
leafy, branched above: leaves linear or sometimes linear-spatulate;
radical 2-6 inches long by 1-3 lines broad: inyolucre minutely hirsute or
pubescent: .rays 20-40, white purplish or violet-tinged. From the
Willamette Valley, Oregon, to Montana and Utah.

= = = = Heads wholly rayless: stems leafy to the summit:
pappus simple.

E. inornatus Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi, 88. Commonly glabrous
throughout and smooth, or with some spase hirsute pubescence: stem
10-20 inches high, erect: leaves from broadly to narrowly linear, 1-2
inches long by 1-2 lines wide : heads usually several and crymosely disposed
at the summit of the stem, short-peduncled, 8 lines bigh: involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts somewhat imbricated, very glabrous unequal. Com-
mon in dry open woods from Mount Adams Washington to California.

* * * * . Perennials with membranaceous commonly serrate or
dentate leaves and middle-sized or small heads with glabrate in-
volucre: rays numerous: pappus quite simple.

+ Rays not very narrow, not more than 60 or 70.
E. Oreganus Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xix, 2 Pubescent throughout:

ERIGERON COMPOSIT A 38

stems numerous in a rogulate tuft, from a thick perennial root, prostrate,
9-12 inches long, leafy to the oe bearing solitary or few rather small
heads: leaves spatulate or the radical cuneate-obovate, these 1-3 inches
long, 6-8 lines wide, crarsely 3-5-toothed or incised; cauline more entire,
1-2 inches long: involucre 4-6 lines high its bracts somewhat unequal,
attenuate-acuminate, the outer often passing into leaves: rays 60-70, pale
purplish or pink, 4-6 lines long: pappus rather scanty, shorter than the
corolla: achenes terete or nearly so, sparsely puhescent, Under over-
hanging cliffs along the Columbia river near the Cascades.

+ + Rays very narrow, 100 or more, disk only 3-4 lines broad:
stems erect, either from a biennial root or from a biennial or winter
annual offset. j

E. Philadelphicus L. Sp. ii, 863. Soft-pubescent, or sometimes near-
ly glabrous: stems rather slender, strict, mostly branched above, 1-3 feet
high: lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate, 1-3 inches long,
narrowed into short petioles; upper cauline leaves clasping and often
cordate at base, obtuse or acute, dentate or entire: heads several or
numerous corymbose-paniculate, 5-12 lines broad, slender-peduncled:

duncles thickened at the summit: involucre depressed-hemispheric, its

racts linear, usually scarious margined : rays 100-150, 2-6 lines long, rose-
purple or pink: achenes puberulent, Along streams and moist meadows
throughout North America.

* * * * * Annuals or sometimes biennials, leafy-stemmed and
branching: heads conspicuously radiate.

+ Rays of the small or barely middle-sized heads very numerous,
narrow, with pappus like the disk-flowers; the inner of rather scanty
bristles; the outer of short subulate squamelle: leaves from entire to
sparingly lobed.

E. divergeus T. & G. FI. ii, 175. Cinereous-pubescent or ‘hirsute:
stems diffusely branched and spreading, 10-20 inches high: leaves linear-
spatulate, or the upper linear and the lowest broader, 1-2 inches long:
heads slender-peduncled, 6-8 lines broad, usually numerous: involucre
hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or canescent: rays about 100,
purplish or violet, to nearly white, 2-6 lines long, pappus double, the short
outer row of bristles subulate; achenes narrow, little compressed, with a
broad and whitish truncate apex. Low plains and river-banke, British
Columbia to California, Texas and Nebraska.

+ + Rays of the small heads not very numerousnor very narrow;
the bristles of their pappus commonly wanting or very few ; outer pappus

a short crown of distinct or partly united slender squamellz, persistent

after the fragile inner pappus has fallen: leafy-stemmed annuals or

biennials. ~ ;

E. annuus Pers. Syn. ii, 431. Annual; sparingly pubescent with
spreading hairs: stems erect, corymbosely branched, 1-4 feet high: leaves
thin, the radical and lower cauline ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly
obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely dentate, 2-6 ,inches long by 1-2
inches wide; upper cauline lanceolate, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, mostly dentate in the middle, sessile or short-petioled;
those of the branches narrower and oftenentire: Heads rather numerous,
5-7 lines broad, mostly short pedunclec: bracts of the - hemispheric
involucre somewhat hispid: rays 40-70 white, or commonly tinged with
purple, 2-4 linea long. In fields and open ridges, Oregon to the Atlantic
states.

E. ramosus. B. 8. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 27. E. Strigosus Muhl.
Pubescence appressed, either sparse and strigose or close and minute:
stem 1-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate, the upper entire; the lower from

$22 €OMPOSITA ERIGHRON
RACCHARIS

spatulate-lanceolate to oblong, often sparingly. serrate: heads rather
numerous, small, involucre with few or no bristley bairs. Dry open
grounds, British Columbia to California and across the continent.

§ 2 TrimorpHma, Gray Sy. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 219. Rays incon-
spicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not exceeding the
disk : within them a series of rayless filiform pistillate flowers:
leaves entire or nearly so.

E. acris L. Spe. ii, 863. More or less hirsute-pubescent: stems 10-14
inches high from a biennial or perennial root, the larger plants t-ranching
and bearing several or numerous somewhat j aniculately d sposed heads:
leaves pubescent or glabrate, entire the radical and lower cauline spatulate,
mostly obtuse, 1-3 inches long, petioled: upper cauline, mostly oblong or
oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, sessile: involacre hemispheric, its bracts
linear, hirsute; rays numerous, purple equalling or exceeding the brownish
pappus: tubular pistillate flowers filiform, numerous: pappus simple or
nearly so, copious. Alaska to Oregon, the Rocky mountains and Labrador.

Var. Drebachensis Blytt. Norg. Fl. 561. Somewhat glabrous or
even quite so, involucre green, at most hirsute only at base, often minute-
ly viscidulous: rays slender somewhat slightly exserted sometimes
minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. Katzebue Sound to
Oregon and New Brunswick. :

Var. debilis Gray Syn. Fl. 1, Pt. 2, 220. Sparsely pilose: rtems 3-12
inches high from an apparently perennial root, slender: leaves bright green;
radical obovate or oblong; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, short: heads
1-3 in a terminal cluster, 4-5 lines high: brac's of the involucre sparsely
hirsute below, the smooth attenuate tips spreading: rays in flower rather
conspicuously supassing the disk. On moist cliffs, higher parts of the
Cascade mountains to Hudson’s Bay and Labrador.

§ 38. Cmvotus, Nutt. Gen. ii, 148. Rays of the small and
narrow semingly discoid heads inconspicuous, little if at all
surpassing the disk or pappus; the narrow ligule always shorter
than its tube: disk-flowers sometimes few, with usually 4-toothed
corollas: pappus simple. Ms

E. canadensis L. Sp. ii, 863. From ‘sparsely hispid to almost
glabrous: stems strict, 1-10 feet high, with numefous narrowly paniculate
heads, or in depauperate plants only a few inches high and with few
scattered heads: leaves linear, entire or the lower spatulate and incised or
few-toothed, commonly more or less _hispid:ciliate: heads usually very
numerous about 2 lines wide: rays whi:e usually'a little exerted and sur-
paesing the style branches. Common in waste places and fields through-
out North America. :

22 BACCHARIS L. Gen. n. 949.

Dicecious shrubs with alternate leaves and small paniculaie or
corymbose heads of tubular flowers. Involucre regularly imbri-
cated, of squamaceous bracts. Receptacle mostly flat and naked,
rarely chaffy. Flowers of the staminate heads with tubular-
funnelform 5-cleft carollas, subulate style-branches with the
stigmatic portion obsolete and overy: abortive; corolla of the
pistillate flowers reduced to a slender truncate or minutely
toothed tube, shorter than the filiform style. Achenes 5-10-
striate. Pappus of the satminate flowers of a series of scabrous

' COMPOSITE 323

and often tortuose and more or less clavellate bristles: of the
pistillate cf usually more numerous and fine bristles.

Trib. iti, Inuloidex Cass. An. Sci. Nat. 1829, 20. Heads
heterogamous, radiate or discoid with fertile flowers filiform or
ligulate; or sometimes homogamous and tubuliflorous. Anthers
sagittaze, and the base of the lobes produced into more or less of a
tail (caudate) or other appendage. Style—branches of the herma-
phrodite flowers filiform or flattish not appendaged: the stigmetic
lines running to or vrnishing near the roundish or truncate tip,
which is at most. papillose or somewhat penicillate. Style of stam-
inate-sterile flowers commonly entire. Pappus usually capillary or
none. Involucre commonly dry or scarious, rarely folvaceous.

SUBTRIBE I FILAGINE. Bracts of the involucre mostly thin
and scarious. Receptacle with scales of various texture, enclos-
ing or subtending the fertile flowers or achenes: pistillate flowers
with filiform truncate or 2-3-toothed corollas.

-* Achenes gibbous and compressed: corolla and style lateral; pap-
pus none.

25. Micropus Eertile flowers few and ina single series on the short recep-
tacle, included in the laterally compressed very gibbous scale of the
receptacle which strictly encloses the achene.

* * Achenes straight or slightly oblique: corolla and style terminal.
+ Chaff loosely enclosing the achene: central flowers sterile.

26 Stylocline Fertile flowers 5-10 or more, in two or more series on a
cylindrical or colu mnar receptacle, their chaff thin, saccate or boat-
shaped: pappus of few caducious bristles to the sterile flowers or none.

27 Psilocarphus Fertile flowers numerous, in several series, on a globu-
lar receptacle, each in an obovate turgid membranaceous and reticu-
lated chaff: pappus none. ,

+ + Chaff more open, hardly enclosing the achenes: fertile flowers
in more than one series; central flowers sometimes fertile.

28 Hesperevax Receptacle villous, its center elongated into a narrow
column: achenes pear-shaped, flattened parallel to the subtending
chaff: pappus none.

SUBTRIBE II GNAPHALIEH, Bracts of the involucre all thin and
scarious, often pearly, persistent. Receptacle naked. Floccose-
woolly herbs.

29 Antennaria Heads completely diccious, the staminate with undivi-

ded style, and bristles of the pappus thickened or barbellate at the
apex: pappus of the pistillate flowers slender and united at the base.

30 Anaphalis Heads incompletely dicecious: staminate heads with a
few hermaphrodite but sterile flowers in the centre: bristles of the
pappus all separate, those of the sterile flowers little thickened upward.

31 Gnaphaliom Heads all heterogamous: pistillate flowers very numer-
ous, in more than one series; hermaphrodite fertile ones fewer, in the
centre: bristles of the pappus slender, not thickened upward.

SUBTRIBE III EUINULEZ Outer bracts of the involucre herba-

°

824 UOMPOSIT 4s , MICROPUS

ceous. Receptacle naked. Tall herbs.

82 iota Heads heterogamous, radiate, with all the flowers fertile: pap-
pus of capillary bristles.

SUBTRIBE Ivy ADENOCAULES Bracts of the involucre herbaceous,

few, in a single series. Receptacle not chaffy. Heads few-flowered:

both pistillate and hermaphrodite sterile flowers with similar di-

lated tubular corollas, the former rather fewer and with enlarged

exserted achenes.

883 Adenocaulon Achenes club-shaped and several times longer than the
involucre, beset with some stipitate glands: pappus none.

SUBTRIBE V DIMERESE® Bracts of the involucre herbaceous:
few, in a single series. Receptacle not chatfy. Flowers few, her-,
maphrodite, fertile. Pappus of rather few bristles.
84 Dimeresia Heads 2-flowered: involucre of2 slightly united bracts

each almost enclosing a flower: pappus of 20 slightly united bristles
that are deciduous.

Subtribe 1 Filaginex Fenzl Fl. ti 729. Heads heterogamous
mostly androgynous, discoid. Involucre of few scarious or firmer
bracts. Receptacle chaffy,a chaff or involucral bract enclosing or
subtending each pistillate flower or achene. Corolla of the pisiillate
flowers a filiform tube, shorter than the style; of the hermaphrodite
commonly sterile flowers regularly 4-toothed; their anthers sometimes
only acutely sagittate or auriculate at base, and the short style-bran-
ches or undivided style not truncate. Achenes mostly smooth and
even, small and seed-like, the very thin pertearp destitute of nerves
or other markings.

25 MICROPUS Gaertn. Fr. t. 164.

Low floccose-woolly annuals with entire leaves and smal
heads of inconspicuous flowers in sessile clusters. Heads discoid
several-flowered; the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla forming
a single series, each wholly enclosed in a conduplicate infolded
and laterally compressed very gibbous chaff or scale, which be-
comes firm-coriaceous or cartilaginous in fruit, and falls at ma-
turity with the completely enclosed achene, inclined at length to
dehisce into two valves; the hermaphrodite but sterile flowers
with 4—5-toothed tubular corolla few and naked in the centre.
Involucre of few scarious bracts. Receptacle small and short.
Achenes obovate and gibbous laterally compressed, smooth, its
apex lateral. Pappus wanting.

M. Californicus F. & M. Ind. sem. Petrop 1885, 42. Stems slender,
4-16 inches high, loosely white-wooly, simple or sparringly branched above,
leafy to the top: leaves linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, 6-8 lines
long, densely tomentose with a fine somewhat silky white wool, the largest
near the ecntre of the stem: heads in lateral and terminal clusters which
are inclined to be spicate: fructiferous scales very woolly, under the wool
smooth, half-obcordate, with a suberect beak terminating in a somewhat
dilated scarious apex. Common on dry open hillsides, southwestern Ore.

STYLOCLINE COMPOSITZ 325
PSILOCARPHUS

gon and California.
26 STYLOCLINE Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. viii, 338.

Low floccose-woolly annuals with entire alternate leaves and
small heads of inconspicuous flowers in glomerate clusters.
Heads many-flowered; the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla,
several or many, in two or many series on the columnar receptacle,
each with the ovary and achene loosely enclosed in the base or
body of an ovate broadly boat-shaped chaff or scale of the recepta-
cle, of scarious or firmer membranaceous texture: the hermaphro-
dite but sterile flowers few in the centre, on the narrow summit of
the receptacle, involucrate but not enclosed by the 4 or 5 merely
concave scales of the receptacle, their tubular corollas 4-5-toothed
Bracts of the involucre hyaline and inconspicuous or hardly any.
Achenes obovate or oblong with a narrow base, slightly oblique
or straight, the areola terminal. Pappus none to the achene,
commonly a few caducous scabrous bristles around the sterile
flowers.

Ours allof § ancistrocarPHusGray. Fertile flowers 5-10, their
chaffy scales in not more than two series, boat-shaped and invol-
ving the achene, of firm-membranaceous texture, and with a
rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent and at length stellately
spreading,

8S. filaginea Gray Proc, Am. Acad. viii, 652. Canescent with a fine
and appressed wool: stems slender, 1-10 inches high, erect or diffuse and
branching from the base: leaves narrowly linear or somewhat dilated up-
ward, 6-8 lines long: involucre outside ef the woolly fructiferous scales
obscure or none: pappus to sterile flowers none. On dry stony hillsides
southwestern Oregon and California.

27 PSILOCARPHUS Nuit. 1. c.

Low floccose-woolly annuals with entire mostly opposite leaves
and small heads of inconspicuous flowers in terminal capitate
clusters and in the forks of the branching stems, involucrate by
the upper leaves. Heads discoid, many-flowered ; the pistillate
flowers with filiform corolla, numerous, in several series on the
depressed-globose receptacle, each loosely enclosed in an obovate
or semicordate hooded-saccate visiccular or inflated chaff or scale
of membranaceous texture clothed with soft wool, its apex in-
trorse and more or less beaked witha hyaline scale; the her-
maphrodite but sterile flowers few and naked in the centre, with
tubnlar 4-5-toothed corolla. Bracts of the involucre few, small,
scarious. Achenes oblong or cylindraceous and moderately com-
pressed, straight, small and loose in the sack of the scale, which
igs more or Jess open down theinner face, Pappus none.

* Leaves all tapering below; the midrib not prominent: canescent
with close wool throughout: fructiferous bracts not over a line long.

326 COMPOSITA: PSILOCAPHUS
HESPEREVAX
P. tenellus Nutt. 1. c. Canescently tomentose throughout with fine
appressed wood which soon detaches from the stem: stems at length much

depressed and branched, 1-3 inches long: leaves spatulate, 3-6 lines long:
heads very numerous, 2-3 lines in diameter: achenes half-line long, obo-

vate-oblong. In low grounds, Washington to California. ;

P. Oreganus Nutt. l.'c. Silky-lanate: stems erect, 2-6 inches high
branching from near the ground: leaves nearly linear, attenuate below, 4-
6 lines long: heads numerous, 4-6 lines in diameter; achenes oblong-cylin-
draceous. Low grounds and roadsides, Oregon and Washington.

*%* Leaves little, and those subtending the heads seldom at all nar-
rowed at base: herbage and especially the heads loosely floccose-woolly.

P. elatior Gray Syn. Fl.i pt, 2, Supp. 443. P. Oregonus var. elatior Gray. |
Erect and caulescent, or at length with spreading branches, 3-6 incheg
high, robust: leaves lanceolate subspatulate-linear, 6-12 lines long:
heads 4-6 lines broad, very leafy-subtended, loosely arachnoid-wooley, the
wool of the fructiferous bracts shorter and mostly close: achenes cylin-
draceous. Low places, Willamette and Columbia river valleys,

P. brevissimus Nutt. l. c. Stems very short, mostly simple: leaves ob-
long or lanceolate, 2-5 lines long, seldom surpassing the leaves: heads sol-
itary or very few, very wooley: achenes cylindrical or slightly clavate.
‘Plains of the Oregon” Nuttall to California.

28 HESPEREVAX Gray Pac. R. Rep. iv 101, t. ii.

Low annuals with mostly opposite leaves and smalt heads of
inconspicuous flowers. Heads discoid, many-flowered; the pis-
tillate flowers with filliform corolla in several series on a convex
villous and centrally elevated columnar receptacle, each subtend-
ed by an ovate barely concave chartaceous chaffy scale: herma-
phrodite but sterile flowers several on the apex of the columnar
receptacle involucrate by a whorl of 3-7 coriaceous open bracts.
Bracts of the involucre resembling the chaff of the receptacle.
Pappus none.

H. brevifolia Greene Fl. Fr. 102? Evax caulescens Gray in part. Floc-
cose-woolly: stems 4-12 lines high, simple, or branching from the base
often depressed: leaves lanceolate, 4-6 lines long, tapering into a slender
petiole: heads inconspicuous, in sessile terminal or axillary clusters,
or solitary, a line or two long: chaffy scales of the receptacle, becoming
rigid, those subtending the sterile flowers thicker and woolly insiside
achenes obovate-oblong, with a narrowed base, straight, more or less com-
pressed parallel to the subtendind chaff, very smooth. Dry barren spots
in priaries, southwestern Oregon and California.

Subtribe ii Gnaphalex Less. Syn. 269. Heads discoid, heteroga-
mous or androgynous or diaciously homogamous; the hermaphro-
dite or staminate flowers when in the same head much fewer than
the pistillate ones; pistillate flowers with filiform tubular corolla
shorter than the style; the staminate flowers with style or style-bran-
ches mostly truncate, all usually with capillary pappus. Recepta-
cle without bracts or chaff. Bracts of the involucre numerous, more
or less scarious or wilh scarious and often colored or petaloid sum-
mits. Anthers with slender tails.

ANTENNARIA COMPOSITA 327

29 ANTENNARIA Gertn. Fruct. & Sem, ii, 410, t. 167.

Dicecious or polygamo-dicecious perennial herbs with alternate
leaves and many-flowered heads of inconspicuous flowers. Heads
discoid ; the pistillate flowers with filiform truncate corolla shor-
ter than the 2-cleft style; staminate with tubular 5-lobed corolla
and style with undivided truncate apex. involucre of imbrica-
ted, scarious, persistent bracts, at least their tips white or colored.
Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes small, nearly terete
or flattish, mostly glabrous. Pappus a single series of capillary
bristles, those of the fertile flowers very slender, connate at base,
and so falling from the achene in a body; those of the sterile of-
ten crisp, mostly thickened at the apex.

§ 1 Bristles of the pappus of the staminate flowers hardly at
all thickened, but. minutely barbellate near the apex: achenes
obscurely 2-3 nerved, pubescent, the short hairs with 2-lobed
and at length biuncinate: tips. Bracts of the campanulate or
somewhat turbinate involucre brownish.

A. dimorpha T. & G. FI. ii, 431. Depressed cespitose, forming dense
matted tufts from a few inches to a foot ar more in diameter and only an
inch or two high: the thickish rootstocks creeping: stems 1-2 inches high,
very leafy: leaves spatulate attenuate below toa petiole, 6-12 lines long
whitish-tomentose both sides: heads solitary, 8-4 lines high: bracts of the
involucre well imbricated, the outer successively shorter and obtuse, the
inner acute or acuminate; of the fertile heads narrow with hyaline acum-
inate tips: achenes oblong, pubescent: pappus of the fertile flowers copi-
ous, of soft and very slender bristles that are not at all thickened upward.
Common on dry plains east of the Cascade Mountains, Brit. Columbia to
California and the Rocky Mountains.

A.%flageliaris Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 212. Silky-lanate: stem sol-
itary, 6-20 lines high, froma slender rootstock: lower leaves subulate
from a very broad and somewhat clasping base, producing from their axils
slender wiry stclons 2-6 inches long, with a tuft of leaves and a bud at
their apices which root and form new plants: cauline leaves linear, 10-14
lines long, not at all narrowed at base: heads solitary, 3-4 lines high:
bracts of the involucre in few ranks, but little unequal, acute or the inner
ones shortly acuminate. On barren rocky ridges in the mountains of eas-
tern Oregon and Washington.

A. stenophylla Gray }.c. ‘‘Stems erect from a subterranean caadex,
slender, 4-6 inches high, without stolons, leafy, terminated by a capituli-
from glomerule of 2-4 heads: leavés very narrowly linear or almost filiform,
attenuate to both ends (the larger 3 inches long), silvery-woolly: heads
barely 3 lines long: involcural bracts in both sexes broadish and obtuse,
dark brown or in the male the inner ones with white tips: achenes (two
ithirds of a line long), minutely hirtellous-scabrous: female pappus scanty,
only a line long: ** High hills Union Co. eastern Orogon Cusick.”

§ 2 Bristles of the staminate pappus stout, with clavate or
scarious-dilated tips.

* Not surculose by stolons, 6-12 inches high: pistillate heads nar-
row, cylindraceous or clavate: achenes glandular.

A. Geyeri Gray Pl. Fendl. 107.. Pubescence appressed silky-canescent :
stems numerous from a lignescent branched base, 3-8 inches high: leaves

328 COMPOSITAL ANTENNARIA

spatulate or oblanceolate, 3-12 lines long, mostly acute: heads numerous,
8-4 line high, cylindraceous, or the staminate campanulate, in terminal
spicately or cymosely disposed glomerules: involucre very woolly at base;
of the pistillate heads commonly 4 lines long, of the staminate shorter, the
inner in both with conspicuous rose-purple or ivory-white tips which in
the latter are obtuse, in the former narrower and acute. In dry open’
woods, eastern Washington to California, not common.

* * Not surculose-stoloniferous: stems simple from the subterranean
branching caudex, rather strict, leafy, naked at the summit, and
bearing mostly a cymose-compound cluster of heads: inner bracts of
the staminate involucre all with conspicuous ivory-white obtuse tips:
those of the pistillate with hardly any tips: herbage silvery-lanate:
larger lower leaves 3-nerved. :

A. luzuloides T. & G. FI. ii, 430. ‘‘Closely silky-woolly: stems slender
8-12 inches high: leaves all narrowly linear or some of the lowest narrowly
lanceolate-spatulate, small, uppermost linear-subulate: heads small (2
lines or the pistillate barely 3 lines long), several or numeroug: involucre
glabrous nearly or quite to the base; its inner bracts in the pistillate heads
obtuse: achenes glandular; the spatulate and as it were petaloid tips of the
staminate pappus obtuse.” Brit. Columbia to Oregon and Wyoming, east
of the Cascade mountains.

A. argentea Benth. Pl. Hartw. 319 Silvery lanate with a very fine
and somewhat strigose pubescence: stems slender, 10-20 inches high,
leafy, leaves linear-lanceolate or broader to linear, 1-4 inches long, atten-
vate below toa margined petiole with a dilated and somewhat clasping
pase, more or less prominently 3-nerved: heads small numerous, panicl-
ed: involucre glabrous, 1-2 lines high, its bracts obtuse or acutish: tips of
staminate pappus dilated. Dry grounds, Washington to California.

A. lanata Greene Pitt. iii 288. A. Carpathica R. Br. as to the Ameri-
can plant. Densely white-woolly: stems simple, 8-12 inches high: lower
leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, attenuate below to a slender.
petiole, the upper linear, with conspicuous scarious tips: heads several to
many, ina close caplite terminal cluster: involucre 2-3 lines high, dense-
ly woolly at base, the inner bracts with conspicuous white tips; of the sta-
minate flowers broad and obtuse, of the pissillate linear and acute: achenes
glabrous: pappus of the staminate flowers of moderately dilated bristles.
On high mountains, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon.

* * * Surculose-proliferous by either subterranean or humifuse and
and leafy shoots or stolons.

+ Involucre woolly at baee.

A. media Greene 1, c. 286. A. alpina of authors as to the American
plant. Somewhat cespitose: radical shoots not very numerous, short:
densely eilky-woolly : flowering stems 1-6 inches high : radical leaves broad-
ly spatulate to obovate, 4~10 lines loug; cauline linear-spatulate to linear:
heads few to several; the pistillate sessile in a close capitate cluster, with
brown narrow lanceolate acute involcural bracts; the staminate heads oft-
en somewhat panicled, with pblone mostly obtuse bracts with scarious
white tips: pappus but little if at all thickened ubward. On the highest
mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

A. rosea Greene |. c. 281; A. dioica var. rosea Eaton. Loosely surculose;
silvery-canescent and floccose: stems stoutish, 2-12 inches high, leafy:
leaves of the sterile shoots oblanceolate to spatulate, an finch or more
long; of the flowering stems linear-lanceolate to linear, 1-136 inches long:
heads usually numerous, in a close panicle: bracts of the involucre rose-
color to red, about 2 lines long, lanceolate, mostly obtuse: staminate plant
not seen. On the highest mountains, from Brit. Columbia to California.

ANTENNARIA COMPOSITA 329

A. pedicellata Greenel.c.175 ‘Slender, more than a foot high, has
stems with scattered spreading and rather conspicuous leaves instead of
upright bracts: lowest leaves on short ascending branches hardly to be
called stolons or surculi, small, oblanceolate, acute, nerveless, prominently
tomentose on both faces and thin: heads on slender pedicels of 14-1 inch
in length, thus forming a lax subcorymbose cyme: involucres short and
subcampanulate, their bracts in only about 3 series, the tips of the inner
narrow, acutish or obtuse: achenes obscurely ee ga as well as very
minutely and sparingly glandular. Blue mountains of Oregon. Cusick.

A. umbrinella Rydberg. Canescent with a very short silky wool which
becomes floccose upon the stem and upper leaves: flowering stems slendeir
4-10 inches high from a shrubby branching base: leaves of the short sterle
branches cuneate to spatulate, without any distinction of blade and petiole,
4-6 lines long 1-3 lines broad at the summit, permanently canescent on
both sides, persistent for several years; leaves of the flowering stems
oblong or narrower, erect, 3-8 lines long: heads few, sessile in a small cap-
itate cluster: involucre campanulate, 2-3 lines high, its bracts broad and
obtuse, the inner with conspicuous white tips: staminate plant not seen.
On dty foothills of (the Cascade mountains on the east side. Distributed
by the author as A. dioica in 1881.

A. suffrutescens Greene ].c. 277. Low evergreen undershrub, the rig-
id procumbent branches leafy throughout, 1-3 inches long: leaves of the
branchlets cuneate to spatulate, 2-6 lines long, obtuse and often emargin-
ate, densely white-tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above; flower-
ing stems slender, 3-6 inches long with linear to subulate leaves and 1-5
comparatively large heads at the summit: involucre campanulate, 4-5 lines
high: bracts of the pistillate involucre narrowly lanceolate, the inner with
white acuminate hyaline tips those of the staminate more ample, with ob-
tuse or emarginate to acute white tips: bristles of the pappus in the stam-
inate flowers with evident though narrow and surrulate dilated tips. On
rocky slopes of the Coast mountains of Josephine Co. Oregon.

A. Howellii Greene 1.c,174. A. plantaginifolia of authors as to the
Pacific Coast plant. Freely surculose by slender stolons, the offsets bien-
nial: flowering stems slender, 6-18 inches high, loosely woolly, bearing
linear or lanceolate leaves and a cluster of several heads: radical leaves
Poesy spatulate to oblanceolate, acute or acutish and apiculate, atetnu-
ate below to a short petiole, 1-2 inches long, somewhat fleshy, canescent
beneath, green and glabrate above: involucre campanulate, about 4 lines
long, its bracts linear-lanceolate, the inner with very acute almost hyaline
‘white tips: achenes oblong, pappillose-granular. Common in dry open
‘rounds, western Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

+ + Heads loosely paniculate: involucre almost giabrous.

A. racemosa Hook. Fi. i, 329. Freely surculose by long and slender,
sparsely leafy stolons, lightly woolly, becoming glabrate: flowering stems
6-20 inches high, slender sparsely leafy, bearing few or numerous racem-
ously or paniculately disposed heads, nearly all slender-peduncled: leaves
thin, the radical broadly oval, acute at each end, slender-petioled, includ-
ing the petiole 1-3 inches long, obscurely 3-nerved at base, rather veiny,
‘densely tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above: cauline leaves sim-
ilar but smaller and sessile, lanceolate; involucre campanulate, about 3
lines high; its bracts green or brownish; of the staminste heads obtuse,
the inner obscurely white-tipped; of the pistillate heads narrow and most-
ly acute, with scarious tips. Moist woods and rocky banks, Oregon to
Brit. Columbia and the Rocky mountains.

330 COMPOSIT ANAPHALIS
GNAPHALIUM
80 ANAPHALIS DC. Prodr. vi, 241.

‘White-tomentoes woolly perennial herbs with leafy erect stems
entire leaves and numerous small discoid heads of yellow disk
flowers. Heads dicecious but usually with a few hermaphrodite
flowers in the centre of the pistillate heads. Bristles of the pap-
pus of the staminate flowers but little if at all thickened at the

apex; of the pistillate flowers not united at base but falling sep-
arately.

A. margaritacea B. & H. Gen. ii, 303. Stems stout, 1-2 feet high,
tufted, very leafy, the white floccose wool rarely becoming tawny: leaves
from rather broadly to linear lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, white-woolly be-
neath, soon glabrate and green above, the broader ones indistinctly 3-
nerved: heads numerous, corymbosely cymose: involucre globular, its
numerous bracts almost wholly pearly-white: achenes oblong. Common
on dry ridges in forests, Alaska to California and across the continent.

GNAPHALIUM L. Gen. n. 946. CupwEED.

Floccose-woolly herbs with sessile, and sometimes decurrent
leaves and commonly numerous heads of small flowers in cym-
ose clusters or glomerules. Heads heterogamous, discoid, fertile
throughout, of few or many series of pistillate flowers surraund-
ing a smaller numbcr of hermaphaodite ones. Involucre pluri-
serial, imbricated, the scarious and commonly partly woolly
bracts with or without colored papery tips or appendages. Style
of hermaphrodite flowers 2-cleft. Pappus of numerous merely
scabrous capillary bristles in a single series. Achenes terete or
flatlish, mostly nearly nerveless.

§ 1 Evuenarniium DC. Prodr. vi, 122. Bristles of the pap-
pus not at all united at base, falling separately.

* Tnvolucre woolly only at base, mainly scarious: heads paniculately

or corymbosely cymose, or glomerate at the summit of the leafy stem
and branches.

G. microcephalum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 404. Densely
white-woolly throtghout: stems slender, 1-2 feet high, from a biennial or
more enduring root: leaves linear or the lower spatulate-lanceolate, with
slenderly decurrent base, persistently white-woolly, 1-2 inches long: heads
small, in small paniculate glomerules: involucre from turbinate to cam-
panulate, 1-2 lines high, woolly at base, its ovate-lanceolate bracts mostly

unequal, acute, pearly-white. On dry bars and bluffs along water-courses,
Brit. Columbia to California.

_G. Sprengelii H.&A. Bot. Beech. 150, Stems stout and strict, 1-8 feet
high from a biennial root: leaves lanceolate or linear or the lowest narrow-
jy spatulate, densely white-woolly or sometimes more thinly floccose, the
short decurrent base or adnate auricles rather broad: heads numerous, in
single or numerous glomerules, terminating the stem or few branches: in-
volucre hemispherical, 3 lines high, white or yellowish, becoming slightly
rusty in age, its bracts thin, oval and oblong, obtuse. Common on moist
river-banks, Brit. Columbia to California.

G. decurrens Ives Am. Journ. Sci. i, 380, t. 1. Stems strict, 2-3 feet
high, corymbosely branched at the top and bearing cymulosely disposed

QNAPHALIUM COM POSIT A 331

glomerules of rather broad heads: leaves very numerous, lanceolate or the
upper linear, white-woolly beneath or rarely glabrate: involucre broadly
campanulate, white, usually becoming rusty tinged, the thin scarious
bracts ovate and oblong, acutish, only the innermost lfnear-lanceolate and
acute. Rather open and dry grounds, Brit. Columbia to Washington.

* * Involucre less imbrfcated, more woolly, the scarious tips of the
nearly equal bracts not very conspicuous, dull-colored : heads glome rate
aud leafy-bracteate, only a line or so high: low branching jannuals

G. palustre Nutt. 1. c. 403. Loosely floccose with long wool: stems erect
or diffusely branching from the base, 2-8 inches high: leaves spatulate to
lanceolate or linear, 6-12 lines long: heads very numerous, in small glom-
erules terminating the stem or branches: involucre campanulate, its bracts
linear with glabrous white acute tips. Edges of ponds and damp places,
Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky mountains.

@. uLicinosum L. Fl.. Dan. 859. Appressed-woolly: stems 2-6 inches
high, soon diffusely branched, leafy: leaves spatulate-linear or the lower
spatulate-oblanceolate, 6-12 lines long: heads numerous, in racemosely
disposed glomerules: involucre narrow, 1-2 lines long, its linear-lanceolate
or subulate bracts brown or soon becoming so. On moist banks and flats,
Brit. Columbia to California and the eastern States: introduced from Eu.

§ GamocHzTA Webb Chlor. And. i, 151, as genus. Bristles
of the pappus united at base into a ring and deciduous together
from the achene. Heads spicately or capitately glomerate, the

lower glomerules leafy-bracteate. Involucre brownish, purple or
sorded.

G. purpureum L. Sp. ii. 854. Canescent with close and dense silvery
wool: stems simple, stoutish, 5-12 inches high, from a perennial root:
leaves spatulate, 1-2 inches long, often becoming green and glabrate tbove:
heaps numerous, in an oblong or cylindraceous or spiciform inflorescenc:
involucre campanulate, about 2 lines long, its ovate or lanceolate bracts

brownish or purplish. Common in fields and open places, throughout
North America.

Subtribe iti, Euinula DC. Prodr.v, 463. Heads hcterogam-
ous, with the pistillate flowers all ligulate and radiate, and
the disk-flowers all hermaphrodite and. fertile. Receptacle
naked. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers linear,
rounded at the apex. Achines mostly coriaceous.

32 INULA L. Gen. n. 956.

Tomentose or woolly perennial herbs with alternate leaves and
large heads of yellow flowers. Heads radiate, many-flowered.
Involucre imbricated, the outer bracts herbaceous. Receptacle
flat or nearly so, not chaffy. Achines more or less 4-costate.
Pappus or scabrous capillary bristles.

I. Hevenium L. Sp. 881. (gvecampansz.) Stems tufted from large thick
roots, simple, or rarely somewhat branched, 2-6 feet high, densely pubes-
cent above: leaves large, broadly oblong, rough above, densely pubescent
beneath, denticulate, the radical ones acute at each end long-petioled, 10-20
inches long by 4-8 broad; cauline sessile or cordate-clasping at the base,
acute at the apex, smaller: heads solitary or few, terminal, stout-peduncl-
ed, 2-4 inches broad: involucre hemispherical, nearly 1 inch high, its
atout bracts ovate, foliaceous, pubescent: rays numerous, linear: achenes

332 COMPOSITA ADENOCAULON
DIMERESIA

glabrous 4.sided. Roadsides and waste places: introduced from Europe.

Subtribe iv Adenocaulez Gray Syn. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 59.
Heads heterogamous, discoid; both pistillate and hermaphrodite
flowers with tubular more or less ampliate 4-5-toothed or -lobed
corolla; involucre not scarious; receptacle naked: achenes elon-
gated, striate or nerved: pappus none. ,

33 ADENOCAULON Hook. Bot. Mise. i, 119, t. 15.

Perennial herbs with slender stems alternate and dilated leaves
on long margined petioles, and very small heads of whitish flow-
ers. Heads several to many-flowerd; the marginal ones pistil-
late only ; the more numerous central ones hermaphrodite-sterile.
Involucre of few‘ thin herbaceous bracts. Receptacle flat, naked.
Corollas all somewhat alike: of the sterile flowers broadly fun-
nelform and deeply 4-5-cleft: of the fertile ones less ampliate,
either regularly 4-lobed, or bilabiate with’ the outer lip 3-lobed,
Style of the sterile flowers undivided: of the fertile ones with
short and broad stigmatic branches. Anthers sigittate, the au-
ricles minutely but evidently caudate, connate. Achenes obovate-
oblong or clavate; very obtuse, very much exceeding the involu-
cre, the upper part beset with stout stipitate glands.

A. bicolor Hook. 1.c. Stems 1-3 feet high, leafy below: leaves dilated-
cordate, 1-3 inches long by nearly ae broad, coarsely sinuate-dentate or
repand or slightly lobed, early glabrate and green above, white with thin
cottony wool beneath: bracts of the involucre 4-5, in a single series, ovate,
reflexed in fruit: fertile corollas regularly 4-lobed: achenes club-shaped,2-3
lines. long- Common iu forests and woods, Alaska to California and east
to Lake Superior.

Subtribe v. Dimeresex. Heads homogamous, flowers all herma-
phrodite and fertile, Corollas tubular and regular, 5-tooteed.

384 DIMERESIA Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, Supp. 448.

Low annuals with opposite leaves and 2-flowered heads in
dense terminal glomerules. Heads discoid. homogamous, the
flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. Involucre of 2 herbaceous
oblong concave bracts: a little united at base, each subtending
and almost enclosing a flower Corolla tubular, regular, 5-tooth-
ed. Anthers sagittate at base, the narrow auricles but little ex-
tended.. Style-branches narrowly linear, obtuse, not appendage,
the bordering stigmatic lines extending to and around the naked
apex. Achenes clavate-pyriform, glabrous, many-striate, with
small epigynous areola, bearing a pappus of stout plumose bristles
in a single series which are united at the base in a ring and early
deciduous together.

D. Howellii Gray 1. c. 449. Stems stoutish, minutely floccose-woolly,
simple or branched, 6-18 lines long, from a long annual taproot: leaves ob-
ovate or oval, nelad ae the broad petiole 10-14 lines long, thinly white-
woolly beneath, soon glabrate and green above: heads numerous, subses-
sile, in dense terminal glomerules: corollas purplish or flesh-color: pappus

COMPOSITA 383

of 20 long-plumose bristles. On high stoney hills, near Stein mountain
Southern Oregon.

Tribe iv Helianthoidew B. & H. Gen. ii, 166. Heads hetarog-
amous and the pistillate flowers ligulate and radiate, or rarely with
corolla wanting, and then sometimes monecious: or sometimes homo-
gamous by the absence of the ray-flowers: disk-flowers all with regular
4-6-toothed tudular corolla. Receptacle usually with palezx or chaff
subtending either all the flowers or the marginal ones only. Anthers
at most sagittate, not caudate at base. Style branches of the herma-
phrodite or sterile flowers truncate or continued into a hairy conical
to subulate appendage. Pappus various or none: never of truly cap-
illary bristles. ;

Suprrise 1 Iyem. Heads androgynous, having few fertile
flowers at the margin.

85 Iva Fertile flowers 1-5, with or without the tube or cup representing
a corolla. g :

SUBTRIBE 1, AMBROSIEZ. Heads homogamous, moncecious:
the fertile ones with 1-4 apetalous flowers in a closed bur-like or
achene-like pointed involucre; the sterile with numerous flowers
in an open involucre.

« * Involucre to the staminate flowers 5-12 lobed or almost truncate.

86 Ambrosia Fertile involucres 1-flowered, achene-like, bearing no more
than one row of tubercles or short spines.

87 Gertneria Fertile involucres 1-4-flowered, 1-4-celled, armed with
more than one row of tubercles or prickles.

* * Involucre of the staminate heads of a few distinct scales.

88 Xanthium Fertile involucres bur-like, 2-celled, 2-flowered, beset with
numerous hooked prickles.

SuBTRIBE 111 VERBESINEZ Heads radiate with either neutral
or pistillate ray flowers or rayless: the disk-flowers perfect and
fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Achenes thick and 3-4-angled’ or
those of the disk laterally compressed.

* Receptacle elongated, becoming columnar.
89 Rudbeckia Rays neutral or rarely wanting: achenes quadrangular
and compressed. :
* * Receptacle flat, concave or rarely conical;
+ Rays pistillate and fertile.
40 Balsamorhiza Pappus none: achenes of the ray obcompressed ; of the
disk prismatic-quadrangular or somewhat compressed.
41 Wyethia Pappus a chaffy-coriaceous crown or cup, continuous with
the broad summit of the achene.
+ + Rays neutral, rarely wanting. ;
42 Helianthella Achenes flat, the thin edges more or less wing-like:

pappus a pair of persistent awns or chaffy teeth and a crown of inter-
mediate chaffy scales.

334 COMPOSITA

48 Halianthus Achines thick, quadrangular-compressed or with the

sides convex and the angles obtuse: pappus a pair of. caducous ceaffy
scales or awns.

Suprrise iv, Bipentiv@ Heads radiate, the rays neutral or
pistillate. Receptacle chaffy with flat or barely concave decidu-
ous chaff. Achines all obcompressed. Pappus of 2-4 teeth or
awns from the angles, or none.

44 Coreopsis Achenes never rostrate-attenuate nor with retrosely barb-
ed awns.

45 Bidens Achenes neither winged nor beaked, 2-5-awned with retrorse-
ly barbed persistent awns.

SuBrRIBE v, GALINsocE& Heads heterogamous with the ray-
flowers, when present, fertile; disk-flowers either perfect and
fertile or sterile. Achenes neither compressed nor obcompressed

Pappus in both ray and disk-flowers few to numerous chaffy
seales.

46 Blepharipappus Heads radiate; the rays pistillate: pappus of 12-20
thin scales with a stout midrib.

SuUBTRIBE VI, Maprie® Heads heterogamous; ray-flowers, when
present, fertile; disk flowers either perfect and fertile, or sterile.
Involucre a series of bracts, each subtending and more or less en-
closing a ray-achene. Receptacle chaffy only at the margin, the,

chaff forming a sort of inner involucre or else subtending some or
all of the disk flowers. :

* Achenes all laterally compressed ; those of the ray wholly enclosed
in the carinate strongly infolding bracts of the involucre.

47 Anisocarpus Rays conspicuous and mostly numerous, fertile; disk-
flowers numerous, sterile or the exterior ones fertile; with pubescent
corolla and a pappus composed of fimbriate or plumose-lacerate scales.

48 Madaria Rays numerous and conspicuous: disk-flowers without pap-
pus, either all or only the central ones sterile.

40 Madia Rays 1-12 or none, short and more or less inconspicuous disk-
flowers numerous or few, all fertile, destitute of pappus.

50 Harpecarpus Rays 4-8 very short and inconspicuous; disk-flower
solitary, fertile, eficlosed in a 3-5-toothed he: baceous cup: pappus none.

* * Achenes of the ray-flowers turgid, mode or less oblige or incurv-
ed, never latterally compressed but mostly somewhat obcompressed:
bracts of the involucre each investing an achene, rounded on the back.

51 Hemizonella Involucre strongly 4-5-sulcate by the complete enwrap-
ing of the 4 or 5 achenes: disk-flower solitary in a sort of inner invo-
lucre: pappus none.

52 Hemizonia Achenes'of the ray-flowers obovate-triangular, with de-
pressed terminal areola; disk-flowers numerous, with abortive achenes:
pappus none.

58 Calyeadenia Achenes of the ray-flowers obovoid, the terminal areola
little if at all oblique, triangular; of the numerous disk-flowers well
formed, and sometimes truly fertile, surrounded by a circle of herba-
ceou bracts; pappus of conspicuous chaffy scales.

A COMPOSIT A 335

54. Centromadia Achenes of the ray-flowers very oblique the small ter-
minal areola from the summit of the inner angle or face, on a narrow
beak : receptacle convex or conical, chaffy throughout, the chaff distinct.

*** Ray-achenes obcompressed or clavate, completely enclosed
involucral ‘bracts which are flattish on the back at base and their
thin margins abruptly infolded.

55. Lagophila Heads few-flowered: ray achenes about 5, obovate, much
obcompressed, smooth: disk-flowers sterile: pappus none.

56 Layia Heads many-flowered; rays 8-20, with obovate or somewhat
clavate smooth achenes; disk-flowers mostly fertile, their similar or
narrower achenes often pubescent: pappus cemposed of bristles or sub-
ulate pointed scales. ‘

57 Achyrachena Heads many-flowered; the flowers all fertile; achenes
linear-cuneate or clavate, 10-ribbed, some or all of the ribs tubercvirte-
scabrous; those of the disk with a pappus of blunt, silvery-scarious
scales in 2 series.

Subtribe i Ivex Heads undrogynous, bearing few pistillate flowers
at the margin; the more numerous staminate ones all or most of them
subtended by slender chaffy bracts. Anther tips, short and obtuse,
rarely pointed. Involucre open. Achenes usually large for the size
of the head, free.

35 IVA L Gen. n. 1059.

Herbs or shrubs with entire or dentate or dissected leaves, at
least the lowest ones opposite, and small spicately or racemosely
or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly nodding heads
of inconspicuous flowers. Fertile and sterile flowers in the same
heads: the former 1-5, marginal, with a small tubular corolla; the
latter 7-20 (rarely only 2 or 3), with tubular-campanulate or fun-
nelform 5-toothed corolla. Bracts of the campanulate or hemi-
spherical involucre 3-5, in a single series and more or lesst united
into acup. Receptacle chaffy with linear or spatulate scales sub-
tending the sterile flowers. Anthers nearly distinct. Style in
the fertile floweas deeply 2-cleft: of the sterile ones undivided.
Achenes obovate, thick, often granulate, without a disk at the
apex. Pappus wanting.

1, axillaris Pursh F!. 748. Herbaceous from somewhat woody creep-
ing rootstocks; the stems or branches nearly simple, ascending, 10-20
inches high: leaves obovate or oblong to nearly. linear, obtuse, entire, ses-
sile, rarely over an inch long, even the uppermost usually much surpassing
the mostly solitary heads in their axiles: bracts of the hemispherical
involucre connate into a 4-5-lobed or sometimes parted and sometimes
merely crenate cup: bracts of the receptacle reduced to filiform chaff. In
saline or eandy places, Brit. Columbia to California, New Mex. and the
Saskatchewan.

I. xanthifolia Nutt. Gen ii, 185 ‘‘Tall and coarse (3-5 feet high), pu-
bescent, at least when young: leaves mainly opposite, long-petioled, broad-
ly ovate, ample coarsely or incisely serrate, acuminate, 3-ribbed at base,
pubescently scabrous above and when young canescent beneath: heads
nearly sessile, crowded in narrow spiciform clusters which are aggregated
in axillary and terminal panicles: involucre depressed-hemisqheric, biser-
ial, the outer of 5 broadly ovate herbaceous bracts ; inner of as many mem-

336 COMPOSITZ AMBROBIA
! GHERTNERIA

branaceous dilated-obovate or truncate ones which are strongly concave
at maturity and half embrace the obovate-pyriform and glabrate akenes.”
Idaho and eastward. ge

Subtribe ii, Ambrosiex DC. Prodr.v, 522. Heads unisexual,
monecious; the fertile with solitary or 2--4 completely apetalous or
nearly apetalous pistillate flowers ina closed nut-like or bur-like-ivo-
lucre, only the style-branehes ever exserted: the sterile of numerous
staminate greenish or yellowish flowers with obconical corollas in an
open involucre, the heads in a raceme or spike of centripetal evolu-
tion. Achenes turgid-obovoid or ovoid. Pappus wholly wanting.

* Involncral bracts of the staminate head united. Receptaccle low.
36 AMBROSIA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 1057.

Coarse branching monacious or rarely dicecious herbs with
mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves and small
heads of greenish flowers, the staminate heads racemose or spicate,
without subtending bracts; the pistillate below, commonly in
small clusters in the axils of leaves or bracts. Involucra of the
pistillate heads . globose-ovoid or top-shaped, closed, 1-—flowered,
nsually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines: corolla none. Stamens
none. style-branches filiform: of the -staminate heads mostly
hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-12-lobed, open, many-flowered.
Receptacle nearly flat, naked. or with filiform chaff. Corolla
funnelform, 5-toothed. Style undivided, pencillate at the apex.

A. artemisixfolia L. Sp. 987. Pubescent, puberulent or hirsnte pan-
iculately branched annual, 1-6 feet high: leaves thin, bipinnatifid or pin-
nately parted with the divisions irregularly pinnatifid, or sometimes nearly
entire, on the flowering branches often undivided: racemes of sterile heads
very numerous, 1-6 inches long, the involucres hemispheric, crenate, the
receptacle chaffy : fertile heads obovoid or subglobose, mostly clustered,
1-2 lines long, short-beaked, 4-6-spined near the summit, sparingly pubes-
cent. Dry plaina and fields, eastern Washington ‘to Brit. Columbia and
the eastern States.

37 G4IRTNERIA Medicus Act: Pal. iii, 244.
FRANSERIA Cav.

Herbs or woody plants with chiefly alternate, lobed or divided
leaves and small monoecious rayless heads of greenish flowers: the
staminate numerous, in terminal spikes or racemes: the pistillate
solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper leaves. Involucre
of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closed, 1-4-celled, 1-4-
beaked, armed with several rows of spines and forming a bur in
fruit: corolla none or rudimentary ; style deeply bifid, its branch-
es exserted; stamens none; achenes ohovoid, thick, solitary in the
cells: pappus none. Staminate heads sessile or short-peduncled,
their involucres broadly hemispheric, open, 5-12-lobed ; recepta-
cle chaffy: corolla regular, the tube short, the limb 5--lobed: style
undivided : anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate tipped.

G. acanthocarpa Brit. Mem. Torr. Club v, 332. Franseria Hookeriana

GERTNERIA COMPOSITAS 837
XANTHIUM

Nutt. Stems 1-3 feet high, from an annual or biennial root, diffusely
brauched from the base, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, sometimes canescent
with strigose-sericeous pubescence when young: leaves of ovate or round-
ish outline, 1-3 inches broad bipinnatifid or the upper oblong and only.
pinnatifid: staminate recemes solitary or paniculate: pistillate involucres
armed with flat and thin lanceolate-subulate smooth and glabrous long
and straight spines 3-4 lines long, commonly 1-flowered. On sandy plains
and river-banks, Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada.

G. bipinnatifida 0. Ktz. Rev. Gen. i, 339. Franseria bidinnatifida Nutt
Herbaceous perennial with stout procumbent stems 2-3 feet long, some-
what hirsute: leaves ovate in outline 1-2 inches long, 2-3 pinnately parted
into oblong-linear divisions and small oblong lobes, canescent with soft
tomentum or fine hirsute-sericeous pubescence: staminate heads rather
large, in dense spikes or racemes; pistillate heads ovate fusiform, armed
with rather short and thick but flattish tubercle-like spines, their acute
tips sometimes incurving. On sandy beaches along the coast, Brit. Colum-
bia to California. :

@. Chamissonis O, Ktz.l.c. Franseria Chamissonis Less. Stems pro-
cumbent, 2-3 feet long, from a perennial root; leaves cuneate-obovate or
oblong-ovate with a cungate base, 3-5-nerved at base, obtusely serrate, the
lower often laciniate-incised: staminate spikes or racemes dense, of rather
large heads; pistillate heads ovate, anced with rather short and thick Lut
flattish canaliculate tubercule-like spines. Sandy sea-beaches, Brit. Co-
lumbia to California. Not common. :

* * Involucre of the staminate heads of few distinct bracts. Re-
ceptacle cylindraceous.

XANTHIUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 1056. (cockLE-BuR)

Coarse annuals with branching stems, alternate and usually
lobed or toothed leaves, and most clustered heads of greenish
or yellowish flowers, in terminal or larger axillary clusters of
both sexes, the staminate uppermost. Involucre of the globu-
lar sterile heads 1-2 series of small narrow bracts. Receptacle
distinctly paleaceous, a cuneate or linear-spatulate chaffy bract
partly enclosing each steaile flower. Filaments monadelphous.
Anthers distinct but connivent, the inflexed apical appendage
mucronate. Sterile style unappendaged. Fertile head a closed
and ovoid bur-like 2—-celled and 2—flowered involucre, 1-2-beak-
ed at the apex, the surface clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles:
each flower a single pistil, maturing a. thick ovoid achene, the
two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre.

. * Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-ribbed from the base, with dentate

margins, and often incised or lobed, on long petioles: axils unarmed:
fruiting involucre with 2 prominent beaks.

X. strumariom L. Sp. 987, Rough: stems 1-6 feet high: leaves slender-

etioled, broadly ovate to orbicular, 3-ribbed and more or less cordate at

ase, the lower often 10 fnches broad, irregularly dontate and more or
less 2~5-lobed: fruiting involucre 6-9 lines long, glabrous or puberulent;
the beaks straight and rarely at all hooked at maturity. In waste places.
Naturalized from Europe. :

x. Candense Mill. Dict. ed. 8, No. 2. Stems stout, 1-2 feet high, often
punctate with brown spots: leaves ample, broadly ovate, coarsely and irreg-

338 COMPOSITZ XAMTHIUM
RUDBECKIA

ularly serrate: fruiting involucre about an inch long, densely beset with
rather long prickles, the stout beaks at maturity usually hooked at the tip
or incurved, the sarface and base of the prickles more or less hispid, some-
times glabrate. Sandy shores and waste places Brit. Columbia to Califor-
nia and the eastern States.

* * Leaves attenuate at both ends, short-petioled; their axils triply
spinescent,

xX. spinosum L sp. 987. Stems stout, 1-2 feet high, much branched:
leaves ovate-lanceolate with cuneate base, the larger 3-lobed or incisely
pinnatifiid, green and glabrate above, white-tomentose beneath, with long
and slender 3-parted yellow spines in the axils: fruiting involucre solitary
or few, in upper axils, cylindraceous, half-inch long, obtuse, armed with
short weak prickles, inconspicuously 1-2 beaked or pointless.

Subtribe iii, Verbesinee Less. Rays ligulate and either fertile
or neutral, not rarely wanting, the ligule not becoming papery and
persistent on the fruit, but sometimes marcescent. Disk-flowers her-
maphrodite and fertile or often some of the inner ones sterile, sub-
tended and sometimes ewwraped by the chaff of the receptacle. An-
thers often blackish. Achenes various but those of the disk; never
obcompressed. Pappus cupulate or coroniform, or of teeth or awns
from the principal angles, or of some squamellz, or of a few stout
bristles, or none.

39 RUDBECKIA L. Gen. n. 980.

Mostly perennial herbs with alternate leaves and rather large
and showy heads terminating the stem or branches. Heads
many-flowred; the ray-flowers neutral, in a single series, those
of the disk tubular and perfect. Bracts of the involucre folia-
ceous, in about two series, spreading. Receptacle conical or
often more or less elongated and spiciform. Disk-corollas with
a short but usually manifest proper tube and erect or spreading
teeth. Style-branches tipped with an acute or obtuse hispid
appendage. Achenes 4-angled, prismatic, in some species
quadrangular-compressed. Pappus a coriaceous or firm-scari-
ous and often 4-toothed crown, sometimes deep and cupuliform,
sometimes obsolete, or none.

R. Californica Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 357. Stem simple, 2-6 feet
high 3-5 leaved, the Jong and naked peduncle-like summit bearing a single
large head: leaves finely soft-pubescent, 3-10 inches long, ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, pinnately veined somewhat toothed; the middle
ones sometimes with a pair of lateral lanceolate lobes at base, uppermost
sessile, lower tapering into a slender petiole: bracts of the involucre linear:
rays 2-3 inches long, narrowly oblong, yellow: disk columnar 1-2 inches
long, dusky brown: achenes compressed-prismatic, 2 lines long, crowned
with a pappus of four irregular thickish chaffy teeth, more or less united at
base intoacup. Wet meadows and cold spring runs, southwestern Oregon
to California.

R. occidentalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. soc. vii, 355 Nearly glabrous
and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulent: stems stout, 2-8 feet high,
nearly simple: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or irreg-
ularly and sparingly dentate, 4-8 inches‘long, upper ones sessile by a
rounded or subcordate base, lower ones abrubtly contracted into a short

BALSA MORRHIZA COMPOSITA 339

winged pele heads few, on long peduncles; rays wholly wanting: disk

brownish, ovoid to oblong, becoming 1-2 inches long; its chaffy bracts

paberalent at tip: achenes 2 lines long, with conspicuous coroniform sca-

prions pappus. Woods along streams, Oregon to California and the Rocky
ountains.

40 BALSAMORRHIZA Hook. Fl. i, 310 (under Heliopszs).

Low perennial herbs with scape-like stems from thick tere-
binthine roots, mostly radical leaves and rather large mostly
solitary heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-towered, hete-
rogamous, with fertile ray- and perfect disk-tlowers. Involucre
hemispherical or broader, of more or less imbricated bracts, the
outer loose and herbaceous, or often foliaceous. Receptacle
flat or barely convex, with linear-lanceolate chaff subtending
and partly embracing the achenes. Rays oblong or lanceolate.
with short tube; disk-corollas cylindrical. Style-branches of
perfect flowers slender, hispid, at least on the filiform appen-
dages. Achenes of the ray flattened parallel with the bracts,
oblong; of the disk prismatic-quadrangular or more or less
compressed. Pappus none.

§ Katuractis Gray Pl. Fendl. 81. Ligules becoming thin-
papery, and persistent on or very tardily deciduous from the
canescently pubescent achenes.

B. Careyana Gray 1, c. ‘‘ Cinereous-pubescent, slightly scabrous:
flowering stems a foot high, bearing 3 or 4 small lanceolate leaves and 2 to
7 racemosely disposed heads: leaves subcoriaceous, entire reticulated ; the:
radical cordate-lanceolate, a span or more in length: involucre half-inch or
more high: ligules oval, hardly inch long, abruptly contracted into a very
short but distinct tube: style-baanches of the disk-flowers subulate nd
very hisqid throughout. Sandy plains on the Clearwater Idaho, and on
the Wallawalla Washington. ;

§ 2 ArTorniza Nutt. 1. c.350 Ligules deciduous, Achenes
glabrous. Heads 1-3. Leaves entire or merely serrate, the
principal ones cordate or with cordate base and long petioled.

B. sagittata Nutt. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 350, Silvery-tomentulose
or canescent, and the involucre white-woolly; stems numerous from the
crown of the thick root, 6-20 inches high, erect or ascending, with a pair
of small linear to spatulate leaves near the middle: radical leaves from cor-
date-oblong to hastate, entire or nearly so, 4-10 inches long, the base 2-6
inches wide, on longer petioles: rays 1 to nearly 2 inches long. British
Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

B. deltoidea Nutt. 1. c. More or less pubescent or glabrate: stems
numerous from the crown of the thick root, erect or ascending, 5-20 inches
high, with a pair of small lanceolate leaves near the center: radical leaves
broadly cordate to cordately ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly deltoid,
from irregularly serrate to entire, 5-10 inches long, acute or shortly acu-
minate, very long-petioled, involucre woolly or tomentose at-base: the
bracts in 2 series, longer than the disk, linear-lanceolate, the outer lar-
gest, foliaceons, spreading: rays 12-20, 1-2 incheslong. Open ridges, Wil-
amette Valley to California.

340 COMPOSITA BALSAMORRBHIZA
WYETHIA

§ 3 Evpatsamorruiza Nutt. 1. c. Ligules deciduous. Ach-
enes glabrous. Stems monocephalus. Leaves varying from
laciniately dentate to pinnately or bipinnately divided.

~ B. terebiuthacea Nutt. 1. c. 349. Slightly and minutely if at all can-
escent: stems several from the crown of the rather small thick root, at
length 10-12 inches long and prostrate, usually wlth a pair of small opposite
linear leaves below the middle: leaves from green and glabrate to minutely
hispidulous-scabrous, at length rigid and reticulate-veiny, oblong-lanceolate
with cuneate or truncate base, 4-¥ inches long, spinulosely dentate or
sometimes crenate-dentate or laciniately-incised or even pinnatifid: invo-
lucre lanate-tomentose, about an inch high, of numerous narrow linear-
lanceolate and attenuate loose and nearly equal herbaceous bracts. On
high stony ridges, eastern Washington and Oregon to Idaho.

B. Hookeri Nutt. ]. c. Canescent with fine sericeous or more tomen-
tose pubescence but not at all hirsute: stems 4 inches to at length a foot
long: leaves Janceolate or elongated-vblong in, outline, pinnately or bipin-
nately parted into lanceolate or linear divisions or lobes, or some of them -
only pinnatifid or incised, nearly equalling the stems: involucre from
canescently puberulent to lanate; its bracte from linear to oblong-lan-
ceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or some of the outermost
ones foliaceous and loose. On high stony ridges, Washington to California
and Nevada.

B. incana Nutt. 1. c. 350. Densely white-tomentose throughout: stems
4-8 inches high: leaves oblong- or deltoid-lanceolate in outline, pinnately
or bipinnately parted or lobed, the divisions oval or oblong: bracts of the
involucre lanceolate to linear, 8-10 lines long, imbricated in 2 or 3 series:
rays 12-14, more than an inch long: chaff of the receptacle much shorter
than the flowers. On high rocky ridges, eastern Washington to California
and the Rocky Mountains.

B. hirsuta Nutt. 1. c. Roughish-hirsute or hispidulous, not tementose
nor eanescent: stems 10-16 inches high, with a pair of opposite leaves below
the middle: leaves lanceolate in outline, 4-8 inches long, short-petioled,
pinnately parted or divided, the divisions incisely toothed or again pinnat-
ifid, soon rigid: involucre 8-12 lines high, its bracts with ovate base and
long attenuate tip or linear-laneeolate, hireute-ciliate. Dry plains, British
Columbia to Californja, east of the Cascade Mountains.

41 WYETHIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philud. vii, 30.

Coarse perennial herbs with usually simple stems, alternate
mostly entire leaves and large heads of yellow flowers. Heads
many-flowered. Bracts of the campanulate involucre loosely im-
bricated in two or three series, nearly equal, foliaceous, the inner-
most smaller and resembling the chaff. Receptacle slightly con-
vex ; the chaff lanceolate, carinate, acute, as long as the flowers
and embracing them. Rays large, pistillate, sometimes with ster-
ile filaments. Disk-corollas cylindrical, elongated, with a short
proper tube, 5-toothed. Style branches in the ray-flowers glab-
rous; in the disk elongated, filiform, revolute, strongly hispid on
the inner faces. Achenes stout, elongated, 4—5-angled, terminated
with a coroniform 5-10-toothed or laciniate pappus. one or more
of the teeth usually prolonged into a rigid persistent awn.

W. helianthoides Nutt. 1. c. Stems leafy, 6-18 inches high, simple and

WYETHIA COMPOSIT Aé 341
RELIANTHELLA

bearing a single large head, or rarely 3 or 4: leaves trom oval to broadly
lanceolate, denticulateorentire mostly narrowed at base to a short margined
petiole, 4-8 inches long: bracts of the involucre numerous, narrowly lanceo-
late, hispid-ciliate, usually with more or less colored tips: rays pale yellow
to white, nearly 2 inches long: achenes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quad-
rangular or flattish, 12-nerved: pappus shorter than the width of the achene,
sometimes minute, chaffy-coroniform and cleft into few or several teeth.
In moist valleys, eastern Oregon to the northern Rocky Mountains.

W. amplexicaulis Nutt. 1. c. Glabrous and smooth throughout, balsamic-
viscid: stems stout, 1-2 feet high, simple: leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong,
entire or denticulate; radical 7-15 inches long by 3-4 broad, contracted be-
low.to a short winged petiole; upper cauline 2-6 inches long, partly clasping
by a rounded or subcordate base; leads solitary or several, short-peduncied :
involucre campauulate, about an inch high, fts bracts broadly lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, often some of the outer ones larger and foliaceous: rays 5-20,
1-2 inches long, dark yellow; achenes 3-5 lines long: pappus unequally 3-8-
toothed, one or two of the teeth often prolonged into awns. Common in wet
places, British Columbia to Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. ;

W. lanceolata. Smooth and glabrous throughout: stems assurgent, 6-13
inches long, bearing a single large head: leaves lanceolate, 2-6 inches long.
entire or obscurely dentate, all on short petioles or the uppermost barely
‘sessfle: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, 10-12 lines long, acute, or the in-
nermost acuminate: raye bright yellow 134-2 inches long: pappus a cup or
crown with very irregular laciniately cut teeth. In damp grounds, Blue
Mountains of Uregon.

W. robusta Nutt. l.c. W. angustifolia of authors as to the Oregon plant,
Moreor less villous-hirsute: stems stoutish, 1-3 feet high, mostly erect,
leafy, bearing a single large head: radical Jeaves narrow-lanceolate, 6-20 inch-
es long, petioled, often sparingly sinuate-toothed; cauline lanceolate, acute,
entire, tapering to the base, the lowest petioled: bracts of the involucre
lanceolate, very hireute, especially on the margins: pappus of 5-10 irregular
stout teeth and mostly 1-4 stout awns. Common in damp soil, western
Oregon and Washington.

42 HELIANTHELLA T. & G. Fi. ii, 333.

‘Perennial herbs with mostly simple stems, entire scattered
and sessile leaves and solitary heads with yellow ray and yellow
or purplish-brown disk-flowers. Heads many-flowered, the ray-
flowers neutral: those of the disk perfect. Bracts of the involucre
in about two series, loose, somewhat foliaceous. Chaff of the re-
ceptacle persistent, embracing the achenes. Corollas of the disk
cylindrical, elongated, 5-toothed, with .a very short proper tube.
branches of the style very hispid, more or less obtuse. Ovaries:
compressed, with one or both margins slightly winged and pro-
duced at the summit into a short auriculate and lacerate per-
sistent appendages or an aivn, sometimes with intermediate:
squameile. :

H. uniflora T. & G.1.c. ’’Minutely pubescent or somewhat scabrous
or glabrate, 1-2 feet high: leavea more commonly opposite, sometimes all
attenuate, oblong-oblanceolate, 2-6 inches long: lower short-petioled: invo-
lucre pubescent or slightly hirsute: rays a full inch long: achene more or

less ciliate: pappus a pair of long awns and rather conspicuous squemelle.
Eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains.”

342 COMPOSIT HELIANTHUS

H. Douglasii T. & G. 1. ce. Stems hirsute with spreading hairs, at least
above, 1-4 feet high, striate-angled, leafy : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish,
nearly sessile, triple-nerved, rough-pubescent, 2-4 inches long: bracts of
the involacre linear-lanceolate to subulate, 6-9 lines long: raysan inch long:
disk nearly an inch broad: achenes obovate, more or less ciliate, fringed:
pappus a ‘pair of elongated awns with more or less chaffy dilated base, or
sometimes reduced to this base, and with mostly conspicuous squamelle,
Dry grounds, eastern Oregon to British Columbia.

43 HELIANTHUS L. Gen. n. 979. [sunrLows:r.]

Erect annual or perennial herbs with simple leaves and large
heads of yellow flowers, or those of the disk sometimes brown
or purple. Involucre hemispherical or depressed; its bracts
imbricateb in several series. Receptacle flat to conic, chaffy;
the chaff subtending and more or less embracing the achenes.
Ray-flowers neutral: those of the disk perfect and fertile, with
short proper tube and 5-toothed limb. Anthers entire or min-
utely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hir-
sute appendages. Achenes thick, oblong or obovate, compressed
or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of 2 scales or awns, or sometimes
with 2-4 additional ones, deciduous.

§ 1 Annuals. Involucre spreading, its bracts attenuate to a
point. Disk-flowers brownish or dark purple. Receqtacle flat
or nearly so. Leaves petioled, 3-ribbed from or near the base,
all but the lower usually alternate.

H. annuus IJ.. Sp. if, 904. Stems hispid or scabrous, stout, branched
above, 2-6 feet high, or in cultivated forms sometimes 15 feet high: leaves
all but the lowest alternate, broadly ovate, petioled, 3-nerved, dentate or
denticulate, acute at the apex, rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent
beneath , cordate at base, 2-12 inches long: bracts of the involucre hispid and
hispid-ciliate, the outer ovate and abruptly attenuate to a stout bristle, the
inner lanceolate and attenuate: rays Janceolate, 1-2 inches long: disk an
inch or more or in cultivated plants 4-10 inches in diameter: chaff of the re-
ceptacle 3-cleft: achenes obovate-oblong, appressed-pubescent to nearly gla-
brous. Oo sandy banks and plains. Brit. Columbia to California and Minn.

H. petiolaris Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. ii, 115. Stems strigose-hispdi
or hirsute, 1-3 feet high, simple or branched : leaves all but the lowest alter-
nate. peticled, oblong or ovate to lanceolate, rough on both sides, usually

aler beneath, 1-3 iuches long, entire or denticulate, mostly narrowed at
the base to a long and slender petiole: bracts of the involucre lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, with acute and mucronate or sometimes more attenuate
tips, seldom at all ciliate: rays oblong, 12-18 lines‘long: disk 6-10 lines in
diameter: chaff of the receptacle 3 toothed, not longer than the corollas:
achenes villous-pubescent. On dry prairies, Washington to Arizona, Min-
nesota and the Northwest Territory.

H. exilis Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 545, More or less hirsute: stems
slender, 1-2 feet high, branching: leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, nearly
entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base, tapering into a short petiole: heads small,
on slender sometimes leafy-bracted peduncles: involucre loosely hirsute, its
bracts linear-lanceolate,attenuate-acuminate: rays 5-8: chaff of the receptacle
produced into an awn-like cusp which equals or surpasses the dark-purple
corollas: achenes nearly glabrous: pappus of 2 ovate-lanceolate chaffy scale,

HELIANTHUS COMPOSITA 348
COREOPSIS

In moist meadows, southern Oregon and northern California.

§ 2 Perennials. Receptacle convex to low-conical. Lower
leaves almost always opposite. Disk-flowers yellow with dark
anthers. ——

H. Nuttallii T.& G. Fl. ii, 324. Stems slender, 1-4 feet high, common-
ly simple: leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, broader toward the base
and taper BE to an acute or acuminate apex, serrulate or entire, 3-6 inches
long by 3-9 lines broad, short-petioled or subsessile, scabrous both sides,
in small plants not rarely all opposite: heads half-inch high or more:
bracts of the involucre naked, or somewhat hirsute at base, lanceolate-sub-
ulate, attenuate, fully equalling the-disk, herbaceous, loose or soon squarr-
ose-spreading: rays about an inch long: palez of the pappus long and nar-
mos In damp places, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky

ountains.

H. Cusickii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 413. Stems numerous from a
thick perpendicular resiniferous root, forming clumps, at length resting on
‘the ground in an entangled mass, about a foot long: leaves mostly altern-
ate, linear-lanceolate, entire, obtusish, attenuate at base but sessile: invo-
lucre abont half-inch high, its linear-lanceolate bracts hairy-ciliate. acu-
minate, lax: rays 1-1}¢ inches long: achenes glabrous: palex of the pap-
pus oblong-lanceolate. On dry hills and sage-brush plains, eastern Oregon
and Washington.

H. vtoserosa L. Sp. ii, 906. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE). Stems usually
pubescent or hirsute, 5-10 feet high, branching at the top: leaves mostly
alternate on the branches and on the upper part of the stem, ovate or sub-
cordate sometimes oblong, acuminate, thick-membranaceous, dull green.
minutely pubescent and occasionally cinereous beneath, soon scabrous
above: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, hirsute, at
least the margins toward the base: rays 12-20, often 114 inches long: chaff
of the receptacle hirsute-pubescent on the back: achenes more or less pu-
bescent: horizontal rootstocks enlarging at the apex into tubers which are
sweet and edible. Escaped from cultivation and becoming common along
Rail Roads. '

Subtribe iv, Bidentidex Less. Syn. 229. Achenes obcompressed or
sometimes terete and the subtending chaffy bracts flat or barely con-
cave. Ray-flowers ligulate, neutral or wanting; disk—flowers herma-
phrodite and fertile. Style-tips of the disk-flowers produced into a
cusp or cone or sometimes truncate.

44 COREOPSIS L. Gen. n. 981.

Annual biennial or perennial herbs with mostly opposite leaves
and long-peduncled heads of yellow, pink or brown ray-flowers.
Involucre usually hemispheric, its bracts in 2 distinct series, all
united at base, those of the outer series commonly narrower aud
shorter than the inner, Receptacle flat or slightly convex, chaffy,
the chaff flat or concave. Ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk
perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tube and broader 5-
toothed limb. Anthers mostly entire at base. Style-tips trun-
cate or subulate. Achenes flat, orbicular to oblong, winged or
wiugless.

C. Atkinsouiana Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1379. Glabrous throughout:
blininae: stems stoutish, 1-4 feet high, with numerons opposite branches

344 COMPOs!T& COREOPSIS
{IDENS

leaves usually all opposite, the lower bipinnately parted or divided, with
linear lobes; the upper trifoliolate, with entire linear leaflets, or the upper-
most linear and entire: heads numerous, in open cymes: bracts of the in-
voluere more or less scarious-margined, the outer lanceolate to subulate,
about a line long; the inner broad-ovate and 2-4 lines long: rays 8-10 lines
long by half as broad, yellow with brown base, obtusely 3-lobed at the
summit; disk-flowers dark purplish-brown: achenes elliptical, distinctly
winged, crowned with 2 short subulate often deciduous teeth. In damp
meabows along rivers, Oregon to Brit. Columbia

45 BIDENS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 932.

Annual or perennial herbs with opposite lower leaves and mostly
large heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate or hemi-
spheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct or united at base, the outer
often foliaceous and much larger than the inner. Receptacle flat
or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers Rays
when present, neutral, mostly entire. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile,
with tubular 5-toothed corollas. Anthers entire or minutely
sagittate at base. Style-branches with short or subulate tips.
Achenes flat, quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, oblong or
linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate barbed or hispid awns.

B. frondosa L. Sp. 852. Glabrous or somewhat hairy annual: stems
erect. 2-8 feet high, branching: leaves pfnnately 3-5-divided into lanceolate
or broader sharply serrate and pinnately veiny commonly petiolulate leaf-
lets or the uppermost undivided: heads usually numerous, peduncled,
about 6 lines high: involucre campanulate, beconiing hemispheric, its
outer bracts more or less foliaveous, often much exceeding the ovate-lance-
olate, scabrous-margined inner oncs: rays none or rudimentary and incon-
spicucus: achenes flar, oval or obovate, ciliate, with 2 slender downwardiy
barbed awns. Moist places mostly along streams, O.egon to Brit. Colum-
bia and across the Continent.

B. cernua L. Sp. 832. Annual: stems glabrous or setulose-hispid, I-3
feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregulerly sharply ser-
rate, 3-6 inches long, sessile and commonly somewhat connate-perfoliate
at base: heads numerous, 6-8 lines broad, nodding after or during flower-
ing: rays 6-12, 3-8 lines long, or more: involucre depressed-hemispheric,
its outer bracts commonly ciliate, often large and foliaceous and much ex-
ceeding the broad yellowish-margined membranaceous inner ones: achenes
flat, cuneiform, usually 4-awned, the margins aud awns retrorsely barbed.
In wet places, California to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent.

B. Beckii Torr. in Spreng. Neue Entdeck. ii, 135. Aquatic perennial;
submerged stems much elongated in deep water, simple or little branched;
submersed leaves sessile, 1-2 inches long, repeatedly divided into numer-
ous capillary segments; emersed ones few, sessile, opposite or sometimes
in 3’s, lanceolate or oblong, acute, serrate or laciniate, 6-18 lines long:
heads solitary or few, short-peduncled: involucre hemispheric, its bracts
oval or oblong. obtusish, glabrous, the outer somewhat. shorter than the
inner: rays 6-10, obovate or oblong obtuse, golden yellow: achenes nearly
terete, truncate at both ends, half-inch long: pappus of 8-6 persisteut
awns which are smooth below, the upper part downwardly barbed, In
ponds and slow flowing streams, Canada to New Jersey and Missouri: re-

ported from Green Lake, King Cu. Washington by C. V. Piper, perhaps
ljutroduced.

Subtribe v, Madiex DC. Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile, (rarely

ria

BLEPHARAPA PPUS COMPOSITAE 345

wanting ). each subtended by a bract of the usually uniserial involu-
cre which partly or completely encloses its achene. Disk-flowers
hermaphrodite, but mostly some or all of them sterile. Receptacle
chaffy throughout or of only a more or less wnited ring between the
ray- and disk-flowers,

* Scales of the receptacle distinct, chaffy-membranaceous or scari-
ous, mostly deciduous with the fruit. Bracts of the involucre merely
concave.

46 BLEPHARIPAPPUS Hooker. FI. i, 316 in part.

Low corymbosely or paniculately branched annuals with

narrow alternate leaves and rather small heads of white or purplish
flowers, Heads heterogamous. with 3-6 pistillate broad-cuneitorm
3-lobed ray- and 6-12 perfect 5-toothed disk-flowers, or some of
the central cnes sterile. Bracts of the involucre nearly in a
single series, nearly flat and almost equal. Receptacle convex,
chaffy throughout, the chaff thin and membranaceons, deciduous
with the fruit. Style in the disk-flowers long, thickened upward,
hairy, 2-cleft only at the apex, the branches obtuse and not
appendaged, or in the central sterile ones nearly entire Achenes
turbinate. silky-villous. Pappus of 10--12 linear or aristiform
pale with hyaline margins which are mostly laeerate-fimbriate
so as to appear plumose.

B. scaber Hook. 1. c. Puberulent and scabrous, and with some hispid
hairs above: stem stoutish, 4-12 inches high, loosely branched: leaves
linear, sessile, 44-2 inches long with entire revolute or involute margins:
heads short-peduncled, terminating the paniculate branches: bracts of the
involucre lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, more or less hirsute: rays much
exceeding the involucre, deeply 3-lobed, always inrolling and becoming
inconspicuous when the sun shines on them: anthers brownish-purple.
Dry plains and mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho, east
of the Cascade Mountains. ,

B. levis Gray Bot. Gaz. xiii, 73. Stem slender, 6-12 inches high,
smooth, branched: leaves linear, 5-10 lines long, sessile, the lower ones
spreading, those of the branches closely appressed: heads small, termina-
ting the filiform branchlets: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 2-3
lines long, scabrous: rays 3-4 lines long, not closing in sunshine, deeply
3-lobed, often with dark-purple veins. On dry plains and hillsides,
southern Oregon to California,

* * Scales of the receptacle always present betweent the ray- and
disk-flowers, usually more or less united into a cup. Bracts of the
involucre conduplicate-infolded and embracing the laterally com-
pressed achenes.

47 ANISOCARPHUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 388.

Villous-hirsute perennial herbs with linear to lanceolate entire
or denticulate sessile leaves and numerous paniculate or corymbose
heads of flowers with yellow, rays that do not close in sunshine.
Heads many-flowered; the ray—flowers about twelve, ligulate,
pistillate, those of the disk tubular, staminate and pistillate but

346 COMPOSIT A ANISOCARPHUS
MADERIA

sterile. Bracts of the subglobse involucre as many as the rays,
carinate-complicate and enclosing the achenes. Receptacle some-
what convex, naked and smooth except the margin which is
furnished with a single series of more or less united chaffy scales
between the ray- and disk-flowers. Branches of the style in the
disk-flowers subulate, very acute, minutely hispid.. Achenes of
the ray oblong, obcompressed, somewhat incurved, glabrous, with-
out lateral nerves or angles, -crowned with a small sessile disk,
destitute of pappus; of the disk obovate with a pappus of 5-8
small fimbriate-lacerata membranaceous scales,

A. madioides Nutt. 1. c. Madia Nuttallii G-ay. Stems slender, 1-3
feet high, pubescent with white spreading hairs, glandular and paniculate-
ly branched above; leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-8 inches long, remotely ser-
rate, all but the lowest opposite: heads not very numerous, slender-pedun-
cled, about 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre 8-12, with short incon-
spicuous tips, densely glandular and hispid: rays 8-12, fan-shaped, deeply
3-lobed, 4-6 lines long: aehenes obovate-falcate, much compressed, with
their sides many-striate. Common on dry ridges in forests, Brit. Columbia
to’ California.

48 MADARIA DC. Mem. Soc. Genev. vii. 280.

Erect annuals with mostly opposite leaves and rather large
heads of showy yellow-rayed vespertine flowers. Heads many-
flowered: the ray-flowers 10-20, ligulate, pistillate, in a single
series, : those of the disk tubular, perfect but sterile by the abortion
of the ovary. Bracts of the subglobose involucre as many as the
rays, complicate and enclosing their achenes, flattish on the back
cnd with long somewhat spreading tips. Receptacle semewhat
convex, fimbriate-hirsute except the margin which is furnished
with 1 or 2 series of chaffy scales between the ray- and disk-flow-
ers. Corollas pubescent or hairy at base, the rays very conspicu-
ous but closingin sunsnine. Achenes of the rays oblong-obovate,
nearly straight, compressed, glabrous, without pappus.

M. elegans DC. lc. Madia elegans Dou. Stems stout, 1-6 feet high,
pubescent with almost pilose spreading hairs, glandular above: leaves
linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, usually more or lees serrate, sessile by a
broad base, the lower crowded in a somewhat rosulate tuft, the others op-
posite or scattered and becoming smaller upward: heads numerous fn an
open cyme: bracts of the involucre hirsute, the linear tips neaily as long

as the body: rays 12-20, 8-10 lines long, sharply 3-lobed, yellow, often with
a red or brown spot near the base: achenes rather thin and flat. On dry

hillsides, western Oregon to California,

M. corymbosa DC. 1. c. Stems slender, 6-18 inches high, simple up to
the inflorescence, pubescent with soft spreading hairs, glandular above:
leaves linear, mostly opposite, remotely serrate, 1-4 inches long: heads
rather few, in an open corymb: bracts of the involucre somewhat pilose
and glandular, the linear tips not as long as the body. On dry hills and
plains, southern Oregon to California.

49 MADIA Molina Chil. Cav. Ic. iii, 50, t. 298.

Medium-sized viscid and heavy-scented annuals with oblong or
linear entire or denticulate sessile leaves and sessile or short-pe-

MADIA COMPOSITA& 347

duncled heads of yellow vespertine flowers. Heads few- to many-
flowered: the ray-flowers 1-12, rarely none, ligulate, pistillate, in
asingle series: disk-flowers tubular and perfect. Bracts of the
involucre in a single series carinate and conduplicate, each en-
closing an achene, their free herbaceous tips erect or involute.
Receptacle flat, with a single series of scales between the ray- and
disk-flowers, which are usually more or less united into a cup,
otherwise naked. Achenes linearoblong or clavate, compressed,
nearly straight, glabrous. Pappus none.

M. sativa Molina Chili ed. i, 136. Commonly robust, 1-3 feet high,
pubescent with slender somewhat viscid hairs and beset with pedicillate
glands: leaves from broadly lanceolate to linear: heads commonly short-
peduncled, 5-6 lines high? rays 5-12, 2-4 lines long: disk-achenes cuneate-
oblong, quadrangular, prominently 1-nerved on the. faces, about 2 lines
long; those of the ray somewhat falcate, obovate, l-nerved on the sides.
Oregon and California to Chili.

M. racemosa T. &G. Flii, 405. Stems rather slender, 1-4 feet high,
pubescent but not glandular, except toward the top, paniculately branch-
ed above: leaves lanceolate to linear, 1-6 inches long: heads short-pedun-
cled or sessile, somewhat racemosely disposed, 3-5 lines high: rays 2-10,
2-2 lines long: disk-achenes flattieh, not prominently nerved on the sides;
those of the rays somewhat falcate, not at all nerved on the sides. Com-
mon on plaines and hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho.

M. capitata Nutt. Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. vii, 387. M. sativa var. con”
gesta T. & G. Stems stout, 2-4 feet high, simple, or branched above, pu-
bescent with soft-bispid spreading hairs and glands: leaves linear-lanceo-
late to linear, 1-6 inches long, pubescent and hispid-ciliate: inflorescence
very viscid-glandular: heads sessile, in close capitate clusters, 6-8 lines
high: rays 6-12, 2-3 linea long: achenes of the disk almost linear, some-
what quadrangular; ofthe rays oblique-pyriform. In fields and waste
places western Oregon to California.

M. dissitiflora T. & G. FI. 405. ,, Aslender twiggy plant 6-15 inches
high: stems as well as the lanceolate-linear leaves hirsute-pubescent; the
branches glandular :. heads scattered few-flowered, scarcely 3 lines in diam-
eter, with inconspicuous rays: bracts of the involucre 5-8, very glandular:
disk-flowers 3-6: achenes all flat and_ scarcely or not at all angled on the
sides. Blue Mountains and plains of Oregon. ” :

M. glomerata Hook. Fl. ii, 24. Stems rather slender, 1-2 feet high,
simple, or branched near the top, pubescent with coarse somewhat spread-
ing hairs, glandular only near the top: leaves linear-lanceolate to linear,
1-8 inches long, often sparingly denticulate, ciliate near the base, pubescent
both sides with fine appressed hairs: heads small, in close glomerules very
viscid-glandular ; rays 1-5 or sometimes none, not surpassing the 3-5 disk-
flowers: achenes narrow, 2 lines long or more; those of the disk 4-5-angled,
of the ray flat, somewhat curvedand l-nerved on each face. Common from
Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

M. citriodora Greene Bull. Torr. Club ix, 63. Hemizonia citriodora
Gray, Stems simqle, with short-pedunculate corymbosely psnicled heads
or loosely branched and the heads more scattered, cinereously villous-hir-
sute and above with small glands interspereed: leaves narrow, mostly en-
tire: rays 8-9 exserted, greenish-yellow: scales of the receptacle slightly
united into a cup: achenes rounded on the back and with a ventral angle,
From Hood River Oregon to northern California :

348 COMPOSIT HARP ZCARPUS
HEMIZONELLA

50 HARPACARPUS Nutt. 1. c.

Small annuals with entire narrow leaves and numerous small
heads of inconsqicuous flowers. Heads few-flowered ; ray~flow-
ers 3-8, pistillate, in a single series, each enclosed in one of the
carinate-complicate and lunate bracts of the involucre: disk-
flower solitary, tubular, perfect and fertile, surrounded by a 5-
angled and 5-toothed cup formed of the united scales of the rece-
ptacle. Corollas glabrous: of the ray searcely exceeding the in-
volucre, tubular below, cleft anteriorly; of the disk funnelform,
5-toothed. Branches of the style in the disk-flower short, lan-
ceolate-oblong with barbellate-hispid margins. Achenes glabrous,
much compressed, without pappus: of the rays obovate-lunate,
gibbous, the incurved summit produced into a short ascending
beak, when mature falling with the bracts of the involucre that
enclose them; that of the disk semiobovate. straight, with a trun-
cate terminal areola, enclosed by the united chaff.

H. madarioides Nutt 1. c. Madia filipes Gray. Stem slender, 4-12
inches high, hirsute, glandular above panieulately branched: leaves alter-
nate, narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long: heads numerous, 1-2 lines high, on
long filiform peduncles: bracts of the involucre 4-8, lunate and strongly
carinate in fruit, almost destitute of free tips, hispid and glandular: bracts

of the receptacle united into a 3-5-toothed cup. Common in open woods,
Brit. Colnmbia to California.

51 HEMIZONELLA Gray Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189.

Little annuals with mostly opposite leaves and numerous small
heads of inconspicuous flowers. Heads few-flowered, heteregam-
ous; the rays 4-5, pistillate: the disk-flower solitary, or rarely
2 or 8, perfect and fertile’ bracts of the involucre herbaceous, as
many as ray-flowers, each infolded and completely enclosing its
achene but rounded on the back and usually flattish on the iuner
face. .Chaff of the receptacle an herbaceous 8-5-toothed cup
enclosing the disk-flower. Corollas glabrous or merely glandu-
lar: rays very short. Achenes obovate or fusiform, more or less
obcompressed and those of the ray incurved, the small terminal
areola oblique, either sessile or raised on a short beak. Pappus
wanting.

H. Durandii Gray |. c. Hirsute with white hairs and glandular above:
stem 1-6 inches high, diffusely much branched: leaves linear, about 6 lines
long: earliest heads usually in the forks of the branches, slender-pedun-
cled; the later ones racemose, 2-bracted at base, short-peduncled : achenes
slightly hairy ; those of the ray obovate-oblong and obcompressed, tipped

with a short inflexed beak. On dry hills and gravelly bars, Oregon to
Califoruia and Nevada.

52 HEMIZONIA DO. Prodr. v, 692.

Low annuals with alternate often crowded leaves and middle-
sized heads of yellow or white ray-flowers Heads several- to
many-flowered : rays 5-20, ligulate, 2-3-lobed, pistillate: those of
the disk tubular, perfect but sterile, 5-toothed, the teeth mostly

HEMIZONIA COMPOSITAE 349
CALYCADENIA

glandular:bearded. Bracts of the involucre in a single series, ob-
long or lanceolate, concave or convolute and partly enclosing the
ray'achenes. ‘Receptacle flat, chaffy throughout, the scales of the
outer series united Style-appendages of the disk-flowers linear
or subulate, acute, very hispid. Achenes glabrous: thosc of the
ray obovoid, gibbous or slightly obcompressed, convex on the
hack, slightly stipitate, the apex mostly oblique and terminated
with a small often papillosc exserted or beaked areola; of the disk
sterile or abortive, oblong, 5-7-nerved. Pappus none.

H. luzulefolia DC. 1. c, Tomentose-canescent: stems erect, 6-18
inches high, coryvmbosely branched above, the branches and involucre hir-
sute and somewhat viscid: leaves linear-lanceolate, silky-viJlous, not glan-:
dular, 1-5 inches long by 2-4 lines broad, the lower elongated, tapering to
the base, denticulate. 3-5-nerved, sometimes opposite: heads numerous, 3-4
lines broad, many-flowered: involucre hemispherical, its bracts rather
shorter than the disk, with short and broadish herbaceous tips: rays 5-10,

rather large, white to pinkish: scales of the receptacle united into a cup.
Open grounds and fields, southern Oregon and California.

H. Clevelandi Greene Bull. Torr. Club ix, 109. Stems stoutish, 10-20
inches high, branching from near the base, villous with long spreading
hairs, glandular above: leaves narrowly linear. 1-nerved, silky beneath:
heads racemesely or spicately disposed along the slender branches: rays
white. In fields and open places, southern Oregon and California.

58 CALYCADENIA DC. Prodr. v, 695.

Slender annuals with rigid chiefly alternate narrowly linear or
subulate 1=nerved leaves with revolute margins, the upper ones
usually terminated by a large saucer-shaped gland. Heads
many-flowered; the ray-flowers 3-5, pistillate, 3-lebéd or 3-parted,
with slender tube: disk-flowers tubular, perfect but mostly infer-
tile. Involucre leafy-bracteate at base, its bracts in a single series,
concave, partly enclosing the ray-achenes. Receptacle small, flat,
with a single series of distinct or united chaff between the ray-
and disk-flowers. Disk-flowers funnelform, 5-toothed, their style-
branches with long filiform hirsute appendages. Achenes some-
what hairy ; those of the ray obovoid-triangular, without pappus:
of the disk quadrangular, tapering to the base, infertile, with a
pappus of 5-10 chaffy and mostly awned scales.

C. truncata DO. |. ce. Hemizonia truncatt Gray. Very smooth and
glabrous: stem 1-2 feet high, simple or sparingly branched above: leaves
linear, 1-3 inches !ong, the lower ones opposite: heads campanulate, 4 or 5
lines high: bracts of the involucre ovate-oblong, boat shaped: ray-flowers
5-8, 3-lobed, the middle lobe smallest: chaff of the receptacle 7-9, lightly
united at the top into a truncate cup, at length separable: disk-flowers 10-
20, with a pappus of 7-10 oblong and somewhat erose-fimbriate pointless
paleze much shorter than the achenes, sometimes obsolete. On dry plains,
southern Oregon to California.

C. multiglandulosa DC. 1]. c. Stem simple or diffusely much branched,
1-2 feet high, strigose-hirsute: leaves mostly scattered, linear, mostly with
revolute margins, hirsutely ciliate, sessile: heads numerous, terminal
on short lateral branchlets, campanulate, 4 lines high: bracts of thé Invo-
lucre linear,ybristly-ciliate, with numerous tack-shaped glands on their

350 COMPOSITA CENTROMADIA
; LAGOPHYLLA

backs: rays white, fan-shaped, 3-lobed, their achenes glabrous or glabrate,
short: pappus of the disk-flowers shorter than the achenes, of 10-12 unequ-
al palese, 5 of them oblong to lanceolate. On dry plains, southern Oregon
to California.

54 CENTROMADIA Greene Man. 196.

Rigid branching annuals with some of the lower leaves pin-
' natifid and the uppermost clustered around the sessile heads.
upper leaves or their lobes pungently pointed. Heads many-
flowered ; ray-flowers pistillate, numerous and in more than one
series; disk-flowers perfect but mostly sterile. Bracts of the in-
volucre rounded on the back, concave and partly enclosing the
ray-achenes, acuminate and pungently pointed. Receptacle con-
ical or convex, chaffy, all the disk flowers being subtended by
narrow and mostly quite distinct chaffy scales. Ray-achenes
turgid, obovate-triangular, very oblique, the terminal areola from
the summit of the inner angle or face, and by gibbosity common-
ly intraapical, raised on a little apiculation.

C. Fitchii Greene 1. c. Villous-hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset
witb small scattered tack-shaped glands: stem stoutish, 6-20 inches high,
branching: leaves linear or subulate, 2-3 inches long, acute and pungently
pointed, some of the lower ones once or twice pinnately parted: heads
numerous, terminating the branches: bracts of the involncre subulate:
rays yellow, narrow, their achenes obovate-triquetrous: chaff of the convex
receptacle soft and pointless, villous: disk-achenes sterile. with a pappus
of 8-12 linear pales, fringed or bearded at tip, somewhat united at base.
Dry plains, southern Oregon to California.

55 LAGOPHYLLA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 390.

Slender much branched annuals with narrow leaves and mid-
dle-sized heads with yellow, white or pink ray-flowers. Heads
few-flowered; rays about 5, pistillate; disk-flowers 5 or 6, perfect
but sterile. bracts of the involucre as many as ray-flowers, her-
baceous, the margins infolded and enclosing their achenes. Re-
ceptacle flat, fimbrillate-hirsute in the centre, chafly at the mar~
gin between the ray- and disk-flowers, the chaffy scales 5-6, in a
single series, distinct. Achenes smooth, without pappus: of the
rays oblong-cuneiform, compressed, . straight, nearly flat and
obscurely angled on the back.

L. ramosissima Nutt. 1.c. Stem slender, paniculately much branched,
6-30 inches high: leaves entire, canescent with soft silky pubescence; rad-
ical and lowest cauline obovate-spatulate: upper Janceolate or linear-ob-
tuse, the short ones subtending the crowded heads linear-oblong, densely
ciliate with very soft villous hairs: heads three lines high, crowded in small.
and at length rather scattered irregular clusters: bracts of the involucre
3-4 lines long, comose-ciliate: rays yellow, closing in sunshine: achenes ob-
ovate-oblong, carinate down the inner face. Common on dry plains and
hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho.

; 56 LAYIA H.& A. Bot. Beech. 148,
Low annual or biennial herbs with mostly ‘opposite leaves and

middle-sized heads of yellow or white flowers. Heads many-
flowered, the ray'flowers 10-15, pistillate: those of the disk tubu-

LAYIA COMPOSITA 351
ACHYRACH ENA

lar, perfect. Bracts of the involucre equal, in a single series, the
base convolute and enclosing the ray~achenes, foliaceous above,
Receptacle flat, pubescent, with a row of chaffy scales between the
ray: and disk-flowers. Style-branches of the disk-flowers filiform
very acute, hairy above, at length exserted and recurved. Achenes
of the ray glabrous, linear-oblong, more or less obcompressed,
somewhat -incurved, crowned with a small protuberant areola,
destitute of pappus: of the disk linear-clavate, angled, appressed:
pubescent or villous, with a pappus of 10-20 equal bristles or
snbulate awns which are naked and scabrous: serrulat above and
plumose or villous with long weak hairs toward the base.

L. glandulosa H. & A. 1. c. 358. Stems 4-12 inches hign, diffusely
branched, hispid or hirsute and with dark stipitete glanis above: leaves
linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, the lower ones often more or less pinnati-
fid: heads solitary at the end of the branches, campanulate, 6 lines high;
its bracts linear-oblong: rays 8-14, bright white, 6-8 lines long, 3-lobed:
chaff of the 1eceptacle lanceolate, equalling or exceeding the disk-flowers:

pappus 10-20 stout bristles, copiously villous. Sandy-banks and barren
grounds, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho, east of the Cascade Mts.

L. Douglasii H. & A. 1. c. ’’ Low, sparsely hirsute or hispid, a few
small stipitate glands on the upper leaves and involucre; radical leaves pin-
natifid-dentate; upper linear and entire: rays rather short, broad, 3-cleft:
lobes of disk-corollas hirsute outside: achenes narrow, those of the disk vill-
ous-pubescent: pappus of about 10 minutely ecabrous linear-subulate flat
pales, nearly equalling disk-corollas; their margins toward the base scan
tily beset with long and straight villous hairs. Gravelly banks, between
the Dallee and Great Falls of the Columbia River, Douglas.

57 ACHYRACHANA Schauer, Del. Sem. Hort. Vratsil 1838.

A low annual with chiefly alternate leaves and middle-sized
heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. Heads many-
flowered ; the ray-flowers 6-10, with 3-cleft ligules much shorter
than its filiform tube, little surpassing the disk; disk-corollas
slender, 5-toothed. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of lanceolate
thin-herbaceous bracts: chaff of the receptacle similar but thin-
ner, only between the disk- and ray-flowers, distinct. Achenes
all clavate, with attenuate base, symmetrical, 10-costate; those of
the ray slightly obcompressed, rounded at apex and with slightly
protuberant areola ; those of the disk mostly fertile, the truncate
apex bearing a large pappus of 10 clongated-oblong obtuse silvery
scarious pales, the 5 inner as long as the corolla and achene, the
alternate outer ones shorte.

A. mollis Shauer1.c. Villous-pubescent and slightly glandular-viscid:
stems erect, 6-16 inches high, branching: leaves alternate or the lowest
opposite, narrowly linear, 2-4 inches long, sessile, entire, or the lowest la-
ciniate: heads solitary, long-peduncled, terminating the stem and fastigiate
branches, an inch or less long: pappus 3 lines long. in fruit when dry
spreading and forming a globular silvery-chaffy head. In fields and open
places, southern Oregon and western California,

Tribe v, HELENIOIDE B. & H. Gen. ti, 167. Heads hete-~
rogamous and the liqulate ray flowers mostly fertile, or homogamous;

352 COMPOSIT

the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, rarely some infertile, with
regular 4-5-toothed tubular corolla. Receptacle naked, or fimorillate.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or membranaceous, not scartous.
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with either truncate or,
appendiculate tips. Pappus paleaceous or aristiform, or sometimes
plurisetose, but the bristles when capillary always more or less rigid.

SuprriBe 1, JaumieE®. Involucre of broad bracts, imbricated in
two or more series.
68 Jaumea_ Involucre campanulate: leaves opposite, connate at baae,
narrow, fleshy.
Sustrwe 1 HeLenie# Involucre hardly at all imbricated ;
its bracts when bruad nearly equal or in a single series. :
* Achenes linear or linear-cuneate, 4-angled or compressed, but not
with cartilaginous margins
+ Receptacle conical or convex, rarely flat: involucre of few or sev-
eral erect appressed or united herbaceous bracts.
++ Rays few, very short and included, rarely conspicuous, or none.
569 Lasthenia Receptacle conical: Bracts of the involucre united into a
10-15-toothed cup: pappus none.
++ 4+Rays exserted and spreading.
60 Baeria Receptacle high-conical, minutely muricate: bracts of the in-
volucre distinct, flat, in a single series.

61 Eriophylium Receptacle fiat toconical: involucre many-flowered, its
bracts strictly erect, not membranaceous, more or less carinate-concave
in fruit and partly embracing the subtending achene: pappus of nerve-
less and mostly pointless pales,

62 Bahia Receptacle small, mostly flat: involucre 12-20-flewered, its
bracts not colored nor scarious-tipped, plain or merely concave, not
embracing achenes: pappus of several scarious palee with callous-
thickened opaque base.

63 Hymenopappus Receptacle flat: involucre many-flowered, its bracts
mostly appressed, with scarious-membranous and usually colored tips:
pappus of 10-20 mostly hyaline obtuse palex.

+ + Receptacle flat: bracts of the involucre narrow, chiefly linear.
++ Heads with regular ligulate and pistillate rays.

64 Rigiopappus Involacre campanulate, rather many-flowered: rays
short and inconspicuous: pappus of 4-5 rigid paleaceous awns.

++ ++ Rays wanting but the marginal corollas sometimes enlarged.

65 Chenactis Involucre campanulate o: hemispherical: pappus of blunt
hyaline ecales, rarely wanting.

++ ** + Ray-flowers ligulate and pistillate, mostly conspicuous.

66 Hulsea Involucre hemispherical, very many-flowered, of numerous
linear bracts; pappus of 4 short hyaline blunt and nerveless pales.

* * Achenes turbinate or obpyramidal: disk-flowers all fertile.
+ Involucral bracts erect or appressed ; achenes hirsute or villous.

JAUMEA COM POSIT AU 353
LASTHENIA

67 Actinella Rays 8-12, pistillate: involucre of numerons bracts: recep-
tacle conical or convex: pappus of 5-12 hyaline pales.

+ Bracts of the involucre or their tips spreading or reflexed:
rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed: pappus of hyaline usually awn-pointel paleze.

68 Helenlum Rays commonly fertile: receptacle wholly naked.

69 Gaillardia Rays neutral: receptacle with sone rigid awns among the
flowers: achenes involucrate with villous hairs.

Subtribe i, Jawmiex. Involucre of broad bracts, imbricated in
two or more series. Ligules not persistent. Aehenes 5-angled or
terete, several-nervred. Many-flowered heads, in ours, radiate and
the rays fertile. ,

58 JAUMEA Pers. Syn. Pl. ii, 367.

Herbs or suffruticose plants with opposite entire leaves and
terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre cam-
panulate, ite bracts fleshy or membranaceous, the outer shortest.
Corollas glabrous. Receptacle naked. Style-branches pappillose
or hairy, lanceolate or short-eonical at tip. Achenes all alike,
linear, 10-nerved, more or less angled. Pappus in exotic species
of narrow pointed or awned 1-nerved palez, in ours none.

J. carnosa Gray Bot. Wilkes, 360. Glabrous perennial: stems procum-
bent or ascending, herbaceous, leafy, 6-18 inches long; leaves spatulate-
linear, almost terete, very fleshy, about an inch long, sessile and connate
at base: heads erect, on short peduncles, 6 lines high: rays 6-10, linear,
not surpassing the disk: receptacle conical, smooth and fleshy: achenes
glabrous, destitute of pappus. In salt-marshes along the coast, Brit. Co-.
lumbia to California.

Subtribe ti, Heleniex Cass Involucre hardly at all imbricated;
its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single series. Ligules not
persistent. Disk-flowers numerous, with 5 or rarely 4 teeth or lobes.
Achenes few-nerved or angled, or more numerously striate-angled
only when turbinate or puriform.

* Receptacle conical, beset after the achenes have f tilen by project-
ing points. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, in ‘one or rarely two
series, commonly broad, sometimes cupulate-connate. Achenes nar-
row, from oblong to linear, usually tapering to the base, few-nerved
and angled or nerveless, not callous-margined.

59 LASTHENIA Cass.

Glabrous and smooth annuals with opposite entire sessile
leaves and rather small heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches. Heads radiate, or discoid by the diminuation of the
ligules; disk-flowers all fertile. Involucre a single series of
herbaceous bracts united by their edges into a 5-15-toothed cup.
Disk-corollas 4--5-lobed, with rather slender tube and dilated
throat. Achenes linear or narrowly oblong, compressed, slightly
2-3-nerved or nerveless, nearly marginless. Pappus of 5-10
subulate firm palez, or none.

354 COMPOSITE BAERIA
ERIOPHYLLUM

L. glaberrima DC. Prodr. v, 664. Somewhat fleshy: stems ascending.
6-12 inches long: leaves elongated-linear: heads on long peduncles which
are elongated at the summit, nodding in flower: involucre about 15 toothec,
corollas all shorter than the minutely puberulent oblong-linear achenes:
pappus of 5-10 rigid pales, two or three of them with subulate or short-
awned points, the others erose or lacerate. In saltmarshes along the coast
of Oregon and California.

60 BAERIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. t. 7.

Low plauts with opposite sessile leaves, and slender-peduncled
heads of yellow flowers. Heads mostly many-fowered, with 5-15
conspicuous rays. Bracts of the campanulate or hemispherical
involucre as many as rays, plain or becoming somewhat carinate
at least below. Receptacle subulate to conical. Tips of the style
truncate-capitate, with or without a central apiculation, to ovate,
sometimes with a cuspidate appendage. Disk-eorollas with slen-
der tube as long or longer than the campanulate 5-lobed limb.
Achenes clavate-linear to linear-cuneate. Pappus a few pale or
paleaceous awns or both, often wanting.

B. aristosa. B. gracilis var. aristosa Gray. Slender annual 3-10 inches
high, strigose-pubescent: leaves linear, entire, mostly opposite: involucre
3-+ lines high, of 8-10 broadly lanceolate to ovate acute bracts: rays as
many as bracts, ligulate, lanceolate, obtnse: achenes linear-oblong, with
pappus of 4-5 sma!] pales with awns gradually and slightly widened down-
ward and as long asthe achene. Dry open places. southern Oregon and
California.

* * Receptacle flat or comvex. Achenes from linear to obpyra-
midal, rarely 5-angled, Flowers (with few exceptions), all fertile.

61 ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spe. 28.

Floccose-tomentose or rarely glabrate herbs (rarely suffruti-
cose), with alternate or partly ‘opposite leaves, peduncled or
sometimes sessile heads of mostly yellow flowers. Involucre
many-flowered, from hemispherical to oblong, commenly epual-
ling lhe disk, of one or sometimes two series of oblong or narrow-
er firm—herbaceous or coriaceous permanently erect bracts,
distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup: at least in fruit
concave in the centre and partially enclosing the subtending
achenes. Ray-flowers usually with broad ligules, very rarely
none. Disk-corollas with distinct and sometimes slender proper
tube. Style-tips truncate, obtuse or obscurely capitellate-conical.
Achenes narrow, from clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly
4-angled. Pappus of nerveless and mostly pointless pales.

E. stechadifolium Lag. |. c. Canescent with close-pressed pannose
tomentum, at length partly denudate, 1-4 feet high from a woody base:
leaves once or twice pinnately parted into oblong or linear divisions, or the
upper ones sometimes entire, about an inch long, soon glabrate and green
above: heads 3-4 lines high, in rather loose paniculate clusters; involucre
cylindraceous-campanulate, of 8-10 linear-spatulate to narrowly-oblonge
thinnish bracts: rays 6-8, only a line or so long, roundish-oval: receptacle

ERIOPH YLLUM COMPOSITAE B55
BAHIA
convex, alveolate-toothed : pappus of 8-12 oblong-linear paleze much shorter
than the linear smooth achene. Along the coast from Chetco Oregon to
southern California. :

E. caespitosum Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1167. Floccosely white-
woolly herbaceous perennial; many-stemmed from spreading root-
stocks, 6-24 inches high; leaves from spatulate to cuneate or roundish
in outline, from incisely 3-5-lobed to pinnately parted, or the upper
verging to linear and entire, upper face often glabrate in age; invol-
ucral bracts 8-12, oblong or oval, often more or less united; rays
6-12, 6-8 lines long; tube of the disk-corollas mostly hirsute-glandular
and longer than the oblong scales of the pappus. Common from
Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains.

E. achillaeoides Greene Man. 207. E. caespitosum var achillaeoides
Gray. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high: leaves pinnately parted or cleft into
3-5 narrow laciniately incised or pinnatifid divisions: heads somewhat
corymbosely collected and rather short-peduncled: involucre hemispherical,
3-4 lines high, of 9-13 narrow bracts: rays 9-13, 6-8 lines long, usually
narrow: achenes sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Southern Oregon to
California.

E. leucophyllum Bahia leucophyllum DC. Lanuginose-tomentose
throughout: stems 6-12 inches high, branching from the base, naked above:
leaves oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, 3-cleft or lobed at the apex, or
somewhat pinnately incised or the upper linear and entire: heads solitary,
long-peduncled; involucre campanulate, 4-5 lines high, of about 8 oblong
bracts; rays oblong: achenes glabrous: pappus of 4 oblong or lanceolate
acutish scales and as many alternate smaller ones. Dry plains, Alaska to
California.

E. lanceolatum. Surculose-stoloniferous: stems slender, 8-12 inches
high, simple, bearing a single large head or few-flowered cyme, floccose-
woolly: leaves lanceolate and entire, or the lower ones spatulate and spar-
ingly dentate toward the apex, 6-12 lines long, densely white-tomentose
when young: involucre 5-6 lines high, very densely white-tomentose, of
10-15 lanceolate bracts: pale of the pappus acute, fimbriate-laciniate. In
marshy places, Siskiyou Mountains near Ashland, Oregon.

E. integrifolium Greene-Fl. Fr. 444 Bahia integrifolia DC. Low, often
dwarf, cespitose, 3-10 inches high: leaves from narrowly spatulate and en-
tire to more dilated and 3-lobed, floccosely hoary; heads rather long
peduncled; involucre cylindrical, of 6-8 narrowly oblong bracts: achenes
glabrous, rarely somewhat glandular-atomiferous near the summit: palez
of the pappus mostly of the same length, about equalling the very glan-
dular but not hirsute corolla-tube. Brit. Columbia to California and the
Rocky Mountains: usually only on the highest mountains,

E. gracile Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xix, 25. Loosely floccose-woolly ;
stems slender, 9-15 inches high; leaves narrowly linear and entire; heads
on long, slender peduncles; involucre nearly 4 lines high, campanulate,
of about 10 oblong bracts; rays about 8; receptacle nearly flat, alveolate-
dentate; achenes slender, glandular, 2 lines long; palee of the pappus
oblong or quadrate. Southern Idaho on Snake river.

62 BAHIA Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30.

Suffruticose or herbaceous plants with opposite or alternate,
and small or middlesized heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches. Involucre hemispherical or obovate, lax or open in
fruit, many flowered: the plain wholly herbaceous bracts distinct,
in a single, or rarely double series. Receptacle small, mostly flat.
Lobes or teeth of the corolla short. Style-tips truncate or obtuse,

356 COMPOSITAE HY MENOPAPPUS
RIGIOPAPPUS
Achenes narrow, quadrangular. Pappus of several scarious scales
with callous-thickened opaque base, rarely wanting.

B. oppositifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii, 376. Herbaceous perennial;
stems densely cinereous, much branched, 4-12 inches high, very leafy;
leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 6-18 lines long, palmately 2-5-
parted into linear obtuse or obtusish, entire segments, finely cinereous on
both sides; heads short-peduncled: involucre campanulate, or becoming
hemispheric, its bracts oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose: rays 5-7, short:
achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pubescent: pappus of 4-8 spatulate to
lanceolate pales with thickened bases. Dry plains, eastern Oregon to
Nebraska and New Mexico.

B. nudicaulis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 27. “Cihnereous-puberulent
and glabrate, upper part of the scapiform stem and involucre minutely
glandular, a span or two high: leaves nearly all radical, oval or spatulate-
oblong (an inch or more long), tapering into a slender petiole: heads soli-
tary, or few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly half-inch high:
involucre hemispherical, of about 10 oblong bracts: rays 6-9, oblong: pap-
pus fully half the length of the cuneate linear sparsely hairy achene; the
thin margins of the paleze of the pappus erose and the short-excurrent awn
barbellate-hispidulous. Wind River Mountains N. W. Wyoming.” To be
looked for in Idaho.

63 HYMENOPAPPUS L’Her. Michx. FI. ii, 103.

Perennial or biennial herbs with sulcate-angled erect stems,
alternate mostly once or twice pinnatifid or parted leaves, and
corymbosely cymose or solitary pedunculate heads of yellow or
white flowers. Involucre campanulate, many-flowered, of 6-12
mostly appressed bracts with scarious-membranaceous usually
colored tips. Rays none. Disk-corollas numerous, all alike, with
narrow tube, abruptly dilated throat and reflexed or widely spread-
ing lobes. Style-branches with short and thick conical appendages
Achenes obpyramidal, 4-5-angled, with attenuate base, the faces
1-3-nerved. Pappus of 10-20 thin-scarious and mostly hyaline
obtuse scales; sometimes very short or obsolete.

H. filifolius Hook. Fl. i, 317. Perennial from a deep woody root:
stems usually tufted, 10-24 inches high, woolly when young, densely leafy
toward the base, usually naked and sparingly branched above; leaves
rather rigid once or twice or the radical thrice pinnatifid into very nar-
rowly linear or filiform divisions their margins soon revolute: heads few
or solitary, 4-6 lines high; bracts of the involucre oblong, usually densely
woolly, with whitish or purplish tips; corollas white to yellow, its reflexed
lobes very much shorter than the throat: achenes densely villous: palex
of the pappus short. Brit. Columbia to California, New Mexico and Ne-
braska, east of the Cascade Mountains.

64 RIGIOPAPPUS Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 548.

Small slender annual with opposite leaves and small heads of
yellow flowers terminating the branches. Heads inconspicuously
radiate. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, of numerous narrowly
linear rather rigid herbaceous bracts which are somewhat invo-
lute at maturity; many-flowered. Receptacle flat. Ray-flowers
5-15, the corolla with slender tube and oblong entire or 2-tooth-
ligule, not surpassing the disk. Disk-flowers more numerous,

CHAENACTIS COMPOSITAE ae 357
HULSEA

their corollas small, with short proper tube, elongated narrow
throat and 8-5 short erect teeth. Anthers included. Style-
branches with short and linear glabrous stigmatic portion, and.
larger slender-subulate hispidulous appendage. Pappus nearly
similar in ray and disk, of 3-5 rigid and wholly opaque paleace-
ous naked awns, rarely obsolete.

R. leptocladus Gray |. c. Stem slender, 6-12 inches high, paniculately
or subcorymbosely branched: branches commonly filiform, elongated and
leafless below, smooth, bearing solitary heads: leaves all alternate very
narrowly linear, sessile, erect, entire, those of the branches near the heads,
small and subulate: involucre 3 lines high: flowers yellow but often
changing to purple or whitish: pales of the pappus two-thirds the length
of the achene, 3-5, rarely only 2 or 1 or none. Dry plains east of the
Cascade Mountains, Brit. Columbia to California.

65 CHAENACTIS DC. Prodr. v, 659.

Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants with alternate mostly
pinnately dissected leaves and pedunculate solitary or sometimes’
cymosely disposed heads of yellow white or flesh-colored flowers.
Head discoid, but the marginal flowers commonly with enlarged
limb to the corolla. Involucre many-flowered, campanulate or
hemispherical, its bracts linear, erect, equal, herbaceous to the.
tip. Receptacle flat. Corollas with short tube, long and narrow
throat, and short teeth; or in the marginal ones of some species
with larger lobes or even imperfect palmate ligules forming a
kind of ray. Anthers mostly partly exserted. Style-branches
pubescent nearly throughout, filiform or with attenuate-subulate
tips. Pappus of hyaline nerveless palez or none.

C. Nevii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 30, Slender winter annual 4-10
inches high, puberulent throughout: leaves 6-12 lines long, once or twice
pinnately parted into linear-oblong divisions: heads rather short-pedun-
cled: involucre campanulate, 4-6 lines high, of 12-20 lanceolate acute or
acuminate herbaceous bracts: corollas yellow, the marginal ones but little
larger than the others: achenes terete, clavate, surmounted by a short
and thick obscurely denticulate crown, which is an epigynous disk rather
than pappus. Near Muddy Station, John Day valley, Oregon.

C. Cusickii Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, Supp. 452. Very low, diffusely
branched, floccose-tomentose, soon glabrate: leaves rather fleshy, all entire,
spatulate-linear: peduncles short: bracts of the involucre broadly linear,
midrib obscure: flowers white, the marginal ones enlarged: pappus of 10
linear-oblong nearly equal palee about the length of the tube of the co-
rolla. Sandy hills of the Malheur valley, Baker Co., Oregon.

C. stevioides H. & A. Bot. Beech. 353. Floccose-tomentose, glabrate
in age, seldom a foot high, freely and loosely branched, bearing numerous
somewhat cymosely disposed heads of white flowers on short slender ped-
uncles: leaves once or twice pinnately parted into short linear lobes, the
uppermost rarely entire; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, obtuse,
with obscure midrib: marginal corollas with moderately enlarged un-
equally 5-lobed limb, not surpassing the disk: palez of the pappus scarcely
thickened at base, those of the inner flowers oblong-lanceolate and shorter
than the corolla, of the outer ones ovate or oblong, often’ ‘unequal, some-
times much shorter. ‘Southern Idaho to Nevada and Utah.

358 COMPOSITAE HLULSEA
ACTINELLA

C. Douglasii H. & A. 1. c. 354. Pubescent with a fine somewhat floc-
cose or pannose tomentum, or sometimes early glabrate: stems stout, 6-18
inches high, paniculately branched: leaves mostly of broad outline, and
bipinnately parted into crowded short obtuse divisions and lobes: heads
6-9 lines high, in large plants numerous and corymbosely cymose: bracts
of the involucre linear or spatulate, obtuse: marginal corollas not dis-
tinctly larger nor different from the others; palee of the pappus from
linear-ligulate to narrowly oblong, 4-6 lines long. Rocky hillsides and
dry plains, Brit. Columbia to California, Montana and New Mexico,

Var. alpina Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, 341. “Dwarf, 3-5 inches high,
consisting of a rosette or thick tuft of leaves with very close divisions, and
naked or scapiform stems, bearing mostly solitary heads surmounting the
subterranean branches of a multicipital perennial caudex or rootstock.
Alpine region of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains.”

66 HULSEA T. & G. Bot. Mex. Bound. 98.

Viscid-pubescent and balsamic-scented herbs with alternate
mostly sessile leaves and solitary or scattered large heads of yel-
low flowers, or the rays sometimes purple. Involucre many-
flowered, hemispherical, its thin herbaceous bracts in 2-3 series.
Receptacle flat. Rays numerous, ligulate but sometimes short
and inconspicuous; disk-corollas with proper tube slender, but
shorter than the cylindraceous throat. Style-branches short and
with thickened obtuse tips. Achenes linear-cuneate, compressed
or somewhat tetragonal, soft-villous. Pappus of mostly 4 trun-
cate wholly hyaline scales.

H. nana Gray Pacif. R. Rep. vi, 76, t. 13. Villous-hirsute when
young: stems stoutish, bearing a single large head, 2-8 inches high, from a
long branching rootstock: leaves mostly radical, 1-2 inches long, oblong-
spatulate, pinnatifid or incised, mostly tapering below to a margined peti-
ole: involucre 6-8 lines high, of lanceolate acute bracts: rays about 30,
broadly linear, 6-8 lines long: scales of the pappus usually longer than the
breadth of the achene, incisely or fimbriately lacerate. In volcanic ashes
and scoriz, Mount Adams, Washington, to Mount Shasta, California.

67 ACTINELLA Pers. Syn. ii, 469.

Mostly low herbs with alternate narrow or narrowly lobed
leaves and slender-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Heads (in
ours), radiate. Involucre many-flowered, campanulate or hemi-
spherical, its bracts in two or more series, somewhat herbaceous
or coriaceous, often rigid, the outer ones sometimes united. Re-
ceptacle from conical to convex, naked. Rays fertile. Style-
branches of disk-flowers dilated, truncate and somewhat penicil-
late at tip. Pappus of 5-12 thin and mostly hyaline scales with
more or less manifest costa, or none.

A. Richardsoni Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil, Soc. vii, 379. Stems tufted
from a multicipital perennial caudex, 8-12 inches high, obscurely puberu-
lent or nearly glabrous, woolly in the axils of the radical leaves: upper
leaves mostly once and the lower twice ternately parted into long and sim-
ple filiform-linear rather rigid lobes: involucre campanulate, 2-3 lines high,
6-9 angled, the 6-9 outer bracts strongly carinate, united below: rays cune-
ate, 2-4 lines long: scales of the pappus attenuate-acuminate. Plains of
eastern Oregon to Nevada, Utah and the Saskatchewan.

HELENIUM COMPOSITAE 359
GAILLARDIA

68 HELENIUM L. Sp. 886.

Erect herbs with alternate simple leaves and pedunculate heads
of usually yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered. Bracts of the
involucre subulate or linear, herbaceous, spreading or soon re-
flexed, usually some inconspicuous short scarious interior ones.
Receptacle more or less elevated, naked. Disk-corollas usually
with short or almost obsolete proper tube and 4-5 toothed limb;
the teeth obtuse, glandular-pubescent. Achenes turbinate, 8-10-
costate. Pappus of usually 4-6 thin scarious scales.

§ 1 OxyLeris Gray Proc. Am. Acad. ix, 205. Rays fertile,
numerous, long and narrow. Disk-corollas with moderately long
proper tube. Bracts of the involucre numerous, in 2 series.

H. Hoopsii Gray Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 95. Slightly tomentose or
pubescent when young, soon glabrate:_stem stout, 1-3 feet high, from a
strong perennial root, leafy bearing several or sometimes solitary large
heads: leaves thickish, entire, oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate
with long tapering base, somewhat nervose: rays becoming inch long,
tardily reflexed: disk half to three-fourths inch high, hemispherical: re-
ceptacle in fruit ovoid-hemispherical: scales of the pappus ovate-lanceo-
late, long attenuate-acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla.
Eastern Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains.

§ 2 EuHELENIUM Gray Proc. Am. Acad. ix, 205. Involucre
comparatively simple and small, of slender linear or subulate often
unequal bracts, soon reflexed. Rays fertile, rarely sterile or
wanting, soon drooping. Disk-corollas with proper tube very
short or reduced to a mere ring.

H. autumnale L. Sp. ii, 866. Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent:
stems rather stout, 2-6 feet high, corymbosely branched above, narrowly
winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves: leaves lanceolate to ovate-
oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-5 inches long, dentate, narrowed below to
the sessile base: heads numerous, on long peduncles: bracts of the in-
volucre densely canescent: rays 10-18, drooping, as long or longer than the
globose yellow disk, fertile, 3-cleft: achenes pubescent on the angles: pap-
pus-scales ovate, acuminate or aristate, often lacerate or toothed. Wet
grounds and meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the eastern States.

Var. grandiflorum Heads larger: rays 8-12 lines long: scales of the
pappus narrower and longer awned. Common in wet meadows, Washing-
ton to Californa, west of the Cascade Mountains.

H. Bigelovii Gray Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 107. Almost glabrous: stems
simple or loosely branched, 2-3 feet high, conspicuously winged: leaves-
from narrowly- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, 2-6 inches long; the radical
oblong-spatulate, long-petioled: heads solitary, on very long peduncles;
rays 10-15, 8-10 lines long, spreading, longer than the depressed globose
yellow disk: scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate or subulate, awn-pointed,
shorter than the corolla. In marshes, southwestern Oregon to California.

69 GAILLARDIA Fougeroux Mem. Acad. Sci. Par. 1786, 5, t. 1.

Erect herbs with alternate leaves and long-peduncled heads of
showy flowers. Involucre broad, the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all
but the inner series largely foliaceous or herbaceous and lax.
Rays neutral, rarely styliferous and fertile or none. Disk-corollas

360 COMPOSITAE GAILLARDIA

with short narrow tube, enlarged cylindraceous throat and 5 ovate-
triangular to subulate teeth or lobes which are beset with jointed
hairs. Style-branches with a penicillate tuft at the summit of
the stigmatic portion, thence produced into a filiform or shorter
appendage. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with setiform or
subulate or rarely small dentiform fimbrille among the flowers.
Achenes turbinate, 5-costate, covered’ with long villous hairs
which usually rise only from its base. Pappus conspicuous, longer
than the achene, of 5-10 hyaline-scarious scales, with a costa
mostly excurrent into an awn.

G. aristata Pursh Fi. ii, 573. Pubescent with jointed hairs: stems 1-2
feet high, few to many from the crown of a thick perennial root: leaves of
firm texture, lanceolate or broader, or the lower spatulate, from entire to
laciniate dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid mostly obtuse, 2-5 inches long:
bracts of the involucre lanceolate or narrower, callous at base, more or
less hirsute; rays all yellow, in the larger heads 18 lines long, neutral;
disk-corollas brown, the subulate acute lobes tipped with a seta or cusp,
externally beset with long hairs; scales of the pappus slender-awned: fim-
‘brillae of the receptacle setiform, surpassing the villous achenes. Stream-
banks and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota.

Tribe vii ANTHEMIDEAE Cass. Opusc. iti, 161, Heads
homogamous with the flowers all tubular and hermaphrodite or
more commonly hetcrogamous with the pistillate flowers ligulate
and radiate or sometimes with corolla reduced to a tube, or obso-
lete. Receptacle either naked or with some chaffy bracts. Bracts
of the involucre imbricated, wholly or partly dry and scarious or
scale-like, not foliaceous, seldom herbaceous. Anthers without
tails at base. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite. flowers trun-
cate, and sometimes with obscure conical tips. Achenes usually
small and short, with no pappus, or a paleaceous crown, or a circle
of squamellae.

* Receptacle with chaffy bracts subtending some or all of the disk-
flowers: heads radiate or the rays wanting in certain species: involucre
of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shorter:
receptacle convex to oblong: style-branches truncate-penicillate.

70 AwnTHEMIS Involucre broad: rays large: achenes 4-5-angled. or 8-10-
ribbed.
71 Achillea Involucre narrow: rays small: achenes obcompressed. _
* * Receptacle without chaff or bracts among the flowers.

* Heads comparatively large, radiate, or rarely discoid, pedunculate
and solitary at the summit of the branches,

72 Matricaria Flowers in our species all alike and perfect: receptacle
high-conical: achenes angled, truncate at the apex.

73 CHRYSANTHEMUM Rays numerous and conspicuous: receptacle flat or
convex: achenes several-ribbed or angled.

* * Heads sessile, discoid, heterogamous; pistillate flowers most
numerous, apetalous, their achenes pointed with an indurated persistent
style. :

74 Sortva Rays none: receptacle flat: achenes obcompressed, with rigid
wings or callous margins, sessile.

ANTHEMIS COMPOSITAE 361
ACHILLEA’

* * * Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, heterogamous: pistillate.,
flowers apetalous: style deciduous. .

75 Coruta Rays wanting: receptacle flat or convex: achenes raised on
pedicels,
+ + + *© Heads discoid, heterogamous, the few pistillate flowers
with tubular 2-3-toothed or lobed corolla, or sometimes homogamous:
style deciduous.

76 Tanacetum Heads corymbosely cymose or glomerate, many-flow-
ered: achenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-angled, with broad truncate summit :
anther-tips broad and mostly obtuse.

77 Artemisia Heads paniculately disposed, small: achenes obovate or
oblong, mostly with a small epigynous disk: anther-tips pointed.

70 ANTHEMIS L. Sp. 893.

Annual or perennial herbs with pinnatifid or dissected alter-
nate leaves and usually large heads of both tubular and ligulate
flowers on peducles terminating the branches. Involucre hemi-
spherical, many-flowered, of comparatively small imbricated
bracts the outer successively shorter. Receptacle convex to ob-
long, chaffy at least toward the summit. Rays pistillate and
fertile or neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, yellow, their
corollas with 5-cleft limb. Anthers obtuse and entire at base.
Achenes terete, 4-10 angled or ribbed, glabrous, the truncate
summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or dentiform
pappus.

A. Coruta L. Sp. 894. Unpleasant-scented annual, 1-2 feet high, dif-
fusely branched: leaves finely tri-pinnately dissected: receptacle conical,
with bristly bracts only near the centre: rays mostly neutral, white:
achenes 10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate. Common along roadsides and
waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

A. arvensis L. Sp. 894. Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid: stems
usually much branched, about a foot high, the branches decumbent at
base: leaves once or twice pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate acute
lobes: heads rather long-peduncled: bracts of the involucre obtuse, whitish-
scarious: receptacle conical, its bracts acuminate-lanceolate: rays white:
achenes oblong, obtusely 4-angled: pappus a mere crown. In fields and
waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

71 ACHILLEA L., Sp. 898.

Perennial herbs with erect leafy stems, alternate leaves and
small radiate heads corymbose at the ends of the stem and
branches. Involucre campanulate or obovoid, of small imbri-
cated bracts, the outer shortest. Receptacle conical to oblong,
chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, short and broad. Style-
branches truncate. Anthers obtuse and entire at base. Achenes
oblong or obovate, obcompressed, callous-margined, glabrous.
' Pappus none.

A. Millefolium L. Sp. 899. From villous-lanate to glabrate: stems

simple or corymbosely branched above, 1-2 feet high: leaves narrowly
oblong or lanceolate in outline, 2-10 inches long, bipinnately dissected into

362 COMPOSITAE MATRICARIA
CHRYSANTHEMUM

numerous small linear to setaceous-subulate divisions: heads numerous,
crowded in a fastigiate cyme; involucre oblong, its bracts pale or some-
times fuscous-margined or wholly brownish: rays 4-6, 2-3 lines long and
broad, white to rose-color: receptacle at length elevated. Very variable,
perhaps as here defined includes several species. Common from Alaska
to California and across the Continent.

72 MATRICARIA L., Sp. 890.

Herbs with finely once to thrice dissected alternate leaves
and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers with white rays when
present. Heads small to rather large, radiate, or discoid and
homogamous by the absence of ligulate pistillate flowers. Re-
ceptacle conical or ovoid, rarely lower when young, without
bracts among the flowers. Achenes glabrous, 3-5-ribbed or nerved
on the face or sides, rounded on the back. Pappus none, or a
mere coroniform border.

M. discoidea DC. Prodr. vi, 50. Glabrous annual: stems 4-18 inches
high diffusely branched, very leafy: leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into
short linear acute lobes: heads numerous, all short-peduncled: bracts of
the involucre oval, with broad white scarious margins and green centre,
much shorter than the disk: receptacle high-conical: achenes oblong,
somewhat angled, with an obscure coroniform margin at the summit. In
yards and waste places Alaska to California and the Eastern States.

73 CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Sp. 888.

Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate dentate incised or
dissected leaves’ and large heads of both tubular and ligulate
flowers. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts ap-
pressed, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Recep-
tacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked. Rays pistillate, fertile.
Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with terete or 2-winged tubes
and 4-5-cleft limb. Achenes 5-10-ribbed, or nerved, terete, or of
the ray 3-angled. Pappus none or a scaly cup.

C. LeucanTHEMUM L. Sp. 888. Glabrous or sparingly puberulent: stems
1-3 feet high, from a creeping perennial rootstock, simple or sparingly
branched: radical leaves ovate to spatulate, coarsely dentate or incised,
narrowed below to long slender petioles; cauline spatulate, the upper grad-
ually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately dentate or incised,
partly clasping at base: heads long-peduncled, broad and flat: rays white,

an inch long: pappus none. Becoming common in meadows and waste
places. Naturalized from Europe.

74 SOLIVA Ruiz. & Pav. Prodr. 113, t. 24.

Small depressed herbs with mainly alternate petioled pinnately
dissected leaves and small heads of greenish flowers sessile in
the axils or forks of the branches. Heads discoid, heterogamous ;
the apetalous pistillate flowers most numerous; a few hermaphro-
dite but mostly sterile ones with a short and thick 2-6-lobed corolla
in the centre. Involucre of 5-12 nearly equal bracts in not more
than 2 series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes obcompressed,

SOLIVA COMPOSITAE 363
COTULA
with rigid wings or callous margins which are commonly spinu-
lose-pointed at summit and the apex armed by the spiniform per-
sistent style. Pappus none.

S. sessilis Ruiz & Pav. 1. c. Villous or the leaves glabrate: stems
slender, 2-4 inches high, branched: leaves thrice divided, primary divi-
sions 2-5, petiolate, parted into 3-5 narrow lanceolate lobes: heads de-
pressed, achenes broadly obovate, thin-winged, spinulose-pointed at the
summit, in some the wings reduced to an acute margin: style persistent,
long and stout. Moist ground near the coast, Chetco, Oregon, to Califor-
nia and Chili.

75 COTULA L. Gen. n. 968.

Low herbs with alternate lobed or dissected leaves and slender-
peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered, dis-
coid, heterogamous. Bracts of the involucre greenish, in about
2 ranks. Pistillate flowers in 1-2 rows, apetalous, with deciduous
style; disk-flowers with 4-toothed corollas. Achenes raised on

_pedicels at maturity, obcompressed, commonly thick-margined
or narrowly winged, in our species. nearly or quite destitute of
pappus.

C. coRoNoPIFoLIA L. Sp. 892. Somewhat succulent, nearly glabrous:
stems ascending, 4-12 inches long: leaves lingulate-linear, laciniate-pin-
natifid, or the uppermost entire, with clasping or sheathing base: heads
much depressed, 4-6 lines broad: pistillate flowers a single row, on flat-
tened pedicels their achenes bordered with a thick spongy wing, notched
at both ends; disk-achenes with wings reduced to a thickened border.
hae seonad near the coast, Oregon and California. Naturalized from

ustralia.

C. austratis Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 128. Somewhat pubescent: stems
slender, diffusely branched: leaves bipinnately dissected into linear lobes:
heads small; pistillate flowers in 2-3 rows, their achenes distinctly pedi-
celed; those of the disk less so. Coast of California and Oregon. Nat-
uralized from Australia.

76 TANACETUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 944.

Herbs or suffruitcose plants with alternate variously dissected
leaves and solitary or corymbose heads of yellow flowers. Heads
many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and perfect, with
3-5-toothed corolla, or the marginal ones pistillate with more or
less oblique or imperfectly ligulate corolla. Bracts of the invo-
lucre imbricated, in few or several ranks. Styles deciduous.
Achenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-angled, with broad truncate summit,
bearing a coroniform pappus or none.

§ 1 Robust erect perennials, leafy to the top. Leaves 2-3-
‘pinnately dissected into very numerous divisions and lobes often
with interposed small ones on the main rhachis. Receptacle flat,
quite naked. Pappus coroniform-dentate.

T. vulgare L. Sp. 844 (Tansy). Glabrous or somewhat pubescent:
stems’ 1-3 feet high, usually simple up to the inflorescence: leaves 4-12
inches long, pinnately divided into linear-oblong pinnatifid or incised seg-
ments, the lobes acute, usually serrate: heads numerous, crowded in a

364 COMPOSITAE TANACETUM
ARTEMISIA
corymbiform cyme, 2-4 lines broad, depressed-hemispheric: marginal co-
rollas inconspicuous, terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb. Roadsides and
waste places. Escaped from gardens,

T. Huronense Nutt. Gen. ii, 141. Villous when young, sometimes
glabrate: stems 1-2 feet high, from long running rootstocks: leaves lance-
olate in outline, 2-8 inches long, twice or thrice pinnately divided into
linear or oblong divisions: heads large, the disk convex, 4-6 lines broad;
marginal corollas with flattish tube and 3-5-lobed limb, which often ex-
pands into a cuneate ligule. On sand banks along the coast, Alaska to
California, the Great Lakes and the coast of Maine to Hudson Bay.

§ 2 Low perennials. Stems, slender, more naked above, bear-
ing rather small globular heads. Leaves less dissected, or entire.
Receptacle convex or conical. Achenes usually utricular, with-
out pappus.

T. potentilloides Gray Proc. Am. Acad. ix, 204. Silvery-sericeous:
stems decumbent or ascending, 4-12 inches long, herbaceous to the ground,
the naked summit bearing a few slender-peduncled heads: radical leaves
numerous, petioled, 1-3 inches long, bipinnately or tripinnately parted
into rather few mostly linear lobes; cauline leaves few, sessile, more sim-
ple: heads 3-4 lines in diameter, in small paniculate corymbs; bracts of
the involucre roundish-ovate or obovate: receptacle densely fimbrillate-
hirsute. Alkaline plains southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California.

T. canum Eaton Bot. King 179, t. 19 f. 8-14. Silvery with minute close
tomentum: stems erect from a shrubby base, 6-12 inches high, leafy to the
top: leaves sessile, 6-12 lines long, spatulate and entire, or some of them
cuneate and 2-3-lobed: heads 2 lines in diameter, congested in small ter-
minal clusters: involucre cup-shaped, of about 12 ovate scarious-margined
concave bracts in 2 rows: receptacle conical, not hirsute. On cliffs and
rocky hills, southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California.

77 ARTEMISIA Tourn. L. Gen. a. 945.

Bitter aromatic herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and small
paniculately disposed commonly nodding heads of yellow or
whitish flowers. Heads few to many-floweréd, small, wholly dis-
coid; heterogamous the pistillate flowers with small and slender
tubular corolla, and the hermaphrodite either sterile or fertile;
or homogamous with the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile.
Involucre imbricated in few or several rows. Anthers commonly
tipped with subulate-acuminate appendages. Achenes obovate or
oblong, mostly with small epigynous disk and no pappus.

-§ 1 Dracuncutus Besser Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. viii, 97. Heads:
heterogamous; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite but sterile, their
styles mostly entire and peltate-penicillate at tip. Receptacle not
hairy.

* Achenes and flowers beset with long cobwebby crisp hairs; spines-
cent undershrub. ;

A. spinescens Eaton Bot. King, 180, t. 19, f. 15-21. Stems stout and
densely branched, rigid 4-18 inches high, white tomentose: leaves 2-4 lines
long, pedately 3-5-parted, the divisions 3-lobed: heads globose, racemosely
glomerate on short and leafy branchlets which become slender persistent
spines: bracts of the involucre 5-6, broadly obovate, obtuse: pistillate flow-

ARTEMISIA - COMPOSITAE 365

ers 1-4, with truncate corolla; the hermaphrodite sterile flowers 4-8, their
corollas ventricose-campanulate from a narrow base, 5-toothed: achenes
oblong-obovate, On alkaline plains, southeastern Oregon to California,
Wyoming and Idaho. : ;
*'* Perennial herbs without spines: heads many-flowered: recepta-
cle hemispherical or ovate: achenes nearly glabrous.

A. Canadensis Michx. Fl. ii, 129. Glabrous, or mostly with at least the
radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely or canescently silky-
pubescent: stems 1-2 feet high from a perennial root: leaves mostly bipin-
nately divided into linear or almost filiform divisions: heads very numer-
ous, 1-2 lines long, in a compound oblong or pyramidal virgate panicle:
involucre greenish, glabrous, or rarely pubescent. On rocky banks and
plains, Brit. Columbia to California dnd the Eastern States.

A. Groenlandica Wormsk. Fl. Dan. t. 1585. Stems simple, 10-16 inches
high from a stout perennial caudex: leaves silky-pubescent, radical and
lower cauline 1-2-ternately or pinnately divided into linear lobes; upper-
most linear and entire or 3-parted: heads numerous, in a somewhat loose
narrow thyrsus: involucre pilose or glabrate, pale fuscous or brownish.
On wet banks, Washington to Alaska and Hudson Bay. |

A. pedatifida Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 399. Canescent through-
out with a fine and close pubescence: cespitose with stout lignescent cau-
dex, very dwarf: leaves chiefly crowded in radical tufts and on the base of
the rather naked flowering stems, once or twice 3-parted into narrowly-
spatulate or nearly linear obtuse entire divisions: heads few, loosely spicate
or racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent, 12-15 flowered; the herma-

‘ phrodite sterile flowers with style barely 2-lobed at summit and no ovary.
Arid grounds, Idaho and Wyoming to the Rocky Mountains.

A. dracunculoides Pursh FI. ii, 742. Glabrous; stems 2-4 feet high
from a perennial root, virgately or paniculately branched: leaves mostly
entire, some of the lower ones 3-cleft or more divided, linear, 1-4 inches
long: heads very numerous in a compound and crowded or open and diff-
use panicle: involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or oblong, green,
scarious-margined: receptacle hemispheric, naked. Dry plains, British
Columbia to California, Texas and Nebraska.

§ 2 Evartemisia Gray Syn. FI. i, pt. 2, 369. Heads heterogam-
ous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, with 2-cleft style.

* Achenes obovoid or oblong, wholly destitute of pappus: receptacle
beset with long woolly hairs,

A. frigida Willd. Sp. iii, 1838. Silky-canescent and silvery: herbace-
ous from a suffrutescent base, about a foot high; simple or branching,
numerous racemously disposed heads in an open panicle: leaves mainly
twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into linear crowded lobes,
and usually a pair of simple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at the base
of the petiole: heads globular, barely 2 lines in diameter: involucre pale,
canescent, its bracts narrow and herbaceous: corollas glabrous. Idaho to
Nevada Texas Minnesota and the Saskatchewan,

“* * Achenes obovoid or oblong, with small epigynous disk, wholly

destitute of pappus: receptacle not villous. .

A. biennis Willd. Phytogr. 1794, 11. Annual or biennial: wholly glab-
rous and inodorous: stems strict 1-4 feet high, with nearly erect branches,
very leafy, bearing close glomerules of small heads in the axils from near
the base of the somewhat naked and spiciform summit: leaves 1-3 inches
long, 1-2 pinnately parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciniate or
incisely toothed lobes; or the uppermost small, sparingly pinnatifid and

368 COMPOSITAE PETASITES

78 Petasites Flowers white or purplish, the fertile ones pistillate and
more or less conspicuously radiate.

* * Heads discoid, of wholly hermaphrodite fertile yellow flowers.
79 Cacaliopsis Heads very many-flowered: anthers entire at base.
80 Luina Heads about 10-flowered: anthers sagittate at base.
81 Rainiera Heads 4-6-flowered: achenes prismatic.
* * * Heads heretogamous or homogamous: the tubular disk flow-
ers perfect and fertile, with 2-cleft style.
82 Crocidium Herbs with alternate leaves: heads radiate many-flower-
ed: flowers yellow, all fertile, involucre hemispherical or more open.
83 Tetradymia Shrubs with alternate leaves: involucre of 4-6 firm and
concave close and overlapping bracts,

84 Raillardella Herbs with alternate leaves: involucre of a single ser-
ies of linear equal bracts, their edges lightly connate below the middle:
pappus of comparatively few and usually stout plumose bristles.

85 Arnica Herbs with chiefly opposite leaves: involucre of several thin,
herbaceous equal bracts: pappus a single series of numerous capillary
“scabrous to barbellate bristles.

86 Senecio Herbs with alternate leaves: involucre of several erect her-
baceous bracts: pappus of soft-capillary merely scabrous bristles.

*Style-branches of hermaphrodite fertile flowers roundish-ob-
tuse, or at least not truncate, wholly without appendages or his-
pidity at summit. Receptacle naked, flat. Pappus-bristles merely
denticulate.
78 PETASITES Gertn. Fr. ii, 406, t. 166.

Perennial herbs with thickish and mostly creeping rootstocks
sending up scapiform foliose bracteate simple flowering stems and
ample radical leaves on long petioles in early spring. Heads ra-
cemosely or corymbosely disposed, white or purplish-flowered,
subdicecious ; those of the truly fertile plant wholly or mostly of
pistillate flowers with slender tubular and irregularly 2-5-toothed
or distinctly. ligulate corolla; in the substerile with few of these
in the margin and numerous hermaphrodite infertile ones with
2-cleft or 2-lobed style and sterile ovary in the centre. Involucre
a series of soft herbaceotis bracts. Achenes narrow, 5-10-costate.
Pappus of soft and white elongated bristles.

P. sagittata Gray Bot, Cal. i, 407. Scapes’ very scaly, 3-10 inches
high; leaves deltoid-ovate or reniform-ovate, persistently white-tomentose
beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, 4-10 inches long, their margins sin-
uate denticulate, neither cleft nor lobed: heads short-racemose, becoming
corymbose: involucre campanulate: flowers nearly white, the marginal

ones of the pistillate heads ligulate but not surpassing the disk. Wet
grounds, northern Washington to Alaska and across the Continent.

P. palmata Gray !. c. Stems very scaly, stout, 6-24 inches high:
leaves nearly: orbicular in outline, 6-18 inches in diameter, 7-11 cleft to
beyond the middle or deeper; the lobes oblong-lanceolate to oblong-cune-
ate, laciniately dentate, white-tomentose beneath, green and. glabrate
above: heads rather numerous, in a fastigiate panicle, about 6 lines high,

CACALIOPSIS COMPOSITAE 369
LUINA

Common along mountain streams, California to Alaska Newfoundland
Massachusetts New York and Wisconsin.

P. nivalis Greene Pitt. ii, 18. “ Rootstocks slender, matted, scarcely
subterranean: leaves 6-10 inches high; lamina 3 to 6 inches long, of round-
reniform or broadly cordate-ovate outline, 5-parted, the sinuses oblong and
closed, the segments of broad cuneate-obovate circumscription, deeply
3- to 5-lobed, the lobes with a few coarse angular mucronate spreading
teeth; lower face of leaves silky-tomentose, upper glabrous, deep green:
seapes about a foot high; heads a dozen or more, racemosely arranged and
long-peduncled.” Along streamlets, Mount Rainier, Washington.

79 CACALIOPSIS Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xix, 50.

Perennial herbs with palmately lobed leaves. and rather large
heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered, discoid, of wholly
-hermaphrodite and fertile flowers. Involucre hardly herbaceous,
simple, of carinately 1-nerved bracts. Corollas rather deeply
5-cleft, the cylindraceous throat rather longer than the slender
tube. Anthers much exserted, with lanceolate tips and entire base.
Style puberulent for some distance below the slightly flattish
branches. Achenes linear, glabrous, 10-striate. Pappus very co-
pious, soft and white, equalling the corolla.

C. Nardosmia Gray 1. c. Floccose-woolly, at length glabrate: stems
stout; 2-4 feet high, 2-3-leaved and bearing several loosely paniculate
heads: leaves alternate, long-petioled, round-cordate to fan-shaped, 5-9-
cleft, or rarely parted, the lobes or divisions rather broad, incisely dentate
or lobed: heads an inch high, discoid; bracts of the campanulate invo-
lucre 12-30, lanceolate-linear, acuminate, a little shorter than the disk:
corollas yellow. Open Pine woods, Washington to California.

80 LUINA Beuth. Hook. In. Pl. t. 1139.

Low herbs with simple stems, alternate entire leaves and small
heads of yellow flowers. Heads about 10-flowered, homogamous,
of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers. Involucre of 10-12
dry and rather rigid 1-nerved equal bracts. Corollas with slen-
der tube and funnelform 5-lobed limb. Anthers much exserted,
sagittate at base. Style glabrous, its flattened and linear branches
obscurely pappillose on the back, very obtuse. Achenes obscurely
10-striate, glabrous. Pappus of numerous soft white bristles
equalling the corolla.

L. hypoleuca Benth. 1. c. Stems simple, few or many from a stout
woody rootstock, white with appressed tomentum, 6-12 inches high, leafy
up to the corymbiform cyme of several small heads; leaves ovate or
oval, sessile, entire, an inch or less long, rather coraiceous, the upper
face green and glabrate, the lower densely white-tomentose; involucre
4 lines high, nearly equalling the light yellow corollas. On cliffs and
rocky places in the mountains, Brit. Columbia to California.

81 RAINIERA Greene Pitt. iii, 291.

“Stoutish upright milky-juiced: perennial, with the aspect and
inflorescence of a Nabalis, but more nearly the characters of Mes-
adenia. Heads racemose, 2 or 3 in the axil of each small bract.
Involucre simple, cylindric, of 4 to 6 firm erect bracts, Recepta-

368 COMPOSITAE PETASITES

78 Petasites Flowers white or purplish, the fertile ones pistillate and
more or less conspicuously radiate. ‘

* * Heads discoid, of wholly hermaphrodite fertile yellow flowers.
79 Cacaliopsis Heads very many-flowered: anthers entire at base.
80 Luina Heads about 10-flowered: anthers sagittate at base.
81 Rainiera Heads 4-6-flowered: achenes prismatic.
* * * Heads heretogamous or homogamous: the tubular disk flow-
‘ers perfect and fertile, with 2-cleft style.
82 Crocidium Herbs with alternate leaves: heads radiate many-flower-
ed: flowers yellow, all fertile, involucre hemispherical or more open.
8&3 Tetradymia Shrubs with alternate leaves: involucre of 4-6 firm and
concave close and overlapping bracts,

84 Raillardella Herbs with alternate leaves: involucre of a single ser-
ies of linear equal bracts, their edges lightly connate below the middle:
pappus of comparatively few and usually stout plumose bristles.

85 Arnica Herbs with chiefly opposite leaves: involucre of several thin,
herbaceous equal bracts: pappus a single series of numerous capillary
“scabrous to barbellate bristles.

86 Senecio Herbs with alternate leaves: involucre of several erect her-
baceous bracts: pappus of soft-capillary merely scabrous bristles.

*Style-branches of hermaphrodite fertile flowers roundish-ob-
tuse, or at least not truncate, wholly without appendages or his-
pidity at summit. Receptacle naked, flat. Pappus-bristles merely
denticulate.

78 PETASITES Gertn. Fr. ii, 406, t. 166.

Perennial herbs with thickish and mostly creeping rootstocks
sending up scapiform foliose bracteate simple flowering stems and
ample radical leaves on long petioles in early spring. Heads ra-
cemosely or corymbosely disposed, white or purplish-flowered,
subdicecious ; those of the truly fertile plant wholly or mostly of
pistillate flowers with slender tubular and irregularly 2-5-toothed
or distinctly ligulate corolla; in the substerile with few of these
in the margin and numerous hermaphrodite infertile ones with
2-cleft or 2-lobed style and sterile ovary in the centre. Involucre
a series of soft herbaceous bracts. Achenes narrow, 5-10-costate.
Pappus of soft and white elongated bristles.

P. sagittata Gray Bot, Cal. i, 407. Scapes very scaly, 3-10 inches
high; leaves deltoid-ovate or reniform-ovate, persistently white-tomentose
beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, 4-10 inches long, their margins sin-
uate denticulate, neither cleft nor lobed: heads short-racemose, becoming
corymbose: involucre campanulate: flowers nearly white, the marginal

ones of the pistillate heads ligulate but not surpassing the disk. Wet
grounds, northern Washington to Alaska and across the Continent.

P. palmata Gray |. c. Stems very scaly, stout, 6-24 inches high:
leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 6-18 inches in diameter, 7-11 cleft to
beyond the middle or deeper; the lobes oblong-lanceolate to oblong-cune-
ate, laciniately dentate, white-tomentose beneath, green and. glabrate
above: heads rather numerous, in a fastigiate panicle, about 6 lines high,

CACALIOPSIS COMPOSITAE 369
LUINA

Common along mountain streams, California to Alaska Newfoundland
Massachusetts New York and Wisconsin.

P. nivalis Greene Pitt. ii, 18. “ Rootstocks slender, matted, scarcely
subterranean: leaves 6-10 inches high; lamina 3 to 6 inches long, of round-
reniform or broadly cordate-ovate outline, 5-parted, the sinuses oblong and
closed, the segments of broad cuneate-obovate circumscription, deeply
3- to 5-lobed, the lobes with a few coarse angular mucronate spreading
teeth; lower face of leaves silky-tomentose, upper glabrous, deep green:
seapes about a foot high; heads a dozen or more, racemosely arranged and
long-peduncled.” Along streamlets, Mount Rainier, Washington.

79 CACALIOPSIS Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xix, 50.

Perennial herbs with palmately lobed leaves. and rather large
heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered, discoid, of wholly
‘hermaphrodite and fertile flowers. Involucre hardly herbaceous,
simple, of carinately 1-nerved bracts. Corollas rather deeply
5-cleft, the cylindraceous throat rather longer than the slender
tube. Anthers much exserted, with lanceolate tips and entire base.
Style puberulent for some distance below the slightly flattish
branches. Achenes linear, glabrous, 10-striate. Pappus very co-
pious, soft and white, equalling the corolla.

C. Nardosmia Gray 1. c. Floccose-woolly, at length glabrate: stems
stout; 2-4 feet high, 2-3-leaved and bearing several loosely paniculate
heads: leaves alternate, long-petioled, round-cordate to fan-shaped, 5-9-
cleft, or rarely parted, the lobes or divisions rather broad, incisely dentate
or lobed: heads an inch high, discoid; bracts of the campanulate invo-
lucre 12-30, lanceolate-linear, acuminate, a little shorter than the disk:
corollas yellow. Open Pine woods, Washington to California.

80 LUINA Beuth. Hook. In. Pl. t. 1139.

Low herbs with simple stems, alternate entire leaves and small
heads of yellow flowers. Heads about 10-flowered, homogamous,
of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers. Involucre of 10-12
dry and rather rigid 1-nerved eqital bracts. ‘Corollas with slen-
der tube and funnelform 5-lobed limb. Anthers much exserted,
sagittate at base. Style glabrous, its flattened and linear branches
obscurely pappillose on the back, very obtuse. Achenes obscurely
10-striate, glabrous. Pappus of numerous soft white bristles
equalling the corolla.

L. hypoleuca Benth. 1. c. Stems simple, few or many from a stout
woody rootstock, white with appressed tomentum, 6-12 inches high, leafy
up to the corymbiform cyme of several small heads; leaves ovate or
oval, sessile, entire, an inch or less long, rather coraiceous, the upper
face green and glabrate, the lower densely white-tomentose; involucre
4 lines high, nearly equalling the light yellow corollas. On cliffs and
rocky places in the mountains, Brit. Columbia to California.

81 RAINIERA Greene Pitt. iii, 291.

“Stoutish upright milky-juiced perennial, with the aspect and
inflorescence of a Nabalis, but more nearly the characters of Mes-
adenia. Heads racemose, 2 or 3 in the axil of each small bract.
Trivolucre simple, cylindric, of 4 to 6 firm erect bracts. Recepta-

370 COMPOSITAE CROCIDIUM

TETRADYMIA
cle flat, naked, bearing 4 to 6 tubular flowers; these with narrow
cylindric proper tube rather longer than the combined narrow
throat and long linear segments. Achenes prismatic, glabrous,
surmounted by a rather coarse pappus of firm sordid or brown-
ish bristles which are smooth except at the slightly thickened
and scabrous apex.”

R. stricta Greene 1. c. Prenanthes stricta Greene. Luina Piperit Robin-
son. “ Perennial, 2 feet high from simple or branching horizontal root-
stocks, glabrous, bright green, not glaucous: radical leaves 6-10 inches
long, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a winged petiole, abruptly acuminate,
coarsely and repandly dentate; cauline similar but smaller, rather numer-
ous: inflorescence a strict and dense simple raceme 6 inches long; heads
erect, their short pedicels single or in pairs; scales of the cylindrical in-
volucre about 8, purplish and with some white tomentose pubescence,
calyculate bracts obscure or none: achenes equally and obtusely 15-ribbed;
pappus pale-fuscous. Dry northward slopes, in rocky soil at the limit of
trees on Mount Rainier, Wash. ”

* * Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers either truncate or
capitellate at tip, which is either naked or penicillate or hirsute and
not rarely bearing a short conical or flattened appendage.

* Involucre lax, usually of much overlapping or unequal bracts.

82 CROCIDIUM Hook. Fl. i, 335, t. 118,

Small winter annual herbs with alternate leaves and yellow
flowers on scape-like stems in early spring. Heads heterogamous,
radiate, the flowers all fertile. Involucre hemispherical or more
open, of 8-12 nearly equal thin-herbaceous bracts. Receptacle
conical. Ray-flowers about 12, oblong, with short filiform tube;
disk-flowers with slender tube and campanulate 5-toothed limb.
Anthers with deltoid-ovate acute tips. Branches of the style short
and broad, term inated by large deltoid appendages, Achenes fusi-
form-oblong, obscurely 3-5-costate, beset with hyaline oblong pa-
pill, which detaching when wetted throw out a pair of spiral
threads. Pappus a single series of equal white barbellate bristles
which are very deciduous, commonly wanting in the ray-flowers.

C. multicaule Hook. 1. c. Flocculent woolly when young, soon most-
ly glabrate, producing many simple stems 2-10 inches long from the tuft
of cbovate or spatulate few-toothed sessile or short-petioled radical leaves;
cauline jeaves small, lanceolate to linear: heads solitary, slender-peduncl-
ed rather small but showy: bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate. Moist
places, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho,

*“* Involucre of 4-6 firm and concave close and strongly over-
lapping bracts, 4-9 flowered. Shrubs with alternate leaves.

83 TETRADYMIA DC. Prodr. vi, 440.

Low and rigid shrubs with alternate or fascicled narrow entire
leaves and rather large cymose or clustered heads of yellow flow-
ers. Heads homogamous, the flowers all tubular and perfect.
Involucre cylindrical to oblong. Receptacle flat, Corollas with

TETRADY MIA COMPOSITAE 371

RAILLARDELLA
elongated tube and lanceolate or linear spreading lobes longer
than the short campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exserted,
acutely and even caudately sagittate at base; the tips triangular-
lanceolate. Style-branches flattish, the truncate and minutely
penicillate tips terminated by a very short and low obtuse cone.
Achenes terete, short, obscurely 5-nerved. Pappus of fine and
soft minutely scabrous capillary white or whitish long bristles.

§ 1 Euterrapymia T. & G. FI. ii, 447. Involucre 4-flowered,
of 4-5 bracts. Pappus extremely copious. Achenes either very
villous, glabrate or glabrous, varying even in the same species.

T. canescens DC. Prodr. vi, 540. A hoary shrub 1-2 feet high, perm-
anently canescent with a dense and close tomentum, unarmed, fastigiately
branched: leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanceolate. an inch
or less long: heads 6-9 lines high, most of them short-pedunculate, Dry
hills and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and New Mex. east of the
Cascade Mountains.

T. glabrata Gray Pacif. R. Rep. ii, 122, t. 5. Shrub 1-4 feet high
wth slender spreading branches; whitened with loose at length deciduous
tomentum: leaves at length naked and green, primary ones slender-subu-
late, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, 6 lines long; those of the fasci-
cles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless: heads mostly short-
pedunculate- involucre often glabrate: achenes, so far as known, very
villous. £c.itheastern Oregon to Eastern California and Utah.

T. Nuttallii T. & G. Fl. ii, 447. Shrub 2-3 feet high, much branched,
woolly when young, canescent: primary leaves mostly converted into sub-
ulate s~:nes; the others densely fascicled in their axils thickish, linear-
spatuicte, obtuse, half inch long, about equalling the spines: heads fasci-
cled ard in corymbose clusters on very short peduncles. Southern Idaho
and Utah.

§ 2 LacorHamMNus T. & G. 1. c. 448. Involucre 5-9-flowered,
of 5 or 6 broader bracts. Proper pappus reduced nearly or quite
to a single series of bristles. which are covered by a false pappus
of extremely long very soft and white woolly hairs which densely

clothe the achenes.

T. spinosa H. & A. Bot. Beech. 360. Shrub 2-4 feet high; at least the
branches densely white-tomentose; branches divaricate, rigid, bearing
rigid straight or recurved spines in place of primary leaves; secondary
leaves fascicled in their axils, small, fleshy, linear-clavate, glabrous or
glabrate: heads: scattered, pedunculate, fully 6 lines high: pappus of com-
paratively rigid capillary bristles surpassing the wool of the achene. Dry
plains, eastern Oregon and Idaho to Utah California and Arizona.

“* * Involucre of several connivent-erect herbaceous equal
bracts, many-flowered. Ours herbs with the flowers all fertile.

84 RAILLARDELLA Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 550.

Acaulescent herbs with stout creeping rootstocks, bearing tufts
of entire radical leaves and a simple naked scape terminated by
a single large head of yellow flowers. Head several- to many-
flowered, homogamous; the flowers all fertile. Involucre naked
at base; of 6-14 linear equal bracts in a single series, lightly

372 COMPOSITAE RAILLARDELLA

ARNICA
united into a cup to or above the middle. Receptacle naked, flat
or barely convex. Ray-flowers with irregular and cuneate deeply
3-4-cleft fertile ligules; disk corollas with rather short proper
tube, elongated and narrow-funnelform throat and 5-toothed limb.
Style-branches elongated, hispidulous, and produced beyond the
stigmatic lines into acuminate tips. Achenes linear, flattish, stri-
ate-nerved. Pappus a single series of rather stout aristiform
plumose bristles.

R. argentea Gray |. c. Rootstock extensively creeping, somewhat lig-
nescent: leaves silvery with silky tomentum, 1-2 inches long: scapes 2-4
inches high: head narrow, in depauperate specimens 17-8-flowered, but
usually about 15-flowered: rays none. From Crater Lake Oregon to the
San Bernardino Mountains in California,

R. Pringlei Greene Bull. Torr. Club ix, 17. Scapes 12-18 inches high
from a branching rootstock or prostrate short leafy branches: leaves al-
most linear, some of them remotely serrate-toothed, glabrous, 3-4 inches
long: involucre catnpanulate, about 40-flowered, its numerous bracts but
slightly united near the base: flowers orange-yellow, 6-10 of them conspic-
tiously radiate: pappus-bristles 15-18. Subalpine in the mountains of
northern California, to be looked for in southern Oregon.

“ Involucre of several connivent erect herbaceous equal bracts,
many-flowered. Ours herbs with the flowers all perfect.

85 ARNICA L. Gen. n. 958.

Perennial herbs with erect stems, mostly opposite leaves and
comparatively large heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flow-
ered, conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. Invo-
lucre campanulate, of several thin-herbaceous oblong-lanceolate to
linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat double series. Recep-
tacle flat, sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk-
flowers with a commonly elongated hirsute tube and funnelform
or cylindraceous 5-lobed limb. Achenes linear, more or less 5-10-
costate or angled. Pappus a single series of numerous rather
rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to barbellate.

* Radical leaves mostly cordate at base, on slender sometimes
winged petioles: rootstocks slender and creeping.

_* Rays wanting, or rarely some rudiments; cauline leaves _some-
times by disjunction alternate, usually some of them petioled, irregu-
larly dentate: heads several, paniculate.

A. parviflora Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 363. “A foot high, slender,
pubescent, even the peduncles but slightly glandular: leaves narrowly
deltoid or oblong. truncate or abrupt at base, an inch or two long: involu-
cre 4 or 5 lines high, about 20-flowered; its linear bracts sparsely pubes-
cent: achenes not pubescent. minutely glandular.” From Crater Lake
Oregon to Humboldt Co. California.

A. discoidea Benth. Pl. Hartw. 319. More or less villous and viscid:
stems 10-18 inches high, rather stout: radical and lower cauline leaves
from ovate with truncate or abruptly cuneate base to cordate, not rarely
wing -petioled 2-4 inches long: involucre 6 lines high, 30-50-flowered, usu-
ally very villous and glandular; its bracts lanceolate to linear: corollas all’

ARNICA _ COMPOSITAE 373

tubular: achenes pubescent. Wooded hills in the Coast ranges, Washing-
ton to California.

A. spathulata Greene Pitt. iii, 103. “A foot high or more, stoutish,
somewhat viscidly hirsute and tomentulose, very leafy below and flotif-
erous from about midway of the stem: lowest leaves 3 to 5 inches long,
broadly lanceolate-spatulate, doubly toothed, the two or more pairs of
lower cauline more narrowly spatulate but dilated just above the inser-
tion: peduncles 6 to 10, the lowest with a pair of ovate-acuminate ‘sessile
bracts in the middle: heads campanulate, % inch high; involucre densely
woolly-hirsute and viscidulous; rays none; disk-corollas orchroleucous,
the tube hirsute, the teeth with a tuft of pilose hairs at tip: achenes
eee, minutely resinous-dotted; pappus white, barbellulate-scabrous.

regon

“ ** Rays conspicuous and elongated, rarely wanting: cauline
leaves all opposite, in 1-3 pairs, broad and usually membranaceous,
dentate or denticulate.

A. cordifolia Hook. Fl. i, 331. Pubescent or the stems hirsute and
the peduncles villous: stems 1-2 feet high, or in alpine forms 4-8 inches
high: lower cauline and radical leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, or
sometimes ovate; upper cauline small, sessile: heads few, in smaller
plants solitary: involucre 8 lines high, pubescent or villous: rays usually
an inch long: achenes more or less hirsute. Woods and high mountains,
Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

Var. eradiata Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, 381. Heads smaller, without
rays: leaves oblong-ovate, at most stbcordate. Eastern Oregon to Mont.

A. latifolia Bong. Veg. Sitch. 147, Glabrous or minutely pubescent:
stems rather slender, 6-18 inches high: radical leaves cordate or. subcor-
date and petioled, cauline 2-3 pairs equal ovate, or oval, usually sharply
dentate, closely sessile by a broad base, or lowest with contracted base:
heads one to several. on slender peduncles i in the axils of the upper leaves ;
bracts of the involucre oblanceolate with a broad base and long acumi-
nate apex; achenes usually glabrate or glabrous. In mountainous districts
Alaska to Oregon and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

A. cernua Howell. Glabrous or minutely pubescent; stems slender,
usttally solitary, 4-12 inches high, bearing a single head on a curved pe-
duncle: leaves all more or less petioled, entire or coarsely dentate, ovate
and subcordate, or the upper lanceolate with a broad cuneate base, usu-
ally not more than 15 lines long: involucre 8-10 lines long, of lanceolate
but not acuminate bracts: achenes short-pubescent. On the serpentine
formation of the Coast range, near Waldo, Oregon.

* * No cordate leaves: radical leaves ’petioled tapering or some-
times abrupt at base: root-stock usually creeping and slender.

+ Leafy to the top: cauline leaves very seldom less than 4 pairs
and the upper not conspicuously diminished: heads several or few,
in small plants solitary.

A. amplexicaulis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 480. Glabrous or
sometimes pubescent: 1-2 feet high: many-stemmed fiom matted root
stocks, rather stout, leaves from ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acute or acu-
minate, all the cauline sessile by half-clasping base, saliently and very
acutely dentate; achenes hirsute-pubescent. Along small streams and on
waterfalls, never where it becomes dry. Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

A. Chamissonis Less. in Linn. vi, 238. Few-stemmed from short
running rootstocks; from tomentulose or villous pubescent to nearly glab-
rous, 1-2 feet high, rather slender: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate.
denticulate or dentate, lowest tapering into a marginal petiole, upper broad
at base and somewhat clasping: achénes hirstite-pubescent, In the high

374 COMPOSITAE ARNICA
: SENECIO
mountains, Alaska to California, Utah, Colorado, Lake Superior and
Washington.

A. longifolia Eaton Bot. King 186. Minutely scabrous-puberulent :
stems 14-24 inches high, many from a scaly caudex: leaves in 5-6 pairs,
elongated-lanceolate, acuminate, 7-10 lines broad, entire or denticulate,
the very lowest reduced to ochreate scales, the upper pairs sessile and
slightly connate-amplexicaul, the lower with sheathing connate petioles:
heads 1-8, commonly 5, not large; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute:
achenes minutely glandular but not hispid. In dense clumps among rocks,
Powder River Mountains Oregon to the Clover Mountains Nevada and in
the Uintas above Bear River Canyon; 10,000 feet altitude.

A. foliosa Nutt. 1. c. Tomentose-pubescent, strict, leaves lanceolate,
denticulate, nervose; upper partly clasping by narrowish base; lower with
tapering base, connate: heads short-peduncled, rarely solitary; achenes
hirsute-pubescent or glabrate. Wet meadows and mountain sides, western
California to eastern Washington, the Saskatchewan and the Rocky Moun-
tains.

* + Heads rayless stems leafy even on the flowering branches.

A. viseosa Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xiii, 374. “A foot or less high,
fastigiately branching, very viscid-pubescent: leaves small (inch or less
long), ovate-oblong, entire, closely sessile but not connate at base: in-
volucre 4 lines high, considerably shorter than the 25 or 30 flowers: corol-
las pale yellow: achenes glandular-hirsute. On Mt. Shasta California, ”
perhaps in Oregon.

* + Less leafy: cauline leaves 1 or 2 rarely 3 pairs, the upper
mostly small.

** Heads rayless, mostly 3-5 and rather short-peduncled at the
naked summit of the stem.

A. Parryi Gray Am. Nat. viii, 213. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent
and above glandular, slender, simple, 1-2 feet high: leaves membranaceous,
commonly denticulate, radical oval or ovate-oblong, 1-3 inches long, ab-
ruptly or cunately contracted at base into a short margined petiole; cau-
line remote: involucre hirsute and glandular, 6 lines or less high, occas-
jonally some outermost corollas ampliate: achenes glabrous or with a few
sparse hairs. Eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains.

** +* Heads conspicuously radiate, solitary or very few, mostly
long-peduncled.

A. alpina Olin. Pubescent, hirsute or at summit villous: stems 18
inches high. Strict, simple, usually monocephalous: leaves thickish, from
narrowly oblong to lanceolate or the radical oblong-spatulate and small,
uppermost linear entire, or denticulate, 3-nerved; base of the cauline bare-
ly at all connate: achenes hirsute-pubescent, rarely glabrate. Oregon and
Washington to the Aleutian Islands, the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains Labrador and the Arctic coast.

“ ™ Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very nu-
merous bristles. Style-branches narrow, truncate or capitellate
and often bearing a bearded ring at tip which sometimes is pro-
duced into a short central cusp or obscure cone. Leaves all-al-
ternate.

86 SENECIO Tourn, L. Gen. n. 954.

Perennial herbs ; with mostly simple stems from creeping root-
stocks, bearing solitary or few usually long-peduncled and rather
large heads of yellow flowers. Head many-flowered, with pistil-

SENECIO COMPOSITAE 375

late rays; or sometimes homogamous by the absence of the rays;
the flowers all fertile. Involucre usually broadly campanulate
naked at base: the scales thin-herbaceous, lanceolate or’ linear,
equal, in one or two series. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays elon-
gated: disk-corollas with distinct and usually elongated tube and
funnelform or cylindraceous 5-lobed limb. Style-appendages
obtuse, pubescent. Achenes linear, 5-angled or 5-10-ribbed, some-
what hirsute or nearly glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather
rigid strongly scabrous or barbellate capillary bristles.

§ 1 Ours perennials with tomentose and usually floccose pu-
bescence or none, never viscid nor obviously hirsute.

* Heads more than half-inch high, very many-flowered: disk corol-
las merely, 5-toothed: heads radiate.

S. megacephalus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 410. About a foot
high, loosely floccose-woolly, tardily glabrate, leafy: leaves entire, lanceo-
late and tapering into a petiole, uppermost cauline attenuate, thickish :
heads 1-3, short-peduncled, 8-12 lines high: involucre calyculate by some
very loose and setaceous-subulate elongated accessory bracts: rays over
half inch long. Moutnains of Idaho.

* * Heads middle-sized or small, erect, mostly radiate.

* Stems herbaceous, numerously and equally leafy to the top:
leaves pinnately veined, not conspicuously reticulate, from entire to
laciniate-dentate or dissected, not narrowly linear, glabrous or very
early glabrate and smooth.

* * Low, alpine: heads few or solitary.

S. hesperius Greene. Pitt. ii, 166. Stems 4-10 inches. high from short,
spreading rootstocks, leafy only at the decumbent base; sparingly floccose-
tomentose when young, in age nearly glabrous: leaves’ thickish and some-
what fleshy, from round-oval to oblong and oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 lines
long, tapering or abruptly contracted to a short or long petiole, almost en-
tire or repandly or crenately few-toothed: head solitary half-inch high,
with the expanded rays 1 inch broad: involucre campanulate, the bracts
linear, outer calyculate ones few or none: rays 10-12 deep yellow, style
tips slightly penicillate. On the serpentine formation of the Coast range
of southern Oregon. :

S. Fremontii T. & G. FI. ii, 445. Many-stemmed from a thickish cau-
dex, 6-12 inches high, leafy to the top: leaves thickish, from rounded-ob-
ovate or spatulate to oblong, obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, some-
times even pinnatifid-dentate ; lower abruptly contracted’ into a winged
petiole; uppermost sessile by a broadish base: head half-inch high, short-
peduncled, subtended by a few short loose bractlets: rays 3-5 lines long.
Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains to Lassen Peak California and
the Blue Mountains of Oregon.

S. occidentalis Greene Pitt. iv, 122, S. Fremontii Var occidentalis
Gray. Stems many from running rootstocks, 4-12 inches high, rather
slender: leaves from round-obovate to spatulate, 6-12 lines long, those in
the middle of the stem largest and the lowest smallest, coarsely dentate:
heads 1-several, about 6 lines high: bracts’ of the involucre linear, 1-
nerved, scarious-margined, the small accessory ones setaceous to lanceo-
late, rays 4-6 lines long. On the higher mountains, Oregon to California
and the Rocky Mountains.

S. streptanthifolius Greene Eryth. iii, 23. “Only a foot high, or even
less, from clustered leafy perennial rootstocks, glabrous throughout, some-

876 COMPOSITAE SENECIO

what fleshy-coriaceous and glaucous: leaves 1 to 1% inches long, orbicular
to obovate and oblong-obovate, rather long-peduncled, the’ margin from
merely repand-denticulate to more conspicuously though sparingly
toothed: heads less than % inch high, in a loose unequally-branched
corymb terminating the remotely bracted stem; both disk and ray flowers
very light yellow. On dry wooded banks in Beaver Canon, Idaho.”

S. Gibbonsii Greene Pitt. ii, 20. Stems stout, simple, 3 feet high or
more, leafy throughout: leaves rather fleshy, short-petioled, 3 inches long
deltoid-lanceolate, acute, entire or with a few irregular teeth near the base:
heads radiate, 6 lines high, disposed in a lax somewhat dichomotous cyme:
involucre campanulate, calyculate-bracted at base. Salt-marshes at the
mouth of the Columbia river.

+ + Tall with corymbosely cymous and radiate heads: involucre
setaceously few-bracteolate, campanulate or narrower: leaves nearly
membranaceous.

S. triangularis Hook. FI. i, 332, Rather stout, glabrate, stem sim-
ple, 2-5 feet high bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corym-
biform open cyme: leaves all more or less petioled and thickly dentate,
deltoid-lanceolate or the lower triangular hastate or deltoid-cordate and
the uppermost lanceolate with cuneate base: heads about half-inch high,
involucre campanulate, mostly 25-30-flowered, the oblong-linear, rays 6-
12. In wet ground on the high mountains, British Columbia to Califor-
nia and the Rocky Mountains.

S. subvestitus Howell Eryth. iii, 35. Densely floccose-woolly through-
out: stem simple, 1-2 feet high, from short spreading rootstocks, leafy to
the top: leaves lanceolate, obscurely hastate, the lowest subcordate, all
petiolate. 1-2 inches long, strongly denticulate: heads several in a close
cyme, radiate, half-inch high, involucre campanulate, many-flowered with
or without calyculate setaceous bracts at base. In wet meadows, top of
the Siskiyou Mountains near Waldo, Oregon.

S. serra Hook 1. c. Strict, 2-4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes sim-
ple and bearing rather few, somewhat large heads. commonly branching
at summit, then bearing numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads:
leaves 4-6 inches long, all lanceolate and tapering to both ends, sessile by
a narrow base, or the lowest short petioled, usually with the whole mar-
gin thickly serrate or serrulate with very acute salient teeth: involucre
oblong-campanulate, 20-30-flowered: rays 5-8, oblong linear. Along
streams, eastern Oregon to Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado.

Var. integriusculus Gray Syn. Fl. i,Pt. 2, 386. Heads smaller (3 or
4 lines high) and narrower, fewer-flowered: leaves minutely serrate or
denticulate or the upper entire, sometimes all entire or nearly so, gen-
erally shorter and.smaller or broader and not acuminate. Common from
Eastern Oregon to California and Wyoming.

*~ * Stems either few-leaved or with upper leaves reduced in
size; the inflorescence therefore naked: none with linear leaves.

* Tall and simple stemmed, from a coarsely fibrous cluster of
roots: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, all entire or barely denticulate.

S. hydrophyllus Nutt. 1. c. Very glabrous and smooth sometimes
glaucous: stems robust 2-4 feet high, strict: leaves lanceolate with strong
midrib and obsolete veins; radical oblanceolate and stout-petioled, some-
times a foot long and nearly 2 inches wide; upper cauline sessile or partly
clasping: heads numerous in a branching corymbiform cyme, 5 lines high,
short pedicelled: involucre narrowly campanulate, slightly bracteolate, its
bracts 8-12: rays 3-6, small, sometimes none. In water or wet places,
Lea Columbia to California. Along the Columbia river. above The

alles,

SENECIO COMPOSITAE 377

++ +* Plants mostly in clumps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping
rootstocks: stems commonly robust, 1-5 feet high, bearing mostly
numerous heads in a cyme: leaves from entire to dentate, none really
cordate, nor with permanent tomentum: usually more or less woolly-
pubescent when young, often quite glabrate and green at flowering
time: heads many-flowered: rays 8-12, conspicuous.

S. Columbianus Greene Pitt. iii, 170. S. lugens in part of authors,
not of Richardson. Floccose-woolly when young, at length glabrate:
stems stout, 2-4 feet high, from a fascicle of coarse fibrous roots: leaves
thick, very variable, from oblong to lanceolate, variously dentate to ser-
rulate; the lower petioled; the upper sessile by a broad base: heads nu-
merous, in an ample cymose panicle: involucre campanulate, 6-8 lines high;
its numerous bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with or without
black tips: rays yellow, 6-8 lines long, oblong to oblanceolate. Common
on plains and hills, Brit. Columbia to California and Nebraska.

S. exaltatus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 410. Sparingly villous
when young, at length glabrous: stems stout, 2- 3 feet high, simple, naked
above: leaves thick, equally crenate-denticulate ; the radical and lower cau-
line broadly lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, on long petioles; the upper lanceo-
late, acute, partly clasping, serrate: heads small, numerous, in a compound
fastigiate cyme: bracts of the involucre linear, with pubescent purplish
or black: tips: rays 6-8, oblong, short: achenes glabrous. Plains of the
Columbia. Oregon and Washington. S. lugens var. ochroleucus Gray
appears to be a nearly white-flowered form of this.

S. cordatus Nutt. 1. c. More or less pubescent, especially toward the
base of the stem: stem solitary, 2-6 feet high, from a fascicle of fibrous
roots, sulcate angled: lower leaves cordate-ovate, repandly serrulate or
nearly entire, obtuse, on long petioles; the upper lanceolate, clasping, ser-
rate: heads numerous, in a nearly simple corymb: bracts of the involucre
about 15, linear, with pubescent black tips: rays 5-6, oblong. On sandy
hills Sauvie Island near the mouth of the Willamette River.

S. Oreganus. Glabrous throughout: stems rather slender, 2-3 feet
high, from a somewhat woody caudex: leaves from spatulate to linear,
usually narrowly lanceolate, narrowed below to a slender petiole with a
dilated base, acutish to acuminate, more or less remotely denticulate;
the lowest ones, including the petiole, 4-8 inches long; the upper ones
réduced to sessile subulate or setaceous bracts: heads 8-20, in a close
umbel the rays of which elongate forming a loose cymose panicle in fruit:
bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate or linear, acuminate, with black
tips: rays yellow, spatulate, 4-6 lines long: achenes about 2 lines long.
glabrous. In marshes bordering Lake Labish, Marion Co. Oregon.

S. foetidus. Glabrous: stems stout, log feet high, from a short hard
caudex, bearing an ample umbellate cyme of middle-sized heads: leaves
thin, lanceolate, finely denticulate; the lowest 4-8 inches long including
the petiole, acute, tapering below to a short petiole; upper ones sessile
by a broad. base, reduced upward to small bracts: involucre 6 lines high,
its very numerous linear bracts very acute, green or yellowish, often spar-
ingly hispidulous: rays 8-12, yellow: achenes short, glabrous. In swales,
Klickitat Valley Washington. This plant has a very unpleasant odor,
and my specimens that have been in my herbarium 20 years have not
lost it.

+ + ++ Leaves crowded on the matted rootstock nearly veinless:
achenes glabrous.

S. valerianella Greene Pitt. iv, 109. Glabrous: stems slender, de-
cumbent at base, 4-6 inches long, from slender densely tufted rootstocks :
leaves from round-obovoid to almost orbicular, about 8 lines in diameter,

378 COMPOSITAE SENECIO

slender-petioled, thin and delicate, lightly but rather evenly crenate; cau-
line bracts very variable, from somewhat lyrate to lanceolate or subu-
late: heads usually solitary: involucre subcampanulate, 3-4 lines high,
of numerous broad thin bracts and one or more rather broad and her-
baceous bractlets at base: rays 10 or more, broad and short, golden-yellow.
Ceeur d’Alene Mountains Idaho.
++ +t ++ +r Stems 6-30 inches high, bearing some leaves and corym-
bosely cymose heads: involucre sparingly calyculate or nearly naked
at base.
= Leaves all entire, rarely sparingly denticulate or toothed,

S. fastigiatus Nutt. 1. c. Cinereous with a fine and close pannose to-
mentum, or glabrate: stems strict, simple, 1-2 feet high, terminated by a
fastigiate cyme of several heads, or sometimes with branches terminated
with single and rather large heads: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceo-
late, obtuse, about 2 inches long, entire or sparingly dentate; upper often
linear; lower cauline, and the sometimes oblong, radical tapering into
slender petioles: heads 4-6 lines high: rays conspicuous: achenes glab-
rous. Plains of Oregon and Washington to Idaho and British Columbia.

= = Leaves from entire or serrate to pinriatifid in the same spe-
cies, none pinnately divided.

S. Purshianus Nutt. 1. c. S. Howellii Greene. Densely white tomen-
tose when young, tardily deciduous above: stems 4-10 inches high leafy:
leaves thickish, the lower ones lanceolate, from nearly entire to coarsely
dentate or pinnatifid, slender-petioled; upper leaves pinnately lobed or
parted into oblong divisions, all petioled or the uppermost sessile: Heads
few to numerous, in a rather close fastigiate cyme, 6 lines high or more;
involucre campanulate its numerous bracts lanceolate acute’ or acumi-
nate, green with white margins, minutely puberulent, the tips pubescent:
rays 6-12, elongated oblong, 6 lines long or more: achenes glabrous, light
colored prominently striate. Rocky banks Eastern Oregon and Washing-
ton to the Rocky Mountains.

S. aureus L. Sp. 870. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out; stems rather slender, solitary or tufted, 12-30 inches high: basal
leaves cordate-orbicular or reniform, crenate-dentate, very obtuse and
rounded, often purplish, 1-6 inches long, with long slender petioles; lower
stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually laciniate, pinnatifid or lyrate,
the uppermost small, sessile, somewhat auriculate and clasping: heads
several, 8-10 lines broad, 4-5 lines high, slender-peduncled, in an open
corymb; rays 8-12, golden-yellow; achenes glabrous; pappus white. In
wet places in the high mountains, Alaska to California and across the
continent. ,

S. balsamitae Muhl. Wild. Sp. 1999. Stems slender, 10-20 inches high,
woolly at the base and in the axils of the lower leaves: radical leaves
slender-petioled, oblong, rarely slightly spatulate, very obtuse, narrow at
the base, mostly thick, crenate, often purplish, 1-3 inches long, 3-6 lines
wide, their petioles and sometimes their lower surfaces persistently tomen:
tose or woolly, or glabrous throughout ; lower stem leaves petioled, lanceo-
late or pinnatifid, the upper sessile very small: heads few or several, slen-
der peduncled, 6-10 lines broad, 3-4 lines high: rays 8-12: achenes usually
hispidulous: on the angles. Dry soil, British Columbia to Washington,
Texas, Nebraska and Nova Scotia.

S. subnudus DC. Prodr. vi, 428. Very glabrous throughout: stems
often decumbent at base, simple, slender, 6-10 inches high, nearly leafless
above and usually bearing a single head: radical leaves obovate, slender-
petioled, coarsely dentate; cauline very few, sessile, oblong to linear, in-

SENECIO COMPOSITAE 379

cised or somewhat pinnatifid: involucre open-campanulate, 4-5 lines high,
of linear acute bracts: rays 8-12, elongated oblong: achenes glabrous,
striate. In marshy grounds, Cascade and Rocky Mountains.

S. elongatus Pursh FI. ii, 529. S. aureus var. borealis T. & G. Stems
10-20 inches high: leaves thickish; the radical from roundish with abrupt
or even truncate base to cuneate-obovate and cuneate spatulate, 6-12 lines
long, slender-petioled: cauline seldom much pinnatifid; heads numerous
or few, not rarely rayless: achenes glabrous. In the high mountains Brit.
Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains,

S. Adamsi. Floccose-woolly below, glabrous above except the axils of
the leaves: stems 4-12 inches high: radical leaves obovate or oblong to al-
most orbicular, crenately toothed. the blade 6-18 lines long, on slender pet-
ioles as long or longer; cauline leaves lanceolate to linear in outline, pin-
nately lobed or parted into oblong or linear lobes or divisions, sessile by
a somewhat clasping base: heads 1-12, in a close or at length open cyme:
involucre hemispherical, of numerous linear-lanceolate acute bracts, 4-5
lines long: rays 12-15, elongated oblong: achenes glabrous, about a line
long. By the base of cliffs, Mount Adams Washington.

= = = Leaves mostly once pinnately divided or parted and
again lobed or incised.

S. Bolanderi Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 362. Glabrous or early glab-
rate: stems weak and slender, 6-30 inches high from slender creeping
rootstocks: leaves thin and membraneous, mostly petioled: early radical
orbicular, subcordate, palmately 5-9 lobed or crenate-incised;others pin-
nately divided into 5-9 distinct leaflets or the upper lobes confluent with
rounded terminal one, all obtusely incised: heads several, loosely cymose
4 or 5 lines high, rays 5-8, rather long. Common along streams and
bluffs Washington to Northern California west of the Cascade mountains.

++ ++ +r ++ ++ Stems leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so
up to the top.

S. condensatus Greene Pitt. iii, 298. “Stems solitary, stout and low,
very leafy, 4 to 6 inches or rarely almost a foot high: herbage somewhat
succulent; sparsely flocculent when young: lower leaves almost as
long as the stem, spatulate-obovate; the upper oblanceolate, all ob-
tuse, crenately or more sharply dentate; heads 3 to 6, more than %
inch high, closely sessile in a large cluster among the upper leaves:
bracts of the decidedly flocculent involucre lanceolate, acuminate: rays
either wanting or few and deep yellow.” High ridges of the Blue
Mountains, Walla Walla Co., Washington, Piper.

§ 2 Annuals or biennials.

S. vutcaris L. Engl. Bot. t. 748. (GrouNpsEL.) Rather stout, branch-
ing and leafy to the top glabrate 4-16 inches high from an annual root:
leaves incisely pinnatifid the long or roundish lobes and the sinuses
sharply toothed: heads 4-5 lines high: tips of the involucral bracts and
the short calyculate ones at base blackish: rays none: achenes canes-
cently puberulent, commion in cultivated fields and moist places, flower-
ing most of the winter months. (Nat. from Eu.)

Tribe viii, CVNAROIDEAE B. & H. Gen. ti, 211. Heads hom-
ogamous tubiflorous, the flowers all hermaphrodite with equally
or sometimes unequally 5-cleft corollas, the lobes long and nar-
row, or sometimes radiatiform and heterogamous by enlargement
of the limb of marginal flowers which are commonly neutral.

380 COMPOSITAE CYNAROIDEAE

Involucre much imbricated: receptacle mostly flat or convexed,
often fimbrillate or densely setose. Anthers with tails at base
and commonly with elongated and connate cartilaginous apical
appendages, their tips distinct. Style-branches destitute of ap-
pendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly so, more commonly
united up to the simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid, but
sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent ring or node below.
Achenes thickish and hard. Pappus setose or rarely paleaceous.
Leaves alternate the teeth or margins often prickly.

SUBTRIBE I CARDUINEAE. Achenes attached by their very base.
Flowers all perfect, (except one THISTLE).
* Filaments distinct.
+ Leaves never prickly: style slender, its branches partly distinct:
filaments glabrous.

87 Saussurea Involucre obovoid to oblong; its bracts appressed and
without spinose or hooked tips pappus double, the inner series
united at base and falling together, the outer distinct and falling
separately. :

88 Aretium Involucre globular; its bracts spreading above the ap-
pressed base and hooked at tip.

* + Leaves more or less prickly: style-branches united to or near
the tip: pappus simple, its bristles united at base and falling together;
filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent: involucre globose or obovoid.
of numerous usually prickly-tipped much imbricated bracts.

89 Carduus Bristles of the pappus long and soft-plumose: receptacle
densely villous-setose.
* * Filaments united below, glabrous.

90 Silybum Involucre depressed-globose, its bracts prickly along the
margins and tapering into a widely spreading spine: bristles of the
pappus in more than one series.

SUBTRIBE II CENTAURINEAE. Achenes obliquely attached by
one side of the base or more laterally. Involucre globose or ovoid,
its bracts appressed and variously appendaged.

91 Centaurea Achenes. more or less compressed or quadrangular : pap-
pus of indefinite bristles or narrow palez.

92 Cnicus Achenes terete: pappus double, each of 10 aristiform bris-
tles.

Subtribe 1, Carduineae Less. DC. Prodr. vi, 617. Heads discoid,
homogamous, many-flowered; the flowers all similar, perfect or
dioecious. Bracts of the invodlucre imbricated in several series,
often spinose at the apex. Corollas usually curved outward, the
exterior often deeper cleft than the others. Anthers slightly or
not at all caudate. Achenes attached by their very base, gla-
brous, with a terminal areola.

87, SAUSSUREA DC. Ann. Mus, Par. xvi, 107, 1, 10-13.

Tall herbs with alternate not prickly leaves and middlesized
-heads of purple or dark violet flowers. Heads many-flowered,
the flowers all tubular, similar and perfect. Bracts of the invo-

SAUSSUREA COMPOSITAE 381
ARCTIUM ;

lucre imbricated in several series, mostly not appendaged. Re-
ceptacle flat, fimbrillate or with persistent chaff. Corollas with
slender tube, inflated throat and 5-cleft limb. Anthers with seti-
form ciliate or villous tails. Pappus double, the outer of a few
short denticulate rigid distinct bristles; the inner of a series of
stout plumose bristles which are united at base.

S. Americana Eaton Bot. Gaz. vi, 283. Stems rather stout, 2-6 feet
high, leafy to the top, lightly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, bear-
ing numerous corymbosely cymose heads: leaves membranaceous, ovate
and oblong-ovate, acute, or acuminate, denticulate or dentate: radical and
lower cauline subcordate, on slender margined petioles, 4 inches long or
more; upper sessile, with acute base; uppermost lanceolate: heads 6-10
lines high; involucre somewhat turbinate, pubescent; its bracts thin-cori-
aceous: in 4-9 ranks all pointless and obtuse, the outer successively
shorter: corollas blue or purple: receptacle naked, or bearing more or less
copious setiform chaff among the flowers. In moist places in the high
mountains, Oregon and Washington,

88 ARCTIUM L., Gen. n. 923. (Burvdocx.)

Coarse biennial herbs with broad alternate petioled leaves and
rather large heads of purple or white tubular perfect flowers,
racemose, corymbose or paniculate at the ends of the stems or
branches. Involucre globular; its bracts slender-subulate or aris-
tiform and spreading above the broader appressed base, hooked
at tip, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, densely se-
tose. Anthers sagittate at base. Filaments glabrous. Achenes
oblong, somewhat compressed and 3-angled, truncate. Pappus of
numerous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately. deciduous.

A. LAPPA L, Sp. 816. Stem stout, 2-9 feet high much branched, rough:
leaves thin, broadly ovate, pale and tomentose beneath, obtuse, entire re-
pand or dentate, mostly cordate, the lower often 18 inches long: petioles
solid, deeply furrowed: heads clustered or corymbose, sometimes long-
peduncled, 6-12 lines in diameter: bracts of the involucre glabrous or
nearly so, their spines spreading, the inner ones equalling the flowers.
Common in waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

89 CARDUUS L. Gen. n. 925. (THISTLE.)

Stout herbs with alternate usually prickly leaves and large or
middle-sized heads of purple, red, white or pale yellow flowers.
Heads many-flowered; the flowers all perfect and fertile, with
tubular corollas with deeply, often more or less unequally, 5-cleft
narrow lobes. Involucre globular, ovoid, or at maturity some-
times campanulate, the mostly narrow bracts imbricated in many
series, more commonly tipped with a spine or cuspidate point.
Receptacle flat, fleshy, densely clothed with bristles. Filaments
commonly papillose-hairy, distinct. Anthers sagittate at base,
the auricles frequently, extended with tails. Style filiform, some-
times thickened, or with a ring or node at the base of stigmatic
portion. Achenes glabrous, thick-walled, obovate or oblong, more

382 COMPOSITAE CARDUUS

or less compressed, attached by their very base. Pappus of co-
pious and rather rigid, long and plumous bristles in a single
series, connected at the very base into a ring, so that they remain
united after detaching.

§ Perennials with comparatively small dicecious heads.

C. arvensis Robs. Brit. Fl. 163. (Canapa THIstLe.) Stems 1-3 feet
high from creeping perennial rootstocks, corymbosely branching, ‘usually
glabrate and green: leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid and toothed, furnished
with abundant weak prickles: heads loosely cymose, less than an inch
high, dicecious, in staminate plants ovate-globular with the flowers well
exserted: the pistillate oblong-campanulate, the flowers less exserted:
bracts of the involucre appressed, short, ‘with very small weak prickly
points. A troublesome weed introduced from Europe: becoming too com-
mon in the Willamette Valley.

§ 2 Biennials with the flowers all perfect.

* Bracts of the involucre more or less unequal, all but the inner-
most terminating in subulate, spinose spreading appendages.

C. LANcEoLatus L. Sp. 821. (Common THISTLE.) Stems stout, 2-4 feet
high, much branched: more or less villous-hirsute: leaves lanceolate.
deeply pinnatifid with lanceolate lobes, rigidly prickly, upper face strigose-
setulose; the base decurrent on the stem into interrupted prickly wings:
heads obovoid, 1-2 inches high, terminating the stems and branches:
bracts of the involucre arachnoid-woolly, lanceolate and mostly attenuate
into slender spreading spines: corollas rose-purple. Pastures and waste
places throughout the northern United States. Naturalized from Europe.

* * Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbri-
cate, the outer successively shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbri-
ate or lacerate white-scarious tips.

C. Americanus Greene Proc. Philad. Acad. Stems rather slender, 2-4
feet high, branching above, the branches bearing solitary or scattered
naked heads, leaves white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sin-
uately pinnatifid or some nearly dentate, others pinnately parted, weakly
prickly: heads erect, one inch high; principal bracts of the involucre
naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate below, and the dilated scarious
apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate, tipped with barely exserted cusp
or mucro; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire scarious tips: flowers
ochroleucous: stronger papoiis bristles dilated-clavellate at tip. Willam-
ette Valley, Oregon to Colorado and New Mexico.

* * * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricate
nor rigid, tapering gradually from a narrow base to a slender prickly
muticose apex; outer not very much shorter than the inner, wholly
destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot.

* Some bracts of the involucre with scarious or fringed tip or mar-
gins, at least the innermost slightly or not at all prickly-pointed:
leaves not decurrent on the stem, moderately prickly.

C. remotifolius Hook. FI. i, 302. Loosely arachnoid-woolly when
young: stems 2-8 feet high: leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid,
more or less whitened by the loose tomientum beneath even in age: heads
12-18 lines high, pedunculate, scattered, naked or nearly so at base: in-
volucre lightly arachnoid and glabrate; the bracts attenuate, the outer into
a weak small prickle; the inner or some of them with a scarious entire or
sparingly lacerate tip: corollas ochroleucous, their lobes much shorter
than the throat: pappus of coarse bristles, the strongest with conspic-

CARDUUS COMPOSITAE 383

uously clavellate tips. Common on prairies Brit. Columbia to Cali-
fornia.

* * None of the involucral bracts with fimbriate or scarious-
dilated tips, but tapering into an almost innocuous weak and short
prickle or soft points: leaves green both sides, mostly membrana-
ceous, not decurrent on the stem.

C. edulis Greene Proc, Philad. Acad. 1892, 368. Stems robust and
somewhat succulent, 3-10 feet high, pubescent, leafy to the top: leaves ob-
long or narrower, from slightly to deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prick-
ly-ciliate: heads an inch high, scattered, or few in a cluster, usually
bracteose at base: involucre conspicuously arachnoid-woolly when young,
partly glabrate in age: corollas purple or whitish the lobes much shorter
than the throat, filiform in the dried state and capitellate callous at the
apex. Edge of timbered lands, Alaska to California west of the Cascade
Mountains.

C. Hallii. Cnicus Halli Gray. Glabrate and green: stems slender, 2-3
feet high leafy: leaves pinnatifid; the lobes and teeth rather strongly
prickly: heads solitary and pedunculate or 2-3 in a small terminal cluster,
more or less bracteose leafy at base: involucre sparingly arachnoid when
young, soon glabrate, the attenuate tips of all but the outermost without
rigid spines: corollas rose-purple to white; the lobes linear, plane, obtuse.
Oregon to southern California and Utah.

* * * * Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal, or the lower
not rarely about equalling the upper, most of them with more or less
herbaceous spinescent-tipped spreading upper portion and no glandu-
lar dorsal ridge.

C. occidentalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 418. Mostly stout,
2-12 feet high, very white with a thick coat of cottony wool: leaves from
sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, not very prickly: involucral bracts some-
times narrow and herbaceous acerose from a little-dilated base, sometimes
with broader more coriaceous base, or the outer with lanceolate-subulate
tips: corollas bright red or crimson: style destitute of node. Dry hill-
sides, southwestern Oregon to California.

* * * * * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed-
imbricated in numerous ranks; the outer stccessively shorter; not
herbaceous-tipped or appendaged.

* Heads oblong or cylindraceous, showy: not at all guandular
on the back; inner ones all erect and purplish-tinged.

C. Andersoni Greene |. c. Slender, rather lightly and loosely woolly:
leaves lightly prickly, sinuate-pinnatifid, rather sparse: heads naked-pe-
dunculate: involucral bracts comparatively loose and erect, all gradually
attenuate from a narrow base: outermost tipped with small weak prickles:
corollas bright pink-red, their slender lobes about equalling their throat:
style prolonged above the very obscure node. Dry hills, southwestern
Idaho to eastern California.

* * Heads broad, mostly large: involucre glabrous or early glab-
rate, the light arachnoid wool caducous, its bracts rather large, char-
taceous or coriaceous, not at all glandular on the back: anther-tips
narrow, very acute.

C. Drummondii Coville Contr. Nat. Herb. iv, 142. Green and some-
what villous-pubescent, or when young lightly arachnoid- woolly: either
stemless and bearing sessile heads in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent
and even 2-3 feet high, with solitary or several loosely disposed heads:
leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted, moderately
prickly: larger heads fully half-inch high: bracts of the inyolucre thin-

384 COMPOSITAE CARDUUS

coriaceous or chartaceous, mostly acuminate weak-prickly, pointed or
innocuous with more scarious and sometimes. obviously dilated and erose-
fimbriate tips: corollas white to rose-purple, with lobes usually shorter
than the throat. From the Arctic sea-shore to California and the Rocky
Mountains,

C. foliosus Hook. Fl. i, 303. Stems erect, robust, striate, somewhat
woolly, leafy to the cluster of a few sessile heads, 12-18 inches high:
leaves commonly elongated, linear-lanceolate, laciniately dentate, with
rather rigid prickles, arachnoid-tomentose beneath: heads broad, inch and
a half high leafy-bracteose: involucral bracts thin-coriaceous: corollas
pale or white, with lobes equalling or longer than the throat. Idaho to
the Rocky Mountains.

* * * Heads large or comparatively small: involucral bracts
closely appressed. coriaceous or thickish, commonly with a glandular
or viscid ridge, short line, or broad spot on the back near the summit.
C. undulatus Nutt. Gen. ii, 130. Persistently white-tomentose, 1-4

feet high: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or decurrent, or
the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pinnatifid the lobes dentate, trian-
gular, often very prickly: heads about 2 inches broad. nearly as high, soli-
tary at the ends of the branches: principal bracts of the involucre mostly
thickened on the back by the broad glandular-viscid ridge, comparatively
narrow, tipped with short spreading prickles: corollas rose color or pale
purple to white. with lobes equalling or longer than their throats. Dry
prairies, Brit. Columbia to Oregon, New Mexico and Lake Huron.

Var. megacephalus Greene |. c. Stouter, usually broader-leaved;
with broad heads 2 inches or more high. Idaho to Minnesota and Texas.

C. Breweri Greene |. c. 363. Usually white-tomentose, 4-10 feet high:
leaves mostly elongated-lanceolate, conspicuously prickly: heads panicu-
late, sometimes very numerous, subsessile, an inch or more high: bracts
of the globular involucre much appressed, firm coriaceous, with an oblong
or oval greenish viscid-glandular spot near the tip; outer ones ovate to
oblong. abruptly tipped with a rather slender spreading prickle: corollas
pale purple or whitish, the lobes shorter than the throat. Moist places,
southern and eastern Oregon to California and Nevada.

90 SILYBUM Gertn. Fr. ii, 308. (Mitx THIsTLe.)

Annual or biennial herbs with large alternate clasping sinuate-
lobed or pinnatifid white-blotched leaves, and large discoid heads
of purple tubular flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches,
involucre broad, subglobose; its bracts rigid, imbricated in many
series, the lower ones fimbriate-spinulose at the broad triangular
summit, the middle ones similar but armed with stout spreading
or recurved spines; the inner ones lanceolate. Receptacle flat,
densely bristly. Corollas with slender tube and deeply 5-cleft
limb. Filaments united ‘below, glabrous. Anthers sagittate at
base. Style nearly entire. Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed,
glabrous, surmounted by a papillose ring. Pappus-bristles in
several series, flattish, barbellate or scabrous.

S. Marianum Gaertn. |. vu. 378. Stout, 2-4 feet high, little branched,
glabrate or glabrous: leaves oblong-lanceolate, prickly, sinuate or pinna-
tifid. the lower often a foot long, green blotched with white along the
veins: heads about 2% inches broad: corollas rose-purple, deeply cleft:
pappus-bristles white, barbellate. Waste places and road-sides, Brit. Co:
lumbia ‘to Califorriia. “Naturalized from Europe, © ~ °° a

CENTAUREA COMPOSITAE 385

Subtribe u, Centaurieae DC, Prodr. vi.557. Achenes more or
less compressed or quadrangular. Heads globular or ovoid. Pap-
pus of indefinite, few or many, bristles or narrow paleae.

91 CENTAUREA L., Gen. n. 984.

Perennial or annual herbs with alternate leaves and large or
middle-sized heads of tubular and various colored flowers. Invo-
lucre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricated in many series, ap-
pressed, fimbrillate, or dentate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly.
Marginal flowers usually neutral and larger than the central per-
fect and fertile ones, or flowers all perfect in some species. Co-
rolla-tube slender, the limb regular or oblique, 5-cleft or 5-lobed,
the segments sometimes appearing like rays. Anthers sagittate
at base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, obtuse.
Achenes compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth and
shining, obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, sur-
mounted by a disk with an elevated margin. Pappus of several
series of bristles or scales, rarely none.

* At least some of the involucral bracts armed with a rigid spine
or prickle and also spinulose along its sides or base: cartilaginous ap-
pendages of the anthers commonly elongated and connate.

.C. catctrrapa L. Sp. 917. (Star Tuistte.) Low, much branched
diffusely spreading, green, glabrate or hairy: leaves narrow, laciniate-pin-
natifid; uppermost somewhat involucrate-crowded at the base of the ses-
sile heads: principal bracts of the involucre armed with a widely spread-
ing very long and rigid spine which bears 2 or 3 spinules on each side at
base: corollas purple or pinkish: pappus none. Vancouver Island to Cali-
fornia. Sparingly introduced from Europe.

C. Metitensis L. |. c. Stems erect, 1-4 feet high, paniculately branched,
cinereous-pubescent, somewhat woolly when young: radical leaves lyrate
pinnatifid; cauline lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, narrowly decurrent
on the branches: heads sessile or 1- or 2-leaved at base, principal bracts
of the involucre bearing a slender spreading spine of about their own
length, which is pectinately spinulose toward the base; innermost with
simply spinescent tips; outermost usually with the central spine reduced
and the spinules palmate: corollas yellow: achenes lightly costate: pap-
pus of very unequal rigid bristles or squamelle, Rather common in fields
and waste places, British Columbia to California and Arizona. Natural-
ized from Europe. :

* * Bracts of the involucre unarmed, most of them terminated
by a scarious discolored fimbriate-ciliate or lacerate appendage.

‘C. Cyanus L. Sp. 911. (Frencu Pink, Biue Borris.) Slender branch-
ing annual: stems 1-6 feet high, whitened when young with floccose
wool: leaves linear, entire, or the lower toothed or pinnatifid: heads .
naked on slender peduncles: involucral bracts rather narrow, furnished
with short scarious teeth: marginal flowers neutral, with much enlarged
radiform blue or white varying to pink, purple or brown corollas: pappus
of unequal bristles about the length of the achene. Very common in
fields Brit. Columbia to California. Introduced from Europe. 7

92 CNICUS L. Sp. 826. (BLessep THISTLE.)
Annual-herbs with alternate sinuate or pinnatifid prickly leaves,
and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers solitary at the

386, COMPOSITAE CNICUS

ends of the branches subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of
the involucre imbricated in several series, the outer ovate, the
inner lanceolate, tipped by a pinnately branched spine. Recep-
tacle bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally attached, the
horny margin 10-toothed at the summit. Pappus of 2 series of
awns, the inner fimbriate the outer longer, naked.

C. BenEpictus L, Sp. 826. Hirsute or pubescent: stems low and branch-
ing: leaves prominently reticulated, sinuate-pinnatifid or laciniate-den-
tate, the teeth or margins prickly; lower attenuate at base; upper nar-
rowly obiong. partly clasping by a broad base: heads sessile, inch and a
half high, equalled by the upper leaves: bracts of the involucre thin-cori-
aceous, in few ranks, all or most of them abruptly tipped with a spines-
cent and pectinately prickly spreading appendage: receptacle densely se-
tose with long and soft capillary bristles: corollas light yellow. In fields

southern Oregon to California and the Eastern States. Naturalized from
Europe.

Suporper II LIGULIFLORAE DC. Prodr. vii 74.

Flowers all ligulate and perfect, in a homogamous radiati-
form head.

Tribe ix, CICHORACEAE Juss. Gen. 168. Herbs (or rarely
trees) almost always with milky bitter or acrid juice, alternate or
all radical leaves and yellow pink blue or white flowers in involu-
crate heads. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite
and with ligulate corolla. Receptacle flat or flattish. Ligules usu-
ally 5-toothed at the truncate apex. Anthers sagittate-auriculate
at base, not caudate: pollen-grains scabrous, dodecahedral. Style-
branches filiform, minutely papillose, not appendaged but stig-
matic lines evident only toward the base.

§ 1 Pappus none. Receptacle naked.

* Achenes with rounded or somewhat contracted apex and small
areola.

93 Lapsana Heads paniculate: involucre erect: achenes obscurely
striate.

§ 2 Pappus paleaceous or partly so; or aristiform, or plumose.

* Caulescent herbs with small or reduced leaves on the rigid stems
or branches: receptacle not chaffy: flowers never yellow: achenes
usually short with truncate summit, not rostrate.

94 Cichorium Flowers blue: pappus of numerous very short and
blunt palez in 2 or more series.

95 Ptiloria Flowers pink or rose-color: pappus a series of plumose
bristles or rarely chaffy awns.
* * Receptacle naked: achenes iong-rostrate: pappus a series of
long-plumose bristles or awns,

§6 Tragopogon. Flowers yellow or purple: pappus a series of stout
bristles somewhat united at base into a ring.
* * * Involucre sparingly imbricated: receptacle with soft slender
chaff among the flowers: achenes either truncate or the inner ones
rostrate,

CICHORIACEAE COMPOSITAE 387

97 Hypochaeris Flowers yellow: pappus a series of fine plumose bris-
tles with or without some naked and shorter outer ones.

*~* * * Receptacle not chaffy: achenes either truncate at sum-
mit or upwardly attenuate, yet with no distinct or prolonged beak:
pappus of awned or pointed scarious palee, or of awns or bristles
with paleaceous base, or plumose.

98 Ptilocalais Perennial herbs with biennial fusiform and more or less
branching and leafy stems: pappus of 15-20 white and soft plumose
bristles with paleaceous base.

99 Microseris Annual or perennial herbs with branching leafy stems:
pappus of 4-10, usually 5 palee tapering into scabrous awns.

100 Scorzonella Glabrous perennials with leafy stems from fusiform
roots: pappus of 5-10 bristles with small paleaceous base.

101 Uropappus Acaulescent or subcaulescent annuals: pappus of 5
‘scarious bidentate awn-tipped palezx.

102 Nothocalais Acaulescent perennials: pappus of 20-25 linear-lance-

olate silvery-white palee in 2 or more series.
§ 3 Pappus of capillary bristles scabrous, rarely barbellate,
never plumous nor rose-tinted: except in Rafinesquia.
* Receptacle with or without some capillary bristles among the
flowers. :

103 Malacothrix Achenes terete: pappus soft and white, promptly de-

ciduous, mostly together.
* * Receptacle naked.
* Achenes not flattened: pappus persistent, or the bristles tardily
falling quite separately,
* Beak of the achenes none, or a mere attenuation.

104 Apargidium Heads solitary, terminating simple bractless scapes:
achenes columnar, truncate, not tapering at either end: pappus
brownish, of soft and rather fragile capillary bristles.

105 Hieracium Achenes oblong or columnar, mostly 10-ribbed or stri-
ate: pappus tawny, of rather rigid scabrous fragile bristles in a
single series.

106 Crepis Achenes from columnar to fusiform, 10-20-costate: pappus
white and soft, in 2 or more series.

107 Nabalus Achenes terete or 4-5-angled, linear-oblong or cylin-
drical: pappus of copious rather rigid capillary bristles.

108 Lygodesmia Achenes terete, linear or slender-fusiform: pappus of
copious and usually unequal capillary bristles.

** ++ Beak of the achene distinct, usually slender: heads always
erect. -

109 Agoseris Involucre more or less imbricated in more than 1 series:
achenes 10-costate or 10-nerved,

110 Taraxacum Involucre of a single series : achenes 4- or 5-costate
or angled and usually with some intervening nerves.

111 Rafinesquia Achenes terete, obscurely few-ribbed: pappus of 10-
15 slender softly long-plumose bristles, \
* + Leafy-stemmed plants with more or less paniculate heads:

achenes flattened: pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles,

388 COMPOSITAE LAPSANA
CICHORIUM

112 Lactuea Achenes with a beak or narrowed summit: pappus-bris-
tles falling separately.

118 Sonchus Achenes without beak or neck: pappus of very soft and
fine bristles which fall more or less in connection, and commonly
one or two stouter ones that fall separately.

93 LAPSANA L., Gen. n. 919.

Erect paniculately branching annual herbs with alternate
leaves and small heads of yellow flowers. Involucre nearly cyl-
indric, its principal bracts nearly equal, and with a few exterior
small ones at base: Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate 5-
toothed at the apex. Anther sagittate at base. Style-branches
slender. Achenes 20-30-nerved, somewhat flattened, with round-
ed apex and small areola. Pappus none.

L. communis L. Sp. 811. Stems 1-4 feet high, paniculately branched,
glabrous above more or less hispid-pubescent below: lower leaves ovate,
repand-dentate, obtuse, thin, pubescent or glabrate, petioled, 2-4 inches
long, often with 2-6 lobes on the petiole; the uppermost oblong or lanceo-
late, sessile, acute, much smaller, mostly entire: heads very numerous,
3-6 lines broad, loosely paniculate: involucre oblong-cylindric, 2-3 lines
high of about 8 linear glaucous connate principal bracts and several very
small outer ones. Along roadsides and moist places, Oregon and the
Eastern States. Naturalized from Europe. _

94 CICHORIUM TOURN. L. Gen. n. 921.

Erect branching herbs with alternate and radical leaves and
large heads of blue, purple, pink or white flowers panicled or in
sessile clusters along the stem. Heads several to many-flowered.
Involucre of 2 series of herbaceous bracts with coriaceous or in-
durated base; the outer somewhat spreading; the inner subtend-
ing and partly enclosing the outer achenes. Receptacle flat,
naked or slightly fimbrillate. Anthers sagittate at base. Style-
branches slender, obtusish. Achenes somewhat angled; the
broad summit bordered with a crown-like pappus of numerous
short and blunt palez in 2 or more series.

C. intysus L. Sp. 813 (cHIcory). Perennial from a long deep tap-
root: stems 1-3 feet high, with stout, rigid branches, more or less hirsute,
at least below: radical leaves spatulate in outline, runcinate-pinnatifid, 3-6
inches long, narrowed into long petioles; cauline oblong or lanceolate,
commonly dentate, those of the flowering branches mostly reduced and
scale-like, subtending solitary or clustered sessile heads, or some heads
raised on fistulous peduncles: flowers sky-blue, varying to purple or
white, open only at night or in cloudy weather. Roadsides and waste

places.
95 PTILORIA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145, 1832.

STEPHANOMERIA Nutt.

Smooth and glabrous herbs with branching or virgate often
rigid or rush-like stems, small or scale-like leaves on the flower-
ing branches, and usually paniculate small or middle-sized heads
of white to pink flowers that open only at night or on cloudy
days. Heads 3-20-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous or oblong,
of several appressed and equal plain bracts and some short caly-

PTILORIA COMPOSITAE 389
TRAGOPOGON
culate ones, not rarely with two or three of intermediate length.
Receptacle quite naked. Achenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes
with intermediate ribs. Pappus a series of plumose bristles or
rarely chaffy awns, not rarely naked toward the base.

P. tenuifolia Raf. Atl. Journ. 145, 1832. Stephanomeria minor Nutt.
Perennial, 1-2 feet high, stems slender, branches ascending bearing nu
merous small heads of pink flowers in long loose racemes: radical leaves
runcinate pinnatifid, those of the stem linear or filiform, entire, or some-
times runcinate-dentate, the uppermost reduced to ‘small scales: involu-
cres narrow, usually 5-flowered with about the same number of linear.
lanceolate scarious-margined bracts: pappus white, very plumose to the
base. Plains and mountains from British Columbia to California, Texas
and Nebraska.

P. virgata Greene Pitt. ii, 130. Stephanomeria virgata Benth. Stems
rigid, 1-4 feet high from an annual root: lower leaves oblong or spatu-
late, often sinuate or pinnatifid; upper leaves linear, small and entire:
heads 3-4 lines long, mostly subsessile or short-peduncled, spicately or
thyrsoidly disposed along the naked upper part of the virgate stem or
smaller branches, sometimes more loosely paniculate on open branchlets:
involucre 4-8 flowered: achenes subclavate or oblong, rugose-tuberculate
between the narrow ribs: pappus moderately plumose to the base, white,
not paleaceous-dilated. Oregon and California.

P. paniculata Greene 1. c. 132. Stephanomeria paniculata Nutt.
Stems erect from an annual root: a foot or two high, bearing numerous
narrow 3-5 flowered heads in an elongated, narrow or more open panicle,
or else more strictly disposed or virgate branches: leaves linear or the
lower lanceolate: achenes subclavate or oblong, rugose tuberculate or ob-
long, rugose-titbercitlate between the narrow ribs: pappus grayish or fus-
cous, its bristles short-plumose nearly or quite to the more or less paleace-
ous: or squamelliferous base. Plains of Eastern Oregon and Idaho.

P. exigua Greene |. c. Stephanomeria exigua Nutt. Stems panicu-
lately and often divergently branched with slender branches and branch
lets, 1-2 feet high; radical and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid or bipinna-
tifid, those of the branches mainly reduced to short scales: heads scat-
tered: involucre 4-5 lines high, usually 5-flowered: achenes thick-ribbed
and tuberculate-rugose when mature: bristles of the pappus 8-18, their
more or less dilated and paleaceous or thickened base commonly a little
connate into 4 or 5 phalanges and often 1-2 setose on each side. Idaho
to eastern California and Texas.

96 TRAGOPOGON L. Gen. n. 905.

Biennial or perennial somewhat succulent herbs with alternate,
sessile and clasping leaves, and long-peduncled large heads of
yellow or purple flowers opening in the early morning, usually
closed by noon. Involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its
bracts in one series, nearly equal, united at base. Rays truncate
and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at base. Style-
branches slender. Achenes linear, terete or 5-angled 5-10-ribbed,
terminated by slender beaks, or the outermost beakless. Pappus-
bristles in one series, plumose, connate at the base, the plume-
branches interwebbed.

T. Porrirottus L. Sp. 780. (Oyster PLant. SALsiFy.) Stems erect,.
2-7 feet high from a long fleshy tap-root; leaves entire, linear-lanceolate,

390 COMPOSITAE HYPOCHOERIS
; PTILOCALAIS

long-acuminate: peduncles very much thickened and hollow for 1-3 inches
below the heads: heads 2-4 inches broad, very showy: bracts of the in-
volucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate usually much longer than the purple
rays: achenes sometimes 2 inches long, the outer ones covered with scale-
like tubercles especially on the ribs below. Escaped from cultivation,

97 HYPOCHAERIS L. Gen. n. 918,

Mostly perennial herbs with scape-like often branching stems,
chiefly radical leaves and large heads of yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre campanulate of somewhat herbaceous marginless bracts
impricated in several series. Receptacle paleaceous with soft,
narrow and scarious scales among the flowers. Anthers sagit-
tate. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong or fusi-
form, tapering upward at least the inner ones into a beak. Pap-
pus a series of fine plumose bristles, with or without some naked
and shorter outer ones. :

H. radicata L. Sp. 811. Stems several together from a perennial
root, slender, 1-2 feet high, branched or rarely simple, bearing a few scales,
leaves oblanceolate to obovate in outline, pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 2-6
inches long, hirsute on both sides: involucre oblong-cylindric, about an
inch high its bracts glabrous, or sparingly pubescent: achenes rough, all
with very slender beaks longer than the body. In waste places, Western
Washington to California. Naturalized from Europe.

98 PTILOCALAIS Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. ti, 59.
MICROSERIS § PTILOPHORA Gray.

Glabrous herbs from fusiform biennial roots laciniately cut
leaves and middle-sized to large heads of yellow flowers. Heads
nodding in bud. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated
in several series, the inner long-acuminate the outer successively
shorter and acute. Receptacle flat, foveolate. Achenes linear-
columnar, of the same diameter from base to summit. Pappus
bright white, soft, of 15-20 truncate or emarginate palez termin-
ating in a long, soft-plumose capillary bristle or awn and often
with one or more short external merely scabrous bristle.

P. nutans Greene |. c. Microseris nutans Gray. Stem slender, 6-18
inches high: roots either fascicled or solitary: leaves from entire and
spatulate-obovate to pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes: heads 8-20
flowered, slender-peduncled: involucre cylindraceous, of 8-10 linear-
lanceolate gradually acuminate principal bracts and a few short calyculate
ones below, bristles of the pappus several times longer than the oblong
palee. In open pine woods, Britsh Columbia to California and Montana,

P. major Greene |. c. Microseris major Gray. Stout, often more
than 2 feet high: leaves oblong lanceolate, entire or sparingly laciniate:
involucre sometimes an inch high; its lanceolate bracts imbricated in 3
lengths. Idaho to Utah,

99 MICROSERIS Don Phil. Mag. xi, 388.
Acaulescent glabrous annuals with entire or laciniately lobed

or pinnatifid leaves and rather small nodding heads of yellow
flowers on slender peduncles. Involucre oblong-cylindraceous to

MICROSERIS COMPOSITAE 391
SCORZONELLA

hemispherical, inner bracts in one or two series, equal, thin, with
membraneous margins, outer very short. Receptacle flat. Achenes
terete, 8-10 costate, with a broad basal callosity which is hollowed
at the insertion and produced upward into a sharp denticulate
scabrous collar-like rim. Palez of the pappus 4-10, usually 5,
mostly short and tapering into a long or short scabrous awn.

M. Douglasii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. ix, 210. Stems slender, 3-24
inches high: leaves chiefly clustered at the base of the stem, linear to
spatulate, entire or sparingly laciniate, 1-3 inches long: involucre oblong
of 4-10 oblong, obtuse principal bracts and 3-5 very short erose dentate
calyculate ones at base: achenes oblong-turbinate, contracted under the
summit, 3 lines long: pale of the pappus, ovate, 2 lines long, tapering
abruptly into an awn. Southwestern Oregon to California.

M. Bigelovii_ Gray |. c. Stems slender, 4-12 inches high: leaves lance-
olate to linear in outline, entire to laciniately toothed or pinnately parted
into linear lobes: involucre campanulate, of 8-10 lanceolate acute or
acuminate princpal bracts and several smaller obtuse or barely acute
ones at their base: achenes oblong-turbinate, not contracted under the
truncate summit, 2 lines long, outermost sometimes villous: pale of the
pappus 5, oblong to lanceolate, gradually tapering to an awn twice or
thrice their length. Along the coast, Oregon and California.

100 SCORZONELLA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 426.
MICROSERIS § SCORZONELLA Gray.

Glabrous perennial herbs with fusiform biennial roots, lacini-
ately cut leaves and long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers that
are nodding in bud. Involucre campanulate, its bracts herba-
ceous, imbricated in several series, the inner long acuminate, the
other shorter and acute. Receptacle flat or convex, foveolate or
alveolate. Achenes linear or somewhat turbinate, 8-10-costate or
striate, truncate at summit, the basal callosity acute and not ex-
panded, areola lateral. Pappus 5 or 10 ovate or lanceolate paler
tipped with a generally much longer, straight scabrous or bar-
bellulate bristle or awn.

S. procera Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. n. 50. Microseris procera Gray.
Stems robust, 2-3 feet high: leaves chiefly oblong apiculate-acuminate,
dentate or entire, rarely laciniate-lobed; larger cauline 6-8 inches long,
radical larger: involucre an inch or more high and broad, its bracts in 2
or 3 series, the outer ones ovate, the inner ones ovate-lanceolate, all
acuminate: achenes nearly columnar 3 lines long, pappus of 10 brownish
lanceolate palee with long barbellate awns. Rather common in open
places, Washington to California.

S. pratensis Greene 1. c. 51. Leafy at base only, the scapose pedun-
cles 1-2 feet high: leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire, 6-12
inches long: heads an inch high and nearly as broad, bracts of the in-
volucre in 3 series, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate: pappus of 10 white or
sordid narrowly lanceolate palea with long minutely plumose awns.
Moist meadow lands near Ashland, Oregon, and Yreka, California.

S. laciniata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 426. Microseris lacin-
iata Gray. Glaucescent: stems rather stout, leafy and branching, 2-3 feet
high: leaves laciniate pinnatifid into attenuate lobes, or sometimes entire:
. radical 4-10 inches long: involucre an inch or less high, its bracts nearly

392 COMPOSITAE SCORZONELLA
UROPAPPUS
all with dilated base and more or less abrupt acumination : achenes col:
umnar, 2 lines long: palee of the pappus deltoid or triangular-ovate, ab-
ruptly tipped with an awn or bristle 8 or 9 times longer. Alluvial grounds,
British Columbia to Northern California.

S. leptosepala Nutt 1 c. Microseris leptosepala Gray. Stems slen-
der,'a foot or so high: leaves from linear to lanceolate and from entire to
attenuate-pinnatifid, all attenuate: heads comparatively small and few-
flowered: involucre’ 6-10 lines high, of 6-12 lanceolate acuminate principal
bracts and a few small, ovate, abruptly acuminate ones at their base:
achenes slender-columnar: palez of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, or nar-
rower, tapering gradually from the base: into an awn or 4 or 5 times as
long. Moist ground, British Columbia to California.

S. Bolanderi Greene |. c. Microseris Bolanderi Gray, Stems slen-
der, 1-2 feet high: leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate to somewhat
spatulate, entire or with a few small salient linear lobes, 6-12 inches long:
involucre 6-9 lines high, its bracts all gradually lanceolate attenuate from
a broadish base, or some small outermost abruptly acuminate: palee of
the pappus little exceeding the breadth of the achene, broadly ovate,
mostly obtuse, tipped by the long slender awn. In swamps near the
coast, Washington to California.

S. Howelli. Greene 1. c. Microseris Howelli Gray. A foot or more
high from a fusiform root slender bearing solitary or 2 or 3 heads: leaves
elongated-linear and attenuate, some bearing a few attenuate reflexed
lobes: involucre half-inch high, narrow, 15-20 flowered, its bracts all acu-
minate; the inner oblong-lanceolate, and all nearly equal, the outer much
shorter and mostly ovate: achenes 3 lines long, narrower at base: pappus
of 8 or 10 conspicuous and firm lanceolate palez 2-3 lines long, tipped with
a denticulate-scabrous awn of hardly greater length. Hillsides about
Waldo, Southwestern Oregon.

101 UROPAPPUS Nutt. 1. c. 425.
MICROSERIS § CALAIS Gray.

Subcaulescent annuals with laciniately lobed or pinnatifid
leaves and erect heads of yellow flowers on long scape-like strict
and erect peduncles which are thickened above. Involucre cam-
panulate, its numerous bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the
outer successively shorter, all thin and scarious margined. Re-
ceptacle flat, more or less alveolate-chaffy in the centre. Achenes
terete, 8-10-costate, glabrous with scabrous costa, the basal cal-
losity not angled. Palez of the pappus 5, elongated, flat, hispid
and short-awned at the apex.

U. linearifolius Nutt. 1. c. Microseris linearifelia Gray. Scapes or
peduncles 6-24 inches high: leaves linear, coarsely few-toothed or pin-
natifid, 2-6 inches long, more or less villous-pubescent when young:
achenes black, slender, tapering above almost to a beak, 6-8 lines long:
pale of the pappus silvery-white, linear oblong 4-8 lines long, deeply
notched above'and bearing slender awns barely half their length. Dry
hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California and New Mexico.

U. macrochaetus Greene Pitt. iii, 137. Microseris macrochacta Gray.
“Scapes or peduncles sometimes 2 feet high: involucre narrow, 8-10 lines
high, its bracts attenuate-acuminate: pale of the pappus thin, small, cleft
quite to the middle from the first, bearing a long and weak awn.” South-
west Idaho to California.

NOTHOCALAIS COMPOSITAE 393
MALACOTHRIX
102 NOTHOCALAIS Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. ii, 54,
MICROSERIS § NOTHOCALAIS Gray.

Acaulescent perennial herbs with linear leaves and middle-
sized erect heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong-campanu-
late; its bracts in two series, narrowly lanceolate, membranace-
ous with somewhat thinner hyaline margins, nearly equal. Re-
ceptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes fusiform, stipitate, contracted
or rostrate-attenuate at summit, 10-costate. Pappus very white
and soft, of 10-40 scabrous-margined narrow unequal pales with
or without some capillary bristles.

N. Suksdorfii Greene |. c. More or less pubescent: scapes 4-10 inches
high: leaves linear, attenuate nearly equalling the flowering scapes, all
from the crown of a thick perennial root: bracts of the involucre lanceo-
late, long-attenuate, 6-12 lines long: achenes slender, 5-6 lines long, only

half filled by the seed: palez of the pappus 10-12 narrow and nearly equal.
Plains of Klickitat Co., Washington, and adjacent Oregon.

N. troximoides Gréene 1. c. Microseris troximoides Gray. Scapose
stems 6-12 inches high: leaves tufted on the crown of a thick perennial
root, rather fleshy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4-6
inches long: achenes fusiform, scarcely 4 lines long, its summit merely
contracted nearly filled by the seed: paleew of the pappus 20-24, lanceolate
below, very unequal half-inch long. Plains and hillsdes eastern Oregon
and Washington to California and Idaho,

N. cuspidata Greene 1. c. Troximon cuspidatum Pursh. Scapes
stout, shorter than or equalling the leaves: leaves linear, long-acuminate,
thick, pubescent or glabrate, 4-8 inches long, 2-5 lines wide, somewhat
conduplicate, their margins white-tomentose and crisp, or entire: involu-
cre usually quite glabrous, nearly 1 inch high: achenes slightly contracted
at the summit, about 3 lines long: pappus of 40-50 unequal palee and
bristles. Dry soil, Idaho to Illinois.

103 MALACOTHRIX DC. Prodr. vii, 192.

Leafy-stemmed or sometimes scapose herbs with alternate or
all radical leaves and long-peduncled, panicled or solitary, heads
of yellow or White flowers that are usually nodding in the bud.
Involucré many-flowered, its bracts either imbricated or only
calyculate. Receptacle with or without delicate capillary bris-
tles among the flowers. Achenes not flattened, short-oblong or
columnar, glabrous, terete and striately 5-15-costate, or 4-5-an-
gled by the prominence of the stronger ribs, slightly if at all
narrowed either way with broad truncate apex having an entire
or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a series of soft and
scabrous, or near the base barbellulate, bristles which are decid-
ulous more or less in connection, and commonly 1-8 outer and
stouter ones which are more persistent and smoother.

M. glabrata Gray Syn. FI. i, pt. 2, 422. Subcaulescent annual: -erect
or with ascending branches from the base, these leafy, often again branch-
ing and bearing a few lateral as well as terminal long-peduncled heads of

yellow flowers: leaves once or twice laciniately pinnatifid into narrow lin-
ear or almost filiform lobes: involucre fully half-inch high, glabrous, or

394 COMPOSITAE APARGIDIUM
HIERACIUM
the outer bracts sometimes canescent when young: achenes narrow, lightly
costate: outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles and between them some
minute pointed teeth. Eastern Oregon to California and Arizona.

M. Torreyi Gray Proc. Am. Acad. ix, 213. Stems 1-12 inches high
from an annual root, branching from the base: lower leaves oblong, rather
short, pinnatifid with short and dentate lobes, teeth and lobes callous-
mucronate: heads seldom less than half-inch high, broadish-campanulate,
short-peduncled on the leafy branches: bracts of the involucre lanceolate,
acuminate: achenes linear-oblong, 5-angled by as many salient often
almost wing-like ribs, a much less prominent pair in each interval: outer
pappus of 2-8 stout persistent bristles, between the thickish bases of
which are minute teeth. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and Utah.

104 APARGIDIUM T. & G. FI. ii, 474,

Low herbs with fusiform biennial roots, all radical leaves, and
rather small heads of yellow flowers on slender scapes. Heads
many-flowered, nodding in bud. Involucre narrow-campanulate ;
its bracts strongly 1-nerved, in 2-3 series. Receptacle naked.
Achenes columnar, truncate, smooth. Pappus brownish, of copi-
ous rather rigid and fragile barbellate-denticulate capillary bris-
tles, with some outer and smaller ones nearly smooth.

A. boreale T. & G. 1. c. Scape solitary, slender, 6-12 inches high,
bearing a single head: leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, attenuate
at both ends, entire, or obscurely undulate: involucre 6-9 lines high; of
10-15 lanceolate acuminate principal bracts and about as many similar
but smaller outer ones. Wet meadows in the high mountains, Alaska to
California.

105 HIERACIUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 913.

Perennial herbs with alternate or all radical leaves and small
to large erect heads of yellow, rarely white or red flowers in pan-
icles or corymbs, or solitary. Involucre several- to many-flow-
ered of narrow equal bracts and some short calyculate ones, or
sometimes imbricated, not thickened at base nor with thickened
midrib. Achenes oblong or columnar, smooth and _ glabrous,
mostly 10-ribbed or striate, either terete or 4 or 5-angled, slightly
contracted at the very base, commonly of the same thickness to
the truncate summit. Pappus of rather rigid scabrous fragile
bristles, brown or brownish, rarely white and soft.

1 Arcurieracium Fries. Heads corymbosely paniculate.
Involucre of the comparatively large heads irregularly more or
less imbricated. Achenes columnar. Pappus of numerous un-
equal bristles.

_H. Canadense Michx. Fi. ii, 86. Stems robust, 4-6 feet high: leaves
from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely and acutely dentate, or
even laciniate, at least the upper partly clasping and broad or broadish at
base: involucre usually pubescent when young, occasionally glandular, the
narrow outermost bracts loose: pappus sorded. Dry open woods, Oregon
and northward to Pennsylvania and Canada.

§ 2 Stenotneca T. & G. FI. ii, 476. Involucre a series of
equal bracts and a few short calyculate ones, usually narrow

HIERACIUM COMPOSITAE 395

and few- to many-flowered. Achenes in a few species slender or
tapering to the summit. Pappus of more or less scanty equal
bristles.

* Crinite-hirsute with long and whitish or yellowish shaggy hairs,
especially on both sides of the entire leaves: flowers yellow: achenes
columnar and short, but not at all narrowed upward.

H. longiberbe. Whole plant sparsely covered with long soft hairs:
stems usually slender and ascending or suberect, 6-18 inches long: leaves
lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate, 3-6 inches long: heads rather few,
in an irregular panicle: involucre campanulate, 6 lines high, of 10-20 lan-
ceolate acuminate principal bracts with smaller calyculate ones at their
base, all densely clothed with long spreading hairs, not glandular. On
cliffs along the Columbia river near the Cascades.

H. Scouleri Hook. Fl. i, 198. Sparingly pubescent with long crisp
hairs, pale and more or less glaucescent: stems 1-2 feet high, very leafy:
leaves lanceolate, sessile or the lowest short-petioled, 2-6 inches long:
heads rather few, in a loose irregular panicle: involucre 6 lines high; its
bracts linear-lanceolate, often acuminate, imbricate in 2 or 3 series, the
outer successively shorter, all beset with long bristly hairs, and more or
less glandular: pappus whitish. Brit. Columbia to Oregon and Montana.

* * Crinitely long-villous with soft-woolly and blackish smooth
hairs above, wanting below: without stellate or glandular pubescence:
flowers yellow: pappus fuscous.

H. triste Cham. in herb. Willd. Stems simple, 4-12 inches high, few-
leaved, bearing solitary or 2-4 racemosely disposed small heads: radical
leaves obovate to spatulate, entire, green and glabrate, or with sparse
pale hairs; cauline oblong, upper ones and stem more or less villous-
lanate: heads half-inch high, livid: involucre and peduncle densely clothed
with long dark-brown or partly grayish soft wool. Aleutian Islands to
northern Washington.

* * * Dark-hirsute and somewhat glandular on the involucre:
leaves and lower part of stems glabrous, or at most pubescent: flow-
ers yellow.

H. gracile Hook. Fl. i, 298. Pale green and more or less pubescent:
stems tufted, slender, 2-18 inches high: leaves mostly in radical cluster,
obovate to oblong-spatulate, 1-3 inches long, attenuate below to petioles.
entire or repand-dentate: heads few to several, racemously disposed, the
lower linear-bracteate: involucre about 4 lines high, its numerous linear
bracts all nearly equal, beset with short black somewhat hispid hairs
and also tomentose and glandular: achenes short-columnar: pappus al-
most white. In open places on the highest peaks, Alaska to California
and the Rocky Mountains.

* * * * Not crinite but at least the radical leaves and base of the
stem sparsely or even thickly setose-hirsute with spreading hairs,
+ Flowers white: stems leafy, and in large plants loosely branching.

H. albiflorum Hook. 1. c. Stems slender, 1-3 feet high, bearing few
to numerous small heads in an open, simple or compound paniculate
cyme: leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate, thin, 1-4 inches long; the
upper sessile by a broad base, the lower tapering into slender petioles:
involucre campanulate, 4-5 lines high, of several linear-lanceolate acute
bracts, imbricated in 2 or 3 ranks, the outer successively shorter, glabrous
or nearly so, not rarely with a few bristly hairs: achenes black, a line
long. Common in dry wooded districts, Alaska to California and the
Rocky Mountains,

396 COMPOSITAE HIERACIUM

* + Stems more or less leafy; involucre 15-30 flowered, oblong-
campanulate, of rather numerous narrow and acute or acutish bracts:
flowers yellow: achenes not narrowed upward: pappus from sorded
to dull white.

H. cynoglossoides Arvet. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xix, 68. More or
less pubescent with somewhat hispid hairs, and the inflorescence glandu-
lar: stems 1-2 feet high, numerous from the crown of a persistent root,
leafy: leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, 2-6 inches long; the upper sessile
by a narrow base; the lower narrowed to a winged petiole: heads few to
several in an open corymbose cyme: involucre 6-8 lines high: its linear
acute bracts and short peduncles rather densely hirsute with short black
hairs as well as glandular: achenes rather short. In open woods British
Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

H. amplum Greene Eryth, iii, 101. “Stoutish 2 or 3 feet high, amply
leafy up to the rather broad corymbose panicle, but no radical tuft of foli-
age: leaves oblong-spatulate, acutish, entire, 4-6 inches long hirsute along
the margins, and with scattered appressed hairs on both faces: upper cau-
line leaves and branches of the inflorescence pale and glaucescent, seem-
ingly glabrous, but somewhat tomentose-puberulent under a lens: involu-
cres about 5 lines high, loosely calyculate, the subequal bracts dark with
black setulose stout hairs otherwise glabrous: ligules yellow: achenes
columnar or even slightly widening to the summit: pappus white. On hill-
sides at 6000-7000 feet altitude Mount Adams, Washington, Suksdorf.”

H. barbigerum Greece Pitt. iii, 228. Stems slender, tufted, from deep
seated somewhat running rootstocks, 4-10 inches high, leafy only near the
base: leaves somewhat crowded but not rosulate, lanceolate to spatulate,
short petioles and leaf-margins hirsute with long spreading hairs which
extend more sparsely to both sides of the leaves and stem, the lower faces
of the leaves also tomentulose with branched hairs: heads 1-5, in a loose
cyme: involucre campanulate, about 6 lines high, its linear bracts hirsute
and tomentulose like the leaves with also a few dark setulose hairs: pap-
pus nearly white. On grassy slopes of Ashland Butte, Oregon, to Lassen
county, California.

H. cinereum. Cinereous with a minute white scurfy tomentum: stems
rather stout, 6-10 inches high, from stout creeping footstocks forming
large patches leafy only toward the base: leaves lanceolate or narrower,
acute or acuminate, 3-4 inches long, sparsely denticulate narrowed be-
low to broad winged petioles; sparsely hirsute with crisp hairs: heads sev-
eral to numerous in a close corymbose paniculate-cyme: involucre 5-6 lines
high, its linear principal bracts with broad scarious margins, the outer
and shorter ones subulate all sparsely or not at all hirsute: pappus sor-
ded. In open places near Table Rock, Clackamas county. Oregon.

++ ++ +* Leaves all at the base of the loosely branching scape-like
stem: flowers yellow only 5-15 in the narrow and diffusely paniculate
heads: achenes slightly if at all tapering to the summit.

H. Bolanderi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 265. Stem slender, 6-18
inches high, commonly solitary, glabrous: leaves nearly all in a radical
tuft, ovate to broadly: lanceolate mostly obtuse, sparingly denticulate or
entire 2-3 inches long, tapering below to a winged petiole, pale and glau-
cous below, green and beset with bristles above: heads few to several in a
loose paniculate cyme: involucre narrow, 5-lines high, glabrous of 5-10
linear-lanceolate, very acute principal bracts and a few smaller ones at
their base: achenes fully as long as the pappus.

H. Howellii Gray Bot. Gaz. xiii, 73. Stems 1-2 feet high, hoary with
close stellular pubescence, hirsute below: leaves spatulate to oblanceolate
entire or some of them sparingly dentate, 3-4 inches long, obtuse, tapering

CREPIS COMPOSITAE 397

below to short petioles, or the cauline sessile, villous-crinite and tomen-
tose-canescent both sides: heads rather numerous, in an open panicle few-
flowered: involucre about 5 lines high cylindrical of 6-8 linear-lanceolate
obtuse principal bracts and a few shorter ones at their base, all hoary with
close stellular pubescence, without any setose bristles: pappus white when
young. Open rocky ridges, Mooney Mountain, Josephine county, Oregon.

106 CREPIS L. Gen. n, 9. 14,

Perennial or annual herbs with alternate or all radical mostly
toothed or pinnatifid leaves and small or middle-sized heads of
yellow flowers. Involucre few- to many-flowered, cylindric, cam-
panulate, or swollen at base, its principal bracts in one series,
equal, with a number of exterior smaller ones. Receptacle mostly
flat; naked or short-fimbrillate. Achenes from columnar to fusi-
form, 10-20-ribbed or nerved, not transversely rugose, narrowed
at the base and apex. Pappus of copious white and usually soft
capillary bristles.

* Bracts of the involucre thickening and becoming more or less
rigid at base in age: achenes beakless or nearly so.

C. virens L. Sp. ed. 2, 1134. Glabrous annual; stems leafy 1-2 feet
high corymbosely branched above: radical leaves spatulate to lanceolate,
from dentate to laciniate pinnatifid, 2-8 inches long, narrowed below to
petioles: cauline smaller and narrower, clasping by a sagittate base the
upper usually very small and entire: heads numerous, slender-peduncled:
involucre 4-5 lines high, oblong, more or less pubescent or glandular, its
principal bracts lanceolate, the outer mostly appressed achenes oblong,
10-striate, smooth slightly contracted at both ends. In fields and waste.
places, British Columbia to California, Naturalized from Europe.

* * Perennials: achenes beakless or short-beaked.

C. nana Richards, App. Franklin Journ. ed. 2, 62. Glaucescent and
wholly glabrous: low and depressed, forming tufts and bearing numerous
clustered and narrow short peduncled heads: leaves chiefly radical, ob-
ovate to spatulate, entire, repand-dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling
the clustered scapes or stems: involucre cylindrical 8-14-flowered, of 8-10
smooth and narrowly linear obtuse bracts in a single series and 3 or 4
short calyculate ones at base: achenes linear, unequally costate, obscurely
contracted under the moderately dilated pappiferous. disk. Alaska to the
Wallowa Mountains of Oregon and to California.

C. runcinata T. & G. FI. ii, 438. Slightly if at all glaucous: stems
scape-like, 1-3 feet high, paniculately branched above: radical leaves ob-
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, from repand-dentate to
runcinate-pinnatifid, with short lobes or teeth; cauline none or small and
narrow at the forks: involucre half-inch high or less, pubescent, often
hirsute, sometimes glandular-hispidulous: achenes narrowly oblong, mod-
erately narrowed upward, somewhat evenly 10-costate. In moist soil,
southeastern Oregon to Manitoba and Iowa.

Var. hispidulosa. Whole plant hispidulous and glandular. Moist
places, southeastern Oregon.

C. Andersoni Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 436, “ Not glaucous, a foot
or more high: leaves laciniately pinnatifid or dentate, but not runcinate:
involucre half to three-fourths inch high, cinereous-pubescent, of broader
and firmer bracts, more imbricated, outermost oblong to ovate-lanceolate:
achenes fusiform, usually 8-10 costate, tapering into a short but manifest
beak,” Eastern Oregon to Nevada and eastern California,

398 COMPOSITAE CREPIS

C. platyphylla Greene Pitt. iii, 27. “Related to C. runcinata, simi-
-larly acaulescent, the corymbosely panicled stout scape 12 to 18 inches
high, rather strongly hispid and somewhat glandular: leaves depressed or
ascending, oval and oblong to spatulate-oblong, subsessile or short peti-
oled, mostly 4 to 6 inches long, often 3 in breadth, obtuse, coarsely and re-
motely, often somewhat runcinately toothed, green and glabrous above:
involucre 4 or 5 lines high, very hispid, slightly glandular: achenes dark
brown, oblong-fusiform, slightly contracted toward the summit, sharply 10-
ribbed. Moist mountain meadows of southern Idaho and northern Utah.”

C. subearnosa Greene 1. c. 107. ‘“‘ Stout and low, more or less pubes-
cent, slightly succulent, the scape about a foot high, bearing at summit
few and !ong-peduncled heads: leaves of spatulate-oblanceolate outline,
obtuse or acutish, saliently but not runcinately toothed: peduncles and
involucre glandular-hispid: slender-fusiform achenes tapering; pappus
fine, fragile. Meadows along the Humboldt River at Deeth and else-
where in eastern Nevada, thence northward to southern Idaho. ”

C. acuminata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 437. Minutely cinere-
ous-pubescent below, but green: stems slender, 1-3 feet high, 1-3-leaved,
bearing a fastigiate or corymbiform cyme of numerous small heads: leaves
elongated, slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate in outline, laciniate-
pinnatifid, tapering to both ends, the apex usually into a lanceolate or
linear prolongation: involucre narrow-cylindraceous, 4-6 lines. long,
rarely more than 6-flowered, of 5-8 principal bracts, glabrous, or the
few minute bractlets tomentulose: mature achenes fusiform, consid-
erably longer than the pappus, lightly striate-costate moderately at-
tenuate at summit. Dry ground, eastern Oregon to California, Utah
and Montana.

C. intermedia Gray Syn. FI. i pt 2, 432. Cinereous puberulent; stems
1-2 feet high, 1-3 leaved, terminating in a rather few-flowered corymb or
paniculate cyme: leaves elongated, slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate in
outline, laciniate-pinnatifid, tapering to both ends, involucre half-inch or
more high, canescently puberulent; its-bracts in age carinate by thickening
of the midrib: achenes acutely 10-costate when mature, oblong-fusiform,
slightly attenuate upward, longer than or equalling the pappus. Eastern
Washington and Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

C. occidentalis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 29. Canescent with
a close scurfy tomentum; stems usually 4-18 inches high, solitary or 2 or
3 from a single caudex, corymbosely branched above, rarely from near the
base, often with glandular bristly hairs above: leaves from runcinately
toothed to deeply pinnatifid, or somewhat bipinnatifid; the lower and rad-
ical 4-10 inches long, narrowed into petioles; the upper sessile and slightly
clasping: heads few to several, corymbosely panicled: involucre 6-8 lines
high, cylindraceous, its principal bracts linear and acute, with several
small ovate to subulate calyculate ones at their base, all canescent with
close minute tomentum, and often with a few short bristles: achenes fusi-
form, truncate at the apex, 10-18-costate. On dry plains and _ hillsides,
Brit. Columbia to California and Colorado. East of the Cascade Mountains

C. monticola Coville Cont. Nat. Herb. iii, 562. Crinitely pubescent
with long brownish glanduliferous hairs: stems stout, usually solitary,
freely branching, 6-12 inches high: leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate
in outline, 2-4 inches long, acute, narrowed below to short petioles of
narrow sessile base; sometimes with merely dentate margins, sometimes
deeply pinnatifid with toothed or even pinnatifid lobes: involucre 8-10
lines high, narrow-campanulate; its principal bracts narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, nearly or quite equalling the ligules, Dry hillsdes, southern
Oregon to California.

CREPIS COMPOSITAE 399

NABALUS

C. scopulorum Coville 1. c. 563. Scantily tomentose, usually glabrate
in age, and bearing toward the base scattered eglandulose bristles: stems
rather slender, 10-20 inches high, solitary or rarely 2 from the same cau-
dex, bearing 1-5 heads, leaves broadly lanceolate in outline, 4-6 inches
long, pinnately or bipinnately divided into linear- lanceolate lobes. pe-
duncles slender, usually thickened just below the heads: involucre 6-8
lines high; its bracts linear-lanceolate and barely acute, or the shorter
ones acuminate; achenes 4-6 lines long, fusiform, truncate at the apex,
not costate, but sometimes obscurely striate. Dry hillsides, eastern
Oregon and Washington to Montana; Utah and Nevada.

C. rostrata Coville, 1. c. 564. Sparingly hirsute with glandless hairs,
and more or less tomentose: stems 4-15 inches high, 1-3 from each caudex,
striate-angled, bearing 1-3 heads: leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate in
outline, 4-6 inches long, pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate entire or
toothed lobes: involucre 6-8 lines high, more or less densely clothed with
long glandless white hairs: achenes 4-5 lines long, not costate, the upper
part contracted into a distinct beak 1-2 lines long. Rocky hillsides, east-
ern Oregon and Washington to Brit. Columbia.

C. barbigera Leiberg, Coville 1. c. 565. Slightly tomentose with a
minute somewhat flocculent tomentum, not at all hirsute: stems several
from the crown of a thick perennial root, 1-2 feet high, sparingly leafy
and bearing an ample corymbose cyme of rather small heads: leaves broad-
ly lanceolate in outline, 4-10 inches long, runcinately toothed or deeply cut
into linear-lanceolate lobes: involucre 5-7 lines high, of linear, mostly ob-
tuse principal bracts and a few very small ovate or lanceolate acute ones
at base, all canescent-tomentose and more or less bristly with setaceous
white bristles. Dry ridges and rocky banks, eastern Oregon and Wash-

ington. .
107 NABALUS Cass. Dict. Nat. xxxiv, 94.

Leafy-stemmed perennial herbs with alternate dentate or pin-
natifid leaves, and usually numerous small mostly nodding heads
of white yellowish or purplish flowers. Involucre 5-30-flowered,
cylindric, usually narrow, unchanged in age, of 1 or 2 series of
equal bracts and a few calyculate ones at their base. Receptacle
flat, naked. Achenes terete or 4-5-angled, usually striate, some-
times striately pluricostate, truncate at summit. Pappus of
copious rather rigid capillary bristles.

N. alatus Hook. Fl. i, 294 t. 102. Prenanthes alata Gray. Glabrous
or nearly so: stems 1-2 feet high, the larger plants branching: leaves
hastate-deltoid, acute or acuminate, sharply and irregularly dentate, ab-
ruptly contracted or some of the upper cuneately decurrent into a winged
petiole, or small uppermost narrow and sessile by a tapering base: heads
loosely and somewhat corymbosely panicled: involucre campanulate-ob-
long, of 8-10 often livid bracts, nearly or quite destitute of scarious mar-
gins, imperfectly calyculate by 2 or 3 loose linear accessory ones, 5-15-
flowered: corollas purplish: achenes slender, 3-4 lines long, at least
sometimes with tapering summit. On moist cliffs, Alaska to Oregon.

108 LYGODESMIA Don Edinb, Phil. Journ. vi, 305.
Smooth herbs with usually rush-like rigid or tough stems,
linear or scale-like leaves and terminal or scattered erect heads
of pink or rose-colored flowers. Heads 3-12-flowered. Involucre
cylindric, its principal bracts 5-8, linear, scarious-margined, equal,
slightly united at the base, with several very short outer ones.

400 COMPOSITAE LYGODESMIA
AGOSERIS

Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes terete, obscurely striate or an-
gled, usually linear or slender-fusiform. Pappus of.copious and
usually unequal soft or somewhat rigid bristles, from white to
brownish.

L. juncea Don 1. c. Perennial by a thick woody root: stems stiff,
much branched, 8-18 inches high, striate-angled, not spinescent: lower
leaves lanceolate, rigid, entire, acute or acuminate, %-2 inches long; the
upper similar but smaller, or reduced to subulate scales: heads mostly
5-flowered, solitary at the ends of the branches: involucre about. half-inch
high, its bracts usually gland-tipped: achenes narrowly columnar or
shortly tapering to the summit: pappus light brown. Dry plains, eastern
Idaho to Nevada and Minnesota.

L. spinosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 444. Stems slender and
rigid. low, much branched from an indurated and matted-woolly peren-
nial base, otherwise glabrous; branchlets divergent, spinescent, bearing
minute scales in place of leaves, and lateral very short-pedunc!ed heads:
lower cauline leaves linear,. entire, thickish, above soon reduced to scales:
involucre 3-5-flowered; its principal bracts not more numerous, rather
loose, lanceolate; the unequal and more imbricated calyculate ones com-
paratively broad and large: achenes much shorter than the pappus, not at
all narrowed upward, 4-5-costate: papptus white, of unequal bristles.
Gravelly hills and plains, eastern Oregon to California, Nevada and Idaho.

109 AGOSERIS Raf. FI. Loudy. 58.
TROXIMON Nuttall, not of Gacrtner.

Acaulescent perennial or annual herbs with clustered radical
leaves and mostly large heads of yellow flowers on simple scapes.
Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous, the bracts mostly lan-
ceolate, imbricated in few series, the outer loose and often some-
what foliaceous. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes oblong or
linear, terete, 10-ribbed, the apex contracted into a neck or pro-
longed into a beak, the broad base or basal callus to a narrow
base more or less hollowed at the insertion. Pappus of copious
white or whitish merely scabrous capillary bristles, which are
either persistent on or separately deciduous from the dilated
terminal areola.

§ 1 Achenes more or less linear, beakless, or tapering gradually into

a beak on which the nerves or ribs of the body are produced to the

apex: acaulescent perennials.

* No beak to the achene, its moderately short continued summit of
the same texture as the body and equally 10-costate: involucral bracts
somewhat equal, all tapering to a slender acumination: the outer from
an oblong or ovate-lanceolate base, glabrous: pappus rigidulous.

_ A. alpestris Greene Pitt. ii, 177. Troximon alpestre Gray. Glabrous:
rootstock or caudex elongated; leaves narrowly spatulate or lanceolate.
pinnately lobed or incised, or parted into narrow linear divisions: scapes
2-3 inches high, weak: invoiucre campanulate, 7-8 lines high, the bracts
in about 2 series: achenes 2-3 lines long, equalled by the slender pappus-
bristles. In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington.

“* * Achenes with apex tapering gradually into a rather stout and

nerved beak which is shorter than the body. ;

. \GOSERIS COMPOSITAE 401

A. barbellulata Greene |. c. Troximon barbellulatum Greene. Not
glaucous: scapes slender, 1-3 inches high: linear-lanceolate, laciniate-pin-
natifid into a few short and narrow lobes, or some entire: involucre nar-
row, over half-inch high, rather few-flowered; its 10 or 12 bracts nearly
equal, lanceolately acuminate, glabrous: flowers yellow: achenes 3 lines
long, about the length of the soft distinctly barbellulate pappus. Grassy
slopes, high mountains of southern Oregon and northern California.

A. tomentosa. More or less tomentose up to the involucre: scapes
rather stout, 4-10 inches high: leaves lanceolate to linear in outline, irregu-
larly and often retrorsely lobed or toothed, or some of the inner ones en:
tire, acute, or acuminate, attenuate below to a short winged petiole, nearly
as long as the scapes: involucre campanulate, 8-9 lines high, of rather
numerous imbricated, lanceolate acuminate scarious-margined mostly
glabrous bracts: achenes fusiform, short-beaked, much shorter than
a brownish pappus. On grassy slopes, Stein Mountain southeastern

regon.

A. parviflora Greene |. c. Troximon parviflorum Nutt. Glabrous
throughout: scapes slender, much longer than the leaves, 5-15 inches high:
leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, entire, 3-8 inches long: 1-3 lines wide:
heads an inch broad or less: involucre oblong-ovoid, becoming nearly hemi-
spheric in fruit, 6-8 lines high; its bracts lanceolate and acuminate: achenes
conspicuously beaked. about 4 lines long: pappus of numerous unequal very
slender bristles. Plains, Idaho to Manitoba, Nebraska and New Mexico.

§ 2 Achenes with a slender and mostly filiform nerveless beak and
soft pappus: acaulescent perennials.

* Achenes acute or tapering at summit into a beak but little if at all
longer than the cylindraceous or narrowly fusiform body.

A. aurantiaca Greene |. c. Troximon aurantiacum Hook. Nearly
glabrous, deep green and not at all glaucous: leaves oblanceolate, obtuse,
entire, narrowed to a slender petiole: involucre 7-9 lines high: its bracts
from broadly to narrowly lanceolate, acute, or the outer and looser ones
oblong and obtuse: flowers orange, drying brownish or purple achenes
thickish, tapering gradually to a short stout beak. High mountain prairies.
Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

A. purpurea Greene |. c. Sparsely lanate when young, in age glab-
rate, more or less glaucous: scapes 6-20 inches high, enlarged and tomen-
tose at the summit: leaves from linear to lanceolate saliently or often
runcinately toothed or lobed: bracts of the involucre moderately well
imbricated, 4-12 lines long, lanceolate and long-acuminate, or the outer
ones oblong and obtuse: corollas deep saffron-color, drying purple:
achenes black, fusiform, with a slender beak about as long as the body:
pappus white. Mountain meadows, Oregon and Washington to the
Rocky Mountains.

A. gracilenta Greene l.c. Troximon gracilens Gray. Scapes slender,
10-18 inches high: leaves mostly entire, from lanceolate to nearly linear,
or some narrowly spatulate: involucral bracts narrow: corollas deep
orange: achenes fusiform-linear, 3-4 lines long; the very slender beak
as long or longer: pappus soft but not flaccid. In the Cascade Mountains
of Oregon and Washington to Wyoming.

A. elata Greenel.c. Troximon Nuttallii Gray. Robust; scapes 6-20
inches high: leaves thickish, from lanceolate to spatulate, and from spar-
ingly ‘dentate to pinnatifid, 6-12 inches’ long, glaucous: heads an inch or
more high and broad: involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, more or less
pubescent: corollas yellow: achenes thickish, 3 lines long, with a beak as
long or longer. Moist ground, eastern Oregon to California and Utah.

402 COMPOSITAE AGOSERIS

A. apargioides Greene |. c. Troximon apargioides Less. Low and
tufted from a multicipital caudex, glabrate: leaves spatulate, obtuse, 2-3
inches long, narrowed below to a slender petiole, entire or with a few
salient teeth or lobes, or pinnatifid with sparse linear divisions: scapes 6-12
inches high: heads half-inch high: involucre campanulate; the inner bracts
linear-lanceolate, the outer oblong, acute, more or less tomentose: achenes
and beak each about 2 lines long: pappus soft, dull-white. Sandy soil
along the coast of Oregon and California.

* * Achenes oblong or short-fusiform, with a filiform or almost cap-
illary beak 2-4 times as long: pappus soft and fine: flowers all yellow.

* Pappus about as long as the beak.

A. hirsuta Greene 1. c. Troximon humile Gray. Scapes 8-20 inches
high, slender: leaves hirsutely pubescent, from lanceolate to spatulate in
outline, and from repand-dentate or lyrate-pinnatifid to pinnately parted
into linear lobes; involucre permanently villous: flowers exserted: filiform
beak only about twice as long as the whitish achene. Near the coast,
Washington to California.

* * Pappus white, much shorter than the almost filiform beak.

A. laciniata Greene 1. c. Troximon laciniatum Gray. Smooth and
glabrous or with sparse soft pubescence: scapes 1-2 feet high: leaves elon-
gated-lanceolate, laciniate-dentate or commonly deeply pinnatifid with
linear lobes: involucre glabrous or glabrate, or the base of the outer of the
lanceolate bracts tomentose: achenes 2, and beak 5-7 lines long. In low
ground, Vancouver Island to California.

A. grandiflora Greene 1, c. 178. Troximon grandiflorum Gray.
Scapes stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves hirsutely or cinereous-pubescent. or
glabrate: spatulate to lanceolate, sinuate-dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid or
even pinnately parted: involucre broad, usually well imbricated: its bracts
lanate or tomentose when young, often glabrate in age: heads in fruit 1-1%
inch high: achenes 2, and capillary beak 6-8 lines long. Plains and moist
hillsides, Washington to California,

A. retrorsa Greene l.c. Troxiimon retrorsum Gray. Villous-tomen-
tose when young: scapes stout, 12-18 inches high: leaves pinnately parted
into linear-lanceolate usually retrorse lobes, the terminal lobe long and
narrow; all callous-tipped: involucre narrowly oblong, 1%4-2 inches high
when mature: its linear-lanceolate bracts hardly surpassed by the soft
white pappus: ligules short: achenes 3 lines long: abruptly contracted at
summit; their filiform beaks 10-12 lines long. Open pine woods, southern
Oregon to California and southern Idaho.

§ 3 Achenes fusiform, with filiform nerveless beak and soft pappus:
subcaulescent annuals with yellow flowers.

A. heterophylla Greene l.c. Tro-vimon heterophyllum Greenc. Some-
what villous, or hirsutely pubescent or glabrate: scape-like peduncle 3-12
inches high: leaves from spatulate to linear-lanceolate, denticulate to pin-
natifid: involucre oblong-campanulate, 6-9 lines high; its bracts erect, lance-
olate or narrower; the outer decidedly shorter than the glabrous inner
ones, more or less pubescent but not villous: achenes various, but at most
only 2 lines long, usually fusiform; beak 3-4 lines long, mostly longer than
the white or whitish pappus. Open places, Brit. Columbia to California.

Var. glabra. Glabrous throughout and more or less glaucous: small.
2-4 inches high. Hillsides near the Columbia river, eastern Oregon and
Washington.

TARAXACUM COMPOSITAE 403
LACTUCA
110 TARAXACUM Haller Stirp. Helv. i, 23.

Acaulescent perennial herbs with rosulate leaves, naked scapes
that elongate in fruit, and mostly large heads of yellow flowers.
Heads many-flowered, usually solitary at the summit of the sim-
ple hollow scapes. Involucre a single series of nearly equal nar-
row bracts that are slightly united at-base, and several or numer-
ous calyculate ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes oblong-
ovate or fusiform, 4-5-costate or angled, and usually with some
intervening nerves, muricate or spinulose, at least near the sum-
mit which is abruptly contracted into a filiform beak. Pappus
soft and capillary, dull white.

T. OFFICINALE Webber Prim. Pl. Holst. 56. Scapes and leaves from the
crown of a thick vertical root: leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate
in outline, and from irregularly dentate to runcinate pinnatifid, 3-10 inches
long: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, not glaucous, the outer re-
flexed, all acute: achenes greenish-brown, fusiform, squamulose toward
the summit, abruptly contracted into a conical apex which is prolonged
into a filiform beak 2 or 3 times as long as the achene. Common in fields
and waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

111 RAFINESQUIA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 429.

Leafy-stemmed annuals with pinnatifid leaves and rather large
heads of white or flesh-colored flowers terminating the paniculate
branches. Heads 15-30 flowered. Involucre conical or cylindra-
ceous, of 7-15 equal linear attenuate principal bracts and some
loose calyculate ones. Receptacle flat and naked. Achenes terete,
somewhat fusiform, obscurely few-ribbed, attenuate into a slender
beak, the broad base hollowed but not callous-thickened at the
insertion. Pappus of 10-15 capillary bristles, softly long-plumose
from the base to near the tip.

R. Californica Nutt. 1. c. Glabrous throughout: stem stout, much
branched, 2-3 feet high: leaves oblong; the lower 4-6 inches long; the up-
per gradually reduced to small bracts: involucre becoming thick at base
and more or less conical; its rather numerous calyculate bracts subulate
and spreading: ligules short, white: achenes tapering into a very slender
beak as long as the body: pappus dull white, the bristles fine and soft.
Shady ground, eastern Oregon to California.

112 LACTUCA Tourn. Inst. t. 267. L. Gen. n. 909.

Tall herbs with alternate leaves and small panicled heads of
yellow, white or blue flowers. Involucre cylindric, several to
many-flowered, either calyculate or more regularly imbricated.
Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes flat, 3-5-ribbed on each face,
narrowed above, or contracted into a narrow beak, which is more
or less expanded at the summit into a small disk that bears the
copious white or brownish pappus bristles which fall separately.

§ 1 Scartora DC, Prodr. vii, 133. Achenes very flat, orbic-
ular to oblong, abruptly produced into a filiform beak which
bears the soft white pappus on its dilated apex.

404 COMPOSITAE LACTUCA
SONCHUS

L. scarioca L, Sp. ed. 2, 1119. Biennial: glabrous throughout or hir-
sute at the base; green and glaucous: stem stout, 2-7 feet high, leafy,
usually paniculately branched: leaves lanceolate to oblong, with spinu-
lose-denticulate margins, sometimes sinuate, toothed or pinnatifid, ses-
sile or auriculate-clasping, midrib below beset with weak prickles: heads
small, 6-12 flowered, very numerous, in an open panicle: corollas pale
yellow: achenes obovate-oblong, several-nerved, marginal, about as
long as the filiform beak. Becoming common in fields and waste
places. Introduced from Europe.

L. sativa, The common Letruce is common along the railroad in the
southern part of Oregon but is hardly naturalized.

L. Canadensis L. Sp. ii, 796. Biennial or annual: glabrous and glau-
cescent: stem strict, 4-12 feet high, very leafy up to the elongated nar-
row panicle: leaves mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, 6-12 inches long, with mar-
gins entire or sparingly dentate, and midrib naked or rarely some sparse
bristles, most of the cauline partly clasping by a sagittate or auriculate
base: involucre half-inch or less high, 12-20-flowered: flowers yellow:
achenes blackish, obscurely scabrous-rugulose, lightly 1-nerved on the
middle of each face, broadly oval, with distinct thin margins, rather
longer than the beak: pappus white. Moist woods, Oregon and Wash-
ington to the Eastern States.

L. sagittifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. ii, 253. Glabrous; 3-6 feet high,
leafy nearly to the usually loosely paniculate inflorescence: leaves oblong
to lanceolate, 3-10 inches long, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate,
the lower sometimes pinnatifid, whitish beneath, midrib naked: involucre
5-7 lines high: flowers pale yellow or purplish: achenes oval, thin-mar-
gined, longer than the beak. Open ground; Idaho to the Eastern States.

§ 2 Lacrucastrum Gray Syn. FI. i, pt. 2, 448. Root perennial.
Involucre well imbricated. Achenes lanceolate-oblong, flat, not

margined, tapering into a beak not longer than the breadth of
the body.

L. pulchella DC. Prodr. vii, 134. Very glabrous: stems 1-5 feet high,
leafy up to the open corymbiform panicle: leaves from linear-lanceo-
late to narrowly oblong, entire or runcinate-dentate, or some lower
ones pinnatifid: cauline sessile but not auriculate at base: branches of
the loose panicle scaly: involucre 8 lines high, 12-15-flowered, its outer
bracts ovate-lanceolate: flowers bright blue or violet-purple: achenes
barely 2 lines long, striate-nerved, the tip of the short beak soft and
usually whitish. Alluvial ground, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Hudson
Bay and Michigan.

§ 3 Mutcepium Gray |. c. Biennial or perennial herbs with
usually bluish flowers. Achenes thickish, oblong, with some
strong ribs and nerves: contracted at summit into a short stout
beak, or into a mere neck under the dilated apex.

L. spicata Hitche. L. leucophaea Gray . Stem usually stout, 3-12 feet
high, leafy up to the panicle: leaves 3-12 inches long by 2-6 broad, sinu-
ately or runcinately pmnatifid, coarsely and irregularly or doubly dentate;
upper cauline sessile by a mostly narrow but auriculate or partly clasping
base: heads in a pyramidal crowded panicle: involucre oblong, 5 lines
high: flowers bluish: achenes narowed at summit to a short’ but manifest
neck. Moist ground, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the E. States.

30NCHUS LOBELIACEAE 405

118 SONCHUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 908.

Succulent herbs with leafy stems, alternate spinulosely or cili-
ately dentate leaves and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers.
Involucre campanulate, in age usually broadened and fleshy-
thickened at base, becoming conical. Achenes obcompressed,
without beak or neck or dilated disk. Pappus of very soft and
fine flaccid bristles, which fall more or less in connection, and
commonly one or more stronger ones which fall separately.

S. oLeraceus L. Sp. 794. Fibrous-rooted annual: stem nearly simple,
1-10 feet high: lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 5-10 inches long,
the terminal segment commonly large and triangular, the margins dentic-
ulate with mucronate or scarcely spiny-teeth; upper pinnatifid, clasping by
an auriculate or sagittate base, the auricles acute: involucre 6-8 lines high:
achenes flat, longitudinally ribbed and transversely rugose. Common in
fields and waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

S. Asper All. Fl. Ped. i, 222. Stem often stout, 1-6 feet high, from an
annual root: leaves undivided, lobed or pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate; the
lower spatulate to lanceolate; more or less distinctly petioled; the upper
clasping by an auriculate base, the auricles rounded: involucre glabrous,
about 6 lines high: achenes smooth, 3-nerved on each side. Common in
fields and waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

Orpver LIT, LOBELIACEAE Juss.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with usually milky acrid juice, alter-
nate leaves without stipules, racemose inflorescence and perfect
5-merous flowers. Calyx adnate to the whole or the lower half
of the ovary, the limb cleft to the ovary into 5 lobes. Corolla
inserted just where the calyx becomes free from the ovary, its
lobes valvate or induplicate in the ‘bud, commonly deeper, cleft
or completely split down between two of the lobes, the cleft
mostly on the upper side in the open flower but becoming so
by a twist; in the early bud the split looks toward the bract;
the lobes sometimes disposed to separate from below upward
and the limb to be bilabiately irregular. Stamens inserted with
the corolla and mostly free; anthers 2-celled, introrsely dehis-
cent, firmly united around the top of the style into a ring or
short tube. Ovary 2-celled, with placente projecting from the
axis, sometimes 1-celled with two parietal placente. Style en-
tire: stigma usually 2-lobed, girt with a rim of hairs. Ovules
and seeds mostly indefinitely numerous, small, anatropous. Em-
bryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen.

* Corolla cleft to the base on one side: capsule free at the apex.

1 Lobelia Calyx-tube short: capsule many-seeded, 2-valved at the top.
* * Corolla with a closed tube: capsule wholly inferior.

2 Howellia Calyx-tube linear-clavate: capsule 1-celled, few-seeded.

3 Laurentia Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong, corolla with tube as long
as the limb: capsule short, 2-valved at summit.

4 Bolelia Calyx-tube very long: corolla tube very short: capsule very
long, opening by 1-3 long fissures.

406 LOBELIACEAE LOBELIA

HOWELLIA
LOBELIA L, Gen. n. 1099.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs with alternate leaves, and red, yellow,
blue’ or white flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate, hemispheric or
ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube divided to the base on
one side; the limb bilabiate, the lobe on each side of the cleft
turning away from the other three, which are somewhat united.
Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, at least above,
2 or all of the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs at their tips, 3 of them
usually larger than the other 2. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 placenta
many-ovuled. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved.

L. Dortmanna L. Sp. 929. Aquatic perennial; glabrous throughout:
stem slender, simple, erect, hollow, naked except a few fleshy bracts, 6-18
inches high: leaves all submerged and tufted at the base of the ‘stem,
terete, obtuse, 1-2 inches long, hollow and longitudinally divided by a
partition : flowers blue, in a loose terminal raceme, 6-8 lines long, on fili-
form pedicels: calyx-lobes subulate: larger lip of the corolla glabrous or
nearly so. Borders of ponds, northwestern Washington to subarctic
America and the Northeastern States.

2 HOWELLIA Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xv, 43.

Aquatic or semi-aquatic herbs with alternate leaves, at least
below, and small white flowers. Flowers of 2 forms: the emersed
with conspicuous corolla, the submersed with corolla undeveloped.
Calyx with slender tube, adnate for its whole length to the ovary,
and a limb of 5 nearly equal narrow lobes. Corolla not surpass-
ing the calyx, its very short tube split nearly to the base on one
side; its 5 lobes almost equal. Stamen-tube nearly free, and
with the included style slightly incurved. Anthers oval, the two
smaller trisetulose; the three larger naked. Ovary strictly 1-
celled, with two filiform parietal placente, each 3-5-ovulate, upper
ovules ascending, the lower pendulous. Capsule membranaceous,
at maturity bursting irregularly on one side. Seeds few, large,
smooth, callous-apiculate at the chalaza.

H. aquatilis Gray 1.c. Aquatic annual: stem weak, 6-18 inches high,
branching: submersed leaves linear-setaceous, 2-6 inches long, entire;
emersed leaves linear to oblong, sometimes sparingly toothed: flowers ax-
illary, short-peduncled; calyx-lobes subulate or filiform, 2-4 lines long;

corolla white, its lobes oblong: capsule half-inch long, linear- clavate, bear-
ing a few soft white seeds. In ponds, in the vicinity of Portland, Oregon.

3 LAURENTIA Neck. Elem. i, 131.

Small and diffuse or creeping herbs with alternate leaves and
axillary blue flowers. Calyx-tube and adnate ovary turbinate or
oblong, the 5 lobes narrow. Corolla with tube as long as the
limb, and not split; its larger lip 3-cleft and widely spreading;
the smaller of two more erect or diverging divisions. Filaments
and anthers completely united; two of the latter minutely bristle-
tufted at the apex, nearly included. Capsule 2-valved across the
projecting free apex, 2-celled. Seeds oblong or almost fusiform.

L. carnosula Benth. Glabrous somewhat succulent annual: stems 1-5

LAURENTIA LOBELIACEAE 407
BOLELIA

inches long, rooting at the nodes: leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire,
sessile, 3-6 lines long: flowers axillary and above corymbose or racemose,
long-pedicelled: calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous, linear, obtuse, equalling
the oblong-obconical or clavate tube: larger lip of the corolla 3-cleft into
roundish-obovate lobes, blue with the 2-ridged palate yellow or, whitish;
the smaller lip of 2 lanceolate lobes: seeds smooth. Low and muddy
places, southeastern. Oregon to Wyoming and California.
4 BOLELIA Raf. Atl. Journ. 120, 1832.

DOWNINGIA Torrey.

Glabrous annual herbs with sessile narrow leaves, the upper
ones reduced to bracts, and axillary sessile flowers. Calyx-tube
and adnate ovary very long and slender, 3-sided, usually twisted,
its limb divided down to the ovary into five foliaceous lobes.
Corolla with very short but entire tube and bilabiate limb; the
smaller lip of two narrow recurved or spreading divisions, the
other very broad and 3-lobed. Filaments and anthers both uni-
ted into a somewhat curved tube; two of the latter bristle-tipped.
Capsule very long and slender, early becoming 1-celled, with two
filiform parietal placentae, remaining closed at the tip but the
sides dehiscing by 1-3 long fissures.

B. elegans Greene Pitt. ii, 126. Dowmingia elegans Torrey. Stem
simple or diffusely branched, 4-12 inches high: leaves ovate to lanceolate,
acute, 3-15 lines long: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 6-9 lines long: larger
lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acutish, the other lobes lanceo-

late: capsule often two inches or more long: seeds short-oblong. In wet
ground, Brit. Columbia to southern Oregon and Idaho.

B. pulchella Greene 1. c. Downingia pulchella Torrey. “Mostly low-
er or weaker-stemmed: leaves more linear and obtuse: large lip of the
corolla deeply 3-lobed; the other two lobes oblong-ovate: seeds elongated-
oblong. Wet banks, Oregon to California and Nevada.”

Orpver LIII, CAMPANULACEAE Juss. Gen. 163.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with bland milky juice, alter-
nate simple leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous flowers,
and 2-5-celled many-seeded capsules or berries. Calyx-tube ad-
nate to the ovary; its 5-lobed persistent limb usually divided
down to the ovary. Corolla valvate, induplicate or rarely im-
bricate in the bud, inserted on the calyx just where it becomes
free from the ovary. Stamens inserted with the corolla and
free or adnate at base; anthers with two parallel cells. Style
one, almost always pubescent or puberulent for some distance
below the 2-5 introrse stigmas. Ovules anatropous, on placentae
projecting from the axis. Seeds small, usually smooth. Embryo
straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen.

* Ovary and capsule long and narrow, or at least oblong.

1 Githopsis Capsule opening at the top by a hole left by the falling
away of the base of the style between the long calyx-lobes.

2 Legouzia Capsule opening on the sides by 2 or 3 little valves which
leave small round perforations,

408 CAMPANULACEAE GITHOPSIS
LEGOUZIA

* Ovary and capsule short and broad.

3 Heterocodon Calyx-lobes very broad: capsule thin-walled, not dehis-
cent but bursting indefinitely between the ribs.

4 Campanula Calyx-lobes narrow: capsule opening on the side by 3-5
small valves leaving definite round perforations.
1 GITHOPSIS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. viii, 258,

Annual herbs with alternate leaves and blue flowers. Flowers
all alike and corolliferous. Tube of the calyx club-shaped, strong-
ly 10-ribbed, adnate up to the summit of the ovary: the limb
of five long and narrow foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-cam-
panulate, 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the base; anthers
linear. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule clavate, cori-
aceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes, strongly striate-rib-
bed, many seeded, opening where the base of the style falls away
by a narrow hole. Seeds very numerous, smooth.

G. specularioides Nutt. 1. c. Stem rigid, 2-10 inches high: leaves
small, linear-oblong, coarsely toothed, sessile: flowers solitary terminating
the stem or branches, or becoming lateral, strictly erect: corolla blue:
rigid capsule tapering into a very short and stout peduncle. Open places,
western Washington to California. :

2 LEGOUZIA Durand Fl. Bourg. ii, 26 (1782).
SPECULARIA Hiester.

Annual herbs with alternate leaves and axillary blue flowers.
Flowers often dimorphous, the earlier ones smaller and with un-
developed corolla, and cross-fertilized in bud. Calyx-lobes in
the early flowers 3 or 4, in the later ones 5, narrow. Calyx-tube
narrow, more or less elongated. Corolla short and broad, rotate
or nearly so when expanded, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Anthers linear.
Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3-4. Capsule obconical or cylin-
draceous, opening by one or more small valvular openings on the
side, either near the summit or near the middle.

L. perfoliata = Britton Mem. Torr. Club, v, 309. Specularia perfoliata
A, DC. Stem 6-20 inches high, very leafy throughout, simple or branched
from the base, hirsute or hispid on the angles: leaves round cordate and
clasping, mostly crenate, veiny, 6-12 lines broad: flowers sessile, single or
clustered in the axils: calyx-lobes of the early flowers 3-4 and short, of the
corolliferous ones as long as the ovary: capsule oblong or somewhat coni-
cal, the 2 or 3 valvular openings at or below the middle: seeds lenticular.
grounds and fields, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern

tates.

3 HETEROCODON Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. viii, 255.

Slender annual herbs with alternate sessile leaves and blue
flowers of two forms. The lower and earlier flowers with merely
rudimentary corolla. Calyx with short tube and large foliaceous
lobes. Corolla 5-lobed. Capsule obovoid, 3-angted, 3-celled,
many-seeded, very thin and membranaceous, the delicate walls
bursting indefinitely on the sides.

HETEROCODON CAMPANULACEAE 409

CAMPANULA

H. rariflorum Nutt. 1. c. Sparingly hirsute: stems filiform, leafy,
diffusely spreading, 4-12 inches long: leaves orbicular, with cordate partly
clasping base coarsely many-toothed, 4-8 lines long: flowers solitary, axil-
ary and terminal: calyx with short ovoid or inversely pyramidal tube and
foliaceous broadly avate sparingly toothed veiny lobes: only the later flow-
ers with developed pale blue corolla which barely equals the lobes of the
calyx: seeds oblong, obscurely triangular. In wet places and fields, Brit.
Columbia to California and Idaho.

4 CAMPANULA L. Gen. n. 218.

Perennial or annual herbs with alternate leaves and usually
showy blue or white flowers. Flowers all alike and corolliferous.
Calyx with short and broad tube and 5-lobed limb. Corolla
campanulate or nearly rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Filaments
dilated at base; anthers oblong or linear. _Stigmas and cells of
the ovary 3-5. Capsule mostly short, opening on the sides or
near the base by 3-5 small uplifted valves or perforations.

* Root perennial: style not longer than the corolla, straight.
* Openings of the capsule toward its summit.

C. Piperi. Glabrous: stems numerous from a multicipital caudex, 1-4
inches high, very leafy to the top, bearing one to several bright blue flow-
ers: leaves cuneate to spatulate, narrowed below to broad petioles, coarsely
and sharply serrate, or irregularly dentate, 6-18 lines long, those of the
shoots withering and persistent for several years: calyx-tube short, ob-
conic, the subulate or linear-lanceolate lobes 6-8 lines long, about equaling
the open-campanulate corolla anthers linear: stigmas usually 3, strongly
recurved: capsule almost globular. On cliffs, Mount Steele, Olympic
Mountains, Washington. Distributed by Mr. Piper as C. aurita.

C. seabrella Engelm. Bot. Gaz. vi, 237. Cinereous-puberulent or mi-
nutely scabrous to nearly glabrous: numerous stems from a multicipital
caudex, 2-5 inches high, 1-4-flowered: leaves thickish; radical spatulate;
upper cauline linear: lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate as long as its
campanulate tube capsules oblong-turbinate, not narrowed at summit.
Grassy slopes, Mount Adams, Washington, to the highest mountains of
California.

* * Openings of the capsule near the base.

C. rotundifolia L. Sp. 163. Stems slender, erect or diffuse, 6-30
inches long, one to several-flowered: lowest leaves orbicular or ovate to
cordate, slender-petioled; cauline leaves all linear and sessile: flower-buds
erect on the slender pedicels; flowers drooping or spreading; calyx-lobes
subulate, spreading, longer than the short-turbinate tube; corolla blue,
campanulate, 7-12 lines long: capsule obconic or ovoid nodding, opening
by short clefts near the base. Common on rocky banks and creek-bot-
toms, Alaska to California and across the Continent Europe and Asia. A
variable species, perhaps as here defined includes more than one species.

* * Root perennial: leaves sharply or lJaciniately serrate: inflores-
cence centrifugal and racemiform: style filiform and straight, exceed-
ing the narrow-campanulate corolla: capsule hemispherical or short-
turbinate, the openings near the middle or near the base.

‘ C. Seouleri Hook. FI. ii, t. 125. Glabrous or a little pubescent: stems
slender, 6-13 inches long, often branched: leaves from ovate to lanceolate,
1-3 inches long, acute and acutely serrate. mostly tapering at base to a
margined petiole: flowers more or less panicled, drooping, on long filiform
pedicels, pale blue, the terminal one opening first: calyx with oblong tube

410 VACCINIACEAE VACCINIUM

and setaceous-subulate lobes: corolla 6-8 lines long, its lanceolate acute
lobes longer than the tube: capsule 3-4 lines long, strongly angled. Com-
mon in coniferous woods, Vancouver Island to California.

C. prenanthoides Durand Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii, 93. Glabrous
or roughish-puberulent: stem erect, 1-3 feet high: leaves numerous, 6-18
lines long, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate, the cauline mainly sessile:
flowers racemose, scattered or clustered, generally numerous, bright blue,
on short pedicels: corolla slender-cylindrical in bud, twice the length of
the slender calyx-lobes, almost 5-parted, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2-4
times as long as the tube: capsule thin-walled and with broad and
retuse base. Coniferous woods and open places, southern Oregon to
California.

Orver LIV, VACCINIACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 757.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple leaves, and small
pink or white perfect flowers in clusters, or solitary. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Co-
rolla gamopetalous, 4-5-lobed, or rarely divided into separate
petals, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the
corolla epigynous, or inserted on the base of the corolla; fila-
ments usually flattened, anthers dorsally attached, 2-celled, the
connective entire or 2-awned. Ovary inferior, 2-10-celled, with
placentae in the axis, with one to several anatropous ovules in
each cell, crowned by the epigynous disk. Style filiform: stigma
simple, or minutely 4-5-lobed. Fruit a berry or drupe in our
genera. Seeds compressed. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen.

1 Vaceinium Corolla urceolate, subglobose, cylindric, or campanulate.
2 Oxyeoccus Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-divided, the lobes reflexed.

1 VACCINIUM L. Sp. 349.

Branching shrubs or small trees with alternate often coriace-
ous leaves and small white pink or red flowers. Calyx-tube glo-
bose, hemispheric or-turbinate, not angled, adnate to the ovary,
the limb 4-5-toothed or lobed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped,
campanulate, cylindric, or subglobose, its limb 4-5-toothed or
lobed. Stamens as many or twice as many as lobes of the corolla.
Anthers awned or awnless, upwardly prolonged into tubes, open-
ing by a terminal hole or slit of the tubular apex of each cell.
Ovary 4-5-celled, or 8-10-celled by: false partitions ; ovules several
or numerous in each cell.

§ 1 Evuvaccintum Gray. Leaves deciduous. Flowers on
drooping pedicels, solitary or 2-4 together, developing with or
soon after the leaves. Corolla from ovate to globular, and more
or less urn-shaped, 4-5-toothed. Filaments glabrous; anthers
2-awned on the back, included. Ovary and berry 4-5-celled, with
no false partitions.

* Leaves quite entire and usually almost sessile: flowers 1-4 in a

fascicle from a distinct scaly bud, more commonly 4-merous and 8-
androus: limb of the calyx deeply 4-5-parted.

VACCINIUM VACCINIACEAE 411

V. uliginosum L. Sp. 350. Glabrous or minutely puberulent: stem
stiff, much branched, 6-24 inches high: leaves thickish, mostly pale or
glaucescent, obovate oval or oblong-cuneate, obtuse or retuse, reticu-
Jate-veiny especially beneath, 5-12 lines long: corolla urn-shaped, glob-
ular or ovate, solitary or 2-4 together: berries dark blue with a bloom,
3-4 lines in diameter, sweet. Summits of the high mountains of Ore-
gon to Alaska and across the Continent. Also in northern Europe
and Asia.

Var. mucronatum Herder. Depressed-cespitose: leaves small, bright
green both sides, conspicuously reticulated, usually roundish, abruptly
mucronate or cuspidate. Along the coast, southern Oregon to Alaska.

V. occidentale Gray Bot. Cal. i, 451. Glabrous shrub, 1-3 feet high:
leaves rather thin, glaucescent, obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-ob-
long or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 6-9 lines long: flowers mostly soli-
tary: corolla oblong-ovate: berries small, 2-3 lines in diameter. In high
mountain marshes, Washington to California and Nevada.

* * Flowers solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and 10-
androus: calyx less deeply or very slightly lobed.
* Dwarf and cespitose: branchlets not angled.

V. caespitosum Michx. FI. i, 234. Glabrous or nearly so, 3-7 inches
high: leaves from obovate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or rarely acutish
thickly serrulate, bright green both sides, reticulate-veiny; corolla ovate
or ovoid-oblong: berries large, blue with a bloom, sweet. On the highest
mountains, Washington to Alaska and across the Continent.

Var. cuneifolium Nutt. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. viii, 262. Stem 8-12 inches
high, bushy: leaves spatulate-cuneate with rounded apex to spatulate-
lanceolate and acute, the earliest not rarely entire. Mountains of Brit.
Columbia to California, Colorado, Utah and Lake Superior.

V. arbuscula. V. caespitosum var. arbuscula Gray. Stem erect, 6-18
inches high, much branched: leaves obovate, 5-7 lines long, thickish, pale
green: corolla oblong-ovoid: berries 2-3 lines ‘in diameter, dark blue with
a bloom, sweet. In open pine forests, Alaska to California.

* * Low: branches sharply angled and green: leaves small.

V. Myrtillus L. Sp. i, 349. “A foot or less high, glabrous: leaves
ovate or oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuousely reticulated-veiny, and
with a prominent narrow midrib (in ours half to two-thirds inch long) :
limb of calyx almost entire: corolla globular-ovate: berries black, nod-
ding. Alaska to Idaho and the Rocky Mountains. Eu., Asia.”

V. microphyllum. VY. Myrtillus var. microphyllum Hook. Stem erect,
with numerous slender strict green branches and branchlets, 3-18 inches
high: leaves ovate or oval, 2-4 lines long, bright green: corolla ovate, a
line long: berries 1-2 lines in diameter, bright red, sweet. On the high-
est mountains, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains.

«+ * Mostly tall with spreading branches.

V. membranaceum Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 32. V. myrtilloides Hook,
not of Miche. Glabrous or glabrate, 1-5 feet high, with erect -slightly an-
gled branchlets: leaves ovate or oval to oblong, sharply serrulate, mem-
branaceous, green both sides but not shining, loosely reticulate-veiny, 1-2
inches long, the larger and later ones mostly acute or acuminate: limb of
the calyx entire: corolla depressed-globular or semi-globose-urceolate:
pedicels erect in fruit: berries 3-4 lines in diameter, purplish-black, sweet.
On the high mountains, Alaska to Calfornia, and east to Lake Superior.

Var. rigidum Hook. Branchlets slightly pubescent and more com-
pact: leaves rigid. In the mountains of Brit. Columbia and Washington.

412 VACCINIACEAE VACCINIUM
OXYCOCCUS
V. ovalifolium Smith in Rees’s Cycl. No. 2. Glabrous and glauces-
cent, 4-12 feet high, straggling: branchlets more or less angled: leaves
thin, oval to oblong, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, merely mu-
cronulate, entire, or with a few irregular serratures, 1-2 inches long, pale
and glaucescent: limb of the calyx minutely 10-toothed: corolla ovoid-'
urceolate: pedicels recurved in fruit: berries depressed-globose, 3-5
lines in diameter: blue with a bloom, acid but very good. Moist
woods, Oregon to Alaska, Quebec and Michigan.

V. Alaskaensis. Stem erect, 2-12 feet high, with erect branches and
spreading sharply angled branchlets: leaves thickish, 1-3 inches long when
mature, mostly ovate or oblong, not rarely acute at both ends, mucronu-
late, on very short petioles, dark green above, paler beneath: limb of the
calyx obscurely 10-toothed: corolla globular, 2 lines long: pedicels nod-
ding in flower, erect in fruit: berries black, globular 4-6 lines in diameter,
acid but fine for table use. In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon to Alaska.

V. parvifolium Smith 1. c. 3. Stem 3-12 feet high, with straggling
angled green branches and branchlets: leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or
rounded at both ends, 3-8 lines long, entire, pale green, dull beneath, often
sparse: limb of the calyx 5-lobed: corolla globular: pedicels nodding in
fruit: berries bright red, acid, but fine for table use. Common in damp
forests west of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon to Alaska.

§ 2 Virtis-IpaEA Koch. Leaves coriaceous and persistent.
Flowers in short racemes or clusters from separate buds, bracte-
ate and 2-bracteolate. Stamens with hairy filaments and awnless
anthers.

V. Vitis-Idaea L. Fl. Dan. t. 40. Almost glabrous: branches tufted,
4-10 inches high from creeping stems: leaves crowded, obovate or oval,
emarginate, shining above, pale and bristly dark-dotted beneath, 3-6 lines
long, the margins revolute, entire or obscurely serrulate: flowers crowded
in a short terminal secund and. nodding bracteate raceme, 4-merous and
8-androus: bracts reddish, nearly persistent: limb of the calyx deeply
4-lobed: corolla white or rose-color, open-campanulate, rather deeply 4-
lobed: berries dark red, acid and bitterish, edible when cooked. In
marshes, northern Washington to Alaska and across the continent.

V. ovatum Pursh. Fl. i, 290. Stems erect or ascending, 2-8 feet high,
with rather rigid branches; branchlets pubescent: leaves thick and firm,
very numerous, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely and acute-
ly serrate, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides, 6-12 lines long:
flowers in short and close axillary clusters: bracts and: bractlets deciduous,
usually red: corolla campanulate 2 lines long, rose-color or nearly white,
barely thrice the length of the acute red calyx-lobes: berries black, acid.
In moist woods near the coast, Brit. Columbia to California.

2 OXYCOCCUS Hill British Herbal, 324. (CrANBERRY.)

Low trailing or erect shrubs with alternate leaves, and axillary
or terminal nodding flowers on long filiform pedicels. Calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4-5-cleft, persistent. Corolla
4-5-parted, with long narrow reflexed segments. Stamens 8-10,
the distinct filaments puberulent at base. Anthers connivent into
a cone, awnless, upwardly prolonged into hollow tubes and open-
ing by oblique pores at the top. Ovary 4-5-celled, destitute of
false partitions. Fruit a many-seeded juicy berry.

OXYCOCCUS ERICACEAE 413

O. palustris Pers. Syn. i, 419. Vaccinium oxycoccus L, Stems very
slender, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 6-18 inches long; branches erect or
ascending, 2-6 inches high, very leafy: leaves thick, evergreen, ovate,
acute at the apex, rounded or cordate at base 2-5 lines long, green above,
white beneath, the margins revolute, entire: flowers 1-5 in a fascicle from
terminal thin-scaly buds, nodding on erect long filiform 2-bracteolate pedi-
ce's: corolla pink, about 4 lines broad, cleft nearly to the base, filaments
fully half as long as the anthers: berries globose, 3-5 lines in diameter,
often spotted when young. In cold bogs, Oregon to and around the sub-
Arctic zone.

Var. intermedium. Vaccinium Oxycoccus var. intermedium Gray.
Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, 3-6 lines long: flowers strictly
umbellate from the scaly bud, but this not rarely proliferous into a leafy
shoot: berries 3-5 lines in diameter. Cold bogs in the Cascade Mountains,
Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

Orper LV. ERICACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. iii, 675.

Shrubs trees or herbs with simple leaves without stipules, and
mostly perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, free from the ovary,
4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regular, or
rarely somewhat irregular, usually 4-5-toothed or 4-5-lobed.
Stamens hypogynous, usually as many or twice as many as lobes
or divisions of the corolla: filaments mostly separate and free
or nearly free from the corolla: anthers 2-celled, the cells often
prolonged upwardly into tubes, opening by terminal pores or
chinks, or longitudinally, often awned: the pollen composed of
4 united grains. Ovary 2-5-celled with placentae in the axis,
the ovules usually numerous, sometimes solitary, anatropous:
style single: stigma peltate or capitate. Fruit a capsule berry
or drupe. Embryo small or minute, in fleshy albumen.

TRIBE 1, ARBUTEAE. Fruit a berry or berry-like drupe. Corolla
4-5-toothed, deciduous.
1 Arbutus Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled: fruit a many-seeded berry.
2 Arctostaphylos Ovary 5-10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell:

fruit a 5-10-seeded drupe, or by abortion 3-9-seeded.

TRIBE 11, ANDROMEDEAE. Fruit a loculicidal, chiefly 5-celled

and many-seeded capsule. Corolla usually 5-toothed, deciduous.
* Calyx becoming fleshy and berry-like in fruit, enclosing the small
capsule.

3 Gaultheria Corolla campanulate and 5-lobed, or urceolate, 5-toothed.
* * Calyx remaining dry under the naked capsule.,

4 Andromeda Low shrubs with moderately broad leaves: calyx val-
vate or open in bud: corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindrace-
ous: capsule 5-celled.

5 Cassiope Small fruticulose plants with small thick or acerose mostly
imbricated leaves: calyx of ovate imbricated sepals: corolla open-
campanulate, 4-5-lobed or parted: capsule 4-5-valved, the valves 2-
lobed.

TRIBE 111, RHoporEAE, Fruit a septicidal capsule, the valves
in dehiscence separating from the persistent placentiferous col-

414 ERICACEAE ARBUTUS

umella. Corolla deciduous, its lobes or petals imbricated in bud.

* Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell.

* Corolla gamopetalous: scaly leaf-buds none: flowers from the
axils of mostly coriaceo-foliaceous persistent bracts: capsule globular,
4-5-valved from above.

6 Phyllodoce Leaves narrow and imbricated: corolla ovoid.

7 Bryanthus Leaves narrow, alternate but crowded: corolla open-cam-
panulate, 5-lobed or parted.

8 Kalmia Leaves comparatively broad and ample, persistent: corolla
saucer-shaped, 5-lobed and 10-saccate below the limb.

* * Flower-buds scaly-strobilaceous, the thin or scarious scales
caducous or deciduous: corolla gamopetalous: capsule 4-5-valved from
apex to base.

9 Menziesia Shrubs with deciduous leaves: corolla from globular-
urceolate to cylindraceous, 4-toothed or lobed: stamens not exserted.

10 Azaleastrum Shrubs with deciduous leaves: corolla subcampanu-
late, regular, 5-lobed: stamens not exserted,

11 Azalea Shrubs with deciduous leaves: corolla funnelform, slightly
irregular: stamens exserted,

12 Rhododendron Shrubs with evergreen leaves: corolla campanulate,
slightly irregular.
+ * + Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so.

13 Ledum Shrubs with evergreen leaves: flowers umbellate from sep-
arate scaly buds: capsule 5-valved from the base.

* * Anthers opening from the apex nearly or quite to the base of
the cell: corolla of distinct petals or deeply 5-cleft: capsule 2-5-valved
from above.

14 Cladothamnus Erect shrubs with deciduous leaves: flowers from
leafy shoots of the season, solitary: capsule 5-6-celled.

Tribe 1 Arbuteae DC. vii 581. Trees or shrubs with scaly buds
and alternate evergreen leaves. Corolla wrn-shaped or globular,
5-toothed or rarely 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens twice as many
as lobes of the corolla, included. Fruit fleshy, either a berry or
drupe.

1 ARBUTUS L. Gen. n. 552. (mMaADRONO.)

Low trees or shrubs with thick evergreen leaves and small pink
or white flowers in panicles that terminate the branchlets. Calyx
small, 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla ovate, globular, or urn-shaped,
5-toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included: anthers
flattened, furnished with a pair of reflexed awns on the back be-
low the summit; the cells opening by terminal pores. Ovary
raised on a hypogynous disk, 5-celled: ovules numerous on a
fleshy placente projecting from the inner angle of each cell.
Style rather long: stigma obtuse. Berries with a rough or gran-
ular surface, maturing several seeds in each cell.

A. Menziesii Pursh. Hook. Fl. ii, 36. A tree 20-100 feet high, and a
trunk 6-30 inches in diameter: bark close and smooth by exfoliation, on

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ERICACEAE 415

large trees becoming rough near the base, turning brownish-red: leaves
oval or oblong, entire or serrulate, green with more or less red veins above,
pale and finely reticulated beneath, 3-5 inches long by 1-3 inches broad,
firm-coriaceous: branches of the panicle minutely pubescent: calyx-lobes
broadly ovate, about a line long: corolla globular, 3-5 lines long: berries
somewhat drupaceous, reddish-orange, 3-5 lines in diameter. On dry hill-
sides, Vancouver Island to southern California, west of the Cascade Mts.

2 ARCTOSTAPYLOS Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 165. (MANzANITA.)

Shrubs or small trees with alternate broad coriaceous evergreen
leaves which are usually vertical by a twist of the petiole, and
small white to light red flowers in terminal, usually pendulous,
racemes or panicles. Pedicels bracteate and bracteolate. Calyx
deeply 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, with 4 or 5 recurved lobes.
Stamens 8 or 10; filaments dilated and hairy at base; anthers
with 2 reflexed awns on the back, the cells opening: by a hole at
the top. Ovary 4-10-celled, with a single pendulous ovule in
each cell, in fruit becoming a 4-10-celled, and by abortion, 1-7-
seeded stone or patumen, or the cells distinct or more or less co-
alescent at the ventral edge. Seeds with a slender erect radicle
and small cotyledons in fleshy albumen.

* Depressed and trailing or creeping, green, glabrous or minutely
pubescent, no bristly hairs: flowers rather few in simple small clus-
ters: ovary and fruit glabrous: nutlets 1-nerved on the back.

A. Uva-ursi Spreng Syst. ii, 287. (Kinnrxrintc.) Diffusely much
branched and rooting at the nodes, forming depressed patches several feet
in diameter from a single main root: leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse or
retuse, an inch or less Jong, tapering into a short petiole, bracts ovate,
acute, somewhat foliaceous: flowers few, in short racemes, white; corolla
ovoid, constricted at the throat, about 2 lines long: drupe globose, red,
glabrous, 3-5 lines in diameter, contaning 5 coalescent nutlets. In open
woods, California to the Arctic Circle and across the Continent.

A. intermedia Greene Pitt. ii, 171. Diffusely branching, the main di-
visions of the stem procumbent, a foot or two long; leafy branches as-
cending or erect, less than a foot high: leaves obovate-cuneiform, about an
inch long, obtuse, puberulent beneath: racemes terminal, subsessile, few-
flowered: fruit globose, slightly depressed, 3-4 lines in diameter; nutlets
5-7, firmly consolidated. On dry gravelly ground, Mason Co., Washington.

A. Nevadensis Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 27. Stems loosely branching from
the base, the branches decumbent, 1-2 feet long: leaves ovate or oval to
lanceolate-spatulate, cuspidate-mucronate, abruptly petioled, 6-12 lines
long: racemes few-flowered: corolla white, oblong, 2-4 lines long: drupes
dull red, 3-4 lines in diameter: nutlets mostly separate. On the high
mountains, Washington to California.

* * Erect low shrubs: leaves at most an inch long: flowers on
short, mostly clustered, racemes or spikes, only a line or two long.

A. hispidula. Stems 4-6 feet high, with very dark colored bark,
rather strictly branched: branchlets glandular-hispidulous, very leafy:
leaves oblong or oblong-ovate or some oblong-lanceolate, with indistinct
cartilaginous margins acute at both ends, cuspidate, green and glabrous.
with round pubescent petioles: bracts glabrous, triangular with a very
broad base, acuminate, not foliaceous: pedicels glabrous, longer than the

416 ERICACEAE ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

bracts: corolla rose-color, 2-3 lines long: filaments sparingly hairy: ovary
glabrous: fruit not seen. On bottom lands along Smith river at Gasque
Del Norte Co., California: no doubt in adjacent Oregon.

A. intricata. Stem erect, 3-6 feet high with very dark-colored bark,
irregularly and intricately branched, the branchlets tomentose and gland-
ular: leaves oblong to ovate, acute and cuspidate, usually abruptly con-
tracted below to a short glandular-hispid petiole, bright green, minutely
tomentose, the margins ciliate: bracts acuminate-ovate with a broad base,
hispid-ciliate, somewhat foliaceous: pedicels very short, glandular: corolla
bright rose-color, about 3 lines long: filaments loosely hairy: ovary dense-
ly tomentose: fruit not seen, On stony hillsides near Smith river west of
Gasque, Del Norte Co., California; no doubt in adjacent Oregon.

A. cinerea. Erect, 3-6 feet high, densely branched from the base,
with rather light-colored bark and cinereous branchlets: leaves oblong or
obovate, obtuse or acutish to acute, cuspidate, whitish-green, tapering be-
low to a stout flat cinereous petiole, smooth: bracts not foliaceous, acu-
minate-lanceolate with a broad base, minutely cinereous; pedicels longer
than the bracts, minutely tomentose: corolla dark rose-color to nearly
white: filaments densely hairy: ovary hairy at the top: fruit globose, flat-
tened at each end: some of the nutlets coalescent. Rocky hillsides along
the eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo, Oregon.

* * * Erect shrubs or low trees: leaves 1-3 inches long: flowers 3-4
lines long, on short clustered racemes: drupes obcompressed-globose:
some of the nutlets coalescent.

A. oblongifolia. Densely branching from the base, with reddish-
brown bark and cinereous branchlets, 4-6 feet high: leaves oblong or the
lowest obovate, obtuse, cuspidate, usually abruptly contracted below to a
rather long round petiole, whitish-green, smooth: bracts somewhat folia-
ceous, acuminate-lanceolate with a broad base, minutely pubescent: pedi-
cels longer than the bracts, minutely pubescent and sparingly glandular:
corolla white tinged with red: filaments very sparingly if at all hairy:
ovary pubescent at the top. Rocky hillsides, eastern base of the Coast
Mountains near Waldo, Oregon.

A. parvifolia. Stems branching from the base, with light reddish bark
and minutely white-tomentose branchlets: leaves small, oblong or cuneate-
oblong, obtuse or acutish, minutely cuspidate. whitish-green, on flattish
petioles: bracts triangular, short-acuminate, minutely pubescent: pedicels
not longer than the lower bracts, minutely pubescent: filaments sparingly
hairy: ovary glabrous. On the high hills near Andersons, Josephine Co.,
Oregon.

A. pulchella. Arborescent, 6-12 feet high, branching from the base,
with dark-colored bark and minutely pubescent branchlets: leaves obovate
to oblong, obtuse, obscurely mucronate, smooth, cinereous-green: bracts
acuminate-ovate with a very broad base, minutely pubescent: pedicels
much longer than the bracts, sparingly glandular: filaments slightly hairy:
ovary glabrous. On the mountains of Josephine Co., Oregon.

A. viseida Parry Proc. Cal. Acad. ii, 496. Arborescent, intricately
branched from the base, with dark colored bark and glabrous branchlets:
‘eaves orbicular to ovate or oblong, acutish to rounded at the apex, with
or without a small cusp, ashy-green and glabrous: bracts broadly triangu-
lar, shortly acuminate: pedicels much longer than the bracts, densely
viscid-glandular: filaments densely hairy: ovary glabrous. Common in
Josephine and Jackson Counties, Oregon, and adjacent California.

A. Manzanita Parry l.c. ? Arborescent, 6-10 feet high, with reddish
brown bark and the young branchlets black-glandular: leaves ovate to

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ERICACEAE 417
GAULTHERIA

obovate, obtuse or acutish, usually abruptly contracted below to a slender
petiole, not at all cuspidate, glabrous, dark green both sides: bracts acu-
minate-lanceolate, green and glandular: pedicels shorter than the bracts,
glabrous: filaments tomentose: ovary glabrous, Top of the Siskiyou
Mountains and southward,

A. bracteata. Strictly branched from the base, 4-6 feet high, with
tomentose branchlets: leaves oblong, obtuse, obscurely cuspidate, minutely
tomentose, contracted below to a flattish petiole: bracts foliaceous, lanceo-
tate: pedicels pubescent, shorter than the bracts: filaments and ovary
densely hairy. Near Waldo, Josephine Co., Oregon.

A. strigosa. Erect and loosely branching, 8-10 feet high, with densely
white-tomentose branchlets: leaves oblong or ovate, obscurely cuspidate,
usually rounded at the apex, minutely white-tomentose, light green, ab-
ruptly contracted below to a round petiole: bracts foliaceous, lanceolate,
strigose pubescent: pedicels shorter than the bracts, pubescent: filaments
sparingly hairy: ovary densely pubescent. In the mountains of Josephine
Co., Oregon.

A. tomentosa Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1791. Erect, 2-10 feet high
with tomentose and setose-hispid branchlets: leaves oblong-ovate or oblong,
acute and cuspidate, densely tomentose, contracted below to a short setose-
hispid and tomentose petiole: bracts foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, to-
mentose and ciliate: pedicels shorter than the bracts, tomentose: filaments
sparingly hairy: ovary densely tomentose. Rocky and sandy places, Brit.
Columbia to Oregon and perhaps farther south.

Tribe u, Andromedeae DC. Prodr, vii, 588. Shrubs with chiefly
alternate evergreen leaves. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous.
Stamens twice as many as lobes of the corolla, more or less in-
cluded. Anthers opening at the top. Fruit a loculicidal chiefly 5-
celled and many-seeded capsule, the valves usually bearing the
partitions, which separate from the persistent placentiferons axis
‘or columella.

3 GAULTHERIA L. Gen. n. 551.

Shrubs or undershrubs with broad evergreen leaves, and small
nodding flowers either solitary in the axils, or in axillary racemes.
Calyx 5-cleft or lobed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped to cam-
panulate. Stamens 10: filaments dilated toward the base: anther-
cells usually 2-pointed or 2-awned, and opening by a pore at the
top. Capsule 5-celled, depressed and umbilicate, many-seeded,
enclosed at maturity in the calyx, which enlarges and becomes
fleshy and berry-like after the corolla falls.

* Corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed: filaments glabrous: apex of
the anthers obscurely 4-pointed.

G. Myrsinites Hook. Fl. ii, 35, t, 129. Cespitose-procumbent or de-
pressed, glabrous, the flowering branches 1-5 inches long: leaves oval or
rounded, mostly only half-inch long: pedicels solitary in the axils, very
short, 3-5 bracteolate: corolla depressed-campanulate, little surpassing the
calyx: fruit scarlet, 2-3 lines in diameter. In forests on the high moun-
tains, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains.

G. ovatifolia Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xix, 84. Depressed-trailing with
ascending branches, with some at length rusty hairs, at least on the calyx:
leaves broadly ovate, or even subcordate, the largest an inch and a half
long, serrulate, dark green and shining; corolla campanulate, twice the

418 ERICACEAE ANDROMEDA
CASSIOPE

length of the calyx-lobes: pedicels solitary in the axils, usually 4-bracteo-
late: fruit scarlet. Cascade Mountains, Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

“> * Corolla ovate or urceolate, 5-toothed: filaments hairy: anthers

4-awned at the summit.

G. Shallon Pursh. FI. i, 284, t. 12. (SALAL.) Shrubby, 1-6 feet high,
with rather stout spreading stems: branches, pedicels and even the corollas
glandular-hairy or pubescent: leaves ovate to cordate, often acuminate,
strongly serrulate, 1-4 inches long: flowers open bracteate many-flowered
secund racemes, from axillary and terminal chartaceous-scaly buds: ped-
icels 2-bracteolate below the middle: corolla urn-shaped, 3-5 lines long,
5-toothed, viscid: fruit black, 3-6 lines in diameter, edible. Very common
in forests, Alaska to California.

4 ANDROMEDA L. Sp. 393.

Low shrubs with coriaceous, linear or oblong evergreen leaves,
and small white to flesh-colored flowers in terminal umbels.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent but not becoming fleshy in fruit.
Corolla globose-urceolate, 5-toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens
10, included; filaments hairy; anthers attached to the filaments
at about the middle, ovate, obtuse, the cells opening by large ter-
minal pores, ‘each with a recurved awn. Ovary 5-celled. Cap-
sule subglobose, 5-angled, the top intruded, loculicidally 5-valved,
many-seeded. Placenta borne near the top of the columella, the
seeds spreading in all directions.

A. polifolia L. 1. c. Stem 6-18 inches high, simple or branched:
leaves firm-coriaceous, glabrous and glaucous, linear to lanceolate-oblong,
with strongly revolute margins, white beneath: flowers in a small termi-
nal umbe!: pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts, naked:
calyx small, deeply 5-parted, early open; corolla globose-urceolate, 3-4
lines long: anthers short, each cell surmounted by a slender ascending
awn: seeds smooth and shining. Wet bogs, northern Washington to
Alaska and across the Continent.

5 CASSIOPE D. Don Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xvii, 157.

Fruticulose evergreens with small or minute imbricated or
crowded, entire and veinless, often opposite or whorled leaves
and solitary flowers nodding on the summits of erect naked pedi-
cels. Calyx ebracteolate, of 4 or 5 imbricated sepals that are
thickened at base. Corolla open-campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed or
parted. Anthers short, attached nearly by their summits, the
cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and tipped by a
slender recurved awn. Style thickened at base, or conical. Pla-
cente many-ovuled, pendulous from the summit of the short
columella. Capsule globose or ovoid, dry, loculicidally 4- or 5-
valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds minute, with a thin close coat.

C. Stelleriana DC. Prodr. vii, 610. Diffusely spreading: leaves ob-
long-linear, obtuse, widely spreading, flattish, obscurely serrulate, 2-3 lines

long: peduncle terminal, very short: corolla 4- or 5-parted: style conical.
Washington to Alaska.

C. lycopodioides Don. 1. c. Stems filiform, very low and creeping:
leaves barely‘a line long, roundish on the back, not ciliate, closely imbri-

PH YLLODOCE ERICACEAE 419

BRYANTHUS
cated in 4 ranks: pedicels filiform: corolla 5-lobed: style slender, slightly
thickened downward. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon to the Aleutian
Islands and Siberia.

C. Mertensiana Don |. c. Rather stout, with rigid ascending stems
and fastigiate branches, a foot or less high: leaves 1-2 lines long, glabrous,
carinate and not furrowed on the back, imbricated in four ranks: pedicels
rather short: corolla 5-lobed: style slender, slightly thickened downward.
On the highest mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

C. tetragona Don. |. c. Stems erect or ascending 4-12 inches high,
with fastigiate branches: leaves 1 2 lines Jong, thick and with a deep fur-
row on the back, imbricated’ in four ranks, often pubescent when
young: flowers sometimes four-merous: peduncles 5-12 lines long:
style slender, slightly thickened below. Higher parts of the Cascade
Mountains in Oregon to the Arctic regions and across the Continent,

Tribe 8, Rhodoreae Don. Corolla deciduous, its lobes or petals
imbricated in the bud. Anthers without awns or appendages.
Stigma not rarely surrounded by a ring or border. Fruit a septi-
cidal capsule; the valves (in ours) in dehiscence separating from
the persistent placentiferous columella.

* Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell

“ Flowers from the axils of coriaceo-foliaceous persistent
bracts, or rarely from those of ordinary leaves. Corolla gamo-
petalous. Filaments and style filiform. Capsule globular, 4- or
5-valved from above.

6 PHYLLODOCE Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 36.

Low branching more or less glandular shrubs with small linear
evergreen leaves and white to purple or blue flowers in terminal
umbels. Pedicels bracted at the base. Calyx 5-parted, persist-
ent. Corolla ovoid, contracted at the throat, 5-toothed. Stamens
10, included; filaments filiform; anthers attached by their backs,
oblong, obtuse, the cells opening by terminal oblique chinks.
Ovary 5-celled ; ovules numerous; style filiform, included; stigma
obscurely 5-lobed or capitate. Capsule subglobose or globose-
oblong, 5-valved to about the middle. Seeds minute, the testa
coriaceous.

P. glanduliflora. Bryanthus granduliflorus Gray. Stems rather rig-
id. fastgiately branched, 3-12 inches high: leaves numerous and crowded
but somewhat spreading, linear-ob!ong, obtuse, 3-6 lines long, thick, with
a white line through the centre below and a deep furrow above, narrowed
at base to a short petiole, the margins thick and scabrous: pedicels 6-12
lines long, glandular-hirsute: sepals lanceolate, acutish to acuminate 2
lines long, glandular-hirsuté: corolla yellowish, ovoid. 3-4 lines long,
the short lobes glabrous. On rocky banks and cliffs near perpetual snow,
Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

7? BRYANTHUS Gmel. Fl. Siber. iv, 132.

Small evergreen shrubs with much crowded, linear alternate
leaves and showy rose-color to purple flowers umbellate or racem-
ose-crowded at the ends of the branches. Calyx 4-6-toothed or

420 ERICACEAE KALMIA
MENZIESIA

parted, persistent. Corolla campanulate, 4-6-lobed, the lobes
short, recurved, simply imbricated in bud. Stamens 8-12: fil-
aments filiform: anthers oblong, opening by oblique chinks at
the top. Capsule subglobose, 4-6-celled. Seeds small, with a
firm coat.

B. empetriformis Gray Proc. Ann. Acad. vii, 377. Densely much
branched from the base, 1-2 feet high, often forming clumps 1-3 feet in
diameter: leaves 3-7 lines long, with strongly revolute thickened and
rough margins: pedice!s several, somewhat umbellate, subtended by
foliaceous and rigid bracts: corolla rose-color, 2-4 lines long, campanulate,
barely 5-Iobed, the lobes much shorter than the tube: stamens included.
On the highest mountains, northern California to Vancouver Island and
the Rocky Mountains.

8 KALMIA L. Gen. n. 545.

Shrubs with entire evergreen coriaceous leaves and umbellate
clustered or rarely scattered showy flowers. Calyx 5-parted or
of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. ‘Corolla saucer-shaped, with
a short narrow tube, 5-lobed and 10-saccate below the limb, which
is strongly 10-carinate in the bud from the pouches upward, the
salient keels’ running to the summit of the lobes and sinuses, the
limb imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10; the short anthers free
and on erect filaments in the early bud, in the full grown bud
received in the pouches of the corolla and the filaments bent over
as the corolla enlarges and still more when it expands, straight-
ening elastically and incurving when disengaged, thereby throw-
ing out the pollen. Anther-cells opening by a large pore; some-
times extending into a chink. Stigma depressed. Capsule glob-
ular, 5-celled, tardily septicidal. Placentz pendulous or porrect
from the upper part of the small columella. Seeds with a thin
and mostly close coat.

K. glauca Ait. Hort. Kew. ii, 64, t. 8. Shrub 6-18 inches high:
glabrous throughout and mostly glaucous: leaves all opposite, or rarely in
threes, almost sessile, ovate to linear-oblong, or appearing narrower by the
usually strong revolution of the margins; dark green above, glaucous white
beneath, 6-20 lines long: flowers in terminal fascicles, lilac-purple, 6-8
lines in diameter: bracts large: sepals ovate, scarious-margined, much im-
bricated, persistent. In marshes near the coast, Oregon to Alaska and
across the Continent.

Var. microphylla Hook. FI. ii, 41. Stems 6-12 inches high: leaves
oval barely half-inch long: flowers only 2-6 in the clusters, smaller.
High mountain marshes, California to Brit. Columbia.

*“ ~ Buds scaly-strobilaceous; the thin or scarious scales cadu-
cous,or deciduous. Calyx often much reduced or obsolete. Co-
rolla gamopetalous. Capsule 4- or 5-valved from apex to base.
Seeds mostly scobiform, having the loose coat produced or appen-
daged at both ends. :

9 MENZIESIA Smith Incon. Ined. iii, t. 36.
Shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves and small, mostly dull-

MENZIESIA ERICACEAE 421

AZALEASTRUM
colored flowers on nodding pedicels, developed at the same time
as the leaves from separate strobilaceous buds that terminate the
branches of the preceding year. Calyx bristly-hirsute, usually
4-lobed. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindraceous, 4-
toothed or lobed. Stamens not exserted, usually 8: filaments sub-
ulate: anthers mostly linear-sagittate, the cells opening by an
oblique pore or short chink. Style not exserted: stigma truncate.
Capsule short. Placentz attached to the whole length of the short

columella.

M. ferruginea Smith |. c. Erect straggling shrub 6-8 feet high with
strigose chaffy ferruginous scales on the young parts: leaves oblong or
lanceolate-obovate, acute or acutish at both ends, prominently glandu-
lar, mucronate, ciliate with glandular bristles, rusty strigose-hirsute above,
merely pale beneath: pedicels bristly-glandular: corolla oblong-ovate, be-
coming cylindraceous: filaments glabrous: capsule ovate: seeds merely
apiculate, or very short tailed. In the high mountains and along the
coast, Oregon to Alaska.

M. glabella Gray Syn. FI. ii, 39. Erect shrub 6-8 feet high, without
strigose chaffy scales, or very few on the young petioles and midrib be-
neath: leaves obovate, mostly obtuse, barely mucronate-tipped, glauces-‘
cent and glabrous or nearly so beneath, sprinkled with some small ap-
pressed hairs above, an inch long, the obscurely serrulate margins minute-
ly ciliolate: pedicels naked or somewhat glandular: corolla ovoid-cam-
panulate: filaments more or less ciliate below: capsule oblong or ovoid,
erect, smooth and naked or nearly so: seeds with appendages at each
end as long as the nucleus. In damp forests, Oregon to Brit. Columbia
and east to Lake Superior.

10 AZALEASTRUM.

RHODODENDRON § AZALEASTRUM Maxim.

Shrubs with thin deciduous leaves, and rather large white or
light-colored flowers. Inflorescence lateral, the flowers from
separate 1-3-flowered lateral buds below the leaves. Bud-scales
caducous. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions more or less foliaceous,
persistent. Corolla almost rotate, regular, 5-lobed. Stamens
10, not declined: filaments filiform: anthers erect, opening by a
hole at the apex of each cell. Style filiform: stigma capitate.
Capsule 5-valved from the summit. Seeds numerous and small,
with a loose chaff-like coat.

A. albiflorum. Rhododendron albiflorum Hook. Stems erect, 2-6 feet
high with slender branches, pubescent with slender straight or silky and
some short glandular hairs when young, nearly glabrous in age: leaves
membranaceous, oblong or narrower, obscurely undulate, 1-2 inches long,
pale green: flowers 1-3 in the fascicles, nodding on short pedicels; sepals
oblong, obtuse, 3-4 lines long, somewhat foliaceous: corolla open-cam-
panulate, 8-10 lines long, 5-lobed, bright white: filaments bearded at base:
stigma peltate, 5-lobed: capsule ovoid, 3-4 lines long. On the highest
mountains of northern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Moun-
tains.

11 AZALEA L. Gen. n. 212.

Erect branching shrubs ‘with alternate thin deciduous leaves,

422 ERICACEAE AZALEA
RHODODENDRON

and large flowers in terminal umbels developed from scaly buds
that terminate the growth of the previous year and surrounded at
the base by lateral and smaller leaf-buds. Bud-scales and bracts
caducous or early deciduous. Calyx small or minute, 5-parted.
Corolla funnelform, glandular-viscid outside, with narrow tube
and 5-lobed, often more or less 2-lipped limb. Stamens 5, rarely
“10, exserted, usually declined: anthers attached to the filaments
by their backs, the cells opening by terminal pores. Style slen-
der, declined exserted. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule
oblong or narrower, 5-valved from the summit. Seeds minute,
with a loose chaff-like coat.

A. occidentalis T. & G. Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 116. Rhododendron occi-
dentalis Gray. Stems erect, 2-10 feet high, much branched: leaves ob-
ovate-oblong, nearly or quite glabrous at maturity but minutely ciliate,
bright green and shining above, paler beneath, 1-2 inches long, tapering
below to a short petiole, tipped with a short red gland: calyx 5-lobed, the
oblong or ovate lobes glandular and ciliate, about a line long, corolla
cream-white with orange stripes, 2 inches long, with conspicuous funnel-
form tube, slightly irregular limb and acute lobes, glandular-viscid out-
side: stamens 5, exserted and declined: filaments hairy below; style long-
exserted, curved upward; capsule oblong, 8-12 lines long. About springs
and along streams, southwestern Oregon and California.

12 RHODODENDRON L. Gen. n. 548.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate evergreen coriaceous leaves
and mostly large showy white to rose-colored or purple flowers in
terminal umbels or corymbs from scaly buds, the thin scales de-
ciduous when the flowers open. Calyx small or minute, 5-lobed
or 5-parted, persistent. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, nearly reg-
ular. Stamens usually 10, little exserted declined or equally
spreading: anthers erect, attached by their backs, the cells open-
ing by terminal pores. Capsule short or elongated, mostly woody,
5-20-valved from the summit. Seeds very numerous and small,
with a loose chaff-like coat.

R. Californicum Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4863. Stems 3-12 feet high,
with stout erect branches, glabrous: leaves broadly oblong, 3-6 inches
long, dark green and shining above: flowers very numerous in the fasci-
cles: calyx minute, slightly 5-lobed: corollas large and showy. rose-color,
a little irregular, broadly campanulate more than an inch in diameter, the
5 broad lobes undulate: stamens 10, not exserted, ovary rusty-hirsute:
capsule 10-18 lines long. On mountains and along the coast. California
to Brit. Columbia.

R. macrophyllum Don Syst. iii, 843. “Shrub 10 to 15 feet high:
leaves oblong, acute at both ends, 5 to 8 inches in length, thinnish: corolla
white, less than an inch long: its lobes oblong: ovary bristly hirsute.
Woods, Puget Sound, Washington, to Brit. Columbia.”

“* Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so. Filaments filt-
form. Placentae borne on the summit of the persistent columella.
Seed scobiform or linear.

LEDUM ERICACEAE 423

CLADOTHAMNUS
13 LEDUM L. Gen. n. 546.

Low shrubs with alternate persistent, more or less resinous-
dotted slightly fragrant leaves, and fascicles of white flowers de-
veloped from separate mostly terminal buds with well imbricated
caducous scales and bracts. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, persistent.
Petals 5, widely spreading.. Stamens 4-10: filaments filiform:
cells of the anthers opening by terminal pores. Style filiform,
persistent. Pedicels recurved in fruit. Capsule oval or oblong,
septicidally 5-valved from the base upward: placentz pendulous.
Seeds slender, with a loose coat.

* Leaves densely tomentose beneath, the wool soon ferruginous and
the margins strongly revolute: inflorescence all terminal.

L. Groenlandicum Ocder Fl. Dan. t. 567. L. latifolium Ait. Stems
erect or ascending, 1-4 feet high, the branchlets rusty-tomentose: leaves
oblong, obtuse, 1-2 inches long, green and slightly rugose above: flowers
4-5 lines broad, umbellate or short-corymbose, numerous pedicels brown-
canescent, 10-12 lines long, recurved in fruit: stamens 5-7: capsule ob-
long, canescent, 3-4 lines long. In cold marshes, northwest Washington
to Alaska and across the Continent.

* * Leaves glabrous both sides: inflorescence terminal or some-
times lateral.

L. glandulosum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. viii, 270. Stout, 2-6
feet high: leaves oblong or oval, 1-2 inches long, green above, white and
resinous atomiferous beneath: inflorescence often compound and crowded:
flowers numerous, white, 3-4 lines in diameter: calyx 5-parted: capsule
oval, retuse. In wet places, California to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky
Mountains.

* * Leaves entire. No thin-scaly strobilaceous buds. Corolla
of distinct petals or 5-cleft. Anthers opening longitudinally from
the apex nearly or quite to the base of the cells, or by terminal
pores. Capsule 2-5-valved from above.

14 CLADOTHAMNUS Bong. Veg. Sitk. 37, t. 1.

Erect branching shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves and
solitary terminal or axillary reddish flowers from leafy shoots of
the season. Sepals 5, somewhat foliaceous, as long as the five
spreading petals, persistent. Stamens 10: filaments dilated below:
anthers oblong, opening longitudinally from the apex nearly or
quite to the base of the cells. Style long, declined and incurved,
thickened at the apex, and annulate around the discoid stigma.
Capsule depressed-globose, 5-6-celled ; septicidally 5-valved from
above, many-seeded. Seeds oval, with a loose cellular coat.

C. campanulatus Greene Eryth. iii, 65.. “Shrub 4 to 5 feet high,
with few and stoutish ascending branches: leaves lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches
long, tapering to a short petiole which, together with the veins beneath, is
more or less strigose-hirsute with red hairs: flowers solitary or in pairs or
in threes, from lateral buds, on pedicels % inch long, these setose-hispid
with red hairs: sepals ovate-oblong, densely ciliate with short gland-tipped
hairs: corolla light salmon-color, campanulate, the petals joined together
at base into a short tube; anthers opening only by a pair of large round
terminal pores. High mountains of Washington and British Columbia;
hitherto confused with the typical species, which belongs to Alaska.”

424 PYROLACEAE PYROLA

Orper LV a. PYROLACEAE Agardh Cl. Pl. 18.

Low mostly evergreen perennials with petioled leaves, and
deeply 4- or 5-parted, or of 5 petals. Stamens twice as many
as the divisions of the corolla. Anthers introrse in the bud,
white, pink or red, perfect and nearly regular flowers solitary
or in racemes or corymbs. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla very
inverted when mature, opening by pores or short slits. Pol-
len of 4 united grains. Ovary superior, 4- or 5-celled. Style
short or slender, often declined. Ovules very numerous, anat-
ropous. Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. Seeds minute,
with a loose cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.

1 Pyrola Flowers several or numerous, racemose on a scape-like pedun-
cle: style long and usually declined.
2 Moneses_ Flower solitary, on a scape: style long and straight.

8 Chimaphila Flowers few to numerous, in a corymb or umbel on a
leafy stem.
1 PYROLA L. Gen. n. 554. :

Acaulescent or subcaulescent perennials with all radical ever-
green leaves and rather small white, greenish, or red flowers in
racemes on simple scaly-bracted scapes. Calyx 5-parted, persist-
ent. Petals 5, concave, or incurved and more or less converging,
sessile and deciduous. Stamens 10, declined, or straight and con-
nivent: filaments subulate, glabrous: anthers erect in the bud,
emarginate or 2-beaked at the base, mostly reversed at maturity,
each cell opening by a basal but apparently apical pore. Style
straight or declined: stigma annulate, 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Cap-
sule subglobose, the apex and base intruded, 5-lobed, 5-celled,
loculicidally 5-valved from the base, the valves woolly on the
margins when opening.

P. minor L. Sp. 396. Scapes 6-10 inches high, 7-16 flowered: leaves
orbicular to oval, rather thin, obscurely serrulate or crenulate, 9-18 lines
long, rounded or slightly narrowed or subcordate at base: pedicels re-
curved, rather crowded: flowers white or pinkish, 3-4 lines broad: calyx-
lobes mostly triangular-ovate and acute; petals orbicular, naked at the
base, globose-connivent ; stamens equally connivent around the pistil: an-
thers not narrowed below the openings: style straight, much shorter than
the ovary, included: stigma large, peltate, obscurely 5-lobed. In the Cas-
cade Mountains of Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent.

P. secunda’ L. Sp. 396. Somewhat caulescent from a branching base:
scape-like peduncles slender, 4-10 inches high: leaves ovate to oval, mostly
thin, acute, or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base:
crenulate-serrate, 1-2 inches long; flowers numerous, in a second raceme:
pedicels at first merely spreading, in fruit recurved: petals greenish, with a
pair of glands at the base of each, campanulate-connivent: stamens equally
connivent around the pistil: anthers not narrowed below the openings:
style straight, as long or longer than the petals; stigma peltate, 4-lobed, the
lobes at length radiately projecting beyond the border. In mountainous
districts, California to Alaska and across the Continent. Europe and Japan.

P. chlorantha Swartz Act. Holm. 1810, 190, t. 5, Scapes 6-12 inc®::

PYROLA PYROLACEAE 425

MONESES
high, 3-10-flowered: leaves small, 6-12 lines in diameter, orbicular or near-
ly so, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than their petioles: flowers nodding,
6-7 lines broad; calyx-lobes short, ovate, or triangular-ovate, acute or ob-
tuse: petals very obtuse, greenish-white: stamens declined; anthers dis-
tinctly contracted below the openings, with distinctly beaked tips: style
declined, and toward the apex curved upward, longer than the petals. In
dry woods, Idaho to Brit. Columbia and the northern States.

P. elliptica Nutt. Gen. i, 273. Scapes 6-10 inches high, loosely 7-16-
flowered: leaves elliptic to oval, 1-2 inches long, acute or merely roundish
at base, plicaté-crenulate with very low teeth, membranaceous, dark
green, longer than their petioles: calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, acute or
acuminate, about one-fourth as long as the greenish-white, obtuse petals:
stamens declined: anther-tips hardly if at all beaked: style declined, and
toward the apex curved upward, exserted. In rich, mostly dry woods,
Idaho to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States.

P. rotundifolia L. Sp. 396. Scapes 6-20 inches high, several to
many-flowered, scaly-bracteate: leaves orbicular or broadly oval, 1-2 inches
long, obscurely crenulate or entire, shining above, coriaceous, mostly
shorter than the petioles: bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate: calyx-
lobes lanceolate. or ovate-lanceolate, lax or with spreading tips, usually
half as long as the white or flesh-colored obtuse petals: stamens declined ;
anthers with long cells, contracted into a very short neck under the open-
ings, the mucro at base very short or obsolete: style declined and ex-
serted. In dry woods, California to Alaska and the Eastern States.

Var. incarnata DC. Prodr. vii, 773. “A rather small form: flowers
from flesh-color to rose-purple: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate.” Bogs,
Idaho to. Alaska and northern New England.

P. bracteata Hook. FI. ii, 49. Scapes 10-16 inches high, usually
many-flowered, scaly-bracteate: leaves oval to ovate or oblong, acutish,
not shining above, often variegated with whitish bands, 1-3 inches long,
on slender petioles; bracts broadly lanceolate, acuminate, large and con-
spicuous: calyx-lobes acuminate-lanceolate, more than half as long as
the red petals: stamens declined; anthers with long cells contracted under '
the openings into a short. neck: style declined, exserted. In wet places
in the mountains, California to Brit. Columbia.

P. picta Smith Rees Cycl. xxix. Scapes 6-12 inches high, 7-16-flow--
ered: leaves firm-coriaceous, dull-colored or whitish, commonly veined or
blotched with white above, pale or sometimes purplish beneath, 1-3 inches
long, from broadly ovate to spatulate or narrowly oblong, the blades all
longer than their petioles: rootstock rigid and often branched. or clustered:
bracts few and short: calyx-lobes ovate, not half the length of the green-
ish-white petals: stamens little if at all declined: anthers with a distinct
neck under the orifice: style strongly declined. Under pine trees in
sparsely wooded districts, Nootka Sound to California, Idaho, Wyoming
and Utah.

P. aphylla Smith 1. c. Scapes 8-12 inches high, strictly erect, reddish
or lurid, from deep scaly-toothed branched rootstocks, usually leafless,
several to many-flowered: bracts subulate: calyx-lobes ovate, acute, very
much shorter than the obovate whitish petals: stamens but slightly if at
all declined: anthers tubular-beaked under the orifice: style almost
straight, strongly declined. In coniferous woods, Alaska to California.

Var. paucifolia. With or without one or two smal] orbicular leaves
at base: bracts larger, broadly lanceolate. In dense forests of the Cas-
cade Mountains.

426 PYROLACEAE MONESES
CHIMAPHILA
2 MONESES Salisb. in S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl ii, 103.”

A low perennial with opposite or verticillate evergreen leaves
and a solitary drooping white or pink flower at the summit of a
slender scape. Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, widely
spreading, sessile. Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous: anthers 2-beaked
at the base, reversed when mature, each cell opening by a ‘basal
but apparently apical pore. Style straight: stigma peltate, large,
with 4 or 5 narrow lobes. Capsule subglobose, 4-5-lobed, 4-5-
celled, loculicidally 4-5-valved from the summit; the valves gla-
brous on the margins. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa reticu-
lated, produced at both ends,

M. uniflora Gray Man. 273. Stem very short and decumbent, leafy:
leaves orbicular to ovate, petioled, serrulate, 6-20 lines long: scape 2-6
inches high: flower white to rose-color, 6-10 lines broad: calyx-lobes ovate,
obtuse, about one-fifth the length of the broadly ovate or orbicular petals:

capsule erect, 3-4 lines in diameter. In forests, Oregon to Alaska and
across the Continent. Europe and Asia.

3 CHIMAPHILA Pursh FI. i, 279.

Low perennials with opposite or verticillate evergreen leaves
and spreading or nodding white or purplish flowers in terminal
corymbs. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, con-
cave, sessile, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10; filaments short,
dilated, and mostly hairy in the middle; cells of the anthers ob-
long, with a short narrow neck. Style very short, obconic, im-
mersed in the umbilicate summit of the globose ovary: stigma
orbicular-peltate, barely 5-crenate. Capsule erect, globose, 5-
lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved from the top, the valves: not
woolly on the margins. Seeds very numerous, the testa reticu-
lated, produced at both ends.

C. umbellata Nutt. Gen. i, 274. Stem stout, 4-12 inches high, very
leafy, often branched: leaves cuneate-oblanceolate with tapering base,
sharply serrate, not spotted, bright green and shining, 1-3 inches long:
flowers several, umbellate or subcorymbose, white or pinkish: bracts nar-

row, deciduous: filaments hairy on the margins only. In dry woods,
California to Alaska and across the Continent.

C. Menziesii Spreng. Syst. ii, 317. Slender, 3-10 inches high, spar-
ingly branched from the base: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate.
acute at both ends, small, sharply serrate, the upper surface often mottled
with white: peduncle 1-3-flowered: bracts ovate or roundish: filaments
slender, with a round dilated portion in the middle villous: flowers about
half-inch in diameter ; petals dull white. In forests, California to Brit. Col.

Orver LVI. MONOTROPACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 219.

Leafless fleshy herbs with the flowers in spikes, racemes, capi-
tate, or solitary. Flowers regular and perfect. Calyx of 2-6
erect lobes or segments or imbricated sepals, free from the ovary.
Corolla 4-5-lobed, or of 3-6 petals, rarely wanting, imbricated.
Stamens 6-12, hypogynous: filaments equal, distinct, or connate
at base: anthers 2-celled, or confluently 1-celled, attached to +'.c

ALLOTROPA MONOTROPACEAE 427
PTEROSPORA

filaments by the back or base, opening by longitudinal slits : pollen
grains simple. Style short or elongated : stigma capitate or peltate.
Ovary superior, 4-6-lobed, 1-6-celled; with the placente project-
ing from a central columella, or parietal and 2-lamellate: ovules
numerous, anatropous. Fruit a loculicidally 4-6-valved many-
seeded capsule. Seeds minute, the testa reticulated.

TRIBE 1. Ovary 4-5-celled, with the placente on a thick cen-
tral columella.

1 Allotropa Calyx of 5 roundish marcescent sepals, corolla wanting.

2 Pterospora Calyx deeply 5-parted: corolla globular-urceolate.

3 Sarcodes Calyx of 5 erect persistent sepals: corolla cylindraceous-
campanulate.

4 Monotropa Calyx of 2-4 deciduous sepals: petals 5-6, not saccate at
base, tardily deciduous.

5 Hypopitys Sepals 3-5, commonly as many as petals: petals saccate
at base.

TRIBE 11. Ovary 1-celled or spuriously 4-5-celled; the 4 or 5
placentz parietal and 2-lamellate.

6 Pleuricospora Calyx complete, of 4 or 5 scale-like fimbriate-lacini-
ate sepals: corolla of 4 or 5 plain petals: ovary strictly 1-celled.

7 Newberrya Calyx incomplete, of 2 bract-like entire sepals: corolla
tubular-urceolate 4-5-lobed, marcescent: ovary spuriously 5-celled.
Tribe I Eumonotropeae Gray Syn. Fl. wi, 18. Ovary 5-celled,

or sometimes 4-cclled, the placentae projecting from a thick cen-

tral columella.

. 1 ALLOTROPA T. & G. Bot. Wilkes 385.

Scapose red or whitish scaly-bracted herbs with numerous
small flowers in a virgate spike. Calyx of 5 rounded sepals, mar-
cescent under the capsule. Corolla none. Stamens 10: anthers
didymous on long and slender filaments, extrorse in the bud, be-
coming introrsely pendulous; ‘cells opening by a chink from the
apparent apex to the middle. Style short; stigma peltate-capitate.
Capsule globose, very many-seeded. Seeds minute, scobiform, the
loose coat produced at both ends. A single known species.

A. virgata T. & G. 1. c. Stems several from a deep-seated perennial
rootstock, 6-12 inches high or more, deep red or yellowish, thick and
densely scaly at base, more sparingly scaly above; lower scales ovate,
acuminate, the upper lanceolate, passing into the linear bracts of the vir-
gate many-flowered spike: pedicels erect or spreading, 2-bracteolate:

calyx erosely dentate, shorter than the filaments. On dry wooded ridges’
of the Cascade Mountains, Washington to California.

2 PTEROSPORA Nutt. Gen. i, 269.

Tall scapose scaly-bracted plants with red or yellowish flowers
in a long raceme. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla
gamopetalous, globular-urceolate, with 5 short recurved lobes,
persistent. Stamens 10, not exserted: filaments subulate-filiform :
anthers ovate-didymous, introrse, erect or in the bud horizontal-

428 MONOTROPACEAE SARCODES
i MONOTROPA
inflexed, attached near the base, there dorsally 2-awned, the
slender awns deflexed, the cells opening lengthwise. Style short:
stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, the thin
walls persistent after dehiscence, being attached by the partitions
to the columella. Seeds very numerous, the nucleus ovoid, with
a close thin coat, apiculate at both ends, the upper apiculation
bearing a broad thin wing. A single known species.

P. Andromedea Nutt. 1. c. Stems several from a shallow seated per-
ennial root, 1-3 feet high or more, light brown or purplish, glandular
and viscid-pubescent throughout, bearing numerous lanceolate or linear
scales, and many flowers in a long raceme: pedicels slender, spreading,
soon recurved, 3-10 lines long: sepals oblong, 1-2 lines long: corolla

white, 3 lines long, viscid. Under pines, California to Brit. Columbia and
the Eastern States.

3 SARCODES Torr. Smithson. Contrib. iii, 17, t 19.

Low fleshy plants with numerous scale-like bracts and many
red flowers in a short terminal raceme. Sepals 5, erect, persist-
ent. Corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, with 5 barely spreading
lobes. Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; anthers linear-ob-
long, erect attached above the base, the 2 cells confluent through-
out, the whole apex opening by a large introrsely oblique terminal
pore. Ovary low-conical, 5-lobed. Style columnar, rather long:
stigma capitate, somewhat 5-lobed. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed.
Seeds very numerous, oval, the coat reticulated, closely fitted to
the nucleus except a small conical protuberance at the apex. A
single known species.

S. sanguinea Torr. 1. c. Whole plant bright red: stem stout, 6-12
inches high, thickly clothed with, when young, well imbricated, firm fleshy
scales; lower scales ovate; upper narrower and more scattered, and above
passing into the linear bracts of the thick raceme which subtend the red
flowers, all ciliate: pedicels erect, the upper ones very short: sepals ob-

long, 6-8 lines long, ciliate, a little shorter than the glabrous corolla. On
the high mountains of southern Oregon, ‘California and Nevada.

4 MONOTROPA L. Gen. n. 536, in part.

Low fleshy plants with many scattered scale-like bracts and a
solitary nodding white flower. Calyx of 2-4 irregular sepals, or
perhaps bracts, the lower ones rather distant from the flower, de-
ciduous. Petals 5, rarely 6, erect, not saccate at base, tardily.
deciduous. Stamens twice as many as petals: filaments filiform-
subulate: anthers somewhat reniform, opening at first by two
transverse chinks, at length 2-valved, the valves almost equal,
and equally spreading, Style short and thick: stigma funnel-
form, with naked edge. Capsule ovoid, erect in fruit. Seeds
small, very numerous, scobiform, the nucleus minute in the loose-
cellular elongated coat. A single species.

M. uniflora L. Sp. 387. Bright white and glabrous throughout:

stems clustered, 6-12 inches high, rising from a thick and matted mass of
fibrous rootlets, 1-flowered, scaly: scales broadly lanceolate, entire: petals

HYPOPITYS MONOTROPACEAE 429
PLEUROCOSPORA

4-6, puberulent within, 6-10 lines long: filaments pubescent. In damp
woods, throughout North America. Japan and India.
5 HYPOPITYS Adans. Fam. Pl. ii, 443.

Low fleshy scaly~bracted plants with red or yellow flowers in
a loose terminal raceme. Sepals 3-5, nearly equal, erect, decidu-
ous. Petals 4-5, longer than the sepals, saccate at base, erect
with spreading tips, deciduous. Stamens 6-10; filaments filiform-
.subulate; anthers reniform, the cells completely confluent into
one, which opens by very unequal valves, the larger broad and
spreading, the other remaining erect and contracted. Style col-
umnar: stigma funnelform, glandular or hairy on the margin.
Capsule ovoid, the columella thick and fleshy. Seeds very num-
erous, small, scobiform; the nucleus minute in the loose-cellular
coat. Only the following species known:

H. lutea Dill. Monotropa Hypopitys L. Red, yellowish or white
stems 6-12 inches high: bracts ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly erose,
densely imbricated at the base, scattered above: flowers 3-20, in a loose
drooping at length erect raceme, 5-7 lines long, the terminal one 5-
merous, the others usually 3-4-merous. In forests, Brit. Columbia to Cali-
fornia and the Eastern States. Europe and Asia.

H. fimbriata. Monotropa fimbriata Gray. Stems 6-12 inches high,
red or yellowish, somewhat hairy: upper scales and bracts obovate to
cuneate, erosely or laciniately fimbriate: lateral flowers often 3-petalous
and 6-androus: sepals spatulate, laciniate. In forests of the Cascade and
Coast Mountains of Oregon.

Tribe 2 Pleuricosporeae Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 18. Ovary 2-celled
or spuriously 4-5-celled: the 4 or 5 placentae parietal and 2-lamel-
late. Disk none or obscure. Anthers linear or oblong, erect, in-
trorse, attached by the base to the long and slender filaments,
opening longitudinally.

6 PLEURICOSPORA Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 369.

Low fleshy white or yellowish herbs with fimbriate scales and
petals, and white flowers in a short terminal raceme. Calyx
complete, of 4 or 5 scale-like sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 plain pet-.
als resembling the sepals. Stamens twice as many as petals: fila-
ments ligulate-filiform: anthers linear, apiculate, the cells opening
from base to apex into two equal valves. Ovary strictly one-
celled. Style columnar: stigma depressed-capitate, or somewhat
funnelform. Seeds ovate, with a smooth or polished coat.

P. fimbriolata Gray 1. c. Stout and erect, 3-10 inches high, gla-
brous or nearly so, clothed with imbricated scales; lowest scales ovate,
firm, entire; upper passing into the narrower ‘and lanceolate scarious mar-
gined and lacerate fringed’ bracts of the dense and ‘erect cylindraceous
raceme: sepals and. petals white, oblong or oblong-lanceolate fimbriate-
lacerate, not exceeding the bracts. In the Cascade and Coast Mountains
of Oregon and the Sierra Nevadas of California.

_ P. longipetala. Stem rather slender, 4-6 inches high: scales well
imbricated, lanceolate, more or less acuminate, laciniately toothed: flow-

430 ARMERIACEAE NEWBERRYA
ARMERIA

ers white or yellowish, numerous, in a dense oblong raceme: sepals lance-
olate, acute or acuminate, sparingly laciniate-toothed, about equalling the
bracts: petals narrowly spatulate, 6 lines long, much longer than the
sepals, the obtuse apex laciniately fimbriolate. In dense forests of the
Cascade Mountains near the hot springs in Clackamas Co., Oregon. Rare.

7 NEWBERRYA Torr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii, 55.

Low fleshy erect plants with red or brownish flowers in a ter-
minal cluster. Calyx incomplete, of two bract-like entire sepals.
Corolla tubular-urceolate, 4- or 5-lobed, persistent. Stamens
twice as many as lobes of the corolla; filaments filiform, long-
hairy above the middle; anthers oblong, the cells opening from
apex to base into two unequal valves. Ovary ovate, contracted
at the apex into a long style; stigma depressed-capitate, umbili-
cate. Placentae 4, with broad divergent lamellae which meet ad-
jacent edges, ovuliferous both sides, giving the appearance of 4
exterior cells surrounding a central larger one.

N. congesta Torr. 1. c. Whole plant brownish, glabrous, 4-8 inches
high: scales crowded or loosely imbricated, obtuse, thinnish, with ob-
scurely erose margins; the upper forming similar bracts of the densely
crowded glomerule of floweis: lobes of the corolla ovate, one-third the
length of the cylindraceous or slightly urceolate tube: filaments equalling
the slender style: anthers narrowly oblong, the line of dehiscence close to
the connective. In the high mountains of Washington to California.

Orver LVIT ARMERIACEAE.

Somewhat woody plants with alternate leaves and regular sym-
metrical 5-merous perfect flowers: chiefly of saline soils. Calyx
costate at the sinuses, persistent. Corolla with claws to the nearly
distinct petals, or these united into a tube, convolute or rarely
imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as divisions of the
corolla and opposite to them: the filaments adnate only to their
base, or completely hypogynous: anthers 2-celled, opening longi-
tudinally. Disk none. Ovary free, one-celled, with a solitary
anatropous ovule pendulous on a slender funiculus which rises
from the base of the cell. Styles. 5, distinct or united. Fruit
dry, utricular or achene-like, somewhat dehiscent by a lid, or
by valves. Seed with a straight embryo, and with or without
mealy albumen.

1 ARMERIA Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol 333.

Acaulescent perennials with narrow persistent leaves in close
tufts and naked scapes with a reversed sheath under the compact
head of red flowers which are surrounded and subtended by
scarious bracts and bractlets. Calyx funnelform, regularly 10-
costate at base, the limb scarious. Corolla of 5 nearly distinct
long-clawed petals, each with a stamen attached to its base.
Styles 5, filiform, united only at the very base, stigmatose above
along the inner side. Utricle at length bursting irregularly at the
base.

PRIMULACEAE 431

A. vulgaris Willd. 1. c. Scapes 8-12 inches high: leaves narrowly li-
near, flat or flattish, 1-3 inches long: bracts very obtuse: calyx at base sim-
ply decurrent on the pedicel; the tube 10-nerved, hairy at least on the
stronger nerves or angles; the lobes blunt or cuspidate. Along the coast,
California to the Arctic regions and the Atlantic coast. Europe and Asia.

Orver LVIII PRIMULACEAE Vent. Tabl. ii, 285.

Herbs with simple leaves and symmetrical flowers. Calyx 4-
8-lobed or 4-8-parted, free, or rarely adnate to the base of the
ovary, imbricated in the bud, usually persistent. Corolla hypo-
gynous, except-in Samolus in which it coheres below with the
base of the ovary, 4-8-lobed or 4-8-parted, rarely none. Stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite to them, inserted
on the tube or base of the corolla, rarely perigynous: anthers in-
trorse. Ovary one-celled, with a free central placenta. Fruit
capsular. Seeds with small straight embryo and copious albumen.

TRIBE 1. Ovary wholly free: ovules amphitropous or half-
anatropous.

* Scapose or tufted: flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate or solitary:
capsule dehiscent by valves, at least at the apex.

* Stamens connivent in a cone around the pistil, monadelphous.

1 Dodecatheon Corolla 5-parted, its division reflexed: filaments shorter
than the anthers.
* * Corolla salverform or funnelform: stamens distinct, included,
with short filaments and short and blunt anthers.

2 Primula Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx,
and spreading, mostly obcordate or emarginate lobes: capsule many-
seeded.

3 Douglasia Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, and
entire lobes: ovary 5-ovuled: capsule 1-3-seeded.

4 Androsace Corolla short, its tube shorter than the calyx: ovules and
seeds numerous or few.

* * Leafy stemmed: corolla rotate or somewhat so and the divisions
convolute or sometimes involute in the bud, wanting in Glaur.

* Capsules mostly globose, dehiscent vertically by valves, or
irregularly.

5 Trientalis Leaves clustered at the summit of a simple stem: flowers
mostly 7-merous: corolla completely rotate. without a tube, deeply
parted: filaments long and filiform, united at base into a ring.

6 Steironema Leaves opposite, without dots: flowers 5-merous on slen-
der drooping peduncles: corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply
parted; the divisions each wrapped around a stamen.

7 Naumburgia Stems leafy throughout, the herbage glandular-dotted:
flowers 5-7-merous, on stout axillary peduncles: corolla without proper
tube, the lobes not wrapped around the stamens.

8 Glaux Stems leafy throughout: flowers solitary in the axils of the
opposite leaves, 5-merous; corolla none: stamens inserted on the base
of the calyx. ;

* * Capsule globose, the top falling off as a lid: seeds numerous. .

432 PRIMULACEAE DODECATHEON

9 Anagallis Corolla completely rotate, 5-parted.
10 Centunculus Corolla with a globular tube and 4-5-lobed limb,
_ shorter than the calyx.
TRIBE 11. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx.
11 Samolus Leaves alternate: flowers 5-merous: corolla nearly cam-
panulate: capsule 5-valved at the apex.

Tribe 1 Primuleae Endl. Gen. 730. Ovary wholly free: ovules
fixed by the middle amphitropous or half anatropous.

§ Scapigerous or tufted. Flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate
or solitary: lobes of the corolla imbricated in bud. Capsule dehis-
cent by valves sometimes obscurely so.

* Stamens connivent in a cone around the style, monadelphous.

1 DODECATHEON L. Gen. n. 200.

Low acaulescent perennial herbs with entire leaves and few or
numerous flowers in an umbel terminating a naked scape. Calyx
deeply 5-lobed, the lobes reflexed in flower, erect in fruit. Corolla
5-parted, with very short tube and dilated thickened throat, the
long and narrow divisions reflexed. Stamens inserted on the
throat of the corolla: filaments short and flat, monadelphous, but
separable in age. Style filiform, exserted: stigma small. Pla-
centa columnar, many-ovuled.

* Filaments distinct.

D. dentatum Hook FI. ii, 119. Glabrous throughout: leaves ovate,
the blade 2-4 inches long by 1-2 inches broad, irregularly dentate, usually
abruptly contracted below to a margined petiole nearly as long as the
blade: scapes 4-8 inches long, few-flowered: involucral bracts linear, acu-
minate: calyx lobes triangular, acuminate, a line or more long: lobes of
the corolla white with two purple spots at the base of each, linear-oblong,
obtuse, 4-6 lines long: filaments very short: anthers linear-lanceolate,
2-toothed at the apex, brownish-red: capsule but little longer than the
calyx, early opening from the apex by valves: seeds flat. In wet places on
the bluffs of the Columbia river and in Idaho.

__D. campestrum. Glabrous throughout: leaves oblong, obtuse or acut-
ish, 1-2 inches long, tapering below to a broad petiole: scapes 3-6 inches
high, 1-3-flowered : involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1-3 lines long:
pedicels 4-6 lines long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long: lobes
of the corolla narrowly oblong, abruptly narrowed near the apex, 6-7
lines long, a line or more broad, pink above. with blue centre and white
base: filaments very short: anthers linear-oblong, obtuse, pink with dark
purple base: capsule oblong, opening by persistent valves. In prairies
on the Klickitat hills, Klickitat Co., Washington.

* * Filaments more or less joined together into a tube.
* Capsule opening by an operculate tip.

D. viviparum Greene Eryth. iii, 38. “Rootstock stout, horizontal or
ascending short, simple or with a few branches, bearing coarse white
fibrous roots beneath, and rather large bulblets above: leaves 6-10 inches
long, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a winged petiole, acute or obtuse at
apex, the whole margin coarsely and regularly but not deeply crenate,
with a callous point in each sinus, or the crenation reduced to the callous

DODECATHEON PRIMULACEAE 433

point only: scapes 10-20 inches high, stout, bearing a many-flowered um-
bel: the stoutish pedicels and deeply parted calyx somewhat glandular-
pubescent: flowers deep purple throughout: stamens distinct to the very
base: capsule ovate-oblong, coriaceous, circumscissile near the apex, after-
wards parting into 10 valves whose tips are closely recurved. At and
a little below the limit of trees on Mount Rainier, Washington.”

D. tetrandrum Suksdorf, Greene 1. c. 40. Glabrous, or the inflores-
cence minutely glandular: leaves spatulate to lanceolate or oblanceolate,
3-12 inches long by 1-2 inches broad, tapering below to a winged petiole:
scapes stout, 6-20 inches high: umbel few to many-flowered: involucral
bracts setaceous: pedicels 1-3 inches long, enlarging at the summit: flow-
ers mostly 4-merous: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 3 lines long:
corolla purplish with a yellow ring near the base, its lobes lanceolate,
acute, 6-8 lines long: staminal tube very short; anthers linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, dark purple: capsule surpassing the calyx, circumscissile very near
the apex, then splitting into 10 short recurving valves: seeds oblong, flat,
with a marginal wing all around. In wet places in the Cascade Mountains.

D. Jeffreyi Moore in Van Houtte Fl. des Serres xvi, 99, t. 1662.
Glabrous except the hirsute and glandular inflorescence: leaves oblanceo-
late, erect, 5-10 inches long, entire, acutish, mucronate: scapes 12-18
inches high: umbel many-flowered: segments of the corolla ample, deep
red-purple: stamens dark purple, usually only 4; anthers. emarginate:
style very distinctly hispidulous: capsule not surpassing the calyx, open-
ing by valves from the very apex. In wet places in the mountains of
eastern Oregon and California.

D. alpinum Greene 1. c. D. meadia var. alpina Gray. Glabrous
throughout: leaves oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, obtuse, 1-3 inches long,
tapering below to a short petiole: scape 4-10 inches high 1 to several-
flowered: involucral bracts lanceolate, acute. 1-2 lines long: lobes of the
calyx about as long as the tube, narrowly lanceolate: corolla-lobes nar-
rowly oblong abruptly contracted near the apex, 6-8 lines long, purple
with brownish-yellow base: staminal tube very dark, a line long: anthers
oblong, often apiculate. On wet banks and margin of lakes, Washing-
ton to California.

D. conjugens Greene Eryth. iii, 40. “Short crown with a dense
fascicle of fleshy fibrous roots that are deciduous from it after the flower-
ing: whole plant glabrous: leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2 to 5 inches long
including the distinct petiole, obtuse, entire: scape stoutish 3 to 8 inches
high: umbel few-flowered, flowers large, 4-merous, rarely 6-merous:
corolla deep ptirple, varying to rose red and to white: anthers distinct,
obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a linear point, delicately
rugulose throughout all but the linear tip: fruit unknown. Dry hills,
southeastern Oregon and Montana.

‘D. Hendersoni Gray Bot. Gaz. xi, 233. Glabrous throughout or the
inflorescence minutely glandular: leaves elliptical to obovate, 1 inch or
more long narrowed below to a short petiole: scape 4-16 inches high,
rather few-flowered: involucral bracts triangular, acuminate: calyx-lobes
triangular, acuminate, twice as long as the short tube: corolla-lobes dark
purple with yellowish base: staminal tube a line long, dark purple: an-
thers oblong, obtuse, short-apiculate: capsule ovoid, much longer than
the calyx, opening by a flat operculum and splitting downward into 10
valves: seeds globular, minutely tuberculate. Common throughout the
Willamette Valley and into California.

* * Capsule dehiscing by valves.from the apex.
D. pauciflorum Greene Pitt. ii, 72. Glabrous throughout: leaves

434 ~ PRIMULACEAE DODECATHEON

PRIMULA
3-8 as long as the scape: involucral bracts lanceolate: segments of the
corolla rich lilac-purple the undivided part yellow, with a scolloped ring
of deep purple midway between the base of the segments and the stamen
tube: stamen-tube often nearly as long as the anthers, yellow: anthers
purple: capsule crustaceous, 6 lines long, nearly cylindrical, acute, open-
‘ing by 5 short teeth. At middle elevations, eastern Oregon to the Rocky
Mountains and New Mexico.

D. Cusickii Greene 1. c. More or less pubescent and glandular:
leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, entire, or dentate toward the apex,
usually obtuse, 1-2 inches long, narrowed below to a winged petiole:
scapes 3-4 inches high, few-flowered: bracts of the involucre narrowly
lanceolate, 1-2 lines long: lobes of the calyx lanceolate, acute, but little
longer than the tube: corolla-lobes dark purple with yellow base and a
dark purple line at the mouth of the tube: stamen tube less than a line
long, almost black: anthers yellow with a black stripe through the centre:
capsule ovoid, acute, scarcely surpassing the calyx, 5-valved from the
apex. Dry hillsides, eastern Oregon and Brit. Columbia.

* * Corolla salverform or funnelform: stamens included, dis-
tinct, with short filaments and short blunt anthers.

2 PRIMULA L. Gen. n. 197,

Perennial scapose herbs with all radical leaves and large or
small flowers umbellate or in involucrate or bracted racemose
whorls at the summit of a scape. Calyx tubular, funnelform or
campanulate, persistent, often angled, 5-lobed, the lobes imbri-
cated. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube longer than or
at least equalling the calyx. Stamens 5, distinct, inserted on the
tube or at the throat of the corolla. Style filiform: stigma capi-
tate. Capsule 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. Seeds pel-
tate: the testa punctate.

~ P. Broadheadae Jones Zoe iii, 306. “2 to 4 inches high; 1 to 4
flowered; scapes 2 to 4 inches long; leaves 1 to 4 inches long, narrowly
elliptical rounded at apex, glabrous, rather thick, smooth, entire, nar-
rowed at base to a winged petiole an inch or less long; flowers purple,
about 5 lines wide. lobes orbicular or nearly so, notched, with a very
short claw 2 lines long, tube exceeding the calyx by 2 lines; funnelform
above the calyx; calyx-lobes 1% lines long and subulate lanceolate. barely
acute, equalling the tube of the calyx; pod nearly spherical; pedicels of
the lateral flowers about a line long, the terminal one 2 to 6 lines long;
bracts oblong to ovate lanceolate, entire or toothed at apex, 1 to 6 lines
long; base of plant covered with the dead sheaths of former leaves.
Marshy places at Ketchum, Idaho.”

Var. minor Jones |. c. “Leaves an inch long or less, elliptical ob-.
lanceolate and acute, thin: lobes of the corolla as large as the type, but
obovate; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube; flowers 1 to 2 on the
scape; bracts long; plant 2 inches high. Bayhorse, Idaho.

P. Cusickiana Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 399. Leaves oblongtspatulate or
narrower 2 inches long, entire, or rarely denticulate: scapes 2-6 inches
high, 1-4-flowered: involucre of 2 or 3 conspicuous unequal bracts: calyx
green with a whitish line down from the sinuses of. the campanulate
tube: its lobes from lanceolate to subulate, about the length of the tube
and nearly equalling the tube of the corolla: lobes of the corolla retuse.
On ‘rocky hillsides, Union Co., Oregon.

DOUGLASIA PRIMULACEAE 435

ANDROSACE
3 DOUGLASIA Lindl. in Brande. Journ. Sci. 1827.

Depressed and tufted little herbs with suffrutescent or at least
persistent stems, imbricated or crowded leaves and solitary or
somewhat umbellate small flowers. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed,
persistent. Corolla tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, some-
what inflated above; the throat more or less contracted and 5-
fornicate beneath the sinuses. Stamens included, distinct, with
short filaments and blunt anthers. Ovary 5-ovuled: style filiform.

Capsule turbinate, 1 or 2-seeded.

D. dentata Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 375. Canescent with a
firm mostly dense pubescence: rather stout, branching: leaves rosulate at
the nodes, oblong, obtusish, mostly with 1-3 blunt teeth on each side
toward the summit, 4-6 lines long: peduncle an inch long, bearing a sim-
ple, few-flowered umbel : pedicels very unequal: calyx narrowed at base,
3 lines long in fruit: the acuminate lobes nearly as long as the tube:
capsule oblong, slightly stipitate, equalling the calyx-tube. On high
ridges, Yakima Co., Washington.

D. laevigata Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xvi, 105. Depressed cespitose:
leaves glabrous or with a few minute and scurfy deciduous branched
hairs, not at all ciliate, entire. or with 1 or 2 teeth toward the summit, ob-
long-lanceolate, obtuse, mainly in rosulate radical or simply proliferous
clusters, 2-3 lines long: peduncles short, scurfy-pubescent, 1-5-flowered:
bracts of the involucre oval or ovate, short: corolla bright red, its tube
almost twice as long as the ovate acute lobes of the calyx. On bluffs
along the Columbia river from Bridal Veil to near Hood River: bloom-
ing in early spring.

4 ANDROSACE Tourn. L. Gen. n. 196.

Small annual or perennial herbs with tufted leaves and small
white or pink flowers. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed to 5-parted.
Corolla salverform or funnelform; the tube short, not longer than
the calyx; the limb 5-lobed, imbricated in bud. Stamens 5, in-
cluded, distinct, with short filaments and short blunt anthers.
Style mostly short: stigma capitellate. Capsule short, 5-valved

from the apex, few to many-seeded.

A. septentrionalis L. Sp. 203. Leaves all rosulate at the summit of
the slender annual root, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base,
often into a winged petiole, from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-
toothed, 6-12 lines long: scapes ustially numerous, 2-10 inches high, sev-
eral to many-flowered: bracts of the small involucre subulate: pedicels
filiform, 1-2 inches long: calyx-tube obpyramidal, white or reddish, with
subulate acute green lobes mostly shorter than the tube and rather
shorter than the obovate lobes of the corolla: capsule ovoid, shorter than
the calyx: seeds ovate, flattish. In open places, Brit. Columbia to Cali-
fornia and the Rocky Mountains. Europe and the Arctic sea coast.

A. filiformis Retz. Obs. ii, 10. ? Annual: leaves ovate, obtuse, nar-
rowed at base to a winged petiole, entire, 2 lines long: scapes filiform,
1-10 inches high: bracts of the involucre minute, subulate: pedicels fili-
form, an inch long or less: calyx-tube hemispherical, green, with short
triangular lobes: tube of the corolla at length much longer than the calyx,
the short ovate lobes closely reflexed: capsule ovoid, much longer than
the calyx: seeds globular, minutely tuberculate. Edge of water near
Forest Grove, Oregon.

436 PRIMULACEAE TRIENTALIS
STEIRONEMA

§ § Leafy-stemmed. Leaves entire. Corolla rotate or some-
what so; the divisions convolute or sometimes involute in the bud,
wanting in Glaus.

* Capsule mostly globose, dehiscent longitudinally by valves or
irregularly.

5 TRIENTALIS L. Gen. n. 461.

Low and glabrous perennial herbs with a simple stem, simple
leaves mostly clustered at the summit and white or pink flowers
‘on filiform pedicels. Flowers 5-7-merous, usually 6-merous.
Corolla completely rotate without a tube, deeply parted, the divi-
sions convolute in the bud. Filaments long and slender, united
at base into a short ring: anthers linear, recurving when old.
‘Style filiform. Capsule about 5-valved. Seeds few, rather large,
covered with a white cellular-reticulated pellicle, remaining for
some time fast on the placenta in a globular mass.

T. latifolia Hook, Fl. ii, 121. Stem slender, 2-6 inches high from
a small subterranean tuber: bracts subulate to lanceolate: leaves from
lanceolate to ovate, usually abruptly acuminate, 1-3 inches long, narrowed
‘below to a short petiole: pedicels filiform shorter than the leaves: calyx-
lobes linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate: corolla-lobes Janceolate, acu-
minate one-third longer than the calyx. Common in forests, California
to Vancouver Island.

T. aretiea Fischer in Hook. 1. c. JT. Europaea var. arctica Ledeb.
Stem very slender, 1-4 inches high, with small scattered obovate leaves
below; upper leaves obovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-12 lines long: ped-
cels filiform, longer than the leaves: lobes of the calyx linear, very acute,
2-3 lines long: lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate and tipped with
a slender bristle, nearly twice as long as the calyx. In high mountain
marshes and along the coast, Oregon to Alaska and Behring Straits.

6 STEIRONEMA Raf. Ann. Gen. Phys. vii, 192.

Leafy-stemmed perennial herbs with opposite or verticillate
simple leaves and axillary yellow flowers nodding on slender
pedicels. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla rotate with no proper tube,
deeply 5-parted, the sinuses rounded; the divisions ovate, cuspi-
date-pointed, each separately involute or convolute around its
stamen. Stamens 5, alternating with 5 sterile filaments; distinct
or nearly so, inserted on a ring at the base of the corolla. Capsule
10-20-seeded.

S. ciliatum Raf. 1. c. Glabrous throughout except the petioles:
stems erect, 2-4 feet high. mostly simple: leaves ovate-lanceolate to ob-
long-ovate, gradually acuminate, 2-5 inches long, mostly with rounded or
subcordate base, minutely ciliate. membranaceous, pinnately veined; their
long petioles hirsutely ciliate: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate:
lobes of the corolla obovate, obtuse, nearly twice as long as the calyx,
erose-denticulate, 4-6 lines long: capsule longer than the calyx. Low
grounds, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent.

_ §. laevigatum. Stems slender, 1-3 feet high, white and smooth, pan-
iculately branched. above: leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, all petio-
late, not at all ciliate except a few hairs at the base of the clasping peti-

NAUMBURGIA PRIMULACEAE 437
GLAUX

ole, the lower ones often subcordate at base: lobes of the calyx lanceo-
late, acuminate, about 4 lines long: lobes of the corolla obovate, but little
Tagen tan the calyx. In marshes along the Rogue river near Grant’s
Pass, Or.

7 NAUMBURGIA Meench Meth. Supp. 32.

Erect perennial herbs with opposite entire leaves, the lower re-
duced to scales, and small yellow flowers in short axillary spikes.
Calyx 5-%-divided, the sepals linear, slightly imbricated. Corolla
deeply 5-%-parted, with very short tube and narrow segments.
Stamens 5-7, exserted ; filaments slender, glabrous, slightly united
at base, alternating with as many small tooth-like staminoidea
at each sinus of the corolla. Style slender, equalling the stamens:
stigma capitate. Capsule 5-7-valved, few-seeded.

N. thyrsiflora Duby in DC. Prodr. viii, 60. Lysimachia thyrsiflora
L. Glabrous or becoming so: stem 1-2 feet high, from a slender root-
stock: leaves lanceolate, sessile, 1-2 inches long, the lower smaller and the
lowest reduced to ovate scales: peduncles from only 2 or 3 pairs of leaves
near the middle of the stem, axillary, shorter than the subtending leaf,
bearing several or numerous small flowers in a dense head or oblong
spike: lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the nar-
row purple-dotted lobes of the corolla: capsule globose, glandular dotted,
few-seeded. In wet bogs, Oregon to Alaska and the Eastern States.
Europe, Asia and Japan.

8 GLAUX Tourn. L. Gen. n. 291.

Small leafy-stemmed herbs with opposite entire leaves and
small axillary white or pink apetalous flowers. Calyx 5-parted,
the lobes petaloid, imbricated in the bud, about as long as the
~campanulate tube. Stamefis-3;"inserted at the base of the calyx
and alternate with its lobes: filaments subulate-fliform: anthers
cordate, attached by their backs to the filaments. Capsule 5-
-valved at the top, few-seeded.

G. maritima L. Sp. 207. Glabrous and glaucous or pale: stems slen-
der, 6-12 inches high from slender perennial rootstocks, very leafy: leaves
from oval to oblong-linear, 3-6 lines long, entire, sessile: flowers usually
in the middle axils only, solitary and very nearly sessile, white or pink:
calyx-lobes oval, 1-2 lines long: seeds oblong, brown. In salt marshes,
California to Alaska and across the Continent. Europe and Asia,

* * Glabrous, capsule circumcissile; the top falling like a lid.
Seeds numerous.

9 ANAGALLIS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 206.

Low annual or perennial herbs with usually opposite leaves
and small red, white or blue axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted,
persistent. Cornelia completely rotate, 5-parted, the rounded lobes
convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the
corolla: filaments bearded or pubescent : anthers broadly oblong.
Style filiform. Capsule globose, many-seeded. Seeds minute.

A. arvensis L. Sp. 148. Glabrous throughout: stems diffuse, usually
much branched, 4-sided, 4-12 inches long from an annual root: leaves
Opposite or in threes or sometimes the upper ones alternate, ovate, sessile,

438 OLEACEAE CENTUNCULUS
SAMOLUS

6-12 lines long: flowers scarlet, 2-3 lines broad, solitary, on long filiform
peduncles that’ recurve in fruit: lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute,
minutely denticulate or glandular-ciliate, but little longer than the calyx:
seeds minute. California to Oregon and the Atlantic States. Naturalized
from Europe and Asia.

10. CENTUNCULUS Dill. L. Gen. n. 148.

Low glabrous annuals with mostly alternate leaves and minute
‘solitary flowers in the axils of the middle leaves. Calyx +-5-
parted into linear acute lobes, longer than the corolla, persistent.
Corolla small, with subglobose tube and’4 or 5 acute entire teeth.
Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. with distinct
short filaments and broadly ovate to cordate obtuse anthers. Style
filiform: stigma capitate. Seeds minute, numerous.

€. minimus’ L. Sp. 116. Stems ascending, 2-6 inches long, simple or
branched: leaves ovate, obovate or spatulate-oblong, tapering at base, 2-3
lines long, all but the lowest sessile: flowers 4-5-merous: calyx-lobes lance-
olate, acuminate, fully as long as the capsule. In moist places, California
and Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Minnesota and Illinois. Europe and S. Am.

Tribe 2 Samoleae Endl. Gen. 734: Ovary connate at base with
the base of the calyx.

11 SAMOLUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 222.

Low glabrous caulescent herbs with alternate entire leaves and
small white flowers in simple or panicled racemes. Flowers 5-
merous. Calyx persistent, its tube adnate to the ovary below.
Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate ; the rounded lobes imbri-
cated in the bud. Fertile stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the
corolla; with short filaments and cordate anthers; staminoidea 5,
in the sinuses of the corolla, or wanting. Style short or slender:
stigma obtuse or capitate. Capsule ovate or globular, 5-valved at
the top, many seeded. Seeds minute. :

S. floribundus H. B. K. Nov. Gen. ii, 224. Stems erect or ascending,
6-18 inches high, diffusely branched, leafy up to the racemes: leaves ob-
ovate to spatulate, 1-3 inches long, tapering to a short petiole: flowers
usually numerous, less than a line broad, in loose paniculate racemes:
pedicels filiform, spreading, 4-12 lines long, bracteolate near the middle:
calyx adherent to the middle of the ovary and capsule, the lobes ovate,
half as long as the short-campanulate corolla: sterile filaments in the

sinuses reflexed. In wet places, California to Brit. Columbia, Canada,
Florida and Texas.

Orper LIX OLEACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst.

_ Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with colorless bland
juice, opposite, rarely alternate, leaves without stipules and per-
fect or dicecious regular flowers. Flowers gamopetalous, 2-4-
petalous, apetalous or even achlamydeous. Stamens 2, some-
times 4, fewer than the parts of the corolla, distinct. Ovary two-
celled, with one or two pairs of anatropous ovules in each cell.
Style one or none.. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or drupe.

FRAXINUS APOCYNACEAE — 439.

Seeds with a rather large embryo in firm fleshy albumen, or ex-
albumenous. Cotyledons flat, or plano-convex. i

1 FRAXINUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 1160.

Trees with rather light tough wood, chiefly opposite and odd-.
pinnate leaves, and small flowers in panicles, appearing with or
before the leaves from separate buds. Flowers dicecious or poly--
gamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small, 4-cleft or irregu-
larly toothed or entire-or wanting. Petals, when present, 4, in-
duplicate-valvate in the bud, either separate or united in pairs
at the very base, often wanting, Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4.
Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules at the summit of each cell.
Stigma 2- lobed. Fruit an entire dry indehiscent samara, with
the wing mainly terminal, and suspended seeds.

F. Oregana Nutt. Sylv. iii, 59, t. 99. ( OrEcon AsH.) ‘A tree 20-100
feet high and 1-4 feet in diameter : leaves and young branchlets villous-
pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, lanceolate- oblong to oval, usually acuminate, entire
or nearly so, 2-4 inches long, veiny, the upper surface soon glabrous :
flowers dicecious ; all with a minute calyx and no petals, staminate panicles
dense, with oblong anthers; pistillate in ample, at length rather loose
panicles: fruit with nearly clavate and slightly compressed -body, the mar-
gined edges gradually widened upward into the oblanceolate, wing, an
inch or more long. By streams and swales, California to Brit. Columbia.

Orver LX APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 299.

Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees with mostly acrid milky juice,
opposite, verticillate, or alternate entire leaves without stipules,
and perfect regular 5-merous flowers. Calyx free, or in ours
adherent to the very base of the ovaries. Corolla convolute and
often twisted in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla and
alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, disposed to cohere with
the stigma: pollen-grains simple, often glutinous. Ovary of 2
distinct carpels with the styles or stigmas united, or 1-celled
with 2 parietal placentz, or 2-celled. Ovules few to numerous,
anatropous or amphitropous. Seeds often bearing a coma. Em-
ne large, in sparing albumen. ;

1 APOCYNUM Tourn. L. Gen. 305.

Perennial herbs with branching stems, opposite mucronate:
tipped leaves and small white or rose-colored flowers in terminal
and axillary small cymes. Calyx 5-parted, its short tube co-
herent by the disk with the base of the ovaries. Corolla cam-
panulate, 5-cleft, toward the base bearing a triangular scale-like
appendage opposite each lobe. Stamens borne on the base of
the corolla: filaments very short: anthers of firm texture, sagit-
tate, conniving around the solid stigma, to a ring of which the
broad summit of the connective adheres. Proper style none.
Ovaries two, ovoid, in fruit becoming a pair of long ‘slender folli-
cles. Glands 5, around the base of the ovaries.

440 ASCLEPIADACEAE APOCYNUM
ASCLEPIAS

A. androsaemifolium L. Sp. 213. Stem erect with divergent branches,
6-18 inches high, from deep-seated perennial roots: leaves ovate or round-
ish, 1-4 inches long, abruptly and setaceously callous-mucronate, con-
spicuously petioled, pale and more or less. pubescent beneath: flowers
very fragrant, in open cymes; pedicels 2-3 lines long, subulate-bracted at
the base; corolla open-campanulate, about 4 lines broad, its tube much
longer than the ovate acute lobes of the calyx, its short lobes recurved;
mature follicles 3-5 inches long. In dry open woods, California to Alaska
and the Eastern States.

Var. pumilum Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 82. Low: leaves roundish. Brit.
Columbia to California.

A. cannabinum LL. Sp. 213. Stems erect or ascending, 1-6 feet high,
with ascending branches, glabrous, or sometimes soft-pubescent, leafy to
the top: leaves from oval to oblong or even lanceolate, with rounded or
subcordate base, short petioled or sessile 2-6 inches long: cymes erect,
densely flowered: corolla greenish-white or slightly flesh-colored its lobes
almost erect, the tube not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes: follicles
slender, 2-3 inches long. Moist meadows, California to Brit. Columbia
and the Eastern States.

OrpEerR LXI ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 302.

Mostly herbs with milky juice, usually opposite leaves with-
out stipules, and regular perfect flowers in terminal or pseudo-
axillary or sometimes axillary cymes; often umbelliform. Calyx
free from the ovary or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. Corolla
5-merous, convolute, or often nearly valvate in the bud. Stamens
5, borne on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes:
anthers surrounding the stigma. Pollen in 1 or 2 waxy masses,
in ours all the pollen in each cell in one mass and attached to
the stigmatic disk by the glands that alternate with the anthers.
A crown of 5 parts or lobes usually present between the corolla
and the mostly monadelphous stamens, and adnate either to the
one or the other. Ovary of 2 cells that become follicles, or by
abortion, one several to many-seeded follicle. Seeds almost
always bearing a long and soft coma. Embryo nearly as long
as the seed, in mostly thin, cartilaginous albumen.

Flowers with a hooded appendage behind each anther.

1 Asclepias An incurved horn or projecting crest from the cavity of
each hooded appendage.

2 Gomphocarpus Hooded appendages without horns or crests.
1 ASCLEPIAS L. Gen. n. 306.

Herbs with erect or merely spreading stems from deep and
thickened perennial roots, opposite or sometimes verticillate or
alternate leaves and terminal and lateral umbellate inflorescence.
Calyx 5-parted, commonly bearing some minute processes at the
base within. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, dextrorsely valvate-con-
volute in the bud. Crown consisting of 5 distinct cucullate or
hollowed nectariferous appendages, opposite the anthers, that are
involute or complicate and bearing a horn or crest-like pro-es3

ASCLEPIAS ASCLEPIADACEAE 441.
GOMPHOCARPUS :

from the back or toward the base within, either sessile or ele-
vated on a column which is shorter than the anthers. Anthers
tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect membrane; the pol-
liniferous cells lower than the stigma. Pollen masses suspended,
attached in pairs to the glands of the stigmatic ring.

A. speciosa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii, 218. Finely canescent-tomen-
tose, rarely glabrous with age: stem stout, 2-6 feet high: leaves from sub-
cordate-oval to oblong, thickish transversely veined, 3-8 inches long, short
petioled: peduncles shorter than the leaves: calyx- lobes densely tomentose,
lanceolate, 2 lines long, closely reflexed: lobes of the corolla oblong, more
than twice as long as “the calyx, reflexed: hoods 4-6 lines long, spreading,
the dilated body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers,
but the centre of its truncate summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-
ligulate thrice longer termination: staminal column hardly any: wings of
the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base: follicles echinate
with soft spinose processes, densely tomentose, 2-4 inches long. Along
streams, California to Washington, Nebraska and Arkansas.

A. eryptoceras Watson Bot. King 283 t. 28. Glabrous: stem decum-
bent, 6-10 inches long, simple: leaves 3-4 pairs, rounded-ovate, 1-2 inches
long, on very short petioles; umbel solitary and terminal, sessile, few-
flowered : corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, spreading, greenish-yellow; 5 lines
long: hoods of the crown 3 lines long, equalling the disk, purple, ovate, ab-
ruptly pointed with 2 short recurved beaks; horns short, incurved, not at
all exserted: follicles 1-2 inches long. Eastern Oregon to Utah and Nev.

A. Mexicana Cav. Ic. i, 42, t. 58. Glabrous: stems erect, 3-5 feet
high: leaves in whorls of 2-6, sometimes also in axillary fascicles, petioled,
linear or narrowly lanceolate, 3-6 inches long by 2-6 lines broad: umbels
densely flowered: pedicels and flowers softly puberulent: calyx-lobes
ovate-lanceolate, reflexed: corolla-lobes oblong, 2 lines long: hoods broad-
ly ovate, entire, shorter than the anthers, exceeded by the stout subu-
late horn: follicles smooth, narrow, 2-3 inches long. Along streams,
Washington to California, Arizona and Nevada.

2 GOMPHOCARPUS R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i, 37.

Our species herbs with erect stems, opposite leaves and numer-
ous flowers in terminal and axillary umbels. Differing from
Asclepias only in not having horns nor crests to the hoods.
Calyx 5-parted, the divisions soon reflexed. Corolla rotate, 5-
parted, dextrorsely valvate-convolute in the bud, soon reflexed.
Crown consisting of 5 distinct cucullate appendages, destitute of
crest or horn and more or less elevated on a column. Body of
the stigma 5-angled.

G. cordifolius Gray Bot. Cal. i, 477. Glabrous: stems rather stout,
2-3 feet high: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with cordate clasping base,
acute, 2-5 inches long: umbels loosely many-flowered: slender pedicels
long and filiform, equalling or shorter than the peduncles: calyx villous-
pubescent : corolla dark red-purple, the lobes oval or oblong, 3-4 lines long:
hoods erect on the summit of the short column, purplish, thin, ventricose,
with dorsally truncate summit, produced at the margins into subulate
slender ascending cusps, equalling the anthers, a narrow fissure down the
ventral side: follicles ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, erect on the
deflexed pedicel. On dry hillsides, southern Oregon and California.

442° GENTIANACEAE MICROCALA

Oxper LXII GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20.

Smooth herbs with bitter colorless juice, opposite, rarely al-
ternate or verticillate, leaves without stipules, and perfect regu-
lar flowers. Calyx mostly 4-12-lobed or -toothed, often marces-
cent. Corolla gamopetalous, 4-12-lobed or -toothed, convolute
or imbricated and usually twisted in the bud, often marcescent.
Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, alternate with them,
inserted on its tube; the 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally.
Ovary free, one-celled, rarely 2-celled; with two parietal pla-
cente, or the whole parietes ovuliferous. Style single, with
usually two-lobed or two-lamellate stigma. Capsule dehisceht
through the placente. Seeds indefinitely numerous, rarely few,
commonly small, anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy al-
bumen.

SuBORDER I GENTIANEAE. Leaves always simple and entire.
Lobes of the corolla never valvate in the bud.

* Style filiform, usually deciduous from the capsule.
1 Microcala Calyx 4-toothed and 4-angled: anthers cordate-ovate and
unchanged in age.
2 Erythraea Calyx 5-parted, or sometimes 4-parted: anthers oblong or
linear, twisting spirally in 1 or 2 turns in age.
* * Style short or subulate and persistent, or none.
* Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands.

3 Gentiana Corolla funnelform, campanulate or salverform: seeds very
numerous and small.
* * Corolla with 1 or 2 nectariferous pits or spots, or an adnate
scale to each lobe.

4 Swertia Corolla rotate, usually 5-parted: capsule ovate: seeds com-
paratively large.
5 Frasera Corolla rotate, 4-parted: seeds comparatively few and large.

SUBORDER 11 MENYANTHEAE. Leaves often crenate or trifolio-
late, all alternate and petioled. Corolla induplicate-valvate in
the bud.

6 Menyanthes Corolla somewhat funnelform or campanulate, 5-cleft.

Suborder 1, Gentianeae DC. Prodr. ix, 38. Leaves always sim-
ple and entire, sessile, never alternate except in Swertia. Corolla
never valvate in the bud.

1 MICROCALA Link & Hoffm. Fl. Port. i, 359.

Little annuals with opposite entire sessile leaves and yellow
flowers. Calyx 4-toothed and 4-angled. Corolla short-salver-
form bearing the 4 short stamens in its throat: anthers cordate-
ovate, unchanged in age. Style filiform, deciduous: stigma as
if eompressed-capitate but of 2 fan-shaped lobes that are at first
connivent, but at length separate. Seeds numerous, with close
and foveolate coat.

MICROCALA: GENTIANACEAE 443

ERYTHRAEA

M. quadrangularis Griseb. DC. Prodr. ix, 63. Stem filiform, simple
or branched, 2-3 inches high: leaves 2-3 pairs, oval or oblong, 2-3 lines
long: flowers solitary at the summit of the stem or branches: calyx at
first oblong-campanulate, in fruit broader, truncate at top and bottom,
strongly 4-angled; the teeth short and subulate: corolla saffron-yellow,
3 lines long: capsule ovoid. In prairies, Umpqua Valley, Oregon, to Calif.

2 ERYTHRAEA Neck. Elem. ii, 10.

Low herbs with sessile entire leaves, and small or middle sized
commonly numerous pink, white or yellow flowers in cymes or
spikes. Flowers 5-merous, sometimes 4-merous. Corolla sal-
verform with either a short or rather long tube; the lobes often
contorted and becoming narrower with age. Filaments slender.
Anthers oblong or linear, commonly exserted, twisting spirally
in one or two turns after opening. Style filiform: stigma 2-lobed,
the lobes from oblong to fan-shaped. Ovary 1-celled: the pla-
cente more or less intruded. Capsule from oblong-ovoid to
fusiform, 2-valved.

E. Muhlenbergii Griseb. DC. Prodr. ix, 60. “A span or less high,
at length fastigiately branched from the base, cymosely flowered at sum-
mit: leaves oblong, obtuse; the floral lanceolate: pedicels short or hardly
any in the forks, the lateral often as long as the flower, but 2-bracteolate
at summit: lobes of the rose-red corolla oval, very obtuse or retuse, in
age merely oblong, 2 or almost 3 lines long, much shorter than the tube:
anthers oblong: seeds short-oval.” Western Oregon and California.

E. Douglasii Gray Bot. Cal. i, 480. Stem slender, 6-12 inches high,
loosely and paniculately branched usually sparsely flowered: leaves from
oblong to linear, mostly acute: flowers all on strict and slender peduncles
or pedicels: lobes of the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 3 lines long,
mostly half the length of the tube: anthers oblong: stigma fan-shaped:
seeds globular. In moist places, Oregon and California to Utah and
Wyoming.

E. Nuttallii Watson Bot. King 276, t- 29. Stem erect, loosely
branched, 3-12 inches high: leaves linear-oblong, 6-12 lines long, acute:
panicle dichotomous, few-flowered: flowers on elongated slender pedun-
cles: lobes of the pink corolla elliptic-oblong, 2-3 lines long, acute: stigma
somewhat cup-shaped, slightly 2-lobed: capsule 4-7 lines long, becoming
nearly twice the length of the calyx: seeds oblong. Nevada to Idaho
and Utah.

E. minima Stem filiform, simple or sparingly branched, 1-2 inches.
high: leaves lanceolate, acute, 1-3 lines long: flowers racemosely disposed,
all pedicellate: lobes of the pink or white corolla lanceolate, acute, 2 lines
long, more than half as long as the tube: anthers oblong: lobes of the
style fan-shaped: seeds globular, strongly pitted. In wet places, through-
out western Oregon.

E. eurvistaminea Wittrock. Stem slender 2-4 inches high, simple
or sparingly branched: leaves oblong-lanceolate or the upper ones linear,
acute: flowers on long slender pedicels: lobes of the light red corolla
linear-lanceolate, 2 lines long, half as long as the tube: summit of the
filaments curved downward with the anthers in a tangled mass about the
stigma: seeds not seen. Lincoln County, Washington.

3 GENTIANA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 322.
Erect herbs with chiefly sessile opposite leaves and conspicu-

444 GENTIANACEAE GENTIANA

ous flowers that usually open only in sunshine. Calyx commonly
with a membranous or spathaceous tube. Corolla funnelform or
campanulate to salverform or rotate, without pits, large glands
or scales; the sinuses with or without pleats or appendages. Sta-
mens as many as lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube,
included: anthers connate into a tube or separate, remaining
straight after opening. Style very short or none: stigma of two
spreading or rarely united lamelle, persistent. Seeds very
numerous, often covering the whole inner walls of the thin
2-valved capsule.

§ 1 GENTIANELLA Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 116. Corolla without ex-
tended pleats or lobes or teeth at the sinuses. Anthers usually
versatile. Stigmas distinct or only casually united.

* Flowers large or middle sized, solitary on a naked peduncle ter-
minating the stem or branches, not bracteate at base, mostly 4-mer-
ous: corolla campanulate-funnelform, its lobes usually fimbriate or
erose, not crowned: a row of glands alternating with the base of the
filaments.

G. serrata var. holopetala Gray Bot. Cal. i, 481. Slender, 2-16
inches high, with comparatively long peduncles: leaves linear or lanceo-
late-linear: calyx-lobes ovate-acuminate, acutely carinate, the 2 exterior
longer and narrower than the others: corolla an inch or more long, its
oblong lobes entire or merely erose-denticulate around the summit: cap-
sule short-stipitate: seeds squamulose-roughened. In the high Sierra Ne-
vada Mountains and northward to Oregon.

G. simplex Gray Pacif. R. Rep. v, 87, t. 16. Stem 2-10 inches high,
simple, bearing 2-4 pairs of lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves 3-9 lines
long, and a single blue flower on a slender peduncle: calyx-tube and lobes
hardly at all angled or carinate; the lobes nearly equal and similar: corolla
an inch long, its oblong spatulate lobes entire or erose-dentate, and some-
times a fringe of a few bristly teeth low down on the sides: capsule raised
on a short stipe: seeds smooth but longitudinally striate, narrow, wingless
when mature except a cellular appendage at both ends. Higher parts of
the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains.

* * Flowers small, 4-5-merous: corolla somewhat funnelform or
salverform when expanded, the lobes entire.

G. tenella Rottb. Act. Hafn. x, 436, t. 2, fig. 6. “An inch to a span
high: leaves (2 to 6 lines long) oblong or the lowest spatulate: calyx
deeply 5- (sometimes 4-) parted; the lobes foliaceous, oblong to ovate,
usually unequal: corolla 24% to 4 lines long, double the length of the calyx
(more lengthened in fruit), blue; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse,
little shorter than the tube: fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat.”
High mountain summits, Idaho to the Rocky Mountains.

G. acuta Michx. Fl. i, 177. G. Amarella var. acuta Herder. Stem
leafy, slightly wing-angled, simple or branched, 6-20 inches high: lower
leaves obovate to spatulate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acute or acumin-
ate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at base, sessile or somewhat clasp-
ing, 6-24 lines long: flowers numerous, racemose-spicate, 5-8 lines high:
pedicels 2-6 lines long, leafy-bracted at base: calyx usually almost 5-
parted, its lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them longer:
corolla longer than the calyx, usually blue, its lobes oblong, acute or be-
coming obtuse: crown in the throat of few setae: capsule sessile. In the
high mountains, California to Alaska and across the Continent,

GENTIANA GENTIANACEAE 445

G. stricta. G. Amarella var. stricta Watson. Stem strict, 1-4 feet
high, with strict branches, remotely leafy: leaves thickish, the cauline
lanceolate-linear: flowers numerous, usually 4-merous: calyx deeply cleft,
the lobes unequal: corolla whitish, 3-5 lines long, but little longer than
the calyx: crown in the throat of few setae or wanting. Mountains of
Idaho, Wyoming and Nevada.

§ 2 Preumonantua Neck. El. ii, 12. Flowers almost always
5-merous. Corolla plicate at the sinuses, the pleats more or less
extended into thin-membranaceous teeth or lobes: without crown
or glands. Stigmas distinct. Capsule more or less stipitate.

* Perennial by offsets or propagula: leaves marginless: flowers cym-

ose: calyx short, 5-cleft: anthers oblong-linear, introrse, remaining
erect.

G. Douglasiana Bong. Veg. Sitka, 38, t. 6. Stem 2-10 inches high,
cymosely branched: leaves ovate, the lowest rosulate, the cauline of few
remote pairs and somewhat cordate, 2-4 lines long: corolla yellow, 4-6
lines long, its lobes oblong, shorter than the funnelform tube, not twice
as long as the conspicuous and equally broad 2-cleft lobes in the sinuses:
capsule stipitate, obovate, two-edged above: seeds elongated-oblong, a line
long, apiculate at both ends, coat close. In wet places, Oregon to Alaska.

* * Root perennial: flowers comparatively large, mostly short-ped-
uncled or sessile, usually two-bracteate below: anthers linear, ‘or ob-
long, unconnected, seldom connivent, more or less extrorse, remain-
ing erect.

* Dwarf; 1-5-flowered: cauline leaves only 2-4 pairs.

G. Newberryi Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 84. “Stems 1-flowered, 2-4
inches long, and ascending from the axils of the rosulate-radical leaves:
these obovate or spatulate, an inch or more long; cauline leaves much
smaller, connate-sheathing; the lowest obovate, the uppermost lanceolate:
calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, nearly the length of the oblong- campanu-
late tube: corolla broadly funnelform, inch and a half long, pale blue,
white within, greenish dotted; its lobes ovate, mucronate; the interposed
appendages 2-cleft or laciniate, subulate-tipped: seeds round-oval, smooth,
broadly winged. Sierra Nevada, California, in or near the alpine region,
from Mariposa Co. north to S. Oregon.

+ + Low: stems several from the same caudex: cauline leaves 6-16
pairs, more or less connate or even sheathing at base, the uppermost
involucrate around the sessile terminal flower or 3-5-flowered cluster.

G. bisetaea. Stems decumbent or ascending, 8-16 inches long: leaves
rather thick, oval to oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, all rounded at
the apex; narrowed and connate-sheathing below, about an inch long, the
uppermost pair close to the solitary flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute,
4-5 lines long by a line broad, about as long as the tube, strongly nerved:
lobes of the blue corolla oblong, acute, not half as long as the campanu-
late tube: appendages in the sinuses two setae from a rather broad base:
capsules stipitate: seeds oblong, with a broad wing all around, usually
widest on one side. In marshes, eastern base of the Coast Mountains
near Waldo, Oregon.

G. calycosa Griseb. Gent. 251. Stems erect, 6-12 inches high, leaves
ovate, 6-15 lines long, commonly equalling or exceeding the internodes,
the lowest pairs smaller and with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly
so, the uppermost involucrate and somewhat exceeding the calyx of the
commonly solitary flower: lobes of the calyx ovate or oblong, or even sub-
cordate, about as long as the turbinate tube: corolla oblong-funnelform,
its appendages in the sinuses triangular-subulate, laciniate or 2-cleft at

446 GENTIANACEAE GENTIANA

tip, shorter than the broadly ovate lobes: seeds lanceolate, acuminate,
wingless. On the highest mountains, Washington to California and the
Rocky Mountains.

G. Parryi Engelm. Trans, Acad. St. Louis ii, 218, t. 10. Stems nu-
merous from the crown of a somewhat woody root, 10-15 inches high:
leaves glaucescent, thickish. ovate, varying to oblong-lanceolate, 9-18 lines
long, most of the pairs with somewhat sheathing base; the upper 2 or 3
pairs involucrate around the 1-5 flowers, concealing the calyx and some-
times almost equalling the bright blue corolla: lobes of the calyx small,
moderately or much shorter than the campanulate tube: appendages in
the sinuses of the corolla narrow, deeply 2-cleft, but little shorter than
the obovate lobes: seeds lanceolate, wingless, with obtuse or acutish edge.
Alpine and subalpine in the Cascade and Rocky Mountains.

G. Gormani. Stems erect, 10-18 inches high: lowest leaves small,
with connate-sheathing base; the middle ones broadly ovate to nearly or-
bicular, with very short sheathing base, about an inch long, shorter than
the internodes, the uppermost one or two pairs cordate or subcordate and
involucrate around the usually solitary flower: calyx-lobes only 2, broadly
ovate, acute or acuminate, longer than the tube: corolla bright blue, an
inch long, nearly campanulate, its broadly ovate lobes short acuminate:
appendages in the sinuses very short, nearly entire: seeds oblong or lanceo-
late, apiculate. Moist subalpine meadows, northeastern Washington to
Alaska. ‘

+ + * Stems either tall or low, many-leaved flowers not involu-
crate: style manifest.

Corolla oblong-campanulate, with broadly, ovate lobes more or less
narrowed at base and the intervening plaits entire: calyx lobes usually.
from ovate to lanceolate, equalling or longer than the tube.

G. Menziesii Griseb. Gent. 191. “Stems a foot or less high, slender:
leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate (inch and a half or less long),
somewhat 3-nerved: flowers one or two, short-peduncled or sessile: calyx
according to Grisebach spathaceous and the lobes obsolete, in our speci-
mens with oblong-lanceolate foliaceous lobes (5 lines long) equalling the
turbinate-oblong tube: corolla an inch long; its lobes 3 lines long and.
wide; its plaits truncate and obscurely 3-crenate: seeds ovate-lanceolate
or oblong, barely acute or both ends obtuse. Bogs, W. Oregon to Men-
docino Co., California.”

G. sceptrum Griseb. 1. c. Stems erect, 2-4 feet high, simple, or
short-branched above, few to several-flowered: leaves ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, indistinctly 3-7-nerved: calyx-lobes unequal, lanceolate to
ovate-oblong: corolla 1-2 inches long, its lobes nearly 4 lines long and
wide, its plaits truncate or with barely rounded entire summit: seeds nar-
rowly lanceolate with scarious acumination. Western Oregon to British
Columbia.

G. Orfordii. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, several from a thick per-
ennial root: leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 1-3 inches long, below re-
duced to connate-sheathing bracts: flowers on rather stout peduncles:
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate 5-6 lines long, longer than the
tube: corolla blue finely specked within, an inch or more long, its short
lobes acutish: appendages in the sinuses rounded: seeds minute cylin-
draceous, not appendaged. Port Orford, Oregon, Oct. 1892 Joseph Howell.

** + Corolla funnelform, with ovate lobes not narrowed at base:
the plaits extended into conspicuous laciniate-toothed or cleft append-.
ages: margins of the leaves scabrous: seeds surrounded by a dis-
tinct and rather broad wing ovate or oblong.

SWERTIA GENTIANACEAE 447

FRASERA

G. Oregana Engelm. in herb. Stems erect and rather stout, 1-2 feet
high: sometimes more slender and ascending: leaves ovate, to ovate-ob-
long or lanceolate 1-2 inches long: flowers few at the summit or some-
times several and racemose-scattered: bracts oblong or ovate: calyx-lobes
from oblong to ovate-lanceolate as long as the tube: corolla broadly fun-
nelform over an inch long, its short lobes roundish. Brit. Columbia to
California and Idaho.

G. affinis Griseb. Gent. 191. Stems clustered, 8-12 inches long, most-
ly ascending: leaves from oblong to lanceolate or linear: flowers from
few to numerous and thyrsoid-racemose: bracts lanceolate or linear: lobes
of the calyx linear or subulate, unequal and variable, the longest rarely
equalling the tube, the shorter sometimes minute: corolla an inch or less
long, rather narrowly funnelform, its lobes ovate, acutish or mucronu-
late-pointed, spreading. Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky
Mountains.

G. anisosepala Greene Pitt. iii, 309. “Annual, erect, slender, simple,
5-10 inches high, with a few small flowers terminal and in the upper
axils: leaves in a few pairs, the lowest obovate, the middle pairs oval, the
uppermost cordate-oval, all obtuse, sessile, % to more than % inch long :
the few flowers about 4 lines long: calyx parted almost to the base into
5 narrowly elliptical very acute segments of unequal length, the shortest
hardly ‘equalling the tube of the corolla, the longest almost equalling the
full length of the corolla; corolla broadly funnelform, the segments
shorter than the tube, rather obtuse, almost equalled by the longer setae
of the crown. Nez Perces Co., Idaho, Heller, July, 1896 (n. 3440).”

“© Calyx 4-5 parted. Corolla with one or two nectariferous
pits, or spots or an adnate scale to each lobe. Seeds compara-
twely large.

4 SWERTIA L. Gen. n. 321.

Simple-stemmed perennial herbs with mostly opposite petioled
leaves, and blue or white flowers in summer. Corolla rotate, 5-
parted; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud. Style none
or very short: stigma 2-lamellate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovate: the
placentz not intruded.

S. obtusa Ledeb. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. v, 526. S. perennis Pall.
not of L. “A span to a foot or more high; lowest leaves oblong or obo-
vate-spatulate (2 to 4 inches long), tapering into a long petiole; upper
cauline few and narrower, sessile; some commonly alternate: inflorescence
racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few-many-flowered: flowers 5-mer-
ous: sepals narrowly lanceolate: lobes of the corolla (4-6 lines long)
oblong-ovate, becoming lanceolate, the base bearing a pair of nectarifer-
ous pits which are crested with a fringe. Subalpine in the Blue Moun-
tains of Oregon to the Rocky Mountains, Alaska and Siberia.

5 FRASERA Walt. Fl. Carol. 87.

Smooth herbs with erect stems, opposite or verticillate leaves
and numerous flowers in thyrsoid or paniculate cymes. Corolla
rotate, 4-parted, the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud, bear-
ing a single or double fringed gland, and sometimes a fimbriate
crown at base. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla:
filaments subulate, often united at base, occasionally with some
interposed small bristles or scales. Ovary ovate, tapering into.

448 GENTIANACEAE FRASERA

a distinct and often slender persistent style: stigma small, 2-lobed
or nearly entire. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened; the
placente or edges of the valves not intruded. Seeds compara-
tively few, compressed, commonly smooth and margined.

* Leaves marginless: sepals narrow, almost as long as the corolla:
corolla with a single round gland upon each lobe; no crown at base:
capsule strongly flattered parallel with the valves: seeds orbicular,
wing margined: stem large and stout.

F. thyrsiflora Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii, 288. “Stems 2 or 3 feet
high: leaves in pairs or threes, oblong or spatulate-obovate, the cauline
3 or 4 inches long: flowers in a dense interrupted thyrsus: sepals subu-
‘late-linear (4 lines long): lobes of the pale blue corolla ovate-oblong,
thin, bearing the gland near the base: style short and conical, in some
flowers hardly any. Idaho and interior of Oregon on the tributaries of
the Columbia.”

* * Leaves not margined: sepals linear, equalling the corolla: a
pair of oblong glands on each corolla-lobe and a separate crown be-
low them: capsule compressed contrary to the almost conduplicate
valves: seeds oblong, flat margined,

F. speciosa Dougl. Griseb. Gent. 329. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high, very
leafy: leaves in fours and sixes, nervose; the radical and lowest cauline
obovate or oblong, 6-10 inches long, the upper lanceolate and at length
linear: flowers very numerous in a long leafy thyrsus: the peduncles and
slender pedicels at length strict: lobes of the greenish-white or barely
bluish and dark-dotted corolla oblong, acutish, half inch long, bearing
the pair of contiguous and densely long-fringed glands about the mid-
dle, and a distant transversely inserted and setaceously multifid scale-
like crown near the base, usually some minute sete between the
bases of the filaments: style subulate, shorter than the ovary. In the
mountains, eastern Oregon to California, Wyoming and New Mexico.

* * * Leaves with cartilaginous white margins, thickish, lanceolate
or linear and grass-like, merely opposite, the cauline only 3-5 pairs:
inflorescence a virgate interrupted thyrsus of 3-7 pairs of sessile or
short-peduncled dense cymes, forming a series of glomerate clusters:
pedicels very short: sepals subulate-lanceolate, about equalling the
oblong or ovate lobes of the blue corolla: fringed glands solitary. elon-
gated, extending from the base of the lobe to near the middle, saccate
and with a longer and coarser fringe at base: crown staminal, con-
sisting of a conspicuously laciniately parted or nearly entire scale be-
tween the filaments: style slender, twice the length of the ovary: cap-
sule compressed parallel with the flat or flattish valves, few-seeded:
seeds as far as known flat, smooth, acute-angled.

F. nitida Benth. Pl. Hartw. 322. Completely glabrous: stems slen-
der, 1-2 feet high, simple: leaves linear-lanceolate; the radical ones 6-8
inches long; those subtending the upper flower cluster reduced to small
bracts: sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely margined with white,
entire: corolla blue, sometimes spotted with greenish dots, the lobes
barely acute, bearing an elongated-oblong obtuse gland: thin scales be-
tween the filaments ovate or oblong-linear, entire or sparingly laciniate,
longer than the ovary. Common from Brit. Columbia to California, east
of the Cascade Mountains.

F. Cusickii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 310. Glabrous: stems slen-
der, 2-8 inches high, but little longer than the radical leaves: thyrsus
either of simple glomerules or interrupted spiciform: corolla large; its

FRASERA GENTIANACEAE 449

MENYANTHES
lobes nearly half inch long, oval, obtuse: scales between the filaments
large, orbicular, concave, nearly entire, surpassing the ovary. Hillsides
of the Grande Ronde Valley, eastern Oregon.

F. albicauilis Doug]. Griseb. 1. c. Very minutely pruinose-puberulent:
stems 10-18 inches high: radical leaves linear-spatulate, 2-4 inches long,
attenuate below to a petiole: lobes of the corolla subulate, long acumi-
nate, white margined, entire: lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate:
glands linear, closed below into a kind of pocket: scales between the fila-
ments oblong, laciniately cleft at the summit. Eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington to Idaho.

Suborder 2. Menyantheae Griseb. Gent. 386. Marsh or
aquatic perennials with heterogonous flowers. Leaves all alter-
nate and mostly petioled. Corolla induplicate-valvate in the bud.
Seed-coat crustaceous.

6 MENYANTHES Tourn. L. Gen. n. 202.

Perennial herbs with chiefly radical leaves, and white flowers
on erect scapes or scape-like peduncles. Calyx 5-parted. Co-
rolla somewhat funnelform or campanulate, 5-cleft, the lobes
widely spreading, fimbriate or crested on the inner face. Stamens
5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers
sagittate, versatile. Ovary one-celled; style long and slender;
stigma bilamellate. Capsule oval, indehiscent, but bursting irreg-
ularly across the top. Seeds rather few and large, orbicular and
compressed ; the close crustaceous coat smooth.

M. trifoliata L. Sp. 145. Scapes and leaves stout, 6-10 inches long,
from a thick underground stem or rootstock: leaves trifoliolate, long-
petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire or repand, obtuse at the apex,
narrowed to a sessile base, pinnately veined, 1-3 inches long: raceme
borne on a long scape-like naked peduncle, 10-20-flowered: pedicels stout,
3-12 lines long, bracteolate at the base: flowers 5-7 lines long: corolla
white or tinged with rose, the tube longer than the calyx, the upper sur-

face of the lobes copiously fimbriate-bearded: capsule ovoid, obtuse,’
about 4 lines long. In bogs, Alaska to California and across the Continent.

Orper LXIIIT POLEMONIACEAE DC. FI. France. iii, 645.

Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants with bland colorless juice,
simple or divided leaves without stipules and perfect regular
flowers with a free ovary and hypogynous disk. Calyx 5-parted
or 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed,
dextrorsely convolute and not plicate in the bud. Stamens 5,
distinct, inserted on the tube of the corolla, alternate with its
lobes. Style one, 3-lobed, or 3-cleft and stigmatic down the inner
face. Fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule, usually with a thick
placental axis; and few or many small amphitropous or nearly
anatropous seeds with a thin or soft coat, commonly developing
mucilage when wetted. Embryo straight and rather large, in
the axis of a fleshy or harder albumen. Cotyledons flat or flat-
tish and rather broad.

* Leaves opposite and entire: seeds not mucilaginous when’ wet.

450 POLEMONIACEAE PHLOX

1 Phlox Stamens unequally inserted and included in the narrow tube
of the salverform corolla.
* * Leaves palmately 3-7-parted, the divisions rigid and pungent:
seeds not mucilaginous when wet. ;
2 Cantua Woody-stemmed, at least at base: flowers solitary and ses-
sile, or few in a cluster at the summit of short branches or branchlets.

* * * Leaves mostly alternate and entire: seeds mucilaginous and
throwing out spiral threads when wet.

3 Collomia Stamens unequally inserted in or below the throat of the
funnelform or salverform corolla: filaments slender, often exserted.
* * * * Leaves various: seeds almost always mucilaginous when

wet.

* Leaves either opposite or palmately divided to the sessile base,
usually both: seed-coat mucilaginous when wetted but destitute of
spiral threads.

4 Linanthus Low glabrous annuals with opposite leaves.

*— * Leaves alternate and pinnately incised cleft or divided, rarely
entire: seed coat mucilaginous and sending out spiral threads when
wet,

5 Navarretia Low and much branched annuals, not floccose-wooliy,
mostly glandular and viscid: flowers capitate-crowded and densely
foliaceous-bracted : lobes of the calyx rigid and acerose-pungent or
spinulose: corolla tubular-funnelform.

6 Hugelia Floccose-woolly annuals, neither glandular nor viscid:
flowers capitate-glomerate and foliaceous-bracted: lobes of the calyx
acerose or subulate and cuspidate or pungent.

7 Ipomopsis Biennials: not woolly: flowers thyrsoid paniculate: lobes
of the calyx subulate: corolla narrowly tubular-funnelform.

8 Gilia Flowers scattered, crowded, or capitate-glomerate: corolla
from funnelform to nearly rotate.

9 Polemonium Mostly smooth perennials with pinnate leaves and
thyrsiform or cymulose-paniculate inflorescence: lobes of the calyx
foliaceous, enlarging in fruit.

PHLOX L. Gen. n. 214.

Herbs or suffrutescent plants with opposite entire leaves, and
showy red, white or blue flowers in terminal cymes or cymose
panicles. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft and 5-
ribbed, the lobes acute or acuminate, mostly scarious-margined
and the sinuses commonly scarious, not enlarging in fruit but
often bursting when the seeds mature. Corolla strictly salver-
form, with slender tube and narrow orifice, the limb 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, straight, inserted irregularly on the tube of the co-
rolla; filaments very short; anthers not exserted. Ovary oblong
or ovoid, 3-celled; with 1-4 ovules in each cell. Capsule ovoid,
3-valved. Seeds not mucilaginous nor emitting spiral threads
when wet. Ours all belong to a peculiar section that is

Suffruticulose or suffrutescent, rarely herbaceous to the ground:
chiefly with narrow or minute and thick-margined leaves, and
one-flowered branchlets or peduncles. é

PHLOX POLEMONIACEAE 451

* Densely cespitose and depressed, mostly forming cushion-like
evergreen mats or tufts: the short leaves’ crowded up to the solitary
and sessile or short-peduncled flower: ovules solitary in each cell.

* Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, more or less beset
or ciliate with cobweb-like or woolly hairs: plants forming broad
mats 2-4 inches high.

P. Hoodii Richards. Frankl. Journ. Appx. t. 28. Sparsely or loosely
lanate, becoming glabrate: leaves subulate, rather rigid, erect, somewhat
loosely imbricated: tube of the corolla not exceeding the calyx: its lobes
obovate, entire, 2-3 lines long. Sandy plains and hillsides, Wyoming and
perhaps Idaho to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan.

+ * Leaves rigid, 4-6 lines long, destitute of woolly or cobwebby
hairs, the margins naked, or ciliate with rigid or rather soft hairs:
plants either densely or loosely tufted.

P. caespitosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad, vii, 41, t. 6, fig. 1. Stem_
tufted, 2-4 inches high: leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly
much crowded, hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or with some short gland-
ular-tipped rigid hairs: corolla with tube somewhat longer than the calyx:
its obovate entire lobes 3 lines long. On the highest mountains, Ore-
gon to California and the Rocky Mountains.

P. Douglasii Hook. FI. ii, 73, t. 158. Stems rather slender, ascending
or erect, 2-8 inches long, rather loosely tufted: leaves. acerose to linear-
subulate, pubescent to nearly glabrous, often ciliate near the base, 3-6 lines
long, loosely imbricated, sometimes spreading, usually fascicled at the
nodes: flowers sessile or short-peduncled, 6-8 lines long: calyx pubescent ;
its subulate lobes as long as the tube: corolla with tube longer than the
calyx, and obovate entire lobes 3-4 lines long. Eastern Oregon and
Washington to Brit. Columbia and Nebraska.

Var. andicola Britton Mem. Torr, Club, v, 269. Leaves longer, 8-12
lines long, less fascicled at the nodes. Range of the type.

P. diffusa Benth. Pl. Hartw. 325. P. Douglasii var. diffusa Gray.
Depressed and diffusely branched, forming mats 6-18 inches in diameter:
leaves linear or acerose, 6-12 lines long, very acute sometimes ciliate near
the base with woolly hairs: flowers usually sessile: calyx loosely tomen-
tose, the broad-subulate lobes longer than the campanulate tube: corolla
pink or purple to white; with a broad tube longer than the calyx, ana
entire or obscurely crenulate obovate lobes 4-5 lines long. On the high
mountains, Calfornia to Alaska.

* * Loosely tufted, or many-stemmed from a merely woody-persist-
ent base, or wholly herbaceous, with linear or lanceolate or rarely
ovate spreading leaves which are little if at all fascicled in the axils:
flowers slender-peduncled, solitary or somewhat cymose.

* Calyx-tube between the strong ribs scarious, inclined to be
membranaceous and more or less replicate, forming intervening an-
gles; the narrowly-subulate and mostly rigid teeth shorter than the
tube of the corolla: style long and slender, often equalling the tube
of the corolla.

P. linearifolia Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 255. Glabrous, sometimes
minutely hirsute above, corymbosely much branched from a woody base,
6-10 inches high: leaves very narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long by less than
a line wide: tube of the calyx saliently 5-angled from the base by the
strong replication of the white-membranaceous sinuses; the lobes nearly
acerose: tube of the corolla longer than the calyx; the obovate-cuneate

452 POLEMONIACEAE PHLOX
CANTUA

lobes entire or barely retuse, 6 lines long: ovules 2 in each cell. Along
the Columbia river from The Dalles eastward.

P. longifolia Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii, 41. Nearly glabrous to
pubescent, much branched or many-stemmed from a woody base, 3-8
inches high: leaves mostly narrowly linear, 1-3 inches long: calyx more
or less angled by the white-membranaceous replicate sinuses: lobes of
the corolla obovate or oblong-cuneate, entire or retuse, 3-5 lines long:
ovules almost always solitary in the cells. Dry plains, eastern Oregon to
Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

P. Stansburyi Heller P. longifolia var. Stansburyi Gray. Conspic-
uously pubescent throughout, or sometimes glabrate, generally stoutish
and somewhat open in growth, 6-8 inches high: leaves from linear to li-
near-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long: pubescence of the branchlets and calyx
viscid or glandular: tube of the corolla about twice the length of the
calyx; its obovate lobes entire or barely retuse: ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.
Dry prairies, eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains.

P. adsurgens Torr. in Herb. Gray 1. c. 256. Glabrous except the
glandular-pubescent slender pedicels and calyx: stems slender, trailing or
ascending, 6-20 inches long: leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, acute, 5-12
lines long by half as broad, all but the lowest shorter than the internodes:
tube of the corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx; its obovate entire or
retuse lobes 5-6 lines long: ovules solitary in the cells. In dry open for-
ests, southwestern Oregon.

+ * Calyx-tube cylindraceous, the thin membranous portion be-
tween the ribs not projecting into salient angles: style very short,
mostly shorter than the ovary.

P. speciosa Pursh Fl. 149. Stems 1-3 feet high; the branches ascend-
ing from a shrubby base, somewhat viscid-puberulent or glandular above:
leaves lanceolate or linear, 1-3 inches long, very acute above, sessile with
a broad base: flowers corymbose: corolla rose color or pink to white; its
tube but little longer than the calyx; its obcordate lobes 5-6 lines long:
ovules solitary in the cells. Dry ridges and rocky banks, California to
Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

Var. Sabini Gray 1. c. Lobes of the corolla entire or barely retuse:
obovate with a narrowed cuneate base. Spokane river, Washington.

2 CANTUA Juss. Gen. 136.

Very leafy commonly tufted perennials or undershrubs with
the leaves all alternate, rarely opposite, and showy flowers either
solitary and sessile or few in a cluster at the ends of short
branches or branchlets. Calyx tubular to campanulate, the lobes
short-subulate, pungent. Corolla salverform; the tube more or
less exceeding the calyx; the throat somewhat funnelform. Fila-
ments short, inserted in or below the throat: anthers short, in-
cluded. Ovules numerous in each cell. Seeds with a close coat,
developing neither mucilage nor spiral threads when wetted.

C. pungens Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii, 26. Guilia pungens Benth.
Puberulent, glabrate, or somewhat viscid: stems woody, usually much
branched or tufted, 6-8 inches high: leaves sessile, palmately divided into
3-7 rigid and pungent subulate segments, 4-8 lines long often with smaller
ones fascicled in their axils: calyx cylindraceous; its subulate lobes 4

_the length of the tube; corolla rose white or yellow, 8-12 lines long, the

COLLOMIA POLEMONIACEAE 453

narrowly oblong lobes 4-5 lines long: ovules 8-10 in each cell. Dry plains
of eastern Oregon to California, Arizona and Colorado.

Var. Hookeri. Gilia Hookeri Benth. Taller, with sparser and more
rigid leaves and viscid-pubescent flowering shoots. Eastern Oregon to
California.

Var. squarrosa. Gilia pungens var. squarrosa Gray. A foot or two
high with virgate branches beset with stouter and more rigid recurved-
spreading pungent leaves. Dry interior of Washington and Idaho to Nev.

3 COLLOMIA Nutt. Gen. i, 126.

Annual or rarely perennial herbs with mostly entire alternate
leaves and purple white or yellow flowers in capitate clusters or
cymes. Calyx obpyramidal, 5-cleft, scarious in the sinuses ac-
crescent in fruit, not distended nor ruptured by the maturing cap-
sule; its lobes erect and entire; the sinuses often at length en-
larged into revolute lobes. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salver-
form: the limb 5-lobed. Stamens unequally inserted on the tube
of the corolla: the filaments unequal, Ovules few or solitary in
each cell. Seeds developing both mucilage and spiral threads
when wetted.

* Annuals with strict and leafy stems, entire or merely toothed
leaves and numerous flowers in capitate-crowded terminal leafy
clusters.

C. grandiflora Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1174. Stems erect, 6-20
inches high, simple or sparingly branched: leaves lanceolate to linear,
entire or coarsely serrate, acute or acuminate, 1-3 inches long, sessile or
nearly so: flowers yellow or salmon color, numerous in a dense capitate
leafy-bracted cluster: bracts broadly lanceolate to ovate: calyx somewhat
funnelform, the triangular lobes about half as long as the tube, glandular :
corolla nearly an inch long with a long filiform tube; the oblong lobes
about as long as its funnelform throat: ovules solitary in the cells. Com-
mon in open woods, California to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

C. linearis Nutt. Gen. i, 126. Viscid-puberulent annual: stem erect,
4-12 inches high, simple or branched: leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-
oblong, entire or few-toothed or few-lobed, acute at the apex, narrowed
below, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, 1-2 inches long: flowers numer-
ous, in a close capitate cluster, 5-7 lines long: calyx-lobes triangular-lan-
ceolate, acute: corolla purple to nearly white, with a very slender tube
longer than the calyx and but little enlarged throat, the rounded lobes 1-2
lines long: ovules solitary in the cells. Eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia,
Manitoba, Minnesota, Arizona and California,

‘Var. subulata Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 258. “A low and slender
form, diffusely branching from the base: leaves narrow and acute: flowers
few in the lower forks: calyx-lobes attenuate-subulate, the tips almost
awn-like from a broad base, rather longer than the tube. Nevada and
adjacent parts of California and Oregon.

* * Annuais usually branching from the base, the flowers in nearly
or quite bractless small clusters in the axils and at the ends of the
branches.

C. tinetoria Kellogg Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, 17, t. 2. Gilia aristella Gray.
Stem slender, 2-10 inches high, few- leaved, diffusely branched, minutely
pubescent and glandular above: leaves lanceolate- linear, tapering to both
ends, 6-14 lines long: flowers 1-3 in the forks and upper axils: calyx cam-

454 POLEMONIACEAE COLLOMIA
, LINANTHUS
panulate; the lobes attenuate from a broad base to a slender awn: corolla
purple, with filiform tube 4-6 lines long and small oblong lobes: capsule
obovate, with atteriuate base, 3-lobed. On open hillsides in mountains,
Brit. Columbia to California.

C. heterophylla Hook. Bot. Mag. 2895. Gilia Sesset Don. Diffusely
branched from the base, 3-16 inches high, soft pubescent throughout:
leaves thin, mostly pinnatifid with the lobes again incised, or bipinnatifid,
some of the uppermost less cut or even entire and bract-like subtending
the flower-clusters: calyx’ acute at base, cleft barely to the middle, the
lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: corolla light purple to pink, slender,
5-6 lines long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx: stamens very unequally
inserted: ovules 1-3 in each cell, Common in open woods, Brit. Columbia
to California west of the Cascade Mountains.

* * * Perennials with exserted and declined stamens.

C. Mazama Coville Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash. xi, 35. Glabrous or
with a few arachnoid viscid hairs on the stem and leaf-margins, the in-
florescence glandular-hairy: stems few to many from a slender perennial
tap-root, 6-15 inches high, usually simple: leaves oblong-lanceolate to
lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, acute at both ends, acutely and somewhat
laciniately 3-5 toothed toward the apex, the upper entire and sessile, the
lower often oblanceolate and petioled: inflorescence subcapitately cymose:
calyx commonly 4-5 lines long; the triangular-lanceolate acuminate lobes
about as long as the tube, enlarging in fruit: corolla about 7 lines long,
deep blue to violet-purple, funnelform; the narrowly oblong-obovate ob-
_tuse lobes 2-3 lines long: anthers and style slightly exserted: seeds linear-
oblong, solitary in the cells. On Mount Mazama, southern Oregon.

C. debilis Greene Pitt. i, 127. Giulia debilis Watson. Minutely pu-
bescent or hirsute and viscid: stems loosely tufted, 2-8 inches long leafy
to the top: leaves pedately 3-7 parted or the upper ones 3-cleft, attenuate
below to a petiole; the lobes 2-6 lines long, linear-oblong, or the larger
more dilated and 2-3-cleft: flowers subsessile and solitary in the forks and
axils: calyx cylindraceous; the short subulate teeth but half as long as the
tube; corolla funnelform, 6-8 lines long, with elongated tube and deeply
cleft limb, light purple to blue: capsule a line long; the cells 1-seeded.
In loose volcanic sand on the highest mountain peaks, Oregon and Wash-
ington to California and Utah. .

C. glutinosa Benth. Bot. Reg. 1833. Slightly pubescent and glandu-
lar above: stem loosely branching, erect or diffuse, 1-2 feet long: leaves
nearly simple, or cut or parted into lanceolate or narrowly oblong divi-
sions: flowers loose or scattered: calyx obtuse or rounded at base, deeply
cleft; the lobes subulate: stamens moderately unequal in insertion: ovules
1 or 2 in each cell: capsule globular. In open woods, California and
Oregon to Washington.

4 LINANTHUS Benth. Bot. Reg. xix, t. 1622.

Erect and slender annuals with opposite leaves and small
flowers solitary and terminal or in the forks of the branches, or in
capitate leafy-bracted clusters. Tube of the calyx cylindraceous,
white-scarious except the ribs which are prolonged into acerose-
linear teeth, not enlarged in fruit but usually ruptured by the
maturing capsule. Corolla rotate, campanulate, funnelform, or
salverform. Stamens equally inserted on the tube of the corolla.
Seeds numerous or rarely few in the cells, developing mucilage
when wetted, —

LINANTHUS POLEMONIACEAE 455

§ 1 DactopHyLLuM. Giulia § Dactophyllum B. & H. Flowers
loose or scattered on slender pedicels. Corolla funnelform or
almost rotate. Stamens inserted in the throat of the. corolla:
anthers oval.

L. pharnaceoides Greene Pitt. ii; 254. Gilia liniflora var. pharna
ceotdes Gray. Stem slender with diffuse filiform branches, 6-10 inches
high: leaves palmately 2-5-parted into acerose pubescent segments, 2-6
lines long; flowers paniculate, on filiform pedicels: calyx campanulate, 2
lines long; the triangular acute lobes not as long as the tube: corolla al-
most rotate, the broad tube hardly as long as the calyx; the broad lobes
obovate, rounded at the apex, 2-3 lines long: ovules 6-8 in each cell:
capsule shorter than the calyx. Dry sandy plains, eastern Oregon and
Washington to Califotnia.

L. Harknessii Greene |. c. 256. Gilia Harknessii Curran. Stem erect,
diffusely branched, 3-10 inches high: seed-leaves oblong-linear: leaves di-
vided to the base into filiform segments, 2-10 lines long: flowers panicu-
late, on filiform pedicels 6-12 lines long: calyx minutely pubescent; its
lanceolate lobes as long as the tube: corolla white, 1-2 lines long; the
tube but little longer than the calyx and about as long as the lobes: cap-
sule oval, exceeding the calyx; seeds solitary in the cells, smooth, turgid,
oblong, a line long. In bare places on the high mountains, Washington |
to California.

L. filipes Greene |. c. Gilia filipes Benth. Stem slender, 2-4 inches
high, diffusely branched: cotyledon leaves obovate: leaves 2-5 lines long,
divided to the base into filiform segments: flowers panicled, on capillary
pedicels an inch or more long: calyx campanulate, pubescent; its triangu-
lar acute lobes not longer than the tube: corolla 2-3 lines long, exceeding
the calyx: ovules 3-5 in each cell: capsule about equalling the calyx. On
dry plains, eastern Oregon to Nevada and California.

L. Bolanderi Greene |. c. Gilia Bolanderi Gray. Stem almost fili-
form, 2-10 inches high, dichotomously branched: cotyledon leaves oblong,
narrowed below to a broad petiole: leaves 2-5 inches long, divided to the
base into linear or spatulate segments: flowers on filiform pedicels 1-2
inches long: calyx cylindraceous, pubescent and glandular; its subulate
lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 6 lines long; the slender tube exceed-
ing the calyx, much longer than the funnelform throat and obovate obtuse
lobes: capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx: seeds 1-5 in each cell. Dry
plains, Oregon to California.

§ 2 LeptosipHon Gilia § Leptosiphon Endl. Mostly low or
slender, with opposite leaves, and small flowers crowded into a
capitate leafy-bracted cluster. Corolla salverform, with the tube
mostly. filiform and elongated: the very short throat commonly
more or less cyathiform-dilated. Stamens inserted in the throat
or orifice; anthers short. Ovules numerous in each cell.

* Leaves commonly with smaller ones fascicled in their axils and all
palmately 5-7-parted into linear segments: filaments slender, exserted

more or less from the throat of the corolla, but shorter than its entire
lobes: ovules 6-10 in each cell.

L. bicolor Greene |. c. Gilia tenella Benth. Roughly-pubescent through-
out: stem slender, 1-3 inches high, simple or sparingly branched: cotyle-
don leaves petioled: divisions of the leaves acerose or-some of them lin-
ear-spatulate, 2-6 lines long: tube of the calyx short, cylindraceous; its
subulate lobes several times longer; tube of the corolla filiform, 10-12 lines

456 POLEMONIACEAE LINANTHUS
NAVARRETIA:
long, much longer than the bracts and calyx, abruptly widened into the
obconic throat and oblong obtuse lobes: flowers purple to pink or straw-
color; with yellow throat. Common on dry open hillsides, Puget Sound
to California.

L. ciliatus Greene 1. c. 260. Gilia ciliata Benth, Rough-pubescent
throughout: stem rigid, 4-12 inches high, virgate: divisions of the leaves
acerose, 2-8 lines long: tube of the calyx cylindraceous, half as long as the
subulate pungent lobes: tube of the corolla filiform, 4-6 lines long, but
little if any longer than the hispid-ciliate bracts and calyx: throat of the
corolla funnelform, yellow, nearly as long as the oblong rounded lobes.
In groves, southern Oregon to California.

* * Wholly glabrous: very dwarf: leaves entire: anthers sessile in
the throat of the corolla, the cuneate lobes of which are sometimes un-
dulate-toothed or 1-3 dentate at the apex: ovules 10-16 in each cell.

L. nudicaule. Gilia nudicaulis Gray. Very glabrous: stem 1-10,inches
high, at length branching from the base, leafless from the cotyledons to
the inflorescence which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an in-
volucre of several ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate foliaceous bracts: corolla
white, pink or yellow; the tube 3-4 lines long, about 3 times as long as
the calyx, rather longer than the lobes, Sandy plains, interior of Oregon
to Nevada and Colorado.

5 NAVARRETIA Ruiz & Pavon Prodr. FI. Per. et Chil. 20.

Low annuals with alternate pinnatifid leaves and small flowers
in leafy-bracted capitate clusters. Tube of the calyx scarious be-
tween the 5 prominent green angles or costa, its lobes unequal,
erect or spreading, pungent tipped, all entire, or the 2 larger ones
spinulose-toothed or cleft. Corolla tubular-funnelform or almost
salverform, with rather small oval or oblong lobes. Stamens in-
serted in or below the throat: anthers short. Capsule dehiscent
from above or from below, or indehiscent. Seeds one to many in
each cell, mostly mucilaginous and developing spiral threads
when wetted.

* Some of the leaves and bracts more than once pinnately parted,
that is their primary divisions incised or parted.

* Herbage very glandular-viscid and unpleasantly aromatic-scent-
ed: stamens included in the throat of the corolla, commonly unequal
eg and slightly so in insertion: ovules and seeds 8-12 in each
cell. at
N. squarrosa H. & A. Bot. Beech. 368. Gilia squarrosa Gray.. Very

glandular-viscid: stem rather ‘stout and rigid, 3-12 inches high, simple or
much branched: leaves twice pinnatifid, or pinnately parted and the divi-
sions either parted or incised ; upper ones and bracts spinescent: lobes of
the calyx subulate and spinescent-tipped, mostly entire, longer than the
tube: corolla blue to whitish, 4-6 lines long, with slender tube and funnel.
form, throat, but little surpassing the calyx: capsule ellipsoid, inclined to
be stipitate. Common on plains and along roadsides, western California
and Oregon to Brit. Columbia,

* * Herbage neither viscid nor glandular: stamens exserted out
of the throat of the corolla, at length mostly equalling the lobes:
ovules 1-4 in each cell.

N. stricta. Stem strict, 4-6 inches high, divaricately branched abo~r:
leaves few, bipinnate, the divisions all spinose: bracts similar to the les.c:

NAVARRETIA POLEMONIACEAE 457

white-pubescent : calyx pubescent, the teeth all spinose-tipped and toothed,
very unequal: corolla pale blue, with filiform tube and funnelform throat;
not exceeding the bracts: stamens about equalling the oblong corolla-
lobes: capsule obovoid few-seeded: seeds winged. Southwest Oregon.

N. intertexta Hook. FI. ii, 72. Gilia interterta Steud. Neither vis-
cid nor glandular: stem erect, simple or widely branched, 4-8 inches high,
rather stout; leaves nearly glabrous with divaricate acerose spinescent di-
visions sparingly divided or simple: flowers densely glomerate: tube of
the calyx and base of the bracts strongly villous with white spreading
hairs; its unequal spinescent and entire lobes equalling the white corolla:
ovules and seeds 3-4 in each cell. In damp places, Brit. Columbia to
California and the Rocky Mountains,

N. Suksdorfii. Low and depressed, or erect, 1-3 inches high, much
branched; leaves linear, an inch or two long, entire or with a pair or two
of linear lobes near the base, not spinose: flowers in dense globular heads,
the subtending bracts bipinnate with spinose lobes: lobes of the calyx
shorter than the cylindraceous tube, which is but slightly contracted at the
sinuses; the smaller ones entire: corolla white, barely exceeding the ca-
lyx: stamens as long as the corolla: capsule very thin, 3-seeded: seeds
oblong. Low grounds, Falcon Valley, Klickitat Co., Washington. Dis-
tributed by Mr. Suksdorf as Gilia minima, from which it differs in its
dense heads and 3-lobed calyx-teeth. '

N. minima Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 160. Depressed, often forming broad
tufts, %4-2 inches high glabrate: leaves acicular with simple and few
divisions: flowers in small loose heads, the subtending bracts spinosely
pinnate: tube of the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the
spinose entire lobes which equal or exceed the white corolla: ovules 1-3
in each cell: capsule oblong-obovate, attenuate below. Interior of Oregon
and Washington to. Arizona and Nebraska.

N. Breweri Greene 1. c. 137, Gilia Breweri Gray. Erect or at length
much branched and diffusely spreading, 1-10 inches high, very minutely
glandular-puberulent throughout: leaves with mostly simple acicular-sub-
ulate divisions: flowers in lax glomerules; the sabtending bracts similar
to the leaves: tube of the calyx a line long, 2 or 3 times shorter than the
unequal entire lobes: corolla yellow, the slender tube equalling the calyx:
stamens and style equalling the oblong corolla-lobes: ovules 1 or 2 in each
cell. Southeastern Oregon to Wyoming, Nevada and California.

N. leucocephala Benth, Pl. Hartw. 160. Glabrous except some woolly
pubescence at the summit of the stem and scarious calyx-tube: stem slen-
der, 4-10 inches high, seldom rigid: leaves soft, their often simple divi-
sions slender-spinulose: flowers in rather small heads, the subtending
bracts with barely pungent divisions: calyx-tube contracted at the sinuses,
about equalling the subulate entire lobes: corolla white, longer than the
calyx: stamens exserted: ovules 2 in each cell. In wet places, southern
Oregon to California.

* * Leaves simply pinnatifid or incised or many of them entire.

N. divaricata Greene |. c. Gilia divaricata Torr. Stem slender, 1-6
inches high divaricately branched not glandular-viscid but glabrate: leaves
slender and filiform, or the upper with acerose divisions and passing into
the bracts of the small heads which are palmately 3-5-cleft: calyx woolly-
pubescent; the scarious tube much shorter than the unequal entire lobes:
corolla rather slender, 3-4 lines long; the slender tube about equalling
the calyx-teeth: stamens included: ovules 5-7 in each cell. Washington to
California, in the high mountains.

N. atractyloides H. & A. Bot. Beech. 368, Pubescent and very viscid:
rather stout 6-8 inches high, very rigid, especially the leaves and bracts;

458 POLEMONIACEAE HUGELIA
. GILIA
these lanceolate or the uppermost ones ovate, all pinnatifid and with diva-
ricate subulate-spinose lobes: flowers glomerate: calyx cylindraceous with
unequal, entire or 3-cleft, pungent teeth: corolla purple, about twice the
length of the calyx; ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. On dry ridges, southwest
Oregon .to California. '
6 HUGELIA Benth. Bot. Reg. 1652.

Low floccose-lanate plants with narrow or narrowly lobed al-
ternate leaves arid blue or white flowers in leafy-bracted terminal
glomerules. Calyx densely woolly, 4-5-lobed, with acerose’ or
subulate and cuspidate or pungent lobes. Corolla salverform;
with ovate or oblong lobes. Filaments filiform, exserted; an-
thers deeply sagittate. Seeds few in each cell.

H. floccosa. Gilia floccosa Gray. Floccose-woolly, at least when
young: stem 2-12 inches high, simple or branched, often diffuse or spread-
ing: lobes of the calyx subulate, unequal, one large and three smaller ones,
pungent: corolla yellow with blue or white lobes; its tube 3-4 lines long,

surpassing the calyx-lobes: anthers narrowly oblong: seeds 1 or 2 in each
cell, Dry plains, southeastern Oregon to California, Utah and Arizona.

7 GILIA Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. Fl. Per. & Chil. 25, t. 4.

Herbs with alternate or opposite simple or compound leaves
and various inflorescence. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-
toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses usually scarious. Corolla funnel-
form or salverform, or sometimes campanulate or nearly rotate,
regular. Stamens equally or unequally inserted in the tube or in
the throat of the corolla: the mostly slender filaments sometimes
unequal in length. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled with solitary
or several ovules in each cell. Seeds 1-10 in each cell, usually
developing mucilage, and often spiral threads, when wetted.

* Bracts and calyx-lobes commonly cuspidate or aristulate, and
pubescent with long and many-jointed somewhat viscid hairs: flowers
capitate-congested or sometimes more loosely cymose,

G. congesta Hook. Fl. ii, 75. White-pubescent throughout: root per-
ennial: stems erect or spreading, 3-12 inches long from a tufted base,
bearing simple terminal or few and corymbose capitate cymes: leaves
mostly petioled, 12-2 inches long, pinnately divided into 3-9 narrowly
linear mucronate divisions, or the uppermost entire: calyx campanulate;
with very short tube and oblong cuspidate-pointed lobes: corolla white,
with oval lobes nearly as long as the tube, which does not exceed the
calyx’-lobes: filaments short, at length as long as the anthers: ovules 1-4
in each cell. Dry plains, eastern Oregon to California and Nebraska.

* * Rather tall biennials with thyrsoid-paniculate inflorescence.

G. aggregata Spreng. Syst. i, 626. Somewhat pubescent: stems erect,.
1-4 feet high, leafy, simple, or sometimes loosely branched: leaves thick-
ish, 1-3 inches long, mostly petioled, pinnately parted into narrowly linear
mucronulate segments: flowers in a thyrsoid narrow loose or interrupted
panicle, sessile, in small mostly short-peduncled clusters: calyx commonly
glandular, 3-4 lines long; the campanulate tube about as long as the subu-
late teeth: corolla from scarlet to pink or white, 12-18 lines long, tubular-
funnelform; its lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-4 lines
long, widely spreading, soon recurved: stamens inserted in the throat c”
below the sinuses of the corolla, not longer than its lobes; filaments s <1

GILIA POLEMONIACEAE 459

der, anthers short, oblong or oval: ovules numerous in the cells: seeds
developing mucilage and spiral threads when wetted. On dry ridges in
mountainous districts, California to Brit, Columbia and Nebraska.

* * * Flowers scattered, crowded or rarely capitate-glomerate, in-
conspicuously bracted or ebractate. ‘

* QOvules and seeds few or numerous in the cells: stamens insert-
ed in or just below the sinuses: annuals.

** Corolla more or less funnelform, having a distinct tube.

= Leaves once or twice pinnately parted or cleft: seeds developing
mucilage and spiral threads when wetted.

G. eapitata Dougl. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2698. Nearly glabrous: stem
rather slender, usually 1-3 feet high, paniculately branched: leaves 2-3-
pinnately divided into slender or even filiform lobes: flowers numerous, in
dense capitate clusters terminating long naked peduncles: calyx glabrous
or nearly so, the lanceolate acuminate lobes not longer than the campanw-
late tube: corolla blue to white, 4-5 lines long; its tube about as long as
the narrowly oblong or lanceolate-linear lobes: stamens inserted in the
very sinuses of the corolla and equalling its lobes: anthers elliptical. Com-
mon in open places and fields, California to Brit. Columbia.

G. achilleaefolia Benth. Bot. Reg. 1622. Somewhat pubescent: stem
rather stout, 1-2 feet high, loosely branched above: leaves once or twice
pinnately parted into linear dobes: flowers numerous, in dense capitate
clusters terminating long peduncles: calyx pubescent; its ovate almost
spinose-tipped lobes longer than the tube: lobes of the blue corolla obo-
vate or broadly oblong; its throat abruptly and amply dilated: stamens
inserted in the sinuses of the corolla and about equalling its lobes. West-
ern California and Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

G. inconspicua Doug!. Hook. Bot. Mag, t. 2888. Viscid, and usually
with slight woolly pubescence when young: stem stoutish, 4-12 inches high,
branching from the base: leaves mostly pinnatifid or pinnately parted, or
the lowest bipinnatifid with short cuspidate lobes, the upper becoming
small, subulate and entire: flowers somewhat crowded and subsessile, or
at length loosely panicled and some of them slender-pediceled: calyx 2
lines long, the short subulate teeth not half as long as the tube: corolla
narrowly funnelform, with proper tube shorter or slightly longer than
the calyx: seeds several in each cell. Dry hillsides and sandy plains, Cali-
fornia and eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

Var. sinuata Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 278. Corolla becoming thrice
the length of the calyx, with the tube more exserted, with the throat and
lobes more ample. Dry plains eastern Oregon to California and N. Mex.

= = Seeds destitute of mucilage and spiral threads when wetted.

G. gracilis Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924. Stem stout, simple. or at length
corymbosely much branched and spreading, 2-10 inches high: leaves linear
or the lower ones obovate to lanceolate, entire, sessile, the lower ones
mostly opposite, 4-10 lines long: calyx rounded at base, deeply cleft, with
strongly carinate subulate lobes: corolla about 5 lines long, purple or vio-
let, the slender tube yellowish. and seldom longer than the calyx: seeds
flat and somewhat winged. Common in open places, Brit. Columbia to
California and Nebraska.

G. leptomeria Gray |. c. Somewhat glandular viscid: stem 6-12 inches
high: leaves mainly radical, oblong or broadly lanceolate, incisely toothed
or sinuate-pinnatifid the obtuse teeth or lobes minutely cuspidate; the cau-
line small and reduced upward to the subulate bracts of the open effuse
cymose panicle; flowers inconspicuous; corolla white, 2-3 lines long, fully

460 POLEMONIACEAE GILIA

twice the length of the calyx, slender-funnelform, with very small acute
lobes: capsule ovoid, equalling or exceeding the triangular acute calyx-
teeth. Eastern Washington and Oregon to Nevada and Utah.

G. hispida Piper Erythea vi, 30. “Annual, prostrate, 3-5 inches in
diameter, hispid throughout with white hairs; stems usually purplish,
branched from the base in a falsely dichotomous manner, the branches
curving inward in age; leaves all alternate, spatulate-lanceolate, acutish-
or the earliest truly spatulate and obtuse, 6-12 lines long, all tapering to
a narrowed base; midrib prominent in age, the veins not visible: flowers
solitary and sessile in the forks or terminal, the latest ones loosely crowd-
ed in very leafy capitate clusters: calyx green, very hispid, the lobes nearly
equalling the corolla, becoming scarious at base in age; corolla pinkish,
tubular, 4 lines long, the lobes very short and obtuse, very slightly dilated
in the throat, sparsely hispid above both within and without; stamens un-
equally inserted, entirely included in the lower half of the tube: ovary 2-
celled; style short, one-half the length of the corolla: mature capsule ob-
long, 1-2 lines long with about eight ventricose swellings on each valve
marking the position of the seeds; seeds 10-12, black, wrinkled, the coats
not developing mucilage when wetted. In drifting sand at Pasco, Wash-
ington.

** ++ Pedicels slender or filiform, scattered, becoming horizontal or
reflexed: corolla campanulate or rotate,

G. micromeria Gray |. c. Nearly glabrous, glandless, effusely much
branched; branches filiform: radical and lower leaves pinnatifid, with ob-
tuse lobes; the upper linear and entire: pedicels capillary, 6-7 lines long,
axillary, or opposite leaves: flowers barely a line long: corolla campanu-
late, white, a little longer than the 5-cleft calyx: capsule globular, few-
seeded. Northwest Nevada, to be looked for in adjacent Oregon.

G. filiformis Parry, Gray Proc. Am. Acad. x, 75. Completely glab-
rous and smooth: stem erect with filiform spreading branches: leaves all
filiform or nearly so, entire: pedicels scattered, capillary, at length refract-
ed: corolla cream-color, very open-campanulate, 2 lines long, deeply 5-
cleft, exceeding the 5-parted calyx; its lobes truncate and obscurely erose-
dentate: capsule globular: seeds few, developing mucilage but not spiral
threads when wetted. Eastern Washington to Utah.

4 + Miuch branched annuals with filiform or slender-subulate and
entire or sometimes 3-parted leaves and short-campanulate 5-toothed
calyx: flowers scattered, small: stamens inserted on and included in
the tube of the corolla: ovules solitary in the cells.

G. minutiflora Benth. DC. Prodr. ix, 315. Glabrous or minutely
glandular-puberulent above: stem erect, 10-20 inches high, with many
virgate and rigid, slender branches: upper leaves all reduced to minute
subulate appressed bracts, the lower larger and some of them 3-parted:
flowers 2 lines long, terminal and spicately disposed along the branchlets:
tube of the corolla about twice the length of the calyx and of its own
lobes: filaments slender: capsule ovoid: seeds oblong. Eastern Wash-
ington and Oregon to Idaho and Wyoming.

G. tenerrima Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 277. Minutely and sparsely
glandular: stem 4-10 inches high, effusely much branched with filiform
branches: leaves entire, linear-lanceolate: flowers loosely panicled, on
slender divergent pedicels, minute: calyx campanulate, the lanceolate
lobes equalling the tube: lobes of the corolla oblong, as long as the calyx:
capsule globular: seeds turgid-oval. Southeastern Oregon to Utah.

G. eapillaris Kellogg Proc. Cal. Acad. v. 49. Slender annual 2-18
inches high, glandular, otherwise glabrous, branching into an effuse pan-
icle: leaves 6-20 lines long or the uppermost reduced to small subulate

GILIA POLEMONIACEAE 461

POLEMONIUM
bracts, entire or the lower sometimes with 2 or 3 small lobes: peduncles
filiform or capillary: calyx small; its lobes subulate: corolla pink-red, 5-10
lines long; its slender tube longer than the calyx, and rather abruptly
expanded into a wide funnelform_throat of about the length of the oval
spreading lobes. On wet banks, California to Washington,

G. linearifolia. Minutely glandular: stem slender, 6-12 inches high,
branching into an effuse panicle: leaves linear, 6-12 lines long, attenuate
at both ends: peduncles filiform: calyx a line long, with short-oblong
triangular-pointed lobes: corolla with a slender tube longer than the calyx,
gradually expanded into a funnelform throat of about the length of the
oblong lobes. In moist places, southern Oregon.

8 POLEMONIUM Tourn. Inst. 146, t. 61.

Herbs with alternate pinnate or pinnately parted leaves, and
mostly showy flowers in cymose panicles, or racemes, or thyrsi-
form. Calyx herbaceous throughout, neither angled nor costate,
slightly accrescent and loosely investing the capsule, campanu-
late or narrower, cleft to the middle, the lobes equal, erect or
connivent over the capsule, or campanulate-spreading, entire.
Corolla regular, from funnelform to nearly rotate. Filaments
more or less declined, and usually pilose-appendaged at base,
slender. Ovules few or several in each cell. Seeds angular or
winged, developing mucilage when wetted.

§ 1 Root annual. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves. Co-
rolla almost rotate, shorter than the broad and open deeply 5-
cleft calyx. Filaments almost naked at base.

P. micrantha Benth. DC. Prodr. ix, 318. More or less viscid-pubes-
cent: stem 2-8 inches long, diffusely much branched from the base: leaf-
lets 5-13, obovate to lanceolate, 2-4 lines long: calyx truncate at base, the
broadly lanceolate lobes 2 lines long, twice as long as the broad tube; pe-
duncles mostly solitary, opposite the leaves or terminal: corolla white, a
line of two long: ovules 1-3 in each cell: capsule globose, shorter than the
calyx. In moist places, California to Brit. Columbia, east of the Cas-
cade Mts.

§ 2 Root perennial. Leaflets simple and entire, sometimes
confluent. Inflorescence open and with very few bracts. Corolla
campanulate-funnelform with tube not surpassing the open-cam-
panulate calyx, and shorter than the ample spreading limb. Frila-
ments usually dilated and pilose-appendaged at base.

* Stem 6-10 inches high, from cespitose-branching and mostly thick-
ened rootstocks: leaflets seldom 6 lines long: flowering stems only
1-3-leaved: flowers cymulose.

P. elegans Greene Pitt. iii, 305. Very viscid-pubescent throughout
except the corolla: stems slender, 2-6 inches high; simple or sparingly
branched above: leaflets very numerous somewhat crowded, obovate to el-
liptical, a line or two long: flowers in a small cymulose cluster; calyx cam-
panulate, cleft to the middle, with broadly lanceolate lobes: corolla blue
with yellow throat, 6-7 lines long, the broadly obovate lobes equalling the
tube: filaments pilose at base: style barely exserted: capsule ovoid, much
shorter than the calyx, few-seeded. On Mount Adams Washington near
perpetual snow.

P. humile Willd. in Roem. & Sch. Syst. iv, 792. Somewhat pilose
below, pubescent above: stems rather stout, 4-8 inches high, corymbosely

462. POLEMONIACEAE POLEMONIUM

branched: leaflets 15-21, oblong to broadly lanceolate, or some of the
lower ones obovate, 4-8 lines long: flowers in cymulose clusters: calyx
open-campanulate, 2-3 lines long, cleft to the middle, with short triangu-
lar lobes: corolla pale blue or purplish, 4-6 lines long; its ample rounded
lobes much longer than the tube: filaments pilose and dilated at base:
ovules 2-4, and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. On! the highest mountains, Cali-
fornia to the Arctic coast and the Rocky Mountains.

P. pulchellum Bunge in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i, 233. Minutely puberulent
and viscid-glandular: stems rather slender, sparingly branched, 6-10
inches high: leaflets 9-21, oblong to lanceolate: flowers in cymulose clus-
ters, mostly slender-pediceled: calyx narrowly campanulate, cleft to below
the middle, 2-3 lines long: corolla blue with white tube, 6-8 lines long, the
ample oblong lobes much longer than the short tube: filaments pilose but
not dilated at base: capsule obovoid, much shorter than the calyx: ovules
2-4 and seeds usually 1 in each cell. On high mountains, Oregon to Alaska
and the Rocky Mountains,

* * Tall, from slender rootstocks or roots: leaves and leaflets com-
paratively large.

* Stems erect, 1-3 feet high: leaflets numerous and mostly approx-
imate, not rarely confluent or the rachis winged: ovules 6-13 in each
cell.

P. occidentale Greene Pitt. ii, 75. P. coeruleum of authors as to our
plant. Either glabrous or viscid-pubescent: stem strict and virgate, 2-3
feet high, from running rootstocks, 5-10-leaved: leaflets 15-23, from lin-
ear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 5-20 lines long: flowers numerous, in a
naked and narrow thyrsus or panicle: calyx cleft to or below the middle,
with short lanceolate lobes: corolla blue, an inch or less in diameter, the
obovate lobes much longer than the tube: filaments densely bearded at
base, often equalling the corolla-lobes: style exserted. In springy places
on high mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

P. foliosissimum Gray Syn. FI. ii, 151. Very viscid-pubescent through-
out and strong-scented: stems a foot or more high, very leafy: leaflets
from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: flowers corymbose-cymose, small:
corolla commonly white or cream color, sometimes violet, twice as long
as the calyx which is 5-cleft to or beyond the middle: style and stamens
not exserted. Idaho to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico.

P. pectinatum Greene Bull. Cal, Acad. i, 10. Glabrous or the inflor-
escence viscid-pubescent: stems clustered, a foot or more high, slender,
leafy to the summit: leaflets linear-filiform, an inch long, in about 5 pairs:
flowers corymbose-cymose: calyx cleft to beyond the middle: corolla half-
inch broad, white or cream-color: seeds wingless. Collected in eastern
Washington by Prof, E. W. Hilgard in June 1882.

+ + Herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent, neither viscid nor
glandular: stems lax, with diffuse branches and open corymbiform or
paniculate inflorescence: leaflets fewer and rather large, membranace-
ous, only the ultimate at all confluent: style and stamens rather
shorter than the corolla: ovules only 3-4 in each cell.

P. carneum Gray |. c. Stems rather stout 1-2 feet high: leaflets 5-15,
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 6-18 lines long: branches somewhat um-
bellately 3-5-flowered: pedicels slender, pubescent: calyx campanulate,
6-10 lines long, pubescent; the lanceolate acute lobes longer than the tube:
corolla salmon-color or flesh-color, 12-18 lines broad, the ample rounded
obovate lobes thrice longer than the tube: filaments slender, villous at the
slightly dilated base: capsule oblong, not longer than the tube of the calyx:
seeds 2 or 3 in each cell. In damp places, southwestern Oregon to Calif.

POLEMONIUM HYDROPHYLLACEAE 463

P. amoenum Piper Erythea vii 174. “ Perennial, erect, or nearly so,
15-24 inches high, glabrous below, sparsely viscid-puberulent above; stems
terete, slightly wing-margined; cauline 4 or 5, 18 inches long; leaflets 15-
21, lanceolate, sessile, attenuately acute, 1-2 inches long: inflorescence
leafy-bracteate, open, the flowers in clusters of 2-4 on slender peduncles;
bracts 3 to 9-foliolate; calyx deeply 5-cleft, 5 lines long, viscid-pilose, the
narrow acute lobes about twice as long as the tube; corolla pale blue,
6-10 lines lines long, the broad obtuse lobes exceeding the tube; filaments
dilated at base, pilose-appendaged ; style 3-cleft at the apex included; seeds
3-4 in each cell. Humtulips, Chehalis Co., Washington.”

P. luteum. Slightly pubescent: stems slender, ascending, 6-18 inches
long, leafy, cymosely 3-9-flowered: leaflets 11-21, oblong to almost lanceo-
late, acute, or the terminal ones rounded at the apex, 2-8 lines long, the
lower ones smallest: calyx open-campanulate, 4-6 lines long, cleft nearly
to the base, the ample lobes lanceolate, often more or less acuminate:
corolla yellow, 8-10 lines long, the ample obovate lobes 3 or 4 times as
long as the tube: filaments slender, pubescent at base, about half as long
as the corolla lobes. In forests of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon.

§ 3 Leaflets very small and crowded so as seemingly to be
verticillate. Inflorescence capitate-congested or spiciform. Co-
rolla strictly or even narrowly funnelform; its tube more or less
exceeding the oblong or cylindraceous calyx, prominently longer
than its lobes. Filaments naked or nearly so, not dilated at base,
usually inserted on the middle of the tube, or occasionally adnate
higher.

P. confertum Gray Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863. Stems 10-12 inches
high from a tufted rootstock, glandular-pubescent and viscid, musky-
fragrant: petioles of the radical leaves conspicuously scarious-dilated and
sheathing at base: leaflets 1-3 lines long, mostly 2-3-divided and so ap-
pearing as if in fascicles or whorls; the divisions from round-oval to
oblong-linear: flowers densely crowded, heavy-scented: corolla deep blue,
6-12 lines long, its rounded lobes 2-3 lines long: ovules about 3 in each
cell. Bleak points on the highest mountains, Idaho to the Rocky Moun-
tains and California.

OrperR LXIV HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 271.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with colorless insipid juice, alter-
nate or sometimes opposite leaves without stipules, and mostly
a scorpioid bractless inflorescence or the scorpioid cymes more
commonly reduced to geminate or solitary false spikes or ra-
cemes which in descriptions may be termed spikes or racemes.
Calyx 5-parted or nearly 5 sepalous inferior and free from the
ovary. Hypogynous disk at the base of the ovary often con-
spicuous. Corolla regularly 5-lobed, with the 5 stamens borne
on the base or lower part, and alternate with its lobes. Styles
2, distinct or partly united, or rarely completely united: stigma
terminal. Ovules amphitropous or anatropous, from 4 to very
many, pendulous or when numerous almost horizontal. Fruit
a 2-valved capsule, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentz, or incom-
pletely 2-celled by the approximation or meeting of the placentz,
or even completely 2-celled by their union in the axis. Seeds

464 HYDROPHYLLACEAE HYDROPHYLLUM

with a close and usually reticulated or pitted coat, and a small
or slender embryo in cartilaginous or firm-fleshy albumen.

Trize 1 Ovary and capsule strictly 1-celled, lined with a pair
of expanded placenta. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent.

1 Hydrophyllum Root perennial or biennial: leaves all alternate: calyx
nearly unchanged in fruit; style and stamens exserted.

2 Nemophila Root annual: some or all of the leaves opposite: calyx en-
larged in fruit: stamens and style shorter than the corolla.

Tripe 11 Ovary either strictly 1-celled or 2-celled by the
meeting of the narrow placente in the axis.

* Leaves all or all but the lowest alternate.
* Style 2-cleft, at least at the apex.

3 Phacelia Corolla not yellow, decitluous: stamens equally inserted low
down on the corolla.

4 Emmenanthe Corolla yellow or yellowish, persistent: stamens equally
inserted low down on the corolla.

5 Conanthus Corolla purple, deciduous, funnelform; the slender fila-
ments unequally inserted more or less high up on its tube.

* * Style and even the stigma entire.

6 Romanzoffia Corolla white or pink, funnelform; the stamens inserted
on the base of the tube.
* * Leaves and 1-flowered peduncles all radical: style 2-cleft at

the apex.

7 Capnorea Corolla campanulate or rotate, with the stamens inserted
on its base.

Trige ur Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Cap-
sule loculicidal, bearing the half dissepiments on their middle.
8 Nama Mostly low herbs: capsule membranaceous, the valves and pla-

cente undivided.
9 Eriodictyon Shrubby plants: capsule crustaceous, loculicidal then
septicidal, thus apparently 4-valved.

Tribe 1 Hydrophylleae B. & H. Gen. ti, 825. Calyx sometimes
appendaged at the sinuses. Corolla mostly convolute in the bud.
Style more or less 2-cleft at the apex. Ovary hispid, at least at
the apex, strictly 1-celled, lined with expanded, at first fleshy, at
maturity thin and membranacecous placentae, which form a lining
to the pericarp, and enclose the 4 or more amphitropous ovules.
Capsule globose. Seeds by abortion commonly fewer than ovules,
globular or angled by mutual pressure: albumen cartilaginous.

1 HYDROPHYLLUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 204.

Perennial herbs with alternate petioled and lobed or divided
leaves and small flowers in terminal scorpioid racemes or heads
on long naked peduncles. Calyx early open, without appendages
at the sinuses, nearly unchanged in fruit. Corolla campanulate,
the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage opposite
each lobe with infolded edges, forming a nectariferous groove.

HYDROPUYLLUM HYDROPHYLLACEAE 465
NEMOPHILA

Filaments slender, long-exserted, bearded at the middle; anthers
linear or oblong, inflexed in the bud. Style slender, long-ex-
serted. Seeds 1-4, ovules only four.

H. capitatum Doug). Benth in Linn. Trans. xvii, 273. Retrorsely his-
pid with minute white hairs: stems often tufted, 4-12 inches high from
a small fascicle of thickened perennial perpendicular roots: one-several-
leaved, erect in flower, recurving and often prostrate in fruit: leaves long-
petioled, exceeding the stems, pinnately 5-7-parted or at base divided;
the lanceolate divisions entire or often 2-3-lobed or 2-3 cleft, all mucron-
ate-tipped: flowers in a dense capitate cluster: calyx very hispid, parted
nearly to the base, with linear-oblong, obtuse divisions: corolla blue, but
little longer than the calyx: filaments twice as long as the corolla; anthers
oblong, attached near the middle; style equalling the stamens, 2-lobed:
seed a line in diameter. Under shrubs &c. Brit. Columbia to California
east of the Cascade Mountains.

H. occidentale Gray Proc. Am, Acad. x, 314. Pubescent, hirsute,
or sparingly hispid: stems erect, usually numerous from a fascicle of
fleshy-fibrous roots, 12-18 inches high: leaves elongated-oblong in general
outline, pinnately parted or divided into 7-15 oblong, mostly incised or
cleft obtuse divisions 1-2 inches long: peduncles rather slender, elongated,
often surpassing the subtending leaf: cymes mostly dense or capitate:
calyx deeply parted, its divisions lanceolate and rather obtuse: corolla
white to violet-purple, 4-5 lines long: anthers oblong-linear. In moist
shady places, Washington to California.

Var. Fendleri Gray |. c. Pubescence mainly hirsute or hispid, not
at all canescent or cinereous: divisions of the leaves broader, acute or acu-
minate, incisely serrate: peduncles shorter: cyme rather open: corolla
white or nearly so. In shaded ravines, Mount Adams, Washington, to
Colorado and New Mexico. ;

H. Virginicum L. Sp. 146. Pubescent with short scattered hairs:
stems few or solitary from a short scaly rootstock, 1-2 feet high: leaves
very long-petioled, ovate or cordate in outline, 3-5-parted or divided, the
lobes or divisions 2-4 inches long, ovate-lanceolate to rhombic-ovate, acute
or acuminate, coarsely incised-toothed, the lowest commonly 2-cleft, and
the terminal one often 3-lobed: peduncle elongated, at length surpassing
the leaves, usually once or twice forked; cymes at length open: calyx part-
ed to the very base into linear and spreading hispid-ciliate acute divisions :
corolla nearly white, or sometimes deep violet, 3-4 lines long: filaments
more than twice as long as the corolla; anthers oblong, attached below the
middle. In rich damp woods, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent.

2 NEMOPHILA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. ii, 179.

Annuals with mostly opposite and usually pinnatifid leaves,
and usually large flowers on rather long axillary peduncles.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, with a reflexed or spreading ap-
pendage in each sinus, enlarged in fruit. Corolla rotate or nearly
campanulate, usually longer than the calyx: the base within
mostly with 10 appendages. Stamens shorter than the corolla:
anthers usually sagittate-oblong. Ovules 4-20. Seeds commonly
with a deciduous or more persistent caruncle.

N. Menziesii H. & A. Bot. Beech. 125. Sparingly strigose-pubescent :
diffusely branched from the base, the branches mostly prostrate, 2-10

inches long: leaves oblong in outline on rather short winged petioles, 3-9
parted into rounded obovate lobes 1-2 lines long: peduncles 2-3 inches

466 HYDROPHYLLACEAE NEMOPHILA

long: calyx hirsute, deeply parted, with lanceolate lobes and linear appen-
dages: corolla an inch or less in diameter, rotate, the ample obcordate lobes
white or light blue speckled with dark blue: scales at the base of the
short tube narrow, wholly adherent, their free edge densely hirsute-ciliate:
ovules 8-24: seeds 5-15, globular, with a very prominent papilleform ca-
runcle. Common in open places, Willamette Valley Oregon to California.

N. pedunculata Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 79, Minutely hispid: stems
slender, 2-6 inches high, paniculately branched: leaves bipinnatifid or the
upper ones pinnate only, with rounded lobes: calyx 5-parted, with oblong
acute lobes, the appendages in the sinuses very small or obsolete: corolla
white, 4-5 lines broad, the obovate emarginate lobes longer than the tube
and surpassing the calyx; appendages in the throat broad and glabrous:
stamens inserted on the base of the corolla and not longer than its tube:
ovules: a pair to each placenta: seeds globose; the caruncle at length eva-
nescent. In damp places, southern Oregon to California,

N. parviflora Doug!. Hook. Fl. ii, 79. Rough-pubescent with short
retrorse hairs: stems slender, 4-16 inches long branching from the base,
prostrate or ascending: leaves broadly ovate in outline 6-10 lines long by
4-8 lines broad pinnately 5-lobed, with ovate actite and mucronate lobes,
the lower sometimes coarsely 2-3-toothed; petiole shorter than the blade:
peduncles slender, an inch or less long in fruit: calyx 2 lines long or less,
deeply 5-lobed with lanceolate lobes inconspicuous linear appendages:
corolla white, campanulate, but little longer than the calyx, the rounded
obovate lobes longer than the tube, the appendages in the throat linear
and glabrous, or almost obsolete: stamens inserted on the base and not
exceeding the tube of the corolla: anthers short, cordate, very obtuse:
ovary 4-ovuled, very hispid: capsule much longer than the calyx, 1-4-
seeded. Common in forests, western Oregon and Washington.

N. densa. N. parviflora Gray in part. Sparingly pilose: stem some-
what succulent, decumbent and spreading from the base, forming dense
round mats 2-3 inches in diameter: leaves oblong in outline, 6-7 lines
long by 2-4 lines broad, pinnately 7-parted, with obovate, barely apiculate
lobes: calyx 1% lines long, with subulate lobes and linear appendages:
corolla blue, campanulate or more open, twice as long as the calyx;
the broad lobes longer than the tube: the ovary 4-ovuled, pubescent: cap-
sule longer than the calyx, 1-4-seeded. Under small trees in open places,
Washington to California. :

N. breviflora Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 315. Stem erect, 4-10 inches
high, weak, branching from the base: leaves sometimes all alternate, pin-
nately 5-parted, the divisions approximate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire,
3-9 lines long: peduncles seldom exceeding the petioles: appendages of
the calyx nearly half the length of the proper lobes, both ciliate, with
long hirsute bristles: corolla whitish or tinged with violet, broadly short-
campanulate, decidedly shorter than the calyx; the lobes considerably
shorter than the tube; appendages in the throat cuneate, the broad free
stimmit fimbriate-incised: style minutely 2-cleft at the apex: seed usually
solitary, almost filling the cell, globular, nearly smooth and even; the
caruncle evanescent. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon.

Tribe 2 Phacelieae B. & H. Gen, ti, 826. Calyx naked at the
sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Style,
from 2-parted to entire: the branches at the apex or the stigmas
obscurely if at all thickened. Ovary mostly hispid or pubescent,
at least at the apex, either strictly 1-celled or 2-celled by the
meeting of the linear or lanceolate placentae.in the axis: these sep-

PHACELIA HYDROPHYLLACEAE 467

arating in the loculicidal dehiscence and borne on the middle of
the semiseptiferous valves, or sometimes falling away.
3 PHACELIA Juss. Gen. 127.

Annual or perennial herbs with alternate simple or compound
leaves, and more or less scorpioid cymes, or so-called spikes or
racemes, of blue, purple or white fowers, Calyx-lobes all similar
or nearly so, more or less enlarging in fruit, deciduous, at least
thrown off by the enlarging capsule, except in P. sericea; the tube
with or sometimes without appendagés within: these when pres-
ent generally in the form of 10 vertical folds or lamellar projec-
tions in pairs either adnate to or free from and alternate with the
base of the slender filaments. Stamens equally inserted low down
on ‘the corolla. Ovules and seeds when reduced to a pair col-
lateral and nearly as long as the cell. Seed-cdat reticulated or
pitted.

§ Eupnacetia B. & H. Gen. ii, 818. Lobes of the campanu-
late corolla entire; the tube with 10 laminate appendages in pairs
at the base of the stamens, Ovules a pair to each placenta.
Seeds as many as ovules, or by abortion fewer, areolate-reticulate
or favose.

* Lower leaves and all the branches opposite: spikes or branches
of the cyme hardly at all scorpioid: pedicels shorter than the calyx.
P. Pringlei Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xyii, 223. Stem slender, 2-6 inches

high from an annual root, glandular and pubescent: leaves linear-lanceo-
late, entire, tapering at base, obscurely petioled, only the uppermost alter-
nate: calyx-lobes linear, 3 lines long, about half as long as the very open-
campanulate, blue corolla, longer than the globose capsule: seeds angled
and not hollowed ventrally. On the mountains of southern Oregon and
northern California.

* * Pubescence or some of it hispid or hirsute: spikes or
‘branches of the cyme scorpioid and dense: pedicels short or
hardly any: appendages of the corolla broad and salient, usu-
ally more or less united at the base of the filaments.

* Leaves all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately
3-5-parted or divided; the segments or leaflets entire: capsule ovate,
acute: seeds densely alveolate-punctate, the upper end acutish.

P. nemoralis Greene Pitt. i, 141. Perennial, often flowering the first
year from seed, 2-6 feet high, stout, loosely branching; hispid throughout
and destitute of canescent pubescence: leaves simple and entire or the
lower ones more or less lobed or parted at the base, ovate-oblong, 2-6
inches long, petiolate, rugose ‘and without conspicuous parallel veins; ra-
cetnes geminate, short and spreading. slender but not lodge: corolla small,
greenish-yellow: stamens exserted: fruiting calyx round-ovate or nearly
globose; the oblanceolate calyx-lobes spreading away from the capsule be-
low, connivent ‘over it above: seeds 2 (the other 2 ovules always abortive),
ovate, acutish, deeply pitted, dark brown. In rich alluvial soil, Washing-
ton to California.

P. mutabilis Greene Erythea iv, 55. “Biennial, erect, slender, 10 to
18 inches high, not much branched, sparingly leafy, the radical ‘ledves few
and ascending, not forming a depressed tuft, sparsely hirsute throughout,
and with a short somewhat villous pubescence beneath the hirsute: leaves

468 ' HYDROPHYLLACEAE PHACELIA

of thin texture, mostly entire and simple, elliptic, acute, some of the
radical with a pair of pinnze at the summit of the slender petiole: racemes
several, terminal and subterminal: corolla nearly cylindrical, either deep
purple or ochroleucous: mature calyx-segments narrowly oblanceolate,
or some of them more dilated at summit, hispid with spreading hairs,
without finer pubescence: capsule small, ovate, acuminate mostly 4-seeded.

In rich moist soil, southeastern Oregon and adjacent California.

P. heterophylla Pursh Fl. 410. P. circinata. Jacg.? MWHispid and the
foliage canescent: stem stout, 6-24 inches high from a perennial root:
leaves from lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely striate-
veined, the lower tapering into a petiole and commonly some of them
with 1 or 2 pairs of small lateral leaflets: inflorescence hispid; the dense
spikes thyrsoid congested: corolla bluish, longer than the oblong-lanceo-
late or linear calyx-lobes: filaments much exserted, sparingly bearded. Dry
grounds and rocky ridges, Brit. Columbia to California.

P. virgata Greene Erythea iv, 54. Hispid and the foliage strigose:
stem usually solitary, erect and strict, simple, 1-2 feet high from an
annual or biennial root: leaves pinnate or the upper ones simple and en-
tire, leaflets lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 6-12 lines long, strongly pin-
nate-veined: flowers in dense glomerules in a long virgate spike or thyr-
sus; inflorescence hispid; sepals oblong-lanceolate, corolla white or yel-
lowish, little exceeding the calyx; filaments long exserted, often curved or
twisted, pubescent. Dry ground, southwestern Oregon.

P. leucophylla Torr. Frem. Rep. 95. Perennial by a stout rootstock,
pale, densely silky-pubescent, the hairs appressed or ascending: stems sim-
ple’ or branched, 12-18 inches high: leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire;
pinnately' veined, 2-4 inches long, 4-12 lines wide, the lower long-petioled,
the upper sessile or nearly so; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes
very dense, nearly straight and 1-3 inches long when expanded: flowers
sessile, very numerous, about 4 lines high: calyx lobes hispid, oblong-lan-
ceolate or linear, somewhat shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed
corolla; corolla-appendages conspicuous, in pairs between the filaments ;
stamens exserted glabrous; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule ovoid. In
dry soil, Idaho to Dakota and Nebraska.

P. humilis T. &-G. Pac. R. Rep ii, 122. Pubescent or the inflorescence
often hirsute: stem 8-10 inches high from an annual root, diffusely
branched from the base: leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, rather
obtuse; the lower rarely with 1 or 2 lateral ascending lobes, the veins
branching : spikes loosely paniculate or solitary, in age rather slender:
pedicels either all very short, or the lower sometimes almost as long as
the calyx: corolla indigo- blue, rather deeply lobed, surpassing the linear
calyx-lobes: filaments moderately exserted, glabrous or sparingly beard-
ed above: capsule ovate, acute, 1% lines long, 4-seeded: seeds a line long,
minutely pitted. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and California.

* * Leaves simple, all petioled rounded-cordate, somewhat pal-
mately lobed or incised, the lobes serrate.

P. malvaeflora Cham. Linn. iv, 494. Rather tall and stout, hispid with
spreading or reflexed bristles and the foliage more or less pubescent : leaves
green and membranaceous, round-cordate, incisely 5-9-lobed, acutely
toothed, somewhat palmately ribbed at base: flowering spikes solitary or
geminate, an inch long: corolla 3-4 lines long, white, longer than the un-
equal linear and spatulate calyx-lobes: stamens exserted: seeds alveolate-
scabreus. Along the coast, southern Oregon and California,

-P. Rattani Gray Syn, Fl. Supp. 4138. Hispid with slender stinging

-bristles throughout: root annual: stem slender and weak, 6-18 inches high:

-leaves oval to oblong-ovate, with truncate or barely subcordate base, in-

PHACELIA HYDROPHYLLACEAE 469

cisely somewhat lobed and crenate, only the lower palmately veined at .
base: spikes slender, often solitary, short.and rather loosely flowered:
calyx of 4 spatulate and 1 larger obovate sepals: corolla obovate 2 lines
long, whitish: stamens and style included; seeds small, alveolate. In
shady places along streams, southern Oregon to California,

* * © Leaves from simple and pinnately dentate or lobed to pin-
nately compound: flowers crowded in the scorpioid spikes.

P. ramosissima Dougl. Hlok. Fl. ii, 80. Stems rather stout and
branching, 1-3 feet long, spreading or ascending from a perennial root,
leaves pubescent, 5-9-lobed or divided into oblong or narrower pinnatifid
or incised divisions: inflorescence hispid; spikes glomerate, short and
dense, but little elongated in age: flowers subsessile and in fruit ascending
on the rachis: calyx-lobes entire, linear-spatulate to obovate: corolla fun-
nelform, but little exceeding the calyx; the appendages within with a
truncate free apex: filaments exserted, glabrous: capsule ovate or short-
ovoid, much shorter than the calyx; seeds oblong, rounded on the back.:
On rocky hills and banks, eastern Oregon and Washington to California.

P. ciliata Benth. Linn, Trans. xvii, 280. More or less pubescent:
stem erect or ascending, scabrous, 3-12 inches high, from an annual root:
leaves 1-3 inches long, pinnately parted or the lower divided and the upper
merely cleft; the oblong divisions or lobes pinnatifid-incised: spikes rather
short and in fruit rather loose: pedicels short or hardly any ascending:
calyx-lobes from lanceolate to ovate, accrescent and becoming venose-
reticulated in age, then sparingly ciliate with short rigid bristles, 4-5 lines
long: corolla but little surpassing the calyx, its appendages short and
broad, near the base of the tube: filaments not exceeding the corolla: cap-
sule ovate, mucronate, half as long as the fruiting calyx: seeds oval,
smoothish. Eastern Oregon to California.

§ Eutoca Gray Man. ed. 2, 329. Appendages of the ‘mostly:
campanulate corolla in the form of 10 vertical salient lamellae. .
Capsule ovate or oblong. Ovules and seeds 6-50 on each pla-
centa; the testa areolate-reticulated or favose-pitted, but. not
transversely rugose.

P. Bolanderi Gray Proc, Am, Acad, x, 322. Hispid with slender
bristles, also viscid-pubescent, especially above: stems several, from a peren-
nial root, stout, erect or ascending, 1-2 feet high, freely branching: radical
and lower cauline leaves lyrate, and oblong in outline, with 1 or 2 pairs of
small and incised lateral divisions: the terminal division and upper leaves .
ovate or oval, coarsely incised or lobed, truncate or subcordate at base:
calyx-lobes hispid, at length spatulate, 3 or in fruit 4 lines long: corolla
nearly rotate when expanded, 8-12 lines in diameter, white or blue; its
appendages semi-ovate, almost as broad as long, distinctly connected’ at
base in front of the adnate and sparingly bearded filaments: stamens
about equalling the’corolla; anthers oblong: style cleft nearly to the mid-
dle: capsule broadly ovate, acute, shorter than the calyx: seeds about 50
on each dilated placenta. Southern Oregon to California, near the coast.

P. procera Gray Proc. Am. Acad, x, 323, Stems several from a
perennial root, erect, 3-7 feet high, minutely soft-pubescent; the summit
of the simple stems glandular but not hispid: leaves green and membran-
aceous, 2-5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, mostly laciniate-
pinnatifid or.cleft: the lobes 2 to 4 pairs and acute: spikes of the glom-
erate or bifid cyme somewhat lengthened in age: calyx-lobes oblong-lan-
ceolate, minutely hispid: corolla ochroleucous, the semi-cordate oblique
appendages united over the base of the sparsely bearded filament: stamens
exserted: anthers oblong, style 2 cleft above the middle: capsule globular-

470 HYDROPHYLLACEAE PHACELIA

ovate, hardly mucronate: seeds 10-18, wing-angled. In the high moun-
tains of Brit. Columbia to California.

P. sericea Gray Am. Jour. Sci, ser. 2, xxxiv, 254. Stems 8-12 inches
high from a branching perennial caudex, silky-pubescent or canescent or
the simple virgate stems and inflorescence villous-hirsute, leafy to the top:
leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow-oblong numerous and often
again few-cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silky-cariescent or sometimes greén-
ish: the lower petioled; the uppermost simpler and nearly sessile: short
spi »s crowded. in a naked spike-like thyrsus: calyx-lobes linear, minutely
hispid: corolla blue or whifish, very open-campanulate, cleft to the mid-
dle, marcescent-persistent; its appendages oblong, vertical, wholly free
from the filaments: stamens long-exserted; anthers short-oval: style 2-
cleft at the apex: capsule ovate, short-acuminate, a little longer than the
calyx and marcescent corolla, 12-18 seeded: seeds ovate-oblong, terete,
acutish, longitudinally costate and transversely alveolate-reticulated, On
high mountains, Oregon and Washington to the Arctic regions and the
Rocky Mountains.

P. Franklinij Gray Man. ed. 2, 329. Villous-pubescent throughout:
stem, erect, 6-18 inches high, from an annual root, simple or corymbosely
branched at the summit: leaves 1%-3 inches long, pinnately parted into
7-15 linear or linear-ohlong acute entire dentate or incised segments: flow-
ers blue to nearly white, short pediceled, in dense scorpioid racemes:
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube of tue rotate-
campanulate corolla: appendages of the corolla long and narrow, free at
the apex, and at base free from the filaments: stamens about as long as
the corolla; anthers short: style 2-cleft at the apex: capsule ovate, acute.
about equalling the calyx, seeds numerous, oval, minutely alveolate in ver-
tical lines. Along the Snake river southwestern Idaho to Lake Superior.

P. Menziesii Torr. Watson Bot. King 252. Hispid or roughish-hirsute,
and usually ‘cinereous-pubescent also: stem erect, 4-12 inches high from an
annual root, at length paniculately branched: leaves mostly sessile, linear-
lanceolate, entire or some of them deeply cleft; the lobés few or single,
linear or lanceolate entire: spikes or spike like racemes thyrsoid-paniculate,
at lenth elongated and erect: calyx-lobes linear, hispid-ciliate, 4-5 lines
long: corolla blue varying to white, rotate campanulate, 6-10 lines in diam-
eter: its appéndagés connivent in paits opposite the lobes, forming 5 nec-
tariferous grooves: alternate stamens shorter than the corolla: style 2-cleft
at the apex: capsule ovate, acuminate, about half the length of the calyx:
ovules 12-16: seeds oblong, coarsely favose-reticulated. Common in dry
grounds, Oregon and Washington to California, Brit. Columbia and Mont.

P. verna Howell Erythea iii, 35. Soft-pubescent and cinereous: stem
4-10 inches high from an annual root, paniculately branched: leaves
obovate to spatulate, entire or rarely some of the lower ones incisely
toothed, abruptly contracted below to a winged petiole, or the upper ones
sessile: corolla pale blue, but little exceeding the calyx, open-campanu-
late, cleft to the middle, its appendages broad and free from the fila-
ments; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 2-3 lines long, hirsute: stamens ex-
serted, anthers oval; style deeply 2-cleft, hispidulous: capsule ovoid,
acuminate, more than half the length of the calyx; seeds 8-12, oblong to
obovate, favose-pitted. On rocky ridges in the Umpqua Valley, Oregon.

§ 3 Microcenetes B. & H. Gen. ii, 828. Low annuals with
mostly pinnatifid leaves. Appendages in the corolla present or
rarely wanting. Style 2-cleft only at the apex. Stamens un-
equal, not exserted. QOvules several on each placenta. Seeds
oblong, strongly corrugated transversely.

PHACELIA HYDROPHYLLACEAE 471
EMMENANTHE

P. Ivesiana Torr. Bot. Ives 21. Hirsute-pubescent and glandular:
stem 6-10 inches high, diffusely branched’ from the base: leaves pinnately
parted into 7-15 linear or oblong and entire or incisely few-toothed lobes
rarely bipinnatifid: racemes loose, 6-20 flowered: sepals linear, minutely
ciliate, 2 lines long: corolla white or pale purple, slightly longer than the
calyx, its appendages adnate to the filaments only at base, vertical, long
and narrow: style hairy below: capsule oblong, 16-24-seeded: seeds
strongly corrugated. Dry plains eastern Oregon and Washington to
California and Utah.

P. bicolor Torr. Watson Bot. King 255. Viscid-puberulent: stem
6-8 inches high, diffusely much branched: leaves pinnately parted and the
divisions again irregularly pinnatifid into small nearly linear lobes:
racemes spiciform, loosely 10:20 flowered: calyx divided to the base, the
lobes linear-spatulate, 3-4 lines long, often unequal: corolla nearly fun-
nelform, 6-8 lines long, with violet lobes, yellow throat and white tube;
its appendages long and narrow, united for more than half their length
with the filament forming a long tubular cavity béhind it; capsule ovate
oblong: seeds about 16; minutely corrugated. Undér Junipers, south-
eastern Oregon to Nevada and California. a

4 EMMENANTHE Benth, Trans. Linn, Soc, xvii, 281.

Low annual herbs with alternate, pinnatifid or entire leaves
and yellow flowers in simple circinate racemes. Calyx 5-parted,
the sinuses naked. Corolla yellow, campanulate, 5-cleft, without
appendage persistent. Stamens included, inserted at the very
base of the corolla, with slender filaments and elliptic anthers.
Nectary or disk annular, surrounding the base of the ovary,
rather thick, free or adnate to the base of the corolla. Ovary
ovoid or oblong, compressed, 2-celled by the union of the pla-
centz in the axis, many ovuled: style 2-lobed at the summit, sub-
persistent: stigmas capitellate. Capsule ovoid or oblong, incom-
pletely 2-celled. Seeds 2-20 reticulated, or pitted and trans-
versely rugose, pendent.

E. parviflora Gray Pac. R. Rep. iv, 85, t. 15. Densely pubescent and
viscid; depressed annual: leaves deeply pinnatifid: flowers crowded’ in
short spikes or racemes, on very short pedicels: corolla bright yellow,
2-3 lines long, merely 5-lobed, not longer than the linear obscurely spatu-
late calyx. lobes, withering persistent and enclosing the capsule; the tube
within furnished with 16 narrow appendages: style hardly longer than the
evans persistent: ovules 20-40; seeds 15-20. Shores of Klamath Lake,

regon. :

E. lutea Gray Proc. Am. Acad. x, 328. Somewhat canescent with a
fine duieteeneg and viscid above: stem ascending or depressed, much
branched from the base: leaves oblong in outline, 1-2 inches long, ‘petioled,
subpinnately parted, the 5-9 lobes entire, oblong or obovate, 1-3 lines
long: flowers crowded, on very short Pegg sepals linear, obtuse, be-
coming 3 lines long: corolla bright yellow, narrowly campanulate, merely
5-lobed, equalling the calyx, persistent at the base of the capsule, the tube
within furnished with 10 narrow apperidages: style filiform, much longer
than the ovary, persistent: ovary densély hairy, about 11-ovuled: capsule
3 lines long acutish, 8-10-seeded: seeds oblong, finely reticulated as well
as riigosé. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California.

E. pusilla Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 87. Pubescent: stem 1-2 inches
high, at length diffusely branclied: leaves spatulate or oblong-lanceolate,

472 HYDROPHYLLACEAE CONANTHUS
- ROMANZOFFIA,
entire or nearly so, 2-5 inches long, tapering into a petiole of equal length:
peduncles slender, loosely and racemosely 3-7 flowered, the earliest ones
scapiform: pedicels spreading: corolla nearly white, 5-cleft, short-campan-
ulate, about half as’ long as the linear obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes and
of the ovoid very blunt capsule, persistent, its internal appendages not
manifest: style very short, at length deciduous: capsule 8-10-seeded.
Southeastern Oregon to Nevada.
5 CONANTHUS Torr. Watson Bot. King 256.

Low annuals with entire leaves and solitary flowers in the forks
of leafy branches. Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked and’ the
lobes not enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular-funnelform, with a
broad, 5-lobed limb, and no appendages within. Stamens in-
cluded, unequal and unequally inserted on the middle of the co-
rolla-tube. Nectary or disk none. Ovary 2-celled, rather many-
ovuled. Style 2-lobed at the summit. Capsule rounded-ovate
10-20-seeded. -Seeds ovate or oblong, smooth.

C. aretioides Watson Bot. King 256. Hispid-hirsute throughout:
small and depressed winter annual 2-3 inches high, repeatedly forked
from the very base, forming mats or tufts: leaves linear-spatulate, nar-
rowed below to a petiole: flowers comparatively large and numerous,
sessile in the forks, fully 6 lines long: calyx-filiform-linear, hispid with
long spreading hairs: corolla purple, funnelform with rather long nar-
row tube and ample limb: style 2-lobed at the summit: ovules about 20:
seeds usually fewer, the testa thin and translucent, smooth or in age
sparsely and obscurely excavated. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada,
Arizona and California,

6 ROMANZOFFIA Cham. in Hor. Phys. Berol. 71, t. 14.

Perennial herbs with alternate or chiefly radical, round, reni-
form or cordate, crenately lobed, long-petioled leaves, and showy
flowers in loose racemes or somewhat paniculate. Sepals or ca-
lyx-lobes all alike. Corolla funnelform or almost campanulate:
the stamens inserted on the base of its tube, unequal. Style and
small stigma entire. Inflorescence scapiform, loosely racemose.
Ovary 2-celled or nearly so, the placentz narrowly linear. Cap-
sule oblong, retuse, many-seeded. Seeds oval, the testa alveo-
late-reticulated.

R. Sitchensis Bongard Veg. Sitk. 41 t. 4. Slightly and sparsely pu-
bescent or glabrate: stems slender, scape-like, spreading or ascending, 4-10
inches long: leaves round reniform, 3-7 lobed, an inch or less in diameter,
on slender petioles 1-4 inches long, the bases of which often enlarge and
become bulblets: flowers white, in a loose terminal raceme: pedicels fili-
form, becoming an inch or more long: calyx-lobes very glabrous, subu-
late, about 2 lines long: corolla funnelform, 6-8 lines long, 5-lobed, the
broad lobes rounded at the summit: style long and slender: capsule

longer than the calyx. On wet banks, California to Alaska west of the
Cascade Mountains.

7 CAPNOREA Raf. Fl. Tellur. iii, 75.
HESPEROCHIRON Watson.
Low stemless perennials with entire spatulate or oblong leaves
on mostly elongated margined petioles crowning the caudex or
root-stock, and from their axils sending up naked 1-flowered

CAPNOREA HYDROPHYLLACEAE 473

NAMA
peduncles equalling or shorter than the leaves. Calyx 5-parted,
rarely 6- or 7-parted; the lobes linear-lanceolate, occasionally un-
equal. Corolla campanulate or rotate deciduous, the stamens in-
serted on the base of its tube. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Disk
none. Ovary 1-celled: the narrow placente projecting more or
less on incomplete half-dissepiments: ovules 20 or more on each
placenta. Capsule loculicidal, 15-20-seeded. Seeds pretty large
with a somewhat fleshy minutely reticulated testa.

C. nana Raf. 1. c. Hesperochiron Californicus Watson. Leaves num-
erous in a rosulate radical tuft, broadly lanceolate, 1-3 inches. long,
densely tomentose both sides, contracted below to a broad petiole:
peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves, pubescent, recurved in fruit:
calyx-lobes linear, 3-4 lines long, densely pubescent; corolla campanulate,
6-8 lines long, hairy within; its lobes shorter than the tube. On wet
banks and springy places, eastern Washington to California and Utah.

C. pumila Greene Erythea ii. 193. Hesperochiron pwumilus Porter.
Leaves several from the crown of a short usually branching rootstock,
lanceolate to spatulate, tapering below to a slender petiole, minutely
ciliate, otherwise glabrous: peduncles slender, 1-3 inches long, about
equalling the leaves, glabrous: sepals lanceolate, about 6 lines long,
minutely ciliate: corolla white to purple, rotate, often an inch broad; its
broad ovate lobes longer than the tube; the tube within and base of the
filaments pubescent. In wet places, eastern Washington to California
and Idaho.

Tribe 8 Nameae B. & H. Gen. ii, 826. Leaves simple, alter-
nate or sometimes imperfectly opposite. Corolla imbricated in
the bud, not appendaged within. Style 2-parted, the tips or stig-
mas commonly thickened or capitate. Ovary completely or in-
completely 2-celled. Capsule loculicidal; the valves bearing the
‘half dissepiments on their middle. Seeds with firm-freshy albu-
men.

8 NAMA L. Gen. n. 317.

Low herbs or suffrutescent plants of various habits: ours low
annuals with entire leaves and the flowers terminal or lateral or
in the forks of the stem. ,Corolla funnelform or somewhat sal-
verform. Filaments and style filiform, more or less included.
Stamens commonly unequal and more or less unequally inserted.
Ovules numerous on the transverse lamelliform placente which
approximate or cohere in the axis of the ovary but separate in
the loculicidal dehiscence and are borne on the half-dissepiments
or half-valves of the capsule. Capsule membranaceous, the valves
and placente undivided. Seeds usually numerous.

N. demissum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 283, Hirsute-pubescent to
hispid: stems diffuse or depressed, 2-4 inches long, dichotomously
branched: leaves linear-spatulate, 6-15 lines long, all or most of them
tapering into a petiole: flowers subsessile in the forks: sepals linear or
setaceous, 4 lines long: corolla purple, narrow-funnelform, about 6 lines
‘long: capsule .short-oblong, 10-16-seeded: seeds oval or oblong. Dry
‘interior regions, Washington to California, Utah and Arizona.

9 ERIODICTYON Benth. Bot. Sulph. 35.
Shrubby plants with alternate pinnately veined and finely re-

474 BORAGINACEAE ERIODICTYON

ticulated leaves and violet purple or white flowers in scorpioid
cymes. Sepals narrow, not enlarging upward. Corolla funnel-
form or approaching campanulate, Filaments more or less in-
cluded, inserted on the tube and more or less adnate to it, usually
sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or completely 2- celled by the
meeting of the dilated placente in the axis. Capsule small,
crustaceous, 4-valved, that is first loculicidal then septicidal, thus
splitting into 4 half- carpels which are closed on one side owing
to the widely dilated placente, and partly open on the other.
Seeds rather few, pendulous.

E. glutinosum Benth. |. c. Glabrous, and glutinous with a balsamic
resin: stems erect, 3-5 feet high: leaves lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, irregu-
larly more or less serrate, sometimes entire, whitened beneath between
the reticulation by a minute and close tomentum, dark green and glabrous
above, persistent for more than a year: flowers purple, numerous, in
elongated naked thyrsoid cymes: sepals subulate, 2 lines long, sparsely
hirsute: corolla 6 lines long, tubular- funnelform, sparsely hairy: capsule
globose- -ovate, pointed; 2 lines long. On dry open hillsides, southern
Oregon to California,

Orper LXV. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 274.

Mostly scabrous or hispid- -hairy plants with bland watery
juice, mostly alternate entire leaves without stipules and rather
small regular flowers in scorpioid racemes spikes or cymes.
Flowers perfect, generally 5-merous. Calyx free from the ovary,
usually persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and
5-lobed, sometimes crested or appendaged in the throat. Hypo-
gynous disk usually present but inconspicuous. Stamens inserted
on the throat or tube of the corolla, as many as and alternate
with its lobes. Style simple, rising ‘between ‘the divisions of a
deeply 4-parted ovary, or from the summit of an undivided one.
Ovary of 2 biovuled entire or more commonly deeply 2-lobed
carpels, making it appear like 4 1-ovuled carpels. Ovules ana-
tropous or amphitropous. Fruit 4, or by abortion fewer, nutlets,
or a drupe containing 2-4 nutlets or cells, rarely reduced to one.
Seeds with little or no albumen, and straight or curved embryo
with superior or centripetal radicle,

I Ovary undivided and surmounted by the style.

Trize 1 Low herbs, shrubs or trees. Style once forked: the
branches tipped with a simple stigma.

1 Coldenia Corolla-lobes imbricated or partly convolute in the bud: style
simply and deeply 2-cleft: fruit separating into 4 dry carpels.

Tripe 11 Herbs or sometimes shrubby plants. Style terminal,
sometimes very short or none, entire. Stigma a fleshy ring, or
margin of a disk, often surmounted by a mostly conical appen-
dage.

2 Heliotropium Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud with the sinuses
ences fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded or 2 two-celled and two-seeded
carpels,

BORAGINACEX 475

II Ovary 4-parted ( rarely 2-parted ) from above into 1-celled
1-ovuled divisions surrounding the style. Stigma not annular,
terminal. Nutlets attached toa central depressed or elevated
disk receptacle or axis called the gynobase.

TRIBE 111 Mostly herbs with entire leaves. Flowers chiefly
near but not in the axils of bracts or leaves or bractless, in scorpi-
oid spikes or racemes.

* Corolla and stamens regular: style entire or sometimes barely
2-cleft at the apex. ; :

+ Ovary 4-parted or 4 lobed: fruit of 4 nutlets or by abortion fewer,
subtended or surrounded by the unchanged or merely accrescent calyx.
= Nutlets divergent or divaricate.

8 Pectocarya Small annuals with minute white flowers: nutlets flat and
thin, attached at the inner end underneath to a small depressed
gynobase.

4 Cyhoglossum Stout perennial or biennial herbs with blue flowers in
bractless racemes: nutlets equally divergent, horizontal or obliquely
ascending on a depressed or pyramidal gynobase. ‘

+ + Nutlets erect and parallel with the style or sometimes incurved.

= Nutlets attached obliquely by more or less of the ventral face or
angle or by the base or prolongation of it to the more or less elevated
gynobase, not stipitate and the scar not excavated.

a Nutlets armed with glochidiate prickles, forming burs.

6 Lappula Annual or perennial herbs: corolla short-galverform or some:
what funnelform, blue or white; the throat closed with prominent
fornicate appendages,

b Nutlets very variable, from nearly smooth to glochidiate.

6 Eritrichium Nutlets obliquely ascending, with depressed or truncate-
~ vomplanate back bordered by an acute margin or at length revolute,
entire or dentate or spinulose wing.

@ Allocarya Mostly annuals with opposite leaves and white flowers:
pedicels turbinate-thickened and more or less 5-angled, persistent:
corolla salverform.

c Nutlets unarmed.

8 Piptocalyx Small annuals with alternate or scattered leaves and small
white flowers on very short persistent pedicels: calyx circumscissile
near the middle. the upper part soon falling away: nutlets straight,
attached for nearly their whole length to a subulate gynobase.

9 Eremocarya Hirsute-canescent small anriuals with most of the leaves
in a radical tuft and emall white flowers on persistent pedicels in gem-
inate racemes; the root giving a deep purple stain.

10 Plagiobothrys Annual herbs with most of the leaves in rosulate
radical tufts and small flowers on slender persistent pedicels: nutlets
more or less incurved, attached in the middle of the concave ventral
face to .a globular gynobase.

11 Oreocarya Stout perennial or biennial herbs with scattered leaves
and comparatively large flowers on filiform persistent pedicels: nutlets
attached by the inner angle to a slender gynobase.

476 BORAGINACE AG COLDENIA

12 Cryptanthe Mostly slender annuals with alternate leaves and small
flowers on slender deciduous pedicels; nutlets attached from the base
upward to a pyramidal zynobase. : j

18 Amsinckia Coarse annua!s with alternate leaves and yellow flowers:
nutlets attached below the middle to an oblong pyramidal gynobase.

14 Mertensia Perennial herbs with alternate leaves and blue or white
flowers on slender persistent pedicels: nutlets attached near the base
to a convex gynobase, wrinkled when mature and dry.

15 Pneumaria Maritime fleshy branching herbs with alternate leaves
and blue to nearly white flowers: nutlets attached just above their
bases to a somewhat elevated gynobase, fleshy, smooth and shining
when mature.

= = Nutlets sessile, attached by the very base to a plain gynobase.

16 Myosotis Annual or perennial herbs with white or blue flowers in
bractless racemes: nutlets thin-crustaceous, smooth. i :

17 Lithospermum Perennial or annual herbs with white or yellow
flowers in bracted racenies: nutlets bony. . 2

Tribe 1 Ehretiex DC. Prodr. ix, 502. Herbs shrubs or trees.
Style once bifid or two-parted. Stigmas more or less capitate. Co-
tyledons plain,

1 COLDENTA L. Gen..n. 173.

Low herbaceous or suffrutescent plants with entire leaves and
numerous small white sessile flowers usually in clusters. Calyx
5-parted, or in the original species 4-parted, the divisions narrow.
Corolla short-funnelform or nearly salverform, seldom much sur-
passing the calyx, the lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes
partly convolute in the bud. Stamens included. Style 2-cleft
or 2-parted. Stigmas more or less capitate. Ovary entire or
laterally 4-lobed, 4-celled. Ovules anatropous, pendulous. Fruit
dry, separating at maturity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abor-
tion fewer. Seeds without albumen. ;

C. Nuttallii Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii, 296. Canescently pubescent
and sparsely hispid prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently dichoto-
mous: leaves ovate or rhomboid-rotund, 2-4 lines long, on petioles longer
than the blade, with 2 or at most 3 pairs of strong and somewhat curving
veins, the margins somewhat revolute: flowers densely clustered in the
forks and at the ends of the naked branchee: calyx-lobes linear, sparsely
hispid, equalling the tube of the pink or white corolla: filaments shorter
than the anthers, inserted nearly in the throat of the corolla; the tube of
which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base: fruit deeply 4-lobed; the
thin-walled nutlets rounded and united only at the centre, smooth and
shining, oblong-ovate, marked with a linear and raphe-like ventral scar:
embryo straight: cotyledons very deeply horseshoe-form, their elongated
bases almost enclosing the radical. Arid plains, eastern Washington to
California, Utah and Arizona.

Tribe ii, Heliotropiew Endl. Gen. 646. Leaves entire, rarely
denticulate. Inflorescence more or less scorptoid. Style entire,
sometimes wanting. Stigma peltate-annular, forming a complete
ying, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed hemispherical to

HELIOTROPIUM BOKAGIN ACE 477
PECTOCARYA
subulate tip or appendage. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a straight
or incurved embryo in sparing or copious albumen.

2 HELIOTROPIUM Tourn. L. Gen, n. 179.

Low herbs or shrubs with entire or rarely denticulate leaves
and small flowers in scorpioid cymes. Calyx deeply 5-parted,
persistent. Corolla salverform or funnelform, plaited and mostly
imbricated in the bud. Stamens included: filaments short or
none: anthers connivent, sometimes cohering by pointed tips.
Style entire, sometimes wanting: stigma peltate-annular, forming
a complete ring surmounted by an entire or 2-lobed tip or appen-
dage. Ovary 4-celled with a single pendulous ovule in each cell.
Fruit dry, 2- or 4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and
2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 1-seeded nutlets.

H. Curassavicum L. Sp. 130. Wholly glabrous and more or less
glaucous : stems diffusely spreading, 6-12 inchea long from a perennial root :
leaves succulent, obovate to oblanceolate or nearly linear, 1-2 inches long:
spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely flowered, bractless: corolla
white with a yellow eye or changing to blue, with a rather ample 5-lobed
limb and open throat, the lobes rounded-ovate, rather shorter than the
tube: anthers free: atyle none: stigma umbrella-shaped, broad as the glab-
rous ovary: fruit 4-lobed, separating at maturity mto 4 1-seeded nutlets.

In saline soil, interior of Oregon, and along the coast of most of the warmer
parts of the World.

II Ovary 4-parted ( rarely 2-parted) from above into 1-celled_
1-ovuled divisions surrounding the style. Stigma not annular.

Tribe iti, Boragex DC. Prodr. x, 1. Chiefly herbs with some-
what mucilaginous watery juice and entire leaves. Flowers mostly.
near but not in the axils of leaves or bracts, or bractless in so-called,
spikes or racemes. Style entire, witha depressed or elevated base
to which the nutlets are attached (called the gynobase). Stigma
truncate or depressed- capitate. Ovules amphitropous or almost
orthotropous and commonly ascending or erect, or anatropous and
commonly pendulous. Nutlets 4, or by abortion fewer, distinct or
at base united into pairs... Seeds without albumen.

* Nutlets attached above the middle, wholly flat and thin, hori-
zontally divergent in pairs or radiate: the margins pectinately and

uncinately setiferous.

3 PECTOCARYA DC. in Meisn. Gen. 279.

Small annuals with imperfectly opposite leaves and small flow-
ers scattered along the whole length of the stem. Calyx deeply
5-cleft or 5-parted, spreading or reflexed in ftuit. Corolla-appen-
dages with strong f6inicate processes, almost’ closing the throat.
Stamens short, included. Style short: with capitate stigma.
Nutlets flat and thin, attached at the inner end underneath to the
small depressed gynobase, either’ winged, laciniate-bordered or
pectinately setose around the thin margins; the bristles or prickles
simply uncinate at tip.

478 BORAGINACEA PECTOCARYA
CYNOGLOSS)M

P. penicillata A. DC. Prodr. x, 120. Strigose-pubescent with minute
white hairs: very diffuse or depressed ; branches almost filiform, 2-6 inches
long: leaves linear or filiform, an inch or less long: calyx-lobes linear, min-
utely hispid: nutlets geminately divergent, the oblong body surrounded by
a merely undulate or pandurate wing that is incurved in age, its rounded
apex thickly and the sides rarely or not at all beset with slender uncinate
bristles : cotyledons oblong-ovate. Dry plains and hillsides Brit. Columbia
to California and western Nevada.

P. setosa Gray Proc. Am, Acad. xii, 81. Hispid as well as minutely

strigose-pubescent: stem rather stout, 2-6 inches high, paniculately bran-
ched : leaves linear: calyx-lobes linear, armed with stout white straight
and divergent bristles: nutlets obovate, equally divergent, bordered bv a
broad thin scarious wing, the faces and margins beset with slender uncin-
ate-tipped bristles: cotyledons broadly obovate. Eastern Washington to
southeastern California.
_ P. pusilla Gray 1. c. Strigulose-canescent: stem slender, diffusely
branched from the base, 4-8 inches high: lower leaves opposite, linear-
spatulate, 4-8 lines long, upper ones alternate and reduced to small lanceo-
late bracts. 1-2 lines long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer than the nutlets,
beset with small uncinate-tipped bristles: nutlets equally divergent, cune-
ate-obovate, wingless and with a carinate midnerve on the upper face, the
acute margins beset with a row of slender uncinate-tipped bristles: cotyle-
dons broadly obovate. Eastern Washington to California.

* * Nutlets thicker, with ventral or introrse-basal attachment.

+ Corolla short, with fornicate appendages in the throat. Calyz
spreading or reflexed, Nutlets glochidiately armed.

4 CYNOGLOSSUM Tourn. L. Gen. n, 183.

Coarse herbs with broad leaves and rather small flowers in
panicled mostly bractless racemes. Calyx 5-parted, persistent,
open in fruit. Corolla short salverform or funnelform, with con-
spicuous arching crests at the throat. Stamens and style includ-
ed. Nutlets' 4, turgid, wingless, clothed all over the back with
short and stout glochidiate-tipped prickles, equally divergent,
horizontal or obliquely ascending on a depressed or pyramidal
gynobase, at maturity separating and carrying away an exterior
portion of the indurated style-from below upward, by which they
are for a time suspended.

C._ grande Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 82. Soft-villous, hardly hirgute be-
low, becoming glabrate in age: stem stout, from a thick perennial root,
1-3 feet high : lower leaves ovate or subcordate-oblong and acute or acumin-
ate, the blade 4-8 inches long, on margined petioles of about the same
length, the upper smaller, from ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted
into a short winged petiole: corolla bright blue, its tube slightly exceeding

the ovate calyx-lobes and hardly longer than the limb: style slender, thick- * °°

ened toward the base: nutlets ovoid, 4 lines in diameter, very rough-mu-
ricate and covered with short glochidjate-tipped spines. In open woods,
Brit. Columbia to California. :

C. occidentale Gray Proc. Am. Acad..x. 58. Hirsute-pubescent or
in age almost hispid: stems rather stout, 10-18 inches high, from a thick
perennial root: lower leaves spatulate, tapering gradually into winged
petioles; the upper from lanceolate to ovate, sessile or. partly clasping:

LAPPULA BORAGINACEX 479

tube of the blue corolla longer than the lanceolate lobes of the calyx and
twice or thrice as long as its own roundish lobes: style wholly filiform:
nutlets almost globular, 4 lines long. In the mountains of southern Ore-
gon and northern California.

5 LAPPULA Meench Meth. 416
ECHINOSPERMUM Sw, Lehm.

Pubescent or hispid herbs with narrow and entire alternate
leaves and blue or white flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx 5-
parted, persistent, spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla short-
salverform and with conspicuous arching crests in the throat.
Filaments short. Style short, with minute capitate stigma.
nutlets laterally attached to a more or less elevated gynobase,
armed either along a distinct margin or more or less over the
whole back with glochidiate prickles, forming burs.

L. floribunda Greene Pitt. ii, 182. Echinospermum floribundum Lehm.
Herbage soft-pubescent or the stem soft-hirsute: stems rather strict, 2-5
feet high, from a biennial or perennial root: leaves from oblong to linear,
2-4 inches long, sessile or the lower tapering into margined petioles; ra-
cemes numerous, erect or nearly so, densely flowered: pedicels mostly
shorter than the fruit, at length reflexed : corolla short-funnelform, blue or
white, the limb 3-5 lines in diameter: nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate
on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat subulate prickles.
Eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia Minnesota and Ontario.

L. diffasa Greene Pitt. ii, 182 Hcehinospermum diffusum Lehm. Soft-
pubescent or at most soft-hirsute: stems erect, 1-3 feet high, from a per-
ennial root: leaves usually lanceolate, the lower ones tapering below to a
margined petiole, the upper sessile and passing into small bracts: racemes
panicled, erect or merely spreading: pedicels longer than the fruit: corolla
from blue to nearly white or pinkish, rotate, its tube shorter than the calyx
and the lobes, the limb 4-6 lines in diameter: dorsal disk of the nutlets
triangular-ovate, obsctrely carinate, rough-tuberculate, and with a few
short glochidiate prickles, the marginal prickles flat-subulate, as long as
the width of the disk. Rocky places and base of cliffs, Brit. Columbia to
California and Utah.

L. hispida Greene l.c. Echinospermum hispidum Gray. Hispid with
spreading papillose-based hairs: stems usually erect, 1-3 feet high, from
‘a perennial root : leaves lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, the lowest long-petioled,
the upper sessile and gradually reduced upward to bracts; racemes lax, 10-
15-flowered : corolla rotate, greenish white 2-8 lines in diameter: marginal
prickles of the obcompressed nutlets small and narrow, much shorter than
the width of the oval or ovaté and either sparsely or copiously[glochidiate
dorsal disk, their bases confluent into a thin margin or distinct wing which
is sometimes reflexed or cup-shaped; inner face smooth and lucid, with
scar almost central. Rocky hillsides, eastern Oregon to Idabo.

L. ciliata Greene 1. c. Cynoglossum ciliatum Dougl. Cinereous with
amuch appressed pubescence, and bristly-hirsute, especially along the
-margins of the linear or lanceolate leaves: stem strict, a foot or more high:
corolla rather large, blue or violet: fruit unknown. Banks of the Spokane
river Washington to Idaho.

L. myosoris Moench Meth. 417. Hispid or appressed-pubescent: stem
leafy, branching, 1-2 feet high, from an annual root: leaves linear to ob-
long or spatulate, sessile or the lower ones narrowed into petioles, erect or
ascending, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 9-18 lines long: racemes leafy.

480 BORAGINACEA LAPPULA
ERITRICHIUM

bracted: pedicels very short, stout, not deflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate, becoming unequal and spreading: corolla blue, about.a line broad:
nutlets rough-granulate or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a
double row of slender and distinct prickles or these irregularly over most
of the back. In waste places, Idaho and eastward. Naturalized from Eu.

L. Texana Britton Mem. Torr. Clubv, 275. Echinospermum Re-
dowskii var. cupulatum Gray. Hispid-hirsute annual: stem 2 inches to 2
feet high, diffusely branching from the base: leaves linear or linear-oblong,
mostly obtuse, the lower narrowed into petidles: racemes loosely flowered,
leafy-bracted; pedicels stout, a line long, not deflexed in fruit: corolla nar-
‘row-funnelform with rounded lobes, about a line broad, but little longer
than the linear-lanceolate sepals: nutlets with acuminate ovate papillose-
tuberculate disk, the marginal prickles broadened and thickened below
and usually united into a wing or border which indurates and enlarges for-
ming a cup with the margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes
only the tips of the prickles free. Eastern Oregon and Washington to
Nevada, Texas, Nebraska and Brit. Columbia.

L. Fremontii. Echinospermum Fremontii Torr. P. R. R. Rep. xii, 46,
E. Redowskii var. occidentale Watson. Soft-pubescent with white hairs:
stem erect, 6-18 inches high, from an annual root, at length diffusely much
branched : leaves linear to spatulate or lanceolate; those of the stem grad-
ually reduced to subulate bracts of the open panicle: pedicels a line long,
erect in fruit; sepals linear, longer than the nutlets: corolla inconspicuous,
but little if at all exceeding the calyx: disk of the nutlets acuminate-ovate,
beset with sharp white processes; prickles of the margin long and slender,
not rarely confluent at their flat bases and more or less cupulate; scar long
and narrow. occupying most of the ventral angle. Common throughout
the dry interior from Brit. Columbia to California.

6 ERITRICHIUM Schrad. Diss. Asperif.

Low perennial or annual herbs with petioled radical leaves and
small white or blue flowers. Calyx 5-parted or merely 5-lobed,
open and but little enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a short tube
and subrotate limb, the fornicate appendages almost closing the
throat. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and in-
cluded in its throat. Ovary 4-lobed: style short. Nutlets ob-
liquely ascending, or depressed and nearly horizontal, with trun-
cate-camplanate back, bordered by an acute winged or at length
revolute entire, dentate or spinulose border.

E. Howardi Rydb. Cynoglossum Howardi Gray. Silky-canescent
and silvery: depressed cespitose : lower leaves linear-spatulate, 6-10 lines
long; those of the short flowering stems linear : flowers few in the sparsely
bracted cymes: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla bright blue, 4-5 lines
in diameter : nutlets very smooth, obliquely truncate on the back, wingless
but the margin of the ovate acutish and flat or slightly depressed dorsal
disk with a sharp edge, and its face either smooth or minutely papillose
and pubescent. On the highest parts of the Cascade Mountains of Wash-
ington and the Rocky Mountains of Montana.

E. aretioides DC. Prodr. x, 125. Silky-sericeous:.with longkwhite
hairs: densely cespitose in depressed pulvinate tufts, 1-2 inches high:
leaves from lanceolate to ovate, 4-6 lines long, mostly acute: flowers ter-
minating short densely leafy stems, short-pedicelled : lobes of the calyx
linear-lanceolate, about a line long, equalling the tube of the corolla: limb
of the corolla bright blue, 2-3 lines in diameter; nutlets with a crest-like

ALLOCARYA BORAGINACEZ 481

or wing-like border that is usually cut into slender teeth or lobes. On the
highest mouutains, eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountaihs.

7 ALLOCARYA Greene Pitt. i, 12.

Low, mostly annual, herbs with entire leaves, the lowest al-
ways opposite, and rather small flowers in scorpioid racemes.
Calyx 5-parted to the base; the segments spreading and some-
what enlarging in fruit. Corolla salverform, with a short tube,
yellow throat and white limb. Pedicels turbinate thickened and
more or less distinctly 5-angled under the calyx, persistent, more
or less indurated in age. -Nutlets ovate to lanceolate, crustaceous,
opaque or vitreous-shining, smooth or variously tuberculate and
rugose-muriculate, or even glochidiate, often carinate on one or
both sides, attached by an inframedial or basal concave but
sometimes raised and stipitate scar to a low gynobase.

* Small flowered annuals, usually diffuse, with corolla only a line
or two broad and but little surpassing the calyx.

A. echinoglochin Greene Pitt.i, 15. Echinospermum Greenei Gray:
Strigose-pubescent with whitish hairs: diffusely branched from the base.
the branches 4-10 inches long, depressed: leaves linear, the lower 1-2
inches long, obtuse: racemes simple or forked, rather loose, leafy or bract-
eate at base, and sometimes above: calyx-segments oblong-linear, obtuse,
open but not reflexed in fruit, silky-hirsute with fulvous-yellow hairs:
corolla about equalling the calyx, its dilated limb about 2 lines broad
nutlets shorter than the calyx, ovate-trigonous, obscurely carinate on the
back, acutely so ventrally down to the low ovate scar, minutely tuberculate,
scabrous throughout and with small terete barbed prickles interspersed.
In wet places, southwestern Oregon and adjacent California. i

A. plebia Greene 1. c. 16. Eritrichium Californicum var. plebium Gray.
Sparsely and minutely hirsute or glabrate: branches depressed, 6-10 inches
long: leaves lax, the larger 2 inches long, linear-oblong: flowers scattered :
pedicels shorter than the calyx: segments of the calyx enlarged and open
in fruit: nutlets ovate-trigonous, a line long, glabrous, coarsely rugose-
reticulated, sharply carinate ventrally down to the large ovate scar and
dorsally only along the narrowish apex. Aleutian Islands Alaska, it has
been reported from Humboldt Bay California.

A. hispidula Greene ]. c. 17. Canescent with short setose-hispid pu-
bescence: diffusely branched from the base, the branches more or less
ascending, 2-6 inches long: racemes single or geminate, naked, or leafy-
bracted below: pedicels about a line long: segments of the calyx linear,
longer than the nutlets, very hispid, erect, not enlarged in fruit: nutlets
ovate, opaque, 34 of aline long, carinate on both sides, the back very
lightly so and beset with minute muriculations, the transverse rugula few
and not prominent: scar almost basal, ovate-oblong. In moist meadows,
Washington and Oregon to California. :

A. Cusickii Greene 1. c. 17. Pubescence appressed : diffusely branch-
ed from the base, the branches 4-8 inches long : racemes open and leafy-
bracted: nutlets vitreous-shining, ovate-oblong, carinate ventrally only,
the back with crowded depressed ruge and few tuberculations: scar almost
basal, narrowly linear and sharp-edged. Union Co. Oregon.

A. bracteata. Appressed-hirsute with minute setose hairs: diffusely
branching from the base and depressed, the branches slender, 2-8 inches
long: leaves linear, an inch or less long: racemes sparsely flowered and

482 BORAGINACEAE ALLOCARYA

leafy-bracted : pedicels at length about a line long: calyx-segments linear-
lanceolate, erect and not enlarged in fruit, longer than the nutlets: corolla
1-2 lines in diameter: nutlets ovate, carinate ventrally down to the ovate
nearly basal scar and obscurely so dorsally, dorsal surface transversely ru-
gose with sharp rugs and obscurely tuberculate. In wet places, Umpqua
Valley Oregon.

A. Californica Greene 1. c. 20. Eritrichium Californicum DC. Spar-
ingly appressed-pubescent with setose bairs: stem slender, often diffusely
branched, the branches 2-15 inches long, weak and reclining or depressed :
leaves linear: racemes rather lax, with a few bracts at the base: pedicels
a line or less long, erect: calyx-segments linear, longer than the nutlets,
spreading but not enlarged in fruit, hirsute with ferruginous hairs when
young: corolla 1-2 lines in diameter; the appendages in its throat not con-
spicuous: nutlets ovate-oblong, slightly carinate ventrally, transversely
rugose; the scar roundish-triangular, almost basal. In wet meadows,
westérn Oregon and California.

* * Larger-flowered annuals, erect or diffuse: limb of the rotate
corolla 3-5 lines in diameter: nutlets rugulose.

A. Chorisiana Greene Pitt. i, 13. Pubescence sparse and appressed
except on the calyx: stem 1-2 feet high, freely branching, the branches at
length recurving: larger leaves 2-4 inches long: racemes elongated, loose
and leafy below: pedicels filiform, 4-8 lines long: calyx little accrescent,
the campanulate segments about a line long: corolla 3-5 lines broad: nut-
lets ovate, little more than half of a line long, carinate ventrally only, the
keel and scar closely approached but not covered by the lateral angles, the
obtuse ruge of the back running into more or less favose meshes among
minute granulations. On Vancouver Island B. C. and at San Francisco
Bay California, perhaps at intermediate stations.

A. hirta Greene 1. c. 161. Setose-hispid throughout with spreading
or somewhat deflexed hairs and no appressed pubescence: stem erect and
stoutish, 10-16 inches high, simple below with several pairs of connate-
sheathing linear leaves, loosely racemose above: racemes in pairs, bract-
less: pedicels slender, a line long: calyx 2 lines long, not enlarging in fruit.
its segments erect in fruit, very hirsute: corolla 3 lines broad: nutlets
ovate, dark-colored, scarcely carinate except ventrally, the dorsal face
granulate and obscurely rugulose. In wet places, Umpqua Valley Oregon.

A. Scouleri Greene 1. c. 18. ritrichium Scouleri A. DC. Sparsely
appressed-hirsute : stem 6-18 inches high, usually diffusely branching from
the base with slender ascending branches and few pairs of connate-clasp-
ing linear leaves: flowers in geminate, or sometimes paniculate slender
racemes, most of them bractless, very fragrant: pedicels erect or ascending,
at most a line long: calyx erect and not enlarged in fruit: corolla 3-4 lines
broad, the appendages in the throat conspicuous, yellow, puberulent: nut-
lets ovate, 44 line long, carinate on both sides at the apex and ventrally
down to the linear-oblong scar, dorsal surface obviously granulate and in-
distinctly rugulose. Common in wet places, western Oregon and Wash.

A. Hendersoni A. Nelson Eryth. vii, 69. ‘Sparsely and rather softly
strigose-pubescent throughout: stem simple at. the base, sparingly branch-
ed above, erect; slender, 8-16 inches high : leaves broadly linear, 2-3 inches
long, acutish: racemes naked, at length long and slender, the uppermost
geminate with a flower in the fork: pedicels short: calyx-segments linear,
in fruit about-2}4 lines long, strigose-hispid: corolla 234-3 lines in diame-
ter, the throat nearly closed by the conspicuous emarginate appendages:
nutlets ovate, subacute, 1-114 lines long, very closel and finely miiriculate,
with a few small rounded papille interspersed, moderately carinate on the
ventral side. Eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho.

PIPTOCALYX BORAGINACEA 4838
EREMOCARYA :
* * * Perennial by creeping and rooting stems: flowers middle-sized.
A. mollis Greene 1. c. 20. Krynitzkia mollis Gray. Copiously soft-
villous, even to the calyx: stems rather stout, spreading or ascending, at
length a foot or more long: leavés linear-lingulate, 2-3 inches long hy 3-4
lines broad, obtuse: racemes at length elongated, bractless: limb of the
corolla 3-4 lines broad: nutlets trigonous-ovate, slightly obcompressed,
hardly at all carinate on the back, coarsely rugose-areolate, attached by a
quarter or a third of their length to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase, the
Fee ea noel Borders of alkaline ponds, southeastern Oregon to
alifornia.

8 PIPTOCALYX Torrey Bot. Wilkes 414, t. 12.

Small dichotomously branched annuals with narrow leaves and
small tlowers sessile in the forks or in the axils of leaves or
bracts. The root giving a deep purple stain. Calyx early cir-
cumscissile, the 5-cleft upper portion falling away, leaving the
membranaceous hase persistent around the fruit. Pedicels very
short, persistent. Corolla with naked and open throat, the tube
not surpassing the calyx. Anthers mucronate, included. Fruit
of 4 rather distinctly margined nutlets.

P. circumscissus Torrey l.c. Krynitzkia circumscissa Gray Hispid-
canescent throughout: stem 1-4 inches high, densely branched from the
base : leaves linear or the lowest spatulate, 3-6 lines long, crowded on the
ni per part of the branches: calyx hispid, its linear lobes foliaceous, about
a line long: limb of the white corolla about a line broad: nutlets oblong-
qvate, not carinate, smooth or minutely tuberculate, attached for nearly
their whole length to the pyramidal-subulate gynobase, the ventral groove
narrow and divaricately forked at the base. On dry sandy plains, eastern
Oregon to Brit. Columbia, California and Arizona,

9 EREMOCARYA Greene Pitt. i, 58.

Hirsute-canescent small annual herbs with chiefly radical
leaves in rosulate tufts and small white flowers on persistent ped-
icels in dense leafy-bracted geminate racemes: the root giving a
deep purple stain. Calyx 5-parted to the base, in fruit campanu-
ulate, persistent: the segrnents nerveless and not bristly-hispid.

_ Style enlarged in fruit and persistent. Nutlets neither margined
nor carinate, erect, attached for their whole length to a slender
columnar gynobase by a groove that does not fork nor enlarge at
base, smooth or papillose-scabrous. .

E. micrantha Greene |. c. Krynitzkia micrantha Gray. Hirsute-
canescent: stem slender, 2-5 inches high, at length diffuséty branched, the
numerous racemous branches repeatedly dichotomous and copiously leafy-
bracted: leaves linear, 2-4 lines long: racemes mostly geminate with a
flower in the fork, 4-6 lines long, densely flowered: corolla barely a line
high, and its lobes 14-24 of a line long, obscurely appendaged in the throat :
style becoming thicker than ‘the gynobase, or even pyramidal; nutlets
oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth and shining or dull and punc-
ticulate. Dry plains, southeastern Oregon to California, Utah and Arizona-

10 PLAGIOBOTHRYS Fischer & Meyer Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 49.

‘Usually rather slender soft-pubescent annuals with most of
their leaves in a close radical tuft, and rather small white flowers

484 BORAGINACEA PLAGLOBOTHRYS

’

on short persistent pedicels in elongating circinate racemes. Ca-
lyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, closed or campanulate or even spreading
and more or less enlarged in fruit, persistent or irregularly cir-
cumscissal near the base. Corolla short, with more or less con-
spicuous appendages in its throat. Nutlets broadly ovate-trigon-
ous, incurved, carinate on both sides toward the apex, the back
irregularly transversely rugose, attached by the middle of the
concave or seemingly hollowed ventral tace to a globular or short.
conical gynobase, tardily detached, leaving a kind of caruncle at
the insertion and corresponding depressed cavities on the gyno-
base, often only 1 or 2 maturing.

* Nutlets crustaceous or nearly so, usually only 1 or 2 maturing and
then horizontally incumbent at maturity on the subglobose or merely
convex gynobase: the caruncle short and broad, not stipiform, leaving
orbicular depressions.on the gynobase. —

+ Caruncle annular, merely. bordering a deep circular pit.

P. campestris Greene Pitt ii, 282. P. rufescens Gray, not F. & M.
Pubescent with soft white hairs: stem slender, erect, 10-30 inches high,
simple up to the 1-3 racemes: radical leaves numerous, 1-2 inches long,
oblanceolate, usually withering at flowering time; cauline leaves smaller,
linear-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, with a broad somewhat clasping base:
racemes usually 3, the lower one smallest, the others geminate with a
flower in the fork, sparsely flowered: calyx of linear-lanceolate nearly dis-
tinct sepals 3 lines long, rusty-hirsute when young: corolla but little longer
than the calyx, the limb 2-5 lines broad: nutlets a tine long, little incurved,
nearly orbicular, abruptly short-beaked, sharply carinate on the back and
the sides sharply angled and reticulate-rugose. On dry hillsides, southern
Oregon and California.

+ + Caruncle forming a wen-shaped or tongue-shaped process that
fits into a corresponding cavity in the merely convex gynobase.

+ Calyx persistent, not circumscissile near the base: mature nutlets
abruptly contracted at base and apex so as to become cruciately 4-lobed
vitreous shining or enameled.

-P. tenellus Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 283. Pubescent with rather soft
hairs: stem slender erect or ascending, 6-10 inches high, usually branching
from the base: radicai leaves numerous, in a dense rosulate tuft, broadly
linear to lanceolate, 6-12 lines long; cauline leaves few, lanceolate to near-
ly ovate, sessile by a broad somewhat clasping base: racemes usually gem-
that without a flower in the fork, rather densely flowered: calyx 2 lines
léng, fulvous-hirsute, cleft to below the middle, the lobes acuminate-trian-
gular: corolla about a line broad: nutlets vitreous-shining, sharply carinate
on the back, transversely rugose and sharply tuberculate. Common in
open places, Brit. Columbia to California.

P. asper Greene Pitt. iii, 262. “‘Of the P. tenellus group, but larger
than the others and rather diffusely branched or many-stemmed from the
rosulate tuft of basal leaves, the branches hispid, floriferous almost throu-
ghout,- many of the calyces subtended by a leafy bract; leaves rather
roughly hirsute or almost hispid: calyx large and nutlets 34 line long, vit-
reous and shining, lineately rugose transversely and with or without
murications. ” :

“« Frequent from northern California to Washington. Easily distinguish-
ed at sight by its large size, its many stems, and its stiff harsh pubescence.”

PLAGIOBOTHRYS BORAGINACEZ 485
OREOCARYA

++ ++ Calyx persistent, not circumscissile near the base: nutlets
broadly ovate and not at all cruciform.

P. Shastensis Greene, Gray 1. c. 284. Canescently silky-tomentose:
stem very slender, 4-10 inches high, not branching from the base, simple
up to the 1-3 racemes: radical leaves linear to linear-spatulate, 4-8 lines
long, appressed-silky above, hispid-ciliate; cauline leaves few linear-lanceo-
late, smaller :racemes few-flowered; calyx cylindraceous,4 lines long silky-
lanate both sides, cleft to near the middle; the lobes lingular and acute,

“nutlets shining, strongly incurved. carinate on the back,. obscurely trans-
versely rugose but not muricate. Ona gravelly plain near Grant’s Pass
Oregon, and Shasta Valley California.

P. colorans Greene Pitt. iii,262. Canescently tomentose or the leaves
and calyces appressed-silky: stem 2-8 inches high, erect, not branching
from the base: radical leaves linear, an inch or more long, in a loose rosu-
late tuft; cauline leaves numerous, linear to lanceolate: racemes long and
slender, few- to many-flowered often leafy-bracted below: calyx almost
globular, 2-3 lines in diameter, cleft to‘below the middle, the acuminate-
triangular lobes connivent over the fruit. sparingly hispid: nutlets broadly
orbicular, abruptly stout-beaked, strongly carinate on the back, strongly
transverse rugose, obscurely muricate on the ridge:. On gravel-bars along
the creek at Hornbrook California; so near the state line that it may be
looked for in adjacent Oregon.

- ++ 4 4+ Calyx at maturity more or less promptly deciduous
‘circumscissilly near the base.

P. canescens Benth. Pl. Hartw. 326. Villous-pubescent and some-
what cinereous or canescent especially the calyx, which when young may
be fulvous or even somewhat rufescent: stem diffusely branched from the
base, 10-12 inches high: leaves linear: calyx 2-3 lines long, in fruit loosely
erect or sometimes more open and accrescent, rarely disposed to be cir-
cumscissile at base: nutlets opaque, not vitreous, slightly carinate on the
back, rugose with sparse and somewhat reticulated obtuse wrinkles. Co-
lumbia Valley to California.

P. nothofalvas Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 285. Soft-hirsute through-
oui: stems erect, 1-2 feet high, branching from the base: radical leaves
oblong or lanceolate to linear, 1-2 inches long, numerous in a dense rosu-
late tuft ; cauline leaves Janceolate to linear, sometimes 1 or 2 pairs opposite:
racemes usually geminate or in threes with a flower in the fork. at length
long and slender and loosely-flowered : calyx cleft only to the middle. silky-
villous, rufescent only when young, soon fulvous or whitish, 1-2 lines long,
the acuminate lobes connivent over the nutlets, soon circumscissile, leav-
ing a persistent base which surrounds the lower half of the nutlets: corolla
2-3 lines broad: nutlets abruptly stout-beaked, carinate on the back, trans-
versely rugose and minutely granulate. Common on open hillsides, Brit.
Columbia to California west of the Cascade Mountains.

* * Coarse and rough-hispid much branched low annuals with ob-

long or lanceolate leaves, the upper subtending and equalling or ex

' ceeding the flower-clusters: nutlets inserted by a scar above the mid-

dle, ventrally carinate only above the round scar, which is attached
to the depressed gynobase by a small and soft false caruncle.

~P. hispidus Gray |. c. 286. Rough-hispid throughout: stem stout,
4-8 inches high, profusely branched: lower leaves linear-spatulate; upper
leaves oblong, 6 lines jong: calyx 5-parted, open in fruit, not circumscissile:
nutlets turgid, ovoid, obliquely incumbent, acute at the apex, obscurely
carinate on the back, opaque, papillose-granulate, the scar hardly above
the middle. Southeastern Oregon to eastern California. =

486 BORAGINACE OREOCARYA
CRYPTANTHE

11 OREOCARYA Greene Pitt. i, 57.
KRYNITZKIA § Pseudokrynitzkia Gray.

Coarse perennial or biennial herbs with alternate leaves and
mostly white flowers on persistent pedicels, in glomerate or pan-
iculate, bracted racemes. Calyx 5-parted to the base, more or less
spreading in fruit, not cireumscissile nor deciduous. Corolla with
prominent folds in the throat, and at base within 10-squamellate
or annulate-glandular. Nutlets not carinate on the back, triangu-
lar or triquetrous, with acute but not winged lateral angles, at-
tached for most of their length to a commonly subulate gynobase,
the scar very slender and usually with transversely dilated base.

* Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any
longer than its lobes; with a ring of 10 small scales or glands near the
base within : anthers oyai or oblong: style rather short.

O. glomerata Greene Pitt. i, 58. Cynoglossum glomeratum Pursh.
Krynitzkia glomerata Gray. Gyrayish-hirsute and hispid: stems stout,
erect, 6-20 inches high, from the crown of a biennial or short-lived .peren-
nial root : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, 1-2 inches long: inflorescence
thyrsiform, and usually dense the short and often forked lateral spikes at
length commonly exceeding the subtending leaves: sepals very setoge-his-
pid, linear, 2-3 lines long: limb of the corolla 3-5 lines in diameter, the
crests in the throat truutate: nutlets forming an ovoid fruit, each triangu-
lar-ovate, sparsely more or less tuberculate-rugose on the back, with sharp
lateral edges, the sulcaté ventral angle extending into a broad basal sear.
On dry hillsides, eastern Washington to New Mexico, Nebraska and the
Saskatchewan.

0. sericea Greene l. c. Krynitzkia sericea Gray. Canescent with a
dense silky pubescence and bristly-hirsute: stems stout, simple, 4-8 inches
high, from a soméwhat woody perennial caudex, leafy: leaves spatulate or
oblanceolate, obtusejfatjthe apex, narrowed below to a broad petiole, in-
cluding the petiole 1-2 inches long: flowers numerous, in a short thyrsus:
calyx cleft nearly to the base, the linear or lanceolate segments about equ-
alling the tube of the corolla, bristly-hirsute: limb of the corolla 3-5 lines
broad, the ovate lobes 2 lines long: nutlets oblong-ovate, obtuse, somewhat
rugose-tuberculate on the back. Dry hillsides, eastern Washington and
Oregon to Utah and Colorado.

* * Tube of the salverform corolla longer than the calyx and twice
or thrice the length of the lobes; the ring within at the base of the
tube inconspicuous and truncate: crests of the throat large, often elon-
gated : anthers linear-oblong: style long and filiform.

0. leucophwa Greene 1. c. Myosotis leucophaeca Dougl. Krynitzkia
leucophaea Gray. Silky-strigose and silvery-canescent : stems many or few
from the lighescent base or root, 6-12 inches high: leaves lanceolate to
linear, acute, 2-4 inches long: inflorescence glomerate-spicate hispid with
whitish or yellowish hairs and slender bristles: calyx 5-cleft nearly to the
base, the linear segments 3-4 lines long: corolla yellow:, with tube longer
than the calyx: nutlets ovate-triquetrous, very smooth and _ polished,
ivory-like, 144-2 lines long; gynobase very slender. On sandy plains,
Brit, Columbia to California and Utah. East of the Cascade Mountains.

12 CRYPTANTHE Lehm. Sem. Hort. Hamburg. 1882.
KRYNITZKIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. vii, 52. 1841.

Low setose or hispid branching annuals with narrow alternate

CRYPTANTHE BORAGINACEA 487

leaves and small, mostly white, flowers on very short pedicels in
scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments erect,
usually closely embracing the fruit and deciduous, falling with
the mature nutlets. Corolla rotate, its tube not surpassing the
calyx; usually with 5 scales closing the throat. Stamens includ-
ed. Style short. Nutlets attached by the ventral angle or groove
from the base up at least one third or one half way, or for the
whole length to an elevated gynobase, the back convex and not
carinate nor transversely rugose.

§. Fruiting calyx closed over the nutlets and falling with them.

* Sepals lanceolate or linear, traversed by 2 rigid and stout mid-
rib: nutlets thick-walled, opaque or dull.

C. Fendleri Greene Pitt. i, 120 Rough-hispid : stem erect, 10-12 inches
high, paniculately branched, rigid: leaves linear,.an inch or more long:
segments of the mature calyx 2 lines long, linear, hispid with pungent
bristles: nutlets usually all four maturing and alike, smooth, ovate-acum-
inate, hardly a line long, attached for nearly their whole length to the
nariow' subulate gynobase. Eastern Washington to the Saskatchewan
and New Mexico.

* * Midrib of the narrow setose-hiapid sepals not conspicuously if
at all thickened: nutlets very smooth and mostly shining, acute or
acuminate, with rounded sides and rather thin or brittle pericarp.

+ Nutlets conspicuously acuminate, only 1 ar very rarely 2 matur-
_ing, attached for not more than the lower third to the short and nar-
row gynobase which it very much surpasses.

C. flaccida Greene Pitt. i, 115. Myosotis flaccida Lehm. Cinereous
with short appressed pubescence:.stem slender, 4-12 inches high, strict,
paniculately branched: leaves numerous, lineay-spatulate to almost fili-
form, erect, often appressed: spikes usually in pairs or 3 together, almost
filiform, many-flowered: calyx in fruit erect appressed to the peduncle, 2
lines long or more; sepals filiform-linear, thickish below, their bases very
hispid with deflexed and strong but not pungent bristles: nutlets subterete,
ovate-lanceolate and rostellate-acuminate, the groove of the attachment
enlarged at base but not furcate. Common on the dry interior plains, Brit.
Columbia to California.

C. multicaule. Densely hirsute with short erect but not appressed
white hairs: stems several from the crown of a rather stout root, strictly
erect, 4-10 inches high, simple up to the short somewhat paniculate inflor-
escence: lower leaves numerous, linear-spatulate, 1-2 inches long; upper
leaves almost filiform, erect, 12-18 lines long: spikes short and rather stout,
hispid- hirsute with spreading hairs, an inch or less long, densely-flowered :
segments of the calyx acuminate-lanceolate, barely 2 lines long, their bases
hispid with spreading white hairs: nutlets subterete, rostellate-ovate, light
brown, the groove of the attachment not perceptibly enlarged at the base.
Along the Des Chutes river at Sherar’s Bridge Oregon.

C. rostellata Greene Pitt. i, 116. Canescent with a rather sparse ap-
pressed pubescence: stem slender, erect, paniculately branched, 4-8 inches
high: leaves linear-spatulate to linear-lanceolate, less than an inch long,
the lower ones opposite with more or less connate-clasping base, the upper
ones smaller and alternate: spikes solitary or geminate, slender, 1-2 incheg
long: calyx erect but not appressed to the rachis, about 2 lines long: sepalg
filiform-linear, hispid with short spreading but not reflexed somewha
pungent white bristles: nutlets triangular-ovate, flattish, rostellate-acuin _

488 BORAGINACEAE CRYPTANTHE

inate, a line long, the groove of the attachment divaricately forked’ and
somewhat open at the base. On ary hillsides, southern Oregan and adja-
cent California.

+ + Nutlets usually all4 maturing and all alike, either flattish or
angied ventrally, ovate in outline and acute or short acuminate, at-
tached for half or nearly their whole length to the subulate gynobase,
the slender groove not dilated at base into an open areola or scar,

C. leiocarpa Greene |. c. 17, Krynitzkia letocarpa F. & M. Strigose
pubescent: stem 6-18 inches high, diffusely branching: spikes single or
.sometimes in pairs, often leafv at base, bractless above: leaves spatulate or
linear 1-144 inches long: calyx erect, a line long, densely strigose-hirsute
and with some coarser spreading bristles: nutlets flattish, the slender
ventral groove continuous tothe very base of.the nutlet and not at all
furcate, attached nearly their whole length to the subulate gynobase.
Near the coast, Washington to California.

C. affinis Greene 1. c. 119. K. affinis Gray Rough-pubescent: stem
slender, 6-12 inches high, diffusely branched: leaves spatulate, 1-2 inches
long: spikes solitary, or sometimes-in pairs, often leafy at base: sepals
linear lanceolate much longer than the nutlets, strigose-hirsute with a
few stout pungent spreading bristles: nutlets somewhat turgid, the groove
simple and continuous to the very base, attached only up to the middle to
the slender pyramidal gynobase, the free apical portion a little diverging.
Peng pines on the edge of forests, eastern Washington to California and
Idaho.

C. Torreyana Greene |. c. 118. K, Torreyana Gray. Hispid-hirsute:
stem rather stout, 9-12 inches high, paniculately branched from the base:
leaves linear-oblong, 1-2 inches long: spikes solitary or often in pairs, 1-4
inches long: sepals lanceolate, in fruit atteuuate upward, twice as long as
the nutlets, setose-hispid with stout spreading bristles: nutlets ovate,
acute, attached barely to the middle to the subulate-pyramidal gynobase,
the ventral groove divergently forked at base but without an open areola,
Oregon to California and Idaho.

* * * Nutlets muriculate or rough-papillose, all 4 alike, sometimes
only 1 or 2 maturing, ovate-trigonous, attached from the base to or
nearly to the apex: the ventral groove with or without an areola.

C. barbigera Greene |. c. 114. Eritrichium barbigerum Gray. . His-
pid and hirsute: stem 4-12 inches hign, freely branching; leaves linear,
an inch or less long: spikes solitary or paniculate : sepals narrowly linear,
3-5 lines long thickly beset with long shaggy bristles, loose above: nutlets
acuminate-ovate, very rough-muricate, ashy-gray, the open groove a little
dues at base. On dry plains, southeastern Oregon to California and

rizona,

C. ambigua Greene ]. c. 113. K. ambigua Gray. Rough-hirsute and
the stem strigose-pubescent also: stem stoutish, 1-2 feet high, paniculately
branched; leaves oblong to linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-20 lines long;
spikes usually in pairs with a flower in the fork, naked, slender, sparsely
to. rather densely flowered: sepals lariceolate, but little more than a line
long, somewhat connivent over the fruit, setose-hispid: nutlets ovate-tri-
gonous, barely convex on the back, minutely papillose-scabrous, the vent-
ral groove closed above but moderately or barely open at the basal bifur-
cation. On dry stony hillsides, Oregon and Washington to California.

C. muriculata Greene |. c. 113. K. muriculata Gray. Hispid-hir-
sute with spreading hairs: stem stoutish, 6- 12 inches high : leaves spatulate
or the upper ones linear, about an inch long: spikes often in pairs or col-
lected in a 3-5-radiate paniculate cyme: sepals in fruit 2 lines long, lanceo-

CRYPTANTHE BORAGINACE 489
AMSINCKIA ‘

late, hispid, somewhat connivent over the fruit: nutlets deltoid-ovate in
outline, half the length of the sepals, sharply muricate over the back,
which is hardly convex except by a slight dorsal ridge, and with distinct
and thickish but acutish lateral angles these muricate-papillose like the
back, attached for 2 of their length to the subulate gynobase, the. ventral
groove open and abruptly dilated at the bifurcate base. On dry hillsides,
eastern Washington to California and Arizona.

§ §_ Fruiting calyx persistent, open and discharging the fruit : nut-
lets ail 4 or all but 1 scarious-winged at the margins, attached by the
whole length of the ventral groove. ‘

C. pterocarya Greene 1. c 120. K. pterocarya Gray. Papillose-hir-
sute: stem slender, rather strictly branching, 6-12 inches high: leaves
linear or the lowest spatulate, 6-12 lines long: spikes usually in pairs,
bractless: sepals in fruit 2 lines long, ovate, rusty-hirsute and the midrib
setose-hispid: nutlets oblong-ovate, rough or granulate-tuberculate on the
rounded back, attached for nearly the whole length to the filiform-sub-
ulate gynobase by a narrow groove which widens gradually to the base.
one of them commonly wingless and rounded at the sides, the others
with lateral angles extended into a broad radiately striate wing with
crenulate or toothed or even pectinate margins. Dry sandy plains, eastern
Washington to California, New Mexico and Arizona. ;

13 AMSINCKIA Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1831: 7,

Coarse hispid annuals with alternate cblong-ovate to linear
leaves and small yellow flowers in at length loose spikes-or ra-
cemes without bracts except sometimes to the lowest. Calyx
5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or at the throat some-
what funnelform, more or less plaited in bud at the sinuses, with
tube exceeding the calyx and rounded lobes, the throat naked, or -
with minute hairy tufts opposite the lobes. Filaments short.
Style filiform; with capitate 2-lobed stigma. Nutlets ovate-tri-
angular or triquetrous, coriaceous or crustaceous, attached above
the middle to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase, the scar ovate or
oblong. Cotyledons each 2-parted thus apparently four.

A. intermedia F. & M. Ind Sem. Petrop. 26. Rough-hispid through -
ont: stem erect, usually 1-2 feet high and sparingly branched above; the
bristles even of the calyx white or merely yellowish: leaves,linear or the
lower ones lanceolate, 1-4 inches long: spikes solitary or in pairs: sepals
narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, at length 14 inch long: corolla bright yellow,
3-5 lines long, its tube equalling the calyx, the limb with very short
rounded lobes and no appendages in the throat: nutlets not half as long
as the sepals, trigonous, carinate onthe back and strongly muriculate,
attached near the base to the short conical gynobase. Dry plains, Brit.
Columbia to California. ;

A. lyeopsoides Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1831, 7. Rather, sparingly
setose-hispid with pungent bristles: stem rather weak, 1-4 feetzhigh with
numerous loose straggling branches: leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1-4
nches long, acute at the apex, hispid-ciliate: spikes usually in pairs, at length
ong and sparsely-flowered: sepals linear-lanceolate, at length spreading and
3 or 4 times longer than the nutlets, papillose-hispid: corolla almost 2 lines
in diameter, somewhat funnelform, the tube but little longer than the calyx:
nutlets oblong-ovate, about a line long, very rough muricate. In rich alluvial
ground, western Oregon and Washington to California.

490 BORAGIN ACE . MERTENSIA

Var. bracteosa Gray Syn: Fl. ii, 198. Smaller-flowered and more
decumbent, with most of the flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract. Near
the Coast, Puget Sound to California.

14 MERTENSIA Roth Catal. Bot. i, 34: 1797.

Perennial herbs with alternate leaves and rather large blue
purple or white flowers in panicles, cymes, or racemes. Calyx
4-parted, herbaceous, the lobes lanceolate or linear, little. enlarged
in fruit. Corolla tubular funnelform, crested or unappendaged in
the throat, its lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on
the tube of the corolla, included or scarcely exserted. Filaments
flattened or filiform. Anthers oblong or linear, obtuse. Style
filiform with entire stigma. Nutlets erect, coriaceous, wrinkled
when mature, attached by a small or short scar just above their
bases to a flat strongly convex gynobase,

M. oblongifolia Don Syst. iv, 320. Stem slender, 4-8 inches high,
usually solitary from the short and thick corm-like root: leaves oblong to
spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, 6-20 lines long, the lowest ones small, the largest
ones in the middle, smooth or the upper face scabrous with minute stiff
hairs: flowers rather numerous, in a somewhat close terminal cluster: lobes
of the calyx lanceolate little more than a line long, minutely ciliate: corolla
funnelform, with a broad purple tube, 6 lines or more long, and ample blue
limb, the throat rather abruptly dilated and open with pubescent. crests at its
base on a line with the stamens: filaments as broad and not longer than the
anthers: style long and capillary, not exserted: nutlets dull and with obtuse
angles. In moist places, Blue Mountains of Oregon to Nevada, Utah and the
_ borders of Brit. Columbia.

M. longiflora Greene Pitt. iii, 261. Glabrous except the setulose-scab-
rous upper face of the leaves: lowest leaves elliptic-lanceolate, on long and
slender petioles, the uppet: ones obovate oval or ovate, rounded or even cor-
date at base and closely sessile, all very obtuse, the largest 2 inches long by
an inch broad: floral bracts acutish: flowers in a rather dense strictly termin-
al and subcorymbose panicle: calyx rather large, cleft to near the base, the
lobes lanceolate: corolla about an inch long, with long slender tube and short
erect narrow-campanulate limb: the almost capillary style nearly equalling
the corolla, Eastern Washington. Perhapsonly a form of M, oblongifolia.

M. Sibirica Don Syst. iv, 32U. Glabrous and smooth or nearly so;
pale and glaucescent: stems erect. 1-3 feet high from a thick branching root,
very leafy: leaves oblong to lanceolete and acute, or the lowest ones some-
times obovate and obtuse, hirsute-ciliate, all petioled, 1-4 inches long: racemes
short, somewhat panicled; floral bracts like the leaves, 9-10 lines long: lobes
of the ealyx lanceolate, about 2 lines long, commonly ciliate: corolla blue,
funnelfurm, 8-10 lines long, the broad tube nearly twice as long as the calyx,
shorter than the ample limb, sparingly pubescent within: filaments as broad
and much shorter than the anthers: style slightly exserted. Along mountain
streams: California to the Arctic regions and the Rocky Mountains.

M. paniculata Don Syst. iv, 318. Roughish-pubescent: stem erect,
1-3 feet high, branched above: leaves thin, pinnately veined, the lower ones
ovate, rounded or cordate at base, 2-5 inches long, long-petioled, upper ones
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into
mostly slender petioles: racemes several-flowered, in loose terminal panicles:
flowers purple-blue, 6-8 lines long, on filiform pedicels 4-10 lines long: calyx-
lobes lanceolate, acute, about 2 lines long: corolla funnelform, crested in

MERTENSIA BORAGINACEA 491
PNEUMARIA

the throat, the tube about twice as long asthe calyx, and longer than the
limb: filaments flattened, slightly longer than the anthers: style filiform, usu-
ally somewhat exserted: nutlets rounded. In damp woods, California to
Alaska, and Hudson Bay to Michigan, Nebraska and the Rocky Mountains.

M. platyphylla Heller Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi, 548. Stems weak,
16-30 inches high, branched above, the branches slender and spreading: leaves
all thin, light green, papillately roughened above; radical leaves usually
about a foot long including the peticle, of about 8 inches, which is rough on
the margins; blade broadly ovate, 3-4 inches broad, abruptly acuminate, usu-
ally cordate at base; lower stem-leaves broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate,
on petioles about an inch long; upper ones ovate-lanceolate, gradually acu-
minate, sessile or nearly so, contracted at base: flowers in loose terminal pan-
icles: pedicels slender, 3-7 lines long, pubescent with short appressed hairs:
sepals Jinear-lancvolate, 3-4 lines long, ciliate: corolla bright blue, or turning
rose-color 6-8 lines long, broad funnelform, the tube about 2 lines long,
the acutish lobes with broad sinuses at base: anthers oblong: style slightly
exserted. In rich moist ground, western Washington and Oregon,

M. nutans. Stems simple, 1-8 from the crown of a thick branching root,
3-10 inches high, very leafy to the top: leaves oblong to lanceolate or the
lwest sometimes spatulate, the largest ones in the middle of the stem 1-3
inches long, mostly sessile by a broad base or the lowest sometimes petioled,
all papillose-granulate above, not at all pubescent: flowers in a dense terminal
drooping panicle, sessile or on short pedicels: sepals lanceolate, barely 2
lines long, obscurely ciliate: corolla 6-8 lines long, funnelform, with a broad
purple or pinkish tube twice or thrice as long as the calyx: filaments as proad
as and fully as long as the anthers: style slender, often slightly exserted. On
the north side of high ridges, eastern Oregon and Washington.

15 PNEUMARIA Hill Veg. Syst. vii, 40, t. 36.

Glabrous fleshy perennials with alternate leaves and small blue
pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy-bracted racemes.
Calyx-lobes somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular-campanu-
late, crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud,
slightly spreading. Filaments scarcely exserted. Ovary 4-divid-
ed; style slender. Nutlets erect, fleshy, attached just’ above their
bases to the somewhat elevated gynobase, smooth and shining,
acutish-margined, becoming utricular-like when mature.

P. maritima Hill 1. c. 40, t. 37,{fig.3. “Very smooth, pale and glau-
cous, much branched and spreading; leaves fleshy, ovate, obovate, or spat-
ulate-eblung, an inch or two long, upper surface becoming pustulate: flowers
small, 3 or 4 lines long, on long and slender pedicels: tube of the blue or
whitish corolla. hardly as long as the limb and shorter than the ovate-tri-
angular lobes of the calyx, the crests in the throat evident: filaments rather
narrower and much longer than the‘anthers: nutlets acute, fleshy-herba-
ceous, in ave becoming utricular, the scar small. Along the Coast,
Puget Sound to Alaska, and Hudson, Bay'to.New England also Europe.

16 MYOSOTIS. L. Gen. n.180.

Low annual biennial or perennial herbs with alternate leaves
and small blue pink or white flowers in so called spikes or racemes.
Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft. Corolla salverform or rotate, the tube
rarely surpassing the calyx, the throat with small and blunt crests
at the base of the small and rounded lobes: these convolute in the

492 BORAGINACE A MYOSOTIS
LITHOSPERMUM

bud. Stamens included, inserted on the tube of the corolla, with
filiform filaments and obtuse anthers. Style filiform, included.
Nutlets smcoth, somewhat compressed, thin-crustaceous in tex-
ture, attached to the flat gynobase at the very base, the scar minute.

M. patustris Lam. FI. Fr. ii. 283. Appressed-pubescent: stems slen -
der, soon decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6-18 inches long: leaves
oblong to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base,
1-3 inches long, the lower ones petioled, the others sesgile : racemes loosely
many-flowered: pedicels longer than the calyx: calyx-lobes triangular,
shorter than the tube, spreading in fruit, beset with fine and short appres-
sed hairs, none of them hooked or gland-tipped: corolla blue with yellow
throat, 3-4 lines in diameter: nutlets somewhat angled or carinate on the
ventral face. In wet places, western Oregon. Escaped from gardens.

_M. alpestris Schmidt Fl. Bohem. Cent. iii, Nr. 225. Stems tufted,
erect, 3-9 inches high, from a perennial root: leaves oblong, linear, or lan-
ceolate: flowers in rather dense racemes: pedicels short, and thick, ascend-
ing, seldom longer than the calyx: calyx almost 5-parted, hirsute with
erect hairs, mixed near the base with some more spreading and hooked
ones, erect in fruit: corolla blue, the flat limb 3-4 lines in diameter: nutlets
more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. In the moun-
tains of Oregon to Kotzebue Sound and the northern Rocky Muuntains.

M. macrosperma Engelm. Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi, 98. Roughish-hirsute
or hispid: stem erect, 3-12 inches high from an annual or biennial root,
.simple or branched : leaves from spatulate-oblong to oblanceolate or oblong,
obtuse; 3-12 lines long, the largest ones in the middle: racemes strictly
erect: pedicels erect or appressed to the rachis below but spreading above,
less than a line long: calyx unequally 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acute,
longer than the tube, sometimes the lower ones twice as long as the upper:
corolla white, the limb 2-3 lines broad nutlets convex on the back, carinate
and margined on the ventral face. In prairies, Brit Columbia to Oregon,
Idaho, Texas and. Florida.

17. LITHOSPERMUM Tourn. L. Gen. n, 181.

Annual or perennial pubescent or hairy herbs with sessile alter-
nate leaves and small or rather large white, yellow or blue flowers
axillary or subaxillary in leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx 5-parted
or 5-cleft the lobes or sepals narrow. Corolla salverform or fun-
nelform; its lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud; the throat
pubescent or crested. Filaments short, inserted on the tube of the
corolla. Style slender: stigma capitate, 2-lobed or sometimes
truncate. Ovary of 4 distinct lobes. Nutlets 4 or by abortion
fewer, ovate, usually white and smooth, erect, attached by the base
to the flat gynobase ; the scar flat and rather small.

L. Californicum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. x, 5!. Canescently pubes-
cent and papillose-hispid throughout: stems ascending, 4-14 inches long,
several from the crown of a thick perennial root, very leafy, simple, or
sparingly branched above: leaves bract-like below, gradually enlarged up-
ward, the largest ones in the middle, linear to broadly lanceolate, or the
upper ones not rarely ovate, sessile or nearly so 1-3 inches long: peduncles
1-2 lines long: sepals linear, 4-8 lines long: corolla bright yellow, hardly
an inch long, narrow-funnelform, its proper tube about equalling the calyx,
its ample throat much longer than the very short lobes, pubescent outside,
almost destitute of crests, the glandular ring at the base of the tube naked:

LITHOSPERMUM CONVOLVULACE 493

anthers oblong, sessile: style 2-lobed at the apex: nutlets white, smooth
and polished, the inner face rather conspicuously carinate. On dry rocky
hillsides, southwestern Oregon to California.

L. pilosum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. vii, 43. Soft-hirsute and pu-
bescent, pale or canescent stems numerous from the crown of a thick per-
ennial root, 6-18 inches high, mostly simple, very leafy: leaves linear to
linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, mostly tapering from near the base to
apex, often small and bract-like below: flowers densely crowded in a leafy
thyrsus: sepals linear 3-4 lines long, hispid: corolla campanulate-funnel-
form, about twice the length of the calyx, silky outside, dull greenish-yellow, '
the lobes equalling the throat, nearly naked at the throat but obscurely
puberulent and thickened under each lobe: style slender: nutlets broadly
ovate, acute, smooth and polished, 2-3 lines long white and bony. Common
on dry hillsides and plains, Brit. Columbia to California, and Nebraska.

Orper LXVI CONVOLVULACEAD Vent. Tabl. ii, 394.

Herbs, or some tropical species shrubs or trees, with generally
twining or trailing stems, usually milky juice, alternate leaves
without stipules, or leafless, truly axillary regular 5-merous, or
rarely.4-merous flowers, except as to the pistil which is almost
always 2-carpellary. Calyx mostly of distinct and imbricated
sepals, persistent. Corolla either plicate and the pleats convolute
or induplicate-valvate or sometimes imbricate in the bud, the
limb either lobed or entire. Stamens as many as lobes of the
corolla and alternate with them, usually inserted low down on
the tube of the corolla; hypogynous disk usually annular and
manifest. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled, with a pair of
anatropous ovules in each cell, or spuriously 4- or 6-celled,
each cell being more or Jess divided into a pair of 1-ovuled
half-cells by a false partition, or rarely 2- or 4-parted from above
around the style, Style single or once or twice divided: stigma
terminal or introrse. Fruit capsular or sometimes fleshy.
Seeds comparatively large, filled by a crumpled or pleated em-

’ bryo involving or partly surrounding a little mucilaginous or
fleshy albumen, its cotyledons ample and foliaceous, or in Cus-
cuta a spiral embryo without cotyledons.

Trrpe 1 Plants with ordinary foliage, not parasitic. Ovary
entire.

1 Convolvulus Corolla plicate at the sinuses pleats twisted in the bud:
style undivided or cleft only at the apex.

Tripe i Leafless parasitic twining herbs without green color.

Tribe 1 Convoluuleae Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix, 385 Plants with
mostly twining or trailing stems, mostly milky juice and ordinary
foliage, not parasitic. Ovary entire. a

2 Cuscuta Corolla with mostly spreading lobes, between convolute and
imbricate in the bud.

1 CONVOLVULUS L. Gen. n. 215, i
Herbs with trailing twining or erect stems, broad leaves and

494 CONVOLVULACEA CONVOLVULUS

large flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves. Sepals
nearly equal or the outer largest, bractless or with a pair of bracts
at their base. Corolla campanulate, or short and open funnelform,
with more or less 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed border, deeply
plaited down the sinuses in the bud, the plants convolute, com-
monly straight, sometimes twisted. Stamens inserted on the tube
of the corolla, included. Style filiform: stigmas two, subulate or
flat, and from narrowly linear to oval. Capsule globose, 2-celled,
the cells 2-ovuled and commonly 2-seeded: Embryo with broad
and foliaceous cotyledons folded and crumpled in the seed.

* A pair of thin membranaceo-foliaceous bracts close to the calyx,
and enveloping or partly enveloping it: stigmas from ovate to oval
or oblong: flowers(in ours)solitary.

C. Soldanella L. Sp. 159. Glabrous, fleshy: stems low and mostly
short, creeping or trailing: leaves reniform, entire or obscurely angulate,
often emarginate, an inch or two wide, long-petioled: bracts roundish,
obscurely cordate, not longer than the sepals:. corolla pink-purple, 1-2
inches long, short-funnelform: stigmas ovate. Sandy sea-shores, Puget
Sound to California. Europe &c.

C. sepium L. Sp: 153. Glabrous or more or less pubescent, freely twin-
ing: leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate, 2-6
inches long, acute or acuminate; the basal lobes or auric!es either entire
or angulate-2-3-lobed : peduncles mostly elongated : bracts cordate-ovate or
somewhat sagittate, commonly acute: corolla broadly funnelform, 2 inches
long, white or tinged with rose-color: stigma from ovate to oblong. Along
streams, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent.

* * Stigmas linear or oblong-linea

C. occidentalis Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 89. Glabrous or minutely
pubescent: stems freely twining or prostrate: leaves slender-petioled, from
angulate cordate to sagittate or the upper hastate: peduncles elongated,
surpassing the leaf: bracts large and covering the calyx or variously smali-
er and shorter to lanceolate or linear and more or less foliaceous in texture:
corolla campanulate-funnelform white or pinkish to cream-color, 12-18 limes
long: stigmas linear. Dry hills, Oregon and Washington toCalifornia.

C. nyctagineus Greene Pitt. iii, 327. C. ~Californicus of Authors as
to the Oregon plant. Stems slender, 2-10 inches long, herbaceous to the
ground: leaves roundish-ovate or semicircular in outline, rounded or
abruptly acute at the apex, with or without a small hastate lobe on each
side near the abruptly contracted and somewhat cuneately tapering base,
the blade 1-2 inches long by about as broad, all on slender petioles 4-6,
inches long: flowers few, all in the axils of the lowest leaves: peduncles
about an inch long: bracts oval, obtuse or almost truncate, barely equalling
the obtuse and muncronate sepals: corolla about 2 inches long by 1%
broad, white: stigma oblong-obovate, nearly 2 lines long: fruiting charac-
ters not observed. Rather common throughout the Willamette Valley and
southward to the border of California. :

i
C. polymorphus Greene Pitt. iii, 331. Herbage pale and puberulent: .
stems slender, 2-4 feet long, twining, herbaceous to the base: leaves from
reniform-hastate to subsagittate, rather prominently and sharply mucron-
ate, the blade 10-18 lines long, short-petioled: peduncles short, I-flowered :
bracts narrowly elliptic, situated a short distance below the calyx and their
tips just reaching its base or longer and partly embracing it: sepals very
unequal, the outer often broadly oval and truncate and only half the length

CONVOLVULUS CONVOLVULACEA 495
CUSCUTA
of the narrower inner ones; corolla 12-18 lines broad, yellowish: stigmas
oblong, On dry prairies, southern Oregon to California.
* * * Stigma filiform or narrowly linear: no bracts at or near the
base of the calyx.

C. arvensis L. Sp. 153. Glabrous or nearly so; stems trailing or de-
cumbent, very slender, 1-214 feet long, simple or branched : leaves slender-
petioled, ovate or oblong, entire, obtusish and mucronulate or acutish at
the apex, sagittate or somewhat hastate at the base, 1-2.,lines jong, the
basal lobes apres ting acute: peduncles 1-4-flowered (commonly 2-flower-
ed), shorter than the leaves, 1-3-bracted at the summit, usually with an-
other bract on one of the pedicels: sepals oblong, obtuse, 134 lines long:
corolla pink to white, 8-12 lines broad. In fields and waste places. Nat-
uralized from Europe.

Tribe 2 Cuscutee B & H. Gen. ti, 881 Leafless parasitic red
or yellow twining herbs without foliage or green color. Corolla imbri-
cated in the bud, appendaged below the stamens. Ovary entire.

2 CUSCUTA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 170.

Parasitic herbs, destitute of all green color and of foliage, except
scale-like bracts; and small whitish flowers in cymose clusters.
Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or cleft. Corolla from campanulate
or somewhat urceolate to short-tubular, with the mostly spreading
lobes between cohvolute and imbricate in the bud, not plicate,
marcescent persistent, either at the base or summit of the capsule.
Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla above as many scale-
like lacerate appendages (these rarely absent). Ovary globular,
2-celled and 4 ovuled. Styles distinct or rarely united, persistent:
stigmas globose, orin foreign species filiform. Capsule 1—4-seeded,
circumscissile or transversely’ bursting, or indehiscent. Seeds
large, globular, or angled by mutual pressure. Embryo filiform,
spirally coiled in firm-fleshy albumen, wholly destitute of co-
tyledons, but'the apex ot the plumule often beariug a few alternate
scales. Seeds getminating in the ground but not rooting in it,
developing into filiform branching stems which twine dextrorsely
upon herbs or shrubs and becoming parasitic by means of suckers
which penetrate the bark in contact, the base soon dying.

C. arvensis Beyrich. Stems pale yellow, slender, low: flowers barely
aline long, nearly sessile, in small dense clusters: calyx gamosepalous,
with obtuse mostly broad lobes: corolla nearly campanulate, 5-lobed, the
lobes acute or acuminate, as long as the tube; its scales large, ovate, as
Jong as or longer than the tube, densely fringed all around with short ir-
regular processes: style shorter than the ovary: stigmas capitate: capsule
depressed-globose, indehiscent, the withering ‘corolla and usually the sta-
mens persistent at its base. On various low plants, Brit. Columbia to
California and across the Continent. :

C. Cephalanthi Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. xxxxiii, 336. Stems coarse
and yellow, usually rather high-climbing: flowers a line or less long, on
short thick pedicels,, often 4-merous: calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter
than the corolla-tube: corolla cylindric-campanulate, its lobes ovate, ob-
tuse and rounded, spreading, shorter than the tube: acales shorter than the
tube, fringed: style. slender, as long or longer than the ovary: capsule

496 SOLANACEZ CUSCUTA

depressed-globose, capped with the marcescent corolla, On shrubs and
tall herbs, eastern Oregon to the Eastern States.

C. Californica Choisy Cusc. 183. Stems capillary, low: flowers rath-
er small and delicate, in loose cymes: lobes of the calyx acute: corolla
gamopetalous, campanulate its lanceolate-subulate lobes as long as the
campanulate tube or longer: scales none, or rudimentary: styles slender,
longer than the ovary: capsule depressed-globose. On Eriogonum etc.
southern Oregon to California.

C. salina Engelm. Bot. Cal. i, 536. Stems slender, low: flowers white
delicate, short-pedicelled or clustered: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute,
as long as the shallow-campanulate tube of the corolla: lobes of the corolla
ovate, acute, denticulate; scales fringed, mostly shorter than the tube,
sometimes incomplete: filaments about as long as the oval anthers: style
equalling or shorter than the ovary: capsule pointed, mostly 1-seeded,
surrounded by the marces¢ent corolla. In saline or brackish marshes
along the coast, Brit. Columbia to California.

Orver LXVII SOLANACES Pers. Syst. i, 214.

Herbs shrubs or even trees with alternate or rarely opposite
leaves without stipules, watery juice and perfect regular or
nearly regular 4-5-merous flowers in variously modified cymes;
the pedicels either not accompanied by bracts, or not in their
axils. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla rotate, campan-
late, funnelform, salverform or tubular, mostly 5-lobed, the
lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as
many as shes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted
on the tube of the corolla: anthers 2-celled, dehiscent at the apex
or longitudinally. Ovary entire, normally 2-celled, with the
placentz in the axis, many-ovuled, surmounted by an undivided
style: stigmas entire or sometimes bilamellar. ‘Ovules anatro-
pous. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous, the testa
sometimes roughened. Embryo terete, spirally curved or nearly
straight, in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons rarely much broad-
er than the radicle.

_ TRIBE I Corolla mostly short, with the limb plicate or valvate
inthe bud. Stamens all perfect. Fruit berry-like, at least not
dehiscent, sometimes nearly dry.

1 Solanum Calyx little or not at all enlarged in fruit: anthers longer

than their filaments, connivent into a cone, or slightly connate; the
cells opening at the apex, or sometimes longitudinally.

2 Physalis Calyx usually much enlarged in fruit: anthers unconnected
and not connivent.

_ TriBe 31 Corolla mostly long with the limb either plicate or
imbricate in the bud. Stamens all perfect. Fruit a capsule.

8 Datura Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-tootbed, in ours at length cir-
cumscissile near the base: fruit a 4-valved mostly prickly capsule.

Trise 11 Corolla usually long, with the limb induplicate-im-
bricate in the bud. Stamens all perfect. Fruit in: ours capsular.

SOLANUM SOLANACEX 497

4 Nicotiana Calyx persistent and more or less investing the capsule:
fruit a 2-celled spuriously 4-valved capsule.

Tribe I Solanex Endl. Gen. 664. Corolla with the regular
limd plicate or valvate in the bud, usually both; that is the sinuses or
what answers to them plicate and the edges of the lobes induplicate.
Stamens normally 5, all perfect. Fruit berry-like or at least indehis-
cent, sometimes nearly dry, seeds flattened: embryo curved or coiled,
slender; the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle.

1 SOLANUM Tourn. L. Gen. n- 251.

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and white blue purple or
yellow flowers in cymes panicles or racemes. Calyx campanulate
or rotate, mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft, not inflated in fruit. Co-
rolla rotate, the limb 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube very short.
Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla: anthers longer than
their filaments connate or connivent into a cone, opening at the
apex by a pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally
even to the base. Ovary usually 2-celled. Fruit mostly globose,
the calyx either persistent at its base or enclosing it.

S. niczuom L. Sp. 186 (Niautsaapez) Green and almost glabrous
‘or the younger parts pubescent: stem erect, freely branching, 1-2 feet
high from an annual root: leaves mostly ovate, petioled, 1~3 inches long, en-
tire, repand or sinuate-toothed, acutish to acuminate at the apex, cuneate
to rounded at base: peduncles lateral, unbellately 3-10-flowered, 6-18 lines
long: flowers white, on pedicels 3-7 lines long: calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse,
spreading, much shorter than the corolla, 4-10 lines in diameter, the spre-
ading or reflexed lobes acute: filaments more or less hairy inside: anthers
oblong, obtuse, loosely connivent: style slightly exserted: berries globose,
smooth and glabrous, black when ripe, 4-5 lines in diameter, on nodding

dicels. Waste places and cultivated fields, Widely distributed in near-

y all countries as a weed, perhaps indigenous.

S. vittosum Lam. Enclycl. Meth. iv, 286. Loosely villous: stem erect,
freely branching from the base, 1-2 feet high from an annual root: leaves
ovate to broadly lanceolate the blade 1-2 inches long, coarsely sinuate-
toothed, narrowed below to a more or less winged slender petiole: pedunc-
les lateral 3-8- flowered, 1-2 inches long: flowers white, on pedicels 3-6 lines
long: calyx-lobes triangular-ovate half as long as the corolla enlarging at
length and embracing the fruit: corolla 4-5 lines in diameter the merely
spreading lobes acute: filaments glabrous to the base: anthers oblong ob-
tuse: berries globular, 3-4 lines in diameter, yellow when ripe. In fields
and waste places, southern Oregon and western California. Introduced
from southern Europe.

8. triflorum Nutt. Gen. i, 128. Slightly hairy or nearly glabrous:
stem branching, 1-3 feet high from an annual root: leaves oblong, .2-4
inches long, pinnatifid, with entire or dentate oblong to lanceolate lobes
and broad rounded sinuses: peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowered, 6-12 lines long:
calyx-lobes oblong to lanceolate, shorter than the corolla, persistent at the
base of the berry: corolla white, 4-5 lines in diameter: anthers oblong, ob-
tuse: berries globose, green and about 5 lines in diameter when mature,
In fields, and waste places, Idaho to Ontario, Nebraska and Arizona.

S. umbelliferum Esch. Mem. Acad. Petrop. x, 281. Tomentose-pu-
bescent and cinereous with short many-branched hairs, sometimes glab-
rate: stems erect or declined, woody below, 1-2 feet long from a perennial

498 ? SOLANACEA SOLANUM
PHYSALIS

root: flowering branches mostly short and leafy : leaves commonly oblong
to obovate, obtuse, rarely ovate and acute, entire, halfinch to 2 inches
long, more or less acute or narrowed at base, or the lower and larger ones
rounded, on short petioles ; flowers in short-peduncled few-several-flowered
umbels: calyx-lobes about 2 lines long in flower, ovate, obtuse: corolla 8-10
lines broad, blue to white, angulately 5-lobed, widely rotate: anthers ob-
tuse, the cells opening by a short vertical slit at the apex, which extends
downward to the base: berries purple, the base covered by the appressed
moderately enlarged calyx. On stony hillsides, southern Oregon to Calif.

S. sisymBrirotium Lam. Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii, 49. Villous-pu -
bescent with simple more or less glandular and viscid hairs, mixed on the
leaves with some few-rayed stellate ones; much armed even to the calyx
with long subulate straight prickles: stem stout, 2-3 feet high, branching:
leaves deeply pinnatifid and the oblong lobes sinuate or even again some-
what pinnatifid: flowers several or numerous, in terminal or soon lateral
pedunculate racemes; lobes of the 5-parted calyx lanceolate, becoming
ovate-lanceolate and at length loosely and completely or incompletely cov-
ering the globose red berry : corolla light blue or white, 1-2 inches broad,
5-lobed: anthers lanceolate. On ballast grounds at Portland Oregon.

2 PHYSALIS L. Gen. n. 250. (GROUND CHERRY)

Annual or perennial herbs with entire or sinuately-toothed
leaves and yellow or white flowers on axillary and solitary ped-
uncles. ‘Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and
bladderly-inflated, membranaceous, 5-angled, or prominently 10-
ribbed and reticulated, wholly inclosing the pulpy berry, its teeth
mostly.connivent. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, plicate in
the bud, 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens inserted near
the base of the corolla: anthers oblong, longer than their filaments,
not connivent, opening by alongitudinal slit. Style slender, some-
what bent; stigma 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, fat-
tened, with a thin edge, finely pitted.

P. ixocarpa Brot. Hornem. Hofn. Supp. 26. A little hairy or pu-
bescent when young: stem erect, much branched, 1-2 feet high from an
annual root: leaves ovate or oblong, repand or sinuate-toothed or entire,
1-2 inches long or rarely longer, on long and slender petioles: pedicels only
1-3 lines long: calyx-lobes short, broadly triangular, shorter than the tube:
corolla bright yellow with purple throat; 6-12 lines broad: fruiting calyx
rounded-ovoid, obscurely 10-angled, often purple-veined, at last often filled
with the berry which sometimes bursts 1t. Native of Mexizo: escaped
from cultivation in eastern Washington.

_P.. pruinosus L. Sp..184. Villous or pubescent with simple viscid
hairs: stem stout, from an annual root, 1-2 feet high, with at length wide-
ly spreading branches, obtusely angled: leaves firm, 2-5 inches long, ovate-
cordate, generally very oblique at the base and deeply sinuate-toothed
with broad and often obtuse teeth : peduncles 1-2 lines long, in fruit about
6 lines long: calyx villous or viscid, the lobes as long as the tube, narrow-
but not subulate-tipped: corolla 2-5 lines broad, dull yellow with purplish-
brown eye: anthers yellow or violet: fruiting calyx 12-18 lines long, ovoid,
cordate at base, reticulated; berry yellow or green. Mastern Washington.
Probably introduced from the Bantliern States.

P. lanceolata Michx. Fl. i, 149. Sparingly hirsute with flat hairs:
stems at first erect, later spreading or diffuse, only slightly angled, about
18 inches long from a slender creeping perennial rootstock: leaves broadly
oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into the petiole, acute or obtuse, nearly

DATURA SOLANACEA 499

NICOTIANA
always entire, rarely wavy but never sinuately toothed, thickish : pedun-
cles 5-10 lines long, reflexed in fruit : calyx strigose-villous, rarely glabrous,
its lobes triangular-lanceolate: corolla dull yellow with a brownish centre,
about 8 lines broad: fruiting calyx rounded ovoid, not sunken at the base,
indistinctly 10-angled: berry yellow or greenish. On dry prairies, Idaho
and eastward to Illinois and the Carolinas.

Tribe 2 Hyoscyamex Endl, Gen. 664. Corolla with the limb
either plicate or imbricate in.the bud. Stamens 5,all perfect. Fruit
a 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled capsule. Seeds flattened. Embryo
curved: the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle.'

3 DATURA L. Gen. n. 246.

Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and large white
purple or violet flowers solitary in the forks of the stem or branch-
es. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or
spathe-like in our species circumscissile near the base. Corolla
funnelform the limb plaited, 5-lobed- Stamens inserted at or
below the middle of the corolla-tube, included or but little exsert-
ed: filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled: style fili-
form: stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top or
bursting irregularly.

D. stramonium L. Sp. 179. Glabrous or the young parts sparingly

ubescent : stem stout, 1-5 feet high from an annual root, freely branching:
eaves thin ovate in outline, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly nar-
rowed at the base, 3-8 inches long, irregularly sinuate-lobed,: the lobes
acute, on petioles 1-4 inches long: calyx prismatic, less than half the length
of the corolla, circumscissile near the-Wage: corolla white 3-4 inches high,
the limb 144-2 inches broad: capsule erect, thickly armed with short stout
prickles, the lowest ones mostly shortest. In fields and waste places, Brit.
Columbia to California and across the Continent. Introduced trom Asia.

Tribe 3 .Cestrinex Corolla with regular limb induplicate-valvate
or induplicate-imbricate in the bud. Stamens all perfect. Fruit
either baccate or capsular: seeds little or not at all flattened. . Embryo
either straight or only slightly curved, the cotyledons usually broader
than the radicle.

4 NICOTIANA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 248.

Annual or perennial herbs with large alternate leaves and rath-
er large white, yellow, greenish or purplish flowers in terminal,
often bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate
or ovoid, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla funnelform or salverform,
plicate and somewhat imbricate in the bud, filaments filiform,
mostly included, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers ovate
or oblong often explanate after dehiscence. Ovary normally 2-
celled, with long and thick placente bearing very numerous
ovules and seeds. Style slender: stigma depressed-capitate and
often 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, more or less invested by the calyx,
septicidal and also usually loculicidal at summit, the valves or
teeth thus becoming twice as many as cells. Seeds very small,
with granulate or rugose-foveolate testa. Cotyledons little broader
than the radicle. Ours all annuals with white or greenish flowers.

500 SOLANACEAE NICOTIANA
SCROPH ULARIACE A

N. attenuata Torr. Watson Bot. King 276, t. 27 fig. 1-2. More or
less viscid-pubeacent: stem rather slender, 1-3 feet high, usually strict and
simple up to the paniculate inflorescence: lower leaves ovate or oblong,
2-4 inches long ; the upper from oblong-lanceolate and acuminate-attenuate
to linear; all on slender petioles: inflorescence loosely paniculate, naked
above: pedicels short: calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate or subulate, with
thin edges, almost equal, much shorter than the tube, not over 144 lines
long and not surpassing the capsule: corolla dull white or greenish, glab-
rous, slender-salverform, the tube 114-2 inches long, the obscurely 5-lobed
or angulate limb 4-6 lines in diameter, opening only at night and usually
closing before noon, or under sunshine, filaments slender, equally inserted
low down on the tube of the corolla: capsule 2-5 lines long, ovate, acute,
2-valved, the valves bifid. Along streams, Brit. Columbia to California
and Nevada, east of the Cascade Mountains. ;

N. Bigelovii Watson Bot. King 276, t. 27 fig. 3-4. Soft-pubescent
and more or less viscid: stem stoutish, erect, 1-3 feet high: lower leaves
broadly lanceolate, sessile or'on short and broad petioles, 5-7 inches long,
obtuse or acutish, the upper ones generally reduced upward, lanceolate
and more or less attenuate to linear, sessile and with more or less clasping
bage : inflorescence loose-racemiform, with all the upper flowers bractless:
peflicels short and rather stout : calyx-teeth unequal, linear-subulate, about
equalling the tube, surpassing the capsule: tube of the corolla 1-2 inchee
long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat; the limb 12-18 lines in
diameter, 5-lobed, the lobes acute, expanding onlv at night or in cloudy
weather: filaments more or less unequally inserted in the upper part of the
tube of the corolla: capsule thin-walled, obtuse, 4-6 lines long, 2-celléd, and
4-valved at the apex. Dry grounds, Umpqua Valley Uregon to California
and Nevada.

.N.- quadrivalvis Pursh Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1778. Viscid-pubescent:
stem stout, 1-2 feet high, branching from near the base: leaves oblong or
the lowermost ovate-lanceolate and the uppermost lanceolate or linear,
acute at both ends, sessile or slender-petioled, 4-6 inches long including
the petiole: flowers rather few, on short slender pedicels: calyx-teeth
linear, about equalling the 4-celled or rarely 3-celled globular capsule:
tube of the corolla barely an inch long, the 5-lobed limb 144 inches in di-
ameter, its lobes ovate and obtusish, veiny: filaments unequally inserted
in the upper part of the tube of the corolla. Along streams, Oregon and
Washington. Was cultivated by the Indians,

Var. multivalvis Gray Bot. Cal. i, 546. Stouter and with the calyx
corolla and stamens 5-8-merous and capsule several-celled, sometimes an
inch in diameter. Oregon. Probably an abnormal form from cultivation
by the Indians.

Orper LXVIII SCROPHULARIACEZ Lindl. Nat. Syst. 288.
RHINANTHACE

Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate or opposite leaves with-
out stipules and perfect mostly complete and irregular flowers.
Calyx inferior, persistent 4-5-toothed or 4-5-cleft, or sometimes
split on one or both sides, the lobes or segments valvate-imbri-
cate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous the limb 2-
lipped or nearly regular, wanting-in one species of Synthyris.
Stamens 2. 4, or 5, didynamous or nearly equal, inserted on the
corolla and alternate with its lobes: anthers 2— celled, the cells
equal or unequal or sometimes confluently one-celled: Pistil

SCROPHULARIACEA 501

one, entire or 2-lobed: ovary 2-celled or rarely 1-celled, with
the few-many-ovuled placent# in the axis: ovules anatropous
or amphitropous. Stylesimple, with entire, 2-lobed or 2-lam-
ellate stigma. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or loculi-
cidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous with small and
straight or only slightly curved embryo in fleshy albumen.
Cotyledons little if at all broader than the radicle.

I Inflorescence simply centripetal. Corolla hardly if at all
bilabiate the two posterior lobes external in the bud.

TRIBE I Corolla rotate, with hardly any tube. Anthers con-
fluently 1 celled, (Introduced weeds).
1 Vesgsascom Leaves alternate: Stamens 3d, all with anthers

II Leaves mostly opposite, at least the lower ones. Inflor-
escence when simple centripetal, when compound the peduncles
cymosely few-several-flowered. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla
external in the bud. :

Trise 1 Corolla bilabiate and more or less tubular: the base
of the tube gibbous or saccate or spurred on the lower side.
2 Linaria Corolla with a spur at the base:
8 Antirrhinum Corolla merely caccate or gibbous at base.

TRIBE 1 Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not sac-

cate or otherwise produced at base on the lower side. Antherif-
erous stamens 4 and rudiment of the fifth commonly present.

* Corolla gibbous or saccate on the upper side of the tube: ovules
and seeds few or solitary in the cells.

4 Collinsia Corolla declined, deeply bilabiate.
5 Tonella Corolla little declined, obscurely bilabiate.

* * Corolla-tube not gibbous above: ovules and seeds indefinitely
numerous.

+ Sterile filament represented by a scale on the upper side of the
throat of the corolla.

6 Scrophularia Corolla short; the tube ventricose and globular or oblong.
+ + Sterile filament conspicuous and elongated.

7 Chelone Corolla elongated-tubular: seeds surrounded by a broad
membranous wing.
8 Pentstemon Corolla elongated-tubular: seeds angulate, not winged.
** * Corolla-tube not gibbous: ovules and seeds rather numerous:
inflorescence simply spicate.
9 Chionophila Corolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat: seeds with
a loose and arilliform onter coat
TRIBE Iv Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate
or otherwise produced at base. Antheriferous stamens 2 or 4:
no rudiment of the fifth.

502 SCROPHULARIACES '

* Calyx prismatic and barely 5-toothed, or rarely campanulate and
hardly 5-cleft: corolla more or less bilabiate: stamens four.

10 Diplacus Shrubby perennials: capsule firm-coriaceous, narrow and
closely invested by the calyx, tardily dehiscent down the upper suture.

11 Eunanus Low annuals: capsule from almost bony and indehiscent to
membranaceous.

12 Mimulus Annual or perennial herbs, capsule membranceous tardily
- separating from the central placentiferous column.

* * Calyx 5-parted or deeply 4-5-lobed : antheriferous stamens only
2, the posterior pair, the anterior pair sterile radiments or wanting.

18 Gratiola Sterile filaments none, or short and entire,
14 Ilysanthes Sterile filaments present, slender and forked.
* * * Calyx and corolla both 5-lobed and nearly regular: antherif-

erous stamens 4, nearly equal.
15 Limosella Small plants with the flowers on scapes.

III Leaves various. Lower lip or lateral lobes of the co-
rolla external in the bud.

TRIBE v_ Corolla usually little if at all bilabiate, the lobes all
plain, the lateral or one of them external in the bud.

* Stamens 2, distinct, exserted; filaments straight, inserted at or
ile ine sinuses between the two lateral and the posterior lobe_of
the corolla.

16 Synthyris Corolla from oblong to short-campanulate.
17 Veronica Corolla from rotate with very short tube to salverform,

. * * Stamens 4, distinct, not exserted, inserted on the upper side of
the tube of the corolla .

18 Diciraus Corolla tubular-funnelform, somewhat irregular.

Trine vr Corolla manifestly bilabiate, the upper lip erect and
concave or galeate, entire or emarginate, rarely 2-cleft, the lower
3-cleft, exterior in the bud.

* Ovules and usually the seeds numerous.

+ Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar, the”outer one”affixed by its
riddle, She other pendulous from its upper end, mostly smaller, some-
times sterile.

19 Castilleia Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the very short
and 3-toothed lower one.

20 Orthocarpus Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and usually
narrower than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower one.

21 Adenostegia Upper lip of the corolla not longer nor much if any
narrower than the 3-crenulate or entire lower one.

* + Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens.
22 Pedicularis Calyx split anteriorly, not inflated in fruit.
28 Ruixantuus Calyx 4-toothed, inflated in fruit.

* * QOvules only two in each cell, one sessile and i
other laterally attached. : Eerie nein

VERBASCUM SCROPHULARIACEA 503

24 Melampyrum Annual branching herbs with opposite leaves.

Serres t PsEuposopane& B. & H. Gen. ii, 915. Leaves all
alternate. Inflorescence centripetal. Corolla hardly if at all bi-
labiate; the two posterior lobes external in the bud. All five
stamens sometimes present and perfect.

Tribe 1 Verbascee Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 188. Corolla rotate
with hardly any tube. Anthers by confluence one-celled.

1 VERBASCUM L. Sp. 177. 1753.

Biennial, or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect herbs with
alternate leaves and rather large flowers in terminal spikes, ra-
cemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla ro-
tate, 5-lobed, the lobes a little unequal, the upper exterior at least
in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, .une-
qual, all antheriferous: cells of the anthers confluent into one.
Ovules numerous. Style dilated and flattened at the summit.
Capsule globose to oblong, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded,
the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex Seeds not winged.

V. Tuapsus L. Sp. 177. (Great Muniien). Densely woollv through-
out with branched hairs: stem stout, erect, simple or with a few erect
branches, 2-10 feet high: leaves thick, oblong acute, narrowed at the base,
dentate or denticulate, 4-12 inches long, the radical ones on margined pet-
ioles, the cauline sessile with decurrent base causing the stem to appear
wing angled: flowers yellow, 8-12 lines broad, sessile, very numerous in
dense terminal spikes: stamens unequal, the 3 upper shorter with white-
hairy filaments and short anthers, the 2 lower glabrous or nearly so, with
larger anthers: capsule 3 -4 lines high slightly longer than the calyx, many-
seéded. Roadsides and waste places, throughout North America. Intro-
duced from Europe.

V. Brarrarta L. Sp. 178 (Mors Mottuien). Glabrous or sparingly
glandular-pubescent: stem strictly erect, simple, slender, terete, 2-6 feet
high: leaves oblong or ovate to lancevlate, dentate, laciniate or pinnatifid,
acute or acuminate, the lower and radical ones sessile or somewhat petiol-
ed 4-12 inches long, seldom present at flowering time, the upper ones 144-2
inches long sessile by a truncate or cordate-clasping base: flowers in long
loose racemes : pedicels spreading 8-12 lines long, bracted at the base: corol-
la yellow or white with brownish marks on the back, 10-12 lines broad:
filaments all pilose with violet hairs: capsule depressed globose 3 lines in
diameter, longer than the calyx. In fields and waste places throughout
the United States and Canada. Naturalized from Europe.

JI AwrrrreuinipeE@ Benth, in DC. Prodr. x, 188. Leaves
mostly opposite, at least the lower ones. Inflorescence when sim-
ple centripetal, when compounnd the peduncle cymosely few to
several-flowered. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the
bud, with a few and irregular excentions. Fertile stamens very
seldom more than four. \

Tribe 2 Antirrhinee Bhav. Monog. Antirrh. 1883. Inflores-
cence simple and racemous, or the flowers solitary and axillary. Co-
rolla bilabiate and more or less tubular: the base af the tube gibbous
or saccate or spurred on the lower side, and the lower lip often with

504 SCROPHULARIACEE LINARIA™
ANTIRRHINUM

a palate at the throat. Capsule opening by irregular perforations or
lacerate chinks not by normal valves.

2 LINARIA Tourn. Juss. Gen. 120 (Toap-Fiax.)

Herbs, or some exotic species shrubby, with alternate, or the
lower and those of sterile shoots opposite, leaves and yellow white
blue or purple flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. Caylx 5-
parted, the segmenis imbricated in the bud. Corolla bilabiate,
the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, outside ofthe lower one in the bud,
the tube spurred at the base, or the spur rarely wanting; lower
lip spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate often nearly
closing the throat. Stamens 4 didynamous, not exserted. Cap-
sule ovoid or globose, opening by one or more mostly 3-tcothed
pores or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous. Ours are
perennials.by short rootstocks.

L. vorearis Mill, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, No. 1. Pale green and slightly
glaucous: stems slender erect, very leafy, 1-3 feet high from short perenni-
al rootstock, glabrous or sparingiy glandular-pubescent above: leaves linear,
sessile, entire, acute at both ends, mostly alternate 6-18 lines long; flowers
densely racemose, light yellow, 12-16 lines long, the spur of the erect corolla
somewhat darker; the palet orange-colored : pedicels 2-4 lines long nearly
erect: calyx-segments oblong, acutish, about 144 lines long: spur subulate,
nearly as long as the body of the corolla; middle lobe of the lower lip
shorter than the other 2: capsule ovoid: seeds rugose, winged. In waste
places. Introduced from Europe.

L. Canadensis Dumont Bot. Cult. ii, 96. Glabrous: flowering stems
erect or ascending very slender simple or branched 4-30 inches high; the
sterile shoots spreading or procumbent, very leafy: leaves linear-oblong, 4-
15 lines long, 14-1 line wide, entire, sessile; those of the sterile shoots often
opposite: flowers blue, 3-4 lines long, in long slender racemes: pedicels 3-4
lines long, erect, in fruit appressed to the rachis, minutely bracted at the
base; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about as long as the
capsule: spur of the corolla filiform, curved, as long as the tube or longer:
palate a white convex 2-ridged projection: capsule opening by 2 apical
holes, each becoming 3-toothed: seeds angled, wingless. On rocky banks,
Oregon to California and across the continent.

3 ANTIRRHINUM Tourn. L. Sp. 612.

Annual or perennial herbs with all or all but the lower leaves
alternate, and rather large flowers in terminal racemes or solitary
in the axils of the upper leaves or bracts. Calvx 5-parted, the
segments imbricated in the bud. Corolla irregular, gibbous or
saccate, but not spurred atthe base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect,
2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced intoa
palate nearly or quite closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynam-
ous, included ; filaments filiform, or dilated at the summit. Style
filiform. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening by chinks or pores
below the summit. Seeds numerous, not winged. °

A. leptaleum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 373. Viscid-villous: stem
erect 1-2 feet high from an annual root simple or branched : leaves linear-

lanceolate to linear, 6-18 lines long, entire, the lower ones on slender
petioles, the uppermost ones smaller and sessile: flowers on short pedicels

ANTIRRHINUM SCROPHULARIACEE 505
COLLINSIA

in the axils of all but the lowest: calyx-lobes subulate, 1-2 lines long: cor
olla 4-6 lines long, dull purplish, the lips nearly as long as the tube,. the
prominent palate nearly closing the throat: filaments dilated at their apex:
style rather shorter than the capsule, thickened below, bent forward, indu-
rated and persistent: capsule about equalling the calyx, somewhat oblique,
the cells opening by 1 or 2 holes: seeds rugose-pitted. On bare hillsides,
Cow Creek Mountains Oregon to the Sierra Nevadas in California.

A. Kingii Watson Bot. King 215 t. 21, Nearly glabrous throughout
or puberulent or even woolly at base: stem slender, 6-18 inches high, from
an annual root, simple or branched, often bearing prehensile branchlets
above: leaves from oblong to lanceolate or linear, attenuate to a short peti-
ole, 6-12 lines long, alternate or the lower ones often opposite: pedicels 1-3
lines long: calyx-segments unequal, the posterior one oblong, obtuse, nearly
equalling the corolla, the rest oblong, acute, a half shorter: corolla dull
white, 3-4 lines long the upper lip 2- lobed: capsule globose, 1-2 lines in
diameter, somewhat oblique, terminated by the short straight and very
slender style: seeds deeply reticulated. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and

tah. 7

Tribe 38 Chelonex Benth, in DC. Prodr. x. 188. Herbs with
at least the lower leaves opposite and normally compound inflorescence.
Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular. not saccate or otherwise
produced at base anteriorly. Antheriferous stamens 4, and rudi-
ment of the fifth commonly present. Capsule dehiscent by valves.

4 COLLINSIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. i, 190 t. 9. 1817.

Low annual herbs with opposite or vertivillate, leaves and blue
pink or variegated flowers verticillate or solitary on ebracteate
simple pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx campan-
ulate, 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, gibbous or saccate on the upper
side: the tube short and the limb deeply bilabiate: the upper lip
2-cleft, the lobes erect or recurved; lower lip larger, 3+lobed the
lateral lobes spreading or drooping, the middle one conduplicate
into a keel-like sack and enclcesing the 4, declined stamens and
filiform style. Filaments filiform, the lower pair inserted higher
on the corolla than the others, the fifth represented by a gland at
the base of the corollaon the upper side. Anthers round-reniform
the 2 cells confluent into one at the apex. Ovules few in the
cells. Capsule ovate or globose, at first septicidal; the valves
soon cleft in the middle. Seeds amphitropous and peltate, concave
ventrally.

* Peduncles deflexed in fruit: seeds terete or nearly so, not margined.

C. grandiflora Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1107. Glabrate or minu-
tely pubescent : stem rather weak, 6-12 inches long sparingly branched from
the hase: lower leaves orbicular to obovate or oblong, on slender petioles,
the blade 4-6 lines long, often coarsely toothed; upper ones spatulate or
oblong to lanceolate or linear, 10-18 lines long, sessile or short-petioled,
sparingly and obscurely dentate, usually 3 or 4 in a whorl: peduncles slen-
der, in fruit an inch or more long and reflexed, usually only 2 or 4, often
only one and opposite a branch: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, about two
lines long, longer than the campanulate tube, very acute: corolla about 6
lines long, strongly declined, the throat a little longer than the lobes, gac-
cate, nearly white, as broad as long; upper lip light blue, middle lobe of

506 SCROPHULARIACEE COLLINSIA

the lower lip purple, the others dark blue: gland very small, slightly stip-
itate: seeds not wing-marg ned. On gravelly banks and open places along
the Columbia and Willamette rivers in Oregon and Washington.

C. parviflora Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1802, Glabrous or minutely
puberulent: stem slender and weak 2-20 inches long, branching from near
the base; the branches weak and straggling: leaves oblong to lanceolate,
6-12 lines long the lower ones opposite and rather long petioled; the upper
ones in whorls of 3-5 and sessile or nearly so, all entire or sparsely toothed :
peduncles solitary, or above 3-5 in the whorls, 6-18 lines long reflexed in
fruit: calyx-lobes triangular-subulate, very acute, a line or more long: co-
rolla blue and white, 3-4 lines long, the throat about as long as the lips, not
very strongly saccate : gland small, capitate, short-stipitate : capsule globose,
a little shorter than the calyx: seeds thickish, not margined. Common
in moist places, Brit. Columbia to California, Arizona and Michigan.

C... Torreyi Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 378. Viscid-glandular: stem
slender, 2-4 inches high, divergently branched: leaves thickish, the lower
ones orbicular to oblong, the blade 4-6 lines long, on petioles as long as
the blade: upper ones oblong to linear, 8-12 lines long, short-petioled ; the
uppermost ones reduced to subulate bracts: flowers numerous, on slender
peduncles 6-8 lines long: calyx about 2 lines long, cleft to the middle, the
lobes broadly subulate an4 acute: corolla blue and white; the lips as long
as the tube and strongly saccate throat: peduncles reflexed in fruit: cap-
sule ovoid, about equalling the calyx: seeds oblong, nearly terete. In
open places in the higher parts of the Siskiyou and Sierra Nevada Mountains.

* * Peduncles erect in fruit: seeds meniscoidal, acute-margined.

C. multiflora. Scurfy-puberulent: stem erect, with rather numerous
ascending or spreading branches, 6-12 inches high: lower leaves obovate
to epatulate, petioled; those of the middle of the stem and branches linear-
oblong, sessile, 12-18 lines Jong; the uppermost’ ones reduced to small
linear-lanceolate or almost filiform bracts: flowers only in the upper axils,
very numerous, in dense whorls: peduncles filiform, 4-10 lines long, erect
in frnit: calyx-lobes triangular subulate, very acute, about 2 lines Jong,
nearly thrice as long as the campanulate tube: corolla about 6 lines long,
the throat saccate at base, light blue; the lips blueand white. In damp
places, Willamette Valley, Oregon.

C. pusilla. C grandiflora var. pusilla Gray. Stem 2-6 inches high,
sparingly branched below: lower leaves orbicular to obovate or spatulate,
petioled, entire or coarsely toothed; upper ones oblong, 6-12 lines long,
sessile : flowers numerous, in t"e upper axils only; peduncles 4-6 lines long :
calyx-lobes acuminate-triangular, longer than the tube: corolla 3-4 lines
long, blue and violet, the throat saccate and as broad as long. In open
places, Brit. Columbia to California, west of the Cascade Mountains.

C. sparsiflora F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petrop. ii, 33, 1835. Glabrous
throughout: stem slender, simple or sparingly branched from the base, 4-10
inches high : lower leaves orbicular to oblong, petioled ; upper ones oblon
to lanceolate, sessile, 4-8 lines long, all opposite and more or less toothe
or entire: peduncles usually solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves, 6-12
lines long, erect in fruit: calyx-lobes linear, acute, slightly unequal, longer
than the capsule: corolla 4-6 lines long, violet, the saccate throat very
oblique but not transverse; lower lip but little if any longer than the aa
per: filaments hirsute below: gland sessile, élongated-subulate: seeds
acute-margined or narrowly winged. In moist or wet rocky places, Ore-
gon to California’

C. glandulosa. Glandular-puberulent above; somewhat cinereous be-
low: stem stoutish, erect, sparingly branched above, 6-10 inches high:
lowest pair of leaves spatulate, 6-8 lines long, short-petioled ; upper ones

COLLINSIA SCROPHULARIACEE 507
TONELLA

linear or narrower, 1-2.inches long, coarsely toothed or subpinnatifid to
entire, only the uppermost in whorls of 3-4: peduncles 6-8 lines long, erect,
usually solitary: calyx about 3 lines long, cleft to the middle; the lobes
triangular, obtusish: corolla 4-5 lines long, violet; the lips about 2 lines
long: capsule ovoid, hardly: as long as the calyx: seeds narrowly winged.
In wet places about Cold Camp, eastern Oregon.

C. Rattani Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 50. Somewhat cinereous with
a very minute pubescence below, glandular above: stem slender, strictly
erect, 6-18 inches high, sparingly branched above: lower ledves spatulate,
the blade 4-6 lines long, slender-petioled ; upper ones linear to almost fili-
form, sessile -by a broad base, entire, opposite or in whorls of 8-6, 1-2 inches
long : pedicels about 6 lines long, erect, solitary or 3-6 in the upper whorls;
calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate rather obtuse, about as long as the tube:
corolla 3-4 lines long, violet and white, but little declined; the lips only a
line or two long, the upper one with a double callosity: gland subulate;
ovules only 2in each cell: capsule globular, equailing the calyx; seeds
meniscoidal, slightly wing-margined. On dry open hillsides, Washington
to California.

C. linearis Gray 1, c. .Minutely puberulent : stem slender, 6-12 inches
high, paniculately branched above: leaves all linear, 1-3 inches long, those
of the inflorescence reduced to filiform bracts; all entire or the lowest ones
obscurely dentate: pedicels slender, erect, 4-6 lines long: calyx less than
3 lines long, cleft to below the middle, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute :
corolla much declined, gibbous-saccate, 6-8 lines loug, the light blue and
white ne longer than the tube and throat; upper lip with a 2-lobed callus:
gland filiform-subulate: ovules 3 in each cell: seeds very slightly margined.
In dry open places, southern Oregon to California.

5 TONELLA Nutt. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 378.

Small annual herbs with opposite leaves andsmall flowers on
filiform axillary naked peduncles. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed,
persistent. Corolla little declined, obscurely bilabiate, the 5 more
or less.unequal lobes somewhat rotately spreading, the lower not
enclosing the soon ascending stamens: the tube slightly gibbous
posteriorly. Filaments filiform the lower pair inserted on -the
corolla-tube. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. Capsule sub-
globose, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds ovate, convex on the back;
the ventral face concave.

T... collinsioides Nutt. Mss. 7. tenella Benth. in DC, Prodr. x, 293.
Nearly glabrous: stem weak and filiform, diffusely branched from thé base,
6-12 inches long: lower leaves round or reniform in outline more or less
deeply 3-5-lobed or trifoliolate, on slender petioles longer than the blade,
the others short-petioled or sessile, ovate to lanceolaté, coarsely toothed
to entire, many of them 3-parted or else quite divided into oblong or lan-
ceolate divisions or leaflets; the uppermost in whorls of three, simple and
shorter than the long filiform pedicles: corolla blue, a line long, its 5 lobes
of equal length’, the lower one transversly oval or roundish very much
larger than the oblong lateral and upper ones and separated from them by
deeper sinuses: ovules solitary in the cells: capsule globose, longer than
the calyx. Common in shady places, Brit. Columbia to California. ©

_ T. floribunda Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 878. Glabrous{through-
out: stem stout erect, 3-20 inches high, paniculately branched : lower leaves
ovate mostly simple, on slender petioles ; most of the cauline 3-5-foliolate,
the leaflets lanceolate to linear, 1-2 inches long : whorls numerous, in loose
elongated racemes each of 3-10 flowers: calyx 2 lines long its subulate

808 SCROPHULARIACEE SCROPHULARIA
CHELONE

lobes longer than the tube, acute, minutely serrulate: corolla rotate, 3-4
lines broad, much exceeding the calyx, blue and white, the three lobes of:
the lower lip obovate and nearly alike, smaller than those of the 2-cleft
upper lip: ovules and seeds 8 or 4in each cell. In copses, eastern Wash-
ington to Idaho and Oregon.

6 SCROPHULARIA Tourn. L. Sp. 619.

Coarse perennial herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with most-
ly opposite leaves and small purple, greenish or yellow flowers in
terminal panicled cymes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the lobes
mostly obtuse, imbricated in the bud. Corolla irregular, the
tube globose to oblong, not gibbous nor spurred at the base ; the.
limb 5-lobed, four of them erect, the fifth or anterior one shortest
and reflexed or spreading: the upper pair largest and external in
the bud. Anthers 5, four of them antheriferous and declined,
mostly included: cells of the anthers confluent at the apex into
one :\the fifth stamen reduced to a scale on the upper side, of the
corolla-tube. Style filiform, with capitate or truncate stigma.
Capsule ovoid septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose,
not winged.

8. Californica Cham. Linn. ii, 585. Minutely puberulent and the
inflorescence glandular: stems stout, 2-4 feet high simple: leaves obloug-
ovate with truncate or cordate base and acute or acuminate apex, or the
upper narrowly deltoid, coarsely doubly serrate, or sometimes laciniate-
incised, 2-4 inches long, the lower ones smaller and sometimes with a pair
of detached lobelets near the summit of the petiole: thyrsus very loose and
often few-flowered, mainly naked : pedicels slender, 8-20 lines long: calyx
cleft nearly to the base, the ovate lobes 1-2 lines long, corolla greenish-
purple, its ovoid tube 3-4 lines long, the limb short: rudiment of the fifth
stamen spatulate or cuneiform either roundish or acutish at base: capsule
ovoid 3-4 lines in diameter. Moist grounds. Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon
to California and Nevada

S. occidentalis Bicknell Bull. Torr. Bot Club xxiii, 315. S. nodosa
var. occidentalis Rydb. More or less soft-pubescent and glandular: stems
stout, 3-5 feet high: leaves ovate or slightly cordate at base, acute or acu-
minate, 2-8 inches long, doubly and sharply serrate or incised, often with
fascicles of smaller leaves in their axils: thyrsus with short branches:
flowers numerous: calyx-segments rounded-elliptical, obtuse, slightly mar-
gined: sterile filament very broad, reniform, stipitate. In alluvial soil,
Oregon and Washington to Dakota.

S. Marylandica L. Sp. 619 ?. Glabrous below, somewhat glandular-
puberulent above: stems slender, erect, 3-10 feet high, usually with widely
spreading branches: leaves membranaceous, slender-petioled, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, narrowed trun-
cate or subcordate at base, 3-12 inches long: flowers greenish-purple, 3-4
lines long, very numerous in the nearly leafless thyrsus: pedicels slender,
ascending, 4-12 lines long: calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about the
length of the tube: corolla green and dull outside, brownish-purple and
shining within, little contracted at the throat, the 2 lateral lobes slightly
spreading; the upper lip erect, its lobes short and rounded: sterile filament
dull purple: capsule subglobose witha slender tip. In woods and thickets,
Oregon and Washington to the Eastern States.

7 CHELONE L. Sp. 611. (1753.)
Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and large white red ot

OHELONE SCROPHULARIACEX 509
PENTSTEMON

purple flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes or thyrsoid
panicles. Calyx 5-parted, bracted at the base, the segments ovate
or lanceolate. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged
above, the limb bilabiate : upper lip concave, emarginate or entire,
exterior in the bud: lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 5,
included, 4 of them antheriferous, didynamous, the fifth sterile
and smaller: filaments slender: anthers cordate, woolly. _ Style
filiform: stigma small, capitate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally de-
hiscent. Seeds numerous, compressed, winged.

C. nemorosa Dougl. Lindl Bot. Reg. t. 1211. Glabrous except the
inflorescence which is glandular-pubescent: stems 1-4 feet high, usually
simple: leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, irregularly serrate,
acute or acuminate, often subcordate, on very short petioles: flowers pedi-
celled, in a loose terminal panicle: bracts and sepals pubescent, lanceolate,
acuminate, the latter 3~4 lines long: no bractlets under the calyx: corolla
violet-purple, 12-16 lines long, with wide open mouth, very short 2-cleft
and not at all fornicate upper lip and 3-lobed spreading lower one, the
lobes broad and rounded, the ample throat glabrous: antheriferous fila-
ments glabrous, the sterile one slender-subulate and bearded on the upper
side near the apex: anthers densely woolly: capsule ovoid, half inch long
; os Poe On rocky banks along mountain streams, Brit. Columbia to

alirornia.

8 PENTSTEMON Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. iii, 511. (1789.)

Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and purple, blue white,
red or yellow flowers in terminal thyrses panicles or racemes.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, with
ample throat, not gibbous anteriorly, and bilabiate limb: the
upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower one 3-lobed. Stamens 5, not exsert-
ed, 4 of them antheriferous and didynamous, the other sterile and
as long as or shorter than the others. Anther-cells either united
or confluent at the apex. Style filiform, with small entire stigma.
Seeds numerous, angled but not winged. :

§ 1 Evurentstemon Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 57.. Anther-
cells soon divaricate or divergent, united and often confluent at
the apex, dehiscent for nearly or quite their whole length,

* Low and suffruticose with coriaceous leaves: anthers densely
woolly with long soft hairs, at length peltately explanate.

P. Lewisii Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 321. (1846.) P. Menziesii Gray
in part, Gerardia fruticosa Pursh. Fl. 423 (1814.) Glabrous or more or
less cinereous: a tufted shrub 1-2 feet high with lateral leafy branches, the
central ones bearing peduncled racemes: leaves thick, ovate or obovate to
oblong, 6-12 lines long, serrate, the lower short-petioled: inflorescence ra-
cemes; the peduncles almost all 1-flowered: sepals lanceolate, often ucu-
minate: corolla lilac-purple, an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and
moderately bilabiate: stamens rather deeply included: sterile filament
long and glabrous. -Arid mountain tops, eastern Washington to Brit.
Columbia and Montana.

P. Menziesii Hook. FI. ii, 98. Glabrous or more or less pubescent:
a low densely matted prostrate shrub with lateral leafy branches, part of
which bear erect flowering shoots 2-6 inches high : leaves thick, 3-10 lines

510 SCROPHULARIACEA PENTSTEMON

long, obovate, more or less dentate, most of them petioled: flowering stems
1-6 inches long, bearing several pairs of orbicular or oblong leaf-like bracts:
pedicels slender: sepals lanceolate, acute, about 4 lines long: corolla purple,
tubular-funnelform, an inch or more long, moderately bilahiate; the lower
lip bearded within: stamens included: sterile filament densely bearded.
On rocks and volcanic sands, Brit, Columbia to California.

P. Davidsonii Greene Pitt. ii, 241 A low semiherbaceous under-
shrub, the proper stems horizontal and rooting at the joints, usually intri-
cately branched: flowerinng, and ascending sterile stems 1-3 inches long,
very leafy: leaves fleshy, from oblong or obovate to orbicular, entire, 3-6
lines long, short-petioled, glabrous both sides; peduncles leafy-bracted,
‘glandular-hairy, 1-4-flowered: sepals ovate to lanceolate, often acuminate,
3-4 lines long: corolla an inch long, lilac-purple, ventricose from the tips
of the sepals, the lobes rather short and not very unequal; the lower lip
woolly within : sterile filament less than half as long as the others, strongly
bearded at and near the apex. On the highest peaks of the Cascade and
and Sierra Nevada Mountains.

P. Lyallii Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 440. Puberulent or nearly glabrous
up to the racemiform inflorescence: flowering stems 2 feet high, herbace-
ous (tbe base unknown): leaves elongated-linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-5
inches long, 2-4 lines wide, sparingly serrulate: .sepals linear-lanceolate
and attenuate-ac uminate: corolla purple, inch anda half long: sterile
filament glabrous. On cliffs of Lake Pend d’Oreille Idaho to Montana and
Brit. Columbia.

P. rupicola. P. Newberryi var. rupicola Piper Bull. Torr. Club xzvii,
397.: A much branched densely cespitose decumbent shrub, 3-4 inches
high: pilose-puberulent below, the inflorescence glandular-viscid : leaves
ovate or.orbicular, more or less dentate, glaucous with a persistent bloom,
thick, not turning black in drying, 3-5 lines long: flowers 3-6, in a rather
close corymb: sepals ovate, acute, ciliate-glandular, about 3 lines long:
corolla about inch and a half long, bright rose-crimson, naked in the throat,
decidedly ventricose, somewhat bilabiate. the lobes oblong, obtuse: sterile
filament short and glabrous. Dry cliffs, Mount Rainier Washington.

P. Douglasii Hook. Fl. ii, 98. Stems wogdy and much branched at
base, 4-8 inches long, leaves ovate-lanceolajé or ovate-oblong, 6-18 lines
long, entire: inflorescence glandular-pubescent, racemose, the pedicels al-
most all 1-flowered, usually 1-2-bracteolate: sepals ovate-lanceolate, atten-
uate-acuminate: corolla lilac-purple with pink base. an inch or more long,
tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate: sterile filament short and
slender. On rocks, interior of Oregon and Washington.

P. Scouleri Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1377, Stems woody and much
branched at base, 6-12 inches long: leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
acute, 1-3 inches long, sparingly and acutely serrulate: inflorescence
viscid-pubescent, racemose, the pedicels almost always all 1-flowered : sepals
ovate-lanceolate or narrower, attenuate-acuminate, corolla one and a half
inches long, violet-purple, tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate:
sterile filament short and slender. On rocks and mountain tops, interior
of Oregon and Washington.

P. Cardwellii. Glabrous throughout or the inflorescence minutely
uberulent: stems woody at base, declined or ascending, 6-10 inches long:
eaves thick, not shining, lanceolate to ovate, 6-12 lines long, incisely ser-

rate, all narrowed at base: peduncles mostly 1-flowered and 2-bracteolate:
sepals narrow-lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, longer than the tube of the corolla,
obtuse: corolla purple, 1-14¢ inches long, tubular-funnelform, with short
tube, ample throat and moderately bilabiate limb; the throat woolly with-
in on the lower side; upper lip of 2 rounded lobes,. the lower of 3 oblong

PENTSTEMON SCROPHULARIACEZ 611

ones, the middle one longest: sterile filament short and slender, sparingly
bearded. On dry gravelly plains in the Cascade Mountains near the base
of Mount Hood Oregon.

P. Adamsianus. Glabrous except the inflorescence: stems shrubby
and much branched at base, 4-10 inches high, the numerous short branch-
es densely leafy: leaves thick, dark green, very smooth and shining, oblong
or lanceolate to obovate, 6-18 lines long, entire or sparsely and sharply
serrate above the middle, attenuate below to a short and broad petiole, or
those of the flowering stems sessile: inflorescence racemose, glandular with
small stipitate glands: peduncles mostly 1-flowered, 2-6 lines long: sepals
broadly ovate, acuminate, about 2 lines long: corolla less than an inch
long, dark purple, tubular-funnelform, with broad tube longer than the
calyx, ample throat nearly as broad as long, and strongly bilabiate limb,
the lower lip woolly at base: sterile filament shorter than the others,
bearded ou the upper side nearly its whole length. On dry ridges of Mount
Adams Washington. : :

P. Barrette Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 440. Glabrous throughout. and
very glaucous: stems stout and shrubby, about a foot high densely branch -
ed below: leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate, 1-3 inches long very thick
and leathery flowering branches or peduncles short, leafy up to the inflor-
escence: peduncles short,often 2-flowered: sepals oblong,more or less abrup-
tly acuminate, 2 lines long,scarious-coriaceous : corolla lilac; purple, 144 inc-
hes long, tubular-funnelform, with broad tube longer than the calyx, com-
paratively narrow throat and strongly bilabiate limb, woolly on the lower
side within : sterile filament as long ag the others, not bearded. On a bare
rocky ridge above Hood River Oregon. ©

* * Herbs with simple stems and closely sessile mostly very glab-
rous entire cauline leaves: inflorescence never glandular-pubescent or
viscid : flowers showy: corolla blue or violet, ventricose-ampliate above :
the lobes of the moderately or slightly bilabiate roundish ‘and equally
‘spreading: anthers with the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells
dehiscent from the base nearly or quite to but not confluently through
the apex, not peltately explanate after dehiscence, either glabrous,
pilose or long-pilose.

P. glaber Pursh Fl. 728. Glabrous and glaucous or glaucescent:
stem stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves obovate to spatulate, narrowed below into
petioles, including the petiole 2-4 inches long; upper ones lanceolate to
oblong or linear: thyrsus narrow, more or less secund, densely many-flow-
ered; peduncles and pedicels short, commonly very short: sepals from
orbicular-ovate and merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate
from a broad base, commonly with erose edges; corolla 1-114 inches long,
bright blue to violet-purple, rather abruptly expanded above the calyx:
anthers from glabrous to sparsely hirsute, the cells dehiscent to or very
near the apex: sterile filament shorter than the others and more or less
pevraee: On dry ridges, eastern Washington to California, S. Dakota and

rizona.

** * Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at base, with simple stems
and mostly sessile cauline leaves: anthers glabrous, dehiscent from
base to apex and through the junction of the 2 cells, open after dehis-
cence commonly completely 1-celled.

P. Dayanus. Glabrous below, pubescent above: stems rather slender,
6-18 inches high: lower leaves obovate to lanceolate or linear, laciniately
toothed or entire, narrowed below to slender petioles as long or longer than
the blades, including the petioles 2-4 inches long; cauline linear-lanceolate
to linear, gradually reduced upward to emall bracts, all but the lowermost
cessile and more or less clasping by a broad base, lanceolate o: broader,

512 SCROPHULARIACEA PENTSTEMON

mostly entire: thyrsus interrupted, leafy below, the clusters several-flower-
ed: peduncles and pedicels short: sepals lanceolate, gradually acuminate,
very acute, about 3 lines long, conspicuously ciliate: corolla blue or purple.
8-10 lines long, funnelform, with a broad tube longer than the calyx, and
abruptly enlarged throat, the lower lip bearded at base: sterile filament as
long as the others, bearded with yellowish hairs. Hillsides and plains,
Muddy Station, John Day Valley Oregon.

P. acuminatus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1285. Glabrous and more
or less glaucous: stems stout, 6- 20 inches high: leaves coriaceous, some-
what cartilaginous-margined, entire; radical and lowest cauline obovate
or oblong, petioled; middle cauline lanceolate, 2-3 inches long; those sub-
tending the flowers long-acuminate from a broadly ovate cordate-clasping
base: thyrsus strict, leafy below, the clusters several-flowered: peduncles
and pedicels mostly very short: sepals ovate and acute to lanceolate and
acuminate, 3-5 lines long: corolla lilac or violet, 8-10 lines long, funnelform,
the throat very gradually enlarged from the broad tube: sterile filament
usually bearded at the enlarged apex: capsule firm-coriaceons, acute, lon-
ger than the calyx. Sandy plains, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon, Ne-
vada, Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. d

P. miser Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 441. Pruinose-pubescent and the in-
floreszence glandular-viscid but not villous: stems 10-18 inches high: radi-
cal leaves spatulate or obovate; cauline lanceolate, an inch or less long:
sepals lanceolate, merely acute: corolla violet or bluish, only half inch long,
rather tubular than funnelform, the throat little dilated: spreading lobes
short; base of the lower lip moderately villous ; sterile filament with dilated
and curved tip hardly projecting from the throat densely yellow-bearded
down one side. Along the Malheur river eastern Oregon.

P. pruinosus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1280. Pruinose-pubescent:
stems about a foot high: leaves from ovate to oblong, glaucescent, an inch
or two long; the radical and lowest cauline and also uppermost cauline
commonly entire; the others acutely and rigidly dentate or denticulate:
thyrsus virgate, interrupted: peduncles and pedicels short, these and.the-.
lanceolate attenuate-acuminate sepals viscidiy villous: lower lip of the
deep blue corolla slightly hairy within. Interior of Oregon and Washing-
ton. Little known. :

P. ovatus Dougl, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2903, puberulent or pubescent:
stems stout, 2-4 feet high: leaves ovate, the radical and lowest cauline
slender-petioled, the others sessile, all with more or less cordate base and
coarsely toothed, the blade 2-4 inches long, bright green: thyrsus panicu- |
late, the lower peduncles often longer than the austere pedicels short,
glandular: sepals ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about 2 lines
long, more or less glandular: corolla bright blue, 8-10 lines long, tubular-
funnelform, minutely hairy outside, moderately bilabiate, the lower lip
bearded at the base: sterile filament as long as the others and bearded at
the apex: capsule ovoid, acuminate, longer than the calyx, On the banks
of the Willamette river near Portland Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho.

P. Whitedii Piper Bot. Gaz. xxi 490. puberulent below and glandu-
lar pubescent above: stems several from a lignescent base 8-12inches high:
radical leaves glabrous or sparingly puberulent, narrowly spatulate-lanceo-
late, acute. saliently dentate with large obtuse teeth, or rarely entire or
nearly 80, 2-4 inches long: cauline about 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute,
entire or sparingly dentate, clasping at base: thyrsus virgate, interrupted:
Hace and pedicels short: sepals broadly lanceolate, acute, 3-4 lines
ong: corolla bright blue, bilabiate 7-10 lines long, glandular-pubescent out-
side, the lobes puberulent within, throat sparsely bearded: sterile filament
bearded on one side nearly its whole length with yellow hairs. On rocky
soil, near Wenatche, eastern Washington.

FENTSTEMON SCROPHULARIACEA 513

P. attenuatus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1295. Stems strict, 1-2 feet
high; the summit and inflorescence pubescent and viscid: lower leaves
narrowly oblong or ovate to lanceolate, the blade 6-18 lines long, on peti-
oles as long or longer; the upper linear to ovate-lanceolate, sessile: thyrsus
spiciform, interrupted, the peduncles and pedicels short: sepals ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-3 lines long, narrowly scarious-
margined:: corolla narrowly funnelform, 8-11 lines long, blue, ochroleucous
a pallens sterile filament bearded at the apex. Interior of Oregon to

aho. :

P. confertus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1260. Glabrous throughout
or the inflorescence sometimes pubescent or puberulent: stems slender,
6-20 inches high: lower leaves narrow-lanceolate, attenuate below to nar-
row petioles, including the petiole 1-2 inches long, mostly entire; the
middle cauline largest, lanceolate, sessile by a broad base: thyrsus: spici-
form, interrupted, of 2-5 verticilastriform dense .many-flowered clusters:
pedicels very short: sepals from oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, acute
or acuminate, with broad scarious margins commonly erose or lacerate:
coro!la very narrow, 4-6 lines long, yellow, lower lip conspicuously bearded
within: sterile filament shorter than.the others, dilated at the summit:
capsule acuminate-ovoid, longer than the calyx. Prairies of eastern
Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

Var. globosus Piper Bull. Torr. Club xxvii, 397. Inflorescence a
dense head-like panicle of many short-pedicelled flowers, rarely with a
second verticillate cluster below: corolla intense blue, nearly an inch long.
Wallowa Mountains, eastern Oregon.

P. procerus Dougl. ex Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1829. P.
confertus var. ceruleo-purpureus Gray. Glabrous throughout: stems slen-
der, 2-12 inches high: leaves lanceolate, the lower ones petioled, 1-2 inches
long, those of the middle of the stem largest, all usually entire: flowers in
about 2 dense verticillate clusters: sepals oblong or spatulate, with broad
scarious erose margins, abruptly acuminate or 3-toothed at the apex, about
2lines long: corolla bright blue and violet, about 8 lines long, tubular-
funsielform, the lower lip bearded within: sterile filament as long’as the
others and bearded at the apex. On high mountains and plains, Brit.
Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. ‘

P.: pulchellus Greene Pitt. iii, 310. Green and glabrous throughout :
flowefirig. stems slender, from a much branched woody base with namef-
ous short sterile branches, 2-6 inches high: leaves coriaceous, entire, the
lowest from ovate to oblanceolate, 6-12 lines long including the slender
petiole; those of the stem 2-3 pairs, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sessile:
thyrsus short and interrupted : flowers numerous, on very short pedice,s:
sepals obovate, abruptly acute, with ‘scarious more or less erose margins:
corolla ‘bright blue to purple, about 6 lines long, with narrow throat and
abruptly spreading limb, the throat sparsely hairy inside. On alpine
summits of the Cascade and Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington.

P. paniculatus. Glabrous throughout: stems stout, very numerous,
shrubby below, forming loose bushy clumps, 1-2 feet high: leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire or sparsely dentate, all nearly alike, 1-2 inches long,
2-6 lines wide, only the uppermost ones sessile: flowers very numerous,
in open thyrsoid leafy panicles: pedicels short: sepals ovate or oblong to
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with narrow scarious margins, 3-4 lines
long : corolla ochroleucous, 5-6 lines long, tubular, the limb scarcely spread-
ing, puberulent outside, the lower lip bearded within: sterile filament
longer than the others, bearded at the.apex. On the high ridge between
the Klickitat Valley and the Columbia river, opposite The Dalles Oregon.

P, humilis Nutt. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 69. Minutely puberulent

514 SCROPHULARIACEA PENTSTEMON

below, the inflorescence more or less viscid-pubescent: stems numerous
from the woody base, 3-10 inches high, very leafy: leaves about an inch
long, the lower ones spatulate or oblanceolate, short-petioled, somewhat
glaucescent, the upper ones oblong or linear-oblong, sessile and some-
what clasping, all entire or sometimes somewhat serrulate: thyrsus strict
and virgate, 2-4 inches long: peduncles short 1-5-flowered: sepals, ovate
or lanceolate and acuminate lax, about 3 lines long: corolla deep blue or
partly white, 6-8 lines long, tubular-funnelform, bilabiate, the lower lip
somewhat hairy within: sterile filament bearded with yellow hairs: On
Dry ridges, eastern Oregon toNevada and the Rocky Mountains.

P. stenosepalus. P. glaucus var. stenosepalus Gray. Glabrous or
more or less rough-pubescent below, the inflorscence villous-pubescent
and viscid: stems 1 to 2 feet high: lower leaves ovate or oblanceolate to
linear spatulate, mostly dentate, including the petiole 1-4 inches long:
upper ones lanceolate with broad clasping base: thyrsus small and glomer-
ate: sepals attenuate-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long: corolla dull whitish
to lurid purple or blue, 10-12 lines long, campanulate-ventricose above the
very short proper tube, the mouth widely spreading, the broad lower lip
sparsely bearded within: sterile filament bearded near the apex. Plains of
eastern Oregon to Nevada and the Rocky Mountains.

P. Rattani Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 441. Glabrous: stems 1-3 feet high:
leaves membranaceous, broadly lanceolate, 3-8 inches long finely dentate,
radical and lowest cauline attenuate at base into margined petioles, the
others half clasping by subcordate base : inflorescence glandular-pubescent,
cymes from the lower axils long-peduncled, upper short-peduncled or sub-
sessile: pedicels short or hardly any: sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
soft-membranaceous, loose, 4 lines long: corolla pale purple, an inch long,
funnelform, with short tube and campanulate throat, distinctly bilabiate,
lower lip villous-bearded within: sterile filament at length exserted; beard-
ed at.the apex. In open forest, Siskiyou mountains of Oregon and Cali-
fornia: also reported from Idaho.

Var. minor Gray |. c. slender, with oblong leaves only an inch or
two long, obscurely denticulate: thyrsus simple: flowers one-half smaller:
sepals attenuate: corolla 6-7 lines long. With the type.

P. deustus Dougl. Lindl. Bot, Reg. t. 1318, Completely glabrous,
the calyx at most glandular: stems slender,. 1-2 feet high, numerous from
a woody base, strict: leaves thickish, from ovate to oblong-linear or lanceo-
late, 1-2 inches long, regularly and rigidly dentate or acutely serrate or
some of them entire; the upper cauline closely sessile: thyrsus virgate or
more paniculate, mostly many-flowered : pedicels short: sepals from ovate
to lanceolate or subulate, nearly marginless, acute, 2-3 lines long: corolla
ocbroleucous or dull white, sometimes partly blue, minutely pubescent,
4-8 lines long, either narrowly or rather broadly funnelform, the short
lobes widely spreading: sterile filament glabrous, or rarely exserted and
sparsely bearded. On gravelly banks in the dry interior region, Brit. Co-
lumbia to California, Nevada and Montana. |

Y. Gairdneri Hook. Fl. ii, 99. Cinereous-puberulent: stems rigid,
2-10 inches high, tufted on the stout shrubby base: leaves linear or the
lower more or less spatulate, 6-12 lines long, all usually sessile, the upper
ones mostly alternate: thyrsus short : peduncles short and mostly alternate,
usually 1-flowered: sepals oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
3-4 lines long: corolla 6-10 lines long, dark blue or purple, narrow funnel-
form, sterile filament bearded on one side. On high rocky ridges eastern
Washington and Oregon to Nevada.

Var. hians Piper Bull. Torr. Club xxvii, 396, Sepals larger: corolla
larger and more spreading. Northwestern Washington.

PENTSTEMON SCROPHULARIACEE 515

P. Oreganus. P. Gairdneri var. Oreganus Gray. Cinereous-puber-
ulent and the inflorescence glandular: stems numerous from a much
branched woody base, very slender, 4-8 inches high: leaves linear or the
lowest ones linear-spatulate, about an inch long by a line or less wide, all
opposite: thyrsus very narrow and loose; the peduncles mostly 1-flowered :
sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, about 2 lines long: corolla tubular or but
little funnelform, 8-10 lines long, obscurely bilabiate and the lips but little
spreading:. sterile filament bearded on the upper side. On dry ridges,
southeastern Oregon.

P. laricifolius H. & A. Bot. Beech. 376. Glabrous: stems tufted, 2-5
inches high: lignescent caudex not rising above the soil: leaves very slen-
der, when dry filiform, the larger a fourth of a line wide, and with the
margins revolute, an inch or less long, much crowded in subradical tufts
and scattered on the filiform flowering stems: flowers few, loosely racemose,
slender-pedicelled: sepals ovate-lanceolate: corolla tubular-funnelform,
6 lines long, the small purple limb obscprely bilabiate: sterile filament
bearded on the upper side. Interior of Oregon to Wyoming.

§ 2 SaccantHERA Benth. Bot. Mag. t. 3391. Herbaceous
perennials, some woolly at base, mostly with ample and showy flow-
ers. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped: the cells confluent at
the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends
down both sides only to the middle: the base remaining closed and
saccate : sometimes hirsute never lanate.

P. glandulosus Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1262. Soft-pubescent and viscid:
stems rather stout 2-3 feet high: leaves broad and thinnish, the lower
ones from ovate to oblong, 6-8 inches long, dentate: upper ones from ovate-
lanceolate and acuminate, to cordate-clasping, usually denticulate: thyrsus
contracted and interrupted, leafy below : cymes short-pedunculate, few-sev-
eral flowered : sepals attenuate-lanceolate, lax, 6-8 lines long: corolla 1-14
inches long, with funnelform inflatei throat and broad spreading lips:
pei filament glabrous. On moist prairies eastern Oregon to Washington
and Idaho. at

P. venustus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1309. Very glabrous: stems
rather strict and simple, 1-2 feet high, leafy: leaves thickish in texture,
oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, closely and subulately
serrate, about 2 inches long: thyrsus naked, mostly narrow: peduncles
1-3-flowered : sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, only a line or 2 long, much
shorter than the narrow proper tube of the corolla: upper part of the fer-
tile filaments and of the sterile one (as also usually anthers and lobes of
the corolla within), sparingly pilose. Eastern Oregon to Idaho.

P. diffasus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1132. Glabrous or merely pu-
berulent: stems numerous, diffuse, 10-18 inches high: leaves thin, from
oyate to oblong- lanceolate or the upper subcordate, sharply and unequally,
sometimes laciniately, serrate, J-4 inches long: thyrsus commonly inter-
rupted and leafy : pedicels mostly shorter than the ovate or lanceolate and
acuminate, sometimes laciniate-toothed sepals: corolla 8-12 lines long,
violet, funnelform, the lips widely spreading: anthers and inside of corolla
glabrous: sterile filament more or less hairy above. On wooded rocky
banks of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

P. Richardsoni Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1121. Glabrous through-
out: stems very diffuee or decumbent; 6-18 inches long, simple or panicu-
lately branched above: leaves from ovate to narrowly lanceolate in outline,
and irom entire or incisely toothed to laciniate-pinnatifid, 1-3 inches long,
often alternate: thyrsus loosely panicled, the peduncles 2-flowered : sepals
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 2 lines long: corolla bright red to

516 SCROPHULARIACE PENTSTEMON

purple, an inch long, iunnelform, with rather long tube and ample throat:
stamens and inside of corolla glabrous, the sterile filament sometimes
bearded at the apex: capsule ovoid, about twice as long as the calyx. On
cliffs and rocky banks, Oregon and Washington.

P. triphyllus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1245. Stems slender about
a foot high, usually simple: cauline leaves lanceolate or linear, an inch or
more long, rigid, from denticulate to irregularly pinnatifid-laciniate: the up-
per sometimes ternately verticillate, sometimes alternate: thyrsus narrow,
loosely paniculate: sepals lanceolate, acuminate: corolla comparatively small
and narrow, 6-9 lines long: ‘sterile filament densely bearded at the apex.
Rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. |

P. gracilentus Gray Pac. R. Rep. vi, 83. Glabrous: stems slender,
from a lignescent base, a foot or more high, r aher few-leaved, naked above,
terminating in loose and rather simple paniculate thyrsus: leaves glabrous
and green, entire, lanceolate or the upper linear and the lower sometimes
oblong, all narrowed at base:. peduncles viscid-puberulent, 2-5-flowered,
the lower elongated: pedicels short: corolla blue or violet, halfinch long,
slender-funnelform, moderately bilabiate, its lobes only 2 lines long, mode-
rately spreading: sterile filament slightly bearded. Mountains of southern
Oregon and adjacent California.

P. Rezii Regel Act. Hort. Petrop, ii, 326. Smpoth below, the inflor-
escence more or less pubescent and glandular : stems 10-18 inches high from
a woody base: leaves all lanceolate or linear, or the lower oblanceolate, en-
tire, 1-3 inches long; thyrsus either narrow, or more diffuse-and paniculate
with divergent branches: sepals ovate to lanceolate, about 2 lines long: corolla
blue, 8-10 lines long, funnelform, with rather long tube and campanulate
throat, sterile filament glabrous. On gravelly banks. of streams, southern
Oregon and northern California,

P. Cusickii Gray Proc, Am, Acad. xvi, 106. Pale and very minutely
pruinose-puberulent: stems a foot or less high, many from a barely lignescent
candex, strict, equably leafy up to the racemiform loose thyrsus: leaves very .
narrowly linear, an inch or two long by a line or more wide, or some of the
lower broader and spatulate: peduncles 1-2-flowered: sepals ovate. acuminate,
glabrous, not glandular: corolla barely 9 lines long, bright blue with purple
tube, a moderately enlarged throat and short lobes: sterile filament spatulate-
dilated at the very tip: very glabrdus. Un thé slopes of Eagle Creek Moun-
tains, northeastern Oregen.

P. Kingii Watson Bot, Kiig 223 Pruinose or glandular-pubescent, at
least below, stems numerous from a shrubby base, ascending, 4-8 inches
high: leaves oblanceolate, mostly acute, entire, sessile with a narrowed base.
the lowermost. somewhat spatulate and short-petioled, 1-2 inches long by 2-4
lines wide: thyrsus secund, short and rather leafy at base: peduncles 1-4-flow-
ered: sepals ovate or oblong-lanceolate, more or less acuminate: corolla 8
lines long, purple, dilated upward, somewhat bilabiate: sterile filament
flattened toward the apex, glabrous. In the mountains of eastern Oregon
to Nevada.

P. azureus Benth. Pl. Hartw. 327. Glabrous and glaucous, rarely
pruinose-puberulent: stems erect or ascending from a woody base, 1-3 feet
high: leaves from narrowly- to ovate-lanceolate or even broader, the upper
ones wider at base, the lowest more or less petioled,. 1-2 inches long: thyrsus
virgate, loose, usually elongated: sepals ovate or oblong, scarious-margined,
with or without a conspicuous acumination, about 2 lines long: corolla 1-1%
inches long, azure-blue verging or changing to violet, the base sometimes red.
disk, broadly funnelform, the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter:

PENTSTEMOM SCROPHULARIACEA 517
CHIONOPHILA
sterile filament glabrous. In open places in the Siskiyou Mountains of
Oregon and California,

P. heterophyllus Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1899. Glabrous or pruinose-
puberulent, scarcely glaucous: stems 1-2 feet high from a wuody base, slen-
der, often diffusely branched: leaves lanceolate or linear or only the lowest
oblong-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base, 1-4 inches long: corolla an inch
or sometimes more long, with narrow tube rose-purple or pink, sometimes
changing to violet, sterile filament glabrous. On rocky tops of the Siskiyou
Mountains in Oregon to Nevada.

9° CHIONOPHILA Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 351.

Dwarf perennial herbs with thickish opposite leaves and tubular
flowers in simple spikes or racemes. Calyx funnelform, thin-me-
branaceous, becoming scarious, merely and obtusely 5-loted. Co-
rolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat and bilabiate limb: up-
per lip erect and slightly concave, barely 2-lobed, the sides some-
what recurved ; lower with convex densely bearded base forming
a palate, and 3-lobed, the short lobes, recurving. Antheriferous
stamens 4, didynamous: anther-cells divaricate and confluent. Ste-
rile filament small and short or even minute, naked. Style filiform :
stigma minute entire. Capsule oblong enclosed in the marcescent
calyx and corolla, loculicidally 2-valved the valves soon 2-parted:
placental dissepiment flat. Seeds rather large, with avery loose
and arilliform cellular-reticulated outer coat. ,

C. Tweedyi Henderson Bull. Torr. Club xxvii, 352, Dwarf peren-

nial: glabrous or nearly so: leaves thickish, entire, mostly in a radical tuftt
spatulate or lanceolate, tapering below into a scarious-margined base: those
of the 1-3 inches high flowering stems 1 or 2 pairs, or sometimes alternate,
linear: flowers in a few-flowered raceme: calyx short and deeply lobed:
corolla saccate at base dorsally, the lower lip strongly papillate. In the
Mountains of Idaho and adjacent Washington. :

Tribe. 4 Gratiolex Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 189. Leaves oppo-
site or verticillate only the upper ones alternate. Inflorescence simple
and centripetal: the peduncles solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves
and ebracteolate. Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate
or otherwise produced at base. Antheriferous stamens 2 or 4 no rudi-
ments of the fifth.

10 DIPLACUS Nutt. in Taylor’s Ann. Nat. Hist. i, 187.

Shrubs with opposite leaves and large yellow red or orange ax-
illary flowers on solitary peduncles. Calyx tubular, 5-angled or
5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tubular, bilabiate, the upper lip 2-
lobed, the lower 3-lobed, the lobes emarginate or variously toothed
orcleft. Fertile stamens 4. Style slender with bilamellate stigma.
Capsule linear-oblong, closely invested by the calyx and wholly
inclosed in it; firm-coriaceous, with a woody tubercular enlarg-
ment at the apex, incompletely dehiscent, opening by the upper
suture only, from the base to near the apex, the valves spreading
into a boat-shaped open pod. Placente distinct, borne on the
middle of the valves. . Seeds small, very numerous.

518 SCROPHULARIACEZ DIPLACUS
EUNANUS

D. glutinosus Nutt. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3655. Shrub 2-6 feet high,
nearly glabrous but the young parts glutinous: leaves from narrowly ob«
long to linear, entire or more or less denticulate, 1-4 inches long, at length
with revolute margins, glabrous above, pubescent beneath with branched
hairs: flowers 114-2 inches long, short-peduncled: calyx an inch long,
5-toothed, the teeth somewhat unequal, the upper tooth largest: corolla
puff-colored, obscurely bilabiate, the spreading lobes laciniately toothed or
notched. Along streamsnear the coast, fromthe south line of Oregon
southward.

11 EUNANUS Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 374.

Dwarf annual herbs with opposite leaves and large or small
flowers on solitary peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves.
Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla funnel-
form, with included or rarely long-exserted tube, or sometimes
nearly salverform: the limb usually 5-lobed, strongly bilabiate or
nearly regular. Stamens 4, didynamous. Style filiform: stigma
bilamellar with the lobes unequally or equally petaloid-dilated,
or more or less peltate-funnelform by the union of the 2 lamele
at their edges. Capsule cartilaginous, coriaceous, chartaceous, or
even membranaceous, gibbous at base, obtuse and shorter than the
calyx or acute and surpassing it. Placenta borne on the middle
of the valves, not united in the axis. Seeds numerous, often
muriculate.

E. Douglasii Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 3874. Mimulus Douglasit Gray.
Glandular- or viscid-pubescent: stems 6-18 lines high: leaves ovate or ob-
long, obscurely dentate, 3-nerved at base and contracted into a petiole,
including the petiole 3-10 lines long, the upper pair connate-clasping:
calyx tubular, 6 lines long, the teeth obtuse: corolla red and purple, nearly
1% inches long, with very long filiform tube and funnelform throat, the
lower lip very. short, the upper large and 3-lobed: capsule linear or linear-
oblong, terete, 4-sulcate, gibbous or somewhat inflexed at the very base:
seeds small, apiculate at both ends. On dry gravelly banks, Umpqua
Valley Oregon to California.

E. Bigelovii Gray Pac. R. Rep. iv, 122. Mimulus Bigelovii Gray,
Viscid and more or less glandular-villous: stem 1-8 inches high, paniculately
branched: leaves oblong or the upper ovate and acute, 5-10 lines long, con-
tracted at base but scarcely petioled, entire or with a few coarse teeth: calyx
4-5 lines long, hardly at all oblique, the teeth very acutely subulate frum a
broad base, 2 lines long or less, the fube broadly campanulate: corolla crim-
son, 8-10 lines long, with cylindraceous throat and broad rotate limb, the
narrow tube little if any longer than the calyx: capsule oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acutish, little exceeding tle calyx, the valves membranaceous: seeds
oblong-linear, minutely and irregularly reticulated. On dry plains, south.
eastern Oregon to California and Utah.

E. Cusickii Greene Pitt. i, 56. Mimulus Bigelovii var .ovatus Gray.
Stem 8-12 inches nigh, simple, of branched from the base: leaves broadly
ovate, very acute, entire, sessile, an inch or more long and nearly
as broad: calyx-teeth very unequal, triangular-subulate, the very acute tips
somewhat recurved: corolla red-purple, with slender tube and quite regularly
Hilo rotate limb 6-10 lines in diameter. On moist banks, southeastern

regon.

E. Tolmiei Benth.1.c. Mimulus nanus H. & A. Glandular or viscid:

EUNANUS SCROPHULARIACEX 519
MIMULUS

stem stoutish, 14 -6 inches high, simple, ur branched from the base: leaves
oblong or ovate to lanceolate, entire or obscurely toothed, contracted at
base ; the lower ones petioled ; including the petiole 4-12 lines long: calyx-
teeth broadly lanceolate, acute, a line long, about 144 as long as the bribe ;
corolla rose-purple with yellow and dark purple in the throat; the limb
4-6 lines broad, obviously bilabiate: capsule acuminate, surpassing the
calyx; the valves chartaceous. On bare hills, eastern Washington to Ne-
vada and California. ‘ : ;

E. Breweri Greene Bull. Calif. Acad. No, 3, 101. Viscid-pubescent
with spreading gland-tipped hairs: stem slender, 1-10 inches high, simple
or much branched: leaves linear, entire, an inch long, sessile: peduncles
slender, equalling the calyx: teeth of the calyx short-triangular, equal :
corolla red, with short tube and spreading limb, 4-5 lines long, little longer
than the calyx: capsule acute, not longer than the calyx, chartaceous,
dehiscent by the upper suture, the lower parting at the apex only: the
placentz united below. In moist places, Brit. Columbia to California, east
of the Cascade Mountains.

MIMULUS L. Sp. 634. 1753,

‘Annual or perennial herbs with opposite leaves and mostly
showy yellow blue or pink flowers on solitary peduncles from
the axils of the upper leaves, or racemose by the reduction of the
leaves to small bracts. Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-angled or 5-
ribbed, 5-toothed, the upper tooth usually largest. Corolla irregu-
lar, its tube cylindric. with a pair of ridges on the lower side with-
in: its limb bilabiate; the upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed, the
lower one spreading and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, in-
serted on the corolla-tube: anthers globose, the cells divergent or
sometimes confluent at the apex. -Style filiform: stigma bilamel-
lar, the lobes equal, ovate or orbicular. Capsule obtuse, not sur-
passing the calyx, the valves membranaceous, tardily separating
from the central columnar united placente.

M. eardinalis Doug]. Lind]. Hort. Trans. ii, 70. t. 3. Villous-pubes-
cent, viscid above: root perennial: stems stout, 2-4 feet high : leaves ovate
or the lowest ovate-lanceclate; the upper connate; all erose-dentate, 2-4
inches long, several-nerved from the base: peduncles 3-4 inches long: calyx
oblong-prismatle, an inch or more long, its short teeth nearlv equal : corol-
la scarlet and yellow, 1-2 inches long, with very oblique limb, the upper
lip erect with the lobes turned backward, the lower reflexed, the throat
cylindrical: stamens exserted: capsule oblong, sessile: seeds with a dull
and loose coat, longitudinally wrinkled. In springy places along streams,
western Oregon to California and Arizona. .

M. Lewisii Pursh Fl. 427 t. 20. Pubescent and more or less viscid :
stems numerous from a perennial root, 1-2 feet high, simple: leaves from
ablong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate, mostly acute or acuminate, 1-3
inches long: peduncles longer than the leaves: calyx prismatic-campanu-
late, 8-10 lines long, its triangular teeth short-acuminate and very acute,
2-3 lines long: corolla rose-red or purplish, about 1} inches long, with
broad throat and bilabiate limb, lobes of thé upper lip obcordate, flat, of
the lower lip obovate and sparingly bearded in the throat: stamens not
exserted : stigmas oblong: capsule oblong: seeds with a dull and loose coat,
longitudinally wrinkled. Along mountain streams, Brit. Columbia to
California and Montana,

M. dentatus Nutt. in Herb. Hook. Pubescent with stouit pilose hairs:

520 SCROPHULARIACE# MIMULUS

stems slender, 6-12 inches long, usually decumbent or ascending: leaves
ovate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate-toothed, 1-3 inches long, short-
petioled: peduncles about equalling the leaves: calyx-teeth triangular-
subulate, half the length of the tube, nearly equal: corolla golden yellow,
an inch or wore long, the ample throat purple-dotted and strongly bearded
to the base in two lines inside, the bilabiate limb an inch broad, its lobes
entire and ciliate: seeds ovate, acute, scrobiculate,-reddish-brown. Along
streams in the Coast Mountains, Oregon to California.

M. hirsutus. Herbage dark green, glabrous below, the inflorescence
hirsute, stems stoutish, 1-2 feet high very numerous and cespitose: root
perennial by short basal stolons: leaves oblong.or oval, obtuse, denticulate,
1-3 inches long, the lower ones short-petioled and often laciniately lobed
or lyrate: peduncles stout, often more than an inch long: calyx campanu-
late in flower, the teeth unequal, the upper one largest, the tube becoming
inflated in fruit, often purple-dotted or almost red, the 2 lower teeth
incurving and closing the orifice: corolla bright yellow, an inch long, fun-
nelform ; lobes of the upper lip oblong, narrowed at the apex, recurved;
tbe middle lobe of the lower lip 5-6 lines broad, as broad or broader than
long, emarginate ; the throat spotted with dark red on the lower side, the
pubescent lines reaching its base: stamens not exserted: stigmas fan-
shaped, erose-dentate and apiculate: capsule oblong, short stipitate. On
wet rocks in the Tualatin and Willamette rivers Oregon : beginning to flow-
er about the first of July,

M. grandiflorus. Herbage pale green and glabrous up to the inflores-
cence which is sparsely hairy: stems often stout, 1-4 feet high, usually
solitary or 2-4 together; root perennial by basal stolons: leaves oblong to
ovate, most of them petioled, 1-5 inches long, coarsely toothed and denticu-
late, the lower ones sublyrate : peduncles 1-114 inches long : calyx campanu-
late, about 8 lines long, its triangular acute teeth unequal, 2-8 lines jong,
the tube slightly inflated in fruit and more or less spotted with red, the 2
lower teeth incurved and closing the orifice: corolla often nearly 2 inches
long, bright yellow, lobes of the upper lip oblong, rounded at the apex, erect
and slightly recurved, lateral lobes of the lower lip almost square, the
‘middle one broadly cuneate, as long or longer than broad, emarginate; the
throat spotted with dark red or brown, the pubescent lines extending to
its base: stamens not exserted; stigmas fan-shaped, erose-dentate and
apiculate: capsule oblong, stipitate. Growing in wet places along stream,
western Oregon and Washington: beginning to flower early in May.

M. Langsdorfii Sims.? Herbage light green, often marked with dark
brown: glabrous or the inflorescence minutely pubescent: stems terete,
6-20 inches high, usually paniculately branched, erect or the base often
horizonta! and rootingrfor a few inches, thus perennial: leaves orbicular or
ovate, the blade 6-20 lines long, dentate or denticulate, usually sublyrate,
purple beneath, all petioled: floral bracts 2-6 lines long, connate-clasping:
pedicels slender, about an inch long: calyx campanulate, in flower about
4 lines long, often mottled with dark purple, at length much inflated, the
4 lower teeth inured and closing the orifice: corolla yellow, 10-12 lines
long funnelform; lobes of the upper-lip erect, oblong, 4-6 lines long: the
middle lobe of the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous: the throat usually
spotted with dark red, the pubescent lines running to the base: capsule
oblong, 3-4 lines long, on a stipe about aline long: seeds oblong. In wet
places, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains: flowering from
early spring until August.

M. Scouleri Hook. Fl. ii, 100. Glabrous throughout: stems erect,
from a stoloniferous base, 1-2 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-2
inches long, obtuse or acutish, evenly callous-dentate, the lower tapering
into petioles: peduncles 1-2 inches long, much longer than the bracts:

MIMULUS SCROPHULARIACEA 521

calyx campanulate, in flower about 4 lines long, the short broadly-triangu-
lar teeth subequal; the tube at length becoming inflated and the 4 lower
teeth incurved over the orifice: corolla bright yellow, an inch or more long,
strongly bilabiate, the upper lip erect, its oblong lobes reflexed; the lower
one ample; the pubescent lines deep yellow: capsule obovate, short-stipi-
tate: seeds obovoid, smooth, dark brown. On the banks of the Columbia
river at Tongue Point near Astoria Oregon.

M. nasutus Greene Bull. Calif. Acad. No. 3, 112. Usually nearly
glabrous: stems rather stout, 6-24 inches long, branching and flowering
from the base, distinctly quadrangular and winged: root annual, or per-
ennial by stolons: leaves mostly subradical, ovate to reniform-cordate,
coarsely toothed or lobed, purple beneath, the lower on broad petioles, an
inch long, the floral reduced to short bracts: peduncles short, or long and
filiform, ascending or spreading: calyx tubular to.campanulate, in fruit
much inflated, the teeth acute, very unequal, the upper one 3 times as
long as the others, the lower pair in fruit bent upward lying at right angles
across and closely enfolding the other 3: corolla yellow, 4-8 lines long,
little surpassing the calyx: capsule oval, obcompressed, almost sessile:.
seeds minute, oblong. On wet shady banks, Oregon to California.

M. ‘ microphyllus Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 371. Pubescent, or in the
smaller forms glabrous: stems terete, slender, usually simple, 2-12 inches
high, racemose above, or in depauperate states with a single terminal
flower: leaves few, ovate to orbicular, often cordate at base sometimes
lyrate, denticulate or coarsely toothed, purple beneath: peduncles slender :
calyx 2-3 lines long, often dotted with purple, oblique at the orifice, the
teeth obscure or prominent: corolla 3-9 lines long. In moist places, Wash-
ington to California and the Rocky Mountains.

M. alsinoides Dougl. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 371. Glabrous or more
or less puberulent and musky-scented: stem slender, at length diffuse and
branching from the base, 3-12 inches long, terete: root annual: leaves
broadly ovate or subcordate to oblong, the lower 3-12 lines long, coarsely
toothed, all petioled: peduncles filiform, 1-2 inches long: calyx tubular,
2-3 lines long, not infiated in fruit, the orifice oblique; the teeth small
and subequal: corolla 4-6 lines long, strongly bilabiate, yellow with a
bright crimson spot in the centre of the lower lip: capsule oblong, acumin-
ate, filling the calyx: seeds oblong, light-colored. On wet rocks, western
Oregon to Brit. Columbia: flowering in very early Spring.

M. breviflorus Piper Bull. Torr. Club xxviii, 45. A glabrous to pu-
berulent annual: stem 1-10 inches high, erect simple or freely branching
from the base: leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, 3-3-
nerved'from the base, 6-12 lines long,, sessile by a broad base, or tapering
to a short petiole: peduncles slender, about equalling the leaves in flower,
in fruit becoming much longer: calyx oval, in fruit 3-4 lines long, its teeth
nearly equal, short-triangular, acute: corolla pale yellow, tubular, 2-3 lines
long; the lobes short and rounded: stigma scarcely exceeding the calyx:
capsule ovoid, acutish. On moist banks, eastern Washington and Oregon.

M. Yulsifere Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 98. From obscurely to dis-
tinctly viscidulous-puberulent: stem erect, 4-10 inches high, loosely bran-
ching from the base: leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong, sparsely
denticulate to entire, 6-10 lines long, the lower ones on short margined
petioles: peduncles about equalling or at length longer than the leaves:
calyx cylindraceous-campanulate, in fruit about 4 lines long, with short
triangular acute or acuminate equal teeth: corolla light yellow, 5-6 lines
long: style longer than the calyx: capsule oblong, acute, nearly as long as
the calyx. On bars along streams, Washington to California.

M. peduncularis Dougl. Benth. Seroph. Ind. 49. A small erect vis-

522 SCROPHULARIACEA MIMULUS

cid-puberulent or pubescent annual: stem slender, 6-18 inches high : leaves
ovate to lanceolate, the blade 4-6 lines long, usually acute, abruptly con-
tracted into rather broad petioles, purple beneath and prominently 3-5:
veined from the base: peduncles slender, 1-2 inches long, erect or ascend-
ing: calyx tubular-campanulate, about 4 lines long, truncate at the apex,
the short acute teeth equal: corolla yellow, 5-10 lines long, the pubescent
lines extending to the base of the throat: capsule oblanceolate, very short-
stip'tate, obcompressed: seeds globular. In moist shady places, eastern
Oregon and Washington.

M. Suksdorfii Gray Syn. Fl- Supp. 450. A small annual 1-3 inches
high; whole herbage often reddish-hued; obscurely puberulent-viscidulous:
leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, 3-6 lines long, thickish, entire, narrowed
below but scarcely petioled: peduncles filiform, usually shorter than the
leaves: calyx tubular-campanulate, in fruit 3-4 lines long, truncate at the
apex, the short and broad teeth all equal: corolla yellow or reddish, about.
3 lines long, little exserted from the calyx the limb less than 2 lines wide
all 5 lobes obcordate-emarginate; throat beardless or nearly so. Bare
places on mountains, eastern Washington to California and Utah.

M. rubellus Gray Bot Mex. Bound. 116. Smal] annual 1-6 inches
high: very minutely and rather sparingly glandular-puberulent but not
viscid: leaves narrowly oblong, entire or with a few prominent teeth, nar-
rowed at base but sessile, 6-10 lines long.: peduncles very slender, exceed-
ing the leaves: calyx cylindraceous, the teeth oblong, obtuse, ciliolate,
equal: corolla rose-color to yellow, 3-4 lines long, the unequal lobes scarcely
spreading. In moist places, eastern Washington to California, Colorado
and New Mexico.

M. floribundus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1225. Villous with spread-
ing white hairs and viscid: stem rather slender, 2-20 inches long, at first
erect, but soon decumbent and diffusely spreading, flowering from the
lowest axils: root annual: leaves ovate, or the lower subcordate, the blade
6-12 lines long rather coarsely toothed, all petioled: peduncles spreading,
about an inch long, exceeding the leaves: calyx campanulate, ahout 3 lines
long, the short triangular acute teeth nearly equal; corolla about 6 lines
long, light yellow, funnelform: capsule globose-ovoid, obtuse, sessile:
seeds almost globular, light-colored. On wet banks and shady places,
Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. :

M. moschatus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118. Conspicuously villous
and viscid throughout: stems slender, weak and declined or ascending,
6-18 inches long: leaves broadly ovate 1-2 inches long, all petioled: spar-
ingly dentate: peduncles slender, an inch long, shorter than the leaves:
calyx tubular, 6 lines long, the subulate teeth subequal, half as long as the
tube: corolla yellow, the narrow thruat about 14 longer than the calyx the
lobes nearly equal and rotately spreading; the throat striate and spotted
with maroon, the pubescent lines not extended to the base: stamens not
exserted: capsule lanceolate, acute: seeds globular. In springy places,
Brit. Columbia to Oregon and the Rocky Mountains.

M. primuloides Benth. Scroph. Ind. 29. Stems 4-3 inches high,
glabrous or pilose-pubescent with white hairs: perennial by stolons: leaves
ovate to broadly lanceolate, entire or more or less dentate, narrowed below
but sessile, 6-12 lines long, glabrous both sides: peduncles filiform, 2-4
inches long. erect, usually only one to each stem: calyx tubular-campan-
ulate, 3-4 lines long, the broad acute teeth all equal: corolla yellow, about
8 lines long, funnelform ; lobes of the almost regular limb deeply emargin-
ate or obcordate. In mountain marshes, eastern Washington to California.

M. pilosellus Greene Eryth. iv. 22. Very small and depressed : stems
2-6 lines high: perennial by stolons: leaves obovate to oblong, 2-6 lines

MnroLs SCROPHULARIACEE 523
GRATIOLA

long, entire or sparingly toothed toward the apex, glabrous below, pilose
above with long white jointed hairs: peduncles filiform, erect, 1-2 inches
long, usually only one to each plant: calyx tubular-campanulate, about 3
lines long, its triangular acute teeth nearly equal:,corolla golden yellow,
3-4 lines long, its nearly equal lobes barely emarginate. In mountain
marshes, southern Oregon to California.
M. pilosus Watson Bot. King 225. Herpestis pilosa Benth. Pilose-
pubescent throughout with soft white’hairs: stem terete, 3-12 inches high,
paniculately branched from the base: root annual: leaves lanceolate or
narrowly oblong, sessile, entire, 1-3 inches long: peduncles slender, 1-2
inches Jong : calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, the tube not prismatic nor angled,
almost nerveless, becoming enlarged in fruit, the 5 lobes almost subulate, .
very acute, somewhat unequal: corolla bright yellow, 3-4 lines long, rather
obscurely bilabiate, usually with a pair of brown spots on the lower lip:
capsule oblong-ovate, acute. On sandy bars along streams, Washington
to California and the Rocky, Mountains. :

13 GRATIOLA L. Sp. 17. (1758.) »

Erect or diffuse herbs with opposite entire or dentate leaves,
and yellow or whitish flowers solitary in the axils of the upper
leaves. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, slightly unequal.
Corolla irregular, with cylindric tube and more or less bilabiate
limb: upper lip entire, emarginate or 2-cleft; lower one 3-lobed.
Antheriferous stamens 2, the posterior pair,'the anterior pair rep-
resented by rudiments or wanting: filaments filiform : anther-cells
distinct, transverse and separated by a broad connective, or par-
allel and contiguous. Style filiform, with dilated slightly 2-lobed
stigma. Capsule loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent, ovoid
or globose, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, longitudinally and trans-:
versely striate. od

G. Virginiana L. Sp. 17. Puberulent and somewhat. glandular, or
_ below glabrous: stem erect, at length widely branching from the base, 3-10
inches high, from an annual root: leaves commonly glabrous, oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile, narrowed at both ends, denticulate, 1-2 inches
long: peduncles slender, glandular, shorter than or equalling the leaves,
2-bracteolate under the calyx; bractlets as long as the calyx or longer:
sepals lanceolate, acute, about 3 lines long: corolla 4-5 lines long, with
yellowish tube barely twice the length of the calyx, and whitish. lobes;
the 2 upper emarginate: sterile filaments minute or none: anther-cells
transverse, separated. by a broad connective: capsule ovate, about equalling
the calyx. In wet or muddy places, California to Brit. Columbia and
across the Continent. a an
G. ebracteata Benth. DO. Prodr. x. 595. Nearly glabrous and ob-
securely glandular: stem stout, 1-6 inches high, branching and flowering
from the base: leaves lanceolate, entire or sometimes sparingly and sharp-
ly denticulate, sessile by a rather broad base: peduncles slender, as long as
or shorter than the leaves, ebracteate: sepals foliaceous, lanceolate, at
length 4-6 lines long, equalling the yellowish corolla: ‘capsule globose,
somewhat 4-angled, much shorter than the calyx: On the margin of pools,
California to Brit. Columbia. ‘

14 ILYSANTHES Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. (1820.),
Glabrous annual or biennial herbs with opposite sessile leaves

and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear, not subtended by bractlets.

524 SCROPHULARIACEE ILYSANTHES
LIMOSELLA
Corolla irregular, the tube somewhat expanded aboye, the limb
bilabiate: upper lip 2-cleft; the lower larger and 3-lobed, spread-
ing. Fertile stamens 2, included, their anther-cells divergent:
sterile filaments 2, two-lobed, one of the lobes capitate-glandular,
the other glabrous and shorter. Capsule oblong or ovoid, septi-
cidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, wrinkled. : ;

I. gratioloides Benth. DC. Prodr. x, 419. Stem slender usually erect
at length diffusely branched, 3-8 inches high: leaves ovate, ovate-oblong
or the lowest obovate, sessile or slightly clasping at base, remotely dentic-
ulate of entire, thickish, 3-7-nerved, 6-12 lines long; the uppermost ones
commonly much smaller: peduncles slender, 2-3 times as long as the sub-
tending leaves: sepals linear-lanceolate, about 2 lines long, acute: corolla
violet to purple, about 3 lines long: capsule narrowly ovoid-oblong, 2-3 lines:
long, longer tban the calyx: seeds a line lone, reddish, usually: truncate at

ifo:

the ends. In wet or muddy places, California to Brit. Columbia and
across the Continent.

15 LIMOSELLA L. Sp. 631. (1753.)

_ Low stemless glabrous succulent annual (or perennial by sto-
lons) herbs with rosulate leaves and small flowers on scape-like
one-flowered peduncles. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla
nearly, regular, open-campanulate, with a short, tube and 5-cleft
limh. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla, scarcely
exserted : filaments, short; anthers confluently one-celled. Style
short: stigma capitate. Ovary.two-celled at the base, one-celled
above. Capsule two-celled only {at the base; the large central
placenta many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, rugulose.

L. aquatica L. Sp. 681. Stoloniferous stems slender, 1-3 inches long:
leaves lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, the blade 4-6 lines long,,on fili-
form petioles 3-4 times as long: peduncles shorter than the leaves, arising
with the petioles from the base of the plant, or from nodes of the stolone:
calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acutish, about the length of the tube: corolla
white or pink, about a line broad, scarcely longer than the calyx: stamens
high up on the corolla-tube: filaments slightly longer than the anthers:
capsule‘globose or oblong-globose, obtuse, 144 lines high, Ines than the
calyx. On muddy banks and in brooks, Washington to California and
across,the Continent: Europe, Asia and 8. America.

SERIES 11 RHINANTHIDEZ Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 189. Leaves
various. Inflorescence simply centripetal. Lower lip or lateral
lobes of the corolla external in the bud. Stamens very rarely
more than four.

Tribel,5 Digitalee Benth. l. c. Herbs or shrubs, none parasitic.
Corolla little if at all bilabiate; the lobes all plain: the lateral or one
of them external in the bud. Anther-cells contiguous at the apex,
and often confluent.

16 SYNTHYRIS Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 545.
Perennial herbs’ with simple stems, mainly radical leaves and
rather small purple blue or pink flowers in terminal spikes or

racemes. ' Calyx 4-parted: the segments oblong. Corolla fiom
oblong to short campanulate, 4-cleft, more or less irregular, rare

BYNTAYRIS SCROPHULARIACE#: 526

ly wanting. Stamens 2. rarely 4, inserted. on the corolla, or on
the outside of the hypogynous disk, exserted: filaments slender:
anther-cells parallel or somewhat divergent. below, not confluent
atthe apex. Style filiform, with small capitate stigma. Capsule
compressed, obtuse or emarginate. Placente short, chiefly at
the centre of the valves. Seeds discoidal, orbicular or oval, with
very close and strictly conformed smooth coat.

§ 1 Acaulescent with naked scapes. Ovules and seeds only a
pair in each cell, on a short partition. Capsule divaricately two-
lobed, the cells transversely oblong. Seeds with thickened mar-
gins incurved at maturity.

S. rotundifolia Gray Syn. F) ii, 285. Rootstock short and creeping,
bearing a tuft of cordate-orbicular Jong-petioled persistent leaves and sim-

le ‘scapes: leaf-blades 1-2 inches, in diameter doably crenate or crenate-
incised, slightly pubescent, especially on the veins beneath: petioles and
scapes pubescent with brownish ‘hairs: scapes 4-6 inches high, about equ-
alling the leaves, naked except the ovate-lanceolate floral bracts: flowers
few, in a terminal raceme: pedicels slender, 4-6 lines long, each subtended
by a small bract: calyx-lobes ‘ovate, acute, ciliate,3 lines long: corolla
blue or purple, about 4 lines long. In open woods on,rocky soil, western
Washington to California: flowering very early, often in January.

§ 2 Ovules and usually seeds several or numerous in each cell.
eas merely emarginate, “ Seeds plain, or meniscoidal, thin-
edged. :

S. reniformis Benth, lc. Rootstock short and branching: herhage
glabrous: radical leaves persistent, orbicular-reniform, crenately incised
and the small lobes sharply, toothed, 1-3 inches in diameter, on stout
‘petioles 3-6 inches long: flowering stems 6-10 inches high, bearing several
small bract-like fan-shaped alternate, or the lowest opposite, leaves and
numerous flowers in a dense terminal raceme: pedicels slender, shorter
than the subtending cuneate or lanceolate bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate,
about 2 lines long: corolla: blue changing to purple, 3-4 lines in diameter;
capsule truncate, emarginate. .On rocky ‘banks of the Columbia river and
in the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington: flowering in early
spring. .

S. major Heller. S. reniformis var. major Hook. Glabrous: leaves
persistent, orbicular-reniform, 1-4 inches in diameter, somewhat coriaceous,
with multilobulate margins, on petioles 2-4 inches long: flowering stems
longer than the leaves, bearing several fan-shaped bract-like leaves below,

-and a:dense spike-like terminal raceme of purple flowers: pedicels slender,
shorter than the subtending bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 2 lines
long: corolla purple, 3-4 lines broad : capsule strongly emarginate. Fertile

‘northerly slope of high mountains, Idaho.

S. pinnatifida Watson Bot. King. 227, t. 22, Somewhat villous: rad-
ical leaves long-petioled, broadly. ovate in outline, pinnately divided, the
lowest of the 3 or 4 pairs of lobes nearly distinct, the upper confluent, all
laciniately pinnatifid and the segments laciniately toothed: flowering
stems 3-8 inches high, usually exceeding the leaves, naked below: raceme
1-2 inches long, densely floweréd above: pedicels shorter than the subtend-
ing ovate or oblong toothed or;entire bracts: calyx-lobes oblong, mostly
obtuse: corolla whitish, nearly twice longer than the calyx. the lower lip
deeply 3-lobed, the upper one entire: capsule elliptical, turgid. On rocky
ridges in the high mountains, Idaho to Utah. a
rags Fi _

v

526 ‘SCROPHULARIACEA ‘ay NtayRIS

VERONIOA
S. rubra Benth. 1. c. 425. Lanate with soft white wool: herbage more
or less reddish-hued: leafy : radical leaves orhicular or ovate to oblong or
lanceolate, crenulate, narrowed, truncate or cordate at base, the blade 1-2
inches long, on petioles as long or longer; cauliné ovate to lanceolate, 6-12
lines long, sessile or nearly so: pedicels only 1-2 lines long: calyx-lobes
ovate-lanceolate or oblong: corolla none: stamens inserted on the outside
of the hypogynous disk: capsule turgid, emarginate, slightly longer than
we calyx. On high open ridges, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and

Nebraska.

17 VERONICA L. Sp. 9. (1758.)

Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees)
with mostly opposite, rarely verticillate or alternate, leaves and
usually small blue, pink or white flowers in terminal or axillary
racemes or spikes, or rarely solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted,
sometimes 5-parted, the segments oblong or ovate. Ccrolla rotate,
‘its tube very short, the limb deeply and more or less unequal-
ly, 4-lobed, rarely 5-lobed, the lower lobe commonly smallest.
Stamens 2, divergent, inserted on either side at the base of the
upper lobe of the corolla: anthers obtuse, their cells confluent at
the apex. Ovary two-celled: style slender; stigma capitate:
ovules few or many ineachcell. Capsule more or less compressed,
sometimes very flat, emarginate, obcordate or two-lobed, loculi-
cidally dehiscent. Seeds smooth or rough, flat, plano-convex or
excavated on the inner face. ,

* Perennial by stolons, or creeping base: racemes in the axils of
opposite leaves.

VY. Americana Schwein. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 468... Glabrous
throughout: stems decumbent, usually branched, rooting at. the lower
‘nodes, 6-30 inches long: leaves oblong to ovate or broadly lanceolate, 1-3
inches long, sharply serrate, truncate, rounded or subcordate at base, all
distinctly petioled : racemes peduncled, loose, elongated, 2-6 inches long:
bractlets linear, 2-6 lines long: pedicels slender, 6 lines or more long: sep-
als oblong, about a line long: corolla blue or nearly white, usually striped
with purple, about 2 lines broad : capsule nearly orbicular, compressed but
not very flat, emarginate, 14g lines high: seeds flat. Common in moist or
wet places, Alaska to California and across the Continent.

Vv. scutellata L. Sp.12. Glabrous or very sparingly hairy: stems
slender, ascending from a stoloniferous base, 1-2 feet long: leaves sessile,
linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticuiate, 2-3 inches, long:
flowers scattered on filiform elongated and widely spreading pedicels:
corolla blue or purple, 2-3 lines broad: capsule broader than high, very
flat, deeply emarginate at the summit, slightly so at base: seeds flat. In
ponds and wet places, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent.

_*.* Low perennials with ascending or erect flowering stems termin-
ated by a single raceme : cauline leaves above passing into bracts: seeds
numerous, much compressed or meniscoidal.

‘YY. Cusickii Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 288, Glabrous: stems 3-6 inches high,
erect, simple, from creeping rootstocks: leaves ovate to oblong, sessile or
nearly so, entire, 6-10 lines long, the pairs crowded up to the naked ped-
uncle of the 3-9-flowered raceme:. pedicels slender, often as long as the
flower and longer than the oblong-linear bracts: sepals lanceolate, about
2}ines long: corolla blue or violet, 4-5 lines in diameter, with ample

VERONICA SCROPHULARIACEX 527

rounded lobes: filaments filiform, exserted: style filiform, three times as
long as the calyx: capsule elliptical, merely emarginiate. Alpine regions
of the Blue Mountains of Oregon. . OS

“'¥. Alleni Greenman Bot. Gaz. xxv, 263. Nearly glabrous below, pu-
bescent above: stems 3-4 inches high: lower leaves much reduced, upper
sessile, thickish, oblong or gblong-ovate, 5-7 lines long, obtuse: inflores-
cence glandular-pubescent: pedicels 1-3 lines long, often exceeding the
bracts: calyx-lobes unequal, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or rounded:at
the apex covered on the outer surface and along th margins with lone
glandular hairs: corolla 3-4 lines: in diameter, white or with a slightly
purplish throat, the upper lobe subrhombic, emarginate, the lateral ones
ovate or ovate-rhombic, somewhat, larger than the lower one: stamens
exserted : ovary closely, covered above with short glandular hairs: style
exserted: fruit not seen. Along Paradise river, Mount Rainier Wash.

V. Wormskioldii Rom. & Sch. Syst. i, 101. V. alpina of American
authors’ not of L. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: stems slender, simple,
3-12 inches high, from slender creeping rootstocks: leaves mostly shorter
than the internodes, ovate to oblong, obscurely crenulate, 6-12 lines long,
rounded, truncate or subcordate at base, sessile or nearly so: racemes
spiciform or subspicate, dense, or interrupted below: pedicels erect,
shorter than the calyx, much ehorter than the lanceolate bracts : corolla
violet, its limb 2-3 lines in diameter, surpassing. the stamens and short
utyle: capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate. In wet places in-alpine
regions, Alaska to California and across the Continent.

_ V.. serpyHifolia L. Sp. 12. . Pubescent or glabrous: stems creeping

and branching at base, the branches at length ascending, 2-10 inches long:

leaves all cpposte and petioled, or the upper ones sessile, oblong to oval or
ovate, 3-10 ‘lines long, crenulate to entire: flowers in short spicate racemes
at the ends of the stems or branches: pedicels equallirig or longer than the
calyx, usually shorter than the lanceolate or oblong bracts: corolla pale
blue with darker stripes, to almost white, about 2 lines in diameter’ sta-
mens and style exserted: capsule broader than high, obcordate, about a
line high, equalling the calyx; seeds flat. In wet places Alaska to Cali-
fornia and acrosa the Continent: also in Europe, Asia and South America.

* * * Low annuals: flowers in the, axils,of ordinary or of the upper
more or lsss ‘reduced and commonly alternate leaves: corolla mostly
shorter than the leaves. mt ee ‘ hy

V.: peregrina L. Sp. 14. Glabrous, or glandular-puberulent: stem
erect, 2-6 inches high, usually branched from the base: leavex thickish,
4-12 lines long, the lower petioled.and. oblong or oval, dentate ;, the others
sessile, from oblong to linear-spatulate, mostly attenuate; uppermost more
bract-like and entire: pedicels a line long, much shorter than the bracts:
corolla whitish, about’a line in diameter, shorter than the'calyx: stamens
not exserted: capsule nearly orbicular, obcordate usually a little shorter
than the calyx, 1-14¢ lines) high, many-seeded: seeds flat.- Common in
moist or: wet. places: Brit. Columbia, to California and across the Continent.

Y. arvensis L. Sp. 13. Pubescent annual: stem slender, at first sim-
ple and erect, at length much branched and_ diffuse, 2-10 inches. long:
lower leaves ovate or uval, opposite. obtuse at both-ends, crenate or crenu-
late, 2-6 lines long, the lowest petioled; upper leaves sessile, alternate,
ovate or lanceolate, acute or acutish, commonly entire: pedicela very short:
corolla blue or white, about a line in diameter; shorter than the calyx:
capsule broadly ovate, obcordate, aline high. Commen in waste places
and pastures, Brit. Columbia to California and across: the Continent:
naturalized from Europe. moss

528 SCROPHULARIACEZ DIGITALIS
CASTILLE{A

DIGIPALIS L. Sp. 621. (1753)

Tall biennial or perennial herbs with alternate leaves and large
showy. red, white or purple flowers in long terminal usualy. one-
sided racemes. Calyx-5-parted, the segmentsimbricated Corolla
declined, somewhat irregular, the tube contracted above the ovary,
then rather abruptly expanded, longer than the 4- or 5-lobed _
slightly bilabiate limb: upper lip broadly emarginate or 2-cleft;
lower one 8-lobed, the middle lobe largest, the lateral ones exterior
inthe bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, mostly included ;
anthers approximate in pairs. Style slender, with 2-lobed stigma.
Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose.

D. . pcrpurzA L, Sp. 621. Pubescent: stems stout, 1-5 feet high: radi-
cal and lower cauline leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-10 inches long,
slender-petioled,. acute at the. apex, narrowed at base, dentate: upper
Jeaves similar but smaller, sessile: racemes a foot long or more, dense,
one-sided : flowers various-colored, drooping: upper lobe of the calyx nar-
rower than the 4 other foliaceous ones: corolla 114-2 inches long, spotted
within.. Common in rich alluvial soil, especially along the coast, western
Oregon to Brit. Columbia: Naturalized from Europe. :

Tribe vi Euphrasiex Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 189. ‘Corolla
manifestly bilabiate: the upper lip erect and concave or galeate, entire
or emarginate, rarely 2-cleft; the lower 3-lobed, mostly spreading,
external in the bud. Stamens 4 and didynamous or rarely 2, as-
cending under the wpper lip: anther-cells distinct, sometimes one
abortive or wanting. Style mostly filiform, with entire or 2-lobed
stigma. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent.

3 Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar, the outer one affixed. by its
middle, the other pendulous from its upper end, mostly smaller, some-
times sterile or deficient. Seeds with a loose reticulated coat.

19 CASTILLEIA Mutis. L. f. Supp. 47. (1781)

Herbs with alternate leaves and. red, yellow, purple or white
.flowers in dense terminal leafy-bracted spikes, the bracts often
brightly colored and much larger than the flowers. Calyx tubu-
lar, laterally flattened, more or less cleft before or behind, or both,
the lobes entire 2-cleft. Corolla tubular, very irregular, its tube
not longer than the calyx, its limb bilabiate; upper lip (galea)
arched, elongated, concave or keeled, laterally compressed. entire,
‘ericlosing the didynamous stamens: lower lip short, often very
pabie 3-toothed, 3-carinate or somewhat saccate below the short
teeth. :

_* Annuals with fibrous roots: at leaat the upper part of the bracts
and sometimes the calyx petaloid.

‘C. ‘minor Gray Bot. Cal. i, 573. Villous-pubescent: stem slender,
strict, simple or with 1 or 2 erect branches, 1-214 feet high: leaves all
linear-lanceolate and entire, sessile, acuminate, 2-3 inches long: bracts
similar to the leaves but smaller, red or red-tipped, very narrow, equalling
or longer than the short-pedicelled flowers: calyx green, cleft on both
sides to about the middle, the lobes lanceolate, acute, entire or 2-toothed :

CASTILLBIA SCROPHULARIACE 539

corolla yellow, 6-10 lines long, its upper lip much longer than the small
lower one: capsule oblong, acute, 6-8 lines long. In moist soil, eastern
Oregon to Nevada, New Mexico and Nebraska.

* * Perennials.

+ Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, tubular-cylindraceous.
mostly colored red, as are a part of the bracts: corolla large, an inch
or two long, well exserted from the lower side of the spathaceous calyx
and at length somewhat arcuate or falcate exposing the protuberant
and very short callous lower lip, its galea about equalling the tube.

C. linearifolia Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 259. Glabrous below, the in-
florescence somewhat pubescent or villous: stems strict, 2-5 feet high:
leaves linear, entire or some of the upper sparingly laciniate, and the up-
permosi and bracts 3-parted, Served: : calyx narrowly cylindrical, over an
inch long, mostly red or crimson, sometimes pale, the anterior fissure very
much deeper than the posterior: the long upper lip acutely 4-toothed or
2-cleft and the lobes 2-toothed: corolla 114-2-inches long; its narrow fal-
cate and much exserted galea as long as the tube. In the mountains of
eastern Oregon to California, Colorado and Arizona.

+ + Floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and colored:
calyx about equally cleft before and behind.

C. oreopola Greenman Bot. Gaz. xxv, 264. Glabrous or nearly so
velow, soft-pubescent above: stems erect, 6-12 inches high, somewhat fur-
rowed by the inconspicuous decurrence of the leaves: leaves sessile, ob-
long-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long by 3-5 lines wide, with 1 or 2 pairs of
divaricately spreading linear lobes, glabrous or the upper ones pubescent
with long soft spreading hairs; the lower ones much reduced, usually entire:
bracts 3-cleft to the middle, their lobes as well as the calyx deep rose-pur-
ple, (sometimes crimson or white): calyx 6 lines long, about equally cleft
to the middle, the lobes oblong-linear, obtusish : corolla ‘an inch long, the
narrow exserted galea green on the back: lower lipincluded, rather deeply
and subequally 3-lobed: capsule glabrous, about 6 lines long. On the
snowy peaks of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington.

Var. subintegra Fernald Eryth. vi, 45. Stems much clustered:
upper leaves mostly entire. Common in mountain bogs, eastern Oregon
and Washington. ; i.

C. rupicola Piper. Fernald 1, c. Herbage often dark purple, pubes-
cent-hirsute to villous, especially above: stems tufted, usually numerous,
from a multicipital caudex, 4-8 inches high: leaves lanceolate in outline,
deeply cleft into 3-7 linear rather obtuse lobes, or the lowest rarely entire,
al sparsely short hirsute, 14-2 inches long: bracts similar to the leaves,
but with rather broader lobes, more or less scarlet-tinged : flowers 5-15, in
a short raceme, deep scarlet, the lower with sbort pedicels: calyx’ 9-12
lines long, the tube shorter than the equal 2-lobed to entire lobes: corolla
15-18 lines long, the straight or curved galea much longer than the calyx;
the minute.saccately 3-lobed lower lip included: anthers white, exserted:
capsule oblong, 6 lines long: seeds numerous, deeply favose-pitted. On
cliffs, Paradise valley Mount Rainier Washington. fe

C. angustifolia (Nutt.) Don Syst. iv, 616. C. parviflora Gray in part,
not Bong. Pubescence of two kinds, the shorter tine and apnrenced. the
longer, pilose hispid: stems more or less clustered, from a woody caudex,
simple, or sparingly branched above, 4-12 inches high : lower leaves linear,
entire or subentire; the upper cleft to near or below the middle into 5-5
linear or linear-lanceolate long-attenuate lobes, the lateral ones rather
strongly divaricate: bracts similar to the leaves, rather broader and more
deeply cleft into linear obtuse segments, strongly pilose toward the base,
the scarlet or rarely yellowish tips velutinous and sometimes glandular:

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532 SCROPHULARIACE CASTILLELA

C. lutescens Rydb. C. pallida var. lutescens Greenman Bot. Gaz.
azv, 265. Stems several from a somewhat woody persistent base, 12-20
inches high, more or less pubescent, usually branched above: lower leaves
linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire, upper ones somewhat broader, 2-5-
lobed, all somewhat scabrous, especially on the upper surface: bracts ob-
long, about an inch long, laciniately cut into 3-5 lobes, the lateral ones
linear to subulate, the middle one broad and rounded at the summit, green
or yellowish with whitish tips: spikes dense and many-flowered: calyx
8-10 lines long, pubescent, its oblong lobes deeply 2-toothed: corolla but
little longer than the calvx, the galea about 44 as long as the tube, 3-4
times as long as the lower lip. On prairies, eastern Washington. :

C. camporum. C. pallida var. camporum Greenman l. c. Stems
usually several, rising from a perennial base; 6-12 inches high, more or less
covered with a spreading pilose pubescence: leaves narrowly oblong-lance-
olate, the lower mostly entire, the upper, irregularly laciniately 3~-7-lobed
with narrow ascending lobes, pubescent both sides: inflorescence greenish-
yellow or tinged with red, at length becoming much elongated : calyx 6-15
lines long, the lobes again shortly 2-lobed and obtuse or even rounded at
the summit: lower lip 14-24 as long as the galea. On prairies eastern
Washington. :

C. pallescens Greenman 1. c. Orthocarpus pallescens Gray. Cinere-
ons-puberulent: stems 6-12 inches high, ustially several from a woody
perennial base, simple or sparingly branched above: leaves 3-parted into
linear lobes, or the lower entire: bracts similar to the leaves, with dilated
base or the upper with shorter obscurely whitish or yellowish lobes: calyx
deeply 2-cleft, its broad lobes merely 2-cleft at the summit: corolla over 6
lines long, galea broadish, obtuse, the lower lip nearly half as long as the
el obscurely saccate. Eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky

ountains.

C. pilosa Rydb. Orthocarpus pilosus Watson. From soft villous to
hirsute-pubescent: stems tufted at the crown of a somewhat woody root-
stock, 2-10 incbes high: leaves 2-3 inches long, lanceolate, 3-nerved,
divaricately 3-lobed, the middle lobe broadest, dilated and rounded at thé
apex, the lateral ones linear: bracts shorter and broader than the leaves,
usually 5-lobed, the lateral lobes linear, the middle one broad, rounded at
the summit, all tipped with pale yellow: calyx about an inch long, the ob-
long lobes about as long as the tube, emarginate to deeply 2-lebed, the lobes
rounded: corolla barely surpassing the calyx, the straight and broad galea
about half as Jong as the tube; the lower lip 3-lobed, obscurely saccate,
more than half as long as the galea. On high dry plains, eastern Oregon
to Nevada and Brit. Columbia.

C. Cusickii Greenman |, c. 267. Stems several from a procumbent
base, 16-18 inches high, simple, or branched above, covered with a short
spreading cinereous pubescence: lower leaves linear to linear lanceolate.
acute, 1-2 inches long, upper ones somewhat larger, usually laciniately
lobed with 1 or 2 pairs of slender spreading lobes: bracts oblong, obtuse or
rounded at the summit, usually entire strongly ciliate toward the base,
distinctly 3-nerved and rather strongly reticulate-veined, 10-14 lines long:
racemes rather dense, 2-5 inches long: calyx 10-12 lines long, pubescent
outside equally cleft before and behind, its lobes linear-oblong, bidentate
or shallowly 2-lobed at the apex: corolla 12-16 lines long, the galea scarcely
twice as long as the 3-lobed lower lip: capsule oblong,: about 6 lines long,
glabrous. In Sumpter valley, eastern Oregon. «° .

C. levisecta Greenman |. c. Stems many from a perennial base, 6-12
inches high, usually simple, covered witha more or less spreading unequal
pilose pubescence: leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, 3-5-nerved,
pubescent both sides, often bearing long pilose hairs on the veins beneath,

CASTILLEIA SCROPHULARIACEZ 533
ORTHOCARPUS

the lower somewhat narrower and sometimes entire, the upper laciniately
cut into narrow lobes: bracts yellow, an inch or more long, oblong, sub-
digitately lobed at the summit: calyx 8-10 lines long, pubescent outside,
the oblong lobes again rather deeply 2-lobed, obtuse or rounded at the
summit: corolla an inch or more long, the galea 4-6 lines long, 2 or 3 times
longer than the shortly and obtusely 3-lobed lower lip. On dry plains,
western Washington.

. rustica Piper Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 398. Minutely white-
pubescent throughout and somewhat glandular above: stems erect, simple
or more commonly with some erect branches: leaves narrowly lanceolate,
rather few, mostly entire: bracts 3-5-cleft, only the lower longer than the
flowers, greenish: spike dense, 1-4 inches long: calyx 6 lines long, short-
villous, equally cleft before and behind, the segments slightly shorter than
the tube, each divided to the middle into similar triangular acuminate
teeth: corolla greenish-yellow, about 8 lines Jong, the obtuse galea more
than half as long as the tube: lower lip one-fourth as long as the galea,
saccately 3-lobed, the free portions acute. Rocks of the Wallowa river,
eastern Oregon.

C. rubida Piper l.c. Pubescent with short white crisp hairs and also
minutely glandular: stems numerous, simple, decumbent, 1-6 inches long,
from a stout woody caudex: leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or more
commonly 3-cleft, 6-12 lines long: bracts 3-7-cleft, mostly tinged with dull
‘purple: spikes short and dense: calyx more or less villous, 6 lines long,
equally cleft before and behind, the lobes half as long as the tube, each
again deeply cleft so that the 4 triangular acuminate teeth are subequal:
corolla 8 lines long, the blunt galea only one third as long as the tube,
slightly longer than the saccately 3-lobed lower lip, the free portions of
which are oblong and obtuse. Subalpine on the Wallowa Mountains,
northeastern Oregan.

29 ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. Gen. ii, 56. (1818.)

Annual herbs with alternate leaves and yellow, white or purple
flowers in bracted spikes, the bracts often bright-colored Calyx
tubular or tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Corolla very irregular,
the tube slender, the limb bilabiate; upper lip little if any longer
than the 3-lobed 1-3-saccate lower one. Stamens 4, didynamous,
ascending under the upper lip. Anther-cells dissimilar, the
outer one affixed by its middle, the other pendulous from its upper
end, commonly small, sometimes wanting. Style filiform, with
entire stigma. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-
seeded. Seeds reticulated.

§ 1 CAstintEe1orpEes Gray Bot. Cal. ii, 575. Corolla with the
lower lip simply or somewhat triply saccate and with conspicu-
ous mostly erect lobes, the upper lip either broadish or narrow.
Anthers all 2-celled. Seeds with avery loose and arilliform
cellular-favose coat.

* Upper lip narrow and nearly straight, lanceolate-triangular or
broadly subulate, naked: lower lip moderately ventricose and some-
what plicate-trisaccate for its wbole length, the teeth or lobes conspicu-
ons, erect: filaments glabrous: capsule oblong or oval.

0. attenuatus Gray Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 121. Minutely hirsute-pubes-
cent: stem slender, erect, 6-18 inches high, simple, or branched from the
base : leaves linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes, 3-ner-

534 SCROPHULARIACEZ ORTHOCARPUS

ved from the base, 2-3 inches long: bracts. broader, than, the leaves, 4-6
lines long, with 1 or 2 pairs of filiform wri tpp ed lobes: spikes virgate,
elongated: calyx longer than the bracts, with 4 filiform white-tipped teeth
about as long as the tube: corolla white, exceeding the calyx. narrow
throughout, the narrow lobes of the purple-spotted lower lip nearly equal-
ling the upper one _: capsule oblong, about 3 lines long: seeds white. In
moist open places, Puget Sound to California west of the Cascade Mts.

0.. castilleoides Benth. Scroph. Ind. 13. Minutely pubescent or glab-
rate below: stem 5-12 inches high, simple or at length diffuse and corym-
bosely branched: leaves from lanceolate to oblong, usually laciniately
lobed, the upper ones and bracts cuneate-dilated and incisely cleft, herba-
ceous, or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish : spikes dense, short and thick:
calyx 8-10 lines long, the 4 obloug lobes’ as Jong as the tube, the obtuse
tips whitish: corolla nearly an inch long, dull white, or purplish-tipped,
upper lip narrow and straight, the lower ventricose-dilated : capsule oblong,
5-6 lines long, obtuse or emarginate: seeds oblong or longer, dark brown.

e

In salt-marshes along the coast, Puget Sound to California. ;

* + Upper lip attenuate upward, densely bearded on the back, .
uncinate or incurved at the obtuse tip, rather longer and very much
narrower than the open-saccate lower lip: filaments pubescent.

0. purpurascens Benth. 1.c. Hirsute throughout: stem erect, rather
stout, at length much branched from the base, 6-12 inches high: leaves
with lanceolate base or body and laciniately 1-2-pinnately linear or filiform
lobes, or the upper palmately cleft, 1-2 inches long: bracts about an inch
long, crimson to purple, somewhat dilated, laciniately cleft into linear ob-
tuse lobes: calyx &-10 lines long, the 4 linear lobes nearly as long as the
tube: corolla crimson to purple, about an inch long, narrow, the ventricose-
dilated lower lip shorter than the narrow upper one: stigma large, depress-
ed-capitate: capsule ovate, acute, 5-6 lines long: seeds orbicular to ovate,
white, somewhat winged. Along the coast southern Oregon to California.

§ 2 EvortHocarrus Corolla with simply saccate lower lip
-inconspicuously or obsoletely 3-lobed, and moderately smaller
ovate-triangular galea with small usually somewhat uncinate or
inflexed tip or mucro. Anthers all 2-celled. Stigma small, en-
tire. Seed-coat. very loose, costate-reticulated.

* Bracts conspicuously different from the leaves, much dilated,
entire, or with narrow lateral lobes, more or less colored, imbricated
in the dense spike: corolla. mostly rose-color. a i

0. cuspidatus Greene Pitt. iv, 101. Minutely pubescent and the
leaves more or less ciliate: stem slender and usually simple, 6-20 inches
high: leaves 2-3 inches long, linear-lanceolate, entire of laciniately cut
into 3 linear or almost filiform lobes: bracts purple, chartaceous, ovate-
lanceolate to oval, 6-8 lines long by 4-5 Deal, with or without a pair of
short subhastate lobes at base, rounded and cuspidate, or abruptly short-
acuminate at the apex, ciliate at base: spikes dense, 2-4 inches long: calyx
4-6 lines long, sparingly bristly, the 4 subulate very acute teeth about'as
long as the tube: corolla about an inch long, tubular-funnelform, the nar-
row, at length strongly curved, galea pubescent on the back, much longer
than the inflated 3-toothed lower lip'and two thirds as long as the tube:
capsule ovate, obtuse. On high ridges of: the Siskiyou ‘Mountains and
foothills near Ashland Oregon.

0. tenuifolius Benth. Scroph. Ind. 12.' Pubescent and more or Jess
hispid: stem rather 'slender, 4-10 inches high, paniculately branched to
simple: leaves linear‘attenuate, 3- or Biched, with filiform lobes, 6-15
lines long: bracts oblong, 6-8 lines long, rounded and minutely or not at

ORTHOCARPUS SCROPHULARIACEA 535

all cuspidate at the apex, ciliate below and with 1 or 2 pairs of subulate
'divaricate lobes, chartaceous and more or less colored with red or purple:
calyx sparsely hispid, 4-6 lines long, its attenuate-subulate lobes almost as
long as the tube: corolla narrow, 6-8 lines long, puberulent, purplish, the
tube little surpassing the calyx, the inflexed tip of the galea minute: an-
ther-cells oblong, sparsely pubescent. Dry ground, eastern Washington,
to California, Montana and Brit. Columbia.

0. imbricatus Torr. in Herb. Watson Bot. King 458. . Stem slender,
erect, simple or sparingly branched, 2-10 inches high, minutely pubescent:
leaves 1-2 inches long, linear to lanceolate, attenuate, the upper ones broad-
est and sessile by a broad base, all entire: bracts chartaceous, dull red,
oval to oblong, rounded at both ends, usually with a pair of small subulate
teeth near the base, otherwise entire, glabrous, 4-5 lines long: calvx 2 lines
long, 2-lobed to below the middle, the lobes acutely 2-toothed, ciliate: co-
rolla purplish, 4-8 lines long, nearly glabrous, the uncinate-tipped galea
a little longer than the slightly dilated 3-plicate lower lip : capsule obovoid,
2 lines long: seeds obovoid, black. On grassy plains of the Cascade Moun-
tains of Oregon.

* * Bracts herbaceous, little if at all colored, less or little different
from the leaves, all 3-cleft and with acute lobes.

0. bracteosus Benth. l. c. Hirsute-pubescent: stem strict, simple or
branched above, 6-18 inches high: leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 -2 inches long,
all 3-lobed to near the base: with narrow lanceolate or filiform attenuate
lobes: bracts of the thickish and dense spike cuneate-dilated, shorter than
the flowers, 3-lobed, the divergent lobes broadly lanceolate, acute: calyx
pubescent, about 3 lines long, the 4 filiform teeth about as long as the tube:
corolla narrow funnelform, rose-purple, 6-8 lines long, the short galea but
little longer than the much dilated 3-saccate lower lip: capsule ovoid, 2-3
ar long: seeds oblong, dark-colored. On dry plains, Brit. Columbia to

alifornia, ,

0. luteus Nutt. Gen. ii, 57. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes vis-
cid; stem strict, 8-12 inches high, simple, or branched above: leaves erect
or ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, long-acumin-
ate, 12-18 lines long: bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and
shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, acute, green, mostly longer than
the flowers: calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube: corolla yellow, 5-6
lines long, pubescent outside, its galea ovate, obtuse, about as long as the

-saccate 3-toothed lower lip: capsule about as long as the calyx-tube. On
dry plains, eastern Washington and Brit. Columbia to California and Ariz.

0. Tolmiei H. & A. Bot. Beech. 379. Pubescent: stem 8-15 inches
high, loosely branching: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long,
entire or rarely incised: bracts divaricately 3-cleft, the segments acumin-
ate: spikes short, rather dense: calyx 2-3 lines long, the tube twice as long
as the ovate-lanceolate teeth: corolla 4-6 lines long, bright yellow, glab-
rous, the galea uncinate, little exceeding the narrowly saccate 3-plicate
lower lip, slightly hairy on the margins, the teeth very short: capsule
oblong, 2 lines long, retuse. compressed: seeds 4-6, oblong. In the
mountains of southern Idaho to the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah.

§ 8 TripHysarra Benth. Corolla with conspicuous trisaccate
lower lip, very much longer than the slender straight galea, its
teeth minute or small: tube filiform or slender: stigma capitate,
sometimes 2-lobed.

* Lower lip,of the corolla saccately three-lobed from the end: anthers

one-celled: seed-coat close. conformed to the nucleus, apiculate at one or
both ends. ; : : ; _~*

536 SCROPHULARIACEE ORTHOCARPUS

0. pusillus Benth. Scroph. Ind. 12, Whole plant reddish-brown, hir-
sute with short hairs; stem slender, 1-4 inches high, diffusely branching and
flowering from the base: leaves lanceolate, an inch or more long, once or twice
pinnatifid with filiform lobes: bracts shorter: than the leaves, broadly cuneate
in outline, 3-5-parted into filiform divisions: calyx pubescent, the 4 filiform
lobes about as long as the tube: corolla purplish, shorter than the bracts, 2-3
lines long, the tube not surpassing the calyx, the lower lip moderately
3-lubed, beardless: capsule globose, two lines long: seeds minute, dark-colored.
‘In low open places, Brit. Columbia to California.

0. erianthus Benth, Scroph. Ind, 12. Minutely pubescent to nearly
glabrous: stem 6 inches to a foot high, fastigiately or paniculately much
branched: leaves two to three inches long, pinnately parted above the entire
base into setaceous or filiform divisions: bracts but little longer than the
calyx, with lanceolate body and filiform lobes: calyx 5-6 lines long, the lance-
olate teeth about one third as long as the tube: corolla nearly an inch long,
yellow, lower lip of three globular-inflated sacs, not, more than one fourth as
long as the filiform pubescent tube, the two folds separating the sacs within
villous-bearded, galea subulate, brownish-purple,. but little exceeding the
lower lip. Low ground near the coast, southern Oregon and California

* * Anthers two-celled: seed-coat loose and arilliform, coarsely
reticulated

©. lithospermoides Benth. 1. c. Copiously hirsute above, pubescent
below: stem 6-18 inches high, strict, simple, or with some erect branches,
very leaty: }eaves lanceolate or somewhat linear, 2-5-cleft, or the lowermost
simple: bracts of the dense many-flowered spike cuneate-dilated and 3-5-cleft,
about equalling the flowers: calyx two lines long, the short subulate teeth
about as long as the tnbe: corollaabout an inch long, cream-color, or often
turning pale rose-color: sacs of the lower lip three lines deep, the teeth short
and inconspicuous: capsule ovate. In open places, southern Oregon and
California.

0. lacerus Benth, Pl. Hartw. 329. Rather soft hirsute and above vis-
cid: stem strict, simple, or branched above, 6-14 inches high: leaves pinnately
and bracts palmately 3-7-cleft or parted, with linear attenuate lobes: corolla
yellow, 6-8 lines long: galea straight, subulate. glabrons or merely puberulent:
lower lip ample, the sacs nearly as deep as long, shorter than the galea. On
dry ground, eastern Oregon to California.

0. hispidus Benth. Scroph. Ind. 12, Soft-hirsute: stem slender, strict
and erect, 4-12 inches high, simple, or with a few erect branches near the
top: leaves lanceolate, 6-18 lines long, deeply 3-lobed, with linear attenuate-
lanceolate lobes: bracts similar to the leaves but smaller: spikes very dense,
2-3 inches long: calyx about 4 lines long, pubescent, the subulate teeth
shorter than the tube: corolla white, 6-8 lines long, the lower lip with mode-
‘rately ample sacs longer than deep, surpassed by the subulate galea: capsule
ovoid, obtuse, longer than the tube of the calyx: seeds obovoid, dark grey.
In damp open places, western Oregon to California,

21 ADENOSTEGIA Benth. in Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445.
CORDYLANTHUS Nutt.

Branching annual herbs with narrow alternate leaves and in-
conspicuous flowers in leafy-bracted fascicles or spikes at the end
of the branches. Calyx spathe-like, diphyllous, or by the absence
of the anterior division monophylous. Corolla tubular, slightly
dilated upward, bilabiate, the lips short, rarely unequal in length,

ADENOSTEGIA SCROPHULARIACE 537

the lower round and 3-crenulate or entire, the galea narrow.
Stamens 4 and didynamous, or sometimes the shorter pair want-
ing. Anther-cells either pilose-ciliate or with the base and apex
minutely bearded. Style usually with an uncinately inflexed
apex, thickened under the entire stigma. Ovules several, ascend-
ing. Capsule compressed, loculicidal. Seeds few.

A. ramosa Greene Pitt. ii, 180. Cordylanthus ramosus Nutt. Canes-
cent with a minute scabrous pubescence: stem erect, 6-10 inches high, bran-
ching: leaves pinnately 3-5-parted with filiform segments; the floral ones
with 5-7 equal filiform lobes, scarcely dilated at the apex: bracts entire or
2-3-lobed: flowers capitate: calyx leaves 5-7 lines long, ovate or oblong, ob-
tuse, 4-6-nerved, the upper one emarginate: corolla yellow, 6-8 lines long:
stamens 4; filaments more or less villous; anthers 2-celled: capsule 4-5 lines
long, linear-oblong, 20-seeded. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and Wyoming.

A. capitata Greene l.c. Cordylanthus capitatus Nutt. Pilose-pubes-
cent: stem erect, 6-20 inches high, branched above: lower leaves and those of
the branches linear, one to two inches long, mostly entire, upper ones three-
Jobed, the lobes linear or filliform: floral leaves three-cleft or subpinnatifid:
flowers in small capitate fascicles, sessile, usually with a single obtuse bract;
calyx two-leaved, the lower leaf three to five-nerved, the upper two-nerved
and two-toothed at the apex: corolla six to eight lines long, purplish, but
little exceeding the calyx: stamens two; filaments flattened, almost glabrous:
anthers one-celled: capsule oblong, cight-seeded: seeds minutely favose. In
open woods, eastern Washington to Nevada and Idaho,

A. viscida. Minutely pilose and copiously viscid-glandular: stem
erect, one to three feet high, divaricately much branched: leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, one to three inches long, mostly entire. those subtending the branches
with a pair of linear lobes near the base; floral leaves deeply three-lobed, the
lobes linear-spatulate, not callous-tipped: flowers in small fascicles or solitary:
calyx two-leaved, nearly an inch long, the lower leaf linear-oblong, obtuse,
five-nerved, the upper linear-lanceolate, acuminate, faintly five-nerved: corolla
purplish, barely equalling the calyx: antheriferous stamens two, with vill-
ous filaments and two-celled anthers: sterile filaments conspicuous: fruit not
seen. On dry slopes, eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo,
southern Oregon.

22 PEDICULARIS L. Sp. 603.

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and yellow, purple, red or
white flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular, cleft
on the lower side or sometimes also on the upper side, or 2-5-
toothed. Corolla strongly bilabiate, the tube cylindric; the galea
laterally compressed, concave or conduplicate, sometimes beaked ;
lower lip erect or ascending, 3-lobed, the lobes spreading or re-
flexed, the middle one smallest. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascend-
ing within the upper lip of the corolla: anthers transverse, ap-
proximate in pairs, their cells equal, parallel, obtuse or rarely,
mucronate at base.. Capsule compressed, oblique or curved,
beaked,.many-seeded loculicidally dehiscent, Seeds reticulated
pitted, striate or ribbed.

* Cauline leaves and flowers verticillate or nearly so,
P. Menziesii Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 563. Nearly glabrous: stems

538: SCROPHULARIACEX PEDICULARIS

about ten inches high, simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnately parted.
into oblong incisely toothed divisions: lower whorls of the spike rather dis-
tant: calyx inflated-globose its teeth short, ciliate, somewhat crested: tube of
the corolla exceeding the calyx: galea straightish, slightly if at all beaked,
shorter than the depending lower lip. Northwest Coast Menzies.

* * Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite.

P. Grenlandica Retz Fl. Scand. ed. 2, 145. Glabrous perennial:
stems simple, erect, twelve to eighteen inches high: leaves alternate, lanceo-
late in outline, acute or acuminate, pinnately parted or the lower pinnately
divided into lanceolate acute crenulate or incised segments, the lower slender-
petioled, the upper sessile, two to six inches long: spikes one to six inches
long, very dense: calyx flve toothed, nearly as long as the tube of the corolla,
the teeth short, acutish: corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a
filiform beak 6-8 lines long, which is decumbent upon the lower lip and
upwardly recurved beyond it: capsule obliquely ovate, about three lines long.
In mountain marshes, Alaska to California and across the Continent,

P. contorta Benth. in Hook. Fi. ii, 108, Glabrous perennial: stems
eight to twelve inches high, simple, erect: leaves mostly radical and petioled,
two to three inches long, pinnately parted into linear eutire or incisely
serrate alternate lobes, the upper similar but smaller and sessile: spikes
cylindrical, two to four inches long, many-flowered: calyx four to five lines
long, cleft to below the middle into two triangular acute lobes which are
sharply two-toothed at the apex: corolla yellow or whitish, the galea produc-
ed into a slender elongated-subulate circinate incurved beak equalling or
longer than the broad lower lip: capsule six lines long, exceeding the calyx,
ovoid, obliquely acute: seeds oblong, callus apiculate at both ends. In
open meadows in the Cascade Mountains to Idaho.

P. racemosa Dougl. Hook, Fl. ii, 108. Glabrous perennial: stems
rather slender, one to two feet high, simple, or sometimes branched, leafy to
the top: leaves all cauline, one to two inches long, lanceolate, undivided,
finely serrulate ‘or incisely crenate and the crenations finely crenulate, the
teeth mostly white-tipped, all petioled: flowers rather few, in a short leafy
raceme: calyx somewhat oblique, deeper cleft before than behind, the lobes
abruptly acuminate, three lines long: corolla dull white or yellowish, six to
eight lines long, the galea produced into a slender elongated-subulate
circinate incurved beak nearly as long as the broad lower lip, hamate-
deflexed. Subalpine regions, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky
Mountains.

VY. Howellii Gray Proc. Am, Acad. xx, 107. Glabrous perennial: stem
stout, six to eighteen inches high, naked; or with some small scales below,
above densely leafy up to the short and dense cylindraceous spike: leaves ali
cauline, one to two inches long, oblong, some simple and undulate-serrate or
entire on margined petioles, others pinnately three to-seven-parted or upper
lobes more confluent : bracts foliaceous, ovate, mostly acuminate, more or
less lanate-ciliate, shorter than the flowers: calyx campanulate, sparsely
villous, five-toothed, the teeth ovate, nearly-entire, the posterior and lateral
more connate: corolla white or yellowish, with exserted tube and a rather
long much incurved somewhat rose-colored galea much longer than and
surrounding the short obscurely three-lobed Iower lip. On damp shady
slopes, top of the Siskiyou Mountains near Waldo Oregon,

P. ornithorhyncha Benth. in Hook. |. c. Smooth perennial: stems
scapiform, or sometimes bearing a pair of leaves, 6-8 inches high, simple:
leaves pinnately parted and the oblong or lanceolate divisions incisely
pinnatifid, the lobes small, dentate : spikes interrupted: cal yx ovate-inflated,

PEDICULARIS SCROPHULARIACEAR 539
RHINANTHUS

the teeth nearly entire: corolla about half-inch long, galea faleate, with a
narrow beak longer than its width, lower lip much smaller. Mount
Rainier, Washington.

P. parviflora J. E. Smith in Rees’ Cyclop. 1814. Glabrous: stems
about a foot high, branching, from a biennial or perhaps perennial root:
leaves all pinnately parted; the small segments oblong, incisely crenate:
calyx two-cleft, its lobes incisely cristate: corolla narrow, 6 lines long,
purplish, its lips much shorter than the tube; galea not at all beaked,
nearly straight, the anterior face curvilinear and slender-bidentate at the
lower part of the apex, and a pair of minute additional denticulations at
the throat. Alpine or subalpine, Oregon to Alaska and Hudson Bay.

P. bracteosa Benth. |. c, Glabrous perennial: stem stout, 1-3 feet
high, erect and simple, leafy only near the middle: leaves linear to ovate
in outline, the radical few, petioled, pinnate, the oblong leaflets 14-1
inch long and pinnately parted, the segments incisely dentate, the
teeth often tipped with white: cauline broader in outline, 2-4 inches long,
pinnate or pinnately parted, the segments narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 inches
long, coarsely serrate: bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers:
spikes cvlindrical, in flower very dense: calyx sparsely pilose, 9 lines
long, its teeth subulate from a broad base: corolla about an inch long,
ochroleucous, the tube about equalling the calyx; galea much longer and
larger than the lower lip, its cucullate summit slightly produced at the
entire edentulate orifice, but not beaked. In open forests of high moun-
tains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Saskatchewan.

P. densiflora Benth. Hook. Fl. ii, 110. Pubescent or glabrate per-
ennial: stem stout, 6-20 inches high, leafy, simple: leaves ample, 4-12
inches long, of oblong outline, bipinnatifid, or pinnately parted and the
lobes laciniate-dentate, the irregular salient teeth cuspidate-tipped :
lower bracts leaf-like, uppermost almost entire and equalling or shorter
than the flowers: spikes at first very dense, oblong, 2-5 inches long, in age
looser and sometimes a foot long: calyx campanulate, about 6 lines long’
by 4-5 broad, 5-toothed, the triangular acute teeth about half as long as
the tube: corolla 12-18 lines long, scarlet; galea completely straight and
anteriorly rectilinear, very much longer and larger than the very small '
3-lobed lower lip: filaments glabrous. On dry hillsides, southern Oregon
and California.

23 RHINANTHUS L. Sp. 603.

Erect annual herbs with opposite leaves and yellow, blue or
variegated flowers in terminal secund leafy-bracted spikes, or sol-
itary in the upper axils. Calyx compressed, 4-toothed, much
inflated, membranaceous and veiny in fruit. Corolla very irreg-
ular or bilabiate, the upper lip compressed, arched, minutely
2-toothed below the entire apéx, the lower lip shorter, 3-lobed,.
the lobes spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under |
the galea. Anthers pilose, the cells obtuse at base, transverse,
distinct. Capsule orbicular, flat, loculicidally dehiscent, several-
seeded. Seeds nearly orbicular, winged.

R. Crista-Galli L. Sp. 603.. Glabrous, or pubescent above: stem
slender, usually branched, %-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate, 1-2 inches
long, sessile, coarsely serrate denta e: bracts broader. ovate to ovate-lan-
ceolate, incised-dentate, the teeth acumina'e, or subulate-tipped: flowers

yellow, 6-8 lines long: corolla-tu: e longer than the calyx, commonly with
a purple spot on one or both lips: fruiting calyx-ovate-orbicular, 4-8 lines

540 | SCROPHULARIACEZ MELAMPYRUM

in diameter: capsule orbicular or broader, nearly as broad as the calyx,
very flat, not oblique. In fields and waste places, Oregon to Alaska and
across the Continent: Europe and Asia.

24 MELAMPYRUM L. 8p, 606.

Annual branching herbs with opposite leaves and small flowers
solitary in the upper axils, or in terminal spikes. Calyx 4-tooth-
ed, the 2 upper teeth somewhat longest. Corolla bilabiate, the
tube narrow, gradually enlarged above, the upper lip compressed,
obtuse or emarginate, with a groove behind the margins, or these
recurved, or with a tooth on each side, lower lip spreading or as-
cending, 3-toothed, 2-grooved beneath. Stamens 4, ascending
under the galea. Anther-cells distinct, parallel, obtuse or mu-
cronulate at base. Capsule flat, oblique, loculicidally dehiscent,
2-4-seeded. Seeds smooth, strophiolate.

M. lineare Lam. Encycl. iv, 22. Pubescent: stem slender, obscurely
4-sided above, at length widely branched, 6-18 inches high: leaves lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex,
narrowed, obtuse or the upper truncate at base, 1-214 inches long, the
lower all entire, the upper floral ones ovate or lanceolate with 2-6 bristle-
pointed teeth near the base: flowers short-peduncled, 4-6 lines long: calyx
about one-third the length of the corolla, its subulate teeth longer than its
tube: corolla white or whitish, puberulent, the lower lip yellow: capsule
4-5 lines long, about 2 lines broad, twice as long as the calyx. In dry
woods, Idaho to Brit. Columbia and east to the Atlantic.

Orver LXIX. OROBANCHACEZ Lindl. Nat, Syst. ed 2, 287.

Rrect, simple or branched, brown yellowish purplish or
nearly white, root-parasitic herbs with the leaves reduced to al-
ternate appressed scales and perfect irregnlar flowers in ter-
minal bracted spikes, or sometimes solitary or fascicled and
peduncled in the axils of the scales. Calyx inferior, gamosep-
alous, 4-5-toathed or 4-5-cleft, or split nearly or quite to the
base on one or both sides. Corolla gamopetalous, more or less
oblique, the tube cylindric, or expanded above, the limb bi-
labiate and 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the
tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, a fifth rudi-
mentary one sometimes present. Anthers two-celled, the cells
parallel and equal. Ovary one-celled, with apparently four
parietal placente and numerous, anatropous, ovules. Style
slender, with two-lobed or four-lobed discoid stigma. Capsule
one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, reticulated, wrinkled
or striate. Cotyledons scarcely differentiated.

* Anther-cells deeply separated from below, mucronate or aristu-
late at base.

1 Orobanche Flowers spicate and sessile or subsessile.

2 Thalesia Flowers pedunculate, without bracts on the peduncle or calyx.
* * Anther-cells parallel and muticose at base.

3 Boschniakia Flowers sessile in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike.

OROBANCHE OROBANCHACE 541
THALES(A

1 OROBANCHE L. Sp. 682. (1753.)

Glandular-pubescent reddish yellowish violet or nearly white
herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales
and spicate or racemose bracted and sometimes bracteolate flowers.
Calyx split both above and below nearly or quite to the base, the
divisions 2-cleft or rarely entire, or more or less unequally 2-5-
toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly bilabiate: upper lip erect,
emarginate or 2-lobed: lower lip spreading. 3-lobed. Stamens
not exserted: anther-cells mostly mucronate at the base, Pla-
centz equidistant or approximate in pairs. Style slender, usually
persistent until after the dehiscence of the capsule: stigma pel-
tate to funnelform, entire or laterally 2-lamellate.

0. comosa Hook. Fl. ii, 93. Aphyllon comosum Gray. Puberulent:
stems stout, 2-4 inches high, branching close to the ground: scales rather
few, oblong-ovate to lanceolate: flowers corymbose or paniculate-racemose,
on stout pedicels 4-8 lines long: bractlets one or two, on the pedicels or
sometimes at the base of the flower: calyx deeply 5-parted; lobes subulate-
linear and attenuate, 6-10 lines long: corolla pink or pale purple, an inch
or more !ong; upper lip barely spreading, obtuse; lower lip acutely 3-too-
thed, spreading: anthers woolly: capsule oblong, obtuse, 6 lines long:
arena numerous, yellowish. On dry hills, eastern Washington to
3 . :

0. Californica Cham. & Schlect. Linn. iii, 184. Aphyllon Californi-
cum Gray Pubescent with short hairs and ‘viscid: stems stout, 8-10
inches high: flowers crowned in an oblong dense raceme or thyrsus:
pedicels shorter than the calyx: ‘bractlets close to'the calyx, linear-lanceo-
late : calyx deeply 5-parted, the subulatelinear lobes 6-10 lines long: corolla
yellowish or purplish, but little longer than the calyx its short oblong
lobes barely spreading: anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. Sandy places,
Oregon to California and Nevada.

0. pinetorum Geyer. Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii, 297. Aphyllon
pinetorum Gray. Pubescent with short whitish hairs: stems rather slen-
der above the thickened tuber-like base, 6-12 inches high : flowers subsessile
or short pedicelled, in a long and rather loose panicle: calyx 2-bracteolate
at base, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes subulate from a broad base, not longer
than the tube: corolla yellowish, 6 lines long: anthers glabrous: capsule
oblong, obtuse, 4 lines Jong, exceeding the calyx. On the roots of conifer-
ous trees, Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

2 THALESIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. ii, 267. (1818.)
‘ APHYLLON Gray Man. 290. (1848.)

Glandular or viscid-puhescent herbs, parasitic on the roots of
various plants, with scattered scales, and long-peduncled yellow-
ish white or violet complete and perfect bractless flowers. Calyx
nearly equally 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acuminate. Corolla ob-
lique: the tube elongated, curved: the limb slightly bilabiate, the
upper lip erect-spreading, 2-lobed: the lower lip spreading, 3-lob-
ed, the lobes all nearly equal. Stamens included: anther-cells
mucronate at the base. Ovary ovoid: placentz eyuidistant or
contiguous in pairs. Style slender, deciduous: stigma peltate, or
transversely bilamellate.

542 OROBANCHACEZ THALESIA
BOSCHNIAKIA

T. uniflora Britton Mem. Torr. Club v, 298. Aphyllon uniflora Gray.
Stem usually less than an inch long, nearly subterranean, bearing several
-ovate-oblong scales and 1-4 slender erect scape-like glandular-puberulent
naked 1-flowered: peduncles 3-8 inches high: calyx campanulate, pubescent
and glandular. 4-5 lines high, its lanceolate-acuminate lobes as long as the
tube or longer: corolla violet or white, puberulent outside, 8-12 lines long,
the curved tube about 3 times as long as the limb, the short lobes oval or
obovate, obtuse: capsule ovoid; longer than the calyx. In woods and
thickets, California to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent.

T. purpurea Heller Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxiv, 313. Rootstock
stout, fascicled or sparingly branched, 2-3 inches long mostly subterranean,
bearing a few broad acute prominently veined glabrous scales, and few to
several stout glandular-pubescent channeled scape-like peduncles 4-6 inch-
es high: calyx glandular-pubescent, equally 5-lobed, the lobes prominently
3-nerved, the lateral nerves close to the margin, twice the length of the
tube, long-acuminate from a triangular base: corolla deep violet-purple,
16-18 lines long, glandular-pubescent; lobes broadly oblong or obovate,
usually notched or sometimes merely rounded, fringed with short glandu-
lar hairs, marked with 3 yellowish veins: stamens smooth; the anthers
Sst short-acuminate at base: ovary glabrous. Mouth of the Potlatch

aho.

T. fasciculata Britton 1. c. Glandular-pubescent throughout: stems
erect, 2-4 inches high, bearing severa!.oblong to lanceolate scales and 3-20
naked 1-flowered peduncles 1-4 inches long: calyx broadly campanulate,
3-5 lines high; its lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate, acute,
equalling or shorter than the tube: corolla nearly an inch long, yellowish,
often tinged with purple,.the curved tube 3 times as long as the limb, the
lobes oblong, obtuse: capsule ovoid to globose. On sandy banks, Brit.
Columbia to California and Indiana. —

38 BOSCHNIAKIA C. A. Meyer Bong. Veg. Sitcha. 159,

Erect simple brown or reddish densely scaly glabrous. herbs,
parasitic on Ericaceous shrubs or trees, with numerous flowers in
a simple dense scaly-bracted cone-like spike. Flowers all alike
and fertile, sessile, or short-pedicelled. Calyx short, cupuliform,
posteriorly truncate or obliquely shorter, and with 3 distant teeth
in front. Corolla ventricose: upper lip erect or fornicate, entire;
_lower 8-parted. Stamens slightly exserted: anther-cells closely
parallel and muticose at base. Stigma dilated and bilamellar or
4-lobed. Seeds with a thin reticulated or favose coat.

B. strobilacea Gray Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 118. Stems clustered, 4-12
inches high stout and thick, brownish-red: scales ovate or the upper ones
more or less cuneate below, much imbricated: flowering from near the
ground: pedicels stout, a line or two long: calyx with a pair of setaceous
bractlets at base, irregularly 2-5-toothed, the teeth subulate from a broad
base, 3-4 lines long, about as long as the tube: corolla bilabiate, 8-10 lines
long, upper lip entire, its margins involute, Jower lip.2-lobed, naked: sta-
mens densely woolly at base, shorter than the upper lip, anthers woolly:

-style a little longer than the stamens; stigma irregularly 3-5-lobed: capsule
globose, 4-valved, 1-celled: seeds globose, a line long, light-colored, with a
spongy coat. In open woods, southern Oregon ‘to California.

_B. Hookeri Walp. Rep. iii, 479.? Stem comparatively slender, 3-6
inches high: scales oblong to broadly ovate, lax or densely imbricated :
flowers sessile: calvx ebracteolate, 4-toothed, the triangular acute teeth
a line or two long, about as long as the tube: corolla 6-8 lines long, upper

UTRICULARIA LENTIBULARIACE 548

lip entire, a little longer than the 3-toothed lower one, all more or less
ciliate: filaments woolly at base: anthers white, ciliate on the sutures:
style shorter than. the stamens, with irregularly 2-5-lobed stigma. On
sandy plains near the sea, Oregon.

Orpen LXX LENTIBULARIACE/ Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 686,
PINGUICULACEZ — *

Aquatic herbs, or terrestrial in wet plaecs, with the leaves all
radical, or when floating opposite or verticillate, and mostly
showy flowers solitary or racemose on scapes or scape-like pe-
duncles. Calyx inferior, 2-5-parted. Corolla bilabiate, the
upper lip usually erect, concave, or the sides plicate, entire or
2-lobed. lower lip larger, spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, with
apalate projecting into the throat anda nectariferous spur
beneath. Stamens two: anther-cells confluentinto one. Ovary
ovoid or globose, one-celled ovules numerous. Style short or
none: stigma bilamellate.. Fruit a capsule, irregularly bursting
or dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous, rugose, reticulated,
or bristle-bearing. ue 3
1 Utricularia Aquatic or bog plants: foliage often dissected and bladder

bearing. ,
2 Pinguicula Terrestrial herbs: leaves all radical,in a rosulate tuft,entire.:

1 UTRICULARIA L. Sp. 18. poly

Herbs floating free in water, or. rooting in mud, the aquatic
species with stems usually bearing finely. dissected leaves and
minute bladders: marsh species with a few bladder-bearing leaves
or rootlets under growhd. Flowers racemose or solitary;at the
summits ‘of. slender scapes, the pedicels two-bracteolate. .Calyx
deeply two-lobed, the lobes. equal or nearly'so. Corolla bilabiate,.
the upper lip usually erect and entire; the lower larger, 3-lobed,
spurred at the basé and with a prominent palate, commonly
bearded in the throat. Capsule many-seeded. :

U. vulgaris L. Sp, 18. Stem long and rather stout, densely leafy:

leaves 2-3-pinnately divided into filiform segments, very bladdery : blad-
ders about 2 lines long: scapes a foot or less long, 5-16 flowered: corolla
yellow, half inch or more broad, with sides of lips reflexed ; upper lip nearly
entire, hardly longer than the prominent palate; the lower one slightly
3-lobed and longer than the conic, blunt or acutish somewhat curved spur..
Slow streams ‘and ponds, Brit. Columbia to, California. and across the,
Continent: Europe and: Asia. ; se #7, :
_ U. occidentalis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 95. Stems filiform, 8-10
inches long: leaves scattered, repeatedly dichotomously divided, the small
setaceous segments a line or two long :.scapes 6-10 inches high, 3-5-flower-
ed: corolla yellow, 4-6 lines long:. upper. lip .a little longer than the broad.
rounded palate; spur broadly conical, acutish, 2 lines long, ascending.
In shallow water on boggy ‘meadows near the base of Mount Adams,
Washington. pts ; ae

U. minor L. Sp. 18. Stems slender, floating, short: leaves much
scattered dichotomously divided, the divisions few and setaceous: bladders
borne among the leaves, few, often none, the largest not.over a line long:

544 LENTIBULARIACE UTRICULARIA
PINGUICULA
scapes slender 2-7 inches high, racemosely 1-10-flowered: corolla pale
yellow, 2-3 lines broad, ringent, the upper lip smaller than the lower; spur
usually reduced to a brdad blunt protuberance, shorter than the lips. In
shallow ponds and hégs, Brit. Columbia to California and across the
Continent: also Europe.

U. intermedia Haye in Schrad. Journ. Bot. i, 18. Stems floating
2-6 incbes long: leaves 3-6 lines long, more or less scattered, 2-ranked)
repeatedly dichotomous, the ‘segments linear, flat, the margins-bristly-
ciliate: bladders with rare exceptions borne on leafless branches: scapes
capillary, 2-10 inches high, naked, or with a few scales, 1-5-flowered:
corolla 6 lines broad, its lower lip broad with a large palate and exceeding
the upper one: spur conic, subacute, nearly as long as the lip, to which it is
appressed. In shallow water, Brit. Columbia to California and across the
continent: also in Europe. a

2 PINGUICULA L. Sp. 17.

Acaulescent herbs with’ fibrous roots, entire rosulate-tufted
leaves, the upper surface covered with a viscid secretion to which
insects adhere and are captured by the involution of the sensitive
margins, and naked one-tlowered scapes. Calyx 4-5-parted, or
bilabiate, the upper lip 2-parted, the lower 3-parted. Corolla bi-.
labiate, the upper lip .2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft ; the base produced
into a nectariferous spur. Capsule 2-valved, or 4-valved. Seeds
oblong, wrinkled or reticulated.

P. vulgaris L. Sp. 17. Scapes glabrous or minutely puberulent, 2-6
inches high, recurved at the apex and bearing a single large blue flower:
leaves 3-7 in a rosette at the base of the scape, greasy to the touch on the
upper side, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1-2 inches long, short-petioled or
sessile: corolla 3-6 lines broad when expanded, bilabiate, the upper lip
2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, larger, the tube gradually contracted into an
acute or obtuse nearly straight spur 2-4 lines long: capsule globose-ovoid,
longer than the calyx. On wet rocks,: southern Oregon to Alaska and
across the Continent: also Europe and Asia.

OrperR LXXI LABIATA B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759.

Herbs shrubs or rarely trees, mostly aromatic, usually with
square stems, simple opposite leaves without stipules and rather
small perfect flowers usually clustered in the axils of the upper
leaves or bracts. Calyx 3-5-cleft, 3-5-toothed or bilabiate,

ersistent. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed or entire, the
ower 3-cleft or 3-parted, or rarely as if 4 lobes in the upper
and one in the lower lip. Stamens mostly 4 and didynamous,
rarely equal, sometimes only two with or without staminoidea;
filaments distinct, mostly slender, alternate with the lobes of
the corolla. Anthers introrse, 2-celled or confluently 1-celled,
or sometimes of a single cell. Ovary 4-lobed or 4-parted, su-
per, each lobe or division with 1, mostly anatropous, ovule.

tyle arising from the centre of the lobed or parted ovary,
filiform, 2-cleft at the apex, often unequally so, or one of the
cells obsolete: stigma minute, usually 2-lobed. Fruit of 4 one-
seeded nutlets. Seeds erect from the base of the nutlet, mostly

LABIATZ 545

without albumen. Embryo mostly straight: radicle short,
inferior.

I Ovary merely 4-lobed, or not deeply 4-parted.

TrisE 1 Stamens mostly exserted -from the upper side of the
corolla, 4 in all our genera.

1 Trichostema Limb of the corolla merely or hardly oblique, of 5 some-
what equal and similar lobes.

2 Teucrium Limb of the corolla irregular, seemingly bilabiate the
upper lip either split down or very short.

II Ovary deeply 4-parted.

TRIBE 11 Stamens not declined, the posterior pair shorter or
wanting.

* Flowers capitate-glomerate : corolla about equally 4-lobed, small
and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe often broader than the
others and emarginate: anther-cells parallel, without any thickish
‘connective.

8 Mentha Stamens +, similar and nearly equal.
4 Lycopus Stamens only 2 with anthers, the upper pair sterile rudi-
ments or wanting.

* * Calyx striate-nerved or costate, not much changed in fruit:
corolla more or lessvevidently bilabiate, the upper lip erect, the lower
spreading and 3-cleft,. destitute of bearded ring within.

5 Monardella Flowers densely spicate-verticillastrate ; upper lip of the
corolla 2-cleft : stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never
convergent nor curved.

6 Micromeria Flowers few, in the axils of the leaves: upper lip of the
corolla plain or slightly concave and straight: stamens unequal exsert-
ed: anther-cells often divergent. '

7 Meuissa Flowers rather few, in the axils of the upper leaves: corolla-
tube not longer than the calyx, curved.

8 Pogogyne Flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and spicate: upper lip
of the corolla short, erect and entire: stamens ascending and above
somewhat.approximate in pairs.

TrIBE ut Stamens only 2, the posterior pair rudimentary or
wanting, straight or commonly parallel-ascending.

9 Audibertia Calyx pilabiate and spathaceous, its lower lip 2-cleft:
filaments exsérted and bearing one-celled anthers-

10 Monarda Calyx elongated-tubular, regular or nearly so: anthers
2-celled, both cells fertile and similar.

TriBE tv Stamens 4, both pairs fertile: the posterior pair
longest. ,

* Anthers separated or distinct, not approximate in pairs, their
cells parallel or nearly so. . o

11 Agastache Stamens divergent or distant, exserted.

* * Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate
or divergent: filaments asvending, not exserted.,

‘546 LABIATAE

I2 Nereta Erect plants: flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and spicate :
calyx tubular, not bilabiate, nearly equally 2-toothed.

18 Guxcoma Trailing plants: flowers axillary: calyx unequally 5-toothed.

14 Dracocephalum Erect plants with glomerate-spicate inflorescence:
calyx bilabiate, the upper tooth largest,
_Tripe v, Stamens 4, ascending and parallel, all fertile; the
the anterior pair longer with the anthers by abortion one-celled;
those of the posterior pair 2-celled. :

15 Scutellaria Calyx with a strong projection on the upper side.

Trise vi Stamens 4, all fertile, parallel and ascending under

_ the concave or somew. hat galeate upper lip of the bilabiate corolla.
Calyx reticulate-veiny, membranaceous or chartaceous, more or

fen ‘inflated, deeply bilabiate; the lips flattened and closed in fruit;

upper lip plain and broad: corolla with inflated throat from a more or
less exserted tube.

16 Brunella ‘Tnfloreacence verticillastrate- -capitate or spicate: calyx ob-
long, somewhat 10-nerved, upper lip truncate, 3-toothed.

* * Calyx more or less membranaceous and inflated or enlarged
after flowering; obscurely nerved, but somewhat veiny, 3-5-lobed, not
bilabiate, open: corolla showy ; throat inflated, upper lip more or less
concave, not galeate: filaments more or less villous.

17 Physostégia Flowers simply opposite in the axils of the leaves or
bracts: calyx nearly regular and equally 5- toothed.

** * Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly . 5-10-nerved or striate,
' 5-10-toothed.

+ Stamens included in the short tube of the soralhe, the upper lip .
of which is merely concave.

18 Marrustum Calyx tubular-cylindraceous, atronly ribbed, and with
5 or 10 subulate or spinulose teeth.

+ + Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the-corolla

19 peony Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, and with 5 subulate spinescent
eeth. : ;

20 Lamium Calyx tubular or turbinate-campanulate, the 5 teeth subu-
late-but not spinescent. °

+ + + Stamens all or the lower pair sometimes deflexed to ne
sides of the throat or contorted after anthesis.

-21 Stachys aad ia a or turbinate, 5-10-nerved and
5-toothed.

I Nutlets rugose-reticulated, with introrsely very oblique or
even ventral and comparatively large scar of attachment. Ovary
_ merely 4- lobed or not very deeply 4-parted. Seeds exalbuminous.

Tribe 1 Ajugotcoe Benth. in DC, Prodr. xii, 571. Calyx 5-10-
nerved. Stamens ascending, mostly exserted from the upper side of
the corolla, 4 in our genera. Ovules and seeds more or less Gaphe-
tropous. Nutlets obovoid, dry.

PRICHOSTEMA LABIATA 547
TEUCRIUM

1 TRICHOSTEMA 'L. Sp. 598.

Annual or perennial erect branching herbs or suffrutescent
plants with entire or slightly repand leaves and small or middle-
sized, mostly blue, flowers, paniculate or in axillary loose or
dense cymes. Calyx campanulate, very unequally or almost
equally 5-lobed. Corolla with narrow tube and more or less ob-
lique limb; the somewhat similar lobes oblong and more or less
declined. , Stamens 4, with long filaments that are spirally coiled
in the unopened limb, at length long-exserted, and divaricate or
divergent anther-cells. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Amphitropous
ovules and seeds ascending, being attached below the middle.

T. oblongum Benth. Lab. 659. ‘Soft-villous throughout; stem simple
or branching from the base, 2-12 inches high from an annual root: leaves
‘oblong’or oval, with narrowed base, an inch or less lung, membranaceous,
costate-veined : flowers in short -glomerate cymules shorter than the leaves:
calyx nearly equally 5-parted, its lanceolate acuminate lobes about 3 lines
long, much longer than the tube: corolla blue, inconspicuous, its tube not
surpassing the calyx: filaments blue, long-exserted. In moist places,
“western Washington to California. ae

T. laxum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 387. Minutely soft-pubescent
annual: stem 6-14 inches high, simple or loosely branched: leaves rather
distant, ianceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 inches long,rather
‘obscurely pinnately veined tapering at base, mostly into a slender petiole:
flowers in rather loose often forked long-peduncled cymules: pedicels a line
long: calyx campanulate, about 2 lines long, its equal ovate-triangular
‘acute lobes longer than the tube: corolla blue, 3-4 lines long, almost glab-
rous: stamens 6-8 lines long, On gravelly bars along streams, southern
Oregon to California. é

T, lanceolatum Benth. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent or villous annual:
stem 6-12 inches high, rather sparingly branched, very leafy: leaves much
longer than the internodes, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, narrowed below
toa very short petiole or sessile, acute and minutely cuspidate, strongly
nerved: flowers in small sessile or very short-peduncled cymules much
shorter than the leaves: pedicels a line or two long: calyx campanulate,
about 2 lines long, its triangular-ovate acute lobes longer than the tube:
corolla: blue, 6 lines long, the tube almost filiform, somewhat pubescent.
Common in dry ground, western Oregon to California.

2 TEUCRIUM. L. Sp. 562.

Herbs or shrubs with dentate or entire leaves and rather small
pink, white or purplish flowers“in terminal bracted spikes or
heads, or verticillate in the upper axils.. Calyx campanulate. 10-
nerved, equally or unequally'5-toothed. Corolla-tube short, the
‘limb irregularly 5-lobed, the two short upper lobes oblong, erect
or declined, the lateral lobes more or less united with the upper
ones, the lower lobe larger,.declined. Stamens 4, exserted betw-
een the two upper lobes of the corolla, the anterior pair longest.
Anther-cells divergent, confluent at base. Nutlets obovoid, ru-
gose-reticulated, with a broad introrse areola. |

T. occidentale Gray Syn. FI. ii, 349. Villous or pubescent perennial:

stem erect rather stout, usually much branched, 1-3 feet high, the branches
ascending: leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, acute or acuminate

548 LABIATA MENTHA
LYCOPUS

at the apex, sharply dentate, mostly rounded at base, usually slender-peti-
oled, 1-3 inches loug: spikés dense, becoming 3-8 inches long in A
bracts lanceolate-subulate or the lower sometimes larger: calyx villous-
pubescent, its 3 upper teeth acute or acutish: corolla 4-6 lines long. In
moist soil, eastern Washington to California, Pennsylvania and Ontario.
II Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets smooth or granulate. with
small basal scar of attachment. Seeds mostly exalbumenous,

Tribe 2 Menthoideex Benth in DC. Prodr. xii, 149. Corolla
less strongly bilabiate ‘and the lobes flatter than in the succeeding
tribes, upper lip not galeate or concave. Stamens not declined, the
posterior pair shorter or wanting. Anthers, in our genera, 2-celled;
the cells distinct or more or less confluent.

3 MENTHA L. Sp. 576

Erect or diffuse herbs with simple mostly punctate leaves and
small pink, purple or white flowers in axillary whorls, or dense
or interrupted terminal spikes. Calyx campanulate to tubular,
10-nerved, regular to slightly bilabiate, 5-toothed. Corolla with
tube shorter than the calyx, and somewhat irregular 4-cleft limb;
the posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, en-
tire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, sometimes imperfect:
filaments glabrous: anthers two-celled, the cells parallel. Ovary
4-parted: style cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.

_M. Canadensis L. Sp. 577.. More or less pubescent perennial: stema
erect, simple or branched, usually slender, 6-30 inches high: leaves oblong
or ovate-oblong- or oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled acute at the apex,
or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate, narrowed to a somewhat cuneate
acute or obtuse base; glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, the larger 2-3
inches long: flowers all in short and dense sessile axillary glomerules: calyx
oblong-campanulate, densely or sparingly pubescent all over, its teeth
about one third as long as the tube. In moist meadows, Brit. Columbia
to California and across the Continent. ‘

4 LYCOPUS L. Sp. 21,

Perennial herbs. with erect or diffuse stems, mostly dentate
leaves and small flowers bracted and’ verticillate in dense axil-
lary clusters. Calyx campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-
‘toothed, not bearded in the. oe Corolla campanulate to cy-
lindric, equalling or longer than the calyx, the limb nearly equal-
ly 4-cleft, or one of the lobes larger and emarginate. Perfect
stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimentary or wanting;
anther-cells parallel. .Nutlets smooth, trigonous, truncate at the
summit.

L. Virginicus L. Sp. 21. Glabrous or puberulent: stems slender,
6-24 inches high, simple or branched: propagating by long filiform some-
times tuber-bearing stolons: Jeaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acumin-
ate at the apex, coarsely and sharply dentate, narrowed or cuneate at the
base, 1-3 inches long, 6-18 lines wide, petioled, or the upper sessile: bracts
short, oblong: calyx about.a line long, 4- or sometimes 5-toothed, the teeth
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute: corolla about a line broad,
nearly twice as long as the calyx : nutlets as long or longer than the calyx.

LYCOFUS LABIATA ° 549
MONARDELLA

Tn wet places, throughout most of North America.

L. rubellus Moench Meth. Suppl. 146. Glabrous or minutely puberu-
lent: stems erect or ascending, simple, or at length freely branched, 1-3 feet
high: leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrower, acuminate at the
apex. sharply dentate,.narrowed or cuneate at base. 2-5 inches long, 6-18
lines wide, usually tapering into conspicuous petioles: bracts minute, acute
or acuminate: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, herbaceous, one-half as
long aa the tybe or more: corolla longer’ than the calyx: rudimentary
posterior filaments oval or oblong: nutleta much shorter than the calyx.
In wet oil, western Oregon and Washington to New York and Florida.

L. Americanus Muhl, Bart. Fl. Phil. Prodr. 15. L. sinuatus Eu,
Puberulent or glabrous, perennial by suckers: stems stiff, erect, aimple or.
branched, 1-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline,
incised, pinnatifid or the uppermost merely serrate, acute at the apex 2-4
inches long, petioled : bracts subulate, the outer ones sometimes exceeding
the calyx :'teeth of the calyx triangular-subulate, cuspidate, rigid: corolla
little exceeding the et sk rudimentary filaments thickened at their tips;
nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, Brit. Columbia to Cali-
fornia and. across the continent. : ;

L. Iuecidus Turcz. Benth in DC. Prodr. xii, 178. Pubescent or glab-
rate: stems usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple, or sometimes branch-
ed, 1-3 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed or
rounded.at base, sessile or very short-petioled, 2-6 inches long. 4-12 lines
wide, sharply serrate with acute ascending teeth : bracts ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate-subulate, the outer ones often as long as the flowers: calyx-
teeth 5, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube: corolla little longer
than the’ calyx: rudimentary filaments slender, thickened at the tips:
nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, eastern Washington to
California and Minnesota. ;

5 MONARDELLA Benth. Lab. 331.

_Low annual or perennial herbaceous or suffrutescent plants
with mostly. entire leaves and small red purple or white flowers
in terminal heads subtended by broad often membranaceoue and
colored bracts. Caly’x tubular, often elongated, 10-13-nerved, 5-
toothed: the teeth short, nearly equal, straight ; the throat naked
within. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx: the throat glabrous

_within: the limb somewhat bilabiate, the upper lip two-cleft, the
lower 38-cleft, and the lobes all oblong or linear, flat and nearly
equal. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, or the lower ones longer,
straight, divergent and exserted. Anthers with two parallel cells
becoming divergent or-divaricate. Style very shortly two-cleft.

M. villosa Benth. Lab. 382. Somewhat canescent: stems slender, 6-18
inches high, branching from a perennial woody base, stiff and erect or as-
cending : tnaied rather distant, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, entire,
6-12 lines long, all short-petioled : heads sessile, 6-10 lines high, very dense ;
bracts broadly ovate to elliptical, 6-8 lines long, 7-9-nerved, villous-ciliate :
tinged with purple: calyx 4-6 lines long, pubescent, its short subulate teeth
villous: corolla purple to white, pubescent, the tube gradually enlarged
from the base and'at length a line or more longer than the calyx; the ob-
long lobes 2-3 lines long. On dry ridges, southwestern Oregon to California. |

M. reflexa. More or less cinereous witha minute scurfy puberulence:
stems slender, 6-14 inches high, from a woody perennial base, simple, or
more or less branched: leaves ovate to lanceolate, 6-12 lines long, not as

550- LABIATAE MONARDELLA
MICROMERIA

long as the internodes, all petioled: heads often peduncled, 6-8 lines high:
bracts foliaceous, spreading or reflexed, lanceolate,to ovate, sometimes
acuminate from an orbicular base: calyx about 6 lines long, ' pubescent;
its triangular-subulate teeth-ciliate: corolla purple to white; its pubescent
tube almost filiform, hardly at ‘all aalesel upward, not longer than the
calyx; its linear lobes nearly as long as the tube. On gravelly banks and
bars of the Rogue river, Oregon.

M. purpurea. Very smooth and shining except the inflorescence:
whole herbage usually reddish-purple: stems slender, 3-8 inches high,
simple, from a woody perennial base: leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
4-12 lines long, mostly longer than the internodes, all petioled, very entire
and obtuse: heads broad and rather loose, 8-10 lines high, often ped uncl-
ed: bracts broadly ovate to oblong, never reflexed, tinged with purple,
villous-ciliate, 4-6 lines long: calyx about 5 lines long, glabrous; its subu-
late teeth hirsute; ‘cdrolla about 10 lines long; its pubescent tube very
slightly enlarged upward, much longer than the calyx the linear lobes ,
about 4 lines long. Ini dry rocky places, eastern base of the Coast Moun-
tains; southwestern Oregon. :

M. odoratissima Benth. Lab. 332. Somewhat cinereous with a min-
ute scurfy puberulence: stems often stoutish and much branched, 4-10
inches long, very numerous from a perennial woody base, decumbent or
ascending: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, 4-12 lines
long, mostly longer, than the internodes, acute at both ends: heads 6-10
lines high: bracts broadly ovate, very obtuse, 4-6 lines long : calyx about
5 lines long, puberulent. its triangular acute teeth softly villous: corolla
rose-color, its pubescent tube slightly dilated upward, a line or more lon-
ger than the calyx, lobes oblong-linear, 3-4 lines long. In rocky ravines,
eastern Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. '

M. discolor Greene Pitt. ii, 24. ‘‘ Rigidly suffrutescent, diffuse, a
span high: leaves small, (14-34 inch long), ovate-lanceolate, entire, short-
petioled, green and nearly glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath,
scarcely punctate, the veins prominent beneath: heads small, bracts few,
ovate or oblong, obtuse, of firm texture, tomentose-canescent, not colored,
parallel-nerved : calyx-teeth short, acutigh, woolly-hairy withuut: corollas
light purple. ”’ sis meet d ; .

“ Gravelly banks of the Yakima River near Clealum Washington. ”

6 MICROMERIA Benth, in Bot. Reg. under n. 1282.

Shrubs or herbs with entire or merely dentate leaves and small
flowers in bracted spikes, or few in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
tubular, 138-15-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth subequal or somewhat
bilabiate. Corolla short, its straight tube usually shorter or
hardly longer than the calyx; the limb bilabiate ; upper lip erect
entire or emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4,
arcuate, shorter than the corolla, the anterior pair longest: an-
thers 2-celled. , Style beardless.

M. Douglasii Benth. Lab. 372. Minutely pubescent: stems slender,
simple, trailing, 6-20 inches lorig: leaves round-ovate, crenate, 6-12 lines
long, on petioles 2-3 lines long: flowers usually solitary in the axils of the
leaves in the middle of the stem, on filiform peduncles 4-6 lines long;
calyx about 4 lines’ long, its acute triangular teeth less than a line long:
corolla about 6lines long, white, narrow-funnelform, with slender tube
about equalling the ‘calyx, ampliate throat and short rounded lobes.
Common in wooded districts, Brit. Columbia to California.

MELISSA LABIAT ZA 551
POGOGYNE

7 MELISSA T. Sp. 592.

Herbs with leafy stems broad dentate leaves and small white or
yellowish flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx bilabiate, ob-
Jong-campanulate, 13-nerved, nearly naked in the throat: upper
lip flat, 3-toothed ; the lower 2-parted. Corolla exserted, its tube
curved, enlarged above, naked within, the limb bilabiate; upper
lip erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
connivent and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla: an-
thers 2-celled, the cells divaricate.

M. orvicrnauis L. Sp. 592. Pubescent perennial: stems rather stout,
erect or ascending, 12-30 inches high: leaves ovate, petioled, pinnately
veined, coarsely dentate or crenate-dentate, 1-2!4 inches long: flowers
several in the axillary clusters, short-pedicelled: calvx about 3 lines long,

the teeth of its lower lip slightly exceeding those of the upper: corolla
white, 5-7 lines long. In waste places: naturalized from Europe.

8 POGOGYNE Benth. Lab. 441.

Low annuals with mostly entire leaves and numerous small
flowers in dense or interrupted terminal bracted spikes: the bracts
usually hirsutely ciliate. Calyx deeply and unequally 5-cleft,
the teeth hirsutely ciliate, the two lower longest: the tube cam-
panulate or turbinate, mostly 15-nerved: the throat naked within.
Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips: upper lip
erect, entire, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, the upper
pair shortest, all with anthers, or the upper pair sterile, ascend-
ing and above more or less approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled,
the cells parallel and pointless. Style somewhat exserted, beard-
ed above.

P. Douglasii Benth. 1. c. Stem commonly 2-6 inches high, simple,
or branched from the base: leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 9-15 lines long,
narrowed below to a petiole: flowers in approximate whorls, forminga
dense, terminal spike, often with a single accessory whorl below, or
sometimes several of the lower ax'ls with flowers: bracts linear, cuspidate,
their margins ciliate with bristly white hairs: calyx about 4 lines lone,
the lower teeth about twice as long as the tube, much longer and narrower
than the others, all bristly-ciliate: corolla 7-Y lines long, blue, the palate
white dotted with purple, bristly: nutlets smooth, often mottled, minutely
hispid at the apex. In low places that are covered with water in winter,
Jackson Co. Oregon to California.

Tribe & Monardex Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii, 888. Antherifer-
ous stamens only 2, straight or commonly parallel-ascending. An-
thers with narrow usually oblong-linear cells , which are either wide-
ly separated on the upper and lower ends of a linear or filiform
connective which is usually longer than the filament and articulated
with it, or the lower cell wanting or deformed, or the two cells confluent
into one linear cell.

9 AUDIBERTIA Benth. Bot. Reg. t. 1469.

Shrubs or herbs with mostly crenulate leaves and numerous
flowers in capitate-glomerate or verticilastrate terminal heads or

552 LABIATAG AUDIBERTIA
MONARDA

spikes. Calyx bilabiate; its lower lip deeply 2-cleft, the upper
3-toothed or entire, naked within. Corclla bilabiate ; its upper
lip spreading, 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower lip spreading, 3-
lobed, the broad middle lobe emarginate. Stamens two ; filaments
slender, exserted, apparently simple and bearing a linear 1-celled
anther, or with an articulation, showing that the portion above it
answers to a filiform connective, the lower end of which sometimes
projects into a subulate point, but never showing any trace of a
second anther-cell: rudiments of the posterior pair of stamens
often present. Nutlets smooth, unchanged when wetted.

A.'ineana Benth. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1469. A much branched hoary
shrub 1-2 feet high , with ashy-grey shreddy bark: leaves spatulate to ob-
ovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, thick, an inch or less long, tapering below
to a slender petiole: bracts obovate or oval, the innermost spatulate, pu-
bescent and ciliate, tinged with rose or purple: calyx oblong-campanulate,
3-4 lines long, pubescent, often tinged with red, somewhat curved, its ob-
long lower lobes almost as long as the broad emarginate upper one: corolla
blue, 6-7 lines long, the tube longer than the calyx: stamens long-exserted.
On rocky banks and ridges, eastern Washington to California, Idaho and
Arizona.

10 MONARDA L. Sp. 22.

Perennial or annual erect herbs with dentate or serrate leaves
and rather large flowers in dense capitate, mostly bracteate and
bracteolate clusters. Calyx tubular, narrow, 15-nerved, nearly
or quite equally 5-toothed, mostly villousin the throat. Corolla
glabrous within, usually pubescent or glandular outside: the tube
slightly dilated above: the limb bilabiate: upper lip erect or
arched, emarginate or entire: lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe longer or larger than the others. Stamens 2, ascend-
ing usually exserted, the posterior pair rudimentary or wanting:
anthers linear, versatile, 2-celled, the cells divaricate, moze or less
confluent at the base. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.

_M. scabra Beck Am. Journ. of Sci. x, 260. M. fistulosa var. mollis
Benth. Puberulent perennial: stems usually slender, 1-244 feet high. usu-
ally branched: leaves thick or firm, pale, usually short-petioled, acuminate
or acute at the apex, rounded narrowed or cordate at base, sharply or
eparingly serrate, canescent or puberulent or nearly glabrous, 1-314 inches
long, 6-12 lines wide: heads terminal, solitary: bracts green or tinged with
pink : calyx puberulent, often hairy at the summit, densely villous in the
throat, its short subulate teeth nearly erect: corolla yellowish or pink,
about 15 lines long, pubescent, sometimes glandular: stamens exserted.
On prairies and plains, Brit. Columbia to Idaho, Arizona, Texas and Neb.

Tribe 5. Nepetex Benth. in DC.YProdr. xii, 368. Calyx usu-
ally 15-nerved; the upper teeth or lip commonly longer or larger.
Corolla distinctly bilabiate. Stamens 4) all fertile: the upper pair
longest.

' 11 AGASTACHE Clayt. Gronoyv. Fl. Virg. 88.
LOPHANTHUS Benth.

Tall erect perennial herbs with serrate mainly ovate petiole

AGASTACHE LABIAT A 553
NEPETA

leaves and yellowish purplish or hlue flowers verticillate-clustered
in dense or interrupted bracted terminal spikes. Calyx narrowly
campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly bilabiate, 5-toothed.
Corolla strongly bilabiate, the tube as long as the calyx: upper
lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower one spreading, 3-lobed, its middle
lobe broader than the-lateral ones and crenulate. Stamens all
antheriferous, the upper pair longest: anthers 2-celled, their cells
nearly parallel. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.

A. urticifolia Rydberg. Zophanthus urticifolius Benth. Glabrous:
stems erect and simple, 2-4 feet high: leaves thin, triangular-ovate, obtuse
to acute at the apex, truncate to cordate at base, 1-3 inches long, coarsely
and irregularly dentate, glabrous both sides, on petioles an inch or less
long: spikes dense, 1-3 inches long, an inch or less thick, sessile: bracts
linear-lanceolate, entire, or some of the lower ones ovate and more or less
toothed: calyx narrow-campanulate, 4-5 lines long, its lanceolate acumin-
ate-subulate teeth subequal, nearly as long as the tube, white or tinged
with purple: corolla light violet or purplish to white, 6-7 lines long. In
wet places in the mountains, Oregon to California and the Rocky Mts.

A. occidentalis Heller. Vleckia occidentalis Piper. Glabrous below,
puberulent above: stems strict, simple, 2-4 feet high: leaves triangular-
ovate, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, cordate at base coarsely
serrate-dentate, green and glabrous above, canescent beneath, 1-2 inches
long, on petioles 6-12 lines long: spikes thick.and dense, 1-4 inches long an
inch or more thick: calyx puberulent, narrow-campanulate, 4-5 lines
long, its triangular-subulate very acute teeth not as long as the tube, tinged
with violet: corolla light violet, 5-6 lines long. Wet places in the high
mountains of Washington.

12 NEPETA L. Sp. 570.

Erect herbs with dentate or incised leaves and rather small
flowers in verticillate clusters usually crowded in terminal spikes
or axillary and cymose. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique at the
mouth, 15-nerved, usually incurved, 5-toothed, scarcely bilabiate
but the upper teeth usually longer than the lower. Corolla-tube
enlarged above, the limb strongly bilabiate: upper lip erect, entire,
emarginate or 2-lobed: lower lip 3-lobed, the middle one larger
than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all antheriferous, ascending
under the upper lip: anthers 2-celled, the cells divaricate. Nut-
lets compressed-ovoid, smooth.

N. Caranra L. Sp. 570. (Catnip) Densely tomentulose-canescent pale
green perennial: stems stout, much brancbed, 2-3 feet high, the branches
straight, ascending: leaves ovate to oblong, acute at the apex, coarsely
crenate-dentate, mostly cordate at base, 1-3 inches long, greener above
than below, all petioled: flowers in dense verticillastrate spikes at the
ends of the branches and stems: bracts small, foliaceous: bractlets subulate:
calyx densely pubescent, its teeth subulate the upper about one-half the
length of the tube: corolla nearly white or pale purple, dark-dotted, pubes-
cent outside, 5-6 lines long, its tube a little longer than the calyx, the
broad middle lobe of the lower lip crenulate. In waste places, naturalized
from Europe.

13 GLECHOMA L. Sp. 578.
Low diffuse creeping herbs with long-petioled crenate leaves

554 LABIATA GLECHOMA
DRACOCEPHALUM

and comparatively large violet or blue flowers in small verticillate -
axillary clusters. Calyx oblong-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique, at
tue orifice, unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube exserted, enlarged
above, the limb bilabiate: upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate,
the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, all antheriferous,
not exserted : anthers 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets ovoid,
smooth.

G. HEDERACEA L. Sp 578. (GRounp Ivy.) Pubescent perennial: stems
creeping, 6-18 inches long, the branches ascending: leaves nearly orbicular
or reniform, cordate at base, 6-18 lines in diameter, green both sides,
coarsely crenate: clusters few-flowered: bractlets shorter than the calyx,
subulate: calyx puberulent, its teeth acute or lanceolate-acuminate, about
one-third as long as the tube: corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx:
upper eld of stamens much longer than the lower pair. In waste places,
escaped from gardens.

14 DRACOCEPHALUM L, Sp. 594.

Herbs with dentate incised or entire leaves and blue or purple
flowers in axillary and terminal bracted clusters. Calyx tubular,
15-nerved, straight or incurved, 5-toothed, the upper teeth much
longer than the others, or bilabiate with the 3 upper teeth more
or less united. Corolla expanded above, its limb bilabiate: upper
lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle
lobe largest and sometimes 2-cleft. Stamens 4, all antheriferous,
the upper pair longest: anthers 2-celled, the cells divaricate.
Nutlets ovoid, smooth.

D. parviflorum Nutt. Gen. ii, 35. A somewhat pubescent annual or
biennial: ster rather stout, usually branched, 6-24 inches high: leaves
lanceolate, ovate or oblong, serrate or the lower incised, acute or obtuse
at the apex, rounded: or narrowed at base, thin, 1-3 inches long, all slender-
petioled: flowers numerous, in dense terminal spikes, and sometimes also
in the upper axils: bracts ovate tooblong, pectinate with awn-pointed
teeth, shorter than or equalling the calyx: pedicels 1-2 lines long: upper
teeth of the calyx ovate-oblong, longer than the narrow lower and lateral
ones, all acuminate: corolla light biue, scarcely longer than the calyx. In
dry rocky or gravelly soil, Alaska to Idaho and New York.

Tribe 5 Scutellariex Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii, 407. Herbage
bitterish, little or not at all aromatic. Calyx bilabiate, closed in
Sruit; the lips entire. Corolla bilabiate; but with the small lateral
lobes more connected with the galeate upper lip: lower.lip therefore of
a single lobe. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel: both pairs fertile;
the lower or outer pair longer and with anthers mostly 1-celled by
abortion. those of the upper pair 2-celled. Upper fork of the style
very short or none. Nutlets depressed or globular.

15 SCUTELLARIA L. Sp. 598.

_Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubby, with blue or violet
flowers in terminal or uxillary bracted mostly secund spike-like
racemes, or 1-3 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate; the
lips entire, the upper one with « crest or protuberance upon its
back and often deciduous in fruit; the lower one persistent.

SCUTELLARIA LABLAT AD 555

Corolla much exserted, recurved-ascending, dilated above, glab-
rons within, the limb bilabiate: upper lip arched, entire or emar-
ginate: the lower lip spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small
and somewhat connected with the upper, the middle lobe broad
and sometimes emarginate, the margins mostly recurved. Sta-
mens 4, all antheriferous. Nutlets borne ona short or elongated
gynobase. ee

S. laterifiora L. Sp. 598. Perennial by stolons: glabrous throughout
or pubexcent above: stems slender, erect or ascending, usually branched,
1-2 feet high, leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, acute or acuminate at
the apex, coarsely dentate-serrate, obtuse narrowed or subcordate at base,.
1-3 inches long, all on slender petioles an inch or more long: flowers in
narrow, secund, axillary and often also terminal racems, leafy-bracted
below, several- to many-flowered: calyx about a line long: corolla blue to
nearly white, 3-5 lines long, its lips about equal, one-fifth as long as the
tube: nutlets borne on a very short gynobase. In wet places, Oregon to
Brit. Columbia and across the Continent, :

S. nana Gray Proc. Am. Acad. ii, 100. Minutely puberulent: stems
1-2 inches high, from thick subterranean shoots, much branched from
near the base: leaves crowded, from obovate to spatulate, éntire, 6-12 lines
long, thickish, tapering below toa short petiole: flowers solitary and op-
posite in the axils of the upper leaves, calyx about 2 lines long,: corolla
white or yellowish, 6-8 lines long, with rather broad dilated throat, the
lips about equal in length, In claye soil, southeastern Oregon to Nevada.

S. tuberosa Benth. Lab. 441. Soft-villous or pubescent: perennial by
> > tubers that terminate filiform underground stolons: stems 2-5 inches high,

branching from the base, denselv leafy: leaves thin, from ovate or oblong
to broadly lancevlate, obtuse, at the apex, subcordate to tapering at base,’
the blade 3-6 lines long, coarsely few-toothed, all petioled: flowers solitary
and opposite in the axils of the leaves: calyx about 2 lines long, soft- villous, :
enlarged in fruit: corolla blue or violet, 7-9 lines long: nutlets strongly
ea In loose soil on dry wooded hillsides, southern Oregon to

alifornia.

8S. angustifolia Pursh Fl. ii, 412. Minutely pubescent or almost glab-
rous: stems erect or ascending, 6-12 inches high, often branched, perennial
by woody and fibrous roots: leaves from linear to narrowly oblong, entire,
tapering at base, the blade 6-15 lines long, short-petioled, or the upper
ones sessile, the radical leaves often roundish or even cordate, and som e-
times toothed:. flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves: calyx in
flower but little more than a line long, becoming much enlarged in fruit,
split to the base: corolla blue or violét, 10-12 lines long, with slender tube
nearly straight.at base and moderately enlarged throat, the broad lower
lip villous within: nutlets minutely granulate. In dry placesinthem nu -
tains, Brit. Columbia to California.

S. siphocampyloides Vatke Bot. Zeit. xxx, 717. Tomentulose-canes-
cent: stems erect, 6-12 inches high, branching, perennial by wood y and
fibrous roots: leaves from linear to narrowly oblong, entire, 6-15 lines long,
short-petioled, or the upper sessile: flowers solitary in the axils of the
upper leaves: calyx abouta line long in flower, enlarged in fruit: corolla
blue to violet, 10-12 lines long, the slender tube recurved at base, and
above this erect or thrown somewhat backward, the throat moderately en-
larged upward. In canyons, southern Oregon to western California.

S. autirrhinoides Benth. Bot. Reg. xviii, under 1493. Glabrous or
minutely puberulent: stems somawhat cespitose at the ends of white fleshy
underground shoots, 7-8 inches high: leaves oblong or somewhat lanc eolate

556 LABIATA SCUTELLARIA
BRUNELLA

or the lower obovate, 3-12 lines long, all abruptly contracted at base to
short or ostensibly long petioles, obtuse to acute at the apex, entire:
flowers solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves: peduncles 1-3 lines long.
calyx hardly 2 lines long in flower, becoming moderately enlarged in fruit,
minutely puberulent: corolla blue, 10-12 lineslong, puberulent, with short
tube and broad throat, the broad lower lip puberulent within. In moist
soil along streams, Washington to California and Nevada.

S. galericulata L. Sp. 599. Puberulent or pubescent: stems solitary
at the ends of underground perennial shoots, erect, usually branched, L-3
feet high: leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute at the apex,
dentate with low teeth, or the upper entire, 1-14¢ inches long, rounded or
subcordate at base, the uppermost much smaller and sessile or nearly so,
the lower ones petioled: flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves,
short-peduncled: calyx aa a line long, split to the base, enlarged
in fruit: corolla blue, puberulent, 8-12 lines long, with aslender tube and
slightly enlarged throat : nutlets densely muriculate-scabrous. In low wet
places, Brit. Columbia to Oregon, Arizona and the Atlantic States.

Tribe 6 Stachydeex Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii, 407. Herbage
bitter-aromatic or scarcely aromatic. Calyx 5-10-nerved or veiny.
Stamens 4, all with anthers, parallel and mostly ascending wnder
the concave and commonly galeate upper lip of the bilabiate corolla,
the lower or outer pair longest, except in Phlomis. Anthers 2-celled
or confluently somewhat 1-celled.

16 BRUNELLA L. Sp. 600.

Perennial herbs with petioled leaves and purple or white flow-
ers in dense bracted terminal and axillary spikes or heads. Calyx
oblong, reticulate-veined, about 10-nerved, deeply bilabiate, closed
in fruit: upper lip nearly truncate, or with 3 short teeth: lower
lip 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla-tube inflated, slightly nar-
rowed at the mouth, its limb strongly bilabiate: upper lip entire,
arched: lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile, the
lower pair longest: filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed at
the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile.
Anthers 2-celled, the cells divergent or divaricate. Nutlets ovoid,
smooth.

B. vulgaris L. Sp. 600. Pubescent to nearly glabrous: stems numer-
ous, slender, erect to procumbent, 2-24 inches long, usually simple: leaves
thin, ovate or oblong to oblong-lanceolate, usually narrowed at base, entire
or crenate, 2-4 inches long, the lowest commonly shorter, and sometimes
subcordate, all petioled: spikes usually sessile, 1-2 inches long dense, ter-
minal: bracts broadly ovate-orbicular, strongly nerved, more or less hirsute
and ciliate: calyx cylindraceous, about 4 lines long, more or less hirsute,
the teeth all cuspidate and ciliate: corolla blue or violet to nearly white,
1-8 lines long. Common in open places, Alaska to California and across
the Continent: also in Asia.

17 PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Lab. 504 (1834)

Erect perennial herbs with serrate, dentate or entire leaves and
middle-sized bilabiate flowers in terminal bracted spikes or ra-
cemes. Calyx campanulate or oblong, membranaceous, enlarged
and remaining open in fruit, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Co-
rolla much longer than the calyx, its tube gradually much en-

PHYSOSTEGIA LABIATA 567
MARRUBIUM

larged upward; upper lip concave, rounded, entire ; the lower one
spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe commonly emarginate. Sta-
mens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the lower
pair the longest ; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, 2-celled,
the cells nearly parallel, the margins of their valves commonly
spinulose or denticulate. Nutlets ovoid-triquetrous, smooth.

FP. parviflora Nutt. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii, 437 as synonym.
Glabrous: stems rather stout, 1-3 feet high, simple, or branched above:
leaves mostly lanceolate, acute, or the lower ones obtuse, at the apex,
sharply serrate, somewhat narrowed at base, all sessile or the lowest
petioled, 3-4 inches long, 3-10 lines wide: spikes several- many-flowered,
1-4 inches long: bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the
calyx: calyx in flower campanulate, 2 lines long, its teeth ovate. obtuse or
acutish, becoming globose-oblong in fruit: corolla purple, 6 lines long.
In moist meadows, northwestern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Minnesota.

18 MARRUBIUM L. Sp. 582.

_ Perennial herbs with petioled dentate leaves and small flowers
in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, regularly
5-10-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones short-
er, acute or acutish, spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla
bilabiate, the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, the lower
spreading, 2-cleft, its broader middle lobe commonly emarginate.
Stamens 4, included, the posterior pair the shorter. Anthers 2-
celled, the cells divergent, Nutlets ovoid, smooth.

M. vuieare L. Sp. 588. (Wurre Hoarsounn.) Stems erect, stout,
1-3 feet high, white-woolly, much branched, the branches ascending:
leaves oval or broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, rugose-veined, obtuse at
the apex, crenate-dentate, rounded, narrowed or subcordate at base, 1-2
inches long, rough, whitish above, woolly beneath, on petioles 6-12 lines
long: flowers in dense many-flowered axillary clusters: calyx-teeth usually
10, glabrous above, woolly below subulate, more or less recurved : curolla
white, 3-4 lines long. In waste piaces: naturalized from Europe.

19 LEONURUS L. Sp. 584.

Tall perennial herbs with palmately vleft, parted or dentate
leaves and small white or pink flowers in dense verticillate axil-
lary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-nerved, nearly reg-
ular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate.
Corolla bilabiate: upper lip erect, concave or nearly flat, entire:
lower lip spreading, or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad,
obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 4, the anterior pair longest:
anthers 2-celled, the cells mostly parallel. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth.

L. Carpraca L. Sp. 584. Puberulent perennial: stems rather stout,
strict, commonly branched, 2-5 feet high, the branches straight and as-
cending: leaves membranaceous, the lower nearly orbicular, palmately
3-5-cleft, 2-4 inches broad, the lobes acuminate, incised or dentate, upper
narrowly oblong-lanceolate or rhombic, 3-cleft or the upper merely 3-tuoth-
ed, all slender-petioled, canescently puberulent beneath, green above:
flowers in dense glomerate clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, shorter
than the petioles: calyx glabrous, about 3 lines long, its teeth lanceolate-
subulate, somewhat spreading, nearly as long as the tube: corolla pink,
purple or white, 3-5 lines long, its tube with an oblique ring of hairs with-

558 LABIATZ LAMIUM
STACHYS
in, its upper lip slightly concave, densely white-woolly outside. In sandy
places: naturalized from Europe.

20 LAMIUM L. Sp. 579.

Annual or perennial herbs with crenate dentate or incised
usually cordate leaves and small flowers verticillate in axillary
and terminal clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-
nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth equal, or the upper ones larger.
Tube of the corolla commonly longer than the calyx, its limb
bilabiate upper lip concave, erect, usually entire, narrowed at the
base: lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate,
contracted at base, the lateral ones sometimes each with a tooth-
like appendage. Stamens 4, the anterior pair longest. Anthers
2-celled. the cells divaricate, often hirsute on the back. Nutlets
smooth or tuberculate.

L. amirexicatie L. Sp. 579. Sparingly pubescent annual or biennial:
stems slender. weak, branched from the base and often from the lower
axils also 6-18 inciies long: leaves orbicular or nearly so coarsely crenate,
6-18 lines broad, rounded at the apex; the lower slender-petioled, mostly
cordate at base; the upper sessile and more or less clasping: flowers rather
few, in axillary and‘ terminal clusters: calyx pubescent, its erect teeth
nearly as Jong as the tube corolla purplish or red, 6-8 lines long, its tube
very slender, the lateral lobes of the lower lip very small], the middle lobe

spotted, the upper lip somewhat pubescent. In fields and waste places:
naturalized from Furope.

21 STACHYS L. Sp. 580.

Perennial or annual herbs with square stems and small or rather
large flowers loosely verticillate in terminal dense or interrupted
spikes often also in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate,
5-10-nerved. 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal in our species.
Corolla with narrow tube and strongly bilabiate limb: upper lip
erect, concave, entire or emarginate: the lower one 38-cleft, the
middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-lobed.
Stamens 4, the anterior pair longest, sometimes dleflexed or twisted
after anthesis. Anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells
mostly divergent. . Nutlets ovoid or oblong.

S. pyenantha Benth. Pl. Hartw. 331. Soft-pubescent with somewhat
fulvous hairs: rootstock creeping, perennial: stems rather stout, 1-3 feet
high, very leafy: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse or the upper ones acute at
the apex, crenate-dentate, subcordate, 1--+ inches long, on short and stout
petioles; floral leaves all reduced to small bracts of the dense oblong or
cylindraceous spike, each subtending about 3 flowers: calyx-teeth deltoid,
mucronulate, very hirsute, fully equalling the tube of the corolla: upper
lipfof the corolla strongly bearded. In sandy fields, Hood River Oregon to
California.

S. vestita.. Soft-pubescent with whitish hairs: rootstock slender,
creeping, perennial: stems rather slender, 1-3 feet high, branched above:
leaves oblong-ovate subcordate, crenate-dentate, obtuse or acutish at the
apex, 1-3 inches long, mostly slender-petioled: flowers 1-3 in each axil of
the small lanceolate bracts: calyx campanulate, its deltoid mucronulate
teeth nearly as long as the tube, strongly hirsute: corolla 6-8 lines long,
the slender tube longer than the calyx, upper lip sparingly bearded. In

4

STACHYS LABIAT/A® 559

wet places, southwertern Oregon.

S. Palustris L. Sp. 580. Hirsute or pubescent: rootstock slender,
perennial: stems erect, strict, simple or somewhat branched, commonly
slender and retrorse-hispid on the angles, 1-4 feet high: leaves lanceolate,
oblong vr oblong-lanceolate, sessile or very short petioled, acuminate or
acute at the apex, truncate to cordate at base, 1-5 inches long, crenate or
dentate: flower-clusters 6-10-flowered, approximate or interrupted: calyx
pubescent, its subulate teeth more than half as Jong as the tube: corolla
purplish to pale red, purple-spotted, 6-8 lines long, its upper lip pubescent.
In moist meadows, northern Oregon to New York and Newfoundland.

S. bullata Benth. Lab. 547. Hirsute pubescent or somewhat -hispid
to villoas, or sometimes nearly glabrous above: stems usually slender, 1-3
feet high, from a slender perennial rootstock: leaves ovate to oblong,
obtuse or the upper ones acutish at the apex, rather coarsely crenate, 1-2
inches long, rounded or subcordate at base mostly petioled: spikes 2-6
inches long, interrupted: calyx campanulate, about 4 lines long, its deltoid-
subulate’ and aristulate-acuminate teeth fully half as long as the tube:
corolla 6-7 lines long, its tube about equalling the calyx. and but little
longer than the lower lip. In rather dry soil, Oregon to California.

S. Chamissonis Benth. Linn. vi, 80. Stems stout, 2-6 feet high, sim-
ple, or branched near the top, retrorsely hispid: leaves oblong-ovate,
mostly obtuse at the apex, 2-6 inches long, crenate serrate, sericeous-
hirsute above, softly villous-canescent beneath, rugose-veiny, cordate at
base, all petioled: spikes mostly naked, at length elongated and interrupt-
ed; the floral leaves reduced to bracts and shorter than the flowers: calyx
cylindraceous, densely hirsute, about 5 lines long, its cuspidate deltoid
teeth about one-third as long as the tube: corolla rose-red or darker, about
10 lines. long, the tube fully twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip hirsute.
In swamps, western Oregon to California.

S. ciliata. Doug]. Benth. Lab. 539. Green and glabrate or sparingly
pubescent: stems stout, 2-6 feet high, six:ple, or branched above, sparingly
retrorsely-hispid on the acute angles: leaves thin, ovate to oblong, 2-6
inches long, crenate-toothed, subcordate, all petioled. dark green above,
paler beneath; petioles retrorsely hispid-ciliate: spikes 2-8 inches long,
the whorls approximate or interrupted calyx sparsely hirsute, campanu-
late, about 4 lines long, its vuspidate deltoid teeth about a line long: corolla
rose red, about 10 lines long, the narrow tube twice as long as the calyx;
ae epee lip minutely pubescent. In moist alluvial soil, Oregon to Brit.

olumbia. :

Var. pubens Gray Syn. FI. ii, 388. Soft pilose-pubescent or villous-
hirsute, especially the calyx and lower face of the leaves: flowers commonly
rather smaller or shorter. Washington to Brit. Columbia.

8. Emersoni Piper Eryth. vi, 31. Steme about 3 feet high, glabrous
or sparsely hispid on the faces, scabrous on the angles with retrorse rather
long and weak papillose-based hairs: rootstock perennial: leaves about six
pairs, ovate, cordate or subcordate at base, obtuse, coarsely crenate, sparse-
ly pilose-pubescent on both faces, 3-4 inches long by 2 inches broad, peti-
oled: flowers solitary or in twos, the lowest in the axils of the upper leaves,
the upper contracted into a leafy-bracted spike: bracts lanceolate, nearly:
sessile, exceeding the flowers: calyx campanulate, its teeth:deltoid-acumin-
ate, tipped with a white arista, hirsute-ciliate: corolla 6lines long, purplish,.
puberulent outside; lower :lip spotted with white. Along river banks,
Hoquiam Washington. ; a

Irefer here with doubt specimens that I collected along Trask river
Tillamook Co. Oregon.. ,

560 VERBENACEX VERBENA

OrpER Lxx11 VERBENACE/ J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i, 445.

Herbs, shrubs or trees with opposite or verticillate, rarely
alternate, leaves and perfect more or less irregular, or some-
times regular, flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes,
cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, mostly persistent, usually
4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla gamopetalous, regular or bi-
labiate, the tube usually cylindrical and the limb 4 5-cleft.
Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely only 2 or as many as lobes of
the corolla, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes.
Anthers 2-celled. the cells dehiscent longitudinally. Ovary
2-10-celled, composed of 2 carpels, each with 2 anatropous or
amphritropous ovules, thus in 4-celled ovaries 1 ovule in each
cell. Style terminal: stigmas lor 2. Fruit dry, separating at
maturity into 2-4 nutléts. or a 2-4-seeded drupe. Embryo
straight, in little or no albumen.

1 VERBENA Tourn, L, Sp. 18.

Herbs or shrubs mostly with opposite leaves and variously
colored flowers in terminal solitary, corymbed or panicled spikes.
Calyx 5-angled, more or Jess unequally 5-toothed. Corolla sal-
verform or funnelform, the tube straight or somewhat curved, the
limb spreading, 5-lobed, slightly bilabiate or reguiar. Stamens
4, or very rarely only 2, included: connective of the anther un-
appendaged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled.
Style usually short, 2-lobed, one of the lobes stigmatic. Fruit
dry, mostly enclosed by the calyx, at length separating into 4
1-seeded linear-oblong crustaceous nutlets.

VY. hastata L. Sp. 20. Roughish-pubescent perennial: stems erect»
strict, 3-7 feet high, usually branched above: leaves oblong-lanceolate to
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base, serrate or incised-dentate
with acute teeth, 3-6 inches long, the lower sometimes bastately 3-lobed
at base, all petioled: spikes numerous, panicled, slender, 2-6 inches long:
bracts ovate, a¢uminate, shorter than the calyx: corolla blue, its limb
about 114 lines broad: fruit densely imbricated on the spikes, 1-114 lines
high. In moist meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Atlantic St’s.

Vv. prostrata R. Br. Ait. Kew. ed 2, iv, 41. Soft-villous to hirsute
perennial: stems ascending or spreading, at length much branched from
the base, 1-3 feet high: leaves obovate or oblong in ontline, coarsely toothed
or incised, often 3-5-cieft or lobed, 1-2 inches long tapering at base into a
margined petiolé: spikes solitary or somewhat chastened. elongated, hirsute
or villous: bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx: corolla violet or blue,
2 lines long. On plains and open places, southern Oregon to California.

Y. bracteosa Michx. Fl. ii, 18. Hirsute-pubescent perennial: stems
much branched from the base, the branches decumbent or ascending,
slender, 6-18 inches long: leaves ovate, oval or obovate in outline, pin-
nately incised or pinnatifid, 1-3 inches long, more or less cuneate at base
and narrowed into short petioles, the lobes mostly dentate: spikes sessile,
stout, dense, Lticalhe 4-6 inches long in fruit: bracts conspicuous, linear-
‘lanceolate, rather rigid, longer than the flowers and fruits the lower ones
often incised: corolla purplish-blue, about 2 lines long. On sandy plains
and waste places, Brit. Columbia to California and Illinois.

PLANTAGO PLANTAGINACEZ 561

Orper LXXIII PLANTAGINACEZ Lindl. Nat. Syst 267.

Annual or perennial herbs with mostly radical leaves and
small flowers in bracted spikes or heads, or rarely solitary, on
scapes or scape-like peduncles. Calyx inferior, 4-parted, per-
sistent, the segments imbricated. Corolla scarious or mem-
branaceous, mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2,
filaments filiform: anthers versatile 2-celled, the cells dehiscent
longitudinally. Ovary 1-2-celled or falsely 3-4-celled, with 1
to several peltate-amphitropous ovules in each cell. Style
filiform, simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic. Fruit a pyxis,
circumscissile at or below the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet.
Cotyledons but little broader than the radicle.

1 PLANTAGO Tourn. L. Sp. 112.

Acaulescent or short-caulescent herbs with mostly radical par-
allel-veined leaves and small white or greenish flowers in terminal
spikes or heads. Calyx-segments equal, or 2 of them larger.
Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or constricted at the throat,
the limb spreading in tlower, spreading, erect or reflexe in fruit,
4-lobed or 4-parted. Stamens 4 or 2. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely
3—4-celled. Fruit a membranaceous capsule. . Seed-coat develop-
ing copious mucilage when wetted.

P. major L. Sp. 112. (Common Piastain). Glabrous or more or less
pubescent: rootstock perennial, short and thick, erect: leaves spreading
or ascending, the blade mostly ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire or coarsely
dentate, narrowed, rounded or cordate at base, 1-10 inches iong. on petioles
often as long as the blade: scapes longer than the leaves: spikes linear-
cylindric, usually very dense and blunt at the summit, 2-10 inches long:
flowers perfect, proterogynous; sepals broadly ovate, scarious on the mar-
gins, about half as long as the ovoid 5-16-seeded capsule, which is circum-
scissile near the middle: corolla-lobes spreading on the summit of the
capsule; anthers long-exserted on capillary filaments. Common in gardens
and waysides.

'"" p. Asiatica L. Sp. 113. Leaves ovate or oval, several-ribbed, the base

abruptly contracted into a distinct petiole, not fleshy: rootstock short and
thick, eure scapes longer than the leaves: spikes 2-20 inches long,
dense, Jinear-cylindrical: stamens 4, long-exserted : capsule globose-ovoid,
ci cumscissile near the base and much within the calyx. Near the coast
California to Alaska. ,

P. eriopoda Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii, 237. Perennial: base of the
leaves and scapes densely invested with long rusty brown wool: leaves
broadly lanceolate, 4-6 inches long, 1-2 inches broad, attenuate at each
end, acute, entire, smooth, distinctly 5-nerved, long-petioled: scapes 6-12
inches high, terete, very glabrous: spikes cylindrical, 3-6 inches‘long, of
rather remote perfect flowers: bracts broadly ovate, obtusish : style and
stamens long-exserted: capsule 2-velled, 4-5-seeded ; seeds not hollowed.

Eastern Washington to California and Colorado.

P. macrocarpa Cham. & Schl. Linn. i, 106. -Leaves lanceolate, acute
5-7-nerved, 5-15 inches long, 4-18 lines wide gradually tapering below
into long margined petioles, often some of the outer ones linear and with
a dilated base much broader than the blade: rootstock thick, perennial:
scapes equalling or surpassing the leaves, densely woolly above: spikes

562 PLANTAGINACEA PLANTAGO

oblong, dense, 1-2 inches long: bracts round-ovate or oval, flesby-herbace-
ous and scarious-margined: sepals similar to the bracts but almost wholly
scarious: flowers perfect: corolla-lobes oval: stamens 4, exserted : capsule
ovoid-oblong, 3-4 lines long. 1-2-seeded: seeds narrowly oblong, flat or
slightly concave on the face. Along the coast, Washington to Alaska.

P. maritima L. Sp. 114. Leaves linear, fleshy, glabrous, very ob-
scurely nerved, 2-10 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, entire or remotely few-
toothed, sessile or narrowed into short margined petioles: rootstock rather
slender, branched, perennial: scapes as long or longer than the leaves,
more or !ess pubescent: spikes dense, linear-cylindrical, blunt, 1-5 inches
long: bracts ovate, acuminate, as long as the- perfect flowers: sepals ovate-
lanceolate to nearly orbicular, green, somewhat keeled: corolla pubescent
outside, its lobes spreading: capsule ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2~4-seeded,
circumscissile at about the middle, nearly twice us long as the calyx: seeds
hey flat on the face. On rocky banks along the coast, California to
Alaska.

P. ranceotata L. Sp. 113. More or less pubescent: rootstock short
with tufts of brown hairs at the base of the leaves, perennial or biennial :
leaves narrowly lanceolate, mostly erect, entire, acute or acuminate, grad-
ually narrowed into petioles, 3-5-ribbed, 2-12 inches. long, 3-12 lines wide:
scapes slender, channelled, 6-30 inches high: spikes very dense, at first
short and ovoid, becoming cylindric, blunt, 1g-4 inches long in fruit:
flowers perfect: sepals ovate, with a narrow green midrib and broad scari-
ous marg ns, the 2 lower ones commonly united: corolla glabrous, its tube
very short: stamens exserted: capsule oblong, very obtuse, 2-seeded,
slightly longer than the calyx, circumscissile at about the middle: seeds
deeply excavated on the face. Common in fields and waste places: intro-
duced from Europe.

P. Purshii 2. & S. Syst. iii, 120. P. Patagonica var. gnaphalioides
Gray. White-woolly or silky pale green annual: leaves ascending, linear,
acute or acuminate, narrowed into margined petioles, 1-%-nerved, 2-10
inches long, entire or with afew small teeth: scapes 2-15 inches high:
spikes'very dense, hoary, cylindrical, obtuse, 1-6 inches long, very woolly:
bracts rigid, equalling or slightly longer than the perfect flowers, linear-
subulate: sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined: corolla-lobes broadly
ovate, spreading: stamens 4, just exserted from the tube or with long cap-
illary filaments: capsule oblong, obtuse: seeds 2, light brown, oblong,
convex on the back, deeply concave on the face. On dry plains, Oregon
to Brit. Columbia and Illinois.

P. spinulosa Decaisne in DC. Prodr. xiii, 713. P. Patagonica var.
spinulosa Gray. A light to bright green glabrate to villous annual: leaves
linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate and involute at the apex callous-
tipped, entire, narrowed to a margined sheathing petiole in which 3 ribs
remain free, 3-6 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, 3-5 ribbed: scapes 2-8 inches
high, pubescent: spikes cylindrical, 2-4 inches long, at length somewhat
interrupted, pubescent: bracts rather rigid-herbaceous, 2 or more times as
long as the perfect flowers, linear-subulate to aristate, acute: calyx-lobes
pubescent, scarious, with light green midribs or the lower ones nearly
herbaceous, spatulate-oblong, a line long: corolla-lobes strongly reflexed:
stamens 4, an with the style just exserted from the tube or a little longer:
capsule oval, circumscissile at the middle: seeds 2, dark brown, oblong,
finely pitted. Oregon to lower California and east to Texas and Dakota.

P. aristata Michx. Fl. i, 95. P. Patagonica var. aristata Gray. A
dark green villous to glabrate annual: leaves narrowly to broadly linear,
acute or acuminate and callous-tipped, entire, narrowed below to margined
petioles, 3-8 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, 3-5-nerved: scapes stout, 6-10
inches high, glabrous to pnbescent: spikes in glabrate forms when young

PLANTAGO PLANTAGINACE 563

triangular, in villous forms top-shaped, cylindrical, 2-5 inches long: bracts
aristate to foliaceous, often 10 times as long as the flowers, linear-subulate
to linear, acute: flowers perfect : cals x-lobes villous to glabrate herbaceous,
spatulate-oblong: corolla-lobes spreading, round-ovate:stamens 4, barely
exserted from the tube: capsule oblong, obtuse, circumscissile at about the
middle: seeds 2, brown, oblong, finely pitted. 1n fields and plains, Ore-
gon to the Eastern and Southern States.

P. tetrantha E. L. Morris Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii 119.. A low
green and purplish acaulescent glabrous to pubescent or villous annual:
leaves linear, entire, 2-3 inches long, about a line wide, truncately callous-
tipped, sessile and with a somewhat clasping base scapes 4-6 inches high:
spikes oblong, 6-12 lines long, rather few-flowered: bracts scarious, with
rigid callous-tipped apex, 14 as long as the calyx: flowers perfect: calyx
pubescent, the ovate or oblong obtuse lobes with or without scarious mar-
gins, 1-2 lines long: corolla-lobes rounded-ovate, obtuse, about 2 lines long,
white with dark brown base, spreading or somewhat reflexed: stamens 4,
long-exgerted: capsule ovoid, 2 lines long, 2-seeded, circumscissile much
below the middle: seeds dark brown, deeply channelled on the face. On
dry hillsides near Grant’s Pass, Oregon to California.

P. Bigelovii Gray Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 217. Mostly glabrous and green,
annual: leaves linear, 114-4 inches long, rather fleshy obtuse, entire:
ecapes 4-6 inches high: spikes oblong or linear, densely few to many-
flowered, about an inch long: bracts carinate, about an inch long: flowers
perfect, calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, about equalling the bracts : corolla-lobes
ovate, remaining open: stamens 2, slightly exserted : capsule ovoid-oblong,
one half longer than the calyx, 4-seeded: seeds oblong, not hollowed on
the face. In brackish marshes along the coast, San Francisco Bay Cali-
fornia to Vancouver Island. :

P. elongata Pursh Fl. 729. P. pusilla Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-
puberulent annual ::. leaves linear-spatulate, 1-2 inches long, entire: scapes
1-6inches high : spikes 3-18 lines long, loosely flowered : flowers imperféctly
diecious or polygamous: bracts ovate, keeled, about a line long: sepals
oblong, obtuse, about equalling the bracts, with broad scarious margins:
corolla-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, becoming erect and closed over the
capsule: stamens 2: capsule short-ovoid, a little longer than the calyx,
circumscissile below the middle, 4-seeded: seeds elongated-oblong, dark
brown. In wet places, Oregon to the Eastern States.

Diviston II]. APETALA,

Floral envelopes consisting of a calyx only which is often
petal-like or wholly wanting. Very rarely some petals present.:

SynopricaL Kry To THE APETALOUS ORDERS

A. Flowers not in aments.

* Ovary superior, 1-celled and mostly 1-ovuled, or carpels distinct
if more than one.

74 Nyectaginacee Herbs with simple opposite leaves without stipules:

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

564 SYNOPTICAL KEY

flowers involucrate: calyx corolla-like: fruit an achene, enclosed in the
tube of the calyx and thus apparently inferior.

Polygonacee Herbs.or woody plants with alternate simple leaves
with sheathing or on. stipules: flowers perfect, on ‘jointed pedicels,
often involucrate: fruit a more or less triangular akene.

Phytolaceacew Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves: flowers per-

fect, polygamous or moneecious: fruit a berry, or capsular or samaroid.

Amaranthacew Herbs or low shrubs with alternate leaves: flowers
with petal-like scarious persistent sepals and bracts: fruit a utricle:
seed lenticular. - F

Chenopodiacez Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate simple
leaves without stipules sometimes leafless: bracts herbaceous : flowers
usually with herbaceous persistent sepals: fruit a utricle or achene.

Lauracee Trees or shrubs with simple entire leaves without stipules:
flowers perfect: fruit a drupe. —

Eleagnacew Shrubsor small trees with simple opposite leaves: flow-
ers {dicecious: fruit drupe-like, enclosed in the calyx-tube and thus
apparently inferior.

Ulmacee Trees or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves and small
mostly moncecious or polygamous flowers: fruit adrupe, samara or nut.

Urticacee Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees with alternate or opposite
mostly stipulate simple leaves: often armed with stinging hairs: flowers
monecious or dicecious: fruit an achene. ;

* * Ovary and fruit superior, of 2 or more carpels.

Euphorbiacex _ Herbs or shrubs or'trees with milky juice, mostly
alternate leaves with or without stipules: flowers moncecious or diceci-
otis: fruit usually a 3-celled 3-seeded capsule.

Empetracee Low evergreen shrubs with simple leaves without stip-
ules: flowers dicecious or polygamous: fruit berry-like containing
1-several 1-seeded nutlete. '

** * Ovary and fruit inferior.
Aristolochiacee Perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate entire pet-
ioled leaves: flowers perfect with 3-lobed valvate calyx ; fruit a 6-celled
many seeded capsule.

Santalacew Perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate entire simple
sessile leaves: flowers perfect, with 3-5-cleft calyx: fruita 1-seeded
nutlet or drupe. ‘

Loranthacex Parasitic perennial ‘plants with jointed stems and op-
posite entire leaves: flowers dicecious: fruit a l-seeded drupe with
glutinous pulp.

B. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves. Flowers moneci

ous, at least the staminate in aments.

* Flowers monecious; staminate numerous, in aments; pistillate

few, with naked ovary.

88

89

Fagacee Trees or shrubs with entire or lobed leaves with caducous
stipules: flowers moncecious in aments, fruit a cup like or closed and
spiny involucre enclosing-several nuts. ‘

Corylacex Shrubs or small trees with simple leaves: flowers mone-
cious, staminate in aments, pistillate few in separate scaly buds fruit a

Missing Page

566 MWYCTAGINACEA ALL(ONIA
ABRONIA

2 ALLIONIA Leefl. Inter. Hisp. 181 (1758.)

Annual or perennial herbs with opposite equal leaves and
rather small flowers, involucrate in loose terminal panicles. In-
volucre 5-lobed, 3-5-fowered, becoming enlarged and reticulate-
veined after flowering. Calyx campanulate, its tube constricted
above the ovary, stamens 3-5, usualy 3, unequal, hypogynous.
Fruit obovoid or clavate, strongly ribbed, pubescent in our species.

A. linearis Pursh Fl. 728. Oxybaphus angustifolia Sweet. Stems
slender terete or somewhat 4-angled below glabrous and glaucous, 1-4 feet
high, erect, the branches and peduncles sometimes puberulent: leaves thick,
linear, l1-nerved, 1-3 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, obtuse or acute
sessile, or the lower ones sometimes short-petioled: involucre about 3-flower-
ed, green before flowering: calyx purple longer than the involucre: stamens
and style exserted: fruit commonly roughened between the 5 prominent ribs.
In dry soil 1daho to Nevada, Texas and Minnesota.

38 ABRONIA Juss. Gen. 448. (1774.)

Annual or perennial herbs with thick opposite unequal leaves
and rather small usually fragrant flowers on axillary and termi-
nal peduncles. Involucre of 5-15 distinct somewhat scarious
bracts enclosing the numerous sessile flowers. Calyx salverform,
the limb of 4 or 5 obcordate or emargiante lobes. Stamens usu-
ally 5, unequal, included in the tube and adnate to it. Style
included: stigma linear-clavate. Fruit coriaceous or indurated,
3-5-winged, mostly reticulate-veined enclosing asmooth cylindr-
ical achene: embryo with only 1 cotyledon, the other rudimentary
or wanting.

* Wings of the fruit coriaceous, not completely encircling the body,
consisting of a single lamina: the body more or less woody.

A. umbellata Lam. Ill, i, 469. A viscidly puberulent slender prostrate
perennial, the stems often elongated, 1-3 feet long: leaves nearly"glabrous,
ovate to narrowly oblong, 1-14 inches Jong obtuse, the margin often some-
what sinuate, attenuate into a slender petiole: peduncle 2-6 inches long: in-
volucral bracts small narrowly lanceolate 2-8 lines long, 10-15-flowered:
calyx rose-colored: 6-8-lines long with emarginate lobes: fruit 4-5 lines long,
nearly glabrous, the body oblong attenuate at each end, the thin wings near-
ly as long, rounded, broadest above and often truncate, narrowing downward
to the base of the fruit, On sands along the coast, Washington to California.

A. mellifera Dougl. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2879. Minutely viscid-
glandular: stems stout, prostrate, 1-2 feet long from a stout perennial root:
leaves mostly oblong, obtuse, the blade 1-2 inches long, abruptly and more
o1 less obliquely contracted at base to a slender petiole often longer than the
blade: peduncles stout, 4-8 inches long: involucral bracts usually 5, scarious,
broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 6 linés long or more, flowers pure
white, about an inch long, the limb 4-5 lines in diameter; wings of the fruit
narrow, often ‘laterally elongated. On sandy banks along the Columbia
river, eastern Oregon and Washington, :

** Fruit wholly coriaceous and the central cavity extending through
the wings.

A. latifolia Eschschaltz Mem. Acad. Petersb. x, 281. Stems stout

ABRONIA POLYGONACEZ 567

and fleshy, prostrate very viscid-pubescent 1-3 feet long, from a long fleshy
perennial root: leaves chick, broadly ovate to reniform 6-18 lines long, obtuse,
onshort thick petioles: peduncles usually exceeding the leaves: bracts uf
the involucre 5, rounded to ovate or oblong 2-4 inches long: flowers numer-
ous 5-6 lines long bright yellow, very fragrant, the lobes emarginate: fruit
4-6 lines long, coriaceous, acute at each end, the wings more or less unequally
developed, usually narrow. On sand-banks along the coast, Vancouver Island
to California,

‘A. fragrans Nutt. Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v, 261. More or less vis-
cid-puberulent: stems several, from a perennial root, herbaceous, 6-20 inches
high, erect or ascending, usually much branched: leaves oblong or ovate, 1-3
inches long, truncate, more or less cuneate at base, obtuse to acute: peduncles
mostly solitary: bracts of the involucre large, broadly ovate, white and scati-
ous 4-9 lines long: flowers white, very numerous in the involucres, 5-10 lines
long, opening at night: fruit 3-6 lines long, coriaceous, with narrow undulate

_, wings which do not close over the ovary; In dry soil eastern Washington

to Iowa.

OrpeR LXXV POLYGONACE Lindl, Nat, Syst. 211.

Herbs shrubs or trees with jointed stems, watery, often acid
or acrid, juice, alternate,opposite or whorled simple mostly en-
tire leaves with sheathing united stipules and regular perfect,
dicecious, moncecious or polygamous flowers. Calyx free from
the ovary, 2-6-cleft or 2—6-parted, the segments or sepals more
or less imbricated, often petal-like stamens 2-9, inserted near
the base of the calyx, or in staminate flowers crowded toward
the center. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with’a solitary erect or
pendulous orthotropous ovule. Style 2-3-cleft or 2-4-parted,
sometimes very short stigma, capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft.
Fruit a lenticular 3-angled or rarely 4-angled achene, usually
invested by the persistent calyx. Embryo straight or curved
in mealy albumen.

TRIBE I Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants. Flowers
involucrate.

1 Eriogonum Involucre several-flowered with 4-8, pointless teeth: flow-
ers exserted: stamens 9: achenes mostly 3-angled.

2 Oxytheca Involucre few-flowered, herbaceous, with 3-5 straight acute
or awned lobes: flowers on exserted pedicels, pubescent: stamens 9:
achenes lenticular. :

8 Chorizanthe Involucre 1-3-flowered, coriaceous or chartaceous, 3-6
‘angled, with 3-6 cuspidate often hooked teeth and sometimes as many
cuspidate divaricate spurs at base: flowers usually included: stamens
3, 6 or 9: achenes 3-angled.

4 Pterostegia Slender annuals with opposite toothed or lobed leaves:
involucre bract-like, with a solitary included flower.

Tripe 1 Herbs with alternate leaves and scarious sheathing
stipules. Flowers not involucrate.

5 Polygonum Sepals 4-6, equal, appressed to the triangular or lenticu-
lar achene: styles 2 or 3: stigmas capitate.

568 POLYGONACEE ERIOGONUM

6 Rumex Sepals6, the outer spreading, the inner enlarged and appress-
ed to the triangular achene: stigmas 3, tufted.

7 Oxyria Sepals 4, the outer smaller and spreading: stigmas 2, tufted:
achenes orbicular, winged.

Tribe 1 Eriogonex Meisner Pl. Vas. Gen. 229, as Order. Herbs
or shrubby plants with alternate or verticillate leaves without stipules.
Flowers invalucrate, 8-6-parted or 3-6-lobed. Stamens 9. Styles
8, with capitate stigmas. Juice nea rly tasteless. cas

1 ERIOGONUM Michx. Fl. 1246. 1803.)

Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy- stemmed herbs or shrubs
with entire alternate opposite or whorled leaves and small, perfect
flowers on jointed pedicels subtended by an involucre in panicles
racemes heads orumbels. Involucre campanulate top-shaped or
almostcylindrical, 5-8- toothed or 5-8 vleft, the teeth pointless.
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, usually colored, the segments equal or
the outer ones larger. Stamens 9, with filiform filaments and
oblong anther. Style 3-parted, stigmas capitate. Fruita3-angled
pyramidal achene invested by the calyx-segments, or winged.

§ 1 Involucre not nerved or angled, 4—8-toothed or lobed, more
or less broadly turbinate: bracts foliaceous, indefinite in number.

* Perennials, more or less tomentose orrarely glabrous, with pedun-
cles naked and scape-like, or verticillate-bracteate in the middle: bracts
mostly conspicuous: involucres 5-8-toothed or 5-8-cleft, in a simple or

compound umbel or solitary: flowers mostly attenuate’ to a -stipe-like.
base: achenes glabrous or nearly so.

E. flavum Nutt. Fras. Cat. (1813.) White-tomentose throughout: stems
very short and thick, simple and solitary to tufted and creeping, woody:
scapes 2-12 inches high: leaves ;crowded on the short stems. linear-oblong
to lanceolate, 1-3 inches long narrowed into petioles with dilated and imbr-
icated base inflorescence regularly umbellate: involucre top-shaped, 2-244
lines Jong: bracts spatulate, foliaceous: calyx yeliow 3 lines high, top-shaped,
very villous, the segments obovate: stamens and style-branches exserted
achenes constrictedjat the middle, 2 lines long, villous at the summit the
angles undulate, the faces swollen, Dry plains eastern Washington to
Arizona and Nebraska.

E. Piperi Greene. ‘“ Densely tufted on a stout woody caudex: stems
erect, leafless tomentose, 5-10 inches tall: leaves all basal, lanceolate or
oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, densely hairy beneath, green and less hairy
above, 1-2 inches long, attenuate into a usuallv shorter petiole: umbels
several-rayed, simple, or contracted into a dense cluster: bracts 3-8, oblan-
ceolate, 1-11¢ inches long: involucre short-toothed, villous: flowers yellow,
2-3 lines long. Summit of Cedar Mountain, Washington. Hardly distinct
from E. flavum(Nutt..” Piper & Kent in Palouse Flora, 50.

E.% androsaceum Benth. Dwarf,perennial: tomentose throughout or
smoother above: caudex branching: leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, white-
woolly beneath, glabrate above: scapes,2-3,inches high, simple: umbel simple
or subcapitate, 4-7- rayed: rays short and! slender: teeth of the involucre
short, erect or nearly so:flowers sparingly villous, yellow, 2-3 lines long, short
attenuate. On the high mountains of eastern Washington to Brit. Columbis.

ERIOGONUM POLYGONACE 569

E. pyrolefolium Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v, 395, t. 10, Caudex short
and thick, sparingly branched: leaves thick, glabrous, round-obovate to oblong,
. 3-9 lines broad, mostly abruptly attenuate into a short petiole, broad and
villous at base: scapes smooth, 2-3 inches high, bearing a 2-bracteate umbel
of 1-4 very shortly pedicellate sinuately-toothed nd villous involucres;
flowers yellow, slightly villous at base, short-attenuate.On the high mountains
Washington to California.

Var. corypheum T. & G. More tomentose, with narrower leaves
and emaller flowers. On the high peaks of the Cascade Mountains.

E. thymoides Benth. A much branched undershrub 38-10 inches
high; leaves linear to spatulate with revolute margins, 2-5 lines long, white-
woolly: peduncles slender, 1-2 inches high, bearing a whorl of linear bracts
below the middle and a solitary, several-flowered involucre at the summit:
involucre 3-4 lines high deeply cleft, the lobes spreading or recurved at: the
tip: calyx attenuate and densely retrorse villous at base, 2-3 lines long, the
segments glabrous above, pink to purplish, broad and rounded at the apex.
In sterile rocky places on top of hizh hills, eastern Oregon and Washington.

E. cespitosum Nutt. Journ. Acad. -Philad. vii, 50, t. 8. A densely
branehed undershrub: stems 2-4 inches long depressed or ascending, the
branches usually crowded with leaves: leaves ovate-spatulate to oblong, 2-¢
lines long, densely white-woolly, crowded on the short branchlets: peduncles
scape-like 1-3 inches long, slender naked: bearing a single several-flowered
involucre: lobes of the involucre linear-oblong, as long as the turbinate tube,
becoming reflexed: flowers yellow, often tinged with purple, pubescent, 133-2

» lines long. the base stipe-like, the lobes oblong-oval. On dry ridges, south-
eastern Oregon to Nevada. 3

E. Dougiasii Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 9. Shrubby and rather loose-
ly branched at base; 4-10 inches high: leaves spatulate to linear-lanceolate
alternate below to a petiole white-tomentose below, pubescent above, 6-14
lines long; peduncles rather stout, 2-6 inches long, witha whorl. of oblance-
olate leaves in the middle and a single many-flowered involucre: flowersfyel-
low pubescent outside, about 3 lines long. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon
to California. os ne a

E. spherocephalum Doug]. Benth. 1. c. Shrubby and loosely bran-
ched below, 6-10 inches high; leaves lanceolate to spatulate 6-14 lines long

-tapering below to a distinct petiole, often with revolute margins, densely
white-woolly below, pubeseent but green above; peduncles 2-6 inches long
with a whor! of lanceolate leaves usually above the middle and asingle many-
flowered involucre; outer flowers reflexed, thus forming a denseround head,
yellow: or tinged with red or purple, pubescent outside, abo t 3, lines long
the oblong lobes longer than the stipe-like base. On barren Tidges, eastern
Washington to California.

_E. tenue Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxv. 41.. Stems loosely bran-
ching, 3-5 inches long, slender, shrubby at .base: leaves crowded at the
ends of the branches, linear or nearly so, 6-12 lines long, the margins rev-

-olute, thinly. tomentose: peduncles erect, 3-5 inches high, bearing a
whorl of leaves in the middle.and a single terminal involucre: lobes of the
involucre linear oblanceolate, obtuse, shorter than the turbinate tube,
spreading or reflexed : flowers pale yellow, glabrous, about 5 lines, long
narrowed below to a stipe-like’ base, its segments unequal, the outer ones
oblong-obovate, notched at the apex, the inner ones spatulate, erose at the
apex. In dry sterile rocky places along tne Columbia river, eastern
Oregon and Washington.

E. umbellatum Torr. Ann Lyc. N. Y. 241 Stems depressed and

570 POLYGONACEA ERIOGONUM

shrubby below, much branched: leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, 1-2
‘inches long, on slender petioles, white-tomentose below, green and glab-
rate above: peduncles 6-15 inches high, naked, bearing a simple umbel of
3-10 naked rays subtended by a whorl of leaves: involucres deeply lobed,
the lobes shorter than the turbinate tube: flowers yellow or yellowish, 2-3
lines long, glabrous. Dry ridges, Oregon to California and the Rocky
Mountains. ;

E. Tolmieanum Hook. Fl, 134. FE. umbellatum var. monocephalum
T. & G. Branches short and depressed, shrubby below, densly cespitose:
leaves ovate, 3 lines long, narrowed to short petioles, glabrate above:
pedunc les 2-4 inches high, bearing a whorl of leaves above the middle and
a single large globose head of one or-more small involucres: flowers yellow,
the base abruptly narrowed and stipiform. High mountains, Washington
to California.

E. montanum. Stems depressed and diffusely much branching, 6-10
inches long shrubby and rooting at the nodes: leaves obovate to oblong,
often acute, short-petioled, 3-6 lines long, whiter tomentose beneath, green
and glabrate above: peduncles 1-3 inches long, naked bearing asimple um-
bel of 3-10 short naked’rays subtended by a whorl of leaves: involucres
loosely woolly the linear lobes longer than the turbinate tube: flowers
yellow, about 2 lines long, gradually attenuate to a stipe-like base, glabrous.
On the highest peaks of the Cascade Mountains, -

E. croceum Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxv, 43. Shrubby and
ns below 4-12 inches long, the branches often tufted leaves cluster
ed at the ends of the shoots, oval or orbicular- oval, 6-9 lines long obtuse
tomentose or glabrate above, abruptly narrowed to a stout petiole shorter
or longer than the blade: peduncles erect, 4-8 inches high, usually naked
except a bract near the middle, bearing a compound umbel subtended by a
whorl of leaves: involucres thinly tomentose, the somewhat lanceclate ac-
ute lobes longer than the broadly turbinate tube: flowers golden yellow,
about 3 lines long, narrowed into a long stipe-like base. In the mountains
of eastern Oregon and Idaho.

E ternatum. Stems short and densely cespitose, woody, 1-2 inches
long, densely leafy: leaves obovate to spatulate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed
below to a short winged petiole, densely white.tomentose both sides when
young, becoming green and glabrous above, 6-10 lines long: scapes 4-12
inches high, densely floccose with white wool when young, becoming glabr
rate in age, bearing a 4-rayed umbel subtended by a whorl of linear bracts
otherwise naked : central ray short, with a single naked involucre, the other
3 longer, with 1-3 involucres subtended by linear bracts: involucres some-
what funnelform, about 6 lines high, tomentose, few-flowered, the short
erect teeth less than a line long: sepals yellow, a line long, oval to obovate.
On gravelly bars along streams near Waldo, southern Oregon.

KE. stellatum Benth. Tans, Linn. Soc. xvii, 469. More or less tomen-
tose: stems diffuse and leafy :leaves ovate-spatulate to oblanceolate: pedu-
ncle naked, 6-12 inches high, bearing an umbel of 2-4 mostly elongated
rays which are usually and often repeatedly divided in a cymose manner,
the nodes and lateral raya all leafy-bracted: flowers yellow, about 3 lines
rine the base attennate and stipe-like. In the mountains, Oregon to

alifornia,

Var. bahixforme Watson Proc.”Am. -cad. xii, 257. Leaves most-
ly small, often densely tomentose both sides: umbel very compound.
With the type.

E. heracleoides. Nutt. Stems short and woody at base: leaves narrowly
oblanceolate with reyolyuge margins densely tomentose beneath somewhat

ERIOGONUM POLYGONACEZ 571

glabrate above: peduncles stout 6-12 inches high with a whorl of leaves
near the middle umbel 1-11-rayed, sometimes simple, usually with some
or all ofthe rays once or rarely twice divided: flowers yellow or whitish,
greene about 3 lines long. On dry plains, eastern Washington to Nevada
an ah. ee 5

E. compositum Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc .xvii. 409. Stems decumbent
or ascending, 4-10 inches long, somewhat woody : leaves oblong-ovate, acute
or acutish, 1-3 inches long, cordate at base on petioles 2-8 inches long, den-
sely white-tomentose beneath, green and flocculent above: peduncles stout,
naked ,6-18 inches high, nearly glabrous: umbel of 6-10 more or less elonga-
ted rays, each bearing a short several-raved umbellet, subtended by whorls
of linear-oblanceolate leaflets: flowers yellow to whitish or rose-color, 2-4
lines long, the stipe-like base short. On rocky banks, Brit. Columbia to
California and Idaho.

* * Densely tomentose perennials with naked pe luncles: involucres
with 5 short erect teeth: flowers small abruptly narrowed at base,
pubescent: achenes densely villous.

E. acaule Nutt. T & G. Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 163. White-tomentose
and matted cespitose: leaves densely crowded upon the closely branched
caudex, oblong to linear with revolute margins, sessile, 2-3 lines long,
spreading from the imbricated base: involucres in heads of 1-5, among the
uppermost leaves, nearly sessile short, 3-5-toothed: flowers with broad
sessile base, hardly 2 lines long, the oblong segments equal: filamemts
pilose at base: ovary very tomentose with long wool. Sandy hills, Idaho
to the Rocky Mountains. .

E. minimum Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxv, 47. Gray-canescent :
branches densely tufted, about 6 lines long: leaves densely imbricated and
crowded, the persistent ones of previous years black, the fresh ones gray,
spatulate, or almost terete by the strongly revolute margins, obtuse. dilat-
ed at base: peduncles érect, 1-3 lines high, simple: involucres solitary,
turbinate-campanulate a little more than a line high: flowers 1-2 lines
long, the'seginetits unequal, the 3 outer oval, the 3 inner obovate, all obtuse :
filaments villous at base. At high elevations in the Cascade Mountains
of Washington.

E. pendulum Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii, 265. White-tomentose
throughout: stems woody at base 1-2 feet high profusely branched : leaves
scattered, oblong-oblanceolate, 1-3 inches long, obtuse, subglabrate above :
inflorescence several times di-or trichotomous upon naked peduncles: pedi-
cels mostly elongated and naked: involucres at first nodding, campanulate,
about 2 lines long, its deltoid teeth erect: flowers very small,densely tom-
entoge, slightly exserted.. On dry rocky.plains, eastern base of the Coast

Mountains near Waldo, Oregon.

§ 2 Involucres campanulate or short turbinate, not angled or
nerved, with 5 rounded erect teeth, pedunculate in diffuse repeat-
edly di- or trichotomous panicles: bracts not foliaceous, all tern-
' ate, small, mostly trianglar and rigid: flowers not alternate at
base: ovary glabrous.

* Annuals: leaveg all radical or nearly so: involucres flowers and
achenes small.

E. cernuum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. Ser. 2, 11162. Stem very short:
scape erect, usually much branched. 6 12 inches high: leaves orbicular or
oblong-orbicular, less than an inch long obtuse or slightly. apiculate, flat.
floccose-tomentose, especially beneath, petioled: inflorescence paniculate:
involucres campanulate, slightly more than halfa line high solitary on

572 POLYGONACE ERIOGONUM

_ slender deflexed pedicels an inch long or less, 5-cleft’ to near_the middle:
flowers whitish, campanulate, half a line long, fiddle-shape. On dry plains,
eastern Oregon to Nebraska and New Mexico. i

* * Annuals, branching from the base, with leaves developed at
the nodes in the axils of ordinary triangular bracts: flowers miautely
glandular. a ; ah aerated ae

E. angulosum Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 406, t. 18. Floccose-
woolly, or at length glabrate: stem erect, 4-12 inches high, leafy, branch-
ing into a repeatedly di-or trichotomous panicle; the branches acutely 4-6
angled: radical leaves spatulate or rounded, the cauline oblong-linear to
lanceolate: pedicels 6-12 lines long, widely spreading: involucres short-
campanulate or hemispherical, minutely glandular or almost smooth, soli-
tary ,many-flowered, 5-toothed becoming dilated in fruit : flowers very obtuse
at base, a line.long, on short pedicels, rose-color or white, deeply 5-parted,
the outer segments ovate, the inner at lerigth longer, lanceolate-oblong.
Eastern Oregon to California and Utah.

x * * Tall stout white-tomentose annuals, with leafy simple stems,
naked above: inflorescence cymoae: involucres turbinate campanulate,
shortly pedicelled : flowers white, nearly glabrous: eepals very unequal.

E. annuam Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Ser. 2. v, 164. Flowers
tomentose throughout: stem 1-3 feet high, leafy below: leaves oblong-lanc-
eolate or oblanceolate, narrowed at base to a petiole, the margins somewhat
revolute or crisped:: involucres turbinate 1-1}¢ lines long secund, erect, 5
toothed : calyx 44-1 line long, the segments obovate. On dry plains Idaho
to Nebraska and Texas. , . _ : fee Su = ae

§ 8 Involucres cylindric-turbinate, mere or less strongly 5-6
nerved, often becoming costate or angled, with as many short
erect teeth, mostly sessile in heads or clusters, scattered. in cymes
or along virgate panicled. branches, always erect, 1-3 lines long:
bracts ternate, connate at base, usually short, acute and more or
less rigid : flowers not attenuate at base : achenes usually glabrous.

* Cespitose densely tomentose perennials with short closely branch-
ed caudex: inyolucres a single head or short cymose umbel on the
naked peduncle: outer sepals broad and somewhat cordate, the inner

much narrower: ovary scabrous above. 3 ,

KE. ovalifolium Nutt. Journ. Philad. Acad. vii, 50, t. 8. Densely
white-tomentose and silvery: stems very short and deprcssed-cespitose,
perenniai; leaves broadly oval or oblong, the blade 3-10 lines long, acutish,
abruptly narrowed to a long slender petiole, crowded upon the numerous
short branches: scapes 3-9 inches high simple, naked, bearing a single head
of 3-8 closely sessile 5-8 toothed involucres: calyx very glabrous, \ ellow or
rose-color, becoming thin and scarious, after flowering, the segments very:
unequal, the outer very broadly oval, cordate at base: the inner spatulate,
emarginate. On dry hillsides, eastern{Brit. Columbia to California and
the Rocky Mountains.

Var. proliferum Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 63. Larger than the
type, the involucres loosely cymose-umbellate.. With the type.

E. vineum. Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxv, 45. Closely white-tomen-
tose up to the inflorescence: perennial from a stout tap-root stems branch-
ing, the branches tufted, clothed with-the persistent leaf bases: leaves
‘crowded, the blades suborbicular or broadly oval, 3-5 lines long obtuse or
rounded at the apex. abruptly narrowed or truncate at base: on petioles
often as long asthe blade: scapes erect, 1-4 inches long, simple: involucres

10GONUM POLYGONACEA 573

4-6, in terminal heads, 3-4 lines high, angled, contracted, near the top:

flowers wine-red, at length 3-lines long: its segments very unequal, the

= one ovate with cordate base; the inner spatulate. Eastern Oregon to
alifornia.

E.§ dichotomum Dougl. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 14. Densely white-
tomentose below: stems short but somewhat ditfuse and depressed, leafy:
leaves oblong or oblanceolate. acute at each end, an inch or two long, on
slender petioles: peduncles rather short 6-18 inches high, bearing a 3-rayed
umbel the somewhat erect rays sparingly di- or trichotomous: involucre
usually solitary tomentose, about 3 lines long, strongly toothed: flowers
white to rose-red 144-2 lines long. the outer segments broadly elliptical,
the inner linear-spatulate. On dry rocky hills eastern Washington to
California. ‘

E. niveum Doug]. Densely white-tomentose below: stems rather few,
short and depressed: leaves oblong 6-12 lines long, petioled: scapes 4-10
inches high, bearing a 3-rayed umbel: involucres usually solitary, tomento-
se, about 2 lines high, with some or all of the teeth produced and often
recurved : flowers white or rose color, itsonter segments round-oval, the
inner obovate-spatulate. On dry’ rocky hillsides, eastern Oregon and
Wasbington to Idaho. ; ss

** Flowers narrower at tase, the sepals similar and nearly
equal: achenes smooth or nearly so. | »

+ Perennials with short, branched caudex, naked peduncles and
capitate involucres. ; °

++ Densely white-tomentose, dwarf and cespitose, alpine or subal-
pine: heads solitary.

E. paucifloram Pursh Fi. 735. Stems very short, loosely tufted, cov-
ered with the dilated bases of the petioles: leaves linear or linear-spatulate,
1-3 inches long, with revolute margins, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent
above, white-tomentose. or cottony beneath, narrowed into slender petioles:
peduncles 2-6 inches{ high: involucres 4-10, in a capitate, cluster, 5-
‘toothed, the teeth obtuse, more or.less reflexed: flower white, campanulate,
_ 1% lines long, its segments ovate. Ondry plains, eastern Oregon to Neb

E. multiceps Nees Max. Reis. N. A. ii, 446. Stems short, tufted,
much branched, sometimes several inches: long: leaves spatulate 6-20 lines
long, numerous, obtuse at the apex. narrowed below into petioles: pe unc-
les 1-5 inches high: involucres 3-12, in a capitate cluster, sessile, 114 lines
leng, 5-6 toothed,’ the teeth acute: flowers white or rose-color, 114-2 lines
long, campanulate, somewhat villous, the segments cuneate, obtuse or
emarginate. On dry plains, Idaho to Nebraska. ‘

++ ++ Peduncles mosily tall and stout, from a sparingly branched
caudex : heads solitary or few, in a long-jointed subumbellate cyme.

E. nudum Dougl. Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 413. ? Stemsshort
and loosely branched 1-2 inches long: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, the
blade 1-3 inches long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded, truncate or
cordate at base, green and glabrate above, densely white-tomentose be-
neath, on petioles 2-6 inches long: peduncles rather slender 1-2 feet high,
somewhat tomentose: inflorescence a'compound umbel: involucres tomen-
tose, campanulate about 2 lines long its triangular teeth erect: flowers gel-
low to reddish, glabrous about 144 lines long, its segments elliptical, round-
ed at the apex. On dry hillsides, southwestern Oregon to California. |

E. elatum. Dougl. Acaulescent: leaves all ina rosulate tuft. ovate-ob-
long or sublanceéolate, narrowed into petioles, rarely subhastate or subcor-
date at base, the margins usually undulate, green and glabrate above very
softly villous-pubescent, ‘or almost velvety beneath, on long slender peti

574 POLYGONACEA ERIOGONUM

oles: peduncles 1-4 feet high, rigid and rush-like: inflorescence a very dif-
fuse panicle: involucres glabrate, or glabrous, few, cylindrical or turbin-
ate-campanulate, repandly 5-toothed many-flowered, gathered in heads or
clusters, sometimes only in pairs, or solitary in the forks: flowers white or
rose-color a little hairy at base the segments ovate-oblong, nearly equal.
On barren rocky places, eastern Washington to California.

+ + Leaves not fascicled : bracts small very rarely foliaceous below:
involucres mostly solitary in a repeatedly di- or trichotomous corymb-
like cyme.

++ Perennials, woody and diffusely much branched, leafy below.

E. microthecum Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. ser. 2,i,172. More or less
floccose-tomentose throughout: stems erect or ascending, branching,
especially from the base, 6-12 inches high: leaves oblong or oblanceolate,
obtuse at the apex, narrowed into short petioles, 6-12 lines long, the upper
bract-like: inflorescence compoundly cymose: involucres turbinate 114
lines long: flowers yellow, pink or white, campanulate, at length constrict-
ed near the middle. Eastern Washington to California and Nebraska.

E. corymbosum Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 17. Densely floccose-to-
mentose throughout: stems erect, branched 6-12 inches high: leaves oblong,
obtuse at the apex, narrowed at base, petioled, 6-18 lines long, their margins
more or less crisp: inflorescence compoundly cymose: involucres short-cam-
panulate, 5-toothed, about 114 lines long, the teeth subacute flowers broadly
campanulate, 1-144 lines long, coustricted near the middle, the segments
fiddle-shaped, emarginate, tbe 3 inner ones shorter than the outer ones.
Eastern Washington to Nevada and Kansas.

++ ++ Perennial: less woody and more shortly branched at base:
leaves mostly narrow: sepals nearly equal.

E. campanulatum Nutt. 1. c. 163. Stems short, thick and woady
more or less tomentose: leaves crowded, narrowly oblanceolate, spatulate
or nearly linear, 1-3 inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed- into’ léng
petioles, white-tomentose on both sides, the margins sometimes revolute:
peduncles erect or nearly so, glabrous, 4-12 inches high: inflorescences com-
poundly cymose: involucres oblong-turbinate, about a line long, with 5
obtuse teeth: flowers yellow, ovoid-campanulate, about a line long, the
segments oblong or fiddle-shaped, emarginate. Eastern Oregon to Nebraska

+ + + Involucres sessile and solitary along the ascending and
usually long-virgate branches of the open naked panicle: flowers
glabrous.

++ White-tomentose perennials, leafy below: panicles sparingly
branched, usually virgate: involucres tomentose, the teeth not
margined.

E. strictum Benth. Branches very short: leaves small, ovate to oblan-
ceolate, on long slender petioles: peduncles very slender, glabrate above:

anicle twice or thrice divided, with 1-3 involucres on the short branches:
involucres glabrate, 114 lines long: flowers white to rose-color, 134 lines
long. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon.

+ ++ Annuals: leaves usually rosulate at the base, sometimes
occuring at the nodes. .

E. virgatum Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 16. Usually white-tomentose
throughout: leaves oblong, an inch long, on slender petioles: peduncles
simple, or with a few erect virgate branches, 1-2 feet high: involucres re-
mote, 2lines long, tomentose, the5 teeth very short: flowers a line long
rose-color to white or yellow, glabrous, outer segthents broadly ovate,
cuneately narrowed at base, the inner about as long, spatulate-oblong. 1n

OXYTHECA POLYGONACE As 575
CHORIZANTHE

gravelly bars along rivers Southern Oregun to California.

E. vimineum Dougl. Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 416. Leaves
orbicular to broadly ovate, 3-10 lines broad, the margins often undulate,
loosely floccose-woolly above, densely white-tomentose beneath, on slender
petioles about as long as the blade: peduncles usually diffusely and repeat:
edly branching from near the base, 6-20 inches high: involucres narrow
and rather prismatic, 114 lines long, the teeth very short: flowers rose-
color or yellowish, abouta line long, outer segments obovate, the inner
only half as broad. On dry plains, Brit. Columbia to California east of
the Cascade Mountains.

E. Baileyi Watson Proc. Am, Acad. x, 348. Leaves orbicular to
broadly ovate, 3-6 lines broad, white-tomentose both sides, petioled: pe-
duncles diffusely branched 6-12 inches Beh wholly glabrous: involucres
narrow, a line or less long, open at the throat, the teeth obtuse: flowers
pinkish-white, less than a line long. Dry plains eastern Washington to
Nevada and California.

2 OXYTHECA Nutt. Pl. Gambl. 169.

Slender repeatedly dichotomously branched annuals with the
leaves all in a rosulate tuft and small involucrate flowers. Involu-
cres few-flowered, more or less pedicellate, campanulate or turbin-
ate, herbaceous and not reticulated, 3—5-cleft, the erect or spreading
lobes mostly terminated by straight slender-awns. Flowers perfect ;
calyx 6-parted, colored, enclosing the achene: the more or less ex-
serted pedicels intermixed with bracts or bractlets. Achene, so far
as known, ovate-lenticular, the elongated radical accumbent upon
the rounded cotyledons.

0. dendroidea Nutt. 1. c: Leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute, 6-18
lines long acute: scape-like stem usually 6-12 inches high very slender dif-
fuse and much branched from near the base, or stouter ani less branched:
bracts unequal, without awns, linear-oblong to linear, or oblong-ovate in
the stouter torms, the lower half-inch long or less. the upper much smaller,
all more or less united at base: involucres turbinate, 1-3 lines long, un-
equally 3-4-lobed, rather fleshy, acutely awned, those in the forks on
slender pedicels 1-4 lines long, the others mofe nearly sessile flowers light
rose-color, half a line long, outer segments'obovate, the inner narrower
and shorter. On dry hillsides, southeastert- Oregon to Wyoming and
Nevada. ss

8 CHORIZANTHE R. Br.

Low dichotomously branched plants with the leaves mostly
in a rosulate radical tuft, and small flowers in small involucrate
heads. Involucres tubular or funnelform, sessile, 2-6-angled or
costate, and 2—6-toothed or cleft, the divisions more or less divari-
cate and terminating in cusps or rigid, often uncinate, awns.
Flowers 1-3 in the involucre more or less exserted. Calyx 6-parted
or 6-cleft. Stamens 3, or 2, inserted on the base or more or less ad-
nate to the tube of the calyx, rarely on its throat. Styles linear,
with capitate stigmas. Achenes triangular beaked. Embryo with
inflexed or straight radicle. Ours all annuals.

C. membranacea Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 416, t.17. Lanosely

pubescent when young, glabrate in age: stems erect, 6-18 inches high,
sparingly branched above; radical and lower cauline Jeaves* linear, obtuse,

576 POLYGON ACE PTEROSTEGIA
POLYGONUM

forming irregular whorls at the.lower joints: involucres in the lower axils .
few, without scarious margins, the upper in condensed capitate heads, with
equal broadly-expanded scarious winged divisions, reflexed, rotate and
tipped with a slender uncinate awn, the tube ribbed and protuberant below
flowers 2-3, one with long pedicel partly exserted, the others undeveloped :
flowers short tubular, hairy outside, the segments oblong, equal: stamens.
at the base. On rocky foothills southern Oregon to California.

C. Watsoni T. & G. Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 199. Canescently pubescent
throughout; stem erect or ascending, 1-4 inches long. branching from the
base: radical leaves narrowly oblanceolate to spatulate, 6-10 lines long,.
narrowed to a petiole with dilated base, the margins revolute, densely
tomentose beneath; lower cauline similar, but smaller and uncinately.
awned, passirig above into opposite uncinate-tipped bracts: involucres
clustered on the upper branches, narrow, inconspicuously costate, unequ-
ally 5-lobed, one 3-4 times as long as the others, all uncinate tipped:
flowers solitary, slender-pedicelled, included or partly exserted, the seg-
ments oblong, acute, pubescent outside: stamens inserted on the throat of
the calyx: achenes oblong-triangular. On desert districts, southeastern
Oregon to Nevada and California. —

4 PTEROSTEGIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. ii, 48.

Very slender and weak diffusely and dichotomously branched
annuals with opposite entire or 2-lobed leaves and small flowers
solitary. in foliaceous sessile involucres in the forks of the bran-
ches. Involucre of a single bract, subtending and shorter than
the sessile flower, rounded and more or less 2-lobed, at length be-
coming enlarged, scarious and reticulated, loosely enveloping the
achene, and gibbously 2-saccate on the back. Calyx 5-6-parted,
the segments equal. Stamens inserted at the base of the seg-
ments, as many-or fewer. Achene triangular, glabrous. Cotyle-
dons rounded; accumbent upon the radicle. | :

P.. drymarioides F.& M. 1. c.. Sparingly hirsute: stems decumbent.
often 1-2 feet long: lower leaves petioled, 2-6 lines broad, fan-shaped, 2-.
lobed, the lobes crenately toothed or again lobed; upper leaves obovate to
spatulate, entire or toothed: bracts similar, a line long: involucres very
small, becoming 1-114 lines long in fruit, somewhat 2-lobed, the margins
toothed or laciniate: flowers -yellowish the ‘segments oblong-lanceolate.
Hillsides and dry places, from the Columbia river to Lower California.

Tribe 2 Polygonaceer: Endl. Gen. 801. Herbs with alternate
leaves and scarious sheathing stipules. Flowers without involucre.
&-6-parted. Stamens mostly 4-8. Styles 2 or 3. Juice usually
pungent, acrid or actd.

5 POLYGONUM L. Sp. 359.

Annual or perennial plants with jointed, stems, alternate leaves
scarious sheathing stipules, called ocree, and small normally
perfect flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx 4—6-parted,
or 4-6-cleft, the outer sepals or segments somewhat longer than
the inner. Stamens 3-9, included or exserted ; filaments filiform,
or dilated at base, glabrous. Style 2-3-cleft or 2-8-parted, with
capitate stigmas. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, rarely 4-angled,
invested by or,exceeding the persistent calyx, Embryo near the

POLYGONUM POLYGONACEA v7

end of the seed in one of its angles, Cotyledons foliaceous, slen-
der, accumbent or incumbent. :

Suscenus 1 Brsrorta Meisn. Polygon. 50. Perennial by a
bulb-like creeping or horizontal. rootstock. Leaves radical and
cauline: ocreae membranaceous, cylindrical, naked, open, oblique
at the summit. Inflorescence a single terminal spicate raceme.
Flowers subtended hy usually toothed bract-like ocreolae. Calyx
5-parted. Stamens 8. Style 8-cleft. Achenes 3-angled. Coty-
ledons accumbent.

Y. bistortoides Pursh Fl. 271. Glabrous. or sometimes with a fine
hispidulous pubescence on the under surface of the leaves, more or less
glaucous throughout: stems.erect or assurgent, 10-25 inches long, slender,
simple: radical leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 inches long, 3-18
lines broad, attenuate at base to a petiole 1-10 inches long, the midrib
rather broad and conspicuous on both sides; cauline leaves mostly lan-
ceolate, sessile:or nearly so, subcordate, arising from near the summit of
the ocreae, all often with revolute margins and conspicuously nerved:
ocreae entire or somewhat broken about the oblique open summit, closely
clasping the stem: raceme oblong, 6-30 lines long, densely flowered, not
bulblet-bearing below: calyx about 2 lines long, light, rose to white, 5-part-
ed, the segments oblong. faintly nerved.’ Subalpine and alpine parts of
the Cascade aiid Rocky Mountains, California to the Arctic regions.

P.: viviparum L. Sp. 360. Glabrous and more or less glaucous except
-the under surface of the leaves: stems rather slender, erect, 6-18 inches
high, simple: radical leaves ovate or oblong and subcordate to linear-lan-
ceolate and attenuate at base, the blade 1-3 inches long. on petioles as long
or longer; cauline leaves lanceolate to linear: ocreae 44-3 inches long,
slightly enlarged:at the obliquely, opened summit: raceme narrowly cylin-
dric, 1-3 inches long, rather densely flowered above, bearing a number of
ovoid-conic bulblets at base: calyx about a line long, rose-color to white,
3-parted to near the base, the ovate or obovate segments 3-nerved. South-
ern Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States.

Suscenus ir Aconoconon Meisn. Monogr. 53. Perennial by
amore or less elongated creeping or horizontal rootstock. Leaves
somewhat fleshy or coriaceous. Ocreae funnelform, membrana-
ceous, oblique, naked. _ Inflorescence consisting of terminal clus-
ters, racemes or paniculate racemes: flowers subtended by ocreolae.
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens’&. Style 3-cleft. Achenes triangular.
Cotyledons accumbent. banal’

P. alpinum Allioni Fl. Pedim. ii, 206. t. 68. Bright green and glab-
rous or slightly pubescent throughout: stems stout, erect, 3-6 feet high,
channeled, more or.less branched : leaves lanceolate, 1-9 inches long, acute
or acuminate, mostly tapering at baee into short petioles, coriaceows:
ocreae funnelform, 6-18 lines long, oblique and 2-cleft, the segments acute
mostly glabrous, large and loose, brittle and early falling away: inflores-
cence consisting of compound or-paniculate loosely-flowered racemes 1-2
inches long: ocreolae funnelform, oblique and shallow: calyx greenish or
whitish, 1-144 lines long, 5-parted to near the base the segments obovate
or oblong, rounded. in wet places, alpine and subalpine, Washington to
California and Idaho. ‘

Var. foliosum Small Bull. Torr Bot. Club xix, 360. Pubescent
throughout: stems stout, sparingly branched, hispid, : leaves ovate-lanceo-

578 POLYGONACEZ POLYGONUM

Jate, acute, petioled, more or less tomentose beneath, ciliate, numerous
near the ends of the branches: ocreae funnelform, loose, hispids flowers
fewer: achenes broad!y oblong. On the high mountains of Washington.

Var. Alaskanum Small Monogr. Polyg. 33. Stem stout, arising
from a large rootstock, erect, 20-36 inches high,-fleshy above: leaves ovate-
lanceolate, 4-10 inches long, acuminate, obtuse or cordate at base, thin,

pubescent both sides, or sometimes glabrous, ciliate, undulate, much |

crisped, on petioles 6-30 lines long: ocreae funnelform, 1-2 inches long,
thin, striate, more or less hispid. On the high mountains of Washington
to Alaska. A

P. phytolaccefolium Meisn. Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xix, 360.
Herbage glabrous or very sparingly pubescent with slender hairs, light
green, turning dark in drying: stems erect, 16-30 inches high, somewhat
branched, channeled: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-7 inches long,
acute or acuminate, thin, undulate and somewhat crisped, sometimes.
coriaceous: ocreae 6-12 lines long, more or less pubescent, brittle, early
falling away: inflorescence consisting of axiilary and terminal or panicled

few loosely-flowered racemes: calyx white or pinkish. about a line long, :>
not much enlarged in fruit, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments’

obovate, 2 of them often much smaller than the others. In the mountains
of Washington, Oregon and California.

P. Newberryi Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxi, 170. Herbage dull
green, more or less pubescent and scurfy throughout, or somewhat glab-
rous: stems ascending or erect, 4-17 inches high, stout and more or less
fleshy, simple or branched: leaves ovate to broadly oblong-ovate, one-half
to 2 inches long, rather fleshy, truncate, obtuse or acute at base, short-
petioled or the upper ones subsessile: ocreae funnelform, about a line long:
flowers in few-flowered axillary racemes: calyx greenish, 1-2 lines long,
5-parted to near the base, its segments oblong or oblong-elliptic, the outer

ones longer than the inner ones. Alpine and subalpine regions of Oregon ‘:

and Washington.

P. Davisie Brewer Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 399. Glabrous and
glaucous or inconspicuously pubescent: stems usually slender, from an en-
larged and woody rootstock, erect or ascending, 2-17 inches long, flexuous
striate, simple or sparingly branched above, leafy throughout: leaves from
ovate to oblong or almost lanceolate, 1-4 inches long, obtuse or acutish,
subcordate to pe ee at base. undulate and ciliate: ocreae funnelform,
3-6 lines long,smore or less oblique: flowers in axillary and terminal 2-4-
flowered loose clusters: calyx purplish-green or yellowish, about a line
long, 5-cleft to the middle, much narrowed toward the base. On the
highest slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains.

SuBcEnus m1 Persicarta Meisn. Monogr. 66. Herbaceous or
more or less woody perennial or annual plants with the leaves all
cauline: Ocreae mostly membranaceous, cylindric, truncate,
naked or variously fringed. Flowers in terminal spicate racemes,
usually geminate or paniculate, subtended hy ocreolae. Calyx
3--5-parted. Stamens 4-8. Style 2-3-parted or 2-3-cleft. Achenes
lenticular or triquetrous. Cotyledons accumbent.

P. amphibium L. Sp. 361. Perennial: glabrous when mature: stems
emersed or floating on the surface of the water and rooting atthe nodes,
1-10 feet long, simple or branched : leaves oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceo-

late, 1-6 inches long, thickish and somewhat coriaceous, glossy above,
rounded or narrowed at base, long-petioled to subsessile: ocreae cylindric,

those of the stem 8-15 lines long, those of the branches surpassing the -

internodes, with or without a few bristles: flowers in a dense oblong or

POLYGONUM POLYGONACE 579

ovate spicate raceme : calyx rose-color, about 2 lines long, 5-parted to below
the middle: stamens 5, exserted: style about 2 lines long 2-cleft: achenes
lenticular, orbicular-oblong or obovoid. In ponds and wet places, Alaska
to California and the Atlantic States: also Europe and Asia.

P. Hartwrightii Gray Proc. Am. Acad viii, 294 Perennial: more or
less hispid throughout, except when growing in-:water : stems creeping and
ascending, or snberect, 1-3 feet long, leafy: leaves oblong to narrowly lan-
ceolate, 3-9 inches long, obtuse or acutish at buth ends, short-petioled or
sessile: ocreae cylindric, 6-9 lines long, with a more or iess spreading rim,
fringed at the summit with short bristles: flowers numerous, in a dense
oblong to conic spicate raceme: calyx rose-color, about 2 lines long, 5-parted
to below the middle: stamens 5, exserted: achenes lenticular, oblong. In
moist places, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States.

P Muhlenbergii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 245. Perennial: glab-
rous or strigose throughout: stems more or less creeping in wet places, the
distal end erect, 12-30 inches long, mostly simple, leafy, enlarged at the
joints: leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate,:2~10 inches long, acute or
acuminate, rounded or narrowe@ to cordate at baee, all petioled : ocreae
cylindric, 12-18 lines Jong, when young clasping the stem, becoming loose
and inflated near tise base in age: flowers in 1-3 terminal linear densely-
flowered racemes 2-5 inches long : calyx dark rose-color to pink, 2 lines long,
5-parted tothe middle: stamens 5, exserted: atyle 2-cleft, exserted: achenes
lenticular, broadly obovoid. In water or wet places, throughout North
America. a:

P. vaparairottum L. Sp. 360. Annual: glabrous or more or less pu-
bescent throughout: stem stout, mostly erect, 1-2 feet high, branched
above or throughout, sometimes nearly simple, thickened at the joints:
leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, 2-10 inches long, attenuate toward
the apex from the broadest part, acuminate at base, ciliate, inconspicuous-
ly punctate, short-petioled: ocreae cylindric, 6-12 lines long, loose, striate
or ribbed, slightly ciliate when young: peduncles and pedicels more or less

landular : racemes 1-5, in a terminal panitle, densely flowered, 1--t inches
ong, mostly drooping: calyx flesh-color to white, 5-parted to below the
middle: stamens 6, included: achenes lenticular or trigonous, oblong or
ovoid. In moist places, throughout temperate North America: introduced
from Europe.

Var. incanum Koch Syn. Fl. Germ. 711. Small and slender: stem
erect, 2-12 inches high, simple or branched: leaves lanceolate to ovate or
oblong, glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, short-petioled or sub-
sessile: racemes oblong, 6-12 linég-long, erect: achenes lenticular, ovoid.
in damp places, Oregon and Washington to the Atlantic States.

P. nodosum Persoon Syn. i, 440. Annual: stem'stout, erect, 1-4 feet
high, red or reddish with purple spots and dark rings, naked, branched:
leaves rather narrowly lanceolate, attenuate upward from near the base
and acuminate, cuneate at base and shortly petioled, somewnat scabrous
with short prickly hairs on the midribs and miargins: -ocreae cylindric,
8-12 lines long, strongly ribbed: racemes axillary and terminal, oblong
and erect or often linear and nodding, an inch long or more: flowers white
to light rose-color, about a line long: stamens 6,'included: style 2-parted,
included: achenes lenticular, broadly oblong or ovoid. Throughout North
America, °

P. Pennsylvanicum L. Sp. 362. Annual: glabrous below, pubescent
and glandular above: stem erect, 1-3 feet high, simple to much branched:
leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 2-10 inches long, ciliate, the
midrib prominent on the lower side, acurninate at base, short-petioled :
ocreae cylindric or funnelform, 6-9 lines long: racemes panicled, oblong-
cylindric, 1-3. inches long, erect, dense; calyx pink or light purple, 1-2

380 POLYGONACEA POLYGONUM

lines long, 5-parted to the middle: stamens 8 or fewer, included: style
2-parted to about the middle: achenes lenticular, flat, broader than high.
Idaho to the Eastern States. :

P. Pessicania L. Sp. 361. Annual: stem erect or sometimes spread-
ing, 8-20 inches high, simple or branched: leaves lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, 1-8 inches long, acuminate at botb ends, entire or sometimes
erose, conspicuously punctate, nearly smooth except the more or less his-
pid midrib and nerves, short-petioled or nearly sessile, generally with a
dark triangular or lunate spot in the middle: ocreae cy!ndric or funnelform,
6-9 lines long, conspicuously fringed with short bristles: racemes 1-65, in
terminal panicles, oblong or ovoid, 6-18 lines long, mostly erect, densely-
flowered: calyx pink to purple or greenish, 5-cleft to the middle, the seg-
ments obtuse: stamens generally included: style 2- or 3-parted. included :
achenes broadly ovoid, pointed. In waste places throughout North and
South América: naturalized from Europe. é

P. hydropiperoides Michx. Fl. i, 236. Perennial, often tinged with
red throughout: stems erect, or the base decumbent and creeping; 1-3 feet
high, simple or branched above, enlarged at the joints: leaves lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, glabrous or strigillose, acute:at both
ends, ciliate, short-petioled : ocreae cylindric or funnelform, 6-12 lines long,
loose, fringed with long bristles: racemes almost linear, 1-3 inches long,
erect, more or less. interrupted: calyx about aline long, flesh-color, or

_ greenish, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments oblong or obovate:
stamens 8, included style short, 3-parted, at length exserted: achenes tri-
quetrous, ovoid or. broadly oblong. .In ponds and wet places, Washington
to California and the Atlantic States. na

Pp. Hydropiper L. Sp. 361. Annual: glabrous: stems erect or assur-
gent, 8-24 inches high, simple, or branched throughout: leaves ovate to
lanceolate, 1-5 inches-long, acute or acuminate at both ends, Ciliate, un-
dulate or slightly crisped, short-petioled: ocreae cylindric, 3-6 lines long,
becoming somewhat funnelform and oblique fringed with long bristles,
often bearing 1 or 2 flowers within, racemes numerous, axillary and ter-
minal, 1-3 inches long rather loosely flowered and much interrupted, usual-
ly drooping: calyx greenish to red or white, 3-5 parted, the segments
rather narrowly oblong: stamens.4, sometimes 6, included: style 2-3-cleft
to near the base: achene lenticular or triquetrous, broadly oblong to
orblenlar. In' damp places,, throughout temperate North America and
urope. ise ;

SUBGENUS Iv, AvIcULARTA Meisn. Monog. Polyg: 85. Annual
or perennial plants with the leaves all cauline, the petioles artic-
ulated at the junction of the ocreae; the upper ones reduced to
foliaceous bracts. Ocreae membranaceous and usually hyaline,
funnelform, oblique, 2-parted, at length lacerate. Inflorescence
consisting of axillary clusters either widely separated or crowded
into a terminal raceme. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens mostly 8.
Style 3-parted or wanting. Achenes triquetrous. Cotyledons in-
cumbent.

ee Suffruticose smooth perennials with brown stems and loose scaly

ark,

P. paronychia Cham. & Scblecht. Linn. iii, 51. Bright green and
glabrous throughout: stems prostrate or ascending, 6-18 inches long, dif-
fusely branched: leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apparently linear or

linear-lanceolate on accouht of the strongly revolute margins, 3-5 lines
long, scattered along the branches and crowded in subspicate clusters at

POLYGONUM POLYGONACEA 581

the branches, sessile, pitted on the upper surface, acute or acuminate at
base, with a broad 2-winged midrib ocreae 6-10 lines long, silvery, early
lacerate into hair-like segments: flowers crowded into subspicate clusters
near the ends of the branches: calyx white to pink, about 3 lines long, 5-
parted to below the middle, the segments obovate or oblong: stamens 8,
included: style a line or more long, 3 cleft at the apex. On sandy banks
along the ‘coast, Vancouver Island to California.

P. Shastensis Brewer Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii., 400. Glabrous
throughout: stems prostrate or ascending, 4~12 inches long, much branch-
ed: oblong to oblanceolate, 3-6 lines long, longer than the internodes, ses-
sile, acute at base: ocreae 2-3 lines long, 2-parted, the segments very thin
and silvery: flowers 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves: calx 2 lines
long, rose-color or red, 5-parted to near .the base, the segments obovate,
each with a dark rib: stamens 8, included; filaments strongly dilated at
base: style 3-parted, apparently formed by the splitting of the apex of the
narrowly oblong achene. Mount Mazama Oregon to the high peaks of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains. | ;

* * Annuals, rarely perennials, with striate stems, leafy through-
out: calyx colored upon the margins, becoming closely appressed to
the achene: style short.

P. littorale Link in Shrad. Journ. i, 54. Annual or perennial, glab-
rous, bright green and glaucous: stems prostrate, 1-4 feet long, diffusely
branched : leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 3-12 lines long, generally acumin-
ate at base, conspicuously nerved, often crisped, short-petioled: ocreae
oblique, 2-3 lines long, 2 parted and silvery when young, at length lacerate
and brownish: flowers in clusters of 1-6 in the axils of the upper leaves:
calyx mostly green, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments oblong:
stamens 8, included: style a line long, 3-parted to the base, included.
Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent.

P. avicurare L..Sp. 362. Glabrous throughout and dull or bluish -
green: stems prostrate or ascending, 4-24 inches long, simple or branched :
leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 5-12 lines long, acuminate at base, not con-
spicuonsly nerved, subsessile or short-petioled : ocreae oblique, 2 lines long,
silvery, becoming lacerate in age: flowers in clusters of 2-5 in the axils of
the leaves: calyx mostly green, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments
oblong: stamens 5-8, included: style very short, 3-parted. Common in
yards and roadsides.

P. erectum L. Sp. 363. Glabrous throughout: stem stout, erect or
ascending and somewhat spreading, 8-24 inches high, nearly simple to
rauch branched: leaves oval, oblong or obovate, 6-30 lines long, mostly
acuminate at base, sessile to short-petioled : ocreae 3-12 lines long: flowers
in clusters of several in the axils of the middle leaves: calyx greenish, over
a line long, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments oblong: stamens 6
or 7, included: style less than a line long, 3-parted. In sandy fields, east-
ern Oregon to Texas and Georgia.

P. minimam Watson Bot. King 315. Somewhat scurfy but-glabrous:
stem erect or spreading, 1-3 inches long, slender, simple or branching from
the base: leaves obovate to ovate or oblong, 3-8 lines long, acute or apicu-
late at the apex, acuminate at base, subsessile, not much reduced above:
ocreae about a line long, dentate-lacerate: flowers in clusters of several in
axils of all the leaves: calyx greenish, about a line long. 5-parted to near
the base, the segments oblong, the margins pale rose-color: stamens 5-8,
included. On the high mountain tops, Washington and Oregon ta Cali-
fornia and Utah.

_-* * Annuals with striate stems, the branches slender and virgate,
angular: leaves diminishing upward and becoming bract-like; the

582 POLYGONACEZ POLYGONUM

spike-like inflorescence more or less interrupted.

P. Douglasii Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. i, 125. Glabrous and more or
less glaucescent except the more or less scabrous nodes: stem slender, 8-16
inches high erect usually somewhat strictly branched: leaves oblong to
lanceolate, 6-80 lines long, mostly acute, often cuspidate, acuminate at
base, sessile or nearly so, the margins often revolute: ocreae 5-6 lines
long: flowers one to several in the axils of the upper leaves, on reflexed
pedicels: calyx greenish, 1-2 lines long, 5-parted to near the base, the seg-
ments oblong with whitish or rose-colored margins: stamens 8, included:
style very short, 3-parted. In dry places'in the mountains of Brit. Columbia
to California and Nebraska.

P. montanum Greene P). Baker. 13. P. Douglasii var. latifolium
Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. 125. ‘‘ Low,fastigiately branched from the base,3
to 6 inches high, the branches floriferous from the base, but the flowers
few among the proper leaves, most of them forming a mere bracted epike
beyond the foliage, all the angles of stem and branches denticulate-scaber-
ulous, and other parts also more or less scrabro-puberulent: leaves oblong-
lanceolate, very acute, often an inch long.1-nerved, the nerve sharply cari-
nate beneath the leaf: perianth subsessile but nodding, its segments dark
green or purplish except marginally and completely enclosing the achene,
this black, smooth and shining, the faces obtusely rhomboidal, the cross-
section 3-lobed rather than triangular.’”?’ On high mountains, Brit. Co-
lumbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

P. Howellii Greene Pl. Baker. 14. Stem erect, 4-12 inches high,
sparingly branched from the base, the branches erect: leaves elliptic-
oblong to lanceolate, very acute and apiculate, attenuate at base, 6-12 lines
long, the thin margins serrulate-scabrous: ocreae scarious, 2-4 lines long,
2-parted : flowers 1-3 in the axils of all the leaves, erect on erect pedicels:
calyx whitish, about a line long, 5-parted to near the base, the segments
oblong: achenes wholly invested by the calyx, very black and highly pol-
ished, the faces rhombic-ovate. On top of the Siskiyou Mountains along
the Happy Camp trail in California, perhaps in Oregon farther east.

P. Sawatchense Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xx, 213. Glabrous and
more or less scurfy or papillose througbout: stem erect, 2-8 inches high:
leaves oblanceolate or obovate to almost linear, 3-12 lines long, acute at
the apex, acuminate below, sessile, flat or revolute: ocreae at length lace-
rate tothe middle: flowers in clusters of 2-4 in the axils of all the leaves:
calyx green, on erect pedicels, a line or leas long, 5-parted to near the base,
the segments oblong, obtuse: stamens 6-8: style alfnost none. In the moun-
tains, Washington to Colorado and Dakota.

P. ramosissimum Michx. Fl. i, 237. Glabrous throughout: stem erect
or ascending, 4-12 inches high, nearly simple or diffusely branched : leaves
lanceolate to oblong, 4-20 lines long,.acuminate at both ends, short-
petioled, persistent: ocreae 3-9 lines long, early becoming lacerate : flowers
in small clusters. in the axils of the upper leaves: calyx greenish or yellow,
about a line long, erect, on erect pedicels, 5-parted or 6-parted to near the
base, the segments narrowly oblong: stamens 6 or fewer, included: style
very short, 3 parted to the base. In the mountains, eastern Washington
to California and the Atlantic States.

P. Engelmanni Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. i, 126. Glabrous: stem
very slender and wiry, 2-8 inches long, nearly simple or diffusely branched
from the base: leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-6 lines long, light green or glau-
cous, beneath, acute, sessile: ocreae funnelform, about 2 lines long. at
length slightly lanceolate: flowers in small fascicles in the axils of all the
leaves, nodding on reflexed pedicels: calyx dark green, a line long, 5-parted
to near the base, the segments oblong, obtuse, with whitish border: sta-

POLYGONUM POLYGONAOCE ZX 583

mens 5-8 included : style very short, 3-parted. High mountains, Washing-
ton to Colorado.

P. Austine Greene l.c. Glabrous and scurfy throughout: stems
mostly erect, 2-6 inches high, branched from the base: leaves ovate-lance-
olate to oblanceolate. 3-6 lines long, acute, sessile, revolute or flat, bright
green beneath: ocreae about 2 liues long, at length slightly lacerate: flow-
erg in clusters of 2-3in the axils of the leaves, drooping, on ref|xed pedicels :
calyx green, a line long, 5-parted to near the base, the segments narrowly
oblong obtuse, with whitish borders: stamens 5-8, included: style very
ees to the base. In the high mountains, eastern Washington
to California.

P. majus Piper Fl. Palouse Reg. 63. Stem wiry, terete, erect or near-
ly so, much branched from the base, 6-18 inches high; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, 1-3 inches long, sessile: ocreae scarious, 6-12 lines long, at length
lacerate : flowers few, in the axils of the upper leaves, spreading or ascend-
ing on short pedicels: calyx broadly campanulate, 1-2 lines long, 5-cleft to
below the middle, the segments oblong, rounded at the apex, white with
green midveins: stamens 5, included: style 3-parted tothe middle: fruit re-
flexed. Common in stony soil, eastern Washington.

P. sperguiarieforme Meisn. Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xix, 366.
P. coarctatum Dougl. not Willd. Glabrous throughout: stem slender
and wiry, erect, 4-20 inches high, branched, the branches usually erect:
leaves linear-oblong to linear lanceolate, 14-144 inches long, acute, sessile,
the margins usually revolute: ocreae 4-6 lines long, soon finely lacerate :
flowers numerous, in small. clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, erect
or spreading: calyx 2 linee long 5-parted to near the base, the segments
obovate, obtuse, pink with green midveins: stamens 5, included: style
about a line long, 3-parted. On dry stony or sandy places, Brit. Columbia
to California and Colorado. Flowering from Spring until Autumn.

P. lineare Hook. FI. ii, 137. ? Minutely puberulent thoughout:
stem slender, prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched, 4-10 inches long,
leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, wl inch long acute, sessile, the margins
strongly revolute, dark green above, white beneath: ocreae about 4 lines
long, soon lacerate: flowers in small clustersin the axils of subulate bracts
at the ends of the branches: crowded and apparently spicate, erect or sprea-
ding, on short pedicels: calyx about 2 lines long, broadly campanulate, 5-
cleft to near the base, the 3 outer segments obovate, rounded at the apex,
the 2 inner ones narrower and barely obtuse, all pink or rose-color with
green midveins: stamens 8, included. On mossy banks along, the lower
Columbia and Willamette rivers. Not flowering until Autumn.

P. Nattallii Small Monog. Polyg. 182. P. intermedium Nutt.. not
Ebrh. Glabrous throughout: stem slender and wiry, erect 3-9 inches
high simple irregularly and divergently branched, dark red: leaves linear-
lanceolate, 4-18 lines long, acute, sessile, glaucescent beneath more or less
revolute: ocreae 1-2 lines long, at length Jacerate: flowers in the axils of
the upper leaves, crowded and racemose, erect: calyx greenish, about a
line long, 5-parted to near the base, the segments oblong, with pinkish
margins: stamens 8 or fewer, the filaments dilated at base. On grassy
banks, Brit. Columbia to Oregon. :

P. Kelloggii Greene Fl. Fr. 1384. Glabrous throughout: stem slen-
der, mostly erect, 1-3 inches high, divergently branched from near the
bage: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate 2-6 lines long, acute, sessile, crowd -
ed on the branches but spreading and not imbricated, much the same size
throughout: ocreae funnelform a line or less long, thin and early lacerate:
flowers in small clusters in the axils of the upper ‘eaves, contiguous on
account of the very short internodes making the branches appear like leafy

584 POLYGONACEZ POLYGONUM

racemes: calyx ‘green, a line long 5-parted to near the base, the segments
oblong, obtuse, with whitish or cream-colored margins: stamens about 5,
included. Washington to California and Colorado.

P. Watsoni Small Monog. Polyg. 138. P. imbricatum Nutt. not Raf.
Glabrous throughout, stem slender and wiry, usually simple, 1-6 inches
high : 2-4 of the lower leaves filiform, 6-12 lines long, the upper or floral
bracts lanceolate to oblong 2-4 lines long, acute or shortly acuminate, ses-
sile, green with very narrow scarious margins: ocreae silvery, 2-partedbut
early lacerate, 1-2 lines long: flowers white or pinkish, mostly solitary,
in the axils of the upper leaves, the lower one remote, the otbers crowded
and racemose: calyx about a line long, 5-parted to below the middle, the
outer segments longest, ovate, obtusish: stamens 5 orfewer. In wet places,
Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains.

P. polygaloides Meisn. in DC.. Prodr. xiv, 101. Glabrous and light
green, 4-8 inches high mostly somewhat corymbosely branched, slightly
flexuous: leaves linear, 3-18 lines long, acute, sessile : ocreae funnelform, 2
lines long or more, 2-parted, soon lacerate: flowers in small clusters in
the axils of oblong scarious-margined more or lessimbricated bracts at the
ends of the branchlets: calyx a line long, 5-parted to near the base,white
or pinkish, the segments with adark midrib, the outer ones longer
than the inner: stamens 8, included: style evident, 3-parted to the middle.
In moist places on open plains, Brit. Columbia to California and the
Rocky Mountains.

Suspeenus v Duravia Watson Am. Nat. vii, 665. Slender
wiry little annuals. Leaves linear, not jointed upon the scari-
ous lacerate ocreae. Flowers in slender many jointed interrupted
spikes, mostly solitary and nearly sessile in the sheaths. Sepals
5, colored, becoming somewhat appressed to the achene. Stamens
8, the 3inner filaments but slightly dilated at base. Achenes
membranaceous, linear, nearly terete, obscurely 3-anzled. Cotyle-
dons accumbent.

P. Californicum Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 100. Glabrous: stem
very slender and wiry, erect, diffusely and loosely branched to nearly sim-
ple: leaves narrowly linear, to filiform 6+18 lines long, subulate-tipped, 3
tibbed, the upper reduced to subulate bracts: flowers solitary in the axils
of the bracts forming slender terminal spikes: calyx a line or less long, 5-
cleft to the middle at length exceeding the ocreae. On dry plains Southern
Oregon to California.

P. Greenei Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xix, 294. Glabrous: stem slen-
der, erect, 4-7 inches high, generally branched throughout, compact:
leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-6 lines long. almost hract-like, reduc-
ed bracts above more or less imbricated and often of much the same size
throughout, 3-ribbed, the margins revolute: ocreae 3-4 lines long conspic-
uously lacerate, the segments subulate, numerous, rigid: flowers solitary in
the axils of bracts and thus apparently in terminal leafy-bracted racemes:
calyx sessile, a line long, rose-color, 5-cleft. not exceeding the ocreae:
stamens 8, included: style-a line long 3-parted. Eastern Washington to
California.

P. Parryi Greene Bull. Torr. Bot. Club viii. 99. Glabrous: stem
erect, 1-4 inches high, simple to densely much branched, very teat and
bearing flowers to the base: leaves linear, 3-12 lines long, of much the
same size throughout, subulate-tipped, 3-nerved : ocreae a little more than
a line long, extremely lacerate, usually hiding the calyx and giving the
whole plant a woolly appearance: flowers solitary in the axils of all the

POLYGONUM POLYGONACEA 585
RUMEX

leaves: calyx nearly a line long, sessile, 5-cleft. In moist places, eastern
Washington to southern Oregon and California.

SupcENus vi Trnzarta Meisn. Monog. 62.% Annual or peren-
nial more or less twining plants with usually cordate or truncate
leaves. Ocreae membranaceous, funnelform, oblique, naked at
the summit. Flowers in axillary or terminal clusters or racemes.
Calyx 5-parted, the outer segments keeled or winged. Stamens 8.
Style 3-parted or wanting. Achenes triquetrous. Cotyledons
accumbent.

P. convotvunus L. Sp. 364. Annual: Glabrous: stem slender prostrate
or twining, 1-4 feet long, branched: leaves broadly to narrowly ovate or ov-
ate-sagittate, 1-3 inches long, acuminate, somewhat undulate and crisped,
on slender petioles: flowers in small axillary clusters and terminal racemes
on slender reflexed pedicels: calyx green or whitish, about 2 lines long, the

segments oblong, obtuse, closely investing the triquetrous achene. Com-
mon in cultivated fields and gardens. Naturalized from Europe.

P. pumetorum L. Sp. ed. 2, 522. Perennial: bright green and glabrous
throughout: stems weak and slender, extensively twining 2-20 feet long:
leaves ovate-cordate, 1-4 inches long, acuminate, petioled or nearly sessile:
flowers in axillary racemes 2 inches long: calyx yellowish-green, drooping,
nearly 3 lines long. Said to growin our region butI;have not seen it.
Missouri to Tennessee and Europe.

6 RUMEX L. Sp. 333.

Coarse perennial, biennial or annual herbs, some tropical spe-
cies shrubs or trees, with more or less acid juice, alternate leaves
with sheathing stipules and small flowers fascicled or verticillate
in paniculate racemes. Flowers perfect, polygamons or divecious,
on jointed pedicels. Calyx 5-parted or of 6 distinct sepals
the outer 38 herbaceous, spreading or reflexed, the inner ‘larger
and more or less colored, usually becoming enlarged/and reticulat-
ed in fruit, appressed to the 3-angled achene. Stamens 6: filaments
very short.. Style 3-parted, with peltate tufted stigma. Embryo
curved or nearly straight, borne in one of the faces of the achene.

§ 1 AcrrosELLA Trelease Rev. Rum. 76. Diccious perenni-
als with acid juice. Outer segments of the calyx without dorsal
callosities, not reticulated nor larger than the achene.

R, acetoserta L. Sp. 338. (Sorre..) Glabrous throughout stems
slender, 6-12 inches high, tufted, propagating by creeping rootstocks : leaves
oblanceolate, acute, the lower mostly bastate with a large decurrent, rarely
toothed auricle on each side, petioled, 2-5 inches long, the upper gradually
reduced and entire: panicle more or less compound, usually reddish, the
filiform ascending branches, leafless: pedicels capillary, articulated at
the summit: flowers about a line long. Common in fields and waste pla-
ces throughout most of North America and Europe. :

§ 2 Acetosa Campd. Monog. Rumex, Dicecious perennials,
the leaves with acid juice. Inflorescence with slender leafles
branches. Inner segments of the calyx rather finely reticulated
becoming round-cordate and much, larger than the achene.

R. paucifolius Nutt. Mss. Watson Bot. King, 314. Stems somewha

586 POLYGONACE RUMEX

tufted, about a foot high: leaves spatulate to lanceolate, or the shortest
somewhat elliptical-ovate, very gradpally narrowed at base, neither auricl-
ed nor hastate, 2-6 inches long: inflorescence rather simple. with suberect
branches: pedicels about as long as the fruit, jointed toward the base, in-
ner segment of the calyx about 2 lines in diameter, achenes about a line
long. In mountain parks, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky
Mountains.

R. acetosa L. Sp. 337. Stems simple, mostly solitary, 1-4 feet high,
rather slender : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate 2-6 inches long, mostly obtuse,
deeply cordate with commonly acute auricles or subsagittate, a small tooth
sometimes present on each auricle: inflorescence a rather simple strict
panicie: pedicels about as long as the fruit conspicuously jointed in the
middle: outer sepals of pistillate relatively large, reflexed in flower orbicu-
lar, 2-3 lines in diameter clawless usually with a delicate callosity at base:
achene about 8 lines long. In open places in woods, Alaska to Oregon and
across the continent.

§ 2 LapatHa Campd. 1. c. Leaves never hastate, with or
without acid juice. Inflorescence with stouter, sometimes leafy
branches: hermaphrodjte or andro-monoecious. Inner sepals
commonly reticulated, becoming round or elongated and much
larger than the achene. :

* Sepals at most very minutely erose or low denticulate.

~ Inner sepals very large, mostly red, round or broadly ovate deep-
ly cordate, without callosities, outer sepals at length reflexed.

R. venosus Pursh Fl. 733. Glabrous throughout: stems stout, 8-18
inches high from long running perenninal roots, branching from most of
the axils: leaves thick and somewhat coriaceous, elliptical to nearly ovate.
abruptly acute at both ends, 2-6 inches long: inflorescence nearly simple,
leafless, the short zigzag branches divergent: pedicels rather stout about
as long as the fruit tumidly jointed below the middle: inner sepals firm,
bright rosy-red, orbicular or broader than long, 8-12 lines in diameter, the
sinuses often closed, emarginate to shortly blunt acuminate : achenes about
4 lines long, On sandy plains east of the Cascade Mountaine, Brit. Colum-
bia to Nevada and Kansas.

++ Inner sepals not over 6 lines long, only moderately if at
all cordate.

++ Inner sepals round or very broadly ovate, low reticulate pedi-
cels slender or capillary.

R. occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 253. Glabrous: stems
stout, 1-3 feet high, from thick perennial roots : leaves ovate to lanceolate, 6-
12 inches long wavy-margined,truncately cordate, the apex roundedto acute,
with acid juice: inflorescence strict and dense rosy-red in fruit, naked
or with a few small leaves below pedicels 2-3 times as long as the fruit, very
obscurely jointed below the middle: inner sepals at length rosy-red, 3-5
lines long, deltoid-ovate, often only slightly cordate, remotely erose or den-
ticulate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, without callosities: achenes 2 lines
long. In wet or moist alluvial soil, California to Alaska and Colorado.

R. confinis Greene Pitt. iv, 306. Stems stout, often 6-8 feet high:
blade of the lowest leaves often 134 feet long, commonly 6 inches wide to-
ward the deeply subhastate-cordate base, lanceolate, on petioles nearly as
long as the blade: panicle ample, 1 -2 feet long: pedicels slender, 3-6 lines
long, jointed well above the base: valves suborbicular, with subtruncate
base. green and of thin texture, the margins more or less crenate or den-
tate toward the base. In wet madows, in the lake region of northern Idaho.

RUMEX POLYGONACEA 587

R. crispus L, Sp. 335. Glabrous to slightly papillate: stems stout, 2-3
feet high, simple: leaves Lluish-green, the lowest ample, elliptical to mostly
pblong aurea: rounded or decurrently acutish at base, often a foot
long: branches of the panicle rather strict. somewhat leafy: pedicels about
one-half longer than the fruit, tumidly jointed near the base: inner sep-
als 2-3 lines long, rounded ovate, barely cordate, rounded at the apex or
with a broad blunt acumination, minutely erose to broadly dentate below,
each with a smooth ovoid often rosy callosity reaching to the middle of
the valve: achene 1-2 lines long. Common throughout temperate North
America and Europe. : :

+ + Jnner sepals triangular-ovate to oblong, sometimes with a
contracted apex.

R. hesperius Greene Pitt. iv, 234. ‘ Alliedto R. altissimus but low
and slender, very leafy, the panicle small, small-fruited: leaves ‘elliptic-
lanceolate, very acute or acuminate, wavy-margined or even almost crisp-
ed: pedicels jointed at the very base: valves of the fruiting calyx from
quite exactly and sharply deltoid to subreniform-deltoid_as broad at base
as long, none grain-bearing, all distinctly though not strongly venulose,
seldom obviously reticulate.

Bottom lands near Bingen Washington, 31 Oct. 1893, W. N. Suksdorf;
the specimens distributed for R. altissimus, but the species very distinct.”

R. salicifolius Wein. Fl. iv, 28. Glabrous, pale green: stems spread-
ing to erect, 1-3 feet high simpleor branched, flexuous: from thick perenni-
al roots, leaves lanceolate to linear, or the lower oblong, acute or acuminate
at both eiids, or rarely obtuse at the apex, often falcate, 2-7 inches long:
panicles simple: pedicels arcuately curved, scarcely as long as the fruit, or
a few in edch cluster longer, jointed near the base: inner sepals triangular-
ovate, acute, 2-3 lines long, delicately veined: callosities variable in num -
ber smooth or pitted, often nearly as long as the valve: achenes 1-2 lines
long. In rich moist soil, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States and
Canada: also Europe.

R. conavomeratos Murray Prodr. Fl. Geett. 52. Glabrous perennial :
stems slender, mostly clustered, 1-3 feet high: leaves ovate to oblong or
lanceolate, 1-5 inches long, some of them somewhat fiddle-shaped, crenu-
late and slightly crisped: flowering branches slender, at length elongated,
not zigzag, bearing a broadly lanceolate leaf at nearly every node: pedicels
slender, about as long as the fruit, tumidly jointed near the base: inner
sepals about 3 lines long, nearly oblong, obtuse: callosities mostly 3, round
to ovoid, very prominent, smooth, half as broad and nearly as long as the
valves : achenes about a line long. In waste places, western Washington
to California: also in the Atlantic States: adventive from Europe.

‘ * * ‘Valves very prominently toothed.

R. putcuer L. Sp. 336. Stems slender, zigzag above, branching at
nearly every node, at length dichotomous above, mostly glabrous: leaves
oblong or some of the lower ones fiddle shaped, 1-6 inches long, obtuse,
cordate at base, upper ones oblong or oblong-lanceolate, usually narrowed
at both ends: panicle loose: racemes long, divergent, ra‘ her leafy: pedicels
very short, scarcely longer than the iruit, tumidly jointed near the mid-,
dle: inner sepals rigid, one commonly longer than the others, prominently:
veined, nearly 3 lines long, ovate, obtuse, with 5-10 short teeth on each’
side, one or all of them with a wrinkled callosity half as long as the valve:
achenes about a line long. In waste places:.naturalized from Kurope.

R. osrusirorius L. 1. c. Glabrous perennial: stems stout, erect, sim--
ple or sparingly branched, 2-4 feet high: leaves ample, broadly ovate, 4-14;
inches long cordate, the veins often red or purplish, the upper ones lanceo-'
late or oblong-lanceolate, the margins somewhat undulate or crisped :;.

588 PHYTOLACCACE RUMEX
; OXYRIA
flowering branches suberect, sparingly leafy below: pedicels slender, about
twice as long as the fruit, tumidly jointed toward the base: inner. sepals
not very conspicuously veined, about 3 lines long, ovate-oblong, with 3-5
thin triangular teeth on each side, mostly confined to the lower half, the
triangular entire apex mostly acute: callosities smooth, one_usually larger
than the others. Common along roadsides and in pastures: naturalized
from Europe. : ;

R. persicarioides L. 1. c. Pubescent and pale green annual: stems
rather stout, erect and simple or diffusely branched, 1-3 feet bigh, some-
times spreading or creeping, very leafy: leaves lanceolate or oblong, nar-
rowed or sometimes cordate or sagittate at base, acute, the margins more
or Jess undulate or crisped, 1-12 inches long: panicle simple or compound:
racemes erect, leafy-bracted, usually interrupted: pedicels capillary, twice
as long as the fruit, tumidly jointed at the base: inner sepals oblong, a
line long with 1-3 bristles on each margin, each bearing an oblong callosity.
Brit. Columbia to California, and the Eastern States and Canada

7 OXYRIA Hill Veg. Syst. x, 24. (1765)

Low perennial herbs with acid juice, mostly radical leaves and
small perfect flowers in naked panicled racemes. Calyx unequal-
ly 4-parted, the outer segments smaller than the inner. Stamens
6, included: filaments short, subulate, glabrous: anthers oblong.
Ovary 1-celled: ovule solitary. Style short, 2-parted, its branches
divergent: stigmas fimbriate, persistent. Achenes compressed
and thin, broadly winged.

QO. digyna Campd. Monog. Rum. 155 t, 5. fig. 3. Rootstock large,
chaffy: stem slender, scape-like, simple or sparingly branched, leafless or
nearly so, 2-12 inches high: leaves reniform or orbicular-reniform, 6-18
lines broad, undulate, sometimes emarginate, long-petioled: ocreae oblique,
loose, those of the stems bearing flowers: racemes many-flowered ; flowers
slender-pedicelled: calyx segments oblong, the inner erect, the outer re-
flexed in fruit: achenes pointed, smooth, surrounded by a broad membran-

ous wing. On high mountains, California to the Arctic Circle and across
the continent: also northern Europe and Asia.

Orper LXXVI PHYTOLACCACE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 231.

Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and perfect reg-
ular polygamous or moncecious' usually racemose flowers.
Caivx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5‘distinct sepals,’ imbricated
in the bud. Stamens as many as divisions of the calyx and
alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogynous: filaments
subulate or filiform: anthers 2-celled, the cells longitudinally
dehiscent, often nearly separated.’ Ovary superior, several-
celled, with a solitary amphitropous ovule in each cell. Styles

as many as carpels, short or none: stigmas linear or filiform.
Fruit a berry, capsule or samara.

1 PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. 41.
Tall perennial herbs with simple entire leaves without stipules
and small flowers in terminal racemes which by the farther growth

of the stem become opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the
base. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent rounded sepals.. Stamens 4-15,

PHYTOLACCA AMARANTHACE 589
AMARANTHU =

inserted at the base of the calyx. Ovary globose, of 5-15 distinct
or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed-globose berry.
Seeds erect, compressed. Embryo annular, in mealy albumen.

P. decandra L. Sp, ed. 2, 681. (Poxz-sERRY) Glabrous and succulent:
stems 4-12 feet high, stout, erect, branched: leaves oblong-lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, pinnately veined, acute or acuminate at both ends, 8-12
inches long, petioled : racemes peduncled. 2-8 inches Jong: pedicels diverg-
ent, 2-6 lines long, each with a subulate-lanceolate branchlet at its base,
and usually 2 linear ones above: flowers perfect: calyx white, 2-3 lines
broad, its sepals suborbicular or oval: stamens 10, slightly shorter than
the sepals: berry dark purple, 5-6 lines in diameter, 10-celled. In waste
places in southern Oregon: introduced from the Eastern States.

Orper LXXVII AMARANTHACEZ J. St. Hil. Expos.
Fam. 204, (1805,)

Herbs or low shrubs with simple leaves without stipules and
small moneecious, polygamous or dicecious flowers usually in
terminal spikes or axillary heads. calyx herbaceous or mem-
branaceous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct or united at base.
Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the segments of the calyx, hypo-
gynous. Ovary 1-celled, usually with a solitary amphitropous
ovule. Style short, elongated or none: stigmas 1-3. Fruit an
utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly or indehiscent. _

1 AMARANTHUS L. Sp, 989. (Pic Wezp.)

Annual herbs with alternate petioled entire leaves and small
green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal
spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Sta-
mens 2-5: anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or
stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit a utricle beaked by the persistent style.

* Sepals 5, bracts 3.

A. uysripts L. Sp. 990. Pubescent to nearly glabrous, green to pur-
ple: stem rather slender, 2 inches to 8 feet high, usually branched: leaves
bright green on both sides or paler beneath, ovate or rhombic-ovate, 1-6
inches long, on slender petioles: flowers very numerous, in dense linear-
cylindric ascending or spreading spikes, forming dense terminal panicles:
bracts subulate, 2-3 lines long: sepals 5, oblong, acute or cuspidate, about
half as long as the bracts: stamens 5: utricle smooth, circumsciasile.
Common in fields and waste places: naturalized from Tropical America.

* * Sepals 3: bracts 8.

A. blitoides Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 273. Nearly or quite glab-
aous, pale green: stem much branched from the base, the branches prostr-
} te and spreading, rigid, 6-20 inches long: leaves obovate to spatulate 3-12
ines long, obtuse to acute at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles:
flowers in small axillary clusters mostly shorter than the petioles: bracts
subulate-lanceolate, little longer than the 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate acute
or cuspidate sepals: stamens 3: utricle nearly smooth. In waste places
and roadsides Idaho to the Atlantic States.

A. ceraezans L. Sp. 990. <A. albus LZ. Glabrous: stem erect, 6-24
inches high whitish diffusely and widely branched : leaves oblong, spatul-
ate or obovate, 6-18, lines long, pale green, long-petioled: flowers poly-
gamous, in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves: bracts subu-

590 CHENOPODIACE A AMARANTHUS

late, pungent-pointed. spreading, much longer than the 3 membranaceouz
sepals: stamens 3: utricle wrinkled, longer than the sepals, circumscissile
common in fields and waste places: naturalized from tropical America.

A. carneus Greene Pitt. ii, 105. ‘‘ Monccious: glabrous, prostrate,
forming a mat 6-10 inches broad, the branches pinkish, the glomerules of
flowers and lower face of leaves deep flesh-purple: plant leafy and florifer-
ous throughout: leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire, setose-tipped, 14-34 inch

long, tapering to a short petiole: bracts ovate-acuminate and eee vires
utricle smooth : seed black andshining,}4 line wide. Beaver Canyon, Idaho.’
* * * Sepal t, Bract 1.

A. Californicus Watson Bot. Cal, ii, 42. Prostrate or ascending,
glabrous, branching at the base, the stems often a foot long or more, wit!
numerous short branchlets: leaves obovate to oblong, an inch long or less
including the petiole, often small, obtuse or acutish, with white veins and
margin: flowers green or reddish, in numerous small dense axillary clus-
ters: bracts often membranaceous and inconspicuous, lanceolate, acumin-
ate slightly or not atall exceeding the utricle: sepal of the staminate flow-
ers 34 line long, that of the fertile flower shorter and narrower, lateral :
utricle slightly rugose, tardily circumscissile: seed half a line broad. Idaho
to California and Southern Oregon.

OrpEr LXXVIII CHENGPODIACEA Dumort.
Anal. Fam 15. (1829.) ;

Herbs or shrubs with alternate or rarely opposite leaves
without stipules and small greenish flowers mostly in axillary
and terminal panicles or racemes. Flowers perfect, monceci-
ous or dioecious. Calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed or 2-5-parted,
rarely reduced to a single sepal, or wanting in pistillate flowers.
Stamens as many as lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer,
grees them: filaments slender: anthers 2 celled, longitudin-
ally dehiscent. Ovary mostly superior and free from the calyx,
1-celled, with a solitary amphitropous or campylotropous ovule
on a stipe rising from its base: styles 1-3, with capitate stig-
mas. ruit an achene or utricle. Embryo slender, either
annular and surrounding the mealy albumen, or spiral with the
albumen lateral or wanting.

Tribe I Flowers perfect, without bracts. Seeds free.

1 Nitrophila Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and axillary flowers.

% Kochia Perennial herbs with scattered terete or linear leaves and
axillary flowers.

3 Chenopodium Annual or perennial herbs with mostly thin leaves:
flowers somewhat panicled.

4 Bihan Annual herbs with broad thin leaves: flowers in dense spicate
clusters.

5 Monolepis Low annuals with the flowers densely clustered in the
axils: sepal1, bract like: stamen 1: fruit naked: seeds vertical.

TRIBE 11 Flowers monccious or dicecious, bracted. Seeds free.
* Bracts compressed: testa of the seeds mostly coriaceous.

Atriplex Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and the sides
often muricate.

oe

NITROPHILA CHENOPODIACEA 591

* * Bracts obcompressed, completely united, not muricate: testa
membranaceous.

7 Eurota Low and shrubby white-tomentose perennials: pericarp coni-
cal, densely hairy, not winged.

$ Eremosemium Somewhat spinescent nearly glabrous shrubs: pericarp
flattened, orbicular, wing-margined, glabrous.

TRIBE 1 Flowers perfect, without bracts. Seed invested by
the pericarp.

Corispermum Low annuals: flowers solitary in the axils; fruit com-
pressed-elliptical, acutely margined.

TRIBE Iv Fleshy saline plants with jointed stems and scale-
like leaves.

9 Salicornia Branches opposite: flower clusters decussitately opposite :
calyx saccate, becoming spongy.

Trine v Herbsor shrubs with fleshy leaves. Stems not jointed.

10 Sarcobatus Somewhat spinescent shrubs: flowers unisexual: the
staminate in aments, without calyx; the pistillate axillary, solitary,
with saccate calyx: fruit transversely winged.

11 Dondia Saline herbs or shrubs with perfect axillary flowers: the
calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted.

Tribe 1 Chenopodiex Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiti, 48. Stems
not jointed. Leaves flat, except in Kochia. Flowers perfect, with-
out bracts. Sepals persistent. Seeds free, mostly with crustaceous
testa and copiousalbumen. Embryo annular.

1 NITROPHILA Watson Bot. King 257.

Low branching perennials with fleshy opposite leaves and
small perfect axillary flowers. Calyxof5-7 equal erect concave
and carinate sepals, mostly 2-bracted at base, Stamens as many
as sepals, united intoa very narrow perigynous disk. Style
short. Stigmas2. Utricle subglobose, indehiscent beaked by
the persistent style included within the connivent sepals.

N. occidentalis Watson 1. c. Glabrous throughout: stems ascending
or decumbent, 3-8 inches long, from a perennial running rootstock, bran-
ching from the base: lower leaves broadly ovate or oblong, 2-3 lines long.
the rest linear, 12 lines long, semiterete, acuminate and cuspidate: bracts
similar but shorter, mostly twice longer than the flowers: flowers 1-3 in
each axil, the lateral ones often short-pedicelled, 2-3-bracted, the central
one often bractless: sepals a line long, rather rigid, ovate acutish exceeding
the stamens and style: utricle brownish: seeds half a line broad, black and
shining. -In moist alkaline soil, southeastern Oregon to California.

2 KOCHIA Roth. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i, 307. (1799.)

Perennial or annual herbs or low shrubs with alternate leaves
and small flowers solitary or few in the axilsof the upper leaves.
Flowers perfect or pistillate sometimes bracteolate. Calyx her-
baceous, 5-cleft, persistent over the fruit, andat length developing
ahorizontal wing. Stamens 3-5, usualy exserted: filaments linear.

592 CHENOPODIACE KOCHIA
CHENOPODIUM

Ovary ovoid, narrowed upward into the style: stigmas 2. Uvtricle
pear-shaped or oblong the pericarp membranaceous, not adherent
to the inverted seed. Embryo annular, green, enclosing the
scanty albumem.

K. Americang Watson Proc. Am. Acad. ix, 98. Woody and branch-
ing at base: stems erect, mostly simple and virgate, 6-18 inches high, -
leafy, villous-tomentose to nearly glabrous: leaves terete, linear 3-12 lines
long, acutish, ascending: flowers 1-3 in the axils, mostly. with abortive
stamens: calyx densely white-tomentose, nearly a line broad in fruit, the
membranous wing as wide or wider, its lobes cuneate, rounded, nerved and
somewhat crenulate: ovary ovate tomentose above: style elongated: peri-
carp nearly smooth: seed % of a line broad, Valleys and foothills, eastern
Oregon to Nevada and Arizona.

3 CHENOPODIUM L. Sp 218.

Annual or perennial herbs with alternate flat leaves and very
small perfect sessile, bractless flowers clustered in axillary and
terminal often panicled or compound spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted
or 2--5-lobed, more or less closely covering the fruit, its segments
or lobes herbaceous or somewhat fleshy, often keeled or rigid.
Stamens’ 1-5. Styles 2-4, slender. Pericarp membranaceous,
closely investing the lenticular or globose seed. Testa crustace-
ous. Kmbryo annular or curved around copious albumen.

§ 1 CHEnopopiastruUM Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii, 61. Annu-
als, usually somewhat mealy but not pubescent. or glandular nor
aromatic. Fruit dry. Seeds lenticular, horizontal. Embryo
completely annular.

C. ausom L, Sp. 219. (Lams’s Quarters.) More or less mealy
t hroughout: stem usually slender erect, commonly much branched usually
1-4 feet’ high: leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper ones lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, 1-4 inches long, obtuse or acute, at least the lower ones sinuate-
dentate, the upper usually entire: flowers densely clustered in simple or com-
pound often panicled spikes: calyx about half a line broad in fruit, its segments
strongly heeled, usually completely enclosing the utricle: seed firmly attached
tothe pericarp. Common in cultivated fields and waste places everywhere.

C. hybridum L. Sp. 519. Glabrous throughout, or the inflorescence
more or less mealy: stem rather stout erect, 2-4 feet high, simple or sparing-
ly branclied above: leaves ovate or rbombic-ovate, long-acuminate at the
apex, truncate, rounded or subcordate at base, sharply dentate with 1-4 large
acute’ teeth on each side, or the upper lanceolate and entire, the lower ones 4~
7 inches long: flowers in large axillary and terminal panicles: calyx about a
line broad its segments oblong, slightly keeled incompletely covering the
fruit; stamens 5: seed sharp-edged, firmly attached to the pericarp. In
woods and thickets, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and the AtlanticStates, also
Europe. .

C. muraue L. Sp. 219. Scarcely or not at all mealy, somewhat scurfy
above: stems erect or decumbent,’ usually branched 1-3 feet high: leaves
rhombic-ovate bright green on both sides, acute or acuminate atthe apex,
sharply and coarsely sinuate dentate, broadly cuneate or subtruncate at base,
2-4 inches long: flowers in loose axillary panicles shorter than the leaves: seg-
ments of the ealyx not entirely enclosing the utricle: seeds sharp-edged, firmly
attached to the pericarp. Along'the coast. Brit. Columbia to California

CHENOPODIUM CHENOPODIACE A 593

algo in the Kastern States and Europe.

C. leptophyllum Nutt, Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii, 71, Stem. slender
usually erect: 6-30 inches high branched, mealy above: leaves linear to oblong,
white-mealy beneath, green aboye, acute or acuminate, or the lower obtuse,
entire or the lower sometimes toothed, short-petioled, 6-18 lines long,1-3-
nerved: flowers in small dense clusters in dense or interrupted axillary and
terminal simple or branched spikes: calyx about halfa line broad, its segments
strongly keeled and nearly covering the fruit: seed not firmly attached to
the pericarp. On dry hillsides. Brit. Columbia to California and the.
Great Lakes.

§ 2 Borryors Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii, 272. Annuals, not
mealy, more or less glandular-pubescent, aromatic. Seeds very
small, not exceeding the dry calyx, often vertical: embryo curved.

C. Botrys L. Sp. 219. Glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout,
strongly-scented, ofen red or purplish: stem slender, erect, simple to much
branched, 6-20 inches high: leaves ovate or oblong, deeply and usually izreg-
ularly lobed, acute or obtuse at the apex, petioled 6-20 lines long, or the up-
per ones much smaller, the lobes {mostly obtuse and dentate: flowers very
small; in numerous loose axillary cymose panicles mostly longer than the
leaves: calyx 3-5-parted, the segments lanceolate, acute, thin, very pubes-
cent, rather longer than the utricle: seed firmly attached to the pericarp.
On sandy bars and banks along streams, Oregon to California and across the
Continent: also in Europe.

C. anraHetminticum L. Sp. 220. Glabrous or slightly glandular, rather
' dark green, strong-scented: stem much branched, ascending or erect, leafy, 2-
3 feet high: leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at base; slender-petioled, coarsely dentate or incised, 2-5
inches long, the uppermost commonly linear-lanceolate and entire: flowers in
linéar, usually bractless panicled spikes, or the lower spikes leafy-bracted
In waste places, not common: naturalized from Europe.

8.3 Buirpz Mog. 1. c. Glabrous annuals. Flowers in
crowded clusters;.axillary or in spikes. Calyx becoming some-
what fleshy in fruit and often colored. Seeds subglobuse.

C. rubrum L, Sp. 218. Glabrous and somewhat fleshy, not mealy:
stem erect, leaty, 1-3 feet high, often much branched: leaves thick 1-4 inch-
es long, rhombic ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, narrowed at base, coarsely sin-
uate dentate or the upper entire, petioled: flowers in erect compound leafy-
bracted axillary'and terminal spikes: calyx 3-5-parted its segments slightly
fleshy, red, not keeled:obtuse about as long as the utricle: stamens 1 or 2: seed
separating from the pericarp. In saline or alkaline soil, Brit. Columbia to
California and the Atlantic States also in Europe and Asia.

C. humilis Hook. Fl. ii, 127. Glabrous annual: stem prostrate or
ascending, 1-6 inches long: leaves ovate to lanceolate, 6-12 lines long, obtuse
to acute, often hastate, rarely toothed, attenuate below to a petiole: flowers
in short axillary and terminal spikes or clusters: calyx 3-5-parted, its seg-
menss slightly fleshy, usually green, not keeled: obtuse; about as long as the
utricle: stamens one or two: stigmas short: seed horizontal, shining, rather
sharp-edged. On muddy banks and flats. Washington and Oregon to
Nevada and Colorado. -

: 4 BLITUM L. Sp. 2.
Annual herbs with alternate petioled rather light green leaves

394 CHENOPODIACEX BLITUM
MONOLEPIS

and small green or reddish flowers in aggregated globose axillary
sessile heads, or the upper heads forming an interrupted spike.
Calyx 2-5-lobed, becoming pulpy and bright red in fruit. Sta-
mens 1-5. Pericarp separating from the vertical shining seed.
Embryo a complete ring around mealy albumen.

B. capitatum L. Sp. 2. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, succulent :
stem erect, ascending or prostrate, 6-24 inches high, commonly much
branched: leaves usually longer than wide. broadly triangular or hastate, 1-4
inches long, sinuate, or the upper ones and sometimes all of them entire,
rounded to cordate at base: flowers in globose sessile heads in the axils of the
upper leaves and on the sides of the upper part of the stem and branches, 2-3
lines in diameter in flower, becoming bright red and 5-8 lines in diameter in
fruit: seeds compressed, ovate, enclosed by the calyx or when mature slightly
exserted. Brit, Columbia to California and the Eastern States.

5 MONOLEPIS Schrad. Ind. Sem. Geett. iv. (1830.) !

Low annual branching herbs with alternate leaves and small
perfect or polygamous flowers in small axillary clusters without
bracts, calyx of a single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamens 1.
Stvles 2, filiform. Pericarp membranaceous. persistent upon the
vertical flattened seeds. Embryo annular around copiousalbu-
men, its radicle turned downward.

M. chenopodioides Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii, 85. Glabrous or some-
what mealy: stem erect, much branched from the base, 3-12 inches high:
leaves lanceolate, with 1 or 2 coarse teeth on each side, attenuate at base to
a petiole, the upper ones.mueh smaller, and usually entire: flower-clusters
dense, often reddish: sepal flegshy-foliaceous, oblanceolate or spatulate, acute:
pericarp adherent to the seed, minutely pitted: seed half a line broad, the mar-
gin acute. In moist places, Washington to California and the Saskatchewan.

M. spatulata Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 386. Subpubescent or glab”
rous: stem decumbent or ascending, 5-6 inches high with elongated leafy bran”
ches leaves narrowly spatulate, 6 lines long or less, acute entire: flowers 10-207
in dense clusters: sepal spatulate obtuse: pericarp separating from the seed»
ininutely papillose: seed less than 14 line broad. Eastern Oregon to Mono
Pass, California.

M. pusilla Torr. Watson Bot. King 284. Stem erect, dichotomously
much branched from the base 2-6 inches high, slender somewhat mealy, be-
coming glabrous often reddish: leaves oblong 3-6 lines long, obtuse, entire,
shortly petioled: clusters 1-2-flowered; sepal obtuse: pericarp adherent, min-
utely tuberculate-fseeds less than 14 line broad, acute-margined. Alkaline
valleys, eastern Washington to Nevada.

Tribe 2 Atriplicer Mog: in DC. Prodr. xiii, part 2, 89. Stems
not articulated nor leaves fleshy. Flowers monecious or diecious;
the staminate with 3-5-cleft calyx; the pistillate without calyx, enclos-
edin a pair of more or less united bracts. Seed free, vertical, with
annular embryo and copious albumen.

e 6 ATRIPLEX L. Sp. 1052.

Herbs or shrubs with aiternate or rarely opposite leaves ahd
small greenish flowers in panicles or spikes or capitate-clustered

ATRIPLEX CHENOPODIACE 595

in the axils. Staminate flowers hractless, consisting of a 3-5-parted
calyx and an equal number of stamens and with or without a rudi-
mentary ovary. Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 bractlets which
enlarge in fruit and are more or less united: calyx none. Ovary
globose or ovoid. Stigmas 2. Utricle completely or partially
enclosed by the-enlarged bractlets. Seeds vertical or rarely hori-
zontal. Embryo annular.

§ 1 Annuals: somewhat succulent. Fruiting bracts herbace-
ous or coriaceous, free or nearly so. Flowers androgynous or sub-
dicecious in leafy or naked spikes. Radicle inferior or somewhat
ascending.

* Leaves usually more or less hastate, the lowest opposite: bracts ovate-
rhombic to tiiangular or hastate, often crested, the margins folisceous,
entire or toothed,

A. patula L. Sp. 1053. Glabrous and dark green or somewhat scurfy
above: stem much branched, diffuse, ascending or erect, 1-3 feet long: leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, slender-petioled or the uppermost nearly ses-
sile, entire, sparingly toothed or 3-lobed below the middle, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed or cuneate at base, 1-5 inches long: flowers in panicled in-
terrupted mostly leafless spikes and usually also capitate in the upper axils:
fruiting bractlets united only at the base, fleshy, triangular or rhombic, 3-4
lines wide their sides often tubercled. In saline places mostly along the coast,
Alaska to California: also on the Atlantic coast and Europe.

* * Leaves petioled: bracts ovate to linear, mostly 4-6 lines long,
entire and not margined nor appendaged; only the apex foliaceous.

A. zosterefolia Watson Proc. Am. Acad. ix, 109. Weak and slender:
ascending, a foot high or less, diffusely branched, glabrous or slightly scurfy:
leaves fleshy, mostly opposite, linear, 1-4 inches long, 144 line broad: flowers
in axillary clusters and in short axillary androgynous spikes: calyx deeply 5-
‘cleft: bracts linear, somewhat unequal, 1-2 lines becoming 4-6 lines long, free,
fleshy: immature seed less than half a line broad: radicle, slightly ascending:
mature fruit unknown. Collected only by Scouler at the Straits of De Fuca.

§ 2 Annuals with. alternate or sometimes opposite leaves.
Radicle superior. 7

A. pusilla Watson |. c. 110. Hoary-scurfy throughout: stem slender,
2-6 inches high, diffusely much-branched, leafy; leaves broadly ovate to ab-
long-ianceolate, 2-4 lines long, acute, sessile, entire, mostly crowded on the
branches: flowers minute, subsolitary or one of each sex in the axils: calyx
deeply 5-cleft: bracts ovate, half a line long in fruit, acutish, not foliaceoug]
margined nor appendaged: style exserted: seeds with thin transparent testa,
On alkaline plains, southeastern Oregon to Nevada.

A. truncata Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 398. Rather stout, erect and
mostly striate, 1-3 feet high, sparingly branched: leaves broadly ovate, 18 lines
long, truncate or cordate at base, acute, sessile or the lower shortly petioled,
spikes more or legs leafy: fruiting bracts coriaceous, 134 lines long, ovate-ob-
long sessile or shortly pedicelled, united up to the truncate herbaceous sum-
mit, which is obtusely 3-toothed the sides rarely subtuberculate: calyx mostly
3-4-parted. Oregon to Nevada. '

A. argentea Nutt. Gen. i, 198. Grayish-scurfy or nearly glabrous:
stem erect, asvending or, decumbent, 6-8 inches high, diffuscly branched

596 CHENOPODIACEE ATRIPLEX

and leafy: leaves rather thick, deltoid or triangular-ovate or subrhombic,
often subhastate 14-2 inches long, acute or obtuse, opposite and petioled or
the upper sessile and alternate: flowers in capitate axillary clusters or the
staminate in short dense spikes: fruiting bracts shortly pedicelled, united
nearly or quite to the top, more or less acutely and deeply toothed, the
sides usually tubercled or crested. Dry or saline soil, eastern Uregon to
California and Nebraska.

§ 3 More or less shrubby perennials, closely appressed-scurfy,
mostly dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate. Radicle usually
superior.

A. Nuttallii Watson Proc. Am- Acad. ix, 116. Stems erect, shrubby
1-3 feet high branching mostly from the base, bark nearly white:
leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate 6-24 lines long, narrowed at base,
sessile, entire: flowers in terminal spikes and capitate clustered injthe ax-
ils, often strictly diescious: calyx 5-cleft: bracts ovate, united to above
the. middle, mostly sessile, becoming suborbicular, 1-2 lines long, not
compressed, the margins and summit irregularly gash-toothed and the sides
usually muricate or toothed. In dry saline soil, eastern Oregon to Brit.
Columbia aud Nebraska. :

A. confertifolia Watson 1. c.119. A much branched spinescent shrub
1-6 feet high, hoary-scurfy : leaves alternate, ovate or obovate to lanceolate,
2-8 lines long, obtuse or acutish, cuneate at base, sessile or short-petioled,
entire: flowers in small axillary clusters: calyx 5-parted: bracts thick and
scurfy, about 6 lines broad, suborbicular, with free entire margins, not
veined nor appendaged, sessile, united at the cuneate base around the seed
and broadly margined above: seed a line broad, filling the cavity. On
alkaline plains, eastern Oregon and Idaho to New Mexico.

7 EUROTIA Adans. Fam. Pl. ii. 260. (1763.)

. Low pubescent undershrubs, with alternate entire leaves’ and
small clusters of axillary and subspicate flowers. Flowers diceci-
ousor moneecious. Staminate flowers bractless, the calyx 4-parted
with unappendaged lobes and as many stameny: filaments slen-
der, exserted. Pistillate flowers without calyx, bibracteate.
Bracts sessile, somewhat obcompressed, united to.the apex, becom-
ing enlarged and rather rigidly membranaceous, not winged, 2-
horned at the apex, the sides densely covered with long spreading
tufted hairs. Ovary oblong-ovate sessile, hairy, firmly membran-
aceous. Styles.2,exserted. Seed vertical, obovate, the testa sim-
ple. Cotyledons broad and green: radicle inferior. :

‘E. lanata Mog. Enum. Chenop. 81. White-tomentose throughout
with stellate hairs: stems erect, with strict ascending leafy branches, 6-30
inches high: leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, with revolute margins,
6-18 lines long, obtuse: calyx-lobes ovate, acute, hairy: bracts lanceolate,
2-8 lines long in fruit, with 2 short horns at the apex, penicillate with 4
dense spreading tufts of silvery white hairs: utricle loose, the pericarp
readily separating from the large seed. On dry ridges, eastern Brit. Co-
lumbia to California and Nebraska.

8 EREMOSEMIUM Greene Pitt. iv, 225.
GRAYIA H. & A.

Subspinescent undershrubs with alternate entire leaves: and
small flowers in axillary clusters or terminal spikes. Flowers

EREMOSEMIUM CHENOPODIACE2Z 597
CORISPERMUM

dioecious or sometimes monoecious. Calyx of the bractless stamin-
ate flowers mostly 4-parted, the 4-5 stamens central, with short
subulate filaments. Pistillate flowers without calyx, enveloped
in the obcompressed membranaceous bracts which are united into
an orbicular flattened sac with a small naked orifice at the apex,
adherent below to each other and to the pedicel of the ovary, be-
coming enlarged and reticulately veined and somewhat wavy-
margined vertically. Styles 2, slender, at first exserted. Seeds
vertical, with a membranaceous testa. Embryo annular: radicle
inferior.

E. spinosa Greene Pitt. iv. 225 Grayia polygaloides H. & A. Stems
erect, diffusely branched, 1-4 feet high, the branchlets often spines-
cent: leaves rather fleshy, glabrous or at first with the young branches
somewhat mealy, oblanceolate or spatulate to obovate, 6-15 Tice long,
obtuse or acute, narrowed at base and sometimes petioled :. staminate flow-
ers in axillary clusters, the pistillate mostly spicate: fruiting bracts 3-6
lines in diameter, sessile, smooth, emarginate, thin, white or pinkish: the

seed usuallv central, about-%g of a line broad. On rocky ridges, eastern
Oregon to California and Utah.

Tribe 8 Corispermexz Moq.-Chenop. 101. Stems not articulated,
Leaves not fleshy. Flowers perfect, bractless. Pericarp adherent to
the vertical seed. Embryo annular around copious albumen.

9 CORISPERMUM L. Sp. 4.

Annual herbs with alternate leaves and small perfect bractless
green flowers solitary in the axils, forming narrow leafy terminal
spikes, the upper leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx
lor 2thin broad sepals. Stamens 1-8, rarely more and one of
them longer. Ovary ovoid: styles 2. Utricle ellipsoidal, mostly
plano-convex, the pericarp firmly adherent to the vertical seed,
its margins acute or winged. Embryo annular, surrounding
somewhat fleshy albumen: radicle inferior.

C. hyssopifolium L. Sp. 4. More or less floccose or villous-pubescent :
stem erect, 6-18 inches high, diffusely much branched: leaves linear, 9-18
lines long, cuspidate: floral bracts reduced more or less abruptly, from
linear-lanceolate to ovate, acute to acuminate, membranously margined :
sepals rarely wanting, shorter than the bracts: stamens more or less per-
fectly developed: ‘fruit 144-2 lines long narrowly winged, obtuse, often
mucronate with the projecting style. On sandy alkaline plains, Alaska to
California and the Atlantic States and Europe.

Tribe 4 Salicorniee Dumort. Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii pt. 2, 144.
Fleshy saline plants with jointed stems and scale-like leaves. Flow-
ers mostly perfect, immersed bi threes in depressions in the rachis of a
close cylindrical spike. Seed vertical. Embryo annular, with little
albumen. '

9 SALICORNIA L. Sp. 3.

Fleshy annual or perennial plants with opposite terete branches
scale-like Jeaves and small perfect, or the lateral staminate, flow-
ers in heads of 3-7 sunken in the axils of the upper scales, form-

598 CHENOPODIACE® SALICORNIA
SARCOBATUS
ing terminal narrow spikes. Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid,
fleshy, 3—4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit, decidu-
ous. Stamens 1 or 2, exserted : filaments cylindric, short: anthers
oblong. Ovary ovoid: styles or stigmas 2. Utricle enclosed in
the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranaceous. Seed
erect, compressed. Embryo conduplicate.

S. herbacea L. Sp. ed. 2, 5. Annual: stem érect, rather slender,
6-18 inches high, usually diffusely branched: spikes 1~3 inches long, be-
coming a lineor more thick: scales narrow, truncate or shortly acute:
flowers in threes, the middle one twice higher than the lateral ones,
slightly shorter than the joint: fruit pubescent: seeds 24 to nearly a line

long. In saltmarshes and wet saline places, Oregon to the Atlantic coast:
Europe and Asia.

S. ambigua Michx. Fl. i, 2. Perennial by a woody base: stems de-
cumbent and rooting at the nodes, or ascending, 6-18 inches long, the
branches nearly simple: spikes 6-18 lines long, slender, short jointed:
scales short, acutish or acute: flowers nearly equal in height and equalling
the joint: seeds pubescent, 34 of a line long. Along the coast, Alaska to
California and the Atlantic coast.

Tribe 5 Suedex Mog. |. c. 152. Stems net-articulated. Leaves
fleshy, terete. Embryo spiral, with little or no albumen,

10 SARCOBATUS Nees in Max. Reise. N. A. i, 510.

Subspinescent rigidly branched shrubs with alternate fleshy
leaves and small green flowers in terminal aments and solitary in
the axils. Flowers monoecious or dioecious without bracts, di-
morphous: the staminate in terminal aments, without calyx, the
stamens irregularly arranged around the base of stipitate peltate
scales: the pistillate axillary and solitary with a closed compress-
ed-ovate calyx adherent at the base of the stigma, and margined
laterally by a narrow erect border which developes into a broad
membranaceous horizontal wing. Ovary thin and hyaline, nearly
filled by the ovule. Embryo spiral with little or no albumen.

S. vermiculatus Torr. Emory’s Rep. 150. Glabrous or the young
twigs and leaves grayish pubescent: stems erect, 2-8 feet high, much bran-
ched, the branches with a smooth white bark, leafy and spiny or spines-
cent: leaves linear, entire, 6-18 lines long, narrowed at both ends: stamin-
ate spikes cylindrical, 3-12 lines long, narrow, the persistent scales spirally
arranged, rhombic-ovate, acute: stamens about 3, soon falling: fruiting
calyx coriaceous, 2-3 lines long, the wing 2-3 lines broad: seeds half a line

in diameter., In alkaline soil, eastern Washington to California and
Nebraska.

11 DONDIA Adans. Fam. Pl. ii, 216. (1776.)
SUZDA Forsk. (1775.)

Herbs or low shrubs with alternate fleshy subterete leaves and
small axillary clustered or solitary perfect, or rarely polygamous
minutely bracteolate flowers. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the lobes
fleshy, unappendaged or more or less’strongly carinate or crested
or becoming somewhat winged, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5.
Styles 2, rarely 3 or4, short and rather stout. Pericarp mem-

vary

DONDIA CHENOPODIACE 599
SALSOLA

branaceous, free. Seeds compressed, vertical and with the radicle
inferior or horizontal: the testa smooth, black and crustaceous.

D. diffusa Watson Proc Am Acad. ix, 88, under Sueda. Glabrous or
more or less’ pubescent, green or often purple. Stem erect, 12-18 inches
high, diffusely branched with usually elender flexuous elongated branches:
leaves subterete, 6-12 lines long, acute or acuminate, the floral ones similar
but shorter, usually rather distant on the branchlets; clusters 2-4-flowered :
‘calyx cleft to below the middle fleshy, but carinate: seeds mostly vertical
half a line broad, perfectly smooth. Common on alkaline plains, southeas-
tern Oregon to Nevada and New Mexico.

D. depressa Britton B. & B, Ill. Fl. i, 585 Suwda depressa Watson.
Low and mostly decumbent. branching from the base, smooth, the lowest
branches sometimes opposite: leaves linear, 3-12 lines long, broadest at
base, the floral ones oblong to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acute, rather crow-
ded upon the branchlets: calyx cleft to the middle, one or more of the ac-
ute lobes very strongly carinate or crested: seed vertical or horizontal, (Zé
line broad, very lightly reticulate. Idaho to Nevada, Colorado and the
Saskatchewan,

D. occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. ix,90 under Sueda. ‘‘Erect
slender, 8-10 inches high, smooth, with elongated ‘flexuous spreading
branches: leaves linear, van inches long, acute, narrow at base, the floral
leaves somewhat widest: flowers few in the axils: calyx cleft nearly to the
middle, with obtuse lobes, at length surrounded by a transverse irregular
lobed veinless wing a line broad: seed horizontal, 3g line broad, obscurely
reticulated.” Eastern Washington to Nevada.

D. intermedia Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 296, under Suzda.
“ Perennial, the straight erect slender herbaceous stems from a short woody
base, 9-18 inches high, glabrous or sometimes puberulent: branchlets
also slender, ascending: leaves very narrowly linear, with acontracted base,
acute, 6-10 lines long, much shorter on the branches: fertile flowers very
small, often solitary the deeply cleft. calyx unappendaged: seed very small
(340f a line broad), horizontal, not at all tuberculate under the microscope.””
Eastern Oregon to Utab and Arizona.

Tribe 6 Salsolex Mog. Annal. Sci. Nat. series 2, 209. Stems
not articulated. Leaves subterete. Flowers perfect, 2-bracted.
Sepals persistent. Seeds horizontal or vertical, with simple membra-
naceous testa. Embryo spiral,

13 SALSOLA L. Sp. 222.

Annual or perennial branched herbs with rigid subulate prickly-
pointed leaves and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate flowers solitary
in the axils, or sometimes several together. Calyx 5-parted, its
segments appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in
fruit and enclosing the utricle Stamens 5. Ovary depressed:
styles 2. -Utricle flattened. Seed horizontal. Embryo coiled into
a conic-spiral: albumen none.

8. tRacus L. Sp. ed. 2, 322. ‘Annual, Glabrous, loosely bushy-branch-
éd 1-2 feet high: leaves 3-10 lines:long succulent, lanceolate-subulate the
midnerve excurrent into a stout yellowish-green prickle often bright red
at maturity : calyx membranaceous, conspicuously veiny, its wing longer
than the uscending lobe. In cultivated fields, eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington to the Atlantic States: naturalized from Europe.

600 ELHAGNACEZ UMBELLULARIA
SHEPHERDIA

Orpen LXXIX LAURACEZ Lindl, Nat, Syst. ed. 2, 200.

Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate, very rarely opposite,
mostly thick, petioled leaves without, stipules and small flowers
in panicles, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4-6-parted, the seg-
ments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Stamens inserted in
3 or 4 series of 3, on the calyx, distinct, some of them often im-
perfect or reduced to. staminoidea: anthers 2-celled or 4-celled
opening by valves. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, 1-cell-
ed with a solitary anatropous pendulous ovule. Style filiform
or short, rarely almost wanting: stigma discoid or capitate.
Fruit a drupe or berry. Embryo filling the seed, with large
plano-convex cotyledons and short included radicle.

1 UMBELLULARIA Nutt..Sylv. i, 87.

Shrubs or trees with alternate thick evergreen leaves and small
perfect flowers in axillary umbels which are included before ex-
pansion in involucres consisting of 4 broad caducous bracts.
Calyx deciduous, 6-parted. Stamens 9, inserted on the throat in
3 rows, the 3 inner ones with a fleshy 2-lcbed stipitate gland on
each side at base, alternating with 3 ligulate staminoidea: anthers
4-celled, 4-valved, the outer introrse, the inner extrorse. Stigma
dilated,. somewhat lobed. . Drupe ‘subglobose, subtended by the
thickened base of the calyx.. :

hye * '

U. Californica Nutt. Sylv i, 87. A handsome shrub or tree 10-70 feet
high or more, young branches, petioles and inflorescence somewhat puberu-
lent: leaves green, and. ‘shining.! lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end or
sometimes rourided at base, 2~4.inches long, short-petioled, very aromatic:
peduncles in an apparently terminal panicle,.or solitary in the upper axils,
6-12 lines long, 6-10-flowered : involucral bracts ovate, imbricated: pedicels
1-5 lines long, usually bracteate at base: sepals yellowish-green 134-3 lines
long, oblong to ovate: stamens included: drupes on short stout peduncles,
ovate-elliptical or globo-e, nearly an inch long. Along streams, southwes-
tern Oregon to California.

Orper LXXX -ELHAGNACEZ Lindl. 1. c. 194.

Shrubs or trees, mostly silvery-scaly or stellate-pubescent,
with entire alternate or opposite leaves and perfect polygamous
or dicecious flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of
branchlets of the previous season, rarely solitary. Lower part
of the calyx of pistillate flowers tubular or urn-shaped, enclos-
ing the ovary and persistent, the upper part 4-lobed or 4-cleft
deciduous: calyx ofthe staminate Acwors 4-parted or 2-parted.
Stamens 4 or 8: those of perfect flowers borne on the throat of
the calyx: anthers 2-celled, the cells longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary 1-celled, with a solitary anatropous erect ovule. Fruit
drupe-like, the base of the calyx becoming thickened and en-
elven the achene or nut. Embryo straight, with little or no
albumen. aa ee: — :

SHEPHERDIA ULMACES | 601 |
CELTIS

_ 1 SHEPHERDIA Nutt. Gen. ii, 240.

Shrubs with opposite petioled leaves and small dioecious’ or
polygamous flowers subspicate at the nodes of the previous season’s
growth, or axillary: the pistillate-few or solitary. Pistillate flow-
er- with an urn-shaped or ovoid calyx bearing an 8-lobed disk
at its mouth which nearly closes it. Style somewhat exserted.
Calyx of the staminate flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8, alternating
with as many lobes of the disk.. Fruit drupe-like, the fleshy base
of the calyx enclosing a nut or achene.

S. Canadensis Nutt. Gen. ii, 240. A thornless shrub with dark
brown or grayish bark, the young .shoots brown scurfy: leaves ovate or
oval, obtuse. entire, rounded at base, 12-18 lines long, green and sparingly
stellate-scuriy above, densely silvery and brown-stellate beneath, on péti-
oles 2-6 lines long: flowers in short spikes at the nodes of the twigs, yel-
lowish: heads globose, less than a line in diameter, forming insummer,
expanding with or before the leaves the following spring: calyx.about 2
lines broad when expanded: fruit oval, red or yellowish. 2-3 lines long,
the nut smooth. In the mountains, rit. Columbia to eastern Oregon and
across the continent. ac te ee 2

S. argentea Nutt. 1. c. A shrub 6-18 feet high, the twigs -often ter-
minating in thorns: leaves. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long,
obtuse, usually cuneate-narrowed at base, densely silvery-scurfy on. both.
sides, 2-6 lines long: flowers fascicled at the nodes, the globose buds very
silvery: fruit ovoid to oblong. sour, edible. Alaska to California and
Minnesota. ;

Orper LXXXI ULMACEZ Mirbel Elem. ii, 905.

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves with small fugaceous
stipules, and small monoecious; dioecious, polygamous or. per-
fect flowers in lateral or axillary clusters, or the pistillate sol-
itary. Oalyx 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. ‘Stamens,
in our species, as many as lobes of the calyx and opposite them:
filaments straight: anthers longitudinally dehiscent, Ovary 1-
celled, rarely 2-celled, mostly superior, with a solitary péndu-
lous anatropous or amphitropous ovule: styles or stigmas 2.
Fruit a samara,'drupe or nut. Embryo straight or curved,
with little or,no albumén. Cotylédons mostly fiat.

\ 1 CELTIS L. Sp. 1043.

Trees or-shrubs with alternate leaves and small monoecious or
polygamous flowers borne in the axils of leaves of the season,
the staminate clustered, the pistillate solitary or 2-8 together.
Calyx 4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Stamens as many as se-
pals: filaments erect, exserted. Ovary sessile: stigmas 2, recurv-
ed or divergent, tomentose or plumose. Fruit an ovoid or
globose drupe. 7 + one

C. occidentalis L. Sp.-1044. A treé or shrub 4-120 feet high, with
dark brown rough bark, the twigs glabrous: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, sharply serrate, mostly thin, acute or acuminate, somewhat oblique

and 3-nerved at base, pinnately veined, 1}4—-4 inches long, glabrous above,
pubescent. at least on the veins, beneath: staminate flowere numerous;

602 URTICACES CELTIS
URTICA

pistillate usually solitary, slender-peduncled : calyx-segments linear-oblong,
deciduous : drupes globose and purple or nearly black when mature, some-
times orange, 4-5 lines in diameter. On dry soil, Idaho and eastward.

C. reticulata:Torr. A shrub or small tree 4-20 feet high, with bright
brown rough bark, the twigs pubescent: leaves thick, strongly reticulated,
rough-glandular above, ovate or narrower, 1-4 inches long, serrate, acute
or somewhatacuminate, obliquely cordate at base, on short petioles: stami-
nate flowers numerous; pistillate usually solitary, slender-peduncled:
calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate or oblong, deciduous: drupe globose 2-3
lines long, black when mature. <Aiong streams eastern Oregon to Brit.
Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

Orpen LXXXII URTICACEZ Reichenb. Consp. 83. (1820.).

Herbs, rarely shrubs with watery juice, alternate or opposite
mostly stipulate simple leaves and small greenish diccious,
monoecious or polygamous flowers variously clustered. Calyx
2-5 cleft or of distinct sepals. Stamens as many as lobes of
the calyx or sepals and opposite them, the filaments inflexed and
anthers reversed in the bud, straightening at anthesis. Ovary
superior, 1-celled: style simple: stigma capitate and penicillate.
Ovule solitary, erect or ascending. Fruit an achene. Embryo
straight, in oily albumen.

1 Urtiea Herbs with opposite leaves and stinging hairs.
2 Parietaria Herbs with alternate leaves without stinging hairs.

1 URTICA L. Sp. 983. (Nerruzs.)

Herbs with 4-angled sulcate stems,. stinging hairs, opposite
leaves with distinct lateral stipules and small flowers clustered:
in axillary geminate racemes, spikes or loose heads without bracts
Staminate flowers onjointed pedicels with 4 sepals, 4 stamens and
a rudimentary cup-shaped ovary: the pistillate with 4 sepals, the
4 outer small and spreading, the inner erect, becoming membran-
aceous and enclosing the flattened ovate achene. Stigma sessile,
capitate, tufted.

U. holosericea Nutt. Pl. Gambel. 183. Stems stout, 4-8 feet high,
usually simple ashy-scurfy and sparingly armed with stinging bristles:
leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, very cvarsely serrate, acuminate
green above, whitish beneath with a dense minute pubescence, rounded
or subcordate at base, all petioled: stipules membranaceous, 6 lines long,
oblong, obtuse or acute: etaminate flowers in loose slender diffuse panicles,
nearly equalling the leaves: pistillate panicles denser and shorter: inner
ae ovate, densely hispid 4% line long, about equalling the broadly ovate
achene. About springs and along streams in- the dry interior regions,
Washington to California and Utah.

U. Breweri Watson Proc. Am. Acad. x, 348. Grayish with a short:
somewhat hispid pubescence ur nearly glabrous: stem stout, 4-6 feet high,
stipules membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate: leaves thin, finely pubescent
soon glabrate, or roughish above, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 inches
long, acute or slightly cordate at base, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles,
1-3 inches long or more: flowers in short open panicles scarcely exceeding
the petioles: sepals obovate or rounded, obtuse, minutely hispid, nearly a
line long and nearly twice longer than the broadly ovate achene. Along
streams, Southern Oregon to California and Colorado.

URTICA URTICACEA 603
PARIETARIA

U. Lyallii Watson 1. c. More or less pubescent, becoming nearly
glabrous with scattered bristles: etems slender, 4-6 feet high: stipules
large, membranaceous, .broadly oblong, obtuse: leaves ovate, somewhat
cordate at base, acute, 3-9 inches long or more, coarsely serrate, on slender
petioles 1-4 inches long; flowers in loose slender spreading panicles, equall-
ing or shorter than the petioles: sepals broadly ovate or rounded, obtuse,
shorter than the broadly ovate achene, which is 24 of a line long. Along
streama, Brit. Columbia to California, :

U. gracilis Ait. Hort. Kew. iii, 341. Perennial with long creeping
yellow rootstocks armed with. stinging hairs: stems erect, mostly simple,
2-7 feet high: leaves lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate, coarsely and
sharply serrate, sparingly pubescent, 2-7 inches long, narrowed to rounded
or subcordate at base, on slender petioles shorter than the blade: stipules
lanceolate: flower-clusters compound, commonly longer than the petioles.
In rich soil, along streams, Alaska to California and across the continent.

2 PARIETARIA L. Sp. 1052.

Low annual or perennial herbs, the hairs not stinging, with
alternate leaves without stipules and small greenish polygamous
flowers in axillary involucrate clusters. Calyx in the perfect
flowers 4-parted ; in the pistillate tubular-ventricose and 4-cleft
with connivent lobes. Style slender or none; stigma spatulate’
recurved, densely tufted. Achene ovoid, enclosed in the dry calyx’

P. debilis Forster Weddell in DC. Prodr. xvi, 235. A very slender
annual, 3-12 inches high, usually diffusely branched from the base, some-
what hispid: leaves broadly ovate, obtuse. rounded at base or abruptly cun-
eate, 2-6 lines long or more, on petioles about as long ag the blade: clusters
ew -flowered: bracts linear or narrowly oblong, 34-1 line long, about equal-

ling the flowers: achenes} a line long. Southern Oregon to Valifornia and
eastward.

P. Pennsylvanica Muhl. Willd. Sp. iv, 955. A pubescent annual:
stem weak, simple or sparingly branched, ascending or reclining, very
slender, 4-15 inches high: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mem-
branaceous, dotted, acuminate at the base, 3-nerved and with 1-3 pairs of
weaker veins above, slender-petioled, 1-3 inches long: flowers glomerate in
all except the lowest axils, the clusters shorter than the petioles: bracts of
the involucre linear, 2-3 times as long as the flowers: style almost none:
achenes about 4 line long In dry rocky places, Brit. Columbia to
eastern Oregon and the Eastern States.

Orper LXXXIII EUPHORBIACEA J. St. Hil.
Expos. Fam. 276. (1805.)

Herbs shrubs or trees with acrid often milky juice, alternate
opposite or verticillate leaves with or without stipues and
moncecious or dioecious flowers variously disposed. Flowers
mostly apetalous, sometimes the calyx also wanting or repre-
sented by a scale at the base of the stamens, in Euphorbia
subtended by an involucre that resembles a calyx. Stamens
onetomany. Ovary usually 3-celled with one or two pendulous
ovules in each cell. Styles as many as cells of the ovary, sim-
ple, divided or many-cleft. Fruit a mostly 3-celled, elastically
dehiscent capsule. Seeds anatropous, with a straight or slightly
curved embryo in fleshy or oily albumen.

604 EUPHORBIACEX EREMOCARPUS
EUPHOBBIA

1 Eremocarpus Flowers not involucrate: staminate flowers with a 5-6-
parted calyx; pistillate without: capsule 1-celled and 1-seeded.

2 Euphorbia Flowers all without or with only arudimentary calyx,
subtended by a calyx-like involucre: capsule 3-celled.

1 EREMOCARPUS Benth. Bot. Sulph. 53, 6. 20.

Low heavy-scented annuals with alternate entire petioled leaves
without stipules and small flowers in axillary clusters without an
involucre. Calyx of the staminate flowers 5- or 6-parted,‘slightly
imbricated. Stamens 6 or 7, central'on the hairy receptacle;
filaments exserted: anthers inflexedin the bud Pistillate flowers
without calyx. Ovary with 4 or 5 glands at the base, 1-celled,
l-ovuled. Style simple, filiform, stigmatic at the apex. Capsule
2-valved. Seeds smooth and shining. Cotyledons broad, cor-
date, as long as the radicle.

E. setigerus Benth.1.c. Hoary throughout with a very dense stellate
pubescence and hispid with stiff spreading hairs: stem stout, dichotomous-
ly branched from the base, the branches mostly procumbent or ascending,
4-12 inches long: leaves thick ovate, obtuse, cuneate or rounded at base,
13-2 inches long, on long petioles, the upper crowded and apparen'ly op-
posite or ternate: staminate flowers pedicelled: calyx with oblong obtuse
segments a line long: pistillate flowers in the lower axils, 1-3 together:
ovary and style densely pubescent: capsule obnvate-oblong. 2 lines 1 ing,
smooth and shining, filled by the seed. In dry valleys, eastern Washing-
ton to California.

2 EUPHORBIA L. Sp. 450.

Herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves
and usually small monoecious flowers without floral envelopes but
subtended by a top-shaped or campanulateinvolucre. Staminate
flowers numerous, of a single naked stamen jointed upon a short
pedicel which has usually a minute bract at base: anther-cells
globose, distinct: pistillate flowers solitary in the center of the
involucre, pedicellate and soon exserted, Ovary 3-celled and 3-
ovuled: styles 3, usually 2-cleft. Cotyledons linear or ovate. |

E. serpyllifolia Pers. Svn. ii, 14. Glabrous dark green or reddish
annual: stem branched from the base, the slender branches prostrate or
ascending, 2-15 inches long: leaves oblong to spatulate, 1-6 inches long,
obtuse or retuse, nearly entire or serrulate to below the middle, short-
petioled, the base oblique, mostly truncate or obtuse: stipules at length a
fringe of weak setae: involucres solitary in the axils, sometimes clustered °
toward the ends of the branchlets, less than a line long, bearing 4 disk-like
glands, each subtended by a narrow lobed appendage: capsule a line broad,
slightly nodding: seeds ovoid, 4-angled, the face transversely wrinkled and
pitted. Indry soil Washington to California and Wisconsin.

Var. consanguinea Boiss. Branches erect: leaves with an obtuse
sharply serrate apex: lobes of the involucres lacerate: seeds darker and
more nearly ovate, less sharp on the angles. Range of the type.

E. Greenei Millsp. Pitt. ii, 88. Glabrous annual, radiately branched
from the base, the branches prostrate and divaricately much branched, 5-
6 inches long: stipules triangular at base, lacerate, leaves ovate, entire,
oblique, mucronulate: involucres solitary in the axils, on peduncles twice

EUPHORBIA WUPHORBIACEX 605

the length of the petioles, campanulate, glabrous without, hairy within:
glands rose-red, orbicular, folded upward upon themselves. appendages
white: capsule smooth, the carpels bluntly carinate: seeds ovate, sharply
i a the faces irregularly transversely ridged. Beaver Canyon,
Idaho.

E. glyptosperma Engelm. Bot, Mex. Bound. Serv. 187. Pale green
and glabrous annual: stem branching from near the base, the branches
ascending, spreading or prostrate, 2-15 inches long: leaves oblong to linear-
oblong or ovate, 1-9 lines long, more or less falcate, obtuse at the apex,
serrulate, very oblique and obtuse or gubcordate at base, short-petioled :
stipules becoming a fringe of setae: involucres solitary in the axils, campan-
ulate, half a line long, with 4 dark ribs and 4 saucer-shape glands, their
appendages narrow, crenulate or slightly lobed: capsule depressed-globose,
less thanaline in diameter, nodding: seeds oblong, halfa line long, ash-
color, strongly transversely wrinkled, not pitted. In sandy places, Brit,
Columbia to California, Ontario and Connecticut.

E. maculata L. Sp. 545. Puberulent or pilose annual: stem branched
from the base, the branches slender, radiately spreading, 2-15 inches long,
prostrate, often dark red: leaves usually blotched, oblong or ovate-oblong
2-8 lines long, obtuse, more or less serrate, short-petioled, the base oblique,
subcordate: stipules a fringe of setae: involucres solitary in the axils, en-
tire, half a line long, with 4 cup-shaped glands, the appendages narrow,
white or red, crenulate: capsule ovoid, glabrous, about a line in diameter,
pubescent : seeds ovoid-oblong, obtusely angled, ash-color, minutely pitted
and era ad wrinkled. Throughout North America except the ex.
treme north.

E. Lartayavs L. Sp. 457. Annual or biennial, glabrous and glaucous.
Stem stout 1-3 feet high, mostly simple below, umbellately branched above:
leaves numerous, the lower scattered, those subtending the branches verti-
cillate, the lower linear, reflexed, the upper lanceolate, 1-5 inches long,
entire, sessile, subcordate: involucres 2~3 lines long, bearing 4 cresent-
shaped unappendaged glands prolonged into short horns: capsule subglo-
bose, 5-6 lines in diameter, tts lobes rounded : seeds o blong-ovoid, 2-3 lines
long, terete, usually wrinkled. In waste places, Native of Europe.

E. dietyosperma F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii, 37. Glabrous
annual: stem erect, rather slender, 4-15 inches high, simple, or branched
from the base: leaves, except those subtending the inflorescence scattered,
spatulate or oblong, 6-18 lines long, obtuse, serrate to below the middle,
sessile, without stipules, the upper slightly auricled at base: bracts oblong
or ovate, small, serrate, cordate: inflorescence dichotomously paniculate:
involucres solitary in the axils, less than a line long, with 4 oblong naked
nearly sessile glands: capsule depressed-globose, less than 2 lines in diame-
ter, with elongated warts: seeds ovoid, lenticular, reddish-brown, finely
but distinctly reticulated. Southern Oregon to California and the
Atlantic States. ‘

E. crenulata Engelm. 1. ¢. Biennial or sometimes perennial: glab-
rous: stems erect or decumbent at the branching base, 6-12 inches high:
leaves obovate-spatulate, obtuse, often mucronate, 6-15 lines long, without
stipules, the upper ones sometimes erose-denticulate, those on the branch-
es and floral ones opposite or usually ternate, deltoid or broadly rhombic-
ovate, sometimes connate, acute 3-3 lines broad: floral branches 2-3 times
dichotomous, the upper nodes much the shorter: involucres solitary in the
axils, turbinate, the oblong lobes nearly entire: glands large crescent-
shaped, the slender horns sometimes cleft: capsule 2 lines in diameter:
seeds usually ash-color, oblong-ovate, conspicuously dark-pitted. In open
woods, western Oregon to California.

606 ARISTOLOCHIACEZ EMPETRUM
ASARUM

Orpen LXXXIV EMPETRACE Dumort. FI. Belg. 106.

Low evergreen shrubs with watery juice, small narrow leaves
without stipules and small dicecious or polygamous flowers in
terminal heads or axillary: Calyx of 3 sepals sometimes a few
petals also present. Staminate flowers with 2-4 stamens: fila-
ments filiform:anther 2-celled, the cells longitudinally dehis-
cent: sometimes a rudimentary pistil present. Pistillate flowers
with a 2-several-celled sessile ovary: the singie style cleft into
as many segments as cells of the ovary. Ovules one in each
cell, amphitropous. Fruita berry-like drupe containing 2-sev-
eral 1-seeded nutlets. Embryo straight, terete, in copious
albumen.

1 EMPETRUM L. Sp. 1022.

Depressed or spreading, freely branching shrubs with narrow
sessile leaves and small flowers solitary in the upper axils. Sep-
als mostly 3, often with as many petals. Staminate flowers with
3 stamens, the anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a globose
6-9-celled ovary and short thick style with 6-9-toothed segments.
Drupe black or red, containing 6-9 nutlets.

E. nigrum L .Sp. 1022. Glabrous or the young shoots pubescent: stems
6-18 inches long, usually much branched, the branches diffusely spreading:
leaves crowded dark green, linear-oblong, obtuse, 2-4 lines long. the strun-
gly revolute margins roughish: flowers very small, purplish: stamens ex-
serted: drupe 2-3 lines in diameter, usually not maturing until the follow-
ing season. On rocky banks near the coast, California to the Arctic regions,
and on the northern Atlantic coast Europe and Asia.

OrpeR LXXXV ARISTOLOCHIACEA Blume
Enum, Pl. Jav. 181. (1830.)

Herbs or shrubs with watery juice, alternate or all radical
leaves without stipules and mostly large tlowers solitary or clus-
tered in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Calyx-tube adnate
to the ovary, its limb 3-lobed, 6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6-
many, inserted on the pistil: anthers 2-celled, extrorse longitu-
dinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, mostly 6 cel-
led. Ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous, horizontal or
pendulous. Fruit amany-seeded mostly 6-celled capsule. Seeds
ovoid or oblong, angled or compressed, the testa crustaceous,
smooth or wrinkled, usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe. Em-
bryo minute, in copious fleshy albumen.

1 ASARUM L. Sp. 442.

Acaulescent perennials with cordate long-petioled leaves and
dull-colored flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
campanulate or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, at least below,
regularly 3-lobed, the lobes valvate. Stamens 12, inserted on the
ovary. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, 6-celled, the parietal
placente intruded. Capsule coriaceous, crowned by the marces-

praaae

ASARUM SANTALACEA 607
COMANDRA

cent calyx and stamens, at length bursting irregularly. or longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Seeds compressed.

A. caudatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. xvii, under t. 1399. -Rootstocks creep-
ing, 6-12 inches long: leaves rounded-cordate with large rounded auricles,
dark green, not marked with white, 2-4 inches broad, rather sparsely pu-
bescent with short stiff hairs, obscurely crenulate and finely ciliate, on
sparsely hairy petioles 3-10 inches long, remaining green until the next
pair are mature; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves and thus becom-
ing terminal, on slender peduncles 1-2 inches long, dark brown, the ovate
lobes attenuate into slender appendages 1-3 inches long, more or less pu-
bescent: filaments stout, the free apex of the connective much shorter than
the anthers: styles united, equalling the stamens: seeds ovate, 114 lines
long. In forests, Brit. Columbia to California.

A. Hartwegi Watson Proc. Am. Acad x, 346. ? Rather stout, tufted,
more or less floccose-pubescent: leaves usually large, 2-6 inches long,
rather thick and marked with white above. nearly smooth, deeply cordate
with large rounded auricles, son:ewhat acuminate, finely ciliate, on woolly
petioles 4-8 inches long: peduncles 6-18 lines long: ovary about 6 lines
broad, white woolly: lobes of the calyx ovate, narrowed to linear append-
ages 1-2 inches long: filaments rather stout, nearly free from the styles:
anthers abouta line long, the produced connective setose, about a line Jong:
styles short, nearly distinct, scarcely equalling the anthers: seeds ovate,
2 lines long. In forests, southwestern Oregon to California.

OrpeR LXXXVI SANTALACEZ R. Br.
Pl. Nov. Hol. i, 350. (1810)

Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate or opposite leaves with-
out stipules and mostly small solitary or clustered axillary or
terminal flowers. Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary or to
the disk, 3-5-lobed, the lobes valvate. Stamens as many as
lobes of the calyx and inserted near their bases, or opposite
them upon the lobes of an annular disk. Ovary 1-celled:
ovules 2-4, pendulous from the summit of the central placenta.
Style cylindric or conic, sometimes wanting: stigma capitate.
Fruit a drupe or nut. Seed solitary, ovoid or globose, without
testa. Embryo small, apical, with copious albumen.

1 COMANDRA Nutt. Gen i, 157. (1818.)

Glabrous perennial herbs, rhostly parasitic on the roots of other
plants with alternate leaves and small perfect flowers in terminal
and axillary bractless cymes. Calyx campanulate, the base of
its tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed, Stamens inserted
at the base of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes of the disk,
attached to the middle of the lobes by tufts of hairs. Anthers
ovate, 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, crowned by the persistent calyx.

_C. umbellata Nutt. 1. c. Stems slender, very leafy, branched, 6-18
inches high: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale green, acute or acut-
ish at both ends, sessile, ascending, 6-15 lines long, the lower smaller:
cymes several-flowered corymbose at the summit of the stems and often
axillary also: peduncles slender, 3-12 lines long: pedicels very short: calyx
greenish-white or purplish, about 2 lines high: style slender : drupe glubose,
about 3 lines in diameter, crowned with the upper part of the calyx-tube

608 LORANTHACEA COMANDRA
PHORADENDRON

and its 5 oblong lobes. In dry open places, Brit. Columbia to California
and the Eastern States.

C. pallida A. DC, Prodr. xiv, 636. Stems slender, simple or branch-
ed, 4-12 inches high, very leafy: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, or the
lower ones oblong-elliptic, acute, sessile: cymes few-several-flowered,
corymbose-clustered at the summit: peduncles usually short: pedicels about
a line long: calyx greenish or purplish, about 2 lines high: drupe ovoid-
oblong, about 2 lines in diameter crowned by the very short upper portion
of the calyx-tube and its 5 oblong acute lobes. On dry hillsides, in the
interior, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota.

Orper LXXXVII LORANTHACEA D. Don
Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 142. (1825)

Parasitic, green or reddish plants growing upon wood
plants and absorbing food from their sap through specializey
roots called haustoria, with mostly opposite leaves and regular
monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary or terminal clusterd
or solitary. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entirer
toothed or lobed. Stamens 2-6: anthers 2-celled, or confluents
ly 1-celled. Ovary solitary, erect: style simple or none: stigma-
terminal, entire. Fruit a berry with glutinous pulp. Seed
solitary, its testa indistinguishable from the copious fleshy
albumen. Embryo terete or angled.

1. Phoradendron Leaves thick and flat: anthers 2-celled: berry
seesile.

2 Razoumofskya Leaves scale-like, united at base: anthers 1-celled:
berry peduncled.

1' PHORADENDRON Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad: ser. 2, i, 185.

Parasitic shrubs with mostly jointed branches, opposite flat
leaves and small dicecious flowers in axillary spikes. Staminate
flowers with a 2-4- usually 3-lobed globose or ovoid calyx, bearing
a transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each lobe. Pistillate
flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the inferior ovary. Style
short, with obtuse or capitate stigma. Fruit a ‘sessile ovoid or
globose berry.

P. villosum Nutt. Pl. Gambel. 185. Stems stout, diffusely much
branched, 1-2 feet long: leaves orbicular to spatulate, 6-20 lines long, per-
manently villous, rounded at the apex, narrowed below to a short petiole,
very thick and obscurely veiny: spikes slender, rather short: berries white,
ae tines in diameter. On oak trees, from the Willamette valley Oregon to

alifornia,

P. juniperinum Engelm. Pl. Fendl. 85. Glabrous, stout, densely
branched: 6-9 inches high: branches terete, the ultimate branchlets
quadrangular: leaves mostly reduced to broadly triangular, obtusish con-
nate or distinct ciliate scales: staminate spikes solitary, 6-8-flowered:
anthers transverse, opening by pores: pistillate spikes 2-flowered : berries
globose, whitish or light red, 144 lines in diameter. On Junipers, south-
eastern Oregon to California.

P. Libocedri. P. juniperinum var. Libocedri Engelm. ? Glabrous:
stems fleshy, 6-12 inches long, densely branched: most of the leaves re
duced to broadly triangular connate naked scales: staminate spikes solitary

)
RAZOUMOFSEYA LORANTHACEZ 609

6-18-flowered: anthers transverse, opening by pores: pistillate spikes 2-
ate berries reddish. On Libocedrus decurrens, southern Oregon to
California.

2 RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoff. Hort. Mosq. 1808.
ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb. 1819.

Small fleshy plants parasitic on the branches of coniferous trees,
with 4-angled jointed branches, opposite connate scales in the
place of leaves and small naked dioecious flowers solitary or sev-
eral together in the axils of the scales. Staminate flowers with a
2-5-parted calyx and, usually an equal number of stamens, the
anthers sessile on the segments. Pistillate flowers with the calyx-
limb 2-parted. Fruit a fleshy more or less flattened berry borne
on a short somewhat recurved peduncle. Embryo enclosed in
copious albumen.

R. Americana Kuntze Rev. Gen. ii, 587. Arceuthobium Americanum
Nutt. Greenish-yellow, glabrous: stems slender, dichotomously or verticil-
lately much branched: staminate plants 2-4 inches long with the flowers
on terminal peduncle-like joints, paniculate, a line broad or more, with
ovate-orbicular acutish lobes: pistillate plant much smaller, with the
flowers a line long or less: berries 2lines long. On Pinus contorta, Brit.
Columbia to California and Colorado.

R. Douglasii Kuntzel.c. Arceuthobinm Nouglasit Engelm. Greenish
yellow: stems slender, 3-12 lines high, much branched but not verticillate-
ly: epikes short, mostly 5-flowered : staminate flowers less than a line wide,
with round-ovate acntish lobes, axillary, forming simple or compound
spikes: accessory branchlets of fruiting plant flower-bearing: berries 24¢
lines long. On Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Idaho to California and New Mex.

Var. abietinum Greene FI. Fr. 341. Fertile plants larger 1-3 inch-
es high, the sterile smaller with spreading or recurved branchlets: fruit
smaller. On Abies concolor. Oregon and California.

R. occidentalis Kuntze 1]. c. Arceuthobium occidentale Engelm.
Greenish brown, glabrous: stems stout, 2-5 inches high paniculately much
branched: staminate plants. brownish-yellow, Banallan its flowers in long
dense spikes, often 9-17 on a single axis, buds ventricose with the upper
edge curved outward; calyx 3-5-, usually 4-parted 134-2 lines wide: anthers
sessile below the middle of the lanceolate acuminate lobes: pistillate plant
commoly of a dark olive-brown color, accessory branchlets mostly leaf-bear-
ing i fruit 214 lines long. On various conifers, Oregon to California and

aho, :

Var. abietinum. Arceuthobium abietinum Engelm. More spread-
ing and less densely branched: the accessory branchlets in the fertile
plant bearing fertile flowers as often as they do leaf-buds. On Abies gran-
dis, Columbia river valley.

R. robusta Kuntzel.c Arceuthobium robustum Engelm. Reddish-
brown and glabrous: stems 2-4 inches long, much branched: staminate
flowers in short spikes, ‘flat, appressed to the rachis, 3-parted, with -bread
lobes, bearing the stamens above the middle fertile flowers mostly solitary :
fruit 2-3 lines long. On Pinusponderosa, Brit. Columbia to Oregon.

OrpeR LXXXVIII FAGACEZ Drude Phan. 40 9

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, deciduous stipules
and small monoecious flowers, the staminate in aments, the pis-

610 FAGACEZ QUERCUS

tillate solitary or in small spikes, each surrounded by an involu-
cre of partly or wholly united bracts which becomes a burr or
cup. Staminate flowers with a 4-7-lobed calyx and 4-20 sta-
mens: filaments slender, distinct: anther-cells adnate, longitud-
inally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped
or oblong calyx adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary: ovules 1 or 2in
each cell, but only 1 ineach ovary maturing, pendulous. ana-
tropous. Styles as many as cells of the ovary, terminally or
longitudinally stigmatic. Fruit a l-seeded nut. Seed with-
out albumen. Embryo straight, with small apical radical and
large fleshy albumen.

1 Quercus Involucres 1-flowered, becoming a cup.
2 Castanopsis Involucre 1-5-flowered, becoming a prickly burr.
QUERCUS L. Sp. 994.

Trees or shrubs with alternate deciduous or evergreen leaves
and small flowers. Staminate flowers numerous, in slender most-
ly drooping aments subtended by caducous bracts. Calyx mostly
6-lobed, campanulate. Stamens 6-12, with filiform filaments.
Pistillate flowers with a mostly urn-shaped or oblong calyx, adnate
to a 8-celled ovary: ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary, rarely more
than one in each ovary maturing. Styles as many as cells of the
ovary, short, erect or recurved. Fruit a solitary oblong, ovoid or
subglobose coriaceous 1-seeded nut, called an acorn, subtended by
or almost included in the more or less united bracts of the
involucre.

§ 1 Staminate aments naked, from the previous season’s bud
or from the lower part of the present season’s shoots: pendulous:
filaments not longer than the anthers. Pistillate flowers above
the staminate aments, from the axils of young leaves: stigmas
dilated.

* Abortive ovules at the base or at the side of the seed: stamens
5-10, usually 6-8 stigmas sessile or subsessile.

+ Acorns maturing the first season, glabrous within.
+ Leaves deciduous.

Q. Garryana Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 159. A small shrub to a large tree,
2-150 feet high, the trunk often 3 feet in diameter, with light-colored bark:
branchlets rather rigid, tomentose: leaves 4-6 inches long by 2-5 inches
wide, coarsely lobed, the lobes broad or sometimes acutish, entire or again
notched or lobed, dull green on the upper sde, pale yellowish or whitish
and strongly reticulated as well as somewhat pubescent beneath, on peti-
oles 6-12 lines long: calyx-lobes 7 or 8, linear-lanceolate, ciliate: anthers
6-8: acorns sesfile or nearly so; cup shallow, its scales lanceolate, some-
what pubescent, flat or tuberculate-thickened at base: nut oval to obovate-
eplenas obtuse, about an inch long. Common from Brit. Columbia to

alifornia.

Q. Jacobi R. Br. Campst. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. vii 255.
A middle-sized or large tree, branching from near the base and forming a
compact head: trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, with rather thick fissured gray

QUERCUS FAGACEZ 611

bark: branchlets short, stout, very leafy, tomentose-pubescent: leaves
broadly obovate: veinlets only gradually divergent from the midrib and
directing the lobes somewhat digitately toward the apex of the leaf which
is broadest far above the middle: acorns ovate, less than an inch long, well:
nes ante a hemispherical scaly cup. On Islands in Puget Sound and
northward. : 7

Q. C€rstediana R.Br. Campst. |. c. A shrub 2-6 feet high, with pu-
bescent branchlets: leaves 3-5 inches long, usually deeply pinnatifid,
sometimes merely sinuate; lobes obtuse or acutish, entire or toothed : sta-
minate aments rather few-flowered, erect: acorns rarely subsessile, usually
several, crowded near the summit of a peduncle an inch long or more; cup
shallow,!strongly tuberculate: nut oval, obtuse, an inch long. On dry .
mountain sides at middle or high elevations, Southern Oregon to
California.

++ ++ Leaves persistent through winter and mostly until the appear-
ance of new leaves for the next seasun.

’ Q. Sadleriana R. Br. Campst. 1. c. A shrub4-6 feet high with rather
dark-colored bark and glabrous branchlets: buds oblong densely silky:
stipules filiform, densely silky: leaves oblong to obovate, not lobed, serrate,
1-3 inches long, on petioles 2-6 lines long. dark green above, at length be-
coming whitish and strongly reticulated beneath : aments densely flowered
erect or spreading 1-4 inches long: bracts silky, sepals ovate: stamens about
8: acorns sessile or nearly so; cup shallow, tuberculate, 5-6 lines broad:
nut oblong, obtuse, about 8 lines long. In moist places on top of the coast
mountains along the old Wimer road, also on top of the Siskiyou Mountains
near the Happy Camp trail. :

+ + Acorns maturing the second season, the nuts often pubescent
within. :

Q. echrysolepis Leibm. in Benth. Pl."Hartw. 336. Ag represented in
our region a small tree or low shrub 2-30 feet high, farther south a large
tree, with ashy-gray flaky bark and glabrous branchlets: leaves oblong-
lanceolate entire or sharply dentate, acute, cuspidate obtuse or subcordate
at base, 1-3 inches long, at first fulvous-tomentoge beneath; aftera year
glabrate and bluish or whitish, on petioles about 3 lines long: aments some-
times branched, tomentose, soon glabrate: calyx lobes 5-7, ‘broadly ovate,
acute glabrous, ciliate: anthers about 10, conspicuously cuspidate: pistillate
flowers sessile, or rarely in spikes: cups covered with emall triangular ap-
pressed scales, more or less hidden inthe dense yellow or fulvoug tomen -
tum, very variable in shape and size, 4-12 lines wide, hemispherical and
rather thin to flat saucer-shaped and very thick with a broad thick rim:
nut oval, obtuse 6-18 lines long, and_half as thick. Along streams, South-
ern Oregon to California. ‘

Q. vaccinifolia Kellogg Proc. Am. Acad i, 96. <A low shrub 1-4 feet
high, densely branched and very leafy : leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate,
entire or with a few sharp teeth on one or both margins acute and very
shortly or not at all cuspidate, 6-18 lines long, on petioles 4-6 lines long
yellowish green and glabrous on the upper side, white or whitish with a
dense scurf beneath, obtuse or subcordate at base: stipules 4-6 lines long
linear-lanceolate somewhat silky : amentsglabrous: calyx-lobes 5-7, broadly
ovate: anthers about 8, not cuspidate: pistillate floweis sessile or in spikes:
cups covered with small appressed scales not tomentose: nuts 8-12 lines
fang, Bcommon on dry rocky hillsides Southeastern Oregon and adjacent
alifornia,

* * Anthers usually 4 or 5: stigmas on long spreading or recurved
styles: abortive ovules borne at the top of the seed. ~

Q. Kelloggii Newberry Pac. R. Rep. vi, 28. fig. 6, A middle-sized

612 FAGACEX QUERCUS
CASTANOPSIS
tree 60-90 feet high and 1-6 feet in diameter, with rough black bark, the
slender twigs soon glabrate: leaves deciduous, broadly oval in outline,
deeply sinuate-lobed, the lobes entire or coarsely lobed and slender-pointed,
obtuse to subcordate at base, on petioles about an inch long, puberulent
both sides, 4-7 inches long: acorns maturing the second season, mostly
short-pedicelled, solitary or 2-4 together; cups an inch or less broad, with
ovate-lanceolate obtusisb imbricatcd scales, hemispherical, often very
deep; nuts oblong, 12-16 lines long by 10-12 in diameter, Common on
plains and hillsides from the Willamette Valley Oregon to California.

§ 1 Aments erect persistent, pistillate at base and staminate
above or entirely staminate. Filaments slender, many times
longer than the ‘very small anthers. Stigmas linear. Fruit’ ma-
turing the same season.

. densiflora H. & A. Bot. Beech. 391. -A middle-sized tree or shrub
10-100 feet high with mostly smooth bark and tomentose branchlets:
leaves oblong, acute, obtuse or rarely acute at base, entire with revolute
margins or sometimes dentate, tomentose, especially beneath, at length
glabrate and whitish beneath, 2-5 inches long, 44-2 inches wide, on peti-
soles 3-6 lines long: aments 4-6 inches long densely flowered, tomentose:
flowers in glomerules of 3, supported by 3 bracts: calyx of 5 broad woolly
lobes: anthers 10: acorns solitary or in short peduncled clusters: cups very
shallow, 8-15 lines broad, covered with tinear rigid spreading or recurved
scales, silky-tomentose inside: nuts oval or oblong, acute or obtuse, 12-18
lines long, with very thick shell, densely tomentoseinside. Along streams
southwestern Oregon to southern California.

5 CASTANOPSIS Spach.

Trees or shrubs with coriaceous evergreen leaves and small
monoecious flowers in axillary aments, the fruit maturing the
following season. ‘Staminate flowers in slender panicled aments
upon the young shoots, with regular 5—6-lobed calyx and usually
twice as many stamens. Pistillate fowers 1-3, in ascaly involu-
cre, sessile at the base of the aments: lobes of the calyx 6, in 2
rows. Styles usually 3. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 amphitropous
ovules at the lower angle of each cell. Nuts 1-3, enclosed in the
subglobose involucre which is densely covered with stout branch-
ed prickles, at length bursting irregularly. Seed solitary.

-C. chrysophylla A. DC. Seem. Journ. Bot. i, 182. A shrub or mid-
dle sized tree, 6-80 feet high: leaves lanceolate or oblong, 1-4 inches long,
acuminate or only acuti-h, cuneate at base and shortly petioled, entire,
glabrous, or sometimes scurfy, above, densely scurfy beneath with more
or less yellow scales: aments 1-3 inches long, densely pubescent: styles 3,
stout, glabrous, divergent: spines of the invalucre 6-12 lines long, subver-
ticillately many-branched: nuts usually solitary obtusely triangular, 6
lines long.’ On dry hilisides, from the Columbia river to California.

Orper LXXXIX CORYLACES.

Small trees or shubs with alternate leaves and small flowers in
axillary aments or clusters: Staminate flowers in aments, with-
out floral envelopes each subtended by a scale-like bract: sta-
mens several, with often divided filaments and distinct anther-
cells. Pistillate flowers in short spikes, 2 to each bract, with

CORYLUS CORYLACE 613
BETULA

small bractlets which become much enlarged and involucrate
in fruit. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, with 2 pendulous anatro-
pous ovules. Seed solitary.

1 CORYLUS L. Sp. 998. (Hazs1-nut.)

Shrubs or small trees with broad thin leaves that are plicate in
the bud and small flowers that appear before the leaves; the sta-
minate in drooping cylindrical aments, from lateral buds, without
calyx but subtended by a scaly bract, consisting of 4 stamens
with forked filaments, each fork bearing one cell cf an anther, the
undivided portion adnate to the bract. Pistillate flowers several
in a scaly bud, 2to each scale, each with a pair of bractlets that
enlarge and in fruit more or less envelope the nut: calyx minute,
adnate to the ovary, without limb. Style short: stigmas elonga-
ted. Nut oblong or ovoid, large and bony.

C. rostrata Ait. Hort. Kew. iii, 8364. A shrub 8-8 feet high, with
pubescent branchlets and smooth bark: leaves ovate or narrowly oval, acu-
minate. cordate or obtuse at base, incised-serrate and serrulate, glabrous
or with some scattered appressed hairs above, sparingly pubescent, at least
on the veins beneath, 214-4 inches long; on petioles 2-4 lines long: involu-
cral bracts bristly hairy, united to’ the summit and prolonged into a tubular
beak about twice as long as the nut, laciniate at the summit: nut ovoid,
scarcely compressed, striate, 5-7 lines high. In thickets, Oregon to Brit.
Columbia, the Eastern States and Nova Scotia.

C. Californiea Rose. A shrub or small tree 4-30 feet high with pubes-
cent branchlets: leaves orbicular to obovate, 1-4 inches broad, often shortly
acuminate, obscurely 6-10-lobed, sharply serrate, on petioles 5-12 lines
long, mostly subcordate at base, sparsely pubescent above, soft-pubescen
on the veins beneath: involucre united to the summit, prolonged into a
broad tubular beak about twice as long as the nut or less, setose-hispid
below with short brittie hairs, erose to lacerate at the summit: nut ovoid
a inea high. Common on low hillsides and in forests, Brit. Columbia to

alifornia.

OrperR XC BETULACE Agardh Apho.. 208 in part.

Trees or shrubs with deciduous alternate leaves, mostly cadu-
cous stipules and small monvecious flowers, the staminate in long
aments, the pistillate in shorter cone-like aments with thickened
and rigid scales. Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of
each bract, consisting of a membranous calyx and 2-4 stamens
inserted on the receptacle, with distinct filaments and 2-celled
anthers. Pistillate aments spike-like or capitate, its flowers with
or without a calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary which is crowned
with 2 sessile filiform stigmas and becomes a winged or angled
nutlet. Seed anatropous, pendulous, without albumen. Cotyle-
dons flat, foliaceous in germination.

1 Betula Bracts 3-lobed, becoming coriaceous, deciduous: stamens 2,

with bifurcate filaments and separate anther-cells: nutleta broadly
winged. ;

2 Alnus Bracts entire, becoming woody, persistent: stamens 4; anther-
cells contiguous.

614 BETULACEA BETULA

1 BETULA L. Sp. 982.

Trees or shrubs with smooth or laminated outer bark, toothed
simple leaves and small flowers appearing with or before the leaves.
Staminate aments long and drooping, solitary or in pairs; from
lateral or terminal leafless buds the flowers about 3 together in the
axil of each shield-shaped bract, consisting of a membranaceous
usually 4-toothed calyx and 2 stamens, subtended by 2 bractlets:
filament short, deeply 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-cell.
Pistillate aments oblong to cylindrical, solitary or racemose, from
lateral 3-5-leaved buds, the flowers 1-3 in the axil of each bract,
without calyx. Bracts usually 3-lobed and falling with the seed.
Ovary sessile: styles 2, stigmatic at the apex, mostly persistent.
Nuts small, lenticular, surrounded by a wing.

B. occidentalis Hook. Fl. ii, 155. A small or middlesized tree 20-60 '
feet high and 6-18 inches in diameter, with smooth dark brown bark and
greenish-brown warty twigs: leaves broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, acute
to rounded at the apex, sharply serrate, the teeth glandular tipped, round-
ed or obtuse at base, short-petioled glabrous, or sparingly pubescent on
one or both sides, 1-2 inches long: staminate aments usually 3 together at
the ends of slender branchlets, 2-3 inches long: pistillate aments mani-
festly peduncled, cylindric, spreading or pendent, 12-18 lines long, 4-6 lines
in diameter when mature: fruiting bracts ciliate, 2-3 lines long. their lat-
eral lobes ascending, usually shorter than the middle one: nutlets much
narrower than the wings. Along streams in the interior, Brit. Columbia
to California and Nebraska. As here defined perhaps includes more than
one species. ;

B. Hallii. B. glandulosa of authors as to the Oregon plant. An erect
shrub 4-10 feet high, the twigs ashy-gray, glandular and somewhat pubes-
cent, very leafy: leaves obovate, rounded at the apex, cuneately narrowed
at base into short petioles, green and glabrous both sides, finely serrate,
10-12 lines long: pistillate aments cylindric, erect or barely spreading,
10-1+ lines long, 2-3 lines thick, dark green, on slender peduncles 4-6 lines
long: fruiting bracts aline long, glabrous, the lateral lobes usually broader
than the middle one which is spreading and hyaline-margined : nutlets as
broad or broader than long, narrowly winged. Lake Labish, Marion Co.
Oregon: specimens collected by Mr. Gorman at Ft. Selkirk, Yukon Ter.
appear to be of this species.

2 ALNUS Gertn. Fr. & Sem. ii, 54, t. 90. (1791.)

Shrubs or trees with alternate serrate or dentate leaves and
small flowers in aments, opening with or before the leaves, mak-
ing their first appearance during the previous season. Staminate
aments fascicled, drooping. Bracts shield-shaped, stipitate, in-
cluding the 5 bractlets and usually 3 flowers with regular 4-lobed
calyx. Stamens 4, inserted opposite the lobes of the calyx, with
very short filaments and contiguous anther-cells. Pistillate a-
ments panicled, short and usually erect, their bracts fleshy and.
imbricated, including 4 bractlets and 2 flowers, connate and
slightly 4-lobed, in fruit woody and persistent, thickened and
truncate at the apex, at length divergent, Nutlets compressed,
mostly wingless or nearly so.

A. Oregana Nutt. Sylva, i, 28, 4. rubra Bong. A large tree 50-100

ALNUS BETULACE 615
MYRICA

feet high and 1-4 feet in diameter, with dark brown bark blotched with
white: leaves oval to elliptic, thickish, dark green above, pale or whitish
beneath with prominent rusty-pubesceut veins, coarsely serrate and finely
serrulate, 2-8 inches long, acute or shortly acuminate, rounded or narrowed
below to petioles 6-18 lines long: staminate aments reddish, 2-6 inches
long; the pistillate ovoid to oblong, 6-12 lines long, the bracts much thick-
ened above: nutlets more than a line long, nearly orbicular or oblong,
surrounded by a narrow somewhat membranous wing. Common in moist
places, California to Alaska.

A. rhombifolia Nutt. Sylva, i, 38. A tree 30-50 feet high, with white
bark which becomes broken rectangular flakes: leaves rhombic-ovate to
elliptic or obovate, mostly cuneate at ‘base and obtuse at the apex, 2-3
inches long, irregularly glandular-dentate : fruiting aments oblong, 6-8 lines
long, the bracts rather thin above: nutlets a line long, very broadly obovate
with a thickened margin. Eastern Washington to California.

A. tenuifolia Nutt. A. incana var. virescens Watson. A shrub 4-20
feet high with brown bark: leaves more or less broadly ovate, 2-3 inches
long, acute, rounded or slightly cordate at base, acutely doubly toothed,
light green and glabrous on both sides, or sparingly pubescent: staminate
aments rather slender, 1-2 inches long: fruiting aments ovate-oblong, 4-6
lines Jong: nutlets rounded-obovate, slightly margined, 1} lines long. In
wet places in the mountains, Alaska to California and the Rocky Mts.

A. serrulata Willd Sp. Pl. iv, 386. A. rugosa K. Koch. <A shrub
5-10 feet high, or sometimes a small tree 40 feet high, with smooth bark,
the young shoots sometimes pubescent: leaves green both sides obovate or
oval, mostly obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at base
sharply and minutely serrulate when mature, glabrous above, usually
pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-5 inches long, on petioles 4-12 lines long :
aments appearing from naked buds much before the leaves, the staminate
2-4 inches long, the pistillate ovoid 5-9 lines long when mature :nutlets
quate: narrowly coriaceous-margined. In wet soil. Idaho to the Eastern

tates.

A. sinuata Rydb. A small tree or shrub 9-15 feet high, erect or as-
cending: bark rather dark except on old stems: leaves ovate, acuminate,
obtuse or cuneate at base, bright green, doubly dentate, glabrous above,
nearly so beneath, thin, very gummy when young, 2-4 inches long, on
slender petioles 5-12 lines long: fruiting aments 7-9 lines long, on slender
longer peduncles, Eastern Washington.

Orpver XCI MYRICACE Dumort. Anal. Fam, 95.

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves and small dicecious
or moneecious flowers in bracted aments without calyx or corolla.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts: staminate with 2-15
stamens inserted on the receptacle: filaments short distinct or
somewhat united: anthers ovate, 2-celled, the cells longitudinally
dehiscent: pistillate with a solitary 1-celled ovary subtended by
2-8 bractlets: ovules solitary, orthotropous: style very short:
stigmas 2, linear. Fruit a small drupe or nut, often waxy. Seed
erect, orthotropous, with thin testa and no albumen.

1 MYRICA L. Sp. 1024.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate mostly resinous-dotted
leaves and small flowers in bracted aments. Staminate aments
oblong or narrowly cylindric expanding before or with the leaves.

616 M £fRICACEZ MYRICA
SALIX
Stamens 4-8. Pistillate ovoid or subglobose: Ovary subtended
by 2-4 bractlets. Fruita globose or ovoid wax-coated drupe.

M. Gale L. Sp. 1024. An erect shrub 4-8 feet high with dark brown
twigs: leaves deciduous, oblanceolate, obtuse and dentate at the apex.
narrowed to a cuneate entire base, short-petioled, dark green and glabrous
above, pale and puberulent or glabrous beneath, I-3 inches long unfolding
after the flowers; staminate aments linear-oblong, 6-10 lines long: pistill-
ate aments ovoid-oblong, obtuse, about 4 lines long and 2 lines in diameter
in fruit, their bracts imbricated ; drupe resinous waxy, not longer than the
2 ovate persistent bractlets which clasp it on each side and are adnate toits
pase. Along the coast, Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States.

M. Californica Cham. Lian. vi, 535. An evergreen shrub or small tree
2-30 feet high of erect compact habit, leaves coriaceous, persistent usually,
slightly tomentose beneath, dark green above, oblanceolate, 2-4 inches
long, acute, attenuate below to a short petiole, entire, or serrate above the
base: aments simple or somewhat compound, 3-5 lines long; the small very
broadly ovate obtuse bracts more or less lacerately ciliate, especially near
the base: staminate flowers few; stamens 5-15, the filaments united into
an exserted panicle: bractlets usually 2, oblong, ciliate: fruit purple, papil-
lose, thinly coated with ‘grayish-white wax, 2 lines in diameter. In wet
places along the coast, Washington to California.

Orper XCII SALICACEA Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. 186.

Trees or shrubs with bitter bark, brittle twigs, alternate leaves
with stipules and small divecious flowers in axillary aments that
appear with or before the leaves. Flowers solitary in the axil of
each bract: the staminate consisting of one to numerous stamens
inserted on the receptacle, subtended by a gland-like or cup-like
disk: filaments more or less united: anthers 2-celled, the cells
longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers of a sessile or short-
stipitate 1-celled ovary subtended by a minute disk, with 2-4 pa-
rietal placente and numerous anatropous ovules. Style short,
slender, or almost wanting. Stigmas 2, simple or 2-cleft. Fruit
a 2-4-valved capsule. Seeds small, without albumen, covered
with a coma of dense long silky hairs. Cotyledons plano-convex.
1 Salix Buds with a single scale: bracts entire: fiowers with small

glands: disk none: stamens few: stigmas short.
2 Populus Buds witb several scales: bracts lacerate: flowers with a
broad cup-shaped disk: stamens numerous: stigmas elongated.

1 SALIX L. Sp. 1016. (Wirow.)

Trees or shrubs with terete branchlets and small flowers in
aments. Buds covered with a single scale, with an adherent
membrane within. Bracts ofthe amentsentire. Disk gland-like,
small or minute. Staminate aments dense, erect, spreading or
drooping. Staminate flowers with 1-12, mostly 2, stamens, their
filaments distinct or sometimes united. Pistillate aments usually
erect or spreading. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate. Style filiform
or wanting. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly 2-valved.

§ 1 Trees. Bud-scales yellowish, falling before the maturity
of the fertile aments. Filaments hairy below.

SALIX SALICACEZX 617

* Petioles not glandular.

8S. nigra Marsh Arb. Am. 139. (1786). A tree with rough flaky brown
bark, 50-120 feet high : stem slender, often crooked or leaning: leaves linear-
lanceolate, tapering from the acute base to an extremely long point, often
falcate, 4-6 inches long by 3-4 lines broad, closely serrate, smovth and
green on both sides, the midrib prominent: stipules semicordate, often
wanting: aments with leafy peduncles, elongated, the fertile becoming
rather lax: scales entire or only slightly dentate, villous with crisp hairs:
capsule ovate-conical, glabrous, brownish tawny, more or less pedicelled :
styles very short; stigmas slightly notched. Along streams, eastern Ore-
gon to California and the Gulf of Mexico.

S. amygdaloides Anders. Ofv. Handl. Vet. Akad. 1858, 114. A small
tree 20-7u feet high, with light yellowish-brown flaky bark: leaves lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, pubescent when young, glabrous when mature,
dark yreen above, paler and slightly glaucous beneath, long-acuminate,
1 5 inches long by 5-12 lines broad, entire or more or less sharply serrulate,
narrowed at base to short petioles: aments appearing with the leaves,
termina! on short lateral leafy branchlets: the staminate 1-2 inches long,
their bracts ovate, densely pubescent; stamens more than 2; filaments
distinct, pubescent at base: pistillate’aments loose, spreading, 2-4 inches
long in fruit, their bracts lanceolate and densely pubescent: stigmas nearly
sessile: capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, at length about as long as
its filiform pedicel. Along streams in the interior, Brit. Columbia to
Oregon and Missvuri. , .

S. congesta. S. lxvigata.var. congesta. Bebb. A small tree 20-30 feet
high with pale ash-colored very rough bark and yellowish branchlets:
leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-3 inches long, silky-lanate
when young, at length glabrousabove, entire or at length glandular serru-
late, narrowed below to short petioles: aments solitary at the ends of short
lateral branchlets, appearing with the leaves: staminate aments numerous,
at length an inch long, the scales orbicular, tomentose; stamens 5; fila-
ments pubescent with spreading hairs; pistillate aments spreading, oblong,
or shorter, 6-10 lines long, tbe scales lanceolate: capsules glabrous, ovoid,
acuminate, on slender pedicels nearly a line long. Along rivulets near
the Klamath river and southward.

* * Petioles glandular. ‘

S. lasiandra Benth. Pl. Hartw. 336. A slender tree 20-80 feet high
with dark brown rough bark: and smooth yellow branchlets: leaves lanceo-
late, obtuse to acute at base, conspicuously acuminate, finely serrulate, 2-8
inches long, sparsely pubescent, dark green above, pale or whitish and
somewhat glaucescent beneath: stipules semilunar or oblong, dentate:
aments appearing with the leaves from short lateral leafy shoots: stamin-
ate aments rather loosely flowered, 2-4 inches long: their lanceolate pubes-
cent scales 2-3 lines long: stamens 5-8, filaments slender, much longer
than the scales, slightly pubescent at base: pistillate aments 1-3 inches
long, their pubescent lanceolate scales about a line long, deciduous: capsule
acuminate-ovoid, 2 lines long on pedicels a line long. Common along
streams, Brit. Columbia to California.

S. Fendleriana Anders. Sal. Am. Bore. 115. A tree 30-60 feet high,
with dark brown rough bark leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, crenulate,
green and glabrous on both sides, 3-8 inches long, the short petioles and
very base of the leaves glandular: stipules oblong, sometimes large:
aments on leafy branchlets; staminate dense, 2-3 inches long, their scales
pale, oblong, more or less dentate; stamens 5 or more; filaments hairv at
base, longer than the scales; pistillate aments rather loose, the pale oblong
scales hairy at base, deciduous: capsules glabrous, short-pedicelled: stig-

618 SALICACEZ SALIX

mas nearly sessile. Common on stream-banks, eastern Washington to
California and New Mexico.

§ 2 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves linear to lanceolate, re-
motely denticulate to entire. _Aments borne on short lateral
leafy branchlets, often clustered. Scales pallid, somewhat decid-
uous. Stamens only 2.

8. fluviatilis Nutt. Sylva i, 73- S. longifolia Muhl. not of Lam. A
much branched shrub 2-12 feet high forming thickets, or sometimes tree-
like and 20-30 feet high: leaves linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 2-4
inches Jong, silky-pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, entire or
sparingly dentate, acuminate, shortly petioled: stipules minute or none:
aments linear-cylindric; the staminate dense, 1-2 inches long, sometimes
polygamous; stamens 2; filaments distinct. pubescent; pistillate looser,
about 2 inches long in fruit, their scales deciduous: stigmas broad, sessile:
capsule ovoid-conic, glabrous or silky, about 2 lines long. In moist soil
along streams inthe interior, Brit. Columbia to California and east to
Missouri and Kentucky.

Var. tenerrima. S. longifolia var. tenerrima Henderson. “A
smooth shrub 6-12 feet high with light bark up to the youngest branches:
leaves shorter and narrower, 14-1 line wide on fructiferous branches, 1-2
lines wide on the sterile, glabrous or very early glabrate: pedicels slightly
longer: capsule glabrous: scales glabrous save for the slightly ciliate edges.
Shaded rocky banks of mountain rills Elmore Co. Idaho. ”’

S. argophylla Nutt. Sylva i, 71. 8. Hindsiana Benth. A shrub or
small tree 3-15 feet high forming thickets but not growing in clumps, each
stem being distinct from any other: leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 inches
long, closely sessile, entire or rarely minutely and remotely denticulate, ap-
pressed silky-pubescent both sides: stipules, obsolete, or on young viyorous
shoots sometimes minute ones occur ; aments 1-2 inches long, on short leafy
branchlets appearing after the leaves in spring and intermitently all sum-
mer; staminate aments 1-3 at the ends of the branchlets, the scales oblong,
obtuse, glabrous on the back, crisp-hairy on the margins and toward the
base, erose toward the apex: stamens 2, the filaments densely hairy:
pistillate aments rather loosely flowered, 1-3 inches long, the lanceolate
acutish scales subpersistent, woolly except near the apex: capsule lanceo-
late, appressed silky when young, closely sessile: stigmas sessile. Along
rivers, Brit. Columbia to California.

S. exigua Nutt. 1. c. A low shrub or small tree 5-15 feet high: usual-
ly with a single trunk, rough bark and glabrous twigs: leaves narrowly lan-
ceolate to oblanceolate, acute,, subentire, 1-5 inches long, glabrate above,
sparingly appressed-silky beneath, closely ‘sessile: stipules none or minute:
aments on leafy, branchlets, solitary or 2-4 together: staminate aments 1-2
inches long, slender, the scales lanceolate, acute: capsule becoming glabrous,
sessile: stigmas sessile. Along streams. Washington to California

S. sessilifolia Nutt. 1.c. Shrubby or often tree-like 6-30 feet high,
young shoots very leafy, hoary-pubescent, becoming vlabrous and brown:
leaves membranaceous, elliptical, acute at both ends, 1-5 inches long 1-2
inches wide, closely sessile, obscurely and remotely denticulate, hoary
with rather long pubescence when young, glabrous when mature: aments
borne upon lateral leafy shoots, 3-4 inches long often 3 together, very
densely flowered: scales oblong or obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex,
nearly or quite glabrous: stamens 2: lower half of filaments very hairy. upper
half minutely puberulent: pistillate smaller, the scales narrower: capsule
lanceolate, silky-pubescent when young, becoming nearly glabrous at maturity

SALIX SALICACE 619

‘closely sessile: style evident; stigmas linear, several times longer than
thick. On sand bars along rivers, Oregon and Washington.

S. macrostachya Nutt. |. c. A shrub or small tree 3-18 feet high, of-
ten in dense thickets. with light brown bark and cinereous branches, the
young branchlets villous: leaves 2-3 inches long, sessile, oblanceolate to
elliptical, acute at both ends, more or less villous-pubescent, entire or
nearly so: stipules obsolete: aments on short leafy lateral branchlets, ap-
pearing after the leaves, 1-2 inches long: lower half of the filaments crisp-
villous : capsule closely sessile, clothed with long lax hairs: style evident;
stigmas linear. Margins of ponds, Oregon to California.

Ԥ 8 Shrubs or small trees. Scales of the aments persistent,
darker at the apex.

§ Scouleriana Barratt in Hook. Fl. ii, 145. S. flavescens Nutt. A
shrub or small tree 10-50 feet high, with light gray bark and cinereous
branchlets: leaves oblancedlate to oblong or elliptic, obtuse to acute or
acuminate, narrowed below to short petioles, entire or serrulate, 1-6 inches
long, glabrous and dark green above, pie and more or less pubescent and
becoming rusty in age beneath: stipules ovate to oblong, large and persis-
tent on vigorous shoots: aments appearing long before the leaves, very
densely flowered; staminate aments sessile, about an inch long and half as
thick, the orbicular to oblong scales black or red at the apex, densely
woolly with long white hairs: stamens 2, distinct; the filaments glabrous:
pistillate aments short-peduncled, 1-2 inches long when mature, the scales
oblong to lanceolate, silky with long white hairs: capsule oblong with a
stout beak, pubescent, on pedicels a line or more long, maturing before the
leaves appear; stigma sessile. Common from Brit. Columbia to California
and the Rocky Mountains. :

S. bella Piper Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 399. A shrub or tree 6-12
feet high with slender erect branches and smooth gray bark: branchlets
shining yellow, usually glabrous, very brittle: leaves lanceolate to oblong
or oblong-obovate, acute, 1-3 inches long, green and glabrate above, densely
silvery-woolly beneath, entire or nearly su, shortpetioled : stipules lunate,
usually persistent: aments appearing before the he staminate sessile,
short and thick, 6-12 lines long; scales acute, black, densely villous: sta-
mens 2: pistillate aments short-peduncled, 6-18 lines long; scales black,
obtuse, densely villous: capsules silky-hairy, nearly sessile: style about a
line long. Along the Palouse river eastern Washington.

S. Geyeriana Anders. Sal. Monogr. 86, fig. 50. A shrub 10-15 feet
high, the branchlets usually covered with a glaucous bloom: leaves lanceo-
late, acute at both ends 2-3 inches long by 4-6 lines wide,*downy above,
grayish beneath with soft silky hairs, entire: stipules none :aments at first
small, subglobose, nearly equaled by the 3 or 4 silky bracts at their base,
becoming short-peduncled in fruit: scales tawny, obtuse, sparingly villous:
Sel ielee! tapering from an ovate base, silky-tomentose: pedicels slender,
puberulent, 4-5 times as long as the nectary : stigmas sessile, bifid. Oregon
to California and the Rocky Mountains.

S. Hookeriana Barratt 1. c. 445. A large shrub or small tree 10-50
feet high, with dark rough bark and gray pubescent branchlets: leaves
lanceolate to oblong or eiliptic, 1-5 inches long, green and smooth above,
densely tomentose beneath, entire, rounded at base, short-petioled: aments
appearing before the leavee, the staminate very densely flowered, 1-3 inches
long, the scales densely tomentose with long white hairs. Along the coast,
Oregon and Washington.

8S. rostrata Richardson Franklin Journ. App. 753. A much branched
shrub 6-9 feet high, with elongated branchlets: leaves oblong to lanceolate

620 SALICACEX SALIX

acuminate,. glandular-serrulate, rounded or cordate at base, glabrous‘
above, glaucous beneath 2-4 inches long, on stout petioles: stipules reni-
form, conspicuous: aments appearing with the leaves, on leafy peduncles;
staminate aments narrower, densely-flowered, 2-3 inches long, the black
hairy scales persistent: pistillate looser, the linear scales pate- and pink-
tipped: capsule pubescent, long-beaked: on slender, pedicels as long or
‘onger than the scales: stigma sessile. Common along streamg, Oregon to
Brit. Columbia, and Hudson Bay.

S. lasiolepis Benth. Pl. Hartw. 335. ? A large shrub or small tree
15-40 feet high, with yellowish bark and erect branches: leaves oblong to
oblanceolate, obliquely acute or acuminate, serrulate. shining green above,
densely glaucous and somewhat pubescent beneath, petioled: stipules
rarely present, triangular: aments appearing with or before the leaves; the
staminate cylindrical, 1-3 inches long, short-peduncled; scales black,
hairy: stamens 2, the glabrous filaments united at the base for half their
length: pistillate aments small, 6-18 lines long, on short leafy peduncles:
style about as long as the stigmas. Common along streams, Washington
to California.

8S. cordata Muhl. Neue. Schrift, iv, 246. A shrub 5-12 feet high, the
twigs puberulent or glabrous: young leaves pubescent; mature leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, green on both sides or paler beneath, acuminate narrowed,
obtuse or subcordate at base, sharply serrulate with glandular teeth, short-
petioled : stipules oblique, serrulate, usually large and persistent: aments
bracted at the base appearing before the leaves: staminate about 1 inch long,
the pistillate 1-214 inches long in fruit: scales silky, persistent, stamens
2, filaments glabrous: style short: capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous,
2-3 lines long, short-pedicelled. In wet soil Brit. Columbia to California
and Virginia to New Brunswick.

Var. angustata Anders. Monogr. Sal. 159. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late. Range of the type.

Var. Mackenziana Hook. FI. ii, 149. A small tree with lanceolate
or oblanceolate leaves. California to Oregon and Manitoba.

S. myrtilloides L. Sp. 1019. An erect glabrous shrub 1-12 feet high,
with light brown terete twigs: leaves oblong, elliptic or somewhat obovate,
obtuse or acute, entire, mostly narrowed at base 1-3 inches long, short-
petioled, bright green above, pale or glaucous beneath, the margins slight-
ly revolute: aments appearing with the leaves, leafy-bracted at base,
rather dense, an inch or less long, or the pistillate longer in fruit: scales
persistent, obtuse, slightly villous: stamens 2; filaments glabrous: style

borter than or equalling the stigmas: capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glab-
ous, 2-3 lines long, much longer than the filiform pedicels whicb slightly
Texceed the scales. In bogs, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and New Jersey.

S. Barelayi Anders. Ofv. Handl. Vet. Akad. 1858, 125.? A> shrub
3-6 feet high with dark brown glabrous twigs, the young shoots pubescent:
leaves obovate to oval or somewhat lanceolate, often short-acuminate,
serrulate, bright green and glabrous above when mature, paler beneath,
1-2 inches long, short-petioled: stipules ovate, mostly acute, deciduous:
aments appearing with the leaves, borne at the ends of short branchlets,
densely flowered, spreading or erect: the staminate about an inch long,
the pistillate 2-3 inches long. in fruit: scales persistent, slightly villous:
stamens 2: filaments distinct: capsule narrowly conic, glabrous, acute, 3
lines, long: style longer than the stigmas. On wet banks in the highest
mountains, Oregon to the Arctic regions.

S. Sitchensis Sanson Bong. Veg. Sitch. 162. A straggling ascendi
shrub 6-40 feet long, with light brown bark; branches SIEGE” ceneniah,

BALIX SALICACE 621

downy when young, soon smooth: leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate,
acute, or the earliest obtuse with an abrupt point, narrowed at base into
short pate! dark green above except the whitish-pubescent midrib,
covered ‘beneath with a lustrous white and satiny tomentum, entire or
obsoletely crenate: stipules reniform, often wanting: aments appearing
with the leaves, with a few small bracts at base, slender, densely flowered;
the staminate 1-2 inches long, the obovate obtuse dark scales pubescent
with long hairs; pistillate aments 12-18 lines long, the dark-colored scales
pubescent: capsule ovate-conic, acute, densely white-tomentose: style
elongated: stigmas scarcely emarginate, thick, erect. Common along
streams, California to Alaska.

S. pellita Anders. Monogr. Sal. 189, fiig. 72, zg. A shrub with green-
ish-red to dark red shining twigs, when young, sometimes covered with a
glaucous bloom: leaves numerous, narrowly oblanceolate, acute or acumin-
ate, or the lower obtuse, 114-2 inches long, 4-6 lines wide, the margins
entire or obscurely crenate, revolute, dull green and thinly pubescent
above, becoming glabrous, densely and persistently silvery-tomentose be-
neath: els slender, 2-3 lines long: stipviles only on vigorous shoots,
semi-cordate, 2-3 lines long: pistillate aments on short bractlees peluncles,
thick, very densely flowered, about an inch long: scales pilose, acute,
tawny, dark at the apex: capsule tomentose, becoming ‘glabrate, ovate-
conical, acute, a line long, on short pedicels: style elongated; stigmas
thick, entire, erect. Brit. Columbia to California.

S. Lemmoni Bebb Bot. Cal. ii, 88. A shrub 6-15 feet high: branches
slender, at first covered with short appressed hairs, becoming smooth:
leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, entire or remotely sub-
serrate, silky-pubescent, when young, paler beneath, slender-petioled :
stipules small, semi-ovate, acute, serrate, deciduous: aments oblong or
cylindrical, rather densely flowered, appearing with the leaves, on short
peduncles bearing 2-3 small acute leaf-like bracts: scales obovate, obtuse
or somewhat acute, black, thinly pilose: capsule ovate-lanceolate, acute;
grayish-tomentose, 2-3 lines long: style medium sized: stigmas erect, en-
tire. Along streams, eastern Oregon to California. é

S. glaucops Anders. in DC. Prodr. xvi, 281. I have neither speci-
mens nor description of this species: it is a low cespitose shrub growing on
the sides of high mountains, Idaho to Montana aud Wyoming.

S. glauca var. villosa Anders. Sal. Bor. Am. 22. A diffuse shrub’
3-7 feet high, with short and stout branches: leaves oblanceolate, acute or
short acuminate, attenuate at base, 2-4 inches long, varying from soft-
villous to scarcely pilose when -young, at length glabrate and rigid, more
or less glaucous beneath: stipules linear-lanceolate rather persistent:
aments short-peduncled, the pistillate when mature sometimes very large,
2-3 inches long and 34 inch thick: scales oblong-obovate, rather acute,
brownish: capsule lanceolate, acuminate, tomentose, at length subglabrate,
shortly pedicelled: style short or scarcely produced: stigmas bifid or entire.
Mount ‘Hood Oregon to California.

S. petrophila Rydb. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Garden i, 268. S. arctica var"
petrza Anders. A dwarf creeping shrub with suberect branches only 2-4
inches long, leafy at the top: leaves lanceolate, tapering somewhat equally
to the base and apex, an inch long, entire, green on both sides, slightly
paler and prominently nerved beneath: aments terminal, erect, at length
thick and densely flowered, an inch or two long: scales thin, brownish,
sparsely pilose: capsule ovate-conical, 2-3 lines long, silky, subsessile:
style very much elongated, slender: stigmas bifid, divaricate. On high
m Ountains, eastern Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains.

S. tenera Anders. in DG. Prodr. xvi, 288. I have not seen specimens

622 SALICACEA SALIX
POPULUS

of thie, it said to be nearly related tothe preceding, differing in the narrow
oblanceolate leaves, few-flowered aments and much shorter capsule: it
grows on the high mountains of Washington to California, Utah and
Montana.

S. saximontana Rydb.1.c.161. S. reticulata Bebb, not L. A dense-
ly cespitose and intricately branched shrub 1-3 inches long above ground,
with light yellow glabrous branches: leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, com-
monly. acutish at both ends, glabrous both sides, light green above, rather
strongly veined and glaucous beneath, 9-12 lines long; petioles about 6
lines long, aments 6-12 lines long, somewbat loosely many-flowered : bracts
cuneate-oblong, truncate, light yellow, glabrous: capsule conical, sessile,
densely and finely white-tomentose: stigma nearly sessile. On high
mountains, eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains.

S. vestita Pursh Fl. 610. A low shrub with 4-sided green twigs: leaves
obovate, thick, mostly retuse or emarginate at the apex slightly crenulate,
narrowed or rounded at base, dark green and glabrous above, persistently
silky beneath, 1-2 inches long, shortly petioled: aments terminal, ap-
pearing after the leaves, peduncled: stamens 2, : filaments distinct: capsule
narrowly ovoid-conic, sessile, densély cilky-tomentose, about 3 lines long.
Eastern Oregon to Quebec and Labrador.

3 POPULUS L. Sp. 1034.

Trees or shrubs with scaly resinous buds, broad or narrow
usually long-petioled leaves with minute fugacious stipules and
small dicecious flowers in bracted aments. Bracts of the aments
fimbriate or incised. Disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire.
Calyx none. Staminate aments dense, pendulous, the flowers,
with from 4-60 stamens, their filaments distinct. Pistillate a-
ments sometimes raceme-like by the elongation of the pedicels.
Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed.
Capsule 2-, 3- or 4-valved.

. PB. arpa L. Sp. 1034. A large tree with smooth light gray bark, 50-120
feet high and 2-6 feet in diameter: leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular
in outline, acute or somewhat acuminate, truncate or subcordate at base,
3-5-lobed or irregularly dentate, 2-4 inches broad, densely white-tomentose
when young, becoming glabrate and dark green above, persistently white-
tomentose beneath, on terete petioles shorter than the blade. Escaped
from cultivation in the Willamette valley.

P. balsamifera L. Sp. 1034. A large tree 50-80 feet high and 3-7 feet

‘in diameter, the branches stout and spreading: leaves glabrous, broadly

ovate, dark green and shining above. pale beneath, acute or acuminate,

‘rounded or subcordate at base, crenulate, 3-5 inches long: petioles terete:

aments and bracts somewhat pubescent: stamens 18-30: lobes. of the

stigma broad: capsule ovoid, 2-valved. In moist or dry soil, eastern
Oregon to Alaska, Hudson Bay and the Eastern States.

P. angustifolia James Long’s: Exp. i, 497. A slender tree 40-70 feet
high and 1-2 feet in diameter, the crown narrowly pyramidal with ascend-
ing branches and tcrete gray twigs: leaves glabrous, lanceolate, ovate-lan-
ceolate or ovate, gradually acuminate or acute, narrowed, rounded or
rarely subcordate at base 2-5 inches long, finely crenulate: petioles not
flattened laterally, 3-6 lines long: staminate aments oblong-cylindrical,
1-3 inches long: lobes of the stigma broad: capsules ovoid, 2-valved. Eas-
tern Oregon to Dakota and Arizona.

P. trichocarpa T. & G. Hook. Incon. t. 878. A large tree 50-200 feet

POPULUS SALICACEZ 623

high and 2-8 feet in diameter, with thick dark longitudinally fiseured bark
and stout spreading branches: buds shining and viscid: leaves broadly
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed, rounded or subcorcate at
base, 2-10 inches long, finely puberulent when young, dark green above,
pale beneath : petioles usually an inch or 2 long: staminate aments dense,
1-3 inches long, its bracts slightly villous: pistillate aments becoming 6-10
inches long in fruit, pubescent: capsule subglobose pubescent, 3-4 lines in,
diameter 3-valved : styles 3, broadly dilated and lobed: seeds light-colored.
Common along streams, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mts.

P. deltoides Marsh Arb. Am. 106. A large tree 100-150 feet high
and 5-8 feet in diameter, with grayish green bark somewhat rough
when old: leaves glabrous, broadlv deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at
the apex, crenulate, truncate at base, 4-7 inches long: petioles flattened
laterally, stout, about as jong as the blades: bracts glabrous, deeply fim-
briate: staminate aments drooping, 3-5 inches long: pistillate aments
loosely flowered, becoming 6-10 lines long in fruit: capsule ovoid, acute,
4-5 lines long, 2 -4-valved, shorter than or equalling their pedicels. Along
streams, eastern Washington to the Eastern States.

P. tremuloides Michx. Fl. ii, 248. Usually a shrub or small tree
6-30 feet high, but sometimes attaining a height of 100 feet and 3 feet in
diameter, with smooth light green bark: leaves broadly ovate or orbicular,
short acuminate, finely crenulate and ciliate, truncate, rounded or subcor-
date at base, 1-8 inches broad: petioles about as long as the blade, flatten-
ed laterally, causing the leaves to quiver in the slightest breeze; bractssilky,
deeply 3-5-cleft into linear lobes: staminate aments 1-3 inches long, the
pistillate longer, dense: stigma-lobes linear: capsule conic, acute, 2-valved,
‘about 3 lines long. Common in moist places, California to Alaska and
adross the continent.

Supctass 2 ENDOGENA.

Stems with the woody fibres scattered irregularly, not form-
ing a separate zone of annual woody layers between the bark
and pith. Leaves mostly parallel-veined, alternate, entire,
sheathing at base. Floral envelopes usually in threes. Em-
bryo with only one cotyledon.

SYNOPTICAL KEY to tus ENDOGENOUS ORDERS.

A Herbaceous perennials with conspicuous perianth. Ovary
inferior.

98 Orchidaces Leaves mostly flat and not grass-like: flowers perfect,
' irregular: stamens and style coherent: anthers 1 or 2: capsule 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placente: Seeds numerous, with obscure embryo and
no albumen.
94 lridacew Leaves equitant and grass-like: flowers regular, perfect,
spathacéous: stamens 3, at the base of the perianth: capsule 3-celled:
embryo distinct, with aibumen.

B Perianth regular or none. Ovary superior or nearly so.

* Perianth colored, at least the inner series: carpels united into a
compound ovary: seeds with albumen.

95 Smilacew Woody plants climbing by tendrils: flowers dicecious,
6-parted : anthers 1-celled: fruit a berry.

624 SYNOPTICAL KEYr

96 Liliacez Stems from bulbs, corms or rhizomes: anthers 2-celled:
fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule: embryo in copious albumen.

97 Convalariaceze Leafy-stemmed herbs from rootstocks: anthers
2-celled : fruit a fleshy berry: embryo small in copious albumen.

98 Melanthacee Leafy-stemmed plants witb rootstocks or bulbs: anth*
ers 2-celled: fruit a 3-celled septicidal or loculicidal capsule: seeds
usually with tails or appendages.

99 Pontederiacex Herbaceous aquatic plants with spathaceous tubular
flowers: ours with grass-like leaves, solitary axillary flowers and
1-celled 3-valved capsules.

100 Aracese Ours acaulescent herbs with the flowers crowded upon a
spadix with 4-lobed perianth, 4 stamens, 2-celled anthers and 2-celled
2-ovuled ovaries which become fleshy and coalescent in fruit.

* * Aquatic herbs: perianth none: ovary 1-celled, utricular or nut-
like in fruit: seeds with albumen.
101 Typhacewx Stems solid, terete, with linear leaves and creeping root-
stock: flowers moncecious, in heads or crowded upon a spadix.
102 Lemnacex Very emall stemless floating plants with disk-like
fronds and inconspicuous flowers. :
* * * Aquatic or marsh plants: perianth herbaceous or petal-like
or none: carpels 1-several, distinct or separable : seeds without albumen.
108 Valisneriaceex Flowers axillary and mostly solitary, with tubular
perianth: fruit indehiscent.

104 Naiadacee Perianth of fertile flowers of 4 herbaceous valvate sepals
or none: carpels 1-6, 1-ovuled.

105 Scheuchzeriacew Perianth of 4-6 segments in 2 series: carpels
3-6, 1-2-ovuled.

106 Alismacex Perianth-segments 6, distinct, 3 herbaceous 3 petal-like:
carpels numerous, verticillate or capitate, becoming achenes.
* * * * Perianth of 6 equal persistent glumaceous segments; fruit

a capsule.

107 Juncacew Flowers perfect: capsule loculicidally 3-valved: seeds -

with albumen.

* * * * * Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, without evident
perianth : stamens 1-3: ovary 1-celled, l-ovuled: seeds with albumen.

108 Cyperacew Stems solid, often triangular, with closed sheaths: |
glume single; perianth represented by bristles, or wanting: anthers
attached by the base: fruit a spike of lenticular or triangular achenes.

109 Graminex Stems hollow, terete: sheaths split to the base: glumes
in pairs: perianth represented by minute scales or none: anthers
versatile: fruit a caryopsis or grain.

OrpER XCIII ORCHIDACEZ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 336.

Perennial herbs with parallel-veined flat leaves and perfect
irregular flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary and terminal.
Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer similar or nearly
so, 2 of the inner similar, the third inner one, called the lip,
dissimilar often markedly so, usually larger. Stamens coherent
wit the style, forming an unsymmetrical column, with usually

ORCHIDACE& * 625

only the anther opposite to the lower sepal perfect and 2 rudi-
mentary lateral ones, in Cypripedium the lateral ones perfect,
the third sterile. Anthers2-celled. Pollen more or less coher-
ent in 1-4 masses, rarely wholly granular. Stigma oblique and
concave, mostly viscous, the upper margin often pro luced into
an erect beak. Capsule coriaceous or membranceous, dehiscing
usually by 3 placentiferous valves which separate from the per-
sistent midveins of the carpels. Seeds very numerous, scobi-
gorm, without albumen.

TrirE 1 Anther one, resting like a lid upon the column, de-’
ciduous. Pollen masses 4, smooth and waxy.

1 Calypso Scape solitary and 1-flowered, from a solid bulb, witha single
green leaf: lip saccate: column broadly winged.

2 Corallorhiza Stems one to several from a branched coral-like root:
leaves ail reduced to scale-like bracts: flowers in a terminal raceme,
spurred or gibbous at base: lip expanded or concave, bilamellate-crest-

ed: column semiterete. ;

Trise 1 Anther one, connate with the column and resting
upon its face just above the stigma. Pollen masses 2, of coarse
grains united by an elastic web.

3 Habenaria Stems one to several from a solid corm: flowers numerous,
in a terminal raceme: lip flat, spurred.

Trise mi Anther1, erect and sessile or nearly so upon the top
of the column, more or less covering and declinate upon the back
of the stigma. Pollen masses 2 or 4, of loosely cohering grains.

4 Gyrostachys Stems one to several from fleshy fascicled roots: flowers

‘numerous in a twisted spike: lip flat, the base embracing the short
column.

5 Peramium Stem solitary from a somewhat creeping rootstock : flowers
several in a terminal spike; lip saccate, entire, free from the column.

6 Listera Stem solitary from a fascicle of fleshy-fibrous roots with a pair
of sessile leaves in the middle; flowers rather few, in aterminal raceme:
lip flat. 2-lobed.

7? Epipactis Stems stout, leafy, several from fleshy-fibrous roots: lip
concave, somewhat jointed in the middle and auriculate at base:
anther sessile behind the beaked stigma.

8 Cephalanthera Stems stout, from a somewhat creeping rootstock:
flowers in a terminal raceme: lip concave and auriculate at base: an-
ther shortly stipitate: stigma beakless.

TriBe tv Perfect anthers 2, lateral. Pollen pulpy-granular.

9 Cypripedium Stems leafy, from more or less creeping rootstocks:
flowers mostly few, in a terminal raceme: lip an inflated sac.

Tribe 1 Malazidex Lindl. Orch. 3 Herbs with simple stems
without green foliage, or a sungle green radical leaf. Anther one,
terminal and resting like a lid upon the column, deciduous. Pollen
masses 4, smooth and wary.

626 ORCHIDACEZ CALYPSO
CORALLORHIZA

1 CALYPSO Salisb. Par, Lond, t. 89.

Low herbs with a single bracted scape-like stem, solitary green
radical leaf and a large terminal showy flower. Smaller lobes of
the perianth similar and nearly equal: the lip comparatively large,
saccate; with 2 short spurs below the apex, becoming inferior by the
pedicel curving backward. Column erect broadly winged and petal-
oid, oval and concave, bearing the hemispherical anther on the
summit. Pollen masses in 2 pairs, the lower smaller, compressed,
sessile upon a nearly square membranaceous gland.

C. borealis Salisb. 1. c. Stem 3-8 inches high with 2 or 3membrana-
ceous brownish-green sheaths and a linear bract at the summit, leaf broadly
ovate or slightly cordate, 1-2 inches long, petioled: flowers drooping, pedi-
celled: sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, light rose-color, 6-9 lines
long lip usually slightly longer, inflated saccate, brownish-pink mottled
purple, the edge margined at the apex and bifid or entire nearly equalling
the tooth-like spurs and with a tuft of (in vurs white) haire at base:
column half the length of the petals: capsule oblong-cylindric, an inch long,
about equalling the slender pedicel. In damp open forests California to
Alaska and the Atlantic States: also in Europe.

2 CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v, 209

Scapose perennial herbs without green leaves from coral-like
branched roots, the leaves all reduced to sheathing scales, and more
or less showy flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals as-
cending, the upper somewhat incurved, similar and nearly equal,
but the. lateral sepals oblique at base and either decurrent in a
short spur adnate to the side of the ovary, or forming a projecting
gibbosity above it: lip dilated and more or less recurved, flat or
concave, with a pair of somewhat prominent longitudinal ridges
near the base. Column semiterete and narrowly margined,
broader at base, somewhat incurved, bearing the caducous anther
onthe summit. Pollen-masses in 2 pairs, distinct, sessile upon a
short oblong gland. Capsules reflexed.

_* Spur present: flowers small, yellowish-green or whitish. often
tinged or mottled with purple.

+ Spur more or less prominent: sepals and petals 3-nerved:
capsule oblong-cylindric.

; Cc. multiflora Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. iii, 188, t. 7. Stems 8-20
inches high, purplish, clothed with several appressed scales: racemes 2-8
inches long, 10-30-flowered : flowers 6-9 lines high, brownish-purple, short-
peduncled: petals and sepals somewhat connivent at base, linear-lanceo-
late, about 3 lines long: lip white spotted and lined with purple, oval or
ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed, crenulate, the middle lobe broader than
the lateral ones, its apex curved, spur manifest, but wholly adnate to the
ovary: column stout 24 the length of the petals, the margins broader and
somewhat thicker at base: capsule ovoid or oblong, 6-9 lines long, narrowed
to a stout rather long pedicel. Rather common in open forests at low and
middle elevations, Brit. Columbia to California and the Atlantic States.

C. Mertensiana Bong. Veg. Sitch, 165. Stems 6-20 inches high, dark
red or purple, many-flowered : sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, 3-4 lines
long, dark red: spur a line long, the lower half free from the ovary: rip

CORALLORHIZA ORCHIDACEA 627
HABENARIA

oblong obtuse entire or with a tooth on one or both sides near the base,
narrowed to a short claw, thin and concave, the ridges only slightly prom-
inent: column nearly equalling the petals, slender, the narrow margins
scarcely broader or thicker below : stigma projecting and cucullate : capsule
5-8 lines long, attenuate into the short slender pedicels, reflexed. Common
jn the high mountains, Alaska to California.

+ + Spur very short or not at all prominent: sepals and petals
1-nerved: capsule elliptic-oblong.

C. innata R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed, 2, v, 209. Stems slender,
glabrous, 4-12 inches high, clothed with 2-5 closely sheathing scales: ra-
cemes 1-3 inches long, 3-12-flowered: flowers dull purple, about 6 lines
long, on very short minutely bracted pedicels: sepals and petals narrow,
about 3 lines long: lip shorter than the petals, oblong, whitish, 2-toothed
or 2-lobed above the base: spur a sac or small protuberance adnate to the
summit of the ovary: capsule oblong or somewhat obovoid, 4-6 lines long.
In wooded districts, eastern Washington to Alaska and across the Conti-
nent: also in Lurope.

* * Flowers larger, striate-veined, not spotted: spur none, the
lateral sepals oblique and with the base of the column strongly gibbous

over the top of the ovary: lip entire, more or less concave, somewhat
fleshy.

C. striata Lindl. Orch. 534. Stems stout, purplish, 1-2 feet high,
clothed with several scarious bracts : racemes 2-6 inches long, 10-25-flowered:
flowers brownish-purple: sepals and petals narrowly elliptic, striate with
purple lines, 6-8 lines long: lip oval or obovate, entire or a little undulate,
somewhat narrowed at base, about as long as the petals: capsule ellipsoid,
reflexed 8-10 lines long. .In open forests Brit. Columbia to California,

Ontario and New York.

Tribe 2 Ophrydex Lindl. Orch. 257. Flowers mostly spicate or
racemose. Anther one, connate with the column and persistent upon
its face immediately above the stigma. Pollen-masses 2, of coarse
grains united by an elastic web, each mass attached by a stalk to a
viscid gland.

3 HABENARIA Willd. Sp. Pl. iv, 44. (1804)

Leafy-stemmed plants with bulbous or fleshy-fibrous roots, en-
tire mostly green leaves and rather small flowers in terminal
bracted racemes or spikes. Perianth ringent: sepals and petals
nearly alike, convergent, or the lower sepals spreading: lip flat
and spreading, 3-lobed or entire, with a slender. spur at base,
without ridges or callosities: column very short. Anther persis-
tent upon the face of the column immediately above the stigma,
the cells parallel, or divergent at base. Pollen-masses one in
each cell, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each attached
at base by a pedicel to ar exposed viscid gland on the upper edge
or at the side of the stigma. ;

* Stem mostly slender. from an ovate or oblong tuber, with 2-3

leaves at base and bracteate above: flowers numerous, small, greenish
white, the lip scarcely exceeding the uniform 1-nerved sepals.

H. elegans Bolander Cat. Pl. St. Franc. 29. Stem rather stout, 1-3
feet high: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8 inches long: spikes usually
dense, many-flowered, 4-8 inches long: the subulate acuminate bracts a

628 ORCHIDACE HABENARIA

little shorter than the flowers: sepals and petals equal, about 2 lines long:
sepals oblong, obtuse: petals ligulate and fleshy, obscurely 3-nerved; the
lip similar, with a filiform spur equalling or exceeding the ovary, 3-5 lines
long: pollen-masses large, half a line long: beak of the stigma prominent,
broad and rounded: capsule oblong, nearly sessile, 3-4 lines long. In dry
open forests, California to Brit. Columbia.

H. Unalaskensis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 277. Stem usually
slender, 10-20 inches bigh: leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, thin, 2-6
inches long, often attenuate below: bracts ovate, acutish or rarely acumin-
ate, not exceeding the ovary: spikes 4-6 inches long, rather loose: flowers
unpleasantly fragrant; sepals, petals aud lip nearly equal, about a line long,
at first erect, becoming nodding by the curving of the ovary ; sepals oblong,
obtuse: petals thicker, lanceolate, acute: lip oblong, obtuse: spur clavate,
shorter than the ovary: capsule oblong, sessile or nearly so, 3 lines long.
On dry wooded hills, California to Unalaska.

* * Stem stouter, from a fusiform tuber, often tall, leafy through-
out: sepals 3-nerved, the lateral ones oblique at base, the upper one
broader : petals thin: lip fleshy, several-nerved.

+ Spur elongated, much longer than the sepals.

H. leucostachys Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 184. Stem stout 1-6 feet high
bearing a many-flowered dense or open spike of ratber large pure white
flowers: leaves lanceolate to linear, 2-18 inches long diminishing upward:
bracts linear-subulate, acuminate longer than the ovary: lateral sepals
oblong, the upper ovate-oblong, 2-3 lines long: petals lanceolate and sub-
falcate, oblique at base, more or less connivent with the base of the sepals:
lip 3-4 lines long, rhombic-lanceolate: spur narrow, 4-6 lines long: beak of
the stigma very prominent, ovate, more than half the length of the con-
nective: glands linear-oblong, vertical: capsule oblong, sessile, 6-9 lines
long. In marshes, California to Alaska and Idaho.

H. dilatata Hook. Exot. Fl. ii, t. 95. Stem rather slender, 1-2 feet
high: leaves lanceolate, 3-12 inches long: spikes 2-10 inches long, loosely
flowered: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, the lower longer than the flowers,
the upper shorter than the ovary: flowers white: sepals ovate, obtuse,
nearly 3 lines long: lip entire, dilated or obtusely 3-lobed at base, 4-5 lines
long, about equalling the blunt incurved spur: stigma with a trowel-shaped
beak between the bases of the anther-cells: capsule sessile or nearly so.
In marshes and wet woods, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent.

H. aggregata. Stem rather slender, 1-2 feet high, growing in dense
tufts: leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4-10 inches
long, reduced to sheaths below: bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6
lines long, about equalling the ovaries: flowers 10-30, in a long loose spike,
greenish-white : lateral sepals ovate, acuminate, about 3 lines long, obtuse,
the upper broadly ovate, obtuse, equalling the lateral ones: petals lanceo-
late stibtaleate, obtuse, 4-5 lines long: lip linear, 6 lines long equalling the
slender spur and sessile ovary. In springy places along streams in the
Coast Mountains of southern Oregon.

+ + Spur short, scarcely exceeding the sepals.

H. hyperborea R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 198. Stem rather
stout, 6 inches to 3 feet high: leaves ovate to lanceolate, 1-12 inches long:
apike narrow, 3-8 inches long: sepals and petals ovate, obtuse, 2-3 lines
long, upper sepal slightly crenulate at the apex, lip lanceolate, entire,
obtuse, about 3 lines long: ‘spur about equalling the lip, shorter than the
ovary, blunt slightly incurved, sometimes clavate: glands small. In bogs
and wet woods, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent.

H. gracilis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 276. Stem usually slender,

HABENARIA ORCHIDACEZ 629
@YROSTACHYS

6-30 inches high: leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, 2-6
inches long, gradually reduced upward and passing into the bracts of the
narrow sparsely-flowered spike: flowers small, greenish yellow: lateral
sepals ovate, obtuse, about 2 lines long, the upper one broadly ovate or
nearly orbicular, equalling the lateral ones: petals lanceolate, a little
Jonger than the sepals: lip linear, longer than the petals: spur short and
saccate, dilated downward: capsule oblong, half-inch long. In mountain
marshes, California to Alaska.

* * * Stem slender and scape-like, with a pair of large green leaves
at pase flowers comparatively large, greenish, the lip longer than the
petals.

H. orbiculata Torr. Comp. 318. Scape stout, bracted, rarely bearing
a small leaf, 1-2 feet high: leaves orbicular, spreading flat on the ground,
green and shining above, silvery beneath, 4-7 inches in diameter: raceme
loosely many-flowered: pedicels 5-6 lines long, erect in fruit: flowers
greenish-white; upper sepal short and rounded, the lateral ones spreading,
falcate-ovate, obtuse, 4-5 lines long: petals smaller: lip oblong-linear,
entire, obtuse, white, about 6 lines long: spur much longer than the ovary,
often 18 lines long: anther-cells prominent, converging above: glands
small, orbicular, about 3 lines apart. In rich woods. Washington and
Idaho to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent.

_ Tribe 3 Neottiex Lindl. Orch. 441. Stems mostly leafy and
flowers spicate or racemose. Anther one, connate with the column
and persistent upon its face immediately above the stigma. Pollen-
masses 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each mass at-
tached at base by a stalk to.a viscid gland. :

4 GYROSTACHYS Pers. Syn. ii, 511. (1807.)
SPIRANTHES Richard.

Erect herbs with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots, leafy stems
and small spurless flowers in 1-3-rowed more or less twisted spikes.
Perianth ringent, oblique on the ovary: the lateral sepals some-
what decurrent, the upper and the petals coherent: lip sessile or
nearly so, the base embracing and adherent to the column and
with a callous protuberance on each side, the dilated summit
spreading and undulate, usually entire. Column very short, ob-
lique, terminating in a short erect stipe, bearing the ovate stigma
on the face, the beak above usually acuminate and at length bifid
by the separation of the oblong and viscid gland. Anther sessile
or nearly so, at the base of the stipe behind, mostly acuminate.
Pollen-masses 2, thin and powdery, becoming attached above the

- gland.

G. Romanzoffiana Mc3M. Met. Minn.{171. Spiranthes Romanzoffiana
Cham. Glabrous, rather stout 4-18 inches high, leafy, bracteate above:
leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear: spike dense, 3-ranked, ‘conspicuously
bracted, 1-4 inches long: perianth white, about 4 lines long, curved, the
sepals and petals all connivent; lip recurved, ovate-oblong, contracted be-
low the narrower wavy-crenulate summit: callosities smooth, often obscure:

_ the oblong-linear gland and very slender bifid beak 34 of a line long: capsule
obleng, ve lines long. On wet banks California to Alaska and across the
ontinent,

G. porrifolia Kuntze. Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. Glabrous, rather

630 ORCHIDACEA PERAMIUM
LISTEKA

slender, 6-18 inches high, leafy below, bracteate above: leaves oblong-
lanceolate to lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, acute: spike dense, rather slender,
1-3 inches long: bracts acuminate from an ovate or oblong base, not sur-
passing the flowers: perianth about 3 lines long; sepals and petals all
connivent, linear: lip slightly recurved, not exceeding the sepals, callosities
at the base very prominent and nipple-like, pointing downward. In wet
places in the Coast Mountains of southern Oregon to California.

5 PERAMIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i, 310. (1812.)
GOODYERA R. Br. l. c. (1818.)

Herbs with bracted erect scapes from creeping rootstocks with
fleshy-fibrous rootlets, all radical, often blotched with white,
thick evergreen leaves and small flowers in terminal spikes.
Lateral sepals free, the upper one united with the petals into a
galea. Lip sessile, entire, roundish-ovate, concave or saccate,
without callosities, its apex reflexed. Anther without a lid, erect
or incumbent, attached to the column by a short stalk. Pollen-
masses 2, attached to a small disk which coheres with the top of
the stigma. ;

P. Menziesii Morong Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. v, 12+. Goodyera Men-
ziesit Lindl. capes and inflorescence pubescent, 6-15 inches high:
leaves smooth, dark green blotched with white, ovate-oblong to lanceolate,
acute, 2-3 inches long, narrowed into a short petiole usually somewhat
reticulated with light greenish markings: spikes many-flowered, rather
dense, somewhat secund: bracts ovate-lanceolate, equalling the ovary:
perianth dull white, pubescent, 2-4 lines long: lip strongly concave and
erect, narrowing above into the slightly spreading summit: column short
and straight: anther acuminate: gland and bifid beak very narrow and
elongated ; capsule ovate-oblong, very nearly sessile, 4 lines long. In open
forests, California to Alaska and Canada.

6 LISTERA R. Br, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed 2, 201.

Small herbs with fleshy-fibrous roots, simple stems with a pair
of flat leaves near the middle and small flowers in a terminal ra-
ceme. Sepals and petals similar: lip free, longer than the sepals,
flat and dilated, more or less deeply bifid: column free and naked,
bearing. the ovate anther at the back of the summit. Pollen-
masses 2, powdery, united to a very minute gland upon the
rounded and entire beak of the stigma.

L. cordata R. Br. 1. c. Stem very slender 2-10 inches high: leaves
broadly ovate 6-12 lines broad, truncate or somewhat cordate at base but
abruptly contracted at the point of insertion, mucronate: racemes rather
loose, 6-20 lines long, 4-20-flowered: bracts 1 line long: flowers purplish
or yellowish : sepals broadly ovate, about a line long: petals broadly oblong:
lip narrow, often with a subulaté tooth on each side at the base, fully twice
as long as the petals, cleft to near the middle, the segments setaceous and
ciliolate: column very short; capsule ovoid, 2 lines long. In damp places
in forests, California to Alaska aud across the Continent.

L. convallarioides Torr.”Comp. 326. Stem slender, 4-10 inches high,
glandular-pubescent above the leaves, rarely with a bract below the ra-
ceme: leaves smooth, round-oval or ovate, obtuse or cuspidate, slightly
cordate or reniform at base, 3-9-nerved: raceme 1-3 inches long, loosely
3-12-flowered: flowers greenish-yellow, 3-4 lines long: sepals and petals

LISTERA ORCHIDACE® 631
EPIPACTIS 7

linear-lanceolate, 2-3 lines long: lip broadly cuneate, with 2 obtuse lobes at

the dilated apex, 4-5 lines long, generally with a tooth on each side at base:

column ‘elongated but shorter than the lip, a little incurved, with 2 short

projecting wings above the anther: capsule obovoid, about 3 lines long.

a wet places in forests, southern Oregon to California and the Atlantic
tates.

L. caurina Piper Eryth. vi, 32. Z. convallarioides Hook. not Torr.
Stem slender, 5-12 inches high, glabrous below, densely glandular-pu-
bescent above the leaves: leaves obovate to oval, or elliptic-ovate, 1-4
inches long, thin, obtuse and slightly apiculate to acute, rounded or trun-
cate at base: raceme loosely many-flowered : bracts 1-3 lines long, rhombic-
ovate, acuminate, the lower sometimes 2-flowered and bifurcate: flowers
dull yellowish, cn slender pedicels 4 6 lines long: sepals and petals lanceo-
late to linear-lanceolate, about 2 lines long, spreading: lip about 3 lines
long, narrowly oblong, dilated and rounded at the retuse apex, a slender or
almost filiform tooth on each side at the base, with a papilla at the base
ofeach tooth: column short, not stout: capsule ovoid, 3 lines long. In
damp woods in the high mountains, Oregon to Alaska and Idaho.

7 EPIPACTIS R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v, 201.

Tall herbs with fibrous roots, simple leafy stems and rather
large flowers in terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals and pet-
als nearly equal: lip free, deeply concave at the base, without
callosities, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the
middle, the upper portion petaloid. Column short, erect. An-
ther sessile behind the broad truncate stigma, on a slender jointed
base, 2-celled, obtuse. Pollen-masses coarsely granular, becoming
attached above to the gland capping the small rounded beak of
the stigma.

E. gigantea Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 220, t. 202. Stem stout, leafy, 1-5
feet high, nearly smooth: leaves from ovate below to narrowly lanceolate
above, 3-8 inches long, acute or acuminate, somewhat scabrous on the
veins beneath: racemes pubescent: bracts large and foliaceous, lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, as long or longer than the flowers: pedicels slender,
2-4 lines long: sepals ovate-lanceolate, 6-8 lines long, the upper concave:
petals slightly smaller: lip as long as the petals, the saccate base with
erect wing-like margins, strongly nerved and the nerves callous tuberculate
near the base, the dilated summit ovate-lanceolate, entire, somewhat
wavy-crested: anther nearly 2 lines long: capsule oblong, 8 lines long,
reflexed. In springy places along streams, California to Brit. Columbia.

8 CEPHALANTHERA Richard. Annot. 21.

Mostly leafy-stemmed herbs from creeping rootstocks, with flat
leaves, or leafless, and middlesized flowers in bracted spikes. Se-
pals and petals nearly equal, connivent, the latter somewhat
united and galeate. Lip free, concave, contracted and some-
what jointed in the middle. Column slender, elongated. Anther
shortly stipitate, so as to be nearly or quite above the level of the
top of the stigma. Pollen-masses not connected nor attached to
agland. Stigma wholly beakless.

C. Oregana Reichenb. f. Linne xii, 58. Whole plant white and
without leaves, parasitic, 10-18 inches high, with 3-5 somewhat dilated
sheaths below and usually afew free linear-lanceolate bracts above: raceme

632 ORCHIDACEZ CYPRIPEDIUM

rather short: floral bracts very small: flowers few to many, sessile or nearly
so: perianth about 6 lines long, gibbous at base:'sepals and petals oblong-
lanceolate, nearly equal; lip a little shorter, the saccate base with broad
wing-like margins, the nerves somewhat tuberculate-crested within, upper
portion very broad and suborbicular, the nerves in the centre wavy-crested :
column 2 lines long, about twice longer than the anther. In damp places
in forests, California to Washington.

Tribe 4 Cypripediee Lindl. Orch..525. Stamens 8, the 2 lat-
eral ones perfect, the other sterile and forming a dilated fleshy ap-
pendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen pulpy-granular.

9 CYPRIPEDIUM L. Sp. 951.

Glandular-pubescent herbs with coarse fibrous roots, flat many-
nerved leaves with sheathing base and few large flowers in leafy-
bracted racemes. Sepals spreading, the lateral often united into
one under the lip: petals similar but usually narrower: lip an
inflated sac, the incurved margin auricled near the base. Column
very short, incurved, bearing at each side a 2-celled anther on a
short filament. Stigma terminal, disk-like, broad and obscurely
8-lobed, covered above hy the fleshy triangular and pedicelled
sterile anther. Pollen pulpy-granular.

C. parviflorum Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. i, 77. Stems slender, 1-2
feet high, leafy: leaves oval or elliptic to lanceolate, 2-6 inches long: se-

als and petals longer than the lip; petals usually twisted ; lip 7-15 lines
Tea bright yellow, more or less marked with purple stripes, spots or
blotches: sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple spotted like the lip.
In woods and thickets, Washington and Brit. Columbia to Newfoundland,
Georgia and Missouri.

C. montanum Dougl. Lindl. Orch. 528. More or less roughly and
glandular-pubescent, stout, 1-2 feet high, leafy: leaves ovate to broadly
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-6 inches long: flowers 1-3, shortly-pedicelled:
sepals and petals brownish, narrowly to linear-lanceolate, 18-30 lines long,
the lower sepals united nearly to the apex; lip oblong, an inch long, dull-
white veined with purple: sterile anther ovate-triangular to oblong-lanceo-
late, 4-6 lines long, on a slender filament, deeply channeled above, yellow
with purple spots, somewhat longer than the stigma: capsule erect or
nearly so, oblong, 10 lines long. In open woods, California to British
Columbia and Idaho.

C. Californicum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 386. Kather rough pu-
bescent: stems stout, 1-4 feet high leafy: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate. 3-6 inches long, the upper lanceolate and gradually reduced to
foliaceous bracts of the long loose raceme: flowers 1-20, shortly pedicelled;
sepals and petals greenish-yellow; sepals broadly oval, the lateral united
to the apex, acute, 6-20 lines long, equalling the oblong-linear acutish
petals; lip obovoid, white or light rose-color, veined with purple, 8-10 lines
long, pubescent within at the base: sterile anther rounded and arching,
nearly sessile, 2 lines long, equalling the roughened stigma: capsule reflex-
ed, oblong, 8-15 lines long. Along streams and in springe, southern
Oregon and northern California.

C. fasciculatum Kellogg in Herb. Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 380.
Stems slender, 2-10 inches high, pubescent, scariously sheathed at base
and bearing a pair of nearly opposite leaves near the middle, and a small
lanceolate bract above: leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, 1-3 inches broad,
obtuse or rounded to acutish, pale green and with 3 prominent ribs

IRIS IRIDACEX 633

beneath: flowers solitary or several together in a smal] terminal cluster:
sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, 6-12 lines long, greenish-brown,
with brown veins, the lateral sepals wholly united or very nearly so; lip de-
pressed-ovate, greenish-yellow with brown or purplish margins; 4-6 lines
long: sterile anther oblong, obtuse, equalling the stigma. On dry open
hillsides California to Washington.

Orper XCIV IRIDACE# Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 328.

Perennial herbs with equitant sheathing narrow leaves
and few showy perfect tlowers subtended by spathaceous bracts.
Perianth of 6 segments or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary,
the segments or lobes in 2 series, convolute in ‘he bud, withering-
persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the base of the 3 outer seg-
ments orlobesof the périanth: filaments filiform, distinct or uni-
ted: anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Style 3 cleft, its branches some-
times divided. Ovary inferior. mostly 3-celled, with numerous
or few anatropous ovules in each cell becoming a 3-celled,
loculicidally dehiscent capsule. Embryo straight in fleshy or
horny albumen.

1 Iris Outer segments of the perianth recurved; the inner erect:

branches of the style petal-like, opposite to the anthers: filaments
distinct: seeds flattened.

2 Sisyrinchium Segments of the perianth similar, spreading: branches
of the style filiform alternate with the anthers: filaments united:
seeds globular.

1 IRIS L. Sp. 38.

Herbs with creeping or horizontal, often wocdy and sometimes
tuber bearing, rootstocks, erect or ascending stems, ensiform or
linear leaves and large flowers in terminal racemes. Perianth of
6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the 3 outer dilated,
spreading or reflexed; the 3 inner usually narrower and erect.
Stamens inserted at the base of the outer segments of the perianth,
distinct: anthers oblong or linear. Style 3-parted, its base ad-
nate to the tube of the perianth, its branches thin and petal-like,
resting upon the outer segments of the perianth and covering the
stamens, stigmatic at the thin apex, above which is a broad
2-parted crest. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cell. Seeds
horizontal, flattened, or more or less turgid.

* Stems leafy: leaves linear: bracts of the spathe closely approximate,
foliaceous: tube of the perianth narrow, more or less elongated.

I. chrysophylla. Stems low and very slender, 2-8 inches high, from
sender rootstocks: radical leaves linear, 6-18 inches long by 2-3 lines wide,
light green, finely striate, thick and persistent for at least one winter: bracts
lanceolate, long-acuminate, contiguous, 2-4 inches long: flowers 1-3, sessile
or nearly so, yellow to white, with blue veins: perianth with filiform tube
2-3 inches long; outer segments 2-3 inches long, with long claw and broadly
lanceolate blade, inner ones spatulate: filaments flat, bearded at base: capsule
oblong or broader, nearly an inch long: seeds slightly compressed. In Pine
woods, southern Oregon.

634 IRIDACEZ IRIS

I. bracteata Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 375. Stems rather stout,
6-12 inches high, covered with imbricated sheathing bracts 2-4 inches long:
leaves solitary, evergreen, rigid 1-2 feet long, 6-8 lines wide, or sometimes
much smaller, striate, one side green, the other glaucous with numerous
stomata:bracts of the spathe approximate: 2-3 inches long, short-acuminate
usually 2-flowered: perianth yellow, with a short funnelform tube; outer
segments oblong, naked, 2-3 inches long, the inner ones oblanceolate, some-
what shorter: capsule onfexserted pedicels, ovate-oblong, an inch long. In
open forests, about Waldo, southern Oregon.

I. Douglasiana Herbert, H. & A. Bot Beech. 395, Stems stout, 6-18
inches high: leaves linear, 12-30 inches long, 4-8 lines broad, thick and rather
rigid; long acuminate, finely striate: bracts of the spathe lanceolate, 3-4 lines
long, acuminate flowers several, somewhat panicled, on pedicels 6-18 lines
long: perianth blue or purplish, the outer segments with a white centre veined
with purple, its tube narrow, 6-12 lives long: capsule oblong, acutely triang-
ular, 18-20 lines long: seeds nearly globular. Along the coast, southern
Oregon to California.

* * Tube of the perianth short and funnelform above the ovary,

Rootstock slender: stems leafy: leaves not evergreen: bracts folia-
ceous, separate and often distant.

1. tenuis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 380. Rootstock very slender
and creeping: stews 8-10 inches high, with 2 or 3 bract-like leaves 2-5 inches
long, 2-flowered: the longer leaves of the sterile branches of the rootstock
equalling the stem and 4-6 lines broad, acuminate and very acute: bracts
contiguous or distant, 1-2 inches long, flowers white, lightly blotched and
striped with pale yellow and purple: perianth tube 2-3 lines long, the seg-
ments naked, the vuter 15 lines long, a little exceeding the emarginate inner
ones: capsule depressed-globose, 6 lines in diameter, on pedicels ag long or
longer than the bracts. In the Cascade Mountains along the Clackamas river
and its tributaries in Oregon.

I. tenax Dougl. Bot. Reg. t. 1218. Rootstock slender, usually short
and forming dense tufts 6-18 inches in diameter: stems slender 6-12 inches
high, bearing several sheath-like short leaves anda single purple flower:
leaves very nutnerous, 12-20 inches long, much longer than the stems, about
2 lines broad acuminate and mostly very acute: bracts lanceolate, acute: 1-2
inches long: tube of the perianth very short, its outer segments 2 inches long
or more, with oblong blade and broad claw, the inner ones spatulate and

. nearly as long: capsule oblong, 8-12 lines long, obtuse at both ends: seeds
scarcely flattened, somewhat angled obtusely. Common in open places, Brit.
Columbia to Oregon. Thereis a white flowered form with narrow perianth and
narrower ovary but it has scarcely enough characters for a species.

+ + Rootstock stout: stems naked or’nearly so , usually tall: bracts
contiguous or rarely separated.

I. lJongipetala Herbert H. & A. Bot. Beech. 369. Stems stout, 1-114
feet high, 3-5.flowered : leaves about as high, 3-5 lines broad: bracts foliace-
ous, large and acuminate, 3-4 inches long: flowers very large, bright lilac, on
stout pedicels 1-2 inches long, the tube funnelform, 3 lines long. outer seg-
ments 214-3 inches long by 1-114 broad, narrowed toa short claw, white
below and veined with violet, the midvein yellow: inner segments oblanceo-
late, 2 incheslong: anthers shorter than the stigmas: style broadly crested:
eapsule oblong, narrowed at each end, 2 incheslong: seeds flattened, nearly 3
lines Jong. 1n moist meadows, eastern Washington to California.

I. Missouriensis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 58. Stems rather

IRIS IRIDACEA 635
SISYRINCHIUM

slender, terete, naked or with 1 or 2 leaves, 6 inches to 2 feet high, usually
2-flowered: leaves two to three lines broad, mostly shorter than the stems:
bracts dilated and scarious, 1-14¢ inches long, acute or acuminate: flowers
pale blue, on pedicels 32-2 inches long,: tube of the perianth 3-4 lines long,
narrowed below: outer segments 2-244 inches long, the inner ones a little
shorter, all with narrow claws: anthers not exceeding the filaments, equalling
or exceeding the stigmas: capsule oblong, triangular or subterete, 1-2 inches
long, acute at each end: seeds obovate, acute at base, 2 lines long. Eastern
Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains,

2 SISYRINCHIUM L. Sp. 954.

Perennial herbs with short rootstocks, simple or branched
stems, narrow grass-like léaves and showy flowers in small ter-
minal clusters on filiform pedicels subtended by a pair of erect
green bracts. Perianth 6-parted, the segments similar and
spreading. Stamens 3, the filaments united, at least at base.
Stigmas filiform, alternate with the stamens, involute. Ovary
3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Capsule globose, oval
or ovoid. Seeds subglobose or ovoid, smooth or pitted.

* Stems ancipital, usually branched: flowers blue: filaments united
to the top: anthers short, sagittate: stigmas short.

S. bellum Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 277. Stems 6-20 inches
high, somewhat scabrous on the narrow margins, of a single node, or often
with 2 or 3 nodes, each ‘node bearing 1-4 peduncles: leaves a line or two
wide, shorter than the stems: peduncles 2-4 inches long, usually about equal-
ling the nedal bract: spathes of 2 nearly equal bracts 6-12 lines long, scabrous
on the keel, 4-7-flowered: segments of the perianth broad-lanceolate, about
6 lines long, truncate but scarcely emarginate, shortly aristulate, light purple,
darker below and yellow at base, somewhat pubescent as ‘well as the ovary:
staminal column 8 lines long, purplish, pubescent at base,: capsule depressed-
globose or ovoid,2 -3 lines long; the cells about 10-seeded: seeds irregularly
and obtusely angled, roughened, 3% of a line in diameter. In wet places,
Oregon to California.

S.-segetum Bicknell Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi, 449. Rather pale
green and somewhat glaucescent, growing in close tufts: stems erect, slender,
4-11 inches high, simple: leaves 4-6 inches long, a line or less wide, some-
times roughish toward the setaceous or aculeate apex: spathes stiffly erect,
the outer bract very slenderly attenuate, sometimes for fully half its length,
1-14 inch long, subequal with or surpassing the inner one by 44 or more:
flowers on very slender subspreading pedicels, deep violet-blue: segments of
the perianth oblanceolate, obtuse aristulate, 6-7 lines long; capsule oblong
or obovoid, transversely corrugated, many-seeded: seeds irregularly obovoid,

less than a line long. On dry grassy plains, Washington and Oregon to
Nevada.

S. angustifolium Mill. Gard. Dict. ed 7, 1859. Pale glaucous-green:
stems slender 4-20 inches high, of a single node, or rarely forked: leaves
rigid and often almost setaceous, 4-8 inches long, 14-114 lines wide, shorter
than the stem: spathes stiffly erect, the bracts very unequal, the outer one
usually about twice as long as the inner: pedicels erect, about 8 lines long,
shorter than the bracts: segments of the perianth oblanceolate, emarginate,
6-8 lines long, pale blue: capsule subglobose, 2-3 lines in diameter: seeds
¥4-% line in diameter. On grassy plains, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and
Virginia.

636 IRIDACEA SISYRINCHIUM

S. occidentale Bicknell l. c. 447. Glaucescent to pale glaucous-green,
usually with a vellowish tinge: stems 7-12 inches high, stiff and erect,
constricted just below the spathe: leaves firm and erect, very acute, much
shorter than the stems, a line wide: spathes erect or slightly deflexed, the
bracts often rather thin, the outer one mostly straight, the inner one more
or less convex in outline; outer bract 1-2 inches long, longer than the inner
one, attenuate, acute, hyaline-margined below: flowers 3-6, deep violet-
blue, on erect exserted pedicels: capsule subglobose, about 3 lines high.
Idaho to Nevada and N. Dakota.

S. septentrionale Bicknell 1. c. 452. Pale and giaucescent: stems
5-12 inches high growing in small tufts: leaves 5-8 inches long, stitf and
erect, less than a line wide, mostly setaceous: spathes small, often partly
double, one or more flowers arising from between the short proper spathes
and the closely subtending slenderly prolonged outer bract; inner bract
10-12 lines long, mostly attenuate and acute; the outer bract 1-2 inches
long: flowers very small, apparently not more than 8 or 4, on erect pedicels
usually shorter than the inner bract: segments of the perianth 3-5 lines’
long, acuminate and short-aristate, not retuse, pale rose or violet: capsule
subglobose, 2-3 lines long. Eastern Washington and Idaho to Assiniboia.

S. Idahoense Bicknell 1. c. 445. Pale-green and glaucous: stems 10-
18 inches high straight and erect, or somewhat flexuously curved, often
twisted, mostly simple: leaves 5-15 inches high, varying from thin and
somewhat lax to firm and closely erect, 1-2 lines wide, attenuate to some-
what abruptly acute: spathes often deflexed, long and narrow, the keel of
one or both often serrulate or hispidulous; outer one 14g-3 inches long,
commonly 14-14 longer than the inner one: flowers 3-6, on erect pedicels,
deep violet-blue with rather small yellow eye: segments of the perianth
7-10 lines long: ovary glandular-puberulent: capsule globose or ovoid, 2-3
lines high. Washington to Idaho and California.

S. sarmentosa Suksdorf in Herb. Greene Erytb. iii, 121. Dull green
and glaucescent, growing in dense tufts: stems very slender, erect or as-
cending, 6-10 inches high, simple or with a leaf and branch or a tuft of
leaves and branches near the top: leaves very narrow, equalling or shorter
than the stems, attenuate, acute: spathes erect, the bracts very unequal,
the outer one 114-3 inches long, acuminate, rather abruptly acute. the in-
ner one 6-18 lines long: flowers 1-3, bright blue: segments of the perianth
4-5 lines long, not emarginate but abruptly contracted into the short aris-
tate tip: capsule thin-walled, subglobose, 2-3 lines high. Borders of wet
meadows, Skamania Co. Washington.

* * Scapes with a solitary sessile spathe: filaments united only at
base: anthers linear, sagittate.

+ Scapes 2-edged: flowers yellow: style very deeply cleft.

-S. Californicum Ait. f. Hort Kew. iv, 185. Scapes broadly winged,
6-15 inches high: leaves much shorter than the scapes, 2-3 lines wide:
bracts of the spathe more or less unequal, the longer about equalling the
pedicels: flowers 3-7, bright yellow; segments of the perianth 4-6 lines
long, 5-7-nerved, obtuse or acutish : antbers 14¢ lines ong, about equalling
the filaments: style cleft to below the middle, the linear branches as long
as the anthers: capsule obovate-oblong, 4 lines long: seeds half a line in
diameter. Along the coast, Vancouver Island to California, in various
forme.

+ + Scapes compressed but not margined: flowers large, purple:
style cleft at the apex.

S. grandiflorum Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. xvi, t. 1364. Glabrous and
bright green: scapes slender, 4-12 inches high, growing in dense tufts or

SMILAX SMILACEZ 637

solitary, leafy at base: leaves linear, 2-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide:
spathes 1-4-flowered, its bracts broad, very unequal, the outer 2-3 inches
long, long-acuminate, inner one about an inch long, acute or short-acumin-
ate, scarious-margined : flowers bright reddish-purple to white: segments
of the perianth 6-10 lines long, cuneate-oblong, abruptly acute and often
shortly acuminate: filaments broad at base, 3-6 lines long, much shorter
than the style ; anthers 2 lines long: capsule obovoid, 2-3 lines high.
Common in moist places in the interior, California to Brit. Columbia.

Orper XCV SMILACEA! Vent. Tabl. ii, 146. (1799)

Shrubby or herbaceous climbing plants with alternate net-
veined petioled leaves that develop stipular persistent tendrils
by which the stem is secured to shrubs, and small dicecious
flowers in axillary umbels. Perianth-segments 6, similar.
Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments ligulate; anthers attached
by the base, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, the cells oppo-
site the inner segments of the perianth. Ovules 1 or 2 in each
cell, orthotropous, suspended. Style very short or none: stig-
mas1-3. Fruita globose berry containing 1-6 seeds. Embryo
small, in copious horny albumen.

1 SMILAX L. Sp. 1028.

Climbing plants with broad leaves and small greenish flowers in
axillary umbels. Rootsock usually very large and tuberous.
Flowers regular, perianth-segments distinct, deciduous, with the
anthers inserted on their bases. Staminate flowers without an
ovary: the pistillate usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Embryo
lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed.

8. Californica Gray in Herb. Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 186. Glabrous:
stems woody, 4-20 feet long, terete or somewhat angled, naked or covered
with weak spreading prickles: leaves broadly ovate, abruptly acute, some-
what cordate at base, 114-4 inches long, thin and deciduous, roughish on
the margins, on petioles about aninch long peduncles slender, flat, 2-3
times longer than the petioles: flowers 20 or less: segments of the perianth
4-9, green narrowly oblong, 5 lines long: fruit black, 2 lines in diameter.
In thickets along streams, southern Oregon and northern Caliiornia.

OrperR XCVI LILIACE@ Adans. Fam. Pl. 42. (1763)

Scapose or leafy-stemmed plants from bulbs or rarely from
rootstocks with various leaves and regular mostly perfect usu-
ally showy flowers mostly in umbels or racemes. Ferianth
parted into 6 distinct or nearly distinct segments, or these
more or less united into a tube, inferior or partly superior.
Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth atthe base of
its segments: anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse. Ovary 3-celled,
with few or numerous anatropous or amphitropous ovules in
each cell. Style united: stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit a
loculicidal or septicidal capsule. Seeds various, winged or
wingless. Embryo in copious albumen.

I Flowers with scarious bracts, a persistent perianth with

638 LILIACF&

1-several-nerved segments, perigynous stamens with introrse
ant hers and an undivided mostly persistent style.

* Inflorescence umbellate upon a naked scape from a bulb or corm:
fruit a loculicidal capsule: seeds more or less turgid, with close black
testa. :

+ Bulb mostly tunicated: bracts broad and spathaceous.

1 Allium Pedicels not jointed: perianth deeply parted ; segments 1-nerv-
ed: filaments naked, in 1 row: style filiform, jointed upon the very
short axis, seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.

+ + Root a coated corm: bracts several, distinct: capsule scarcely
lobed, several-seeded.

2 Brodiea Perianth funnelform, not contracted at the throat nor sac-
cate at base: stamens 6, in 1 or 2 rows, with winged or naked filaments,
or 8 and alternate with as many staminodia.

8 Brevoortia Perianth deep scarlet with short yellowish lobes, the
broad tube 6-saccate at base: stamens 3, with alternate broad truncate
staminodia.

* * Flowers on subterranean pedicels, in a sessile umbel with long

linear scarious bracts, upon a short rootstock: capsule loculicidal:
seeds more or less turgid, with close black testa.

4 Leucocrinum Perianth white, salverform, with very narrow tube
and several-nerved segments: stamens 6, in 1 row: leaves linear, flat.

* * * Root a bulb or corm: inflorescence racemous or paniculate:
fruit a loculicidal capsule.

+ Flowers rather large, on jointed pedicels in a simple open raceme:
segments several-nerved: capsule obovate or oblong: seeds black,
several in each cell.

5 Camassia Scapes naked: flowers blue to white; segments distinct,
spreading: seeds several, ovate, angled.
+ + Flowers small, racemes panicled : capsule triangular-obovate:
cells 1-2-seeded.

6 Hastingsia Stems sparingly leafy, from tunicated bulbs: flowers white
or greenish, numerous: perianth lax, scarious, the segments apparent-
ly 1-nerved: style short.

7 Chlorogalum Stem leafy, from a tunicated bulb: flowers white or
pinkish, scattered; segments distinctly 3-nerved: style long.

II Pedicels not jointed. Floral bracts none or foliaceous.
Flowers with distinct netted-veined and deciduous segments, hy-
pogynous stamens with more or less extrorse anthers and usually
deciduous styles united at least at base.

* Perianth-segments similar, naked: styles long.

+ Bulbscaiy: stem simple, strict leafy and leafy-bracteate: anthers
versatile : seeds flat, horizontal.

8 Lilium Bulb-scales lanceolate: segments of the perianth oblanceolate,
with a linear nectariferous groove, usually spotted: style undivided.

9 Fritillaria Bulb-scales short, very thick: segments of the perianth
lanceolate or broader, concave, often mottled; nectary a shallow pit:
styles united, or distinct to the middle.

ALLIUM LILIACEA 639

+ + Stem simple, low, from a small tunicated bulb: leaves linear,
without veinlets: anthers attached by the base: seeds flat.

10 Lloydia Stem sparingly leafy, bearing a solitary flower with spread-
ing persistent 3-nerved equal segments.

+ + + Stem low, 2-leaved, from an oblong corm: anthers attach-
ed by the base: seeds turgid.

11 Erythronium Leaves broad: perianth-segments oblanceolate, callous-
toothed each side of the grooved nectary.

* * Outer segments of the perianth smaller, somewhat sepal-like;
the inner broad and usually bearded: stigmas sessile.

12 Calochortus Stem usually lax or flexuous, from a coated corm:
anthers attached by the base: capsule usually septicidal.

1 ALLIUM L. Sp. 294,

Perennial herbs mostly with tunicated bulbs, a peculiar odor,
lanceolate or linear leaves and rather small flowers in a terminal
simple umbel. Perianth of 6 nearly equal distinct lanceolate to
linear more or less spreading 1-nerved segments that are often
gibbous at base, and subtended bv 2 or 3 membranous separate
or united bracts. Pedicels not jointed. Stamens 6 inserted on
the base of the segments :filaments filiform: anthers mostly ovate-
oblong, versatile. Ovary sessile, subglobose, deeply 3-lobed
with a very short axis: ovules mostly 2, 1-several, at the hase of
each cell, ascending: style filiform, jointed on the axis: stigmas
small. Capsule obtusely 3-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds
obovoid and wrinkled, with thin black testa.

§ I Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a more
or less persistent rhizome, coats membranaceous without peculiar
reticulation: spathes mostly 2-valved: scapes terete.

* Leaves terete and hollow.

A. Schenoprasum L. Sp. 301. Scapes stout, 1-2 feet high, from ob
long bulbs: umbel subcapitate, densely many-flowered, erect: spathe 2-val
ved, its bracts broadly ovate: pedicels 1-3 lines long: flowers, rose-color,
longer than the pedicels: segments of the perianth 4-6 lines long, lanceolate,
acuminate: stamens included: filaments subulate: ovules 2 in each cell:
capsule obtusely 3-lobed, about half as long as the perianth, not crested.
Along rivers in moist or wet soil from the Columbia river to Alaska and the
Great Lakes: also in Europe and Asia.

* * Leaves flat or channeled.

A. cernuum Roth. Rem. Arch. i, part 3, 40. Bulbs usually clustered
on ashort rootstock, narrowly ovoid; with a long neck, 1-2 inches long:
scapes slender, slightly rigid, 6-20 inches high: leaves linear, channeled,
or nearly flat, 1-4 lines bruad, often equalling the scape: umbel loosely many-
flowered, nodding: spathe 2-valved, the bracts lanceolate or shorter, decid-
uous: pedicels filiform, 8-15 lines long: flowers rose color to white. the
segments 2-3 lines long, broad and acutish: stamens and style exserted:
filaments filiform ; ovules 2 in each cell: capsule 3-lobed shorter than the
perianth, with 2 crests on the summit of each valve. On rocky banks and
bluffs along streams, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Alleghany Mts.

A. validum Watson Bot. King 350. Scapes very stout, 1-2%¢ feet

640 LILIACEZ ALLIUM

high from a stout rhizome; leaves ample, 2-8 lines broad, often nearly as
long as the scape: umbel often slightly nodding, with .2-4 bracts, densely
many-flowered; pedicels rather stout, 4-8 lines long: flowers rose-color to
nearly white; segments 3-4 lines long, narrowly acuminate: stamens and
style usually exserted: capsule subglobose, not crested. In wet places in
the mountains, Oregon to California and Nevada.

§ 2 Bulbs globose to ovoid, mostly solitary, not rhizomatous;
coats fibrous or membranaceous. Leaves narrowly linear, flat or
channeled. Scapes terete or nearly so. Umbels erect.

* Bulb-coats more or less fibrous: leaves several.

A. Geyeri Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 227. Scape slender, 10-25
inches high: bulb elongated: leaves 2-4, slender, 5-10 inches long, rather
rigidly erect: spathe 2-valved; the bracts broadiy lanceolate, acuminate,
6-10 inches long: umbel densely many-flowered: pedicels slender, 6-12
lines long, spreading or reflexed: segments of the perianth pale rose-color
to white, about 4 lines leng, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, strongly nerved,
rigid in fruit, sometimes but little exceeding the stamens: capsule crested.
In low meadows, Oregon and Washington to Idaho.

* * Bulb-coats not fibrous: leaves 2-4, shorter than or about equal-
ling the scape.

A. Douglasii Hook. Fl. ii, 184. Scape stout, 7-15 inches high: bulb
ovate, about an inch long, the coats not reticulated: leaves 2, flat, 5-10
inches long, about 6 lines wide: flowers very numerous, in a dense globose
umbel dark red, 3-4 lines long: segments lanceolate acuminate, scarcely
exeeding the stamens ovary not at all crested. Eastern Washington.

A. madidum Watson 1. c. 228. Scapes rather stout, 4-8 inches high:
bulbs ovoid, 4-8 lines in diameter: leaves 2, thick and channeled, 3-6 inches
long, 1-3 lines broad: spathe 2-valved, the bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute,
4-5 lines long: umbel usually many-flowered: pedicels 4-12 lines long,
segments of the perianth pink to white, 4 lines long, ovate-oblong. acute, a
little exceeding the stamens: cells of the ovary with two fleshy ridges at
the summit. In wet places, eastern Oregon and Washington.

A. collinum Dougl. in Herb. I have no specimens of this, it is poorly
described as follows. ‘‘ Perianth-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4 lines
long, twice longer than the slender stamens and style: capsule very ob-
scurely ridged.toward the summit ’’. Blue Mountains, Oregon.

A. scilloides Dongl. in Herb. This is equally obscure with the last. |
‘* Perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate obtuse, 3 lines long, a half longer
than the stamens: ovary not atallcrested. Priest’s Rapids, Columbia river.

A. acuminatam Hook. FI. ii, 184, t. 196. Scape 3-10 inches high:
bulb globose, 3-6 lines in diameter: leaves 2, terete, shorter than the
scape: spathe 2-valved, the bracts lanceolate, narrowly acuminate: pedicels
5-40, erect or ascending: segments of the perianth 5-7 lines long, lanceo-
late with acuminate recurved tips, dark rose-color to nearly white, rigid in
fruit, a third longer than the stamens, the inner ones undulate-serrulate:
ener obscurely crested. Common on dry plains, Brit. Columbia to

alifornia.

Var. cuspidatum Fernald. ‘‘ Perianth-segments smaller, abruptly
cuspidate. Near Wawawai, Washington.”’

A. Bolanderi Watson 1. c. 229. Scape very slender, 3-10 inches high:
bulbs oblong, propagating by filiform runners; the one producing the
scape remaining firm until the following season but not flowering again,
but producing a new bulb that flowers the following season: leaves terete,

ALLIUM LILIACE 641

almost filiform, shorter than the scape: spathe 2-valved ; the bracts lanceo-
late, long acuminate, 4-8 lines long: umbel rather few-flowered : pedicels
erect or ascending, 6-10 lines long: flowers rose-color to yellowish, 4-6 lines
long; the segments narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, nearly straight,
twice as long as the stamens, the inner ones strongly serrulate: filaments
filiform, adnate to the middle. Dry ground, southern Oregon to California.

A. attenuifolium Kellogg Proc. Calif. Acad. 110, f. 84. Scape rather
slender, 6-20 inches high: bulb globular, 3-5 lines in diameter: leaves
2-4, narrow and becoming convolute-filiform above the sheathing base:
spathe 2-valved; the bracts short and abruptly acute: umbel densely many-
flowered: pedicels filiform, 8-15 lines long, spreading or recurved : segments
of the perianth pale rose-color to white, oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate,
shortly acuminate, about 4 lines long, usually inflexed, exceeding the
stamens: capsule globose, distinctly 6-crested. In moist or wet places
along bluffs, usually growing in dense masses, western Oregon to California .

A. serratam Watson Bot. King 487, t. 37, fig. 4. ‘‘ Bulb-coats con-
spicuously transversely serrate-reticulate; scapes usually slender, 4-12
inches high; leaves very narrowly linear; umbel usually many-flowered
and often large, the spreading pedicels 9-15 lines long; sepals pink or crim-
son, 4-9 lines long, usually broad and acuminate, erect or recurved, ex-
ceeding the stamens; capsule slightly crested.—Quite variable.’’ Idaho
to California.

A. Nevii Watson 1. c, 231. Scape slender, 3-8 inches high: bulb
ovoid, 3-6 lines long: leaves two, channeled, less than a line wide, equal-
ling or exceeding the scape: spathe 2-valved; the bracts ovate, rather
abruptly acuminate, 4-6 lines long: umbel rather loosely few-several-flow-
ered: pedicels slender, 4-8 lines long, erect or ascending, segments of the
perianth white to rose-color, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, about 3
lines long, somewhat keeled, the midnerve dark red, but little if at all ex-
ceeding the stamens: capsule depressed-globose, with a thick crest on each
side near the summit of each cell. On top of high hills, eastern Oregon.

* * * Leaves one or two, greatly exceeding the short scape: capsule
not crested or very obscurely so.

A. macrum Watson 1. c. 233. Scape 1-4 inches high, slender: bulb
round-ovate, 3-5 lines in diameter: leaves two, slightly falcate 3-6 inches
long, 1-2 lines wide: spathe two-valved; the bracts lanceolate, abruptly
acuminate, 5-8 lines long: pedicels slender 4-8 lines long, erect to some-
what recurved : segments of the perianth white to pinkish, lanceolate, acu-
wminate, about 3 lines long, scarcely exceeding the stamens and style: cells
of the ovary bordered by a thick obtuse ridge. In moist places in the
Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington.

A. tribracteatum Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 148. Scape slender, 1-4
inches high: bulb ovoid to oblong, 4-8 lines long: leaves usually two,
somewhat falcate, 5-6 inches long, 14-3 lines wide: spathe 3-valved; the
bracts broadly ovate to almost orbicular, abruptly acuminate: umbel
densely many-flowered: pedicels 4-6 lines long erect or ascending: seg-
ments of the perianth oblong or almost linear, obtuse or barely acute,
about 4 lines long, deep rose-color with darker veins, but little longer than
the stameng: capsule not crested. . On top of Table Rock, Jackson County
Oregon to California and Utah,

§ 38 Bulbs ovoid, not rhizomatous, the membranaceous coats
mostly without reticulation. Leaves 2, broadly linear, flat and
faleate, thick. Scapés stout, much compressed and more or less
wing-margined, low and mostly shorter than the leaves. Spathe
in ours 2-valved.

642 LILIACE & ALLIUM

A. Watsoni. Scape slender, 2-3 inches high, narrowly margined: bulb
ovoid, 4-6 lines in diameter: leaves 4-6 inches long, about 2 lines wide:
bracts of the spathe lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, about 6 lines long:
umbel rather loosely several- to many-flowered: pedicels erect or ascend-
ing, 4-8 lines long: segments of the perianth lanceolate, acute, 3-4 lines
long, light rose-color to pink, with dark mid-nerves, slightly exceeding the
stamens In open plavesin the Coast Mountains of middle Oregon. Dedi-
cated to the late Sereno Watson, who in 1881 recognized it as an unde-
scribed species but did not publish it for want of good material. Speci-
mens from the Blue mountains of Oregon appear to be of this species.

A. Cusickii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 228. Scape 3-4 inches
high : bulb ovoid, 5-6 lines in diameter : leaves falcate, 4-6 inches long, 2-4
lines wide: bracts of the spathe ovate, acuminate, 6-8 lines long: pedicels
slender, 8-12 lines long: segments of the perianth broad lanceolate, gradu-
ally acuminate, 5-6 lines long, nearly white to pink, distinctly gibbous at
base nearly twice as long as the stamens: cells of the ovary shortly apicu-
late. Uuion County, Oregon.

A. falcifolium H. & A. Bot. Beech. 400. Scape stout, prominently

- winged, 2-6 inches high: leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2-6 inehes long, 4-6
lines wide, strongly falcate: bracts of the spathe broadly lanceolate to

ovate, gradually acuminate, 6-8 lines long: umbel loosely many-flowered:

pedicels rather stout, 6-16 lines long, erect or ascenling: segments of the

perianth with broadly lanceolate base and long attenuate somewhat spread-

ing tips, rose-color to pink, gibbous at base, minutely serrulate, 7-8 lines

long, nearly twice aslong as the stamens: capsule acute, with 3 short

narrow central crests. On dry rocky ridges, southern Oregon to California.

A. anceps Kellogg Proc. Am. Acad. ii, 109, fig. 32. Scapes 2-4 inches
high, somewhat flattened and margined: leaves longer than the scape, 2-5
lines wide: umbel rather densely many-flowered: pedicels very slender.
6-9 lines long, erect or spreading: segments of the perianth very narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, lax, scarcely gibbous at base, nearly white with
purple midveins, 3-5 lines long, little longer than the stamens and ‘style:
cells of the capsule with two broad obtuse crests. Eastern Oregon to Ne-
vada and California,

A. pleianthum Watson 1. c. 233. Scape slender, 3-5 inches high:
leaves talcate, 5-7 inches long, 2-5 lines wide: bracts of the apathe broadly
ovate, acute and shortly acuminate: umbel rather loosely many-flowered:
pedicels slender, 8-15 lines long, erect or ascending: segments of the peri-
anth lanceolate, acuminate, gibbous at base, white to light rose-color, about
5 lines long, nearly twice as long as the stamens: ovary and capsule promi-
nently 6-crested. On high hills in the John Day Valley, eastern Oregon.

A. erenulatum Wiegand Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi. 135. Scape 2-3
inches high, the wings crenulately roughened: leaves 2-3 inches long,
about a line wide, recurved, the margins crenulate: bracts of the spathe
ovate-oblong, acute, about 5 lines long: umbel few-flowered: pedicels
shorter than the flowers : segments of the perianth pink, lanceolate, acutish,
4 lines long, twice as long as the stamens: ovary 6-crested at the summit.
In loose ground near the summit of the Olympic Mountains, Washington.

A. Tolmiei Baker Bot. Mag. under t. 6227. Scapes 3-5 inches high,
conspicuously winged, smooth: leaves falcate, 4-6 inches long by 3-4 lines
wide: bracts of the spathe broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, 6-8 lines
long: umbel rather densely few- to many-flowered: pedicels slender, 5-8
lines long, erect or spreading: segments of the perianth light rose-color to
white, lanceolate, acute, about 5 lines long twice as long as the stamens:
ovary very obscurely crested. On rocky ridges, eastern Oregon and
Washington to Utah.

BRODIZA LILIACE 643

A. simillimum Henderson Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii. 355. Scape
1-2 inches high from the ovoid bulb, slender, flattened and very narrowly
winged: leaves 4-5 inches long, less than a line wide, falcate to recurved:
bracts of the spathe broadly ovate, acute or acutish: umbel 6-9-flowered :
pedicels slender, 1-2 lines long: segments of the perianth narrowly oblong,
obtuse, delicately denticulate with spreading papille half way up, pinkish-
white with strong green midnerve, yay longer than the stamens: filaments
dilated at base and adnate for 14 their length: ovary slightly crested. On
Sesesh Peak, Idaho.

2 BRODIZAA Smith Trans. T.inn. Soc. x, 2. Inciuding
HOOKER A Salisb. and TRITELIA Lindl.

‘Perennial herbs with slender scapes from.fibromembranaceous-
coated corms bearing a several-bracted umbel of few to many blue,
purple, white, or yellow flowers on jointed pedicels. Perianth
persistent, funnelform, often narrowly so, not contracted at the
throat nor, saccate, or but slightly so, at base. Segments of the
perianth one-nerved. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite
the inner segments and alternate with as many staminodia, or six
in one or two rows with the filaments naked or appendaged.
Style persistent, about equalling the anthers, with short diverg-
ing entire stigmas. Ovary three-celled, with 3-8 ovules in each
cell. Capsule ovate to oblong, more or less attenuate above.
Seeds angled, black.

§ 1 Evsropima Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 236. Peri-
anth broadly funnelform, the tube mostly shorter than the limb.
Stamens in onerow. Anthers attached by the base. ©

* Segments of the perianth 2-3 times longer than the tube: stamens
3, alternate with as many staminodia.

B. grandiflora Smith Trans. Linn. Soc. x, 2. Scape smooth,' 3-10
inches high: leaves about a line broad, thick and somewhat terete, about
as long as the stem: pedicels 1-10 or more, 14-3 inches long: perianth
varying from purple to light rose-color, 10-20 lines long: segments of the
perianth linear-oclong, obtuse or acutish, strongly l-nerved: filaments
rather slender, 1-2 lines long, the anthers twice as long: staminodia ligu-
late, entire, obtuse, whitish about equalling the anthers: cap-ule sessile,
narrowed at base, oblong, attenuate into the short rigid style; cells 6-8-
tect seeds a line long. Common in open places, California to British

‘olumbia.

B. minor Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 236. Scapes very slender,
3-6 inches high, smooth, bearing an umbel of 2-6 rays an inch or two long:

erianth 7-14 lines long; anthers oblong 2 lines long shorter than the

road!y ligulate usually emarginate staminodia: capsule obovoid, sessile
or nearly so, 3 lines long, acute, the cells 3-seeded: seeds a line long.
Oregon to California.

B. congesta Smith |. c. 3, t. 1. Scapes slender, 2-4 feet high, smooth:
leaves carinate, glaucoug, 6-18 inches long, 4-9 lines wide: umbel densely
few- to many flowered, often produced into a short dense raceme: pedicels
1-3 lines long: perianth 8-10 lines long, bluish-purple, the oblong lanceo-
late segments twice as long as the tube: anthers very nearly sessile, deeply
emarginate at each end, 2-3 lines long: staminodia deeply cleft, exceeding
the anthers: ca sule sessile, ovate, 4 lines long including the short thick
style: cells several-ovuled, usually 1-seeded: seed 2 lines long. Common

644 LILIACEA BRODIZA

on rocky hillsides. California to Brit. Columbia.

B. multiflora Benth. Pl. Hartw. 339. Scape 1-2 feet high, sontewhat
scabrous: umbel not produced ; staminodia entire, broad and obtuse, about
equalling the anthers: seeds several in each cell. From the Sacramento
valley to Oregon.

* * Flowers subcapitate; the segments little longer than the tube,
stamens 6, the inner with a free lanceolate appendage on each side;
the outer ones naked.

B. capitata Benth. 1. c. Scapes 1-2 feet high: leaves a foot long or
more, sometime’ longer than the scape, 2-10 lines wide, carinate, usually
glaucous: flowers few. to many, nearly sessile or on pedicels 2-6 lines long:
perianth rather broadly funnelform, 6-10 lines long, from blue or purple
to white: inner anthers nearly sessile, linear, 2 lines long, slightly shorter
than the oblong-lanceolate appendages; the outer smaller, on short naked
filaments broadly dilated at base: capsule ovoid, sessile, about 3 lines long,
beaked by the slender style nearly as long: seede several in each cell, 2
lines long. On dry open ridges, southern Oregon to California.4

§ 2 Triretra Lindl. Bot. Reg. as genus. Segments of the.
perianth equalling or shorter than the tube. Stamens in 2 rows,
with more or less distinctly versatile anthers. Capsule stipitatet

B. Douglasii Watson 1. c. Tritelia grandiflora Lindl. Scape 1-8 fee,
high, smooth, erect and usually stuut: leaves 15-18 inches long, 2-8 line,
_wide, carinate: umbel subcapitate, usually many flowered : pedicels 1-1
lines long: perianth 8-12 lines long, dark blue; the tube subsaccate at base»
about as long as the ovate obtuse lobes: anthers oblong, a line long, the
lower 3 inserted on the throat opposite the outer segments attached near
the base and erect on very short filaments; the upper 3 inserted on the
inner regments, attached near the middle and versatile on short free fila-
ments which form below prominent wings within the tube: style slender,
about 3 lines Jong: capsule ovoid, about 4 lines long, on a stipe nearly as
long: seeds several in each cell. On sandy plains, eastern Oregon and
Washington to Wyoming and Utah.

B. Howellii Watson 1 c 301. Scape 1-3 feet high: Teaves 8-12 inches
long, 1-4 lines broad: umbel usually few-flowered subcapitate: flowers
white with light blue base to light blue, 8-10 lines long; the broad tube
longer than the oblong-ovate obtuse lobes: stamens in 2 rows, the lower
inserted on the throat opposite the 3 outer segments, on very short deltoid
filaments, the upper inserted at the base of the inner segments, with
broadly winged filaments about 2 lines long; anthers all attached near the
middie, nearly 2 lines long: capsule oblong, attenuate upward into the
style, the cells about 6-seeded. On dry plains, eastern Washington and
Oregon near the base of the Cascade Mountains.

§ 8 CaLLiprora Stamens in 1 row, with deltoid or wing-dilat-
ed filaments and versatile anthers. Capsule stipitate.

B. lactea Watson 1. c. 238. Scape usually slender, 1-3’ feet high,
smooth or scabrous: leaves 6-8 inches long 2-6 lines wide: umbel subcapi-
tate, few- to many-flowered : pedicels 14-2 inches long: perianth white with
green mid-nerve, 4-8 lines long, the short and broad tube not half as long
as the oblong obtuse segments: stamens in one row, inserted on the base
of the segments, with broad deltoid filaments and short anthers attached
a little below the mniddle: style slender, 3-4 lines long: capsule subglobose,
on a stipe 1-2 lines long. Common in wet places and moist meadows,
California to Brit. Columbia and Idaho.

B. Bridgesii Watson |. c,237 Scape slender, 6-18 inches high : leaves:

BREVOORTIA LILIACEX 645

LEUCOCRINUM
6-8 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, usually falcate: pedicels 10-20, 14-2 inches
long: perianth blue or purplish to nearly white, 12-15 lines long, the tube
very narrow and longer than the segments: stamens inserted on the throat;
the nearly equal filaments dilated downward, the free portion 1-2 lines
long; anthers linear, 2 lines long: capsule ovoid, 4 lines long, shorter than
the stipe, beaked by the very slender style: seeds 2-3 in each cell, 11 lines
long. On dry ridges in the Coast Mountains, southern Oregon to California.

B. Hendersoni Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii, 266. Scapes 6-18
inches high, smooth: leaves as long or longer than the scape, 2-6 lines
wide: umbel subcapitate, few- to many-flowered: pedicels slender, 1-2
inches long: perianth an inch long, yellow with blue mid veins, the fun-
nelform tube nearly as long as the lanceolate segments: stamens inserted
at the base of the tube, the filaments adnate to it and winged helow, the
free portion slender and half as long as the segments: anthers small, oblong,
attached near the base: ovary subglobose, on a stipe as long as the tube of
the perianth, beaked by the slender style. On dry ridges, southern Oregon.

3 BREVOORTIA Wood Proc. Philad. Acad. 1867, 82.

Scapose herbs from coated corms, with all radical leaves and
showy flowers on jointed pedicels in subcapitate unbels. Peri-
anth persistent, broadly tubular, shortly 6-saccate at the truncate

_base, slightly constricted above, the short segments usually erect,
faintly one-nerved. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite
the inner segments, altemnate with 3 very broad truncate corona-
like staminodia: filaments very short, naked: anthers attached
by the base, emarginate at each end. Ovary stipitate, with elon-
gated persistent style : cells 4-6-ovuled. Capsule triangular-ovate,
acuminate. Seeds angled, black.

B. ida-Maia Wood J]. c. cape slender, 1-3 feet high: leaves 1-2 feet
long or n ore, 2-4 lines wide carinate, glaucous: umbel 6-15-flowered : pedi-
cels 6-12 lines long or more: perianth 1-134 inches long, dark red, the seg-
ments ovate, 2-3 lines long, bordered with greenish yellow: anthers oblong,
equalling the segments; staminodia a half shorter, acne capsule on a
stipe 2-3 lines long, ovate-oblong, attenuate upward into the somewhat
persistent style: seeds 2 lines long. Along the coast and in the mountains,
southern Oregon to California.

4 LEUCOCRINUM Nutt. Gray Lyc. N. Y. 110. (1837.)

Low acauléscent herbs with short rootstocks, narrow leaves
surrounded at base by scarious bracts, and a central sessile umbel
of white flowers, the pedicels and ovaries underground, sheathed
by the floral bracts. Perianth salverform, persistent, the seg-
ments several-nerved. Stamens 6: filaments filiform, inserted
below the throat: anthers linear, attached near the base, introrse.
Ovary sessile, ovate-oblong: style persistent, elongated and fili-
form-tubular, the orifice somewhat enlarged and slightly 3-lobed:
ovules several in each cell. Capsule triangular-obovate subcoria-
ceous loculicidallv dehiscent. Seeds obovate, strongly angled,
with a dull black testa.

L. montanum Nutt. in herb. Gray 1. c. Leaves 8-15, flat and rather
thick, 4-8 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, the underground portion 1-3 inches

long, broad, surrounbed by scarious acutish bracts; inner bracts very
narrow: flowers 4-8, on pedicels 6-18 lines long from the summit of the

646 LILIACEA CAMASSIA

rhizome: tube of the perianth 1-3 inches long; segments 6-9 lines long:
anthers 2-3 lines long: cap-ule somewhat wrinkled, truncate above 3-4
lines long: seede 4-6 in each cell. In mountain valleys, eastern Oregon to °
California, Nebraska and Dakota.

5 CAMASSIA Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1486. (1832.)

Perennial herbs with scapose stems from tunicated bulbs, flat
leaves and rather large blue to white flowers in simple bracted
racemes on jointed pedicels. Perianth of 6 distinct 3-7-nerved
. persistent segments. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the peri-
anth, shorter than its segments: filaments filiform-subulate: an-
thers introrse, versatile. Ovary sessile, with several ovules in
each cell. Style filiform, slightly 3-lobed at the apex, the base
persistent. Capsule 3-lobed and angled," thick-membranaceous,
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds several in each cell, often more or
less compressed_or angled, with thin black testa.

C. esculenta Lindl. 1. c. Scape rather stout, 1-214 feet high, from an
ovoid bulb 4-144 inches in diametr: leaves 10-12 inches long, 3-8 lines
wide,\{usually, attenuate above and nearly as long asthe scape: bracts
subulate, 1-2 inches long, acuminate: pedicels shorter than the bracts:
perianth somewhat odlique, one of the outer segments turning downward,
all of the others upward, dark to light blue, the outer ones narrowly lan-
ceolate nearly an inch long, the inner ones broader and abruptly contracted
at base to a short claw not twisted over tiie young capsule but loose at its
base, stamens nearly equalling the segments, with oblong anther 1-2 lines
long: ovules 16-18 in each cell: capsule oblong obovate, somewhat narrow-
ed at base, rather obtusely angled, 6-12 lines long. Common in wet mead-
ows, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky mountains.

C. Leichtlinii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 376. Scape rather slen-
der 1-2 feet high : leaves about a foot long, -'-6 lines wide, the edges involu-
te’at the apex and thus apparently attennate: bracts scarsous or,‘colored,
or the lowest ones green, linear-lanceolate, often longer than the bracts:
perianth regular or nearly so, dark blue: the segmentsfrather broadly lan-
ceolate, an inch or more long, but little longer than the stamens, connivent
over the young capsule and at length deciduous together: capsule oblong-
ohovate, slightly emarginate at the apex, usually 8-10 lines long and shorter
than the pedicels: seeds odovate, dull. In wet meadows in the Cascade
Mountains Oregon and Washington.

C.7._Cusickii Watson |. c. xxii, 479. Bulbs clustered (1-12), large, 1-2
inches thick or more, and bearing 8- 20 large glaucous leaves 12-18 inches
long, 6-18 lines wide: stem 2-3 feet high: pedicels 6-12 lines long or more:
flowers large, pale blue, the narrow segments 3-5-nerved, persistently
spreading; capsule oblong, abruptly acute, transversely veined, 6-8 lines
long: seeds odovate, shining. On slopes of the Eagle Creek Mountains,
eastern Uregon.

C. azurea Heller Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. xxvi, 547, under Quamasia.
Scape 14-16 inches high from a deep seated bulb, glabrous, sparingly leafy
below: Jeaves about 24 the length of the scape below the inflorescence, 2-3
lines wide, somewhat glaucous beneath: pedicels slender, 10-12 lines
long: bracts abcut as long as the pedicels, bluish or straw-color, chaify,
lanceolate, tapering into a long slender acumination, prominently veined:

erianth tright blue, about an inch long, the regments persistent, ahout 2
ines wide. 5-nerved : capsule about 34 inches high, 8 angled: seeds shining
black. On grassy plains near Montesano Washington

HASTINGSIA LILIACEZ 647
CHLOROGALUM

C. Howellii Wateon. 1. c. 135. Scape rather slender, 16-24 inches
high, from an ovold bulb about an inch in diameter: leaves 6-8, 12-18
inches long, 2-6 lines wide: raceme many-flowered, 12-18 inches lony:
bracts filiform-subulate. 6-12 lines long: pedicels slender, spreading, 6-18
lines long, longer than the bracts: perianth dark blue or purple, the lance-
olate segments 8-10 lines long, regular, opening about 2 P M. remaining
open until sunset, then cloasing over the ovary and not opening again, at
length deciduous; capsule broadly triangular-ovate, very obtuse, 3 lines
long, the cells 2-3-seeded seeds ob void, shining, a linelong, Onagravelly
plain east of Girant’s Pass, southern Oregon.

6 HASTINGSIA Watson Proc Am. Acad. xiv, 217.

Perennial herbs with scape-like sparingly branched stems from
coated bulbs, rather numerous all radical flat narrow leaves and
numerous small whitish flowers in somewhat panicled bracted
racemes on jointed pedicels. Perianth lax, becoming somewhat
scarious but persistent. of 6 distinct oblong closely 3-nerved seg-
ments. Stamens 6 adnate to the base of the segments: anthers
linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary ovoid, very shortly stipitate: the
cells 2-ovuled. Style short, persistent. Seeds oblong, with black
shining testa.

H. alba Watson 1. c. 242. Bulbs membranously coated, or the outer
somephat fibious: stem often stout, erect, 1-214 feet high: leaves 12-18
inches long, 2-6 lines wide. attenuate obove: raceme simple ot sparingly
branched, densely many-flowered: bracts narrowly acuminate, pedicels
1-2 lines long, shorter than the bracts: segments of the perianth about 244
lines long, oblong, obtuse, white or tinged with green cr pink, prominently
3-nerved: stamens about equalling the perianth: capsule broadly ovoid, 3
lines high, very shortly stipitate: seeds oblong, 2 lines long. On dry hill-
sides, southern Oregon to California.

H.. bracteosa Watson 1. c. xx, 377. Bulb narrowly oblong, membran-
ously coated: stem 1-3 feet high, often stout: leaves 12-2) inches long, 1-4
lines wide, acuminate above: racemes ‘simple or sparingly branched,
loosely many-flowered: bracts filiform-subulate from a broad base, 6-10
lines long or more: pedicels ascending. about 2 lines long: segments of
the perianth dull white, lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 lines long. prominently
nerved:. stamens about half as long as the segments: mature fruit not
seen. In marshes near Waldo southern Oregon.

7 CHLOROGALUM Kunth Enum. iv, 683.

Coarse herbs with fibrous or membranous coated bulbs, narrow
radical leaves, scape-like stems paniculately branched above and
small scarious-bracted flowers on jointed pedicels. Perianth white
or pinkish, of 6 distinct oblong or narrowly ligulate more or less
spreading segments with 3 close but distinct nerves down the
middle, at length twisted over the ovary and persistent. Sta-
mens 6, a little shorter than the segments, inserted on and adnate
to their bases: anthers versatile. Ovary sessile or nearly so, with
a pair of ascending’ ovules in each cell. Style filiform, slightly
“3-cleft at the apex, deciduous. Capsule thick-membranaceous,
broadly turbinate, 3-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1 or 2
in each cell, obovate, with a close thin somewhat rugose blackish
testa.

648 LILIACE 4 CHLOROGALUM
LILIUM

C. pomeridianum Kunth |. c. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 2-4 inches in di
ameter, densely covered with coarse brown fibres: stem and spreading
panicle 1-6 feet high: leaves 6-18 inches long, 3-10 lines wide, carinate,
glaucous, the margins strongly undulate; the cauline one or two much
shorter and attenuate: flowers numerous, scattered, in a much branched
open panicle: bracte lanceolate, 1-2 lines long, acuminate : pedicels slender,
6-10 lines long: segments of the perianth white with purple veins, 8-10
lines long, linear, opening only in the afternoon and closing over the ovary
in the night : capsule 3 lines high, the valves pinnately nerved: seeds 134-2
lines long. On dry ridges, southern Oregon to California.

8 LILIUM L. Sp. 302.

Herbs with simple leafy stems from scaly bulbs, with flat sessile
whorled or scattered leaves and usually large flowers in foliaceous-
bracted racemes or subumbellate clusters. Pedicels not jointed.
Perianth funnelform, of 6 distinct equal deciduous segments with
a nectariferous groove toward the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous,
included: anthers linear to oblong, versatile, extrorse, longitu-
dinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled. Style long,
clavate, deciducus: stigma 3-lobed. Capsule coriaceons, loculi-
cidally dehiscent, somewhat 6-angled. Seeds numerous, flat,
horizontal, in 2 rows in each cell, with brownish thin testa.

* Flowers white to purplish or red: segments of the perianth with
long narrow claws, the tips spreading but not revolute.

L. Washingtonianum Kellogg Proc. Calif, Acad. ii, 13. Bulb large,
somewhat rhizomatous and oblique, 2-12 inches long, the scales imbricated,
lanceolate, 2-3 inches long, not jointed: stem terete, 1-7 feet high, glab-
rous or somewhat scabrous: leaves in several whorls of 6-18. the upper
and lower usually scattered, oblanceolate, acute or acutish,3-5 inches long,
8-15 lines wide, more or less undulate: flowers one to.many, very fragrant,
white, becoming purplish with age, often finely dotted with purple, hori-
zontally declinate on stout nearly erect pedicels 1-4 inches long; segments
8-4 inches long, 3-10 lines wide, the upper third spreading; stamens a
little shorter, with yellow anthers 5-6 lines long: capsule obovate-oblong, .
truncate, obtusely angled or sometimes narrowly winged, 1-114 inches
long. In loose soil on dry open mountain ridges, Oregon to California.

L. rubescens Watson Prov. Am.Acad. xiv, 256. Bulb smaller, but
little oblique, 1-3 inches in diameter, the thick lanceolate scales about an
inch long: stem stout, 1-7 feet high, smooth: leaves glabrous, glaucous
beneath, undulate or flat, the lower scattered the upper in 3-7 whorls, ob-
lanceolate, acute or acutish, 1-4 inches long, 6-12 lines wide: flowers
usually several, on ascending pedicels 1-3 inches long, pale lilac to white,
becoming rose-purple, somewhat dotted with brown, segments 124-3 inches
long, the upper third spreading: stamens and style athird shorter: anthers
two to three lines long: ovary wing-angled, attenuate downward, half inch
long. On wooded hillsides, southern Oregon to California.

L. Bolanderi Watson 1]. c. 377. Bulb small, ovoid, one to two inches
in diameter, the thick lanceolate scales 1-124 inch long: stem rather stout,
six inches to four feet high, one- to several-flowered : Tenyes verticillate in
one to four approximate whorls, lanceolate to obovate, obtuse to acute,
often apiculate, glaucous beneath, one to two inches long: flowers one to
several in a subumbellate cluster, somewhat nodding on erect pedicels 1-4
inches long, segments lanceolate, one to two inches long, three to six
lines wide, acute, dull purplish-red outside, bright red dotted with maroon
inside, the upper third spreading: stamens and style about two thirds as

LILIUM LILIACE 649

long as the segments: anthers two to three lines long: capsule oblong or
shorter, an inch long. Ondry rocky ridges in the Coast Mountains of
southern Oregon and northern California.

* * Flowers yellow, orange or reddish, mostly conspicuously spot-
ted; segments of the perianth usually revolute.

L. parvum Kellogg 1. c. 176. Bulb small, the thick jointed scales one
half to one inch long, upon a branching rhizome: stem slender, two to six
feet high: leaves scattered or in whorls, lanceolate to linear, acute or acu-
minate, two to six inches long, an inch or less wide: flowers few to many.
erect or nearly so on slender pedicels two to four inches long, yellow or
orange and usually dotted with purple within, reddish above; segments one
to two inches long, more or less spreading or the tips recurved, pubescent
toward the apex: stamens an inch long about equalllng the style; anthers
ablong, one to two lines long: capsule subspherical, 7-9 lines long, truncate
above. In the mountains at 4000-8000 feet altitude, southern Oregon and
northern California. G

C. pardalinum Kellogg 1. c. 12. Rhizome thick and branching, form-
ing mat-like massee of roundish bulbs, the scales jointed near the base: stem
slender, 3-7 feet high: leaves usually in 3-4 whorls of 9-15, scattered above
and below, narrowly lanceolate and sharply acuminate, 3-7 inches long,
2-12 lineswide, thin and faintly-nerved, glabrous and glaucous: flowers few
to many. racemose or the lower in whorls, on stout pedicels 2-10 inches long :
segments of the perianth 2-3 inches long, 6-9 lines wide, lanceolate, strong-
ly revolute, bright orange-red with lighter orangecentre and large purple
spots on the lower half: stamens 14g-2 inches long: with red anthers 4-5
lines long: style little exceeding the anthers: capsule narrowly oblong,
with acutish angles, 1-124 inches long, umbilicate at the summit. In
springy places, Southern Uregon to California.

L. Columbianum Hansen. Baker Gard. Chron. 1871, 1257. Bulb
small 34-2 inches in diameter with lanceolate acute closely appresed scales
about an inch long: stem slender, 2-6 feet high: leaves in whorls of 3-9 or
more, the upper and lower often scattered, usually odlanceolate, 1-6 inches
long, 9-15 lines wide, usually acute, the lower otten obtuse, smooth: flow-
ers few to many, on slender curving more or less divergent pedicels 3-6
inches long: segments of the perianth 134-2 inches long, 4-6 lines wide,
strongly revolute, bright orange thickly dotted with purple within: sta-
mens abuut equalling the style, with yellow oblong anthers 2-3 lines long:
capsule short-oblong, about an inch long, acutely 6-angled. Common
from Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho.

L. Purdyi Waugh. L. Bakeri Purdy Hryth. v, 104. Bulb ovoid, about
an inch in diameter the lanceolate a-ute, scales closely appresed : stem 2-6
feet high, rather stout. terete, smooth : leaves lanceolate, mostly in whorls:
flowers 1-10: segments of the perianth 14 inch long, 5 lines wide acute:
lower half of segments forming a closely costricted tube from which the
upper half spreads rotately, tips not recurved, orange red, the lower portion
thickly dotted with maroon spots. very fragrant: stameng a little shorter
than the segments, equalling or exceeding the style: capsule about an inch
long acutely 6-angled. In sandy woods along Puget Sound, Washington
to Brit. Columbia.

9 FRITILLARIA L. Sp. 303.

Perennial herbs with simple leafy stems from scaly bulbs, flat
leaves and mostly large nodding flowers in terminal leafy-bracted
racemes. Perianth campanulate to funnelform, of 6 distinct
equal concave deciduous segments with a smooth shallow nectar-
iferous pit near the base. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the

650 LILIACEZ FRITILLARIA
LLUYDIA

segments, included: filaments slender: anthers oblong, versatile,
extrorse, dehiscent laterally. Ovary sessile or nearly so, many-
ovuled. Styles slender, usually exceeding the stamens, unite | to
the mid lle or throughout, deciduous. Capsule membranaceous,
obtusely or acutely 6-angled or 6-winged, loculicida'ly 3-valved.
Seeds numerous, horizontal, flat, in 2 rows in each cell, with thin
light brown testa.

F. recurva Benth. Pl. Hartw. 240. Bulb-scales thick, 3-4 lines long
or less: stem rather stout, 1-2 feet high, bearing 1-!) narcow funnelform flow-
ers: leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long. usnally in two whorls of four to
eight each near the middle of the stem: segments of the perianth narrowly
oblanceolate, scarlet outside, yellow spotted with scarlet within, 1-124 inch
long, 4-5 lines wide. the tips recurved; nectary obscure: stamens and stylea
little shorter than the segments: style slender distinct above; stigmas linear:
capsule obscurely angled. On dry hillsides, southern Oregon to California.

F. lanceolata Pursh Fl. 230. Bulb of thick scales three to six lines
long: stem usually stont, 6-18 inches high: leaves lanceolate; to linear-lanceolate,
2-5 inches long, obtuse, usually in a whorl of 5 near the middle of the stem:
flowers 1-15, mottled purple and greenish yellow, broadly c1mp ulate, only
rather slender recurved pedicels. segments of the perianth narrow oblong-:
lanceolate, strongly arch, with a large oblong nectary, about an inch long
stemens 6-8 lines long: style distinct to the middle: stigmas linear: capsule
short and thick, broadly winged. Comimon in copses Brit. Columbia to
Califurnia and Idaho.

F. glauca Greene Eryth. i, 153. Bulb of few thick scales: stem 2-8
inches high, rather stout: leaves 2-4, scattered, oblong-lanceloate, 1-3 inches
long, thick, g’aucous: flowers 1-3, open campanulate, purple marked with
greenish yellow: segments of the perianth oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 8-10
lines long, about four lines wide, with large oblong nectaries: stamens about
six lines Jong, the filaments dilated downward; anthers oblong, little more
than a live long: styles distinct to the middle; stigmas linear: capsule suort,
acutely angled. On barren slopes near Waldo, southern Oregon.

F. atropurpurea Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 54. Bulb of num-
erous thick scales half-inch long or less: stem usually slender, 8-20 inches
high: leaves 6-20, linear, scattere| on the upper part of the stem or somewhat
verticillate, two to three inches long: flowers 1-6, on slender pedicels, dull
purple with more or less green, open campanulate; segments broadly lance s-
late 6-9 lines long, spreading, with obscure nectaries: stamens about four
lines long: style slender; distinct to the middle, with lingar stigmas: capsule
broadly obovate acutely angled. From the Blue Mountains of Oregon to
California and Nebraska.

F. pudica Sprengle Syst ii, 64. Bulb of numerous very small rounded
scales: stem 2-10 inches high: leaves 3-3, linear to narrowly oblanceo ate,
scattered cr somewhat verticillate, 2-4 inches long: flower usally solitary,
nodding, yellow or orange, sometimes tinged with purple, narrow-campanu-
late: segments of the perianth 5-9 lines long, oblong-spatniate, obtuse,
8 mewhat spreading: stamens nearly equailing the style, 6-8 lines long: an-
thers 2 lines long: aise connate to the top; stigma shortly 3-lobed: capsule
oblong to snbglobose, 6-12 lines long, obtusely angied. Common in the
interior, Brit. Columbia to California and Utah. é

10 LLOYDIA Salisb.
Bulbous herbs with simple leafy stems, narrow grass-like leaves

LLOYDIA LILIACE , 651
EKYTHRONIUM

and whitish flowers in terminal racemes or solitary. Perianth of
6 distinct equal persistent segments with a transverse margined
nectariferous fold above the base. Stamens 6, inserted at the base
of the segments: filaments subulate-filiform: anthers versatile,
oblong, rounded at the apex, deeply perforated at the emarginate
base for the insertion of the filament, dehiscent along each margin.
Ovary triangular, 3-celled, the ovules numerous, in two rows in
each cell, horizontal, anatropous. Style persistent, with shortly
3-lobed stigma. Capsule chartaceous, loculicidally 3-valved at
the apex. Seeds flat, with a brown membranously margined
testa and very small embryo.

L. serotina Reichenb. F). Excurs. 102. Stem slender, erect or ascend-
ing, 2-5 inches high: radical leaves filiform, equalling or exceeding the
stem, triangular to teretish, the cauline ones short and diminishing up-
ward, linear-lanceolate, somewhat sheathing: flowers erect, usually solita-
ry: segments of the perianth oblanceolate, obtuse, obscurely pitted at
base, 4-5 lines long, white with 3 purplish lines: capsule obovate, obtusely

angled, 4 lines long. Eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains and the
Arctic coast.

11 ERYTHRONIUM L, Sp. 305.

Low herbs from membranous-coated corms with 2-3 apparent-
ly radical flat leaves and one to several large flowers in a terminal
raceme. Perianth broadly funnelform, of ¢ distinct nearly equal
lanceolate deciduous segments that are mostly revolute from
near the base, the inner usually auriculate below and callous-
toothed on each side of a nectariferous groove. Stamens 6, hy-
pogynous, with rather short slender filaments and linear anthers
attached by the base and longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary nearly
sessile, many-ovuled. Style slender, entire with short 3-lobe stig-
ma, or 8-cleft and the stigmas at length revolute, deciduous.
Caqsule membranaceous, obtusely triangular, loculicidally 3-val-
ved. Seeds in two rows in each cell, ascending, with brown or
black rugulose testa somewhat loose at the apex.

E. grandiflorum Pursh Fl; 231. Scape stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves
broadly lanceolate, 4-6 inches long, acute and shortly cuspidate, pale
green, not mottled: segments of the perianth bright yellow with whitish
hase; outer ones lanceolate, obtuse; inner ones narrower, acuminate, with
4 stout hyaline teeth at base, all strongly revolute, 134-3 inches long: style

clavate; the stigmas at length distinct and recurved. In the mountains of
eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

Var. parviflorum Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxvi, 129. Scape usu-
ally 8-12 inches high: leaves oblong-lanceolate; flowers smaller, the seg-
ments 12-15 lines long. In the mountains California to Brit. Columbia
and the Rocky Mountains.

E. revolutum Smith in Rees’ Cyc. Scape 10-12 inches high, 1-3-
flowered: leaves narrowed below to a usually narrow petiole, 2-6 inches
long, conspicuously marked witb dark brown and white: segments of the
perianth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 18 lines long, 3-4 lines wide,
strongly revolute, white to pinkish-rose outside, golden-orange deepning to
a dark purple inside, the 3 inner auricled and with 4 blunt teeth: anthers
about 4 lines long, bright yellow: stigmas at length distinct and recurved.

652 LILIACEA ERYTHRONIUM

Near the coast, Vancouver Island to Oregon. E. Johnsoni Bolander Eryth.
iii, 127, appears to be a pink-flowered form of this species.

E. giganteum Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1786. Scape 6-18 inches high, 1-6-
flowered: leaves broadly lanceolate, or in poorly developed specimens
narrower, green mottled with brown and white, 4-6 inches long, mostly
acute and shortly apiculate, rather abruptly narrowed below to a short and
broadly margined petiole: outer segments of the perianth lanceolate, acu-
minate, 14-2 inches long, 4-6 lines wide; inner ones a little wider and
more acuminate, all cream-color marked with yellow and orange near the
base, strongly revolute; the inner ones auricled and 4-toothed at base:
style clavate, about as long as the stamens, the stigmas distinct and at
length strongly revolute. On stony ridges, western Washington to Calif.

E. montanum Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxvi, 130.’ Scape slender,
6-18 inches high, 1-3-flowered: leaves broadly lanceolate to almost ovate,
more or less abruptly contracted at base into a winged petiole, the blade
2-4 inches long, pale green, not mottled: segments of the perianth pure
white with orange base, often turning pinkish in age, 1-134 inches long,
broadly lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, the inner ones with small teeth
at base: style clavate, much longer than the stamens; the stigmas distinct
and at length spreading. On grassy slopes in the highest parts of the
Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington.

E. citrinum Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 480. Corm oblong, 1-2
inches long, 4-6 lines in diameter; scape rather stout, 6-10 inches high,
1-9-flowered, the flowers approximate and all opening at near the same
time: leaves very broadly lanceolate, 4-6 lines long, obtuse and very shorty
apiculate, attenuate at base to a very short petiole, the margins more or
less undulate, eroen markeed with dark brown and white: segments of the
perianth broadly lanceolate, obtuse, 12-15 lines long, bright lemon-color
with orange base, the tips drying pinkish, merougly revolute, the teeth at
the base of the inner ones thin: Riamedts not dilated downward: style
rather thick shorter than or barely equalling the stamens: the stigmas
coalescent by the edges: capsule, an inch long, very obtuse. On dry ridges
in pine woods, near Deer Oreek southern Oregon:

E. Hendersoni Watson |. c. 479. Scape slender, 6-12 inches high,
1-3-flowered: leaves lanceolate to oblong, obtuse and very shortly apiculate,
parrowed below to a short petiole, the blade 3-6 inches long, green mottled
with white and brown: segments of the perianth lanceolate, obtuse, 12-18
lines long, purple with very dark base bordered above with yellow; the
inner ones auricled above the very short claw, the auricles fleshy and sub-
saccate, the 2 scales subglobose-inflated: filaments purple, very slender
and attenuate upward, thrice longer than the brownish anthers: style
narrowly clavate, shorter than or about equalling the stamens, the trian-
gular cupulate stigma very shortly 3-lobed. Common in the Rogue river
valley, southern Oregon. x

E. HowelliigWatson 1. c. 480, Scape rather slender, 6-18 inches high,
1-3-flowered: leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, an
inch or less wide usually acute and shortly apiculate, green mottled with
white and brown: segments of the perianth lanceolate, 18 lines long, straw-
color to white;with orange base, often drying pinkish: the inner narrowed
downward, without auricles or scales: stamens white, the filaments very
siender: style slightly clavate, shorter than the stamens; the cupulate
stigma faintly 3-lobed. In dry open woods near Waldo southern Oregon.

12 CALOCHORTUS Pursh FI. 240.

Perennial herbs from coated corms, simple or branched leafy
stems, linear leaves, the radical in our species solitary, and large

CALOCHORTUS LILIACEZ 653

flowers in bracted racemes. Perianth of 3 narrow greenish se-
pals and 3 broad more or less concave distinct deciduous petals
usually with a conspicuous glandular pit near the base. Stamens
6, inserted on the bases of the the segments, included: anthers
linear to oblong, attached by the base, longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary sessile. triangular, 3-celled, many-ovuled. Stigmas sessile,
recurved, persistent. Capsule membranaceous, 3-angled or 3-
winged, mostly septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, in two
rows in each cell, somewhat flattened, with a thin membranous
white or brownish often loose testa.

C. Maweanus Leichtlin Baker Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 305. Stem
flexuous 3-10 inches high, usually branched and 3-10-flowered: leaves
glaucous, exceeding the stem, 4-6 lines wide: bracts lanceolate, an inch
long or more: sepals ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate, purplish: petals
a little longer, white, or purplish at base, 6-8 lines long, broadly obovate,
acute, somewhat pitted and arched, the broad naked claw covered above
by a transverse semicircular scale, the rest of the surface more or leas
densely covered with long erect white or purplish hairs: anthers lanceolate,
acuminate, 2 lines long: capsule oblong-elliptic, acutish. Near the coast,
southern Oregon to California.

Var. roseus Purdy Proc. Calif. Acad. 3d ser. ii, 121. Bulbs with
mahogany-colored coats: flowers tinged with rose. Southern Oregon.

C. elegans Pursh Fl. 240. Stem very slender, 4-8 inches high 1-4-
flowered: leaf lanceolate, acuminate, 2-4 lines wide, exceeding the stem:
bracts about half the length of the pedicels, acuminate from a base 2 lines
wide: sepals ovate, acute, greenish-white outside, purplish at base: petals
obovate, obtuse, whitish, or slightly tinged with green, with a purple spot
on the claw, thickly covered with rather short soft hairs, except a band
around the margins, which are white on the upper and purple on the lower
portion; scale narrow, ascending, deeply fringed, covering about 4% the
width of the claw: anthers long-acuminate: capsule elliptical, rounded at
each end. In pine woods, eastern Washington and Idaho.

C. Lyallii Baker l.c. C. elegans var. nanus Wood. Stem slender,
3- 10 inches high, umbellately 3-5-flowered : leaf lanceolate, 4-6 lines wide,
acute, often 44 longer than the stem: bracts lanceolate, long acuminate,
about an inch long: eepals oblong-lanceolate short acuminate, 6-10 lines
long, greenish-purple, strongly arched below, the pit thus formed dark

urpie inside: petals light yellow to nearly white with purplish base,
Piet than the sepals, often an inch broad, triangular-ovate, finely erose,
rounded and often shortly acuminate at the apex, strongly arched below,
the scale broad and covered with retrorse hairs, the portion above the scale
pubescent with short soft hairs except a narrow belt around the apex: fil-
aments broad, abruptly narrowed at the apex: anthers lanceolate, long-ac-
uminate above, 4 lines long: capsule elliptical 10-12 lines long nodding.
On grassy slopes on tlie highest parts of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon
to Brit. Columbia. is

C. Lobbii Purdy 1. c. 122. Stem 8-5 inches high: leaf 3-5 lines wide,
longer than the stem, abruptly acute: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute,
greenish with a dark spot below, 6-8 lines long; petals a little longer, white
tinged with green, broadly rhombic-ovate, very deeply pitted, the pit
showing as a prominent knob on the back, hairy above the gland: scale
very narrow, deeply bordered with long feathery fringe and concealed in
the recess of the pit: filaments subulate; anthere oblong, acuminate,
ending in a hooked cusp: capsule narrowly beaked. Only known from
Mount Jefferson, Oregon.

654 LILIACEZ CALOCHORTUS

C.. uniflorus H. & A. Bot. Beech. 398, t. 94. Stem low; flexuous,
usually branched, 4-12 inches high, umbellately 1-9-flowered: leaves 1-2,
4-6 lines wide, exceeding the stem: bracts linear-lanceolate, long and con-
spicuous: flowers open caiapanaiats, on flexuous pedicels 3-10 inches long:
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, greenish-lilac; petals cuneate, some-
what truncate, erose-denticulate, 10-12 lines long, lilac to rose-color, often
with a purple spot on each side of the scale, sparingly hairy immediately
above the gland, otherwise naked ; gland shallow, not pitted; scale narrow,
triangular: filaments slender; anthers obovate, obtuse, 2 linea long: cap-
sule elliptical nodding. In wet meadows, southern Oregon to California.

C. Tolmiei H. & A. 1. c. Stem erect or ascending, 6-18 inches high,
usually brancbed : leaf 4-8 lines wide, shorter than or exceeding the stem:
bracts foliaceous, long acuminate, 1~4 inches long: flowers broadly cam-
panulate; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-10 lines long. purplish ;
petals yellowish purple, cuneate-obovate, a little longer than the sepals,
rounded and acutely apiculate at the summit, deeply pitted near the base,
pubescent with long crisped purple and white hairs; the gland without
scale but the upper circular edge with a dense fringe of reflexed hairs:
anthers lanceolate, acute, 2-3 lines long: capsule elliptical, acute at both
ends 10-15 lines long, nodding, On dry grassy plains, Willamette valley
Oregon to northern California.

C. Purdyi Eastwood Proc. Calif. Acad. 3d ser. i, 137, pl. xi, figs.
8a & 8b. Stem 8-16 inches high, rather stout, erect, branching, 2—many-
fiowered: leaf linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about 8 inches long, 4-6 lines
wide: bracts foliaceous, acuminate : sepals from elliptical to narrowly ovate,
abruptly acuminate, green tinged with purple outside; petals broadly ob-
ovate-cuneate, acute or rounded at the apex, creamy-white or tinged with
purple, the inner surface bearded all over with white and purple hairs,
somewhat arched by the narrow semicircular gland, the shallow pit covered
by a densely hairy narrow scale: anthers lanceolate, abruptly acuminate:
capsule elliptical, 14g inches long, nodding. On grassy hillsides, Willam-
ette valley Oregon.

C. apiculatus Baker Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 305. Stem stout, erect,
12-18 inches high: leaf 6-12 inches long, 3-9 lines wide: bracts linear,
acuminate, 1-3 inches long: sepals lanceolate, greenish-white, acute, 6-9
lines long; petals straw-color, broadly obovate, an inch long, sparingly
hairy above inside, distinctly pitted, the pit densely hairy and without
scale: anthers 4 lines long, acuminate: capsule 12-15 lines long, narrowly
odlong, nodding. Lake Pend Oreille Idaho.

C. nitidus Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. vii, 277, t. 9, fig a. Stem 1-2
feet high, rather stout, stiffly erect: leaf linear-lanceolate, 8-18 inches long,
3-6 lines wide: bracts lanceolate, long acuminate, 1-2 inches long: flowers
large, open-campanulate; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate 16-18 lines
long, hyaline-margined on one side;, petals very Broadly ovate, as long as
the sepals, white or straw-color to lavender, with an Indago spot near the
centre, rounded above, sparsely bearded except a broad belt at the summit,

land small,, rounded, densety matted with short hairs: anthers linear-ob-
ong, 6-8 lines long, obtuse at both ends: capsule round to broadly elliptic,
8-10 lines long, with short stout beak, erect. Powder river Mountains,
eastern Oregon to Nevada.’ ss

C.. Nuttallii T. & G. Pac. R.- Rep. ii, 124. Stem slender, 3-15 inches
high, umbellately 1-5 flowered: radical leaf linear, deeply channeled, cau-
line 1-3, narrow, glaucous, the margins revolute: bracts long-acuminate,
1-2 inches long: Glee ovate-lanceolate, with scarious margins, yellowlsh
within, with or without a dark spot at base which issometimes hairy, 10-12
lines long, much shorter than the petals, acute; petals broadly obovate-
cuneate with rather narrow claw, 13 inches long, abruptly acute or

CALOCHORTUS LILIACE A 655

rounded at the apex, white above, yellowish below, with a small round or
oblong gland which is densely covered with agglutinated hairs, a few hairs
scattered above: anthers oblong, obtuse, more or less sagittate: capsule
lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, erect. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and Nebraska.

C. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii, 266. Bulb large, 6-12
lines in diameter, very deep-seated: stem stiffly erect, 1-2 feet high, um-
bellately 1-3-flowered, sometimes branched: radical leaf about a foot long,
4-6 lines wide, cauline leaf narrow, 3-6 inches !ong, long acuminate: bracts
long acuminate from a broad base, 1-2 inches long: flowers open-campanu-
late: sepals broad lanceolate, acuminate, about 6 lines long, one margin
hyaline, purplish outside: petals cuneate-obovate rounded at the apex,
1-114 inches long, white with dark base, sparsely bearded with short crisp
hairs inside: gland transversely oblong, densely covered with yeliow hairs:
anthers oblung, acate and apiculate, about 3 lines long: capsule elliptical,
8-10 lines long, erect. In moist places near Waldo southern Oregon.

C. longibarbatus Watson 1. c. xvii, 381. Stem slender, 10-15 inches
high, strictly erect, umbellately one- to several-flowered: radical leat
broadly linear, acute, nearly as long as or longer than the stem; cauline
linear and bract-like: bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 inches long:
sepals rather narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 lines long, greenish
lilac within : petals lavender-color, lighter below with a dark-purple circn-
lar band above the gland, cuneate-obovate, about an inch long, the apex
rounded to almost truncate, denticulate: gland small, roundish, covered
with dense matted brown hairs with some long silky hairs above and be-
side it, the margins not ciliate: filaments slender, dilated downward, 2-3
times as long as the narrowly ovate obtuse anthers: capsule elliptical,
9-10 lines long, erect. In low grassy grounds, eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington near the base of the Cascade Mountains.

C. pavonaceus Fernald Bot. Gaz. xix, 335. Stem slender, strictly
erect,.1-2 feet high: radical leaf lanceolate, not channeled, 1-134 feet long,
cauline bract-like, 3-4 inches long: bracts subulate, 1-3 inches long: sepals
purplish, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, an inch long: petals cuneate-obo-
vate, 15-18 lines long, lavender-color to purple, with a circular band above
the small round gland which ‘is covered with densely matted yellow hairs,
the margine sparsely ciliate, the lower third sparingly bearded with silky
hairs: filaments slender, winged; anthers 3-5 lines long, shorter than the
filaments: capsule elliptical, acutely angled and strongly beaked, erect. .
In low meadows near Pullman, Washington.

C. macrocarpus Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. vii, 276, t. 8. Stem stout,
erect and rigid, 1-2 feet high, one- to several-flowered: radical leaf deeply
channeled, a foot or more long; cauline 3-5, narrow and convolute, 3-6
inches long: sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 15-18 lines long, purplish with a
dark base inside, sometimes spotted and hairy, with a broad scarious mar-
gin: petals cuneate-obovate, 1144-2 inches long and half as wide, purple,
with a greenish line down the centre, the lower third above the gland spar-
ingly bearded with glaudular hairs: gland oblong, densely hairy: anthers
lanceolate, obtuse 4-6 lines long, about as long as the filaments: capsule
lanceolate, attenuate upward, 1-2 inches long, erect. On dry or sandy
plains in the interior, California to Brit. Columbia.

Orper XCVII_ CONVALLARIACE Link. Handb. i, 184.

Scapose or Jeafy-stemmed plants with simple or branched
rootstocks or bulbs, mostly broad parallel-veined leaves and
numerous or solitary flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
Perianth inferior, 4-6-lobed or parted. Stamens 6, hypogyn-
ous, or borne on the perianth: anthers introrsely or exextrorsely

656 CONVALLARIACE.Z VAGNERA

or laterally dehiscent. Ovary 1-3-celled: ovules anatropous or
amphitropous. Style slender or short: stigma mostly 3-lobed.
Fruit a fleshy few- to numerous-seeded berry. Embryo small,
in copious albumen.

1 Vagnera Leaves alternate: flowers small, in a simple terminal raceme
or panicle, six-merous: filaments subulate.

2 Unifoliam Leaves alternate: flowers small, ina simple terminal ra-
ceme, four-merous: filaments filiform.

3 Streptopus Leaves alternate, sessile: flowers small or middle-size,
six-merous, extra-axillary : filaments flattened, short and broad.

4 Disporum Leaves alternate: flowers middle-size, in terminal fascicles,
six-merous: filaments filiform or somewhat flattened, longer than the
anthers.

6 Clintonia Leaves all radical: flowers middle-size, six-merous in a ter-
minal umbel: filaments filiform.

‘6 Scoliopis Leaves a pair upon an otherwise naked stem: flowers
middle-size, umbeliate upon a very short peduncle, tri-merous: fila-
ments filiform-subulate.

? Trillium Leaves 3, whorled at the summit of the otherwise naked
stem: flowers large, solitary and teminal, tri-merous: filaments short.

1 VAGNERA Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 496. (1763)
SMILACINA Desf. (1807):

Herbs with simple leafy stems, broad mostly sessile alternate
leaves and small white flowers on jointed pedicels in terminal
bracteate racemes, or panicles. Perianth persistent of 6 distinct,
1-3-nerved segments. Stamens 6: filaments subulate, inserted at
the base of the segments: anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary ses-
sile, ovate, 3 celled, with 2, usually collateral ovules in each cell.
Style short and thick, 3-lobed at the summit, persistent. Fruit a
globose 1-3-seeded berry. Seeds subglobose, with thin testa and
horny albumen.

* Flowers panicled, very small: stamens exceeding the oblong-lan-
ceolate segments of the perianth.

Y. amplexicaulis Greene. Smilacina amplexicaulis Nutt. Stems several
from a stout elongated rootstock, 1-3 feet long ascending, covered with a
short spreading pubescence: leaves ovate to lanceolate 3-7 inches long,
strictly sessile and amplexicaul or sometimes with a very short dilated
clasping petiole, acute, rounded at base: usually pubescent with very short
stiff hairs: panicle sessile or shortly peduncled, 2-9 inches long: pedicels
solitary usually less than -a line long: segments of the perianth less than a
line long: filaments more or less broadly subulate, often broader than the
segments : style nearly as long as the ovary: berries light red, finely dotted
with purple, 2-3 lines in diameter, usually 1-seeded ; seed whitish, 14¢ lines
broad. In the Coast ranges, Brit. Columbia to California. .

VY. racemosa Morong Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, v, 114. Smilacina race-
mosa Desf. Stems often stout, erect or ascending, somewhat angled, finely
pubescent above or nearly glabrous, 1-3 feet high, from a thick fleshy root-
stock: leaves oblong-lanceolate to oval, sessile, or the lower ones short-
petioled, 3-6 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, acumin ate, finely pubescent

VAGNERA CONVALLARIACE 657
UNIFOLIUM

beneath, the margins minutely ciliate: panicle densely many-flowered, 1-4
inches long, peduncled: pedicels about a line long: segments of the perianth
oblong, about a line long: style about half as long as tke ovary: berries red
speckled with purple, 2-3 lines in diameter. In moist woods, Oregon to
Brit. Columbia and across the continent. :

* * Flowers larger, in a simple few-flowered raceme: stamens shorter
than the segments,

VY. sessilifolia Greene. Smilacina sessilifolia Nutt. Stems slender,
usually flexuous above, 10-18 inches high, from slender creeping rootstocks:
leaves lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, acute or acuminate, sessile and clasping,
usually flat and spreading, more or less pubescent. racemes 3-9-flowered,
sessile or shortly pedunoled, the solitary pedicels 2-7 lines long: segments of
the perianth lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, twice as long as the stamens: filaments
subulate: style about a line long, as long as the ovary: berries usually black
when mature, globose, 8-5 lines in diameter, 1-3-seeded: seeds brown sub-
ovoid 134 lines in diameter. In damp forests, Brit. Columbia to California.

Y. stellata Morong l.c. Smilacina stellata Desf. Stems rather stout,
erect, glabrous, 8-20 inches high, from a stout fleshy rootstock: leaves lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile and somewhat clasping minutely pubes-
cent beneath 2-5 inches long, 6-18 lines wide, obtuse to acute or acuminate:
raceme sessile or short-peduncled, 6-20-flowered: pedicels 1-4 lines long,
usually shorter than the, flowers: segments of the perianth oblong, obtuse,
4-5 lines long, 44 longer than the stamens: style about 2 lines long, as long
as the ovary: berries green with 6 black stripes or black, 3-5 lines in diameter.
ere streams in the interior, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern

tates.

2 UNIFOLIUM Adans. Fam. Pl ii, 54. (1763)
MAIANTHMUM Wiggs. Prim. Fl. Hols. 14. (1780.)

Low herbs with slender rootstocks, erect simple few-leaved
stems, alternate petioled leaves and small white flowers in termin-
al minutely bracted racemes. Perianth of 4 distinct segments.
Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the segments, with filiform
filaments and short introrse anthers. Ovary sessile, 2-celled,
rarely 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Style 2-lobed
or 2-cleft. Berries globose, 1-4-seeded.

U. dilatatum. Maianthemum bdiflorum var. dilatatum Wood. Glabrous:
stem 2-12 inches high, erect: leaf of the sterile shoots round-cordate, 2-4
inches in diameter, acute or shortly acuminate, on a slender petiole 2-8 inches
long; cauline leaves usually 2, cordate to sagittate, with large rounded
auricles, 2-4 inches long, on slender petloles: often with a subulate bract on
the peduncle: raceme 1-3 inches long, many-flowered: pedicels spreading, 1-2
lines long, often 2-4 together : segments of the perianth oblong, obtuse, about
a line long, at length reflexed: stamens shorter than the segments: style
stout, about a half line long: berries red, globose, about 3 lines in diameter,
1-4-seeded: seeds ovate, brown, 14 lines long, In wet places along moun-
tain streams, California to Alaska.

38 STREPTOPUS Michx. FI. i, 200. (1803.)
Branching herbs with stout or slender rootstocks. thin sessile

alternate leaves and rather small flowers on slender solitary sim-
ple or forked extra-axillary peduncles. Perianth narrowly cam-

658 CONVALLARIACEZ STREPTOPUS
DISPORUM

panulate, of 6 distinct deciduous segments. Stamens 6: filaments
short, deltoid or subulate, inserted on the base of the segments:
anthers sagittate, acute or acutely attenuate above, attached cn
the inner side near the base, with nearly lateral dehiscence. Ovary
sessile, 3-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Style filiform,
deciduous, with 3-lobed or 3-cleft stigma. Fruit a many-seeded
berry. Seeds oblong, with close thin brownish testa.

S. amplexifolius DC. Fl. France iii, 174. Rootstock short, stout;
horizontal, covered with fibrous roots: stem stout, 1-3 feet high, dichotom-
ously branched: leaves lanceolate, 2-5 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, acuminate,
cordate-clasping at base, glabrous, glaucous beneath: peduncles 1-2 inches
long, 1-2-flowered bent or twisted at about the middle: segments of the perianth
greenish-white, 4-6 lines long, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the tips spread-
ing or recurved: anthers subulate-pointed: stigma simple, obtuse or trun-
cate: berry oval, 5-9 lines long, yellow. or red. Along mountain streams,
California to Alaska and across the continent.

S. roseus Michx, Fl. i, 201, t. 18. Stems simple or sparingly branch-
ed, 6-30 inches high, from a short stout rootstock covered with fibrous roots:
branches sparingly pubescent: leaves lanceolate-ovate to ovate, 2-4 inches
long, rather abruptly acuminate, sessile by a broad rounded or slightly cordate
clasping base, the margins finely ciliate: peduncles 6-12 lines long, one-
rarely two-flowered: segments of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6
lines long, the tips spreading, purple to rose-color; anther-cells each apiculate:
style 3-ceft, the spreading branches stigmatic along the inner side: berries
globose or ovate, 5-6 lines in diameter. In damp woods, Oregon to Alaska
and the Eastern States.

S. brevipes Baker Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 594. Stems mostly simple,
smooth, 6-12 inches high, from very slender rootstocks : leaves lanceolate, 1-3
inches long, tapering from below the middle to an acuminate apex, sessile
but not at all cordate at base, very minutely or not at all ciliate: peduncles
3-6 lines long: segments of the perianth linear-oblong, about 4 lines long,
less than a line wide, more than twice as long as the stamens: berries globose.
In damp places in the Cascade Mountains of Washington,

4 DISPORUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i, 831. (1812.)
PROSARTES D. Don. (1840.) fe

Branching herbs, scaly-bracted below and leafy above, wit
running rootstocks, sessile alternate somewhat oblique leaves and
rather small flowers in terminal few-flowered umbels. Perianth
narrowly campanulate, of 6 distinct deciduous segments. Sta-
mens 6, hypogynous: filaments filiform or somewhat flattened,
longer than the oblong or linear extrorse anthers. Ovary sessile,
3-celled. mostly with 2 suspended ovules in’ each cell. Style
slender, entire or with 3 short stigmas, deciduous. Fruit a 3-¢-
seeded berry. Seeds globose, with close testa and horny albumen.

* Perianth broad and gibbously truncate at base: stamens included,
with elongated filaments: style 3-cleft: berries acute.

D. Menziesii B. & H. Gen. iii, 832. Prosartes. Menziesti D. Don. More
r less woolly-pubescent: stems 1-3 feet high, diffusely much branched:
aves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or sometimes slightly cordate
% base, 2-6 inches long: flowers in fascicles of 2-5, on slender pedicels 6-10

DISPORUM CONVALLARIACEZ 659

lines long: segments of the perianth nearly erect, acute 6-11 lines long:
stamens a third shorter: style usually more or less woolly above and
slightly 3-cleft at the apex: ovary nearly smouth: berry oblong-ovate,
attenuate above into a short beak, triangular, 3-6-seeded, about 6 lines long,
bright salmon-color, In the Coast Ranges, California to Brit. Columbia.

* * Leaves acute or shortly acuminate, mostly cordate and clasping:
perianth narrow and less gibbous at base: style entire.

+ Filaments elongated, longer than the anthers.

pb. Hookeri B. & H.1.¢. Prosartes Hookeri Torr. More or less rough-
pubescent with short. spreading hairs: stems slender, 1-2 feet high, diffuse-
ly branched: leaves ovate, mostly deeply cordate, rough on the margins
and nerves beneath, 1-3 inches long, the uppermost very oblique: flowers
1-6 in the fascicles; segments,spreading above, 4-6 lines long, narrowed at
base: stamens equalling or a little exceeding the perianth: ovary narrow,
more or less pubescent: style entire, exserted, glabrous; berries usually
somewhat pubescent, obovate, obtuse, 4 lines long, 6-seeded. In the Coast
Ranges, southern Oregon to California.

D. trachyandrum B. & H. 1. c. Prosartes trachyandra Torr. More
or less pubescent with minute stiff hairs: stem slender, 12-18 inches high:
leaves ovate to oblong, acute or somewhat acuminate, but slightly or not
at all cordate, 1-2 inches long: flowers 1-3 in the fascicles: segments ‘of the
perianth lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, 1% longer than the stamens,
narrowed at base: anthers minutely hispid: ovary glabrous: berries
smooth, with a short stout beak. In the mountains of southern Oregon
and northern California.

D. Oreganum B. & H.1.c. Prosartes Oregana Watson. Stem 1-3
feet high, diffusely much branched, woolly-pubescent above: -leaves ovate
or orbicular to oblong, more or less acuminate, distinctly cordate at base,
2-4 inches long: flowers usually 1-2 in the fascicles, funnelform: segments
of the perianth about 6 lines long, lanceolate, narrowed toward the base to
a broad claw: filaments filiform with a dilated base, about 8 lines long:
anthers a line long: style filiform, exceeding the stamens: berries ovate,
acutish, pubescent, 5-6 lines long, 3-6-seeded. Common in forests, Oregon
to Brit. Columbia.

D. trachycarpum B. &H. 1. c. Prosartes trachycarpa Watson. Pu-
bescent, at least when young: stem 1-2 feet high, rather sparingly branch-
ed: leaves ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, acute or
short acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base: flowers 1-3 in the fascicles,
narrow campanulate: segments of the perianth narrowly oblong or oblan-
ceolate, 6-7 lines long: stamens about equalling the perianth: style slender,
exceeding the stamens: berries roughened, depressed-globose or somewhat
ovoid, 4-5 lines in diameter, 3-i8-seeded. In the mountains of eastern
Oregon and Washington to Nebraska and Manitoba.

+ + Anthers much longer than the very short filaments.

D. parvifolium B. & H. 1. c. Prosartes parvifolia Watson. More or
less pubescent with spreading hairs: stem 6-12 inches high, densely much
branched : leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, more or less abruptly .acumin-
ate, very acute, slightly cordate at base, 6-18 lines long: flowers 1-6 in the
fascicles, narrow campanulate: segments of the perianth lanceolate, acute
or somewhat acuminate, 4-6 lines long. white, twice as long as the stamens:
filaments about a line long, shorter than the lanceolate acute anthers:
ovary small, slightly pubescent: style slender, slightly exserted: berries
not seen. In the Coastand Siskiyou Mountains of southern Uregon and
northern California.

660. CONVALLARIACEA CLINTONIA
' SCOLIOPIS

5 CLINTONIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 102, 1819.

Scapose herbs with slender rootstocks, few broad apparently
radical many-nerved leaves and white or red flowers umbellate
upon a scape-like peduncle. Perianth campanulate, of 6 distinct
several-nerved equal deciduous segments. stamens 6, inserted
on the base of the segments, with filiform filaments and oblong
to linear versatile anthers, attached on the inner side and laterally
dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 to several ovules in
each cell. Style slender, deciduous, slightly 2-3-lobed at the
summit. Fruit a smocth few- to many-seeded berry. seeds
somewhat compressed or angled, with smooth crustaceous brown-
ish testa. ;

C. uniflora Kunth Enum. v, 159. More or less villous-pubescent
throughout: stems 1-2 inches long, mostly under ground: leaves lanceolate
or oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, acute or shortly apiculate, attenuate
below to a sheathing petiole, 4-8 inches long by 1-2 wide: peduncle shorter
than the leaves, 1- rarely 2-flowered: segments of the perianth white, ob-
lanceolate. obtuse, 8-12 lines long 44 longer than the stamens: style about
equalling the stamens: berries blue, oblong, 4-6 lines long, the cells 6-10-
seeded. Common in damp forests in the mountains, California to Alaska.

C. Amdrewsiana Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 150. Nearly glabrous, the
inflorescence more or less pubescent: stem stout, 2-6 inches long, mostly
under ground: leaves usually 4-6, broadly oblong to oblanceolate, shortly
apiculate narrowed below to short petioles or sessile, 6-12 inches long, 2-4
inches wide; peduncle 1-2 feet high, usually with a foliaceous bract: flow-
ers deep rose-color, numerous in a termina] umbel and one or more lateral
umbellate fascicles: pedicels slender, unequal, 4-12 lines long: perianth
gibbous at base, 4-7 lines long: stamens a half shorter, about equalling the
style: filaments pubescent: berries 4-5 lines long, the cells 8-10-seeded.
In Sequoia forests near the coast, southern Oregon to California.

6 SCOLIOPIS Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 145,

Nearly acaulescent glabrous herbs with short fibrous-rooted
rhizomes, a pair of thin apparently radical leaves subtended by
scarious sheaths and few flowers on long pedicels in a nearly
sessile umbel, Perianth of 6 distinct deciduous segments, the 3.
outer lanceolate, several-nerved, the 3 inner narrower and 3-nerved.
Stamens 8, inserted at the base of the 3 outer segments, with fili-
form-subulate filaments, and oblong 2-celled extrorse anthers.
Ovary sessile, strongly triquetrous, 1-celled, the thickened angles
placentiferous, with about 10 ascending ovules in 2 rows upon
each placenta. style very short, persistent : stigmas linear, deep-
ly channeled down the inner side. Fruit a thin-walled several-
seeded capsule bursting irregularly. Seeds oblong, slightly curved,
longitudinally sulcate-striate, with thin close light-colored testa.

S. Hallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 272. Bhizome short, with
numerous long fleshy-fibrous roots: stem not rising above the ground:
leaves broably lanceolate, acute, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, narrowed
below to sheathing petioles: pedicels 1-8, very slender, 2-3 inches long;
outer segments of the perianth lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-4 lines long,

1% lines wide, narrowed to a claw below, yellowish green speckled with
red outside, striped with purple inside, bent outward near the middle, the

TRILLIUM CONVALLARIACEZE 661

upper half spreading or deflexed: inner segments linear-spatulate, shorter
than the outer ones, incurved and connivent over the stigmas: filaments
1-2 lines long, about half as long as the ovary. On moist mossy banks
along mountain streams, western Oregon.

7 TRILLIUM L. Sp. 339.

Glabrous erect herbs with short tuber-like rhizomes, short simple
stems bearing scarious sheaths at hase and 3 flat leaves in a whorl
around a single large flower at the summit. Perianth of 6 distinct
persistent segments: the 3 outer narrow, green and sepal-like; the
3 inner broader and usually white or red. Stamens 6, hypogyn-
ous; with short filaments and linear, mostly extrorse, anthers.
Ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed, 3-celled, with several to many
ovules in each cell. Styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side.
Fruit a 3-celled or imperfectly 1-celled many-seeded berry-like
capsule. Seeds ovate, with close thin testa.

T. petiolatum Pursh Fl. 544. Stem 3-4 inches high, often scarcely
exserted above the basal sheaths: leaves with ovate-elliptic to reniform
blade 3-6 inches wide, on stout petioles as long or longer: flower sessile;
sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute. about an inch long: petals dark purple,
narrowly oblanceolate, scarcely longer than the sepals, 2-3 lines wide:
anthers 6-8 lines long, dark purple: styles 5-6 lines long, recurved; ovary
shortly beaked. On rich hillsides and in copses, eastern Oregon and
Washington to Idaho.

T. chloropetalum. T. sessile var. chloropetalum Torr. in part. T.
sessile var. Californicum Watson. Rhizome oblong to obovate, usually
erect, about an inch long: stem 6-18 inches high: leaves broadly rhombic-
ovate thickish, usually marked with whitish blotches, 2-6 inhes long, often
broader than long, obtuse, closely sessile: flower sessile: sepals elongated-
oblong, obtuse, 10-12 lines long, 3 Jines wide: petals white, oblanceolate,
obtuse, 1-114 inches long 3-4 lines wide, erect: anthers nearly sessile,
white, about 6 lines long, longer than the stigmas. In wet copses, western
Oregon to California. :

T. ovatum Pursh Fl. 245. Rhizome oblong 1-2 inches long, horizont-
al: stem stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves rhombic-ovate, 3-8 inches long,
usually acuminate, cuneately narrowed at base, sessile: peduncle slender,
1-3 inches Jong: sepals lanceolate, acute 1-2 inches long, 3-4 lines wide:
petals broably lanceolate, acute, 114-214 inches long, 4-12 lines wide, white,
soon changing to rose-color and dark red: stamens 3-8 lines long; anthers
yellow: styles slender, recurved or revolute at the apex. Common in
wooded districts, California to Brit. Columbia.

T. rivale Watson Proc. -Am. Acad. xx, 378. Rhizome oblong, 6-10
lines long, horizontal: atem slender, 2-10.inches long, erect or ascending,
leaves ovate, obtuse and apiculate to acute or acuminate, 133-8 inches long:
rounded or subcordate at base, on petioles 4-10 lines long: flower on a
slender usually declined peduncle 1-3 inches long: sepals broadly lanceo-
late, acute to acuminate 6-10 lines long: petals broadly lanceolate to ovate,
acute to acuminate, narrowed below to a claw, but little longer than the
sepals, white, speckled with purple near the centre: stamens about equal-
ling the short recurved stigmas: capsule slightly ifat all lobed. On rocky
banks in the Coast Mountains, southern Oregon and adjacent California.

OrpeR XCVNI MLANTHACEA R. Br. Prodr. i, 272.
Leafy-stemmed herbs with rootstocks or bulbs, broad or

662 MELANTHACEA VERATRUM

grass-like leaves and perfect, polygamous or dicecious flowers
in terminal racemes, paniclesor umbels. Perianth of 6 distinct
or nearly distinct; mostly persistent segments. .Stamens 6,
borne on the hase of the perianth-segments. Anthers small,
2-celled or confluently 1-celled, cordate or reniform, mostly
extrorsely dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled, superior or-partly inferi-
or, with few to numerous anatropous or amphitropous ovules
in each cell. Styles 3, distinct or more or less united. Fruit
a mostly septicidal few- to many-seeded capsule. Seeds com-
monly appendaged. Embryo small, in copious albumen.

* Leaves.not rigid nor equitant: flowers usuaily polygamous: anth-
eas 1-celled, peltate after opening.

1 Veratrum Stems tall and stout, from a thick rootstock: leaves broad,
strongly nerved and plicate.

2 Stenanthella Stem erect, from a coated bulb: leaves linear, keeled:
flowers in panicled racemes: perianth nodding, its segments acuminate,
without glands.

3 Zygadenus Stem erect, from a coated bulb: leaves linear: inflorescence
racemose or subpaniculate: perianth erect, the segments not acumin-
ate, glandular at base-

* * Flowers perfect, on bracteolate pedicels in a simple raceme on
an equitant-leafy stem from a creeping rootstock: anthers 2-celled,
introrse : seeds numerous.

4 Tofieldia Flowers involucrate with 3 scarious united bractlets: fila-
ments naked; stvle short: capsule ovate, 3-beaked: seeds horizontal,
not caudate.

5 Abama Bractlets linear: filaments woolly: style none: capsule oblong,
attenuate upward: seeds ascending, caudate at each end.

* * * Stems stout, very leafy, from a thick rhizome: leaves very
narrow, rigid and rough-margined: flowers perfect, on naked pedicels’
in a simple dense raceme.

6 Xerophyllum Flowers white, on long pedicels: segments 5-7-nerved ;
seeds few, not appendaged.

1 VERATRUM L. Sp. 1044.

Tall perennial herbs with thick rootstocks, broad strongly vein-
ed plicate leaves and rather large flowers in a terminal pubescent
panicle, the lower flowers mostly staminate only. Perianth of 6
distinct similar segments. Stamens free, with subulate filaments
and cordate confluently 1-celled anthers that are peltate after
opening. Ovary-sessile, 3-celled. Styles distinct, stigmatic at
the apex. Capsule membranaceous, 8-beaked by the persistent
diverging styles, septicidal to the base. Seeds several in each
cell, ascending, compressed and margined or winged, with close ,
thin whitish testa.

Y. virida Ait. Hort. Kew. iii, 422. Stems stout, 2-7 feet high, very
leafy s leaves broadly elliptical and acute, or the upper ones lanceolate and

acuminate, 3-9 inches long: branches of the simple panicle slender, more
or less drooping : bracts foliaceous, lanceolate, usually nearly equalling the

VERATRUM MELANTHACEZ 663
STENANTHELLA

flowers: segments of the perianth oblanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, 4-6 lines
‘long, greenish-yellow, adnate to the attenuate base of the ovary: stamens
2-3 lines long: ovary glabrous: capsule oblong-ovate, acute, 10-12 lines
long, many-seeded: seeds 4-5 lines long. In damp woods in the high
mountains, Oregon to Alaska and the Eastern States and Canada.

Y. Californicum Durand Journ. Philad. Acad. iii, 103. ? Stems very
stout, 3-10 feet high, very leafy: lower leaves broadly oval, 6-12 inches
long, 4-8 inches wide ,obtuse to acute; the uppermost ones lanceolate,
much reduced and bract-like: branches of the panicle slender, ascending:
bracts ovate-lanceolate to subulate, shorter or several times longer than
the pedicels: segments of the perianth greenish- white, lanceolate, obtuse,
attenuate at base, 8-10 lines long, entire, or denticulate above, slightly ad-
nate to the ovary: stamens 3-5 lines long: ovary glabrous: capsule an inch
or more long. In swamps, Washington to California and Colorado.

V. caudatum Heller Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi, 588. by the descrip-
tion dose not differ from the above except in glabrous leaves: it grows in
wet meadows, Chehalis County, Washington.

2 STENANTHELLA Rydberg Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 530.

Erect glabrous herbs with coated bulbs, few narrow leaves and
perfect flowers in bracted racemes or panicles. Perianth of 6 dis-
tinct lanceolate acuminate subequal marcescent segments without
glands or distinct claw. Stamens 6, shorter than the perianth-
segments and inserted on their bases, free. Anthers reniform,
confluently 1-celled and peltate after opening. Ovary ovoid, su-
perior. Styles 3. Capsule 3-beaked, septicidal to the base.
Seeds oblong, winged.

S. occidentalis Rydb. 1. c. 531. Stenanthium occidentale Gray. Bulb
oblong-ovoid, 4-6 lines in diameter: stem slender, 10-20 inches high: leaves
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-12 inches long, 3-12 lines wide: raceme
simple, or branched at base: bracts somewhat scarious, broadly lanceolate,
acuminate, 3-12 lines long: pedicels slender, spreading or recurved, longer
than the bracts: flowers campanulate, nodding: segments of the perianth
brownish-purple, 6-8 lines long, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, the tips
spreading or recurved: capsule at length strictly erect, 6-8 lines long,
attenuate into the elongated slender styles: seeds linear, flat, winged, 3-4
lines long. On rocky banks and bluffs, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho.

3 ZYGADENUS Michx. Fl. i, 213. (1803.)

Erect herbs with coated bulbs, leafy stems, Jinear leaves and
rather small white or yellowish flowers in terminal glabrous pan-
icles or racemes. perianth of 6 distinct. similar marcescent
segments bearing 1 or 2 glands just above the narrowed base.
Stamens free from the perianth-segments and about equalling
them in length: anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled.
Capsule 3-lobed and 38-celled, the cells not diverging, dehiscent
to the base. seeds several or numerous in each cell, oblong or
linear, angled.

* Flowers rather large, mostly perfect.

Z. elegans Pursh Fl. 241. Stem 6 inches to 3 feet high: leaves glau-.

cous, 2-6 lines broad: raceme simple, or sparingly branched below, often

few-flowered : bracts ovate lanceolate, usually purplish: perianth adnate to
the base of the ovary, its segments broad, oval or obovate, obtuse, 4-5 lines

664 MELANTHACEA ZYGADENUS
TOFIELDIA

the inner abruptly contracted toa broad claw; gland obcordate: styles
about 2 lines long: seeds oblong, angular, not margined, 2 lines long. In
moist places, eastern Oregon to Alaska and Illinois.

Z Douglasii Torr. Pac. R. Rep. vii, Z. Fremonti Watson. Stem
rather stout, 114-234 feet high: leaves 6-12 lines wide, nearly as long as
the stem: bracts mostly green, ovate, acuminate, 6-15 lines long; pedicels
stoutish, 1-2 inches long, exceeding the bracts: perianth-segments white or
yellowish. free from the ovary, 5-7 lines long, the outer not clawed, the
inner contracted to a broad claw: glands irregular, toothed on the upper
margin: stamens about half as long as the segments: styles about a line
long: capsule 6-12 lines long: seeds less than 2lines long. Along the coast,
southern Oregon to California.

* * Flowers smaller, polygamous.

Z. paniculatus Watson Bot. King 343. Stem usually stout, 1-2 feet
high; leaves 6-8 inches long, usually all sheathing, roughish on both sides,
mostly falcate: raceme usually panicled, many-flowered: bracts mostly
scarious, shorter than the pedicels: segments of the perianth 1-2 lines
long, oblong, acute, rather abruptly contracted to a claw: gland not very
definately margined, often reaching nearly to the middle of the blade:
stamens equalling or longer than the segments: capsule oblong-ovate, 6-12
lines a On dry foothills, eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana
and Nevada.

Ze vVenenosus Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 279. Stem rather slen-
der, 8-30 inches high: leaves 4-15 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous, the
cauline not sheathing: racemes usually simple. with narrow scarious
bracts: perianth free from the ovary, its segments triangular-ovate to
elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish, 2-3 lines long, all abruptly contracted
to a short glandular claw, the blade rounded or subcordate at base: gland
extending slightly above the claw, with a well defined irregular margin:
stamens longer than the segments; capsule 4-6 lines long: seeds 134-214
lines long. Common in meadows, California to Brit. Columbia and Utah.

Z. intermedius Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxvii, 535. Stem rath-
er stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves scabrous on the margins and midrib, 6
inches or more long, 3-5 lines wide, keeled and sometimes conduplicate,
all with conspicuous scarious sheaths at base: raceme rather long: seg-
ments of the perianth 3-4 lines long, obtuse, the outer ones broadly ovate
and acute or rounded at base, short-clawed, the inner oblong, subcordate
at base, with a claw half aline long: gland almost semi-orbicular, the upper
marein toothed but thin and not well defined. Idaho to Montana and

tah.

Z. gramineus Rydb. 1. c, Stem slender. 8-14 inches high: leaves
narrowly linear, scabrous on the margins and midrib, 4-8 inches long, 1-3
lines wide, conduplicate and somewhat falcate, all with distinct scarious
sheaths surrounding the stem: racemes rather short: bracts scarious,
lanceolate, long-acuminate: outer segments of the perianth broadly ovate,
obtuse, acute at base and very short-clawed, inner ones ovate obtuse, sub-
cordate at base, with aclaw about a line long: gland almost semiorbicular,
the upper edge toothed but thin and not well-defined: capsule elongated-
ovoid, 4-5 lines long. Idaho to Albertia and Nebraska.

4 TOFIELDIA Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 157. (1778.)

‘Perennial herbs with short running rootstocks, fibrous roots,
erect stems, linear somewhat 2-ranked and equitant leaves clus-
tered at the base and small perfect white or greenish flowers in a
terminal bracted raceme, the flowers usually involucrate hy 3

TOFIRLDIA MELANTHACEX 665
ABAMA

scarious more or less united bractlets on the pedicel. Perianth of
6 distinct 3-nerved persistent segments. Stamens 6, equalling
the segments and inserted at their bases: filaments narrowly
subulate: anthers round-cordate, attached by the base, 2-celled,
laterally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3-lobed and 3-celled, with
several ovules attached to the inner angle in each cell. Styles
short, distinct, with small terminal stigmas. Capsule membran-
aceous or rigid, beaked by the 3 persistent styles, septicidally
dehiscent. Seeds several to many, with thin membranous testa,
often tailed.

T. glutinosa Pers. Syn. i, 399. Stem viscid-pubescent with black
glands, 6-20 inches high, bearing 2-4 leaves near the base: radical leaves
tufted, 3-7 inches long, 1-8 lines wide: raceme oblong, the upper flowers
first appearing: pedicels commonly clustered in $’s, ascending viscid-
pubescent, becoming 2-6 lines long in fruit: involucral bracts minute,
united nearly or quite to their apices, borne just below the flower: segments
of the perianth oblong, mostly obtuse, about 2 lines long, membranous:
capsule oblong, about 3 lines high, 3-valved : seeds tailed at both ends. In
mountain marshes, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent.

T. intermedia Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot, Club, xxvii, 528, Stem slen-
der, about a foot high, viscid-pubescent with black glands above, leafy
below: leaves 3-10 inches long, 34-3 lines wide: raceme dense, 6-12 lines
long: bracts broad ovate: pedicels usually 3 togethey, a line or less long:
involucral bracts 3, broadly triangular, united for 24 their length: segments
of the perianth oblong, about a line long, acute, bright white, drying yel-
lowish: capsule ovoid, about 3 lines long: seeds appendaged. In mountain
marshes, Oregon to Alaska.

T. occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 283. Stem stout, 1-3
feet high. glandular above, sparingly leafy below: leaves 2-12 inches long,
numerous: raceme 1-2 inches long, dense: pedicels 2-3 together, 2-3 lines
long, viscid below the involucral bracts which are united to the middle:
segments of the perianth oblong, about 3 lines long: capsule obovate, 3-4
lines long, long-beaked : seeds angular-ovate, with loose white spongy testa
and a slender tail at the outer end nearly as long as the body. In marshes,
northern California to the Cascade Mountains in Washington.

5 ABAMA Adans, Fam. Pl. ii, 47. (1763.)
NARTHECIUM Juss. Gen. 47. (1789.)

Perennial herbs with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous
roots, erect simple stems, linear grass-like leaves and small per-
fect flowers in terminal bracted racemes, the pedicels bracteolate
near the middle. Perianth of 6 distinct persistent segments.
Stamens 6, hypogynous, distinct: filaments subulate, pubescent :
anthers linear, attached by the base, introrse. Ovary sessile,
linear oblong, 3-celled, many-ovuled, attenuate upward to the
small slightly, lobed stigma. Capsule thin-chartaceous, loculicid-
ally 3-valved.. Seeds numerous ascending from near the base,
small and linear, with thin transparent testa, and a. long bristle-
like tail at each end.

A. Californica Heller. Narthecium Californicum Baker. Rootstocks

slender, with scarious scales at the nodes: stems slender, densely tufted,
10-20 inches high: radical leaves 5-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, cauline

666 PONTEDERIACEX XEROPHYLLUM
” HETERANTHERA

2 or 3, short: raceme loose, becoming 3-15 inches long, 30-40-flowered:

pedicels 3-6 lines long, twice longer than the linear-lanceolate bracts and
bractlets: segments of the perianth 3-4 lines long, a third longer than the
stamens, bright yellow: filaments woolly except near the-top: capsule ex-
serted, the cells 10-15-seeded. In marshes in the Coast Mountains, south-
ern Oregon and northern California.

6 XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. i, 210. (1803.)

Tall perennial herbs with thick short woody rootstocks, coarse
fibrous roots, simple erect leafy stems, narrow linear serrulate
persistent leaves and many small white flowers in a terminal ra-
ceme. Perianth of 6 distinct several-nerved persistent segments.
Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the segments, with filiform-
subulate filaments and rounded extrorse laterally dehiscent an-
thers. Ovary sessile, ovate, 3-lobed, with 1-2 pairs of ovules in
each cell. Capsule chartaceous, loculicidally dehiscent to the
base, and sometimes also septicidal. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, as-
cending, oblong, somewhat triangular-flattened, with thin longi-
tudinally wrinkled, rather light-colored testa.

X. tenax Nutt. Gen. i, 235. Rootstock often an inch thick or more:
stems stout, 2-6 feet high, leafy below: radical leaves numerous, 1-3 feet
long, about 2 lines wide. flat above, rather rigid; cauline leaves shorter,
scattered, gradually reduced udward: racemes at first dense, elongating
and becoming 1-2 feet long: lower bracts foliaceous and serrulate, the up-
per scarious and often upon the lower part of the pedicel: pedicels an inch
or two long, erect in fruit: segments of the perianth 4-5 lines long, scarcely
equalling the stamens: styles 2 lines long: capsule broadly ovate, acute,
nearly 3 lines long, 3-valved: seeds narrowly oblong. Common in the high
mountains, California to Brit. Columbia and Idaho.

X. Douglasii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 284. ‘“ Pedicels shorter,
(6-15 lines long) : flowers smaller, the segments (214 lines long) exceeding
the stamens: styles a line long: capsule cordate-ovate, 2 lines long, 6-valved,
the abruptly acute cells separating and then dehiscing: seeds shorter and
broader. Oregon to Montana. ”’

Orper XCIX PONTEDERIACE Dumort. Fam. 59. (1829)

Perennial aquatic or bog plants with grass-like or petioled
thick leaves and perfect more or less irregular solitary or spiked
flowers subtended by lesf-like spathes, Perianth free fromthe
ovary, corolla-like, 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the
tube or the base of the perianth: filaments filiform, dilated at
base or thickened at the middle: anthers 2-celled, linear-oblong
or rarely ovate. Ovary 3-celled with the placente in the axis,
or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentz. Style filiform or columnar,
with terminal entire or minutely toothed stigma. ovules ana-
tropous, numerous, sometimes only one of them perfect. Fruit
a many-seeded capsule or 1-seeded utricle. Embryo central,
cylindrical, in copious albumen.

1 HETERANTHERA R. & P, Prodr. Fl. Per. 9. (1794.)

Herbs with creeping, ascending or floating stems, yrass-like or
petioled leaves and small yellow, white or blue flowers subtended

AETERANTHERA ARACEZ 667
LYSICHITON

by a spathe. Lobes of the perianth nearly or quite equal, linear.
Stamens 3, inserted on the throat of the perianth. Ovary fusi-
form, completely or incompletely 3-celled by the intrusion of the
placentee: ovules numerous: stigma 38-lobed. Fruit an ovoid
many-seeded capsule enclosed in the marcescent tube of the
perianth, Seeds ovoid, striate.

H. dubia Mac M. Met. Miun. 138. Schollera graminifolia Willd.
Aquatic perennial: stem slender, forked, often rooting at the nodes. 1-4
feet long; leaves linear, flat, acute, their sheaths thin, furnished at the top
with small acute stipule-like appendages: spathes 1- or 2-flowered : flowers
light yellow: perianth-segments narrow, 3-4 lines long, the tube 1-3 inches

long; capsule 1-celled, torujose, 3-4 lines long. In ponds, Oregon to Cali-
fornia and the Atlantic States.

Orper C ARACEZ Neck. Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. ii, 462.

Glabrous perennial herbs with all radical or alternate leaves
and perfect, monvecious or dicecious flowers sessile and crowded
upon a spadix which is surrounded by a simple spathe. Peri-
anth none, or of 4 scale-like segments. Stamens 4 in our spe-
cies: filaments very short: anthers 2-celled, opening by pores
or slits. Ovary one- to several-celled, with one to several ovules
in each cell. Style short or wanting: with terminal mostly
minute and sessile stigma. Seeds various, mostly minute and
albuminous.

1 LYSICHITON Schott Prodr. Aroid. 421.

Acaulescent swamp herbs with large flat leaves from a thick
horizontal rootstock and numerous small flowers on a spdix sur-
rounded by a spathe with a sheathing base that at first envelopes
it but-at length becoming long exserted upon a stout peduncle.
Flowers perfect, crowded and covering the spadix, with 4-lobed
‘perianth and 4 stamens opposite to the lobes. Filaments short
and flat: anthers 2-celled, opening upward. Ovary conical, 2-
celled, with 2 horizontal orthotropous ovuls. Stigma depressed.
Fruit fleshy, somewhat immersed in the rachis and coalescent:

L. Kamtschatcensis Sehott 1.-e. Leaves 1-4 feet long, 3-18 inches
wide, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed below to a short mar-
gined petiole or sessile: spathe yellow, witb a broad acute blade 2-6 inches
long, narrowed below to a sheathing petiole 3-10 inches long: peduncle
very stout, 8-12 inches long; spadix broader, 2-4 inches long, densely
flowered. Comrion in swamps, California to Alaska and Kamtschatka.

OrvER CI TYPHACE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i, 60.

’ Aquatic perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks, cylindrical
solid siems, alternate linear entire sessile leaves and moncecious
flowers in heads or on a spadix without perianth, the upper
staminate, the lower-pistillate. Stamens and ovaries intermixed
with bristles-or scales. Anthers linear, longitudinally dehis-
cent. Ovaries one- or two-celled, oue-ovuled, with slender style
and one-sided stigmas. Fruit nut-like. Seeds pendulous, ana-

668 TYPHACEA _SPARGANIUM
; ' ‘TYPHA

tropous, with straight axile embryo and copious albumen.
1 Sparganium Flowers in globular heads with foliaceous bracts.
2 Typha Flowers in a cylindrical compact terminal spike.

1 SPARGANIUM L. Sp. 971.

Aquatic herbs with erect or floating siems, linear alternate leaves
and small flowers densely crowded in globose heads on the upper
part ot the stem and branches, the staminate heads uppermost.
Spathes linear, immediately beneath or at a distance below the
head. Perianth represented by a few chaffy scales. Stamens
usually 5, with ‘distinct filaments and oblong or cuneate anthers.
Ovary sessile, mostly 1-celled, Fruit nut-like.

S. eurycarpum Engelm. in Gray’s. Man. ed. 2, 480. Stems stout,
2-8 feet high, branching: leaves linear, flat, slightly keeled, the lowest 2-6
feet long, the upper shorter: staminate heads numerous; pistillate heads
2-4 on the stem or branch, sessile or peduncled, compact, 10-16 lines in di-
ameter when mature: style1; stigmas 1 or 2: nutlets sessile, 3-5 lines long,
obtusely. 4-5-angled, narrowed at base, the top rounded, flattened or de-
pressed, abruptly tipped with the style: scales as long or nearly as long as
the fruit, and as many as its angley, often with 2 or 3 outer ones, some-
what spatulate, the apex rounded and ‘denticulate or erose. In marshes
and‘along streams, California to Brit. Columbia and the Kastern States.

8S. androcladum Morong Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. xv, 78. Stems slen-
der, more or jess branching 10-20 inches high; pistillate heads 3-7, sessile
or the lowest peduncled: style 1: stigmas 1, rarely 2: heads 6-12 lines in
diameter when mature: scales oblong, as long as the nutlets or shorter:
nutlets fusiform, 2-3 lines long, often strongly contracted at the middle,
tapering into the style, pedicelled. In ponds, Oregon to Brit. Columbia
and the Eastern States. :

S. simplex Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 401. Stems slender, 2-20 inches
high, simple: leaves more or less triquetrous, 2-4 lines wide: staminate
heads 4-7, pistillate 2~6, sessil, or the lowest peduncled, 5-8 lines:in diameter
when mature: scales about half as long as the nutlets, denticulate: nutlets
fusiform or narrowly oblong. obtusely angled. at the apex, more or less
contracted in the middle, pedicelled: stigma linear, as long as the style
Borders of ponds and streams, California to Alaska and across the Continent’

Var. angustifolium Engelm. in Gray. Man. ed..5, 481. Floating
in déep water: leaves very long, 1-2 lines wide, their sheaths often inflated
at base: pistillate heads 1-4, 3-7 lines in diameter. In mountain lakes and
slow streams, California to Oregen Newfoundland and New York.

* §. minimum Fries Sum. Veg.’ ii; 560. Floating: stems very slender,
4 inches to 3 feet long: leaves very thin and lax, 1-3 lines wide: staminate
heads 1 or 2, pistillate 1-3, sessile'2-5 lines'in diameter when mature; scales
about half as long as the fruit, denticulate: stigmas oval, often’ oblique:
nutlets ovoid, slightly triangular, tapering abruptly into the style, 1-2 lines
long sessile or nearly so. In ponds and streams, Oregon to Utah, Michi-
gan, New Jersey and New Brunswic. :

TYPHA L. Sp. 971.

Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, simple erect
‘terete stems, linear flat ensiform leaves with sheathing base, and
very numerous small flowers in dense terminal spikes subtended
by spathaceous usually fugaceous bracts, the staminate spikes

TYPHA LFMNACEAI 669
LEMNA
uppermost. Ovaries long-stipitate, 1-celled, surrounded. by num-
erous bristles and clavate rudimentary ovaries. Styles filiform.
Fruit nut-like, small, usually splitting on one side. Seeds linear
striate.

T. latifolia L. Sp. 971. Stems stout, 4-8 feet high: leaves neatly
equalling or exceeding the stem’, 3-12 lines wide: pistillate spike dark
brown or black, at length an inch in diameter; the staminate portion usu-
ally contiguous, each 3-12 inches long: pollen grains in 4’s: pistillate

flowers without bracts: stigmas rhomboid or spatulate. In marshes
throughout North America, Europe and Asia, excépt the extreme north, —

T. angustifolia L. Sp. 971. Stems slender, 2-10 feet high; leaves 2-6
lines wide, somewhat convex on the back: spikes light brown, the stamin-

ate and pistillate portions usually distant, the two together sometimes 15

inches long, the pistillate portion when mature 2-8 lines in diameter and
provided with bractlets: pollen grains simple: stigmas linear or linear-ob-
long. In marshes, California and Oregon to the Eastern States and Europe.

OrpER CIT LEMNACEA Dumort. Fl. Belg. 147. (1827.)

Very small floating stemless herbaceous plants consisting of
flattened disk-like fronds with one or more rootlets from the
middle below, and monoecious flowers without perianth imbed-
ded in thefrond. Flowers consisting of 1-2 stamens or a flask-
shaped 1-celled several-ovuled pistil. Style simple, with fun-
nelform stiguwa. Fruit a 1-6-seeded utricle. Seeds compara-
tively large, with stcaight axile embryo, albuminous.

1 Lemna Frond 1-5-nerved, with a single rootlet.
2 Spirodela Frond 7-11-nerved, with several rootlets.

1 LEMNA L. Sp. 970.

Fronds: 1-5-nerved, containing numerous avicular raphides,
destitute of vascular tissue proliferous from a lateral slit, usually’
on each side near the base, with a single rootlet. Flowers mar-.
ginal, bracteate, diandrous. Filaments slender: anthers didymous,
each cell bilocular by a transverse partition. dehiscing transverse-
ly. Seeds:1-6, mostly ribbed. .

L. trisulea L. &p. 970. Fronds thin, oblong or oblanceolate, 6-9 lines
long, attenuate at base into a slender stalk. very obscurely }-nerved, often
without rootlets, usually several series of offshoots remaining connected:

bracts sac-like: seeds ovate, amphitropous, with small round operculum.
In ponds, throughout most of North America: also in Kurope and Asia.

L. minor L. Sp. 970. Fronds round to elliptic-ovate, 1-3 lines in di-
ameter, rather thick, very obscurely 3-nerved: seeds oblong-obovate,
amphitropous, with prominent rounded operculum. Common in ponds in
all parts of the world. ‘

2 SPIRODELA Schleiden Linn. xiii. 391. (1839.)

Fronds 7-12-nerved. Rootlets several, with axile vascular
tisue. Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-ovuled. oe a ;

S. polyrhiza Schleiden 1. c. Fronds round-obovate, 2-5 lines eis
thick, flat and dark green above, slightly convex and purple beneath, pa

670 VALLISNERIACEZ PHILOTRIA

mately 5-10-nerved, each with a central cluster of 2-11 elongated rootlets.
Cotiiifion in still water throughout most parts of the world. :

Orver CITI VALLISNERIACE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 54,

Submerged or floating aquatic herbs with various leaves and
regular mostly dicecious flowers. Perianth 3-6-parted: thé
segments all petaloid, or the outer ones smaller and herbaceous,
the tube adherent to the ovary at its base. Stamens 3-ly, dis-
tinct or monadelphous. Anthers2-celled. Ovary 1-celled with
3 parietal placents or 6-9-celled. Styles 3-9, with entire or
2-cleft stigmas. Fruitan indehiscent few—many-seeded utricle,
ripening under water.

1 PHILOTRIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. ii, 175.

Aquatic perennial herbs with leafy branched stems, numerous
opposite or whorled sessile I-nerved leaves and small flowers in
membranaceous spathes. Flowers poygamo-diecious, solitary
and sessile in an axillary spathe. Perianth small in the stamin-
ate flowers with 3 scarcely united greenish sepals and as many
narrow petals: the pistillate with greatly élongated filiform tube
and 6-parted spreading limb. Stamens 3-9, with short filaments
united at base. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placente, few-
ovuled. Style coherent with the perianth-tube: stigmas 3, bifid
or emarginate.. Fruit a few-seeded utricle.

P. Canadensis Britton Science (II) ii, 5. Anacharis Canadensis Pl.
Stems 4 inches to 3 feet long, according to the debth of the water, much
branched : leaves linear or elliptic, acute or obtuse, serrulate or entire, 2-7
lines long, 1-2 lines wide: flowers axillary, the staminate minute, sessile,
breaking off at the time of flowering and rising to the surface where they
shed their pollen: pistillate flowers expanding on the surface of the water
which they reach by the elongation of the slender tube which varies in
length from 2-12 inches: stigmas spreading, papillose or pubescent. Com-
mon in ponds, nearly throughout North America.

Orper CIV NAIADACE) Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 366.

Aquatic herbs with slender often branching leafy stems, flat
or filiform leaves and perfect, monoecious or dioecious flowers
in axillary spikes or solitary or spadaceous. Perianth of 4 seg-
ments or a hyaJine envelope or wanting. Stamens 1-4, rarely
more, distinct and hypogynous in the perfect flowers, solitary or
connate in the sterile. Anthers extrorse, 1-2-celled. Ovaries
1-6, distinct, or rarely connate, 1-celled, mostly l-ovuled. Fruit
follicular or capsular or an indehiscent berry or utricle. fm:
bryo large, often curved. Albumen none. ’

* Perianth membranaceous and cup-shaped or none.
+ Flowers monecious ar dicecious: ovary solitary, sessile: stamen 1.

1 Naias Stems slender, with opposite or ternate leaves : flowers dicecious’
solitary or clustered, axillary: perianth none in pistillate flowers, cup-
shaped and membranaceous in sfaminate: style with 2-4 subulate
stigmas

NAIAS NAIADACE4 671

2 Zostera Stems slender, from creeping rootstocks: perianth wanting:
ovaries and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a
margined leaf-like enclosed spadix: ovaries pendulous: stigmas 2.

8 Phyllospadix Stems floating. from creeping rootstocks: flowers diceci-
oug, without perianth: anthers sessile, in 2 rows on a spadix: ovaries
in 2 rows on the inner side of a margined enclosed spadix, ascending:
stigmas 2, linear, sessile.

4 Lilea Annual stemless plants: flowers monwcious; staminate in close
spikes on scapes under a single bract; pistillate flowers at the base of
the leaves with very long styles, or in dense heads on scapes; stigmas
capitate

+ + Ovaries about 4, nearly sessile, becoming more or less stipitate.

& Zannichellia Leaves opposite: flowers moncecious, axillary or nearly

so: anther solitary, on aslender naked filament: pistillate howers

eerie acup-shaped membranaceous spatheor perianth: stigma
peltate.

6 Ruppia Leaves alternate: flowers perfect, 2 or moreon an enclosed
spadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth: anthers 2, sessile:
stigma depressed.

* * Flowers perfect, with herbaceous 4 parted perianth, in a
peduncled spike.

7 Potamogeton Ovaries and anthers 4, sessile: stigma sessile.
1 NAIAS L. Sp. 1015.

- Slender branching aquatic wholly submerged plants with oppo-
site, alternate or verticellate leaves with sheathing bases, and in-
conspicuous monecious or dicevious flowers in axillary clusters or
solitary. Staminate flowers of a single stamen and a membranous
tubular 4-lobed perianth within a small cup-shaped membranous
spathe. Anther 4-celled. nearly sessile: pollen granular Pistil-
late flowers without perianth or spathe, the oblong ovary termin-
ated by a short style and 3-4 narrowly subulate stigmas. Fruit
a membranous utricle, filled by the single erect anatropous seed.

N flexilis Rost. & Schmidt Fl. Sed. 384. Stem slender, dichotomous-
ly much branched 6-18 inches long: leaves linear, acuminate or abruptly
acute, 6-12 lines long. 4-1 line wide, numerous and crowded upon the up-
per part of the branches, with 25-30 minute teeth on each side; sheaths
obliquely rounded, with 5-10 teeth on each margin: fruit e!lipsoid, with
very thin pericarp, 1-2 lines long: style long, persistent; stigmas short:
seed smooth, shining, straw-color, sculptured with 30-40 rows of nearly
square or hexagonal reticulations. In ponds and streams, throughout
nearly all parts of North America: also in Europe.

N. Gaudalupensis Morong Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, iii, 60. Stem near-
ly capillary 1-2 feet long, widely branched from the base: leaves numerous,
6-9 lines long, 14-14 line wide, acute, opposite or in fascicles of 2-5, fre-
quently recurved. with 40-50 teeth on each margin: fruit about a line lung;
pee dark and strongly marked by 15-20 rows of hexagonal or rectangu-
ar reticulations which are transversely oblong: seed straw-color, not
shining. In ponds and streams, Oregon to Nebraska and Texas: also in
tropical America.

2 ZOSTERA L. Sp. 968.
Marine plants with creeping rootstocks, branching compressed

672 NAIADACEA ZOSTEK A
PHYLLOSPADIX

stems, long grass-like entire few-nerved leaves and inconspicuous
flowers on an enclosed spadix. Flowers monoecious, without
perianth, the single stamens and ovaries arranged alternately in 2
rows upon the face of a linear-oblong leaf-like sessile spadix en-
closed in the dilated membranous base of a leaf. Anther 1-celled,
sessile ; pollen thread-like, Ovary attached near its apex, beaked
by a short style with 2 linear deciduous stigmas, with a single
pendulous orthotropous ovule. Fruit utricular, oblong. Seed
with subcrustaceous testa. Embryo split longitudinally and en-
closing the long linear curved plumule.

4“. marina L. Sp. 968. Stems rather fleshy, 1-7 feet long: leaves rib-
bon-like, obtuse at the apex, 1-8 feet long, 2-4 lines wide, with 3-7 principal
nerves; spadix 1~3 inches long: flowers crowded, usually from 10-20 of each
kind on the spadix: at anthesis the stigmas are thrust through the opening
of the spathe and drop off before the anthers of the same spadix open:
the anthers at maturity work their way out and shed their glutinous stringy

pollen into the water: seeds cylindric, strongly about 20 ribbed, about 134° |

lines long, truncate at both ends. In bays and streams along the coast,
Alaska to California and on the Atlantic coast and Europe.

Z. latifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, iii, 63. Rootstocks very
thick: stems stout 2-10 feet long: leaves 2-4 feet long, 3-6 lines wide, the
broadest 10-13-nerved: spadix 2-3 inches long: fruit 114-2 lines long,
cylindric, with a stratght beak as long as itsself and attached to the spadix
by a short stipe, distinctly 20-25-costate. In bays, Puget Sound to Calif.

3 PHYLLOSPADIX Hook. FI. ii, 171.

Perennial marine herbs with thick rootstocks, slender stems’
elongated linear leaves and inconspicuous dioecious flowers on a
spadix. Staminate flowers of numerous sessile anthers in 2 rows
crowded upon a apadix. Anthers 1-celled dehiscing by a vertical
slit, dorsally attached near the middle: pollen thread-like. Pis-
tillate flowers of sessile ovaries attached above the base, attenuate
into a short style. Stigmas 2, capillary. Fruit a coriaceous
utricle.

P. Scouleri Hook. 1. c. Stems very stout, an inch or two high, bear-
ing solitary spathes: leaves 2-6 feet long, 1-2 lines wide, 3-nerved, with
many fine strie between the nerves: spadix appendages on both kinds of
flowers elliptical, about 6 lines long; fruit broadly flattened, the lobes
half as broad as the body. On rocks that are exposed at low tide along the:
coast, Oregon to Alaska.

4 LIL#A Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Ag. i, 221. (1808.)

Annual acaulescent paludose plants with terete leaves and
dimorphous flowers sessile among the leaves and in heads on sim-
ple scapes. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same or separ-
ate heads, without perianth. Stamens solitary. Anthers nearly
sessile, rounded, 2-celled, subtended by a hyaline bract. Ovaries
naked,sessile and erect in the axils of the leaves with very long
styles and in heads on exserted scapes with short styles. 1-celled
and l-ovuled. Stigma capitate. Fruit coriaceous, ovoid, inde-
hiscent, compressed and ribbed, the upper narrowly winged, the

LILRA NAITADACEA 673
ZANNICHELLIA

lower wingless and laterally toothed at the summit, Seed with
membranous testa and straight narrow embryo.

L. subulata Humb. & Bonpl. 1. c. Leaves 6 inches to 2 feet long or
more, 1-2 lines thick: heads crowded, 6-12 lines long, on scapes shorter
than the leaves: staminate bracts narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2 line long,
twice longer than the anthers: radical fruits 3 lines long, the filiform styles
often nearly as long as the scapes: upper fruits elliptical, acute, somewhat
smaller. In shallow water or mud, Vancouver Island to South America.

5 ZANNICHELLIA L. Sp. 969.

Very slender immersed branching aquatic herbs with filiform
flattened mostly opposite leaves, with small free membranous
stipules.and inconspicuous monecious flowers in axillary clusters.
Staminate flowers of a single naked stamen with elongated fila-
ment and 2-celled anther. Pistillate flowers usually in the same
axils, of 2-5 sessile or shortly stipitate ovaries in a membranous
cup-shaped perianth or spathe: style short, with peltate stigma.
Ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit an obliquely oblong coriaceous
nutlet, somewhat compressed, beaked by the short style. Seeds
with membranous testa. Embryo slender, the attenuate cotyle-
donary end bent into a coil.

Z. palustris L. Sp. 969. Stems 2 inches to 2 feet long, branching and
leafy : leaves about 3 inches long, 14 line or less wide, thin, 1-nerved: fruit
sometimes incurved, often more or less toothed on the back. 1-1} lines
long, about twice longer than the style, usually becoming shortly stipitate
and often also pedunculate. In fresh-water ponds and slow streams,
throughout most parts of the World. °

6 RUPPIA L. Sp. 127.

Slender branching submersed herbs growing in brackish or salt
water, with filiform or capillary alternate leaves, with broadly
sheathing bases, and small] perfect flowers enclosed in the base of
the leaves. Flowers on a capillary spadix-like peduncle, without
perianth, consisting of 2 sessile antners, each with 2 separate cells,
attached by the back to the peduncle, having between them sev-
eral pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the
whole at first enclosed in the base of a leaf, the peduncle at length
long exserted and bearing the ovaries in 2 clusters at the end.
Ovaries at first sessile, with nearly sessile depressed stigmas and
solitary ‘suspended camplytropous ovules. Fruit obliquely ovoid,
very shortly beaked, on elongated slender stipes, hard and drupe-
like. Seed with membranous testa. Embryo ovoid, with short
cotyledon and short lateral plumule.

R. maritima L. Sp. 157. Stems elongated, filiform, 6-20 inches or
more high, leafy : leaves 2-4 inches long. 4 line wide, with usually broadly
dilated bases: flowers 2-8, in a short close spike: fruiting peduncle 3-6
inches long, contorted: fruit 1/6 lines long, the stipe 1-12lines long. In
brackish or salt pools along the coast. Alaska to California, and in most
parts of the world.

674 NAIADACEA POTAMOGETON

7 POTAMOGETON L. Sp. 126. 2

Submersed aquatic herbs with slender jointed branching stems,
mosily alternate leaves with scarious stipules and perfect flowers
in peduncled axillary spikes. Perianth herbaceous, of 4 narrow
valvate segments. Stamens 4, opposite to the segments, with
nearly sessile 2-celled anthers. Ovaries usually 4 and sessile,
with oblique depressed nearly sessile stigmas and solitary ascend-
ing campylotropous ovules. Fruit somewhat compressed, ovate,
drupe-like, with a crustaceous nutlet within. Seed with mem-
branous testa and strongly curved or spiral embryo.

* Floating leaves more or less coriaceous, with a dilated petioled
blade, different in form from the thinner submerged ones: stipules
free: spikes cylindrical, mostly dense, not interrupted.

P. natans L. Sp. 126. Stems 1-4 feet long, simple or sparingly bran-
ched: floating leaves thick, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, acutish, slightly
cordate at base, usually 2-3 inches long, mostly shorter than the petiole,
21-29-nervel: stipules long and conspicuous, acute or acuminate; upper
submersed leaves often with a small lanceolate blade, the lower reduced to
petioles: peducles stout, bearing an emersed spike 1-2 inches long: fruit
turgid, obliquely obovate, acute, 2 lines long: nutlets with a small deep
pit on each side: embryo nearly circular. In ponds and ditches, Alaska to
Valifornia and across the Continent: olso in Europe and Asia.

P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II) vi, 225. Stems often
stout, simple: floating leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly
rounded or slightly cordate at base, 2-4 inches long, 30-50-nerved, on peti-
oles about as long as the blade; stipules large and conspicuous: submerged
leaves often very large, mostly falcate and somewhat undulate, acute, at-
tenuate to a usually short petiole: spikes thick and often dense, 1-3 inches
long, on very short peduncles: fruit over z lines long, 3-keeled, with a
broad stout beak: sides of the nutlet not pitted: embryo slender, the coty-
ledon incurved. In ponds and streams, Brit. Columbia to California and
the Eastern States.

P. pulecher Tuckerm. Am Journ. Sci. xlv, 38. Stems simple, terete,
black-spotted, 1-2 feet long: floating leaves usually massed at the top on
short lateral branches, ovate or round-ovate, subcordate, 2-5 inches long,
many-nerved : petioles about as thick as the stem, 2-4 inches long, spotted:
submerged leaves of two kinds, the uppermost lanceolate, long-acuminate,
undulate, 3-8 inches long, 6-8 lines wide, tapering into a short petiole, the
lowest much thicker, spatulate, oblong or ovate, on petioles 14-4 inches
long: stipules 2-carinate: spikes dense, long-peduncled: fruit adout 2 lines
long. turgid, tapering into 4 stout apical style, the back sharply 3-keeled:
embryo coiled. In ponds, Idaho to Main and Georgia.

P. Nattallii Cham. & Sch. Linn. ii, 226. P. Claytonii Tuckerm.
Stems compressed, mostly simple, 2-6 feet long: floating leaves narrowly
oblong to elliptic, 1-3 inches long, 11-17-nerved, obtuse or acutish, attenu-
ate below into a flattened petiole usuully shorter than the blade: stipules
sheathing, soon deciduous, an inch or less long: submerged leaves very
thin linear, 2-5 inches long, 5 nerved, with a close cellular reticulation
between the middle nerves: spikes 6-12 lines Jong on short stout peduncles:
fruit obovate, 3-keeled, slightly apiculate, 1-14 lines long: nutlets slight
depressed on the sides: embryo coiled nearly 144 times. In ponds‘an
streains, California to Alaska and the Eastern States,

P. alpinus Balbis Mis). Bot. 18. (1804), P. rufescens Schrad. (1815.)

POTAMOGETON NAIADACEA 675

Stems simple or branched, 1-2 feet high, somewhat compressed: floating
leaves often wanting, rather thin, 11-17-nerved, narrowly oblong-elliptic
or oblanceolate, 2-4 inches long, acutish, attenuate into a very broad short
petiole; submerged leaves as large aa the floating ones, sessile or nearly so,
mostly attenuate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 inches long, 3-6 lines
wide: stipules broad, usually acuminate, 6-12 lines long or more: spikes
1-2 inches long, rather slender, on stout often elongated peduncles: fruit
round-obovate, 13¢ lines long, compressed acutely margined, beaked by the
“rather long style: nutlets pitted on both sides: embryo nearly circular.
In ane ponds, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States, also
in Europe.

P. lonchites Tuckerman Am. Journ. Sci. (ID) vi, 226. Stems rather
slender, branching, terete, 3-6 feet.long: floating leaves thickish, 11-23-
nerved, long-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, usually 2-4 inches long, 9-15

lines wide, acute or acutish, rather abruptly narrowed into a petiole, usu-
ally longer than the blade; submersed leaves thinner, mostly linear-lance-
olate, 3-12 inches long, 2-12 lines wide, attenuate at base, the lower sessile:
stipules 1-4 inches long : spikes dense, 1-2 inches long, dn stout peduncles:
fruit obliquely obovate, 1-2 lines long, carinate, acute: nutlets somewhat
8-keeled, the sides scarcely impressed : cotyledons incurved above the base
of the slightly incurved embryo. In ponds and slow streams, Washington
to California and the Eastern States.

P. heterophyllus Schreb. Special Fl. Lip. xxi, 1771. Stems very
slender, branching: floating leaves rather thin, 9-15-nerved, oblong-ellip-
tic, acutish, 1-2 inches long, rounded or cuneate at base, on slender peti-
oles mostly as long or longer than the blade: stipules broad, obtuse, about
an inch long: submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, 1-3 lines
wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base: spikes about an inch long,
rather loose, on stout often elongated peduncles: fruit round-obovate, a
line long, acute, scarcely keeled: embryo stout, incurved. In different
forms throughout most parts of North America: also in Eerope.

* * Leaves all submerged and uniform, thin and dilated, numer-
ous, mostly sessile: spikes dense, on stout peduncles.

P. prelongus Wulf. in Rem. Arch. iii, 331. Stems stout, elonga-
ted, branching and flexuous above, usually growing in deep water, some-
times 8 feet long: leaves often lanceolate, 2-10 inches long, 6-12 lines
wide, obtuse and somewhat cucullate at the apex, rounded and clasping at
base, undulate-serrate: stipules white and conspicuous, 6-12 lines long:

duncles often much elongated; fruit semicircular, 2 lines long, acutely.

eled, prominently beaked: embryo slender, the cotyledons pointing to
the base of the radicle. In deep water, Brit. Columbia to California and
- the Eastern States. :

P. perfoliatus L. Sp. 126. Stemsslender, not flexuous, 2-4 feet high,
branching: leaves broadly cordate to cordate-lanceolate, 6-18 inches long,
obtuse to acute, clasping at base: stipules small and not persistent: spikes
8-12 lines long, often flowering and fruiting under water: fruit obliquely
obovoid, nearly 134 lines long, obtusely keeled, beaked by the short slender
style: embryo slightly incurved or with the apex pointing directly toward
the base. In streams and ponds, California to Brit. Columbia and across
the continent.

Var. Richardsonii A. Bennett Britten’s Journ. Bot. xxvii, 25.
Leaves 1-5 inches long, 4-8 lines wide at the broadened amplexicaul base,
often curved inward at the apex, 13-23-nerved: fruit about 2 lines long,
144 lines thick. In streams and ponds, Oregon to California and Delaware.

P, zosterefolius Schum. Enum. Pl, Saell. 50. Stems much flattened,

676 NATADACEAR PODAMOGETON

aometimes winged, widely “eotare Jeavés linear: mucronate or short-
pointed at the apex, 2-12 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, with 3 principal nerves
and many fine ones: stipules scarious, finely nerved, soon perishing: pe-
duncles 114-4 inches long: spike cylindric, about +4 inch long, 12-15-flow-
ered: fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 2 lines long, 3-keeled on the
back, the lateral keels rather obscure, beaked' with a short recurved style:
‘embryo: slightly incurved. ' In still or running water, Oregon to New Jersey
and New Brunswick: also in Europe. Peer

2. foliosus Raf. Med. Rep..(m) v, 354. Stemg flattened, much bran-
ched, 1-3 feet long: leaves 1-2 inches long, 14-1 line wide, acute, 3-nerved,
mostly glandular at base: stipules white, hyaline, obtuse to acute, 6-10
lines long: peduncles more or less clavate, erect, about 6 lines long: spikes
about 4-flowered, fruit lenticular or nearly orbicular, about 1 line in diam-
eter, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged and sinuate-dentate,
the face strongly angled or arched, sharp, often with a projecting tooth at
base: style apical. In ponds and streams, California to Brit. Columbia,.
and New Brunswick. ‘

Var. Californieus Morong Bot. Gaz. x, 254. Stems’ stout and
tushy, strongly flattened.and sometimes winged, thickly clustered: leaves
smaller, with dilated midrib and frequently 5-nerved at base: peduncles
4-6 lines long, erect, clavate, flattened: spikes often ripening 12 strongly
marked fruits. Eastern Oregon to southern California. :

P. pusillus L. Sp. 127, Stems filiform, branching, 6-24 inches long:
leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 inches long, rarely a line wide, often nearly se-
taceous, 1-3-nerved, obtuse and mucronate or acute, biglandular and sessile;
stipules obtuse, becoming setose: spike capitate or somewhat elongated
and open or interrupted, on slender flattened peduncles 44 to nearly 2 inch-
es long: fruit obliquely ellipsoidal, about a line long, 2-grooved ‘on the
back or sometimes with 3 distinct keels: apex of the embryo slightly in-
curved and pointing obliquely downward. In ponds, Brit. Columbia to

California and across the continent: also in Europe.
+ + Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf: spikes
interrupted. - “ae :

P. pectinatus L. Sp. 127. Stems slender, repeatedly branched, 1-3
feet long: leaves setaceous, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved, 1-6 inches long,
often, capillary and nerveless: stipules half free, 6-12 lines long, thin:
sheaths scarious on the margins: peduncles filiform, 2-12 inches tong;
the flowers in verticils: fruit obliquely obovoid, with a broad thick’ shell,
I-2 lines long, plump on the sides: apex.of the embryo pointing ‘almost
‘directly toward the basal end: In ponds and brackish or salt water, Brit.
Columbia to California and the Eastern States,

P. Robbinsii Oakes Hovey’s Mag. vii, 180. Stems stout, widely bran-
ching,.2-4 feet long: leaves linear, 3-5 inches long, acute, finely many-
herved, crowded in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate, auriculate at the point’ of
attachment with the obtuse at length setose stipules: spikes usually sev-
eral, on stout peduncles about an inch long, loose and more or less inter-
rupted, about 6 lines long: fruit oblong-obovate, nearly 2 lines long, keeled
with a broadish wing, acutely beaked: embryo stout, the apex’ pointing
a little inside of the basal end.. In ponds and lakes, Oregon to California
and the Atlantic States. a ae

Orper CV SCHEUCHZERIACE® Agardh
Theor. Syst, Pl, 44.
__ Marsh herbs with terete or semiterete leaves and small ‘flow-
ers in terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth 4-6-parted, its

, TRIGLOCHIN SCHEUCHZERIACE A 677
SCHEUCHZERIA

segments‘in 2 series.. Stamens 3-6, with short: or elongated

filaments and mostly 2-celled extrorse anthers. Carpels 3-6,

1- or 2-ovuled, more or less united until maturity. Seeds ana-

tropous, without albumen. ‘Embryo straight.

1 Triglochin Leaves all radical: flowers bractless, in a spike-like raceme
terminating a jointless scape: ovaries 3-6, united until maturity.

2 Scheuchzeria Flowers bracteate in a loose raceme upon a leafy stem:

ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent.
f 1 TRIGLOCHIN L. Sp. 338.

Perennial herbs: with, all radical terete or semiterete ligulate
leaves with membranous sheaths, and perfect flowers in a naked
raceme upon a scape-like peduncle.. -Perianth herbaceous, decidu-
ous, of 3 small concave sepals and as many similar petals. Sta-
mens 8 or 6, with oval nearly sessile anthers. Ovaries 3-6-celled
with sessile stigmas and solitary ovules, separating at maturity
from the central axis into as many distinct carpels. Seeds ana-
tropous, erect, with membranous:testa. Embryo straight, with
minute included plumule.

T. maritima L. Sp. 339. Rootstock without stolons, often sabligne-
ous, the caudex thick, mostly covered with the sheaths of former leaves:
scapes stout, nearly terete, 34-2 feet high: leaves semiterete, usually
about 1 line wide, shorter than the scape: raceme elongated, often 16
inches or more long: pedicels decurrent, 1-14 lines long: segments of the
perianth 6, each with a large sessile anther at its base: pistil of 6 united
carpels: fruit oblong or ovoid, 244-3 lines long, obtuse at base, with 6 re-
curved points at the summit: carpels 3-angled. In saltmarshes and saline
places, California to Alaska and across the continent: alzo-in Europe. | _

T. palustris L. Sp. 338. Rootstock short, oblique, with slender fu-
gaceous stolons: leaves linear, shorter than the scapes, 5-12 inches long,
tapering to a sharp point: ‘scapes striate, 8-20 inches high: racemes 5-12
inches long: pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appressed, 244-3 lines long:
perianth segments 6, greenish-yellow: anthers6, sessile: pistil of 3 united
carpels: stigmas sessile: fruit linear or clavate: ripe carpels separating
from the axis and becoming suspended from its apex, the axis 3-winged.
In bogs, Idaho to Alaska and the northern Atlantic States: also in Europe.

2 SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sp. 338.

Bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, erect leafy stems flat-
ish leaves and small flowers in a loose terminal raceme. Perianth
of 3 oblong sepals and 3 narrower petals. ,. Stamens 6, with linear-
oblong anthers and slender exserted filaments. Ovary of 3 nearly
distinct ovoid 1-2-ovuled‘carpels, becoming divergent coriaceous
subglobose follicles, dehiscing ventrally. Stigmas flat, sessile.
Seed ascending, anatropous, with coriacecus testa. Embryo
Straight,. thick. ;

S. palustris L. Sp. 338. Stems solitary or several together, usually
‘clothed at the base with the remains of old leaves, 4-1U inches high : leaves
5-15 inches long, exceeding the stem, the uppermost reduced: to bracts:
pedicels 3-10 lines long, spreading in fruit: flowers white, few, in a loose
terminal raceme: segments of the perianth membranaceous, l-nerved, 114
lines jong: - filaments 2-4 lines long: seeds oval, brown, 239-3. lines long,

,

678 ALISMACEZ ALISMA

with a very hard coat. In cold bogs, California to Alaska and across the
continent: also in Europe and Asia.

Orper CVI ALISMACE DC. FI. France iii, 181.

Marsh herbs with scape-like stems, broad leaves with sheath-
ing base and conspicuous perfect or unisexual flowers in pani-
cles orracemes. Perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and
as many often conspicuous white deciduous sepals. Stamens
6 or more, ancladede Ovaries numerous, distinct, 1-celled and
mostly 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit. Seed erect, campy-
lotropous, with membranous testa and no albumen. Embryo
strongly recurved or uncinate.

1 Alisma Flowers perfect: stamens usually 6: carpels numerous, ver-
ticillate, distinct, obovate-oblong.

2 Sagittaria Fowers monecious or dicecious: carpels numerous, flat-
tened and membranously winged.

1 ALISMA L. Sp. 342.

Perennial herbs growing in shallow water or mud with broad
leaves and small flowers in a verticillately branched panicle.
Flowers perfect, small, numerous, on unequal 3-bracteolate pedi-
cels. Stamens 5, rarely more, with short filaments, Ovaries
distinct, numerous, borne in several whorls on a small flat re-
ceptacle, 1-ovuled. Styles very short, ventral. Achenes in a
crowded whorl, ovate-oblong, flattened.

A. Plantago-aquatica L. Sp. 342. Scapes 14-3 feet high, usually
solitary: leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or narrowed at
base, or when floating sometimes lanceolate or even linear, on petioles 1-10
inches long: inflorescence a large loose panicle 5-15 inches long: pedicels
verticillate in 3’s-10’s, subtended by 3 striate acuminate bracts: petals }¢-1
line long: styles deciduous, the base remaining as a small point or short
beak on the inner curve of the achenes: stigmas small, terminal: achenes
nearly 1 line long, arranged ina circle forming an obtusely triangular
truncate head. In shallow water or mud, throughout North America:
also in Europe and Asia.

2 SAGITTARIA L. Sp. 993.

Perennial aquatic or bog herbs with broadly sheathing leaves,
often without blades, and mostly simple stems bearing one to few
whorls of flowers mostly in threes. Flowers monoecious or some-
times dioecious, the staminate ones above. Petals usually con-
spicuous. Stameng usually numerous, inserted on the convex
receptacle: anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate
flowers with numerous distinct ovaries. Stigmas small. Achenes
numerous, densely aggregated in subglobose heads.

S. arifolia Nutt. J. G. Smith Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot, Garden vii, 32.

SAGITTARIA JUNCACEZ 679
JUNCOIDES

pl. 1. Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or partly submerged: scapes weak,
ascending, 8-20 inches high: leaves sagittate, long-petioled, the blade 3-10
inches long, acute, the lobes divergent, acute or acuminate: bracts lanceo-
late, acute, 4-10 lines long, scarious-margined and obscurely veined, often
reflexed: 1-3 lower verticils pistillate: fruiting heads 4-8 lines in diameter:
achenes a line long, tumid, winged on both margins. Along streams and
borders of lakes, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota.

Var. stricta J. G. Smith Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. vi, 8. Slender,
erect, 12-16 inches high : blade of leaf 1-3 inches long: scape simple: bracts
ovate, acute, 3-4 lines long: fruiting heads 6 lines in diameter: achenes
smooth or laterally unicostate. Boggy meadows and slow streams, Falcon
Valley, Washington.

S. cuneata Sheldon Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xx, 289, pl. 159. Sub-
merged aquatic, rooting in the mud: leaves sagittate, long-petioled, the
blade floating, 8-4 inches long, with linear lobes: scapes simple, slender,
terete, 2-3 feet long, bearing verticils of flowers at the surface of the water:
bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-3 lines long: stamens few: fruiting heads
small, about 6 lines in diameter: achenes 14 line long. In ponds or on
margins of lakes, Brit. Columbia to Washington and Minnesota.

S. esculenta. S. variabilis Engelm. in part. (wapatoo). Glabrous
or nearly so: oe simple or branched, 1-3 feet high: leaves large, the
blade 4-12 inches long, obtuse or abruptly acute, the lobes from lanceolate
to broadly ovate, acuminate, divaricate: bracts scarious, 3-5 lines long,
ovate, obtuse: achenes about 3 lines long, with rather tumid dorsal wing
and long horizontal beak. In shallow lakes, Brit. Columbia to California:
this species was very abundant along the lower Columbia river, but is now
almort exterminated by the Carp.

OrpER CVII JUNCACEA Vent. Tabl. ii, 150. (1799.)

Mostly perennial herbs, cespitose or with creeping rhizomes,
terete hollow or spongy cnanlly simple stems, alternate sheath-
ing flat, channelled or terete leaves and small usually sessile
scarious bracteolate flowers in panicles, cymes, subumbellate
clusters or spicate heads. Flowers perfect, with a regular per-
sistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous segments in two rows,
3-6 nearly hypogynous included stamens with persistent filiform
filaments and 2-celled anthers, and a superior 3-celled ovary,
or sometimes one-celled with 3 parietal placents, with three or
many anatropous ovules. Styles very short, with three filiform
stigmas. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds with mem-
branous or cellular often caudate or appendaged testa. Em-
bryo minute, enclosed within the base of fleshy albumen.

1 Juncoides Stems leafy, hollow: leaves flat and soft, often villous:
capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal 1-seeded placentz.

2 gates Stems usually with spongy pith: leaves terete or flat, not
villous.

1 JUNCOIDES Adans. Fam. Pl. ii, 47. (1763.)
LUZULA DC, Fl. Fr. itis 47, (18068.)
Perennial herbs with simple hollow leafy stems, graes-like flat

leaves and numerous small flowers in loose involucrate umbels
or panicles, or more or less densely clustered or spicate. Floral

680. JUNCACEA, JUNCOIDES’

bracts small and scarious. Stamens always 6. Capsule 1-celled;
with 3 parietal placente and 1-3 erect seeds.

J. pilosum Kuntze Rev. Gen. ii, 725. Tufted, often somewhat stolon-
iferous: stems ereet, 2-4-leaved, 6-12 inches high: radical leaves 2-6 inches
long, 2-4 lines’ wide; slightly pubescent, acuminate into a blunt almost
gland-like point: cauline leaves similar but succeesively shorter: inflores-
cence an umbel-like cluster, the filiform pedicels usually nearly equal,
1-2-flowered: perianth 1-114 lines long, its segments triangular-ovate,
acuminate; brown with hyaline margins, almost twice as long as the
toothed kractlets: capsule about 14 longer than the perianth, its valves
ovate-lanceolate:' seeds about 1 line long, with a conspicuous hooked ca-
runcle at the summit. Oregon to Alaska and in the Alleghany Mountains:
also in Europe and Asia. ; :

J. spadiceum Kuntze 1. c. 724. Glabrous or slightly villous: stems
6-18 inches high: leaves 4-6 inches long, 3-5 lines wide, acute or shortly
acuminate: inflorescence lax, and drooping, much exceeding the usually
small involucral bracts: perianth straw-color or tinged with brown, the.
segments lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 line long, slightly shorter than the
acute apiculate capsule: seeds oblong, brownish, not appendaged. In the
mountains, California. to the Arctic regions and the northern Atlantic
States: also in Europe. :

Je parviflorum Coville Cont. Nat. Herb. iv, 209. Stems slender,
tufted, 1-2 feet high: leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3-6 inches long: 3-6 lines
wide: inflorescence a loose decompound panicle, commonly 3-4 inches high,
its lowest bract foliaceous, seldom more than 14 the length of the panicle:
flowers borne singly or 2-3 together on the branches of the panicle, on
slender pedicels: bractlets ovate: perianth 34-114 line long, its segments
ovate, acuminate, slightly exceeded by the green to brown ovoid capsule:
feeds narrowly. oblong, attached to the placente bya slender fibre.. In
sorests, Alaska to California and the northern Atlantic States. ;

Var. melanocarpum Sheldon Bull, Geol. Sury. Minn: ix, 63. Stems
stouter and shorter: leaves more numerous, and somewhat broader: inflor-
escence more dense: bracts all scarious: pedicels 3-6 lines long: perianth
and capsule dark brown. On the highest parts of the Cascade Mountains.,

,..Var. subcongestum Sheldon 1. c. Often tufted: leaves narrower:
inflorescence more narrowly, paniculate: pedicels only a line or two long,:
the flowers thus appearing in small heads. In the high mountains, Alaska
to California. .

J. spicatum -Kuntze |. c. 725. Closely tufted, without rootstocks:
stems erect, 4-16 inches high, distantly 1-3 leaved ‘tapering to a filiform
summit: leaves 2-3 lines wide, often involute, tapering to a sharp apex:
inflorescence a nodding. spike-like often interrupted panicle, commonly
9-15 lines long, usually exceeded by the lowest leaf-like bract, ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, equalling the perianth : segments of the perianth brown
with hyaline margins, 1-132 lines long, lanceolate, aristate-acuminate:
capetile broadly ovoid, about 24 as long as the perianth: seeds narrow and
obliquely obovoid. Alaska to California and across the continent.

J. comosum Sheldon |. c. 64. Stems slender, 6-15 inches high, leafy,
leaves 3-4 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, the foliaceous bract usually exceed-
ing the narrow panicle: peduncles 2-12, unequal, the longer 1-3 inches long
spikes eimple, usually oblong, loosely-flowered: perianth pale or somewhat
tinged with brown, about 144 lines long, its segments narrowly acuminates
equalling the obtuse capsule: anthers small, as long as the filaments: seed,.
dark brown with a white caruncle, appendage sometimes half ‘as long as
the seéd. Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains.

JUNCOIDES JUNCACEA 681.
JUNCUS

. Var. congestum Sheldon |. c. Spikes several, sessile and closo;
forming a somewhat pyramidal head: bracts white and conspicuous: peri-
xoth brown, 14g lines long. Near the coast, Oregon to California.

Var. macranthum Parish. ‘Perianth 2-3 lines long, much exceeding
the broad obtuse capsule: anthers equalling or twice longer than the fila-
ments: seeds longer, the appendage always short. Alaska to California. |

Var. subsessile Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 203, under Luzula. Spikes
solitary or few, nearly sessile, loose: perianth-ségments lax and scarious.
Oregon to California, ; 7

. J. campestre Kuntze |. c. 724. More or less villous with long white
hairs: stems densely tufted, erect, 4-10 inches high, 2-4-leaved: leaves 2-5
inches long, 1-4 lines wide, tapering at the apex to a blunt almost gland-
like point: branches of the panicle unequal, straight, each bearing an
oblong or short-cylindric dense spike: the lowest bract leaf-like, often
exceeding the panicle: floral bracts white, ovate, acuminate, about equal-
ling the flowers: segments of the perianth lanceolate-ovate, acuminate,
brown with white margins, 1-114 lines long: capsule obovoid ; seeds oblong,
with a thick white appendage at base. In the mountains, Alaska to
California and the Eastern States.

’ J. divaricatum Coville 1. c. Stems 4-7 inches high:' cyme broadly
diffuse, with divaricately spreading branches and pedicels: perianth tinged
with brown: seed light-colored, with a small appendage at base. In the
Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, southern Oregon to California."

2 JUNCUS L. Sp. 325. .

Glabrous perennial or annual plants, growing in wet or moist
places, with simple terete leafy or leafless stems, terete channel-
led or flat, sometimes equitant, often knotted leaves and small
flowers in clusters, cymes, panicles or heads or solitary. Stamens
6, or sometimes 3 by supression of the inner ones. Capsule glo-
bose to pyramidal, many-seeded, 3-valved, 8-celled with central
placente, or 1-celled with parietal placentee. Seeds usually dis-
tinctly reticulated or ribbed, often tailed.

* Stems leafless and scape-like, from matted rootstocks, sheathed -
at base: the inner sheaths sometimes bearing terete leaves: flowers in
_ sessile apparently lateral panicles.

+, Scapes slender: sheaths mostly leafless: spathes usually very
much exceeding the panicle: stamens usually 6.

_ _+ Flowers in compound panicles, two lines long or more: capsule

oblong-ovate. ; . ; ,

J. Leseurii Bolander Proc. Calif. Acad. ii, 1797. Stems, stout, 1-3
feet high, from a stout creeping. rhizome: sheaths short, black, obtuse :
spathe 6-15 inches long very acutely pointed: flowers in a dense somewhat
secund many-flowered panicle: bracts ovate, acuminate: perianth-segments
23g-3 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate: greenish-white with intermarginal
brown stripes: anthers much longer than the filaments: capsule brown,
triquetrous, sharply angled, acute, shorter than the perianth : seeds ovate,
obtuse, ‘scar¢ely apiculate. In shifting sands along thé coast of Oregon =.
perhaps distinct from J. Lescurii as that species is said to grow in “‘Salt-
marshes and saline localities’’. ; '

J. Balticus .Willd.. Berlin. Mag. iii, 298. Stems erect, 8-36 inches
high, arising at intervals from stout creeping rootstocks: sheaths green or
tinged with dark brown !-spathe slender, 4-6 inches long: panicle commonly

682 JUNCACEA JUNCUS

loosely branching 1-3 inches long: perianth 114-244 lines long its segments
lanceolate, acute, or the inner sometimes obtuse, ‘brown with green midrib
and hyaline margins: stamens 6, about 24 the length of the perianth : an-
thers much longer than the filamants: capsule about as long as the peri-
anth, pale to dark brown, narrowly ovoid, conspicuously mucronate: seeds
usually with a loose coat. On shores of lakes and streams, Alaska to
California and across the continent: also Europe and Asia. ;

+ ++ Flowers in compound panicles, smaller: capsule obovate or
subglobose.

J. effusus L. Sp. 326. Pale green or yellowish: stems densely tufted,
3-4 feet high, from stout branching proliferous rootstocks: sheaths short or
mere rudiments: spathe short, often not exceeding the erect, loosely flow-
ered panicle: perianth 1-114 lines long, its segments green, lanceolate, acu-
minate: stamens 3, the anthers shorter than the filaments: capsule obovoid,
3-cleft, obtuse or retuse: seeds apiculate, finely ribbed, about 14 line long.
Common in swamps and wet places in most parts of the world.

Var. Brunneus Engelm. Panicie usually very short and compact:
perianth and capsule dark brown. Near the coast, Oregon to California.

J. patens Meyer Rel, Henk. i, 141. Densely tufted, pale green:
stems slender, 1-3 feet high: sheaths few, 1-4 inches long, acute: spathe
slender, 4-6 inches long: penile small, often compact and somewhat se-
cund: perianth pale to light brown, its segments lanceolate, acuminate,
about 134 lines long: stamens 6, the anthers shorter than the filaments:
capsule subglobose, slightly angled, equalling or a little shorter than the
perianth, with thin septa, the valves breaking away from the central pla-
cents. In wet plces, Oregon and Washington to California.

J, filiformis L. Sp. 326. Stema slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high many
of them sterile and appearing like leaves, from stout matted rootstocks:
sheaths purplish, obtuse, with a short bristle-like appendage: spathe usu-
ally longer than the stem: panicle rather few-flowered, 6-12 lines high:
segments of the perianth 134-134 line long, green with hyaline margins,
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate: stamens 6, about half the length:of the
perianth: anthers shorter than the filaments: capsule obovoid,, green.
barely pointed, about 34 as long as the perianth, 3-celled: seeds oblong,
about 14 line long, pointed, at each end. In marshes, Washington to
Alaska andacross the continent.

+ Low alpine perennials: flowers 1-3: stamens 6.

J. Drummondii E. Meyer Ledeb. FI. Ross. iv, 235. Cespitose:
stems very slender, 10-16 inches high: sheaths green, obtuse, the inner
ones bristle-tipped : spathe filiform, 6-12 lines long, equalling or exceeding
the usually 3-flowered panicle: perianth-segments about 3 lines long, green
with brown margins, lanceolate, acute, or acuminate: anthersa little longer
than the filaments: capsule brown, oblong, retuse, nearly equalling the
perianth: seeds a line long, ovate, caudate, very finely striate. On the
highest mountains, California to Unalaska and the Rocky Mountains,

J.. Parryi Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 446. Cespitose: stems
filiform, 3-10 inches high : inner sheaths leaf-bearing, the leaves sulcate at
base, terete above, much shorter than the stems: spathe longer than the
inflorescence, 6-18 lines long: panicle loosely 1-3-flowered: perianth-seg-
ments 3 lines long or more, more or less tinged with brown, lanceolate,
acuminate, or the inner obtuse: anthers much longer than the filaments:
pene oblong, acute, about equalling the perianth: seeds ovate, caudate,
a line long,-finely striate. On grassy slopes on the highest mountains,
Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

J. castaneus Smith Fl. Brit. i, 383. Stems erect, 4-20 inches high,

JUNCUS JUNCACEZ 683

leafy, from slender rootstocks: leaves terete, deeply channelled at base:
spathe longer than the, inflorescence: heads 1-3, 3-12-flowered: perianth-
‘oh ae brown or black, 2-4 lines long, lanceolate, acute: anthers pointed,
half as long as the filaments: capsule brown, longer than the perianth,
narrowly oblong, tapering to an acute summit, imperfectly 3-celled: seeds
with long slender tails, the body about 2¢ line long. Oregon to Alaska
and across the Continent.

* * Stems leafy at base: leaves flat or semiterete, not knotted:
panicle or head evidently terminal : the spathe ‘usually short:

+ Dwarf or low slender annuals with fibrous roots: stems leafy,
branched. oy

, ! . : G a

J.» bufonius L. Sp. 328. Stems usually branching from the base, 1-12
inches high: leaves very narrow, usually revolute and bristle-like: flowers
greenish, mostly remote and secund upon the spreading branches : perianth-
segments lanceolate, acuminate, with scarious margins, 2-3 lines long, the
inner slightly shorter: stamens 6; anthers about as long as the filaments:
capsule oblong, obtuse, shorter than the perianth: seeds ovate, obtuse,
very finely striate and cross-lined. A common species everywhere, grow-
ing in places that are wet in spring. ;

J. triformis Engelm. 1. c. 492. Stem very short or almost none,
bearing several erect filiform scape-like peduncles 1-3 inches long: leaves
an inch long or less, filiform, channelled, flat above: flowers usually 3-7,
in a small head: perianth, brownish, its segments. narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, 1-1}¢ lines long,,a little longer than the 3'stamens and the
obtuse apiculate capsule;, style exserted,. with elongated stigmas: seeds
ovate, obtuse, finely ribbed and cross-lined. In barren places that are wet-
in spring, western Oregon to California.

Var. brachystylus Engelm. 1. c. Smaller, the peduncles 1-3-flow-
ered: stamens half the length of the perianth; the oblong anthers shorter
thansthe filaments: style and stigmas short, included. With the type:

Var. uniflorus Engelm. 1. c. Very small, only-half-to an inch high,
the solitary flowers mostly dimerous. Oregon to California. .

+ + Taller perennials: stems simple: stamens 6.
+ . Stems naked: flowers solitary in.a diffuse ‘or compact panicle,

J. tenuis Willd. Sp. Pl. 214. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high,
leafy at base: leaves very narrow, flat or more or fess channelled or invo-
lute, shorter than the stem: spathe exceeding the inflorescence: panicle,
usually loose and spreading: perianth-segmente pale, narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, 114-2 lines long, spreading in fruit and equalling or exceeding:
the ovate retuse greenish capsule: seeds white-appendaged at each end,
very finely ribbed and cross-lined. In dry or moist soile, throughout most
parts of North America.

J. occidentalis Weigand Bull.<Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 521. J. tenuis’
tar. congestus Engelm. Stems stiff and erect, 1-2 feet high, pale green,
nearly terete; leaves 44-!g the length of the stem, flat and flexuous:
spathe 2-3 inches long, exceeding the inflorescence: panicle glomerate, or
more commonly somewhat open, fuscous: ee ee broadly subu-
late, fuscous with green midrib and rather broad scarious margins: stamens
about half as long as the perianth, the oblong anthers much shorter than
the filaments: capsule oblong-ovoid, fobtuse or retuse. 34 as long as the
perianth, fuscous, the placente extending only about half-way to the axis:
seeds oblong, irregularly apiculate at each end areolate-reticulated, not
striate. Along ditches and in wet places, Oregon to California.

J. econfusus Coville Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash. x. 127. Densely tuft-

684 JUNCACES JUNCUS

ed, 7-30 inches high, erect: sheaths of the leaves with well developed

ligules, the blades about 34 the length of the stem, flat, usually involute:

spathe much longer than the inflorescence, usually involute: panicle con-

gested into a turbinate cluster, an inch long: perianth-segments ovate-

lanceolate, acute, brown with green midrib: stamens 6, the anthers shorter

than the filamehts: capsule oblong, equalling the perianth, retuse, com-
letely 3-celled: seeds light brown. In meadows, eastern Washington to
ontana and Colorado.

++ « §tems more or less leafy; the leaves flat and graes-like, not
equitant: flowers clustered.

J. faleatus E. Meyer Reliq. Henk. 144. Bright green: stema slender,
6-18 inches high, from slender stoloniferous rootstocks: leaves ugually
equalling or exceeding the stem, 1-2 lines wide, the open somewhat oblique
sheaths without ligules: spathe short: heads usually 1-5, 1-10-flowered:
perianth-segments brown with bright green midrib, 2-3 lines long, ovate,
the outer shortly acuminate, the inner obtuse: anthers much sborter than
the filaments: capsule ovate, obtuse, apiculate, gs long or longer than the
perianth, almost black, 3-celled: seeds oblong-ovate, obtuse, 44 line long,
with loose pale testa, longitudinally reticulated. In springy places along
mountain streams, California to Alaska.

J. longistylis Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 223. Stems rather stout,
1-2 feet high, from stout stoloniferous rootstocks: leaves 6-12 inches long,
the sheaths with distinct ligules: spathe narrow, 2-4 inches long: heads
5-20, in a sparingly branched panicle, few- to several-flowered: perianth-
segments pale brown with green midrib and hyaline margins, about 3 lines
long, lanceolate, acute or the outer ones acuminate: anthers much longer
than the filaments: style abouta line long: capsule brown, oblong, about
half as long as the perianth, angled above, obtuse or depressed at the sum-
mit, 3-celled : seeds light brown, 34 line long. In wet places. Washington
to California.

*# ** Leafy-stemmed perennials: leaves terete or laterally flattened,
more or less distinctly knotted by internal partitions: flowers capitate.

+ Leaves terete or only slightly compressed.

J. Richardsonianus Schult. in R. & 8. Syst. vi, 201. Stems erect,
6-20 inches high, in loose tufts from creeping rootstocks, 1-2-leaved below
the middle: panicle 3-8 inches high, its brahches strict or slightly spread-
ing: heads 3-12-flowered: perianth-segments unequal, the outer ones pale,
obtuse, mucronate or acute; the inner ones shorter, obtuse, stamens 6;
the anthera much shorter than the! filaments: capsule ovoid-oblong, slight-
ly exceeding the perianth, acute gr obtuse, with a short tip: seeds about
4 line long, narrowly obovoid to\9blong. apiculate, acute or acuminate at
base. Idaho to Brit. Columbia‘énd across the Continent.

J. dubious Engelm. 1. c. 459, Stems rather stout, 2-4 feet high, from.
stout horizontal rootstocks, several-leaved: leaves narrow, often equalling
or exceeding the stem, the sheaths with scarious margins: panicié com-
pound, diffuse, 3~12 inches long : heads numerous, 6-20-flowered : perianth-
segments brown or brownish, about 2 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate:
stamens 6, the anthers elongated, longer than the filaments: capsule nar-
row, acuminate, shorter than the perianth: seeds ovate, rather abruptly
acuminate at each end, brownish. In marshes, Oregon to California. ‘

J. nodosus L. Sp. 466. Stems slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, arising
singly from tuber-like thickenings of a slender rootstock: leaves narrow,
the upper one often exceeding the inflorescence: panicle 1-8 inches long,
bearing 1-30 spherical 8-20-flowered heads: perianth-segments usually
reddish-brown above, lanceolate, acuminate, 134-124 line long, the inner

JUNCUS JUNCACES% 685

longest: stamens 6, with anthers about as long as the filaments: capsule

lanceolate-subulate, 3-angled, 1-celled, exceeding the perianth: seeds ob-

long, acute below, apiculate above. Alaska to Oregon and the Eastern
tates,

J, Torreyi Coville Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxii, ‘303. Stems stout, 8-40
inches high, arising singely from tuber-like thickenings of a slender root-
stock : leaves terete, thick, abruptly divergent from the stem: inflorescence
congested, consisting of 1-20 dense heads 5-8 lines in diameter: perianth-
segments 2-234 lines long, subulate, the outer longest: stamens 6: capsule
subulate, 3-angled, 1-celled, with a beak 14-34 line long, exceeding the
perianth and holding the valves together luring dehiscence: seeda oblong,
acute at.each end. Oregon to California, Texas and New York.

J. Oreganus Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii, 267. Stems numerous,
very slender, 6-10 inches high, exceeding the very narrow leaves, from
very slender matted rootstocks; heads simply panicled, few-flowered, often
proliferous: perianth-segments nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, : stamens 6,
with anthers as long as the filaments: capsule dark brown, acutish, mu-
cronate, at length nearly twice as long as the perianth : seeds rather turgid.
In bogs, Ilwaco, Washington.

_. 4 Bolanderi Engelm. 1. c. 470. Stems slender, about 2 feet high:

leaves subterete, nearly equalling the stem; the ligule conapicuous, some-
times elongated and leaf-like: heads subglobose, usually 2 or 3, very many-
flowered: perianth-segments greenish brown, narrowly lanceolate and
setaceously acuminate, 114 lines long; stamens 3, with anthers much shorter
than the filaments: capsule clavate-oblong, shorter than the perianth,
obtuse, apiculate, 1-celled: seeds very small. In wet places southwestern
Oregon to California,

Je Noevadensis Watson |. c. xiv, 303. Stems very slender, 6 inches to
2 feet high, somewhat compressed, from slender creeping rootstocks : leaves
very narrow, somewhat compressed nearly equalling the stem, with large
sheaths and conspicuous ligules: heads small, few to rather many, ina
short open panicle, or often solitary: perianth-segments brownish, lanceo-
late, acuminate, 2 lines long: stamens 6; anthers linear, longer than the
filaments: capsule oblong, abruptly acute and Leaked, nearly equalling
the perianth: seeds minute, apiculate at both ends. Common in wet
mountain meadows, eastern Washington to California and Nevada.

J. Suksdorfii Rydberg Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi, 541. Stems about
a foot high, strict, light green: leaves terete or gn eee flattened, the low-
est ones short: cauline except the upper one often a foot long, all with
conspicuous scarious sheatbs: heads in a contracted panicle, brown and
shining, 2-8-flowered: perianth-segments subequal, about 2 lines long,
narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, stamens 6; anthers longer than
the filaments: capsule dark browd and shining, oblong, acuminate,
3-angled. In wet meadows about the base of Mount Adame, Washington.

J. brachyphyllus Weigand Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 519. Stems
stiff, erect and very stout, 20-30 inches high, slightly compressed, very
conspicuously grooved: leaves short, 14~14 the length of the stem, the
blade, usually broad and fldt but rather thick, stiff and spreading, about a
line wide; sheaths loose and mostly free, with membranous margins;
ligule conspicuous: inflorescence short and crowded: perianth-segmenta
24 linea long, slightly unequal, subulate, very acute: anthers oblong,
about as long as the filaments: capsule rather narrowly oblong, triangular
above, obtuse or retuse, equalling the perianth, 3-celled: seeds oblong.
strongly apiculate at each end. Idaho to Arkansas.

J. latifolius Buch. Stems 15-36inches high, from creeping rootstocks:
leaves flat, about a line wide, pale green, shorter than the sheaths, with

686 te JUNCACEX JUNCUS

ligules:. heads panicled few-flowered: perianth-segments straw-color, lan-
ceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined, rough, 3 lines long: stamens 6:
caqsule triangular, oblong, acute, short-beaked. Common along streams,
eastern Washington.
+ + Stems compressed and usually acutely edged: leaves flattened
latterally and equitant.

J. ensifolius Wiks. Stems 8-20 inches high, leafy, from thick root-’
stocks: leaves equitant: headsseveral to numerous, panicled, globose,
usually dark brown: perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate 14 lines
long: stamens 3: capsule 3-angled, acute, hardly exceeding the perianth.
Common in wet places Brit. Columbia to California.

J. xiphioides Meyer |. c. Stems rather stout, 1-4 feet high, from stout
creeping rootstocks: leaves 2-3 lines wide, the sheaths without ligules:
heads few to numerous, dense, 3-20-flowered, in a compound panicle: peri-
anth-segments brownish to almost black, 114 lines long; ‘lanceolate, acu-
minate: stamens 6; anthers very small oblong-linear, equalling or much
shorter than the filaments: capsule oblong, acute, about equalling the
perianth : seeds very small, ovate-oblanceolate. A variable species: in wet
places, California to Alaska.

J. oxymeris Engelm. |..c. 483. Stems stout, 2-4 feet high: leaves 2-3
lines wide: panicle decompound, 4-8 inches long: heads small, very. num-
erous, 3-12-flowered : perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate-awn-
ed, about 2 lines long: stamens 65 anthers twice as long as the filaments:
capsule lanceolate, rostrate, longer than the perianth, 1-celled: seeds ovate-
oblanceolate, 14 line long.’ In marshes, southern Oregon to California.

J. Mertensianus Bong. Veg. Sitch. 167. Stems weak, 6-18. inches
high, from matted rootstocks: leaves usually about a line wide; ligule
conspicuous: inflorescence usually a single many-flowered head, 4-6 lines
in diameter: perianth-segments very dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, the
outer ones aristate-acuminate: stamens 6; anthers usually mucronate, as
long or shorter than the filaments: capsule obovate, obtuse, about equal,
equalling the perianth: seeds oblanceolate, apiculate at each end. In wet
meadows on the highest mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky
Mountains. : :

Orper CVIIL CYPERACE J. St. Hil. Expos, Fam. i, 62. °

Perennial or annual herbs with rhizomatous rootstocks, tri-
angular or terete mostly solid stems, alternate mostly radical
leaves and small perféct, monccious or dicecious flowers in the
axils of imbricated glumaceous bracts or scales. Perianth noue
or represented by bristles or scales. Stamens usually 2 or 3,
hypogynous, with basifixed anthers. Ovary 1-celled, with an
erect anatropous ovule and a 2-3-cleft style, in fruit a lenticular’
or more’or less triangular membranaceous, crustaceous or bony
achene. Embryo minute, lenticular, or turgid, at the base of.
copious albumen. - .

* Flowers of the spikelets ’all or at least one of them perfect: spike-.-

lets all alike, few- to many-flowered, capitate or umbellate, one or two
of the lower scales usually sterile. Ale :

+ Spikelets more or léss flattened, the scales being in two ranks!
inflorescence involucrate.

1 Cyperus Inflorescence spicate’ or clustered: perianth ‘none: atyle .
persistent. ae "5

C¥PERUS CYPERACEA 687

2 Dulichium Inflorescence axillary: perianth of 6-9 bristles: style
persistent. :

+ + Spikelets many-flowered, not flattened, the scales imbricated
all around.

+ Styles not enlarged ut base.

8 Scirpus Spikelets solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel,
involucrate: perianth of few barbed persistent bristles or wanting.

4 Eriophorum Spikelets solitary or few, involucrate: perianth of numer-
ous long silky naked bristles: stamens 1-3.

5 Hemicarpha Low annuals: spikelets solitary or few, in a sessile
apparently lateral cluster: perianth a minute hyaline bractlet between
each flower and the rachis: stamen only one.

++ ++ Style enlarged at base.

6 Eleocharis Spikelet solitary and terminal upon a leafless terete stem:
perianth of 3-9 retrorsely barbed bristles, or wanting: stamens 3:
base of the style persistent.

7 Stenophyllus Low annuals, the stem leafy at base; spikelets in an
involucrate umbel: perianth none: stamens 1-3.

* * Spikelets polygamous, few-flowered, ovoid, the scales imbricated
all around, only the terminal. one fertile.

8 Rhynchospora Stems leafy: spikelets variously clustered: perianth
of 9-12 rétrorsely barbed bristles: achenes lenticular, beaked by the
persistent base of the style. «

* * * Flowers monecious, in the same or distinct spikelets, or
dicecions: pistillate flowers enclosed in an inflated sac-like persistent
perigynium. ;

9 Carex Spikelets solitary, spicate or panicled: perianth whol
ing, or of a single short bristle at the base of the ovary.

1 CYPERUS L. Sp. 44.

Perennial or annual herbs with mostly triangular nearly naked
simple stems, alternate nearly radical leaves and. perfect flowers
in few- to many-flowered mostly flattened spikelets, the concave
more or less carinate scales in 2 ranks. Perianth wholly wanting.
Stamens 1-3. Style not thickened at base, 2-3-cleft, deciduous.
Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, not beaked, smooth or nearly so.

C. inflexus Muhl. Gram. 16. C. aristatus Beckl. in part. Annual:
stems slender or almost filiform, diffusely branched from the base, 1-6 inches.
high: leaves a line wide or less, about equalling the stem: those of the involu-
lucre 2-3, exceeding the inflorescence: umbel sessile, 1~3-rayed: spikelets
linear-oblong, 6-10-flowered, 2-3 lines long: scales bright brown, lanceolate,
rather flrm, strongly several-nerved, tapering into a long recurved awn, fall-
ing from the rachis at maturity: stamens 1: style 3-cleft: rachis narrowly
winged, the wings persistent: achenes 3-angled, dull brown, narrowly obovoid
or oblong. obtuse, mucronulate. In wet sandy soil, California to British
Columbia and the Eastern States.

C. acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Ann. Lyd, N. Y. iii, 485. Annual:
stems very slender, tufted, 2-15 inches high: leaves light green, usually less
than a line wide, often equalling the stem, those of the involucre much
elongated: umbel 1-4-rayed, simple,-rays shovt: spikelets flat, ovate oblong,

ly want-

‘

688 CYPERACEA CYPERUS
DULICHIUM

obtuse, 2-4 lines long, many-flowered, densely capitate: scales oblong, pale
green, 8-nerved, coarsély cellular, conduplicate, with a short sharp more or
less recurved tip: stamens 1: style 3-cleft: achenes sharply 3-angled, gray,
oblong, narrowed at each end, almost half as long as the scale. In moist
sandy soil, California to Oregon and Illinois.

C. esculentus L. Sp. 45. C. phymatoides Muhl. Perennial by scaly
horizontal tuber-bearing rovtstocks: stems usually stout, 6-30 inches high:
leaves bright green, as long or longer than the stem, 2-4 lines wide, the
midrib prominent; those of the involucre much longer than the inflorescence:
umbel 4~-10-rayed, often compound: spikelets numerous, in loose spikes,
straw-color or yellowish brown, flat, spreading, 6-12 lines long, many-flow-
ered: scales ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-nerved: rachis narrowly winged:
stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achenes obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, In moist sandy
fields, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States.

C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Gram. 20. Stems tufted, stout or slender, 3
inches to 2 feet high: leaves 1-4 lines wide, rough-margined, those of the
involucre 2-7, some of them often 4 times as long as the inflorescence: umbel
iwostly compound, several-rayed: spikelets linear-subulate, 3-10 lines long,
less than a line wide, compressed, many-flowered, clustered in oblong nearly
or quite sessile spikes: scales chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate,
appressed, separating from the rachis at maturity: the membranous wings of
the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales: stamens three: style
three-cleft: achenes sharply 3-angled, oblong, pointed at both ends, pale, }
as long as the scale. Im wet soil, Oregon to California and the Eastern
States. :

C. Houghtoni Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii, 277. Perennial by tuber”
like.corms: stems slendér, erect, 1-2 feet high: leaves shorter than the stem:
a line or less wide, smooth; those of the involucre 3-5, the longer much ex”
ceeding the inflorescence: umbel simple, 1-5-rayed, the rays mostly short»
their sheaths 2-toothed: spikelets loosely capitate, linear, compressed, acute:
4-8 lines long, about a line wide, 11-15-flowered, falling away from the axi§
when mature: chestnut brown, firm, ‘somewhat spreading, shining, oblong,
obtuse, truncate or apiculate: rachis very narrowly winged: stamens 3: style
8-cleft: achene broadly oblong, 3-angled, brown, apiculate, nearly as long as
the scale. In sandy soil, along the Columbia river to the Bastern States.

2 DULICHIUM L. C. Richard Pers. Syn. i, 65. (1805.)

Tall perennial herbs with terete hollow jointed stems, leafy to
the top, the lower leaves reduced to sheaths, flat grass-like leaves
and perfect flowers in axillary simple or compound spikes.
Spikelets flat, linear, many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked, carinate,
conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Perianth of 6-9 re-
trorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft at the apex,
persistent as a beak on the summit of the linear-oblong achene.

D. spathaceum ‘Pers. Syn. i, 65, Stems stout. 1-3 feet high, erect:
leaves numerous, flat, 1-3 inches long, 2-4 lines wide: spikelets shorter than
or the uppermost exceeding the leaves: pedicels 2-12 lines long: spikelets
natrowly linear, spreading. 6-12 lines long, about a line wide, 6-12-flowered:
scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, brownish: bristles of the perianth
stiff, longer than the achene: style long-exserted. In marshes Oregon to
Minnesota and Nova Scotia.

ScIRPUS ' CYPERACER 689

3 SCIRPUS L. Sp, 47. ‘

Tufted annual or perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks,
leafy stems, or the leaves reduced to sheaths in some species, and
perfect flowers in a terminal or apparently lateral involucrate
cluster or compound umbel-like panicle. Spikelets usually many-
flowered, with the scales closely imbricated around the rachis, the
lower one or two often empty. Perianth of 3-6 bristles or none.
Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft. scarcely or not at all thickened at
base, deciduous or only the base persistent. Achenes lenticular
or more or less 3-angled or obovoid.

§ 1 Isoteris Benth. Stems low and slender. Spikelets soli-
tary, small, with a single erect involucral bract. Perianth none.

8. riparius Spreng. Stems tufted, from fibrous roots, very slender,
often setuceous, 2-10 inches high, sheathed at base, the upper sheath usually
bearing a short slender ieaf: involucral bract 1-10 lines long or nearly want-
ing: spikelets ovate to ovate-oblong, 14-3 lines long: scalespale or often deep
brown, witha pale prominent midrib, concave, obtuse or pointed: stamens
usually 3: style 3-cleft: achene triangular-obovoid, with distinct angles, the
sides convex. dark brown when mature. In marshy places near the coast
Oregon to California and South America. -

§ 2 Evuscrrrus Benth. Bristles present, retrorsely barbed or
ciliate, not elongated.

* Inflorescence terminal, without involucre.

S. nanus Spreng. Pug i, 4. Annual: stems filiform, flattened,
grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, 1-2 inches high, bearing bladeless scari-
ous sheaths near the base: spikelet solitary, ovoid-oblong, 3-8-flowered, 1-1}
lines long: scales ovate or lanceolate. pale green, the lower obtuse, the upper
acutish: bristles about 6. longer than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft:
achene oblong 3-anzled, pale pointed at each end, smooth. Muddy places,’
Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States.

8. pauciflorus Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078. Perennial by filiform rootstocks :
stems very slender little tufted, 3-10 inches high. ypper sheaths truncate:
spikelets solitary, oblong, 4-10-flowered, 2-3 lines long; seales brown with
lighter margins and midrib, lanceolate, acuminate**biistles 2-6, hispid, as
long as the achene or longer: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene obovoid-oblong,
gray, rather abruptly beaked, its surface ‘fizely reticulated. In wet soil:
along the Colnmbia river, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Ontario and New York.

* * Inflorescence apparently lateral, with a single involucral leaf.
+ Stems terete or nearly so.

S. subterminalis Torr. Fl, U. 8. i, 47. Stems slender, terete, nodu-
lose, 1-3 feet high: leaves slender, channelled, 6 inches to 2 feet long, }-£
line wide. spikelet soiltary, terminal, oblong-cylindric, narrowed at each end,
3-5 lines long: involucral bract 6-12 lines long: scales ovate-lanceolate, acute,
Mmembranaceous, light brown with green midrib; bristles about 6, as long as
the achene or shorter: stamens 3; style 3-cleft to about the middie: achenes
obovoid, 2-angled, dark brown, smooth, about a line long, obtuse, abruptly
beaked. by the slender base of the style. In ponds and streams, eastern
Washington to Pennsylvania and New Brunswick.

S. Nevadensis Watson Bot. King, 360. Stems clustered, from run-

690 CYPERACE.Z SCIRPUS

ning rootstocks, 6 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat flattened above, leafy:
leaves nearly equalling the stem, deeply channelled or revolute, very rough
on the margins, sharply acute: spikelets 1-8, in a sessile cluster, ovate-oblong,
acute, 4-10 lines long: scales brown and shining, ovate, sharply carinate,
acutish; bristles 1-3, not half the length of the achene: . style 2-cleft; achene
broadly ovate, plano-convex, acute, a line long. . In alkaline soil on borders

my

of lakes, eastern Oregon to Nevada and California.

S. lacustris L. Sp. 48. Perennial by stout rootstocks: stems stout,
terete, 6-12 feet high, often nearly an inch in diameter, sheathed below, the
the upper sheath sometimes extended into a short leaf: involucral bract stout,
shorter than the inflorescence: spikelets numerous, solitary or more or less
clustered in an irregularly compound umbel, oblong-ovate, 3-6 lines long:
scales broadly ovate, very obtuse to emarginate and mucronate, ciliate, often
pubescent, usually pale with, fine brown lines; bristles-usually 6, slender,
equalling or longer than the achene; stamens 3, style 2-cleft; achene broadly
obovate, rounded at the summit, abruptly short beaked. In marshes, Alaska
to California and the Atlantic States; also in Europe.

+ + Stems acutely triangular or triquetrous.

S. Olneyi Gray Bost, Journ. Nat. Hist. v, 238. Stem stout, 2-7 feet
high, from a stout running rootstock; more or less deeply triquetrous or
wing-angled, sheathed at base; leafless or with a few short leaves; involucral
bract stout. triangular, an inch or less longer than the inflorescence: spikelets ~
2-12, in a crowded sessile cluster, obloig-ovate, brown: bristles 4-6, shorter
than or equalling the achene: stamens 2 or 3: style 2-cleft: achene obovate,
plano-convex, mucronate, brown. In salt marshes, eastern oregon to Cali-.
fornia and the Eastern States.

8. Americanus Pers. Syn. i, 68.8.” pungens Vahl. Stems usually
slender, from long perennial rootstocks,.1-4 feet’ high, acutely triangular,
somewhat leafy at base: leaves 1-4, shorter than the stem, keeled; involucral
bract more or less channelled, 1-4 inches long: spikelets 1-6, closély crowded
in a sessile cluster, ovate to ovate-oblong: scales brown, often very dark,
broadly ovate, emarginate and usually tipped with a straight awn: bristles
2-6, shorter than or equalling the achene: stamens 8: style usually 2-cleft:
achene obovate, smooth, dark brown mucronate. Common in salt marshes,
throughout the United States.

*« * *® Stems triangular, leafy at base: leaves flat: involucre foliaceous.
Spikelets large, few, in a sessile cluster or sparingly umbellate, rufous.

S. robustas Pursh Fl. 56. ‘Steins stout, 1-3. feet high, from running
often tuberiferous rootstocks: leaves flat, equalling or exceeding the stem:
involucral bracts unequal, one much longer and more erect: spikelets ovate
to oblong-ovate, acute, 5-10 lines long: scales ovate, 2-3 lines long, dull
brown, emarginate, tipped witha long slender soon reflexed awn: bristles
1-6, fragile, shorter than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene com-
pressed very flat on the face, convex, or with a low ridge on the back,
obovate-orbicular, dark brown, shining, 14 lines long. In salt marshes,
Bri. Columbia to California and the Atlantic States.

+ + Spikelets small, numerous, greenish or light brown, ina
compound or decompound umbellate panicle.

S. microcarpus Pres. Reliq. Heenk. i, 195. 8. sylvaticus var. digynus
Bekl. Stems usually stout, '3-5 feet high,’ from perennial rootstocks:
leaves ample, often exceeding the stem, rough-margined, those of the in-
volucre usually exceeding the inflorescence: panicle amplé, decompound,
rather loose: spikelets ovoid, oblong, acute, 134-2 lines long, 3-25 together

SCIRPUS CYPERACEA 691
ERIOPHORUM

in capitate clusters at the ends of the usually spreading raylets: scales
brown with a green midrib, obtuse or subacute: bristles 4, somewhat lon-
ger than the achene: stameng 2: style 2-cleft: achenes oblong-obovate,
nearly white, plano-convex or with'a low ridge on the back, pointed. In
swamps and wet woods, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States

S. atrovirens Muhl. Gram. 43. Stems rather slender, leafy, 2-4 feet
high, from slender perennial rootstocks: leaves elongated, rough on the
taargins, dark green, 3-6 lines wide one or two of them usually exceeding
the inflorescence: umbel simple or 1-2-compound: spikelets ovoid-oblong,
acute, 6-20 in the dense capitate clusters at the ends of the rays or raylets:
gcales greenish-brown,oblong, acute, the midrib excurrent, bristles usually
6, about as long as the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene obovoid-
oblong, 3-angled, pale dull brown. In swamps, Oregon to Nova Scotia
and Georgia.

S. lineatus Michx. Fl. i, 32. Perennial by stout rootstocks: stems
_ rather slender, erect, 1-3 feet high, leafy: leaves light green, shorter than
the stem, 2-4 lines wide, the upper ones and those of the involucre not
exceeding the inflorescence, flat, rough on the margins: umbels terminal
and commonly also axillary, decompound, the rays very slender, becoming
pendulous: spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of slender raylets, oblong,
obtuse, 3-5 lines long: scales ovate or oblong, reddish-brown with green
midrib: bristles 6, weak, smooth, much longer than the achene: stamens
8: style 3-cleit: achenes oblong, pale brown, narrowed at both ends,
3-angled, short-beaked. In wet places, Oregon to Texas, Georgia and
Ontario.

§ 3 Stems leafv, bearing a sessile head of spikelets subtended
by a few involucral bracts. Bristles elongated, the barbs directed
upward:

8S. criniger Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 392. Stems slender, 3 inches
to 3 feet high, from slender matted rootstocks, triangular and striate,
rough above: leaves flat, rough on the margins, the radical one elongated
but shorter than the stem, the cauline only an inch or two long, distant,
the uppermost usually very near the top: involucral bracts broad and
scale-like, acuminate, 2-4 lines long: spikelets 5-9, oblong, 3-4 lines long:
scales thin and soft, brownish, oblong: bristles 6: filaments slender, much
exserted: style 3-cleft: achenes oblong, 3-angled, acute and shortly beaked,
aline long. In marshes, southern Oregon to California.

4 ERIOPHORUM L. Sp. 52.

Low herbs with creeping perennial rvotstocks, triangular or
nearly terete stems, grass-like leaves and small perfect flowers in
terminal solitary or umbellately clustered spikelets subtended by
a one- to several-leaved involucre or naked. Scales spirally im-
bricated, usually all fertile. Perianth of few to many filiform
smooth soft exserted bristles. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft.
Achenes 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid.

* Involucral leaves none: spikelets solitary.

_E. vaginatum L. Sp. 52. Stems stiff, tufted, obtusely triangular,
smooth, slender, 8-16 inches high, leafless except at base, bearing 2 inflat-
ed sheaths, the upper one usually above the middle: leaves stiff, filiform,
triangular, channelled, shorter than or sumetimes exceeding the stem:
spikelet ovoid, erect: scales ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, acu-
minate, purple-brown, thin: bristles numerous, white, straight, glossy,
4-5 times as long as the scale: anthers linear: achene obovoid, obtuse

692 CYPERACEA ERIOPHORUM
HEMICARPHA

brown, minutely apiculate. In high mountain bogs, Washington to
Alaska Newfoundland and Pennsylvania.

E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe Taschenb. 1800, 104. Stems slender, smooth,
nearly terete, 10-20 inches high, leafy below, often with a leafless sheath
above: leaves filiform, channelled, usually much shorter than the stem:
spikelet erect: scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, purple-brown,
membranaceous: bristles numerous, white or slightly yellowish, weak,
nearly straight, 4-5 times as long as the scale: achene narrowly oblong,
‘brown, acute and somewhat beaked. In bogs, Oregon to Alaska and
Newfoundland. °

E. russeolum Fries Novet. Mant. ii, 67. Stems solitary or little
tufted, triangular, smooth, 8-20 inches ‘high, leafy at base, bearing an in-
flated mucronate sheath above: leaves filiform, triangular, channelled,
mucronate, 1-4 inches long: spikelet erect: scales ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, thin, purplish-brown with narrow white margins: bristles numer-
ous, bright reddish brown, an inch or more long: achene oblong, narrowed
at each end, apiculate. In marshes, Oregon to Alaska and Newfoundland.

* * Spikelets several, subtended by a 1-4-leaved involucre.

E. polystachyon L, Sp. 52. Stems stiff, smooth, triangular above,
nearly terete below, 1-3 feet high, leafy: leaves flat, shorter than the stem,
1-4 lines wide, tapering to a triangular rigid point: involucre of 2-4 leaves,
commonly equalling or exceeding the inflorescence: spikelets 3-12, ovoid
or oblong, nodding, in a terminal more or less compound umbel; rays.
filiform: scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, purple-green or
brown: bristles numerous, bright white, about an inch long: achenes ob-
ovoid, obtuse, light brown. In bogs, Oregon to Alaska and the Atiantic
States: also in Europe and Asia.

E. gracile Koch Roth. Catal. Bot. ii, 259. Stems slender, obtusely
3-angular, rough on the angles, 1-2 feet high, leafy: leaves narrowly linear,
about a line wide, triangular-channelled, rough-margined, shorter than
the stem: involucre commonly of a single stiff erect leaf: spikelets 3-8,
capitate or subumbellate, the longer-peduncled ones drooping: scales ovate
or oblong, obtuse or subacute, greenish-brown, the midrib rather strong:
bristles numerous, bright white, 8-12 lines long: achenes linear-oblong,
acute, pointed. In bogs, California to Alaska and across the Continent:
also in Kurope and Asia.

5 HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xvii, 263.

Low or dwarf setaceous annuals with flattened stems, somewhat
leafy at base, linear leaves and 1-3 small spikelets sessile in an
involucrate cluster. Scales spirally imbricated all around, de-
ciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth of a single hyaline scale
between the rachis and the flower. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft,
deciduous, not enlarged at base. Achenes oblong, turgid or
lenticular.

H. subsquarrosa Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii, Pt. 1, 61. Stems tufted,
numerous, 1-6 inches high, with brown sheaths at base: leaves 1 or 2, very
short, filiform: principal involucral bract continuous with the stem, 6-12
lines long, the others much smaller or wanting: spikes 1-3, brownish,
ovate, 1-124 lines long: scales numerous, cuneate-obovate, shortly acumin-
ate and slightly spreading at the tip or erect, 14 line long, little exceeding
the obtuse nutlet. In moist candy soil, Washington to Brazil and the
Atlantic States.

H. occidentalis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 391, Stems filiform, 1-2

AEMICARPHA CYPERACEZ 693
ELEOCHARIS

inches high, tufted, with reddish-brown basal sheaths: leaves filiform,
shorter than the stem: principal involucral bract continuous with the
stem, 5-8 lines long, the others shorter: spikelets greenish, broadly ovate:
scales with broadly ovate base and long acuminate spreading tips, twice
as long as the nutlet: hyaline scale truncate or erosely toothed, not ad-
herent to the nutlet. In wet grounds, base of Mount Adams Washington
to California.

H. intermedia Piper Fl. Palouse Reg. 36. Stems numerous, tufted,
2-4 inches high: leaves narrow, involute, the recurved blades 6-18 lines
long: spikelets ovoid, obtuse, 1-2 lines long: involucral bracts usually 3,
the uppermost 6-18 lines long, the others much shorter : scales 14-1 line
long, broadly obovate; the abruptly acuminate somewhat spreading or re-
curved apex as long as the body: hyaline scale triangular-ovate, not ad-
herent to the nutlet, which.is oblong-ovate or obovate, about 14 line long,
with a short beak. Margins of ponds along the Columbia and Snake rivers,
Oregon and Washington.

6 KELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Hol. i, 224, (1810.)

Annual or perennial herbs with simple triangular, quadrangu-
lar, terete, flattened or grooved stems, the leaves reduced to sheaths,
or the lowest rarely leaf-bearing, and small flowers in dense sol-
itary terminal spikes without an involucre. Scales concave,
spirally imbricated all around. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually
retrorsely barbed, wanting in some species. Stamens 2 or. 3.
Style 2-cleft, the base persistent and forming a tubercle on the
summit of the more or less 3-angled achene.

E. ovata R. & S. Syst. ii, 152. Glabrous annual with fibrous roots:
stems tufted, slender or filiform, rather deep green,. nearly terete, mostly
erect, 2-16 inches high: spike ovoid or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered,
2-5 lines long, 1-114 lines in diameter: scales thin, oblong-orbicular, very
obtuse, brown with green midrib and scarious margins: bristles 6-8, de-
ciduous, usually longer than the achene: stamens 2 or 3: style 2- or 3-cleft:
achene pale brown, shining lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth, ¥% line
long or more: tubercle deltoid, acute, compressed, scarcely constricted at
base, about 14 as long as the achene and narrower. In wet soil, Oregon to
Brit. Columbia, New Brunswick and Florida: also Europe.

E. palustris R. &S. 1. c. 151. Perennial by horizontal often densely
matted rootstocks: stems stout, terete or somewhat compressed, striate,
1-5 feet high: basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short blade, the up-
per obliquely truncate: spike ovoid-cylindric, 4-12 lines iong, 114-2 lines
in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than the stem: scales ovate-oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, purplish brown with scarious margins and green midrib,
or pale green all over: bristles usually 4, slender, longer than the achene
and tubercle, sometimes wanting: stamens 2 or 3: style 2- or 3-cleft:
achene lenticular, smooth, yellow, 24 line long: tubercle conic-triangular,
constricted at the base, flattened, 14-14 as long as the achene. In ponds
and moist meadows, Alaska to California and across the continent: also in
Europe and Asia.

Var. glaucescens Gray Man. ed. 5, 558. stems slender or nearly
filiform, 8-18 inches high : spikes oblong, 2-5 lines long: achenes smaller:
tubercle narrower. In wet meadows and marshes, range nearly of the
type in North America.

E. acicularis R. & 8S. 1: ¢ 154. Perennial by filiform stolons or root”
stocks: stems tufted, filiform or sete ceous, obscurely 4-angled and grooved,
weak, erect or reclining, 1-8 inches Icng: sheaths truncate: spikes com

694 CYPERACE STENOPHYLSLU
RYNCHOSPORA

pressed, narrowly ovate or linear-oblong, acute, broader than the stem,
2-10-flowered, 1-4 lines long, %4 line wide: svales oblong, obtuse, or the
upper subacute, thin, pale green, usually with a narrow brown stripe on
each side of the midrib, deciduous, many of them commonly sterile: brist-
les 2-4, fragile, fugacious, shorter than the achene: stamens 3: style
8-cleft: achenes obovoid-oblong: tubercle conic, acute, 144 as long as the
achene. In wet soil, throughout North America: also Europe and Asia.

E. rostellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii, 347, Perennial by a short caudex:
stems slender, the fertile erect, the sterile reclining and rooting at the
apex, 1-5 feet long: upper sheaths truncate: spikes oblong, narrowed at
both ends, thicker than the stem, 10-20-flowered, 4-6 lines long, about 4
line in diameter: scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, green with a
somewhat darker midrid and slightly scarious margins: bristles 4-8, longer
than the achene and tubercle: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene oblong-
obovoid, obscurely 3-angled: tubercle conic-subulate, about half as long a
theachene. Brit. Columbia to California and the Atlantic States.

7 STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4, (1825.)

Annual herbs with slender erect stems, narrowly linear or fili-
form leaves with ciliate er pubescent sheaths and perfect flowers
in umbellate, capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by a one- to
several-leaved involucre. Scales spirally imbricated all around,
mostly deciduous. Perianth wholly wanting. Stamens 2 or 3.
Style 2- or 3-cleft, glabrous, at base much swollen and persistent
on the achene asatubercle. Achene 3-angled, turgid or lenticular.

S. capillaris Britton Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxi, 30. Fimbristylis cap-
illaris Gray. Stems filiform, densely tufted, erect, grooved, smooth, 2-10
inches high: leaves filiform, roughish, much shorter than the stem, their
sheaths pi nae or less pubescent with long hairs: involucral leaves 1-3, se-
taceous, shorter than or one of them exceeding the inflorescence: spikelets
narrowly oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 2-4 lines long, less than a line thick,
several in a simple or compound umbel, or sometimes solitary: scales ob-
long, obtuse or emarginate, pubescent, dark brown with green keel:
stamens 2: style 3-cleft: achenes yellowish brown, narrowed at base, very
obtuse or truncate at the summit 14 line long, 3-angled, transversely
wrinkled: tubercle minute, depressed. In dry or moist soil throughout
North America.

8 RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Enum. ii, 229. (1806.)

Leafy-stemmed herbs with erect 3-angled or terete stems, nar-
row flat or involute leaves and small flowers in variously clustered
spikelets. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually
mucronate by the excurrent midrib, the lower empty. Upper
flowers imperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 barbed or
scabrous bristles or none. Stamenscommonly 3. Style 2-cleft,
2-toothed or entire. Achenes lenticular or swollen, capped by the
persistent base of the style, or sometimes by the whole style.

R. alba Vahl Enum. ii, 236. Pale green: rootstock short: stems
slender or almost filiform, glabrous, 6-20 inches high: leaves setaceous
34-% line wide, shorter than the stem: spikelets several or numerous, in
1-4 dense corymbose terminal and axillary clusters, narrowly oblong,
acute, at both ends, 1-3 lines long: scales ovate’ or ovate-lanceolate, white,

acute: bristles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, about as long as the
achene and tubercle: achene obovate-oblong, smooth, pale brown, lenticu-

CAREX CYPERACEE 695

lar: tubercle triangular-subulate, flat, 14 aslongas the achene. In bogs,
Oregon to Alaska, Newfoundland and Florida. :

9 CAREX L. Sp. 972.

Perennial herbs with triangular stems, linear 2-ranked leaves
and monecious, dicecious or androgynous flowers borne in termin-
al solitary or racemed spikes, each usually subtended by a leaf-
like bract. Perianth none or rarely represented by a single bristle.
Staminate flowers of 3 stamens with filiform filaments, usually
all in the terminal spike. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil
with a style and 2 or-3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the
axil of a sac-like bractlet or second bractlet called the perigynium
which completely encloses the 3-angled, lenticular or plano-
convex achene.

Suspcenus 1 Eucarex Cosson FI. Paris, 744. Staminate
flowers in one or more terminal spikes, sometimes with pistillate
flowers at the base or apex. Pistillate flowers in distinct and
simple mostly peduncled spikes. Cross-section of the perigynium
circular, obtusely angled or prominently trigonous in outline.
Style mostly 3-parted and the achene triangular or triquetrous.

Tripe 1 Puysocarp# Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Spikes few to
many, distinct. densely flowered. Perigynium mostly straw-color
at maturity, papery in texture, more or less inflated, smooth,
nerved, tapering into a beak as long or longer than the body.
Stigmas mostly 3.

§ 1 Paucirtor# Tuckerman Enum, Meth. 7. Spike andro-
gynous, the pistillate flowers at the base, few. Perigynium green-
ish, linear-lanceolate, several times longer than the scale.

C. pauciflora Lightf. FJ. Scot. 545, t. 6. Glabrous: stems erect or
assurgent, very slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high: leaves very narrow, shorter
than the stem, the lowest reduced to toothed sheaths: scales inconspicuous,
lanceolate to ovate, deciduous: perigynium scarcely inflated, 3-4 lines
long, about 4 line in diameter, tapering from below the middle into a
slender or almost subulate beak, strongly reflexed: stigmas 3. In bogs,
Washington to Alaska, Newfoundland and Pennsylvania.

§ 2 Vesicar1a Tuckerman 1. c. 13. Staminate spikes com-
monly 2 or more. Pistillate spikes usually long-cylindrical and
dense. Perigynium smooth and shining, much inflated, at ma-
turity straw-color or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously
2-toothed, usually prominently few-nerved. Stigmas.3.

C. utriculata Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 221. Glabrous: stems stout, erect,
2-4 fect high: leaves elongated, the upper mostly exceeding the stem, 2-6
lines wide, the midrib prominent: bracts leaf-like: staminate spikes 2-4,
linear, peduncled, the lower sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate
spikes 2-4, densely many-flowered, or sometimes looser near the base, 2-6
inches long, the lower short-peduncled, the upper sessile or nearly so,
sometimes staminate at the summit: scales lanceolate, the lower awned
and slightly longer than the perigynium, the upper acute: perigynium
ovoid, light green, 2-3 lines long, narrowed above to a sharp 2-toothed

696 CYPERACEZ CAREX

beak. In marshes, California to Alaska and across the continent.

C. monile Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 20. Stems slender, erect or re-
clining, 1-3 feet high: leaves elongated, rather light green, 1-4 lines wide,
sometimes exceeding the stem: bracts similar, often longer than the in-
florescence: staminate spikes 1-4, slender-peduncled: pistillate spikes 1-3,
cylindrical, 1-3 inches long, about 4 lines in diameter, rather loose at ma-
turity, the upper sessile, the lower one when 3, slender-peduncled and
usually remote: perigynium yellowish-green, ovoid, inflated, about 214
lines long, tapering into a sharp 2-toothed beak, longer than the lanceolate
acuminate scale. In marshes and wet meadows, California to Alaska and
across the continent.

C. exsiccata Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, i, 6. Stems stout, erect,
1-3 feet high: leaves pale green, 4-6 lines wide, the upper ones surpassing
the stem: staminate spikes 1 or 2, slender: pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindric,
1-3 inches long, nearly sessile or the lowest one slender-peduncled: scales
very narrow, muticose: perigynia lance-ovate, scarcely inflated, strongly
nerved, 3-4 times longer than the scale. In swales, Oregon and Washington.

Var. globosa Bailey 1. c. More slender, with narrower leaves:
spikes small, an inch or less long, more or less scattered, closely sessile,
rusty in color: scales hyaline and very small: perigynia narrower, con-
wplcudndly spreading. Iu ponds on the high mountains, Oregon to Brit.

olumbia.

Cc. retrorsa Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i, 71. Glabrous: stemsstout,
erect, 1-3 feet high: leaves elongated thin, rough-margined, 2-4lines wide,
the upper usually exceeding the stem; the bracts similar: stdminate spikes
1-3, short-peduncled: pistillate spikes 3-6, all close together at the top and
sessile or nearly so, or the lowest distant and peduncled, densely-flowéred,
1-2 inches long, 6 lines in diameter: perigynia ovoid, membranous, yellow-
ish-green, about three lines long, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak,
¥ longer than the smooth lanceolate acute scale, reflexed at maturity. In
bogs and wet meadows, Oregon and the Atlantic States. 2

C. comosa Boott Trans. inn. Soc. xx, 117. Stems stout, 2-3 feet
high : leaves ample, rough on the margins, 5-6 lines wide: staminate spikes
erect, short-peduncled, sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate spikes
5-6, all on slender peduncles, or the uppermost nearly sessile all nodding
or spreading, about 2 inches long, 5-7 lines in diameter: scales narrow,
very rough, oblong or lanceolate, short acuminate, about 2 lines long:
perigynia with oblong little inflated base and long slender 2-toothed beak,
twice as long as the scale; the long slender teeth spreading. In bogs,
Washington to California and the Atlantic States.

TRIBE 1 TRacHYcHLaNzZ Drejer Symb. Car. 9. Staminate
spikes one or more. Pistillate spikes compactly flowered, mostly
large, erect or nearly so. Stamens 3. Perigynia mostly thick,

and hard in texture, commonly stabrous or hirsute, straight-
beaked.

§ 1 ANomaL# Carey Gray’s Man. 557. Terminal spikes all
staminate: pistillate spikes long and cylindrical, mostly densely
flowered. Perigynia broad and short, short-beaked, the apex
very slightly toothed or entire, mostly granulate.

C. amplifolia Boott, Hook. Fl. ii, 228, t. 226. Stems stout, 2-3 feet
high, very sharply angled, rough above: leaves many, 5-8 lines wide:

rough on the margins, usually exceeding the stem: bracts leaf-like, with-
out sheaths: pistillate spikes 4-6, erect, the upper one sessile, the lowe!

CAREX CYPERACEA 697

short-peduncled, 1-4 inches long slenderly cylindrical: perigynia elliptic
conspicuously few-nerved, abruptly narrowed into a whitish beak, spread-
ing, about as long as the whitish purple-margined awn-pointed scale. In
wet places in wooded districts, California to Oregon and Idaho.

§ 2 Hirrz Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 14. Terminal spike
all staminate: pistillate spikes densely many-flowered. Perigynia
more or less hairy, the beak more deeply toothed.

C. Oregonensis Olney Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 407. Stems smooth or
nearly so, very leafy, about a foot high: pistillate spikes about 3, an inch
long, oiten staminate at the top, erect, approximate, shortly peduncled:
perigynia ovate, tapering at both ends, prominently many-nerved, thickly
covered with short stiff hairs, gradually prodaced into a white and smooth
distinctly 2-toothed beak, longer than the ovate acute membranous scale.
In the higher parts of the Cascade Mountains. — ;

_€. lanuginosa Michx. Fl. ii, 175. Stems rather slender, acutely an-
gled and rough above, 1-2 feet high: leaves and lower bract elongated,
flat, not involute, 1-2 lines wide, sometimes longer than the stem: stamin-
ate spikes 1-3, long-peduncled sometimes pistillate at base: pistillate spikes
1-3, usually distant, sessile or the lowest peduncled, 9-18 lines long; scales
ovate, membranous, often purplish, acuminate or short-awned: perigynia
green, densely pubescent, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, as long or
longer than the scale. In moist meadows, California to Brit. Columbia
and across the continent.

§ 3 PaLuposm Fries Corp. 190. Staminate spikes 2 or more,
long-peduncled : pistillate spikes 2 to several, usually all pedun-
cled, long and heavy, loosely flowered. Perigynia large, thick in
texture, strongly nerved, mostly smooth, usually produced into a
long beak which terminates in conspicuous subulate erect or
spreading teeth.

C. aristata R. Br. Franklin Journ. 721. Stems stout, erect, smooth
or roughish above, acutely angled, 2-5 feet high : leaves elongated, 3-5 lines
wide, more or less scabrous often, pubescent beneath and on the sheaths:
bracts similar, the lower often exceeding the stem: staminate spikes 3-5,
remote, cylindrical, sessile or the lowest short-peduncled, loosely-flowered:
at the base, dense above, 1-4 inches long, sometimes 8 lines in diameter
scales oblong-lanceolate, rough-awned, thin-margined, perigynia ascend-
ing, conic, glabrous, 4-6 lines long, gradually tapering into the conspic-
uously 2-toothed beak nearly twice as long as the scale. In bogs, Oregon,
the Northwest Territory, Michigan and New York.

C. riparia Curtis Fl. Lond. iv t. 60. Pale green and glabrous: stems
stout o1 rather slender, smooth or somewhat rough above, erect, 2-3 feet
high: leaves elongated, somewhat glaucous, 3-6 lines wide, about equaling
the stem : staminate spikes 1-5; pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, 2-4 inches
ong, about 4 lines in diameter the upper erect, sessile or nearly so, the
lower more or less peduncled: scales lanceolate or oblanceolate long-aris-
tate or acute: perigynia narrowly ovoid, firm, scarcely inflated, tapering
gradually into a short 2-toothed beak, as long or longer than the scales.
In swamps, Idaho to Manitoba and Florida.

TriBE ur Micronyncua Drejer Symb. Car. 9. Paludose and
alpine species of various habit, mostly with colored spikes, often
growing in dense tufts. Perigynia small nearly beakless, not.
prominently toothed at the apex, rather thin in texture.

698 CYPERACEA CAREX

§ 1 Avrata Kuntz Enum. Pl. ii, 431. Mostly alpine or
boreal species. Terminal spikes club-shaped and androgynous
with the staminate flowers below: pistillate spikes mostly short
and dark colored.

C. alpina Swartz Lilj. Sv. Fl, ed. 2,26. Stems slender, erect, rough
above, leafy only below the middle, 6 inches to2 feet high, leaves roughish,
shorter than or equaling the stem: spikes 2-4, clustered at the summit, the
terminal 1 or 2 staminate below, oblong or globose, 2-5 lines long, sessile
or the lower peduncled: perigynia oval, orbicular or ovoid, light green,
about a line long, tipped with a very short minutely 2-toothed beak,
equaling or shorter than the ovate black or purple-brown, obtuse or acut-
ish scale: stigmas 5. In rocky places, Oregon to Colorado, James Bay and
Lake Superior; also in Europe.

C. Mertensii Prescott Bong, Veg, Sit. 168. Stems erect, rather slender,
2-3 feet high, rough on the very sharp angles, leafy: leaves broad and flat,
shorter than the stem: bracts leaf-like the lower exceeding the stem:
spikes 5-8, an inch or'two long, very densely flowered, all more or less
staminate at base, the upper one conspicuously so, all drooping, on filiform
scabrous peduncles: perigynia very flat, broadly ovate, winged, very thin
in textare, green or whitish, much longer and wider than the purple white-
ribbed scale: Along streams, mostly high mountain streams, Oregon, to
Alaska and Montana. i

C. &melini Hook, Bot. Beech. 118.t. 27. Stems slender, erect, 1-3 feet
high, leaves erect, 1-2 lines wide: spikes 2-4, short an thick, peduncled,
awn of the scales hispid: perigynia ferruginous, smooth, Oregon to Alaska
and Siberia.

C. fusea All. Fl. Ped. 11, 269. Slender, stiff, erect, sharp-angled rough
abqve 2-3 feet high: leaves rough, erect 1-2 lines wide, shorter than or
sometimes exceeding the stem: spikes 2-4, oblong or cylindric, erect; all
sessile, and close together or the lowest sometimes distant and very short
peduncled, 4-8 lines long, about 4 lines in diameter when mature, the
terminal one staminate at base or sometimes throughout: scales ovate
awn-tipped black or dark brown with green midvein, perigynia elliptic or
or somewhat obovate flat, ascending, a line long, very light green, beakless
the apex minutely 2-toothed, shorter than the scales, stigmas 3. In bogs.
California to Alaska and the Eastern states, also in Europe.

_§ 2 Ricipm Fries Summa. 72. Mostly stiff and rigid
with short and erect very closely flowered spikes, the terminal
one entirely staminate and purple or black. Bracts with auricu-
late base.

C. heteroneura W. Boott Bot. Cal. ii,.239. Stemsslender erect 1-2
feet high, sharply angled: leaves narrow, flat, shorter than the stem,
lower bract leaf-like, nearly as long as the stem, sheathless: pistillate
spikes about a half inch long, 3 lines thick, sessile or the lower ones very
short peduncled, more or less contiguous, whitish or yellowish: perigynia
oval, smooth, straw color, thin in texture, narrowed abruptly into a very
short slightly emarginate beak, longer and broader than the obtuse or
mripiicase purple white-ribbed scale. In the mountains California to

aho.

C. Raynoldsii Dewey Sill. Journ. xxxii, 39. Stems 6-18 inches high,
sharply angled: leaves glaucous, 3-4 lines broad, flat, with revolute mar-
gins rather abruptly tapering to a triangular apex, shorter than the stem;
spikes 3-6, oblong or obovoid, the staminate 4-9 lines long, sessile; pistil-
late 6-8 lines long, 3-4 lines thick, sessile or short peduncled, contiguous

CAREX CYPERACEA, - 699

or the lowest distant, on a peduncle 1-144 inches long: scales purple, or
pale in the middle.and on the margins. oblong or oval acute or acuminate,
divergent, pale yellow above, abruptly rostellate with a purple emarginate
beak, longer and broader than-the scale. In the mountains, California to
eastern Washington and Montana.

C. stylosa C. A. Meyer Act. Acad, St. Petersb. i, 292, t. 12.
Stems slender, erect, 12-18 inches high,’rough and leafless above; leaves
1-2 lines wide, shorter than thestem: Staminate spikes solitary, nearly
sessile, often partly pistillate, an inch or less long: pistillate spikes 2-3, 6
lines long or less, the lowest longest, slender-peduncled, the others sessile
or nearly so: perigynia turgid-ovate, fuscous, minutely punctate, beakless,
the entire orifice closed with the stiff and persistent style from which the
stigmas are caducous, longer than the very obtuse black white-ribbed scale.
In wet meadows, northern Washington to Alaska and Lak.ador.

C. spreta Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 1, 6. Stems stout, 12
to 18 inches high: leaves 2-3 lines wide, usually equalling¥or exceeding
the stem: spikes sessile 4-6 lines long, and nearly as thick, the upper 2-3
contiguous to the staminate spike: perigynia broadlyfelliptical, or broader
than long, beakless, thin, green, longer, and much broader than ‘the black
and muticose faintly white-nerved.scale Columbia’river, bottoms.

C. Tolmiei Boott Hook. Fl. 11, 224. Stem rigid, 12-18 inches high
triqietrous, smooth or nearly so: leaves rough on the margins, mostly
shorter than the stem: lower bracts leaf-like and about equalling the stem,
sheathless: epikes 4-7, the uppermost an inch or less long, staminate and
mostly contiguous, oval-or oblong 8-12 lines long, dark-colored, often stam-
inate at the apex, the 2 or 3 lowest slender-peduncled 1-2 inches long:
perigynia compressed-trigonous, oval or oval-oblong, pale and more or less
discolored with purple dots, produced into a very short and entire cylind-
rical beak, either longer or shorter than the obtuse or muticous purple
white-ribhed scale. Oregon to Behring Straits.

Var. nigella Bailey Men. Torr. Bot. Clubi, 47. Perigynia minutely
bidentate: scale narrower and more acute.

Var, subsessilis Bailey 1. c. Spikes short and thick, very densely
flowered the staminate sessile; the pistillate aggregated near the top,
sessile or the lowest very shortly peduncled: perigynia broader and more
abruptly contracted. Eastern Oregon to Colorado.

Var. angusta Bailey 1. c. Taller, leaves very long and narrow, the
basal sheaths becoming fibrillose: spikes sessile or lowest peduncled, cy-
lindrical : bracts narrow or filiform. Kerbyville Oregon.

C. Kelloggii W. Boott. Bot. Cal. 11, 240. Stems very slender 12-16
inches high, sharply angled and scabrous above: leaves 1-2 lines wide,
the cauline shorter, the sterile rather longer than the stem: bracts with-
out sheaths, thé lowest slightlv exceeding the stem; spikes 4-5, narrowly
cylindrical or clavate, short-peduncled and loosely flowered at base, the up-
permost staminate, rarely witb some pistillate flowers at top or base, 9
lines long; pistillate spikes 3-12 lines long, about a line thick: scales

urple with pale midrib, obtuse perigynia pale, ovate, tapering to a_ short
bear, the orifice entire, purple, smooth, longer than the scale. In the
mountains, California to Brit. Columbia.

C. decidua Boott. Linn Trans. xx, 119. Stems 12-18 inches high:
leaves 1-3 lines wide, shorter than the stem: bracts without sheaths, the
lower exceeding the stem; spikes 4-6, dark purple, oblong or cylindric, the
uppermost staminate, at least at base, or at both ends, 12-14 lines long,
2-3 lines thick, the others pistillate and solitary or in clusters of 2-3, 6-18
lines long, 2-4 lines thick: scales dark purple with pale centre, oblong-oval

700 CYPERACE/® CAREX

to lanceolate and mucronulate: perigynia ferruginous, oval, rostellate with
an entire beak,‘stipitate, papillose, deciduous, longer or shorter than the
scale. Oregon to California and Patagonia.

C. nudata W. Boott Bot. Cal. ii, 241. Stems slender, 12-16 inches
high, sharply angled, scabrous, leaves 1-2 lines wide setaceously pointed,
shorter than the stem: bracts without sheaths, the lowest rarely equalling
the stem, the others shorter than the spike: spikes 4 or 5, cylindrical, the
uppermost staminate, at least above, 6-12 lines long, 1-1}4 lines thick,
single or rarely with a smaller one at its base, the others pistillate, 6-18
lines long, 1-2 lines thick, the highest close to the staminate and sessile,
the others contiguous on short pedunclee or rarely the lowest radical on a
peduncle a foot long: scales dark purple, oblong, obtuse, or the lower
lanceolate and acute: perigynia purple above, almost lanceolate, attenuate
to an entire cylindrical beak, -very deciduous. Along streams in the coast
mountains, Oregon to California.

Var. angustifolia Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 16. More slender
and lax: leaves narrower: spikes 6-9 lines long, sessile or nearly so: perig-
ynia shorter and relatively broader; much more abrutly contraced above.
Along streama in the Coast Mountains, Oregon to the Mackenzie river.

Var. anomala Bailey 1.c. Very slender, 18-30 inches high, the
stem and leaves very rough: leaves very numerous, long and narrow:
spikes 3-5, the lowest one or two on long and very slender peduncles, very
narrow and thinly flowered at base, 1-2 inches long, greenish or brownish,
the terminal one often pistillate at the top or throughout: perigynia
firmer in texture. long and often very slender, green or greenish-yellow,
longer than the narrow brown and obtuse scale. Cascade Mountains of
Oregon.

C. Hallii Bailey Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 82. Stems-1-2 feet. high,
sharp-angled and rough. strict: leaves narrow, rough on the margins,
shorter than the stem; bracts all serrate on the margins, without sheaths
the lowest more or less leaf-like and equalling the stem, the upper seta-
ceous: spikes sessile, about 5, the terminal staminate and usually more or
less peduncled, the others closely sessile and short: scales of the staminate
spike very broad and obtuse, often emarginate purplish-black: perigynia
flat, almost white, elliptic with contracted ends, smooth, the beak ver:
short aad entire, either much exceeding or about the length of the broa
obtuse black scale. Oregon.

C. invisa Bailey l.c. Stems 5-24inches high, sharply angled, erect,
smooth: leaves nearly as long as the stem, 12.lines wide, roughisui on the
margins, short-pointed: spikes 4 or 5, all sessile or the two lowest on short

eduncles and erect, oblong and somewhat narrowed at base, about an
inch long, or short and nearly globular, the upper 1 or 2 staminate and
short, the others all approximate or contiguous and pistillate: bracts short
and sheathless: perigynia elliptic-ovate green and olive-colored with
pblack-purple blotches, flat, very short beaked, the orifice entire or nearly
so, broader and commonly longer than the purple-black, very conspicu-
ously oe apiculate scale. In the mountains, California to Brit.
Columbia. ;

C. laciniata Boott. Il. 175 t. 594. Stems stout, 2-3 feet high, very
sharply angled: leaves stiff and carinate, pale, 2-4 lines wide: bracts
without sheaths, the lowest sometimes 244 feet long: spikes 2-6, yellowish,
ferruginous, cylindrical, the staminate 1 or 2, commonly peduncled, the
uppermost 2 inches long, 2-3 lines thick, sometimes with a few pistil-
late above the middle or at the base: the rest pistillate, 1-3 inches or more
long, 2-4 lines thick, remote, densely flowered, the upper sessile, the lower

CAREX CYPERACEA 701

nodding on long peduncles and loosely flowered at"base: scales purple or
ferruginous, pale in the middle, lanceolate or oblong, ciliate, acute or
with a rough awn, rarely obtuse: perigynia oval, ovate, round or obovate
abruptly or gradually beaked with the orifice varying from nearly entire
to bidentate with serrate .teeth, coriaceous, sparingly toothed on
the upper margins, compressed lenticular, punctate, broader than the
scale. In dry alluvial soil, southern Oregon to California.

C. Nebraskensis. Dewey Sill. Journ. xviii, 102. Stems rather stout,
erect,s harply angled 1-2 feet high : leaves pale green, 2-3 lines wide, rough-
margined, not exceeding the stem: lower bract foliaceous, sometimes
equalling the stem, the upper much shorter and narrower: staminate
spikes commonly 2, peduncled : pistillate spikes 2-4, dense, oblong-cylindric,
erect, 9-15 lines long, about three lines thick,sessile or the lower on short
peduncles: perigynia elliptic or somewhat obovate, short-heaked, the
beak 2-toothed, longer than the ovate or lancevlate acute brown scale:
stigmas 2._ In wet places eastern Oregon and Washington to Nebraska
and New Mexico.

C. aquatilis Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad Handl. (11) xxiv, 165.
Stems rather stout; ereet, sharp angled above, smooth .or nearly so, 2-4
feet high; leaves elongated, sometimes equalling the stem, 2-3 lines wide:
bracts similar to the leaves, the lower exceeding the stem: staminate
spikes 1-3, peduncled: pistillate spikes narrowly linear-cylindric, often
staminate at the summit, erect or slightly spreading 1-2 inches long, 2-3
lines thick, sessile and dense or the lower narrowed and loosely-flowered
atthe base, and short peduncled:.perigynia elliptic, green, minutely
beaked, the orifice entire, longer than or equalling the oblong scale: stig-
mas% In swamps arid along streams. California to Brit. Columbia and
the Atlantic States: also in Kurope.

C. stricta Lam. Encycl. iii, 387. Stems slender, stiff, erect, usu-
ally in dense tufts, sharply angled, rough above, 114-4 feet high: leaves
long, rarely exceeding the stem, very rough on the margins 1-2 lines wide:
lower bracts similar, sometimes equalling the stem: staminate spikes
solitary or sometimes 2, peduncled: pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric,
often staminate at the top, very densely flowered, or loose at base 14-2.
inches long, about 2 lines thick, all sessile or the lower peduncled: perigy-
nia ovate elliptic, ascending, acute, aline long or less, minutely beaked
the orifice entire or nearly so, Jonger than the brown purple green-mar-
gined oblong or lanceolate scale: stigmas 2. In swamps, California to
Washington and the Atlantic States:

C. interrupta Boeckl. Linnea xl. 432. Stems slender, erect, 12-16
inches high. sharply angled above: leaves elongated, usually exceeding
the stem about 2 lines wide; bracts allshorter than the infloresence: stam-
nate spike usually solitary, 8-10 lines long, pistillate spikes 3-5, 6-18 lines
long, about 2 lines thick, often staminate at the top, densely flowered
above, the lower ones loose and often interrupted at base; sessile or the
the lowest one short-peduncled: scales brown with pale midrib and mar-
gins, nearly as long as the perigynium, broadly lanceolate appressed:
perigynia small, green, elliptical, shortly beaked. Along mountain
atreams, Western Oregon.

C. lenticularis Michx. Fl ii, 172. Stems very: slender, erect 1-2
feet high: leaves rarely over a line wide, shorter or rarely longer than the
stem, slightly rough on the margins: lower’bracts similar to the leaves,
usually much longer than the spikes: staminate spikes solitary or rarely 2, |
sessile or short peduncled, often pistillate above: pistillate spikes 2-5,
clustered at the summit or the lower distant, sessile’ or the lower short
peduncled : 4-12 lines.long, about 2 linea thick: perigynia ovate or ellip-
tic, acute, tipped with a minute entire beak longer than the appressed

702 CYPERACEX CAREX

green scales. On shores, California to Washington and the eastern states.

C. acutina Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot, Club 1, 52. Stems erect, 16-20
inches high, smooth or rough above, Jeaves flat and thin, about as long as the
stem: the lower 1 or. 2 bracts flat and leaf-Jike, about equalling the stem,
the margins mostly serrate: spikes 4 or 5, the upper 1 or 2-staminate, all
approximate and sessile or the lower short-peduncled, 1-2 inches long: peri-
gynia thin and soft, yellowish somewhat inflated, the small beak entire,
shorter or longer and broader thanthe obtuse or’ muticose scale. Along
rivers, eastern Oregon.

Var. tenuior Bailey 1]. c. 53. ,Tall and more slender: leaves
_ narrower; spikes an inch or less long and more-scattered: perigynia smaller.
Margins of mountain lakes, Oregon and Washington.

C. bovina. Densely matted and forming extensive meadows of many
acres: stems slender 12-18 inches high, erect: ‘leaves strongly carinate,
shorter than or equalling the stem: spikes all peduncled or the upper one
sessile, lower more or less cernuous 12- 18 lines long, nearly 3 lines thick:
perigynia elliptical, somewhat inflated, broader and shorter than the lanceo-
late acuminate scale. On lands that are overflown by the Columbiariver in
Jnne,

§ 4 Cryprocarrz Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 11. Large spec-
ies with cernuous or drooping large spikes which bear Tong and
conspicuous mostly dark scales: stigmas 2.

C. cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. i. 226, t. 14
Stems stout, erect, sharply angled, rough above, 14-3 ‘feet, high: leaves
smooth, pale 2-3 lines wide, the basal shorter than or equalling the stem, the
upper ones and the bracts shorter, all withering with the first frosts: stami-
vate spikes 2~4, peduncled, 1-2 inches long: pistillate spikes 2-5. all on
long filiform peduncles and drooping, densely-flowered, often staminate at
the top, 1-3 inches long, 3-4 lines in diameter, scales purple-brown, ascend-
ng, lanceolate, acuminate: perigynia elliptical, light colored, 14 lines long;
ipped with a very short entite beak, much shorter than the scale. In salt
marshes Cali‘ornia to Alaska and. Greenland.

C. Sitchensis Prescott Bong. Veg. Sitch. 163. Stems stout, 1-4 feet
high, sharply angled, rough, many-leaved at’ base. 3-4 lines wide, very dark
green, persistent through tie’ winter, very rigid, the radical longer than the
-stem: spikes dark purple, the staminate 1-4, sessile, erect, 1-3 inches long,
2-3 lines thick: pistillate spikes 3-5.sessile or more or less pedunc ed, 1-4
inches long, 3-5 lines thick, spreading or nodding, loosely flowered at base,
dense above: scales purple, the staminate oblong, obtuse, the pistillate ovate
or lanceolate, acuminate or awned: perigynia purple or orbicular-obovate,
abrubtly short-beaked, stipitate, shorter than the scale. In marshes, Califor-
nia to Alaska. |

C. Barbare Dewey Bot. Mex. Bound. 231. Stems’ slender 2 feet or :

more high, glaucous leaves surpassing the stem: pistillate spikes 2-4, linear,
1-3 inches long, the upper 1 or 2 sessile or short peduncled, the lower very
long on a peduncle 3-4 inches long: scales dark, obtuse or muticose: perigy-
nia small appressed, pale, more or less attenuate below, abruptly contracted
into a short and entire beak, nearly nerveless, shorter or longer than the
white backed and brown edged obtuse or muticose scale. Banks of streams,
California and Oregon. .

C. Howellii Bailey Mem. Bot. Clubi 45. Stems%stout 8-6 feet high,

sharply angled, rough above: leaves broad and lax, very long, the sheaths
covering the base of the stem with along and papery brown envelop: stam-

CAREX CYPERACES 703

inate spikes 2-3, prominently peduncled; pistillate spikes about 4, 2-4 inches
long, cernuous or somewhat bent; the upper 2 on peduncles 6-12 lines long,
and usually staminate above, the lowest very long-peduncled: perigynia nar-.
rowly elliptic or elliptic-oblong, ‘conspicuously granulate when mature, pro-
duced into a slender and entire beak, shorter than the linear-lanceolate muti-
cose dull brown scale. In swamps along the coast, from the mouth of the
Columbia river to Alaska.

§ 5 Ferrucinex Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 12. Plants smal-
ler: spikes small, an inch or less long, the upper ones often and-
rogynous: perigynium tapering into a conspicuous point, often
rough on the angles, dark-colored: bracts conspicuously sheath-
ing: stigmas usually 3.

C. frigida All. Fl). Ped. ii, 270. Steins 8-20 inches high, leafy at base:
leaves shorter than thestem: spikes 4-8, 1usty-black, oblong, the terminal
one staminate, the others pistillate, the upper contiguous aud sessile, the
lower remote and exserted on’a long peduncle: bracts shorter than the stem:
perigynia triangular, lanceolate, tapering to. a beak, bifid at the orifice,
hispidon the margins longer than the ovate accuminate mucronate scale.
In wet prairies on the high mountains, Washington to California and Utah.

C. luzulefolia W. Boott. Bot. Cal. ii, 250. Stems 2-8 feet high, obtusely
angled, smooth 1 or 2'teaved at or below the middle, many-leaved at base:
leaves 4-10 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, acuminate to a sharp rough irregu-
lar point, much shorter than the stem bracts tapering to a short sharp point,
shorter than the peduncles: spikes 3-6, the upper 1-3 staminate, clavate or
obovoid, 3-6 lines long, 1-3 lines thick, often crowded'so closely{as to ap-
pear asa single une, the others pistillate; clavate, 6-14 lines long; 2 lines
thick, the upper often sessile at the base of the staminate, the others all re-
mote on exserted scabrous peduncles 2-6 inches long: scales purple or pale
in the middle, oblong to lanceolate, ciliate obtuse or acute or roughly cus-
pidate: perigynia tawny or purple, oval to lanceolate, acuminateto along cy-
lindrical bidentate beak, stipitate, smooth, longer and broader than the scale..
In the high mountains, California to southern Oregon.'

§ 6 PENDULINA: Fries Corp. 190. Bracts sheathless: perigyn-
ium whitish, moreé or less granulated, nearly pointless.

C. limosa L. Sp. 977. Stems slender, rough above, erect, 10 inches to 2
feet high: leaves a line wide, or less, shorter than the ‘stem: bracts lincar-
filiform the lower 14 to 2 inches long: staminate spike solitary on a long pe-
dunele: pistillate spikes 1 or 2 on filiform peduncles, drooping, oblong 5-10
lines long about 8 lines thick:. perigynia pale. oval, narrowed atboth ends114
lines long, tipped with a minute entire beak, about as long as the oval green
or purplish-brown acute or cuspidate scale. In bogs, Idaho to New Jersey
and the Atlantic regions: also in Europe.

Trips iv HymenocoLana Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Staminate
spikes several or many, mostly loosely flowered and on filiform

‘nodding peduncles Perigynia mostly light green or whitish, thin-

membranaceous, mostly somewhat inflated, commonly smooth
and shining, tapering gradually into a minutely 2-tosthed beak.

C, eapillaris L. Sp. 977. Stems slender or filiform, smooth, or
roughish above, erect, 2-14 inches high: leaves 14-1 line wide, much shorter
than the stem, flat or somewhat involute in drying, roughish: bracts all with
sheathing base: spikes all on filiform peduncles, the terminal one staminate;

704 CYPERACEE CAREX

pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly oblong, 2-6 lines long, 1 line thick, nodding,
10-12-flowered: perigynia oblong, 3-angled light green, the slender beak
about 14 as long as the body, longer than the oval, scarious margined scale.
Idaho to Alaska, Greenland and the Atlantic States: also Europe and Asia.

C. cinnamomea Olney Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 396. Stems slender, 1-2
feet ‘high, erect: leaves narrow-margined, shorter] than the stem: bracts
sheathing, longer or shorter than the stem: spikes 3-5, erect, 12-18 inches
long, cinnamon colored, the terminal one staminate, fusiform and long pe-
duncled, the others pistillate, cylindrical, densely flowered, the upper ap-
proximate, the lower on long exserted peduncles, attenuate and loosely flow-
ered at base, the lowest remote: scales cinnamon colored with green centre,
membranous, ovate, obtuse, ciliate at the apex: perigynia elliptical, 3 angled,
green, rostellate with bidentate orifice ciliate within, glabrous, longer and
broader than the scale. In marshes, southern Oregon and California.

TRIBE v SprrostacHy#£ Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Staminate
spikes usually solitary, pistillate spikes 2-5, short yellowish or
fuscous, compactly flowered. Perigynia smooth or minutely gran-
ulate, rarely somewhat serrate on the margins, prominently
nerved, squarrose, mostly beaked, the orifice entire. Stigmas 3.

C. viridula Mich. Fl. ii, 170. Glabroug and bright green: Stems
slender, erect, 4-15 inches high: leaves a line or less wide, often longer than
the stem: bracts similar, strictly erect and much exceeding the spikes, ses-
sile, sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate spikes 2-5, all approximate and
sessile or the lowest distant and short-peduncled, oblong, 2-6 lines long, 2

_ lines or less thick: perigynia ovoid-oblong, a line or less long, parrowed at
base, tapering into a 2-toothed beak about half as long asthe body, longer
than the ovate scale. In wet places, Washington to Alaska, New Foundland
and Pennsylvania. ‘

Trine vi DactytostacHym Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Bracts
sheathing, the sheaths often conspicuous and colored. Staminate
spike mostly one: pistillate spikes short, commonly rather loosely
flowered and slender, their scales mostly whitish, often small.

§ 1 Laxtrroraz Kunth Enum. Pl. ii, 452. Slender, more or
less broad-leaved species with mostly leafy bracts, green sheaths
and loosly flowered spikes. Perigynia mostly conspicuously 3-
angled, with a more or less curved beak.

C. Hendersoni Bailey Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 115. Slenderand rather
weak, |1-2i¢ feet high: leaves thick and flaccid, 448 lines wide, shorter thn
the stem: bracts with sheaths 1-% inches long: spikes 4-5, pale, the
pistillate approximate, on short peduncles, loosely flowered: perigynia 2-3
lines long, gradually contracted at each'end, longer than the firm hyaline-
margined ovate obtuse often mucronate scale. In forests and thickets,
Washington to California.

§ 2 Panaicez ‘Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 15. Mostly stouter
narrow-leaved species. Perigynia often strongly nerved, not con-
spicuously. trigonous, often turgid

C. livida Willd. Sp. Pl. iv, 285. Pale green and very glaucous:
Stems slender, strictly erect, smooth, 12-18 inches high: leaves !-2 linea

wide, shorter than or equalling the stem: bracts narrow, usually short:
staminate epike solitary, short-peduncled: pistillate spikes 1-3, 5-12 lines

CAREX CYPERACEA: 70

,

long, about 2 lines thick, erect and clustered at the summit of the stem,
densely several-flowered or loose at the base, the third when present distant
or sometimes nearly basal, peduncled: perigynia oblong, very pale, nearly
2 lines long, lessthana line thick, beakless, narrowed to au entire ortfice,
longer than the ovate obtuse scale: stigmas 3. In bogs, Alaska to Califor-
nia and the Atlantic States.

§ Brcotores Tuckerman 1. c.12. Small species with the ter-
minal spike androgynous or all staminate: perigynia more ‘or
less round or pyriform, beakless, commonly glaucous.

C. aurea Nutt. Gen. ii, 205. Light green: stems very slender, erect
or reclining, 2-15 inches long: leaves flat, 1-1}¢ lines wide, the basal equal-
ling or exceeding the stem: bracts similar and exceeding the spikes: termin-
al spike short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 2-4 oblong or linear-oblong, erect
and clustered near the top, or the lower one distant, on filiform peduncles,
loosely or densely few-flowered, 2-10 lines long: perigynia obovoid or sub-
globose, yellow or brown and a line jin diameter when mature, beakless,
longer than or equalling the membranous acute cuspidate or short-awned
scale. In wet meadows Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States,

Var. celsa Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 1, 75. Taller and strict,

15-20 inches high: spikes large and compactly flowered, . longer-peduncled.
Oregon to California.

§ 4 Dicitatm Fries Corp. 187. Low species with ordinary
leaves: sheaths membranous or hyaline and colored either not
prolonged into a bract or the bract very short and not foliaceous:
perigynia more or less 3-angled, often hairy, the beak straight or
nearly so.

C. Richardsoni R. Br. Frankl. Journ, 751 Stems slender, rough,
erect, 4-12 inches high: leaves flat, about a line wide, the basal shorter
than or equalling the stem:'staminate spjke short-peduncled; pistillate
spikes 1 or 2, erect. short-peduncled, 4-9 lines long, compactly several-flow-
ered, close together: perigynia obovoid, pubescent, about a line long, min-
utely beaked, shorter than the ovate purple conspicuously white-margined
ele stigmas3, In dry soil California to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern

tates,

TRIBe vir SpHm#RiopipHorR# Drejer Car. 9. Low species of

dry ground with the leaves allradical. Staminate spikes solitary:

pistillate.spikes short, usually globular or short-oblong, more or
less sessile and approximate or the longer ones radical. Perigyn-
ia usually short and rounded, the beak straight and usually bifid,
firm or hard in texture, not inflated, hairy or scabrous. ‘

C. filifolia Nutt, Gen. I1, 204. Densely tufted, pale green and glabrous:
stems very slender, smooth, erect; 3-14 inches high: leaves filiform, rather
stff, spike solitary, erect, bractless, staminate above, pistillate below, 3-15
lines long, the pistillate part about 2 linesin diameter perigynia obovoid-
oval, triangular, rough or somewhat pubesent at the summit a line long

abruptly tipped by a short cylindrical hyaline entire beak, narrower than
and about as long as the broadly oval scarious-margined obtuse or cuspidate
Scale. In dry soil California to British Columbia and Nebraska. —

C. vespertina. C. Pennsylvanica of authors as to the Pacific coast
plant. Stoloniferous: stems very slender, erect, 8-20 inches high: leaves

706 CYPERACEZ CAREX

1-1 lines wide, shorter than the stem: lower bract leaf-like, 6-12 lines
long: staminate spikes usually short-peduncled, about an inch long: pistillate
spikes 1-8, short-oblong, few-flowered: perigynia white or light colored, ob-
ovate, tipped with a rather stout 2-toothed beak, hairy, shorter than the brown
scarious-margined acute or mucronate scale, In pine forests, eastern Wash-
ington and Oregon, ;

C. deflexa Hornem. Plantel. ed. 3, i, 988. Very low and much tufted:
stems 1-6 inches high, setaceous, more or less curved or spreading: leaves
narrow, nearly equalling or longer than the stems: staminate spike min-
ute and nearly always invisible in the head; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, 2-5
flowered, green or green and brown, all aggregated into a small head, the
lowest one always more or less short-peduncled and subtended by a leafy
bract 4-6 lines long: perigynium very small, much contracted below,
tipped with a very small flat beak. Alpine prairies eastern Oregon to
Alaska, Greenland and Vermont.

Var. media Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 1, 73. Rather stiff, 4-12
inches high, in dense tufts, most of the stems somewhat exceeding the
leaves: staminate spike prominent and erect, 4-5 lines long: pistillate
spikes 2-3, all scattered, the lowest peduncled and subtended by a bract
which surpasses the stem. In the mountains of eastern Oregon to Montana.

C. umbellata Schk: Reidgr. Nachtr. 75. Closely tufted and matted,
stoloniferous: stems filiform, 1-6 inches long. erect or reclining: leaves
4g—1\% line wide, usually much exceeding the stems: staminate spike,
solitary, terminal 4-6 lines long commonly conspicuous: pistillate spikes
1-8, all filiform-peduncled from the basal sheaths or 1 or 2 of them sessile
or very nearly so at the base of the staminate, ovoid-oblong, several -flow-
ered, 2-4 lines long: perigynia oval, finely pubescent, pale, obtusely
3-angled, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body,
about as long as the ovate-lanceolate acuminate or short-awned scales.
Oregon to the eastern states.

C. globosa Boott Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 125. Stoloniferous: stems
4-16 inches high, very slender, scabrous, clothed at base with reddish
. brown sheaths that break up inte thread-like fibres: leaves firm, 1-2 lines
wide, the lower longer than the stem: lower bracts longer than the spikes:
staminate spike 6-12 lines long, 4 line thick; pistillate spikes oblong,
loosely 2-9-flowered, 3-6 lines long, 2 lines thick, the upper sessile and
close to the staminate, the others remote and pedunculate, scales oblong
or lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, purple with green midrib and hyaline ,
margins: perigynium more or less purple, globose, produced at base, ab-
ruptly beaked with a bidentate orifice, hirsute scabrous, broader than
the scale. Washington to California. -

C. inops Bailey Proc. Am. Acad.. xxii, 126. Stems slender, rigid,
sharply angled, a foot high, from long and erect rootstocks: leaves ntimer-
ous, rigid, narrow, long-pointed, about half as long as'the stem: spikes
3-4, all aggregated and sessile at the top of the stem, the lowest subtended
by asheathless bract of about its own length, the terminal spike staminate,
about an inch.long, the others half as long and staminate at the top: per-
igynia soiall, elliptic, brown below, very abruptly produced into a white
straight and deeply cut beak, scabrous below, hairy on the shoulders and
beak, about as long as the brown-centred broad atute scale. On sandy
ground among timber on Mount Hood.

TRIBE vill PHyLiostacuys Carey Gray’s Man. 1848, 5388.
Spikes solitary, staminate above; pistillate flowers few, often
remote, usually on a more or less zigzag rachis: scales prolonged
and leaf-like or scabrous.

CAREX CYPERACE 707

€. Geyeri Boott Linn. Trans. xx. 118. Stems stiff, slender, 6 inches
to 2 feet high, leafy at base: leaves rigid, 1j-1 line wide, carinate, scabrous
on the margins and keel: staminate flowers 1-6, alternate, appressed to the
rachis: scales whitish, becoming ferruginous, green in the middle, ciliate,
in the staminate flowers oblong and obtuse, the pistillate clasping and cus-
pidate, the lower foliaceous and equalling the stem: perigynia triangular-
ellipgoida!, tapering to the base, with a very short entire beak and hyaline
orifice, smooth, 1-nerved on the middle of 2 sides, shorter than the scale.
On dry ridges, Oregon and Washington to Colorado and Montana.

C. multicaulis Bailey Bot. Gaz. ix, 117. Stems numerous, 1-3 feet high,
stiff and wiry, terete or obtusely angled, smooth or minutely scabrous be-
neath the spike, dark green and remaining so a year after fruiting: leaves
short and reduced to sheaths: staminate flowers 3-8, their scalés oblong or
lanceolate, green with hyaline margins, appressed; pistillate flowers 1-4,
their scales green with ovate scarious-margined base and long acuminate
tips, sometimes longer than the spike: perigynium large, green, triangular
contracted below to a stipitate base, tipped with a short stout beak. On
dry ridges among pine timber, southern Oregon to California.

Trips 1x LamprocHtan@® Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Small
mostly boreal species. Spikes mostly solitary. Scales obtuse
with hyaline margins. Perigynium smooth, firm in texture, or
or even horny, glossy or shining, brown or black, lightly nerved
or nerveless, tipped with a short beak. Stigmas mostly 3.

C. Pyrenaica Wahl. Acad. Handl. xxiv, 189. Cespitose, the filiform
stems 4-7 inches high, very leafy at base: leaves 14-1 line broad, flat or
often conduplicate: bracts scale-like: spikes dark-brown or purple, ellips-
oidal, densely-flowered, 5-8 lines long, 2-4 lines thick, staminate above:
scales membranaceous, deciduous, of the staminate flowers linear-oblong,
acutish : of the pistillate darker, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the
lowest often cuspidate or subfoliaceous: perigynium membranaceous, lan-
ceolate or spindle-shaped, gradually attenuate to an acute obliquely cut,
hyaline-margined orifice, long-stipitate, reflexed at maturity, rather longer
than the scale. On the high mountains, northern California to Alaska and
the Rocky Mountains.

C. nigricans C. A. Meyer Cryp. Nov. t. 7. Stems ratber stout, 4-8
inches high, very leafy at base: leaves 1-5 lines wide, not half.as long as
the stem, flat, attenuate to a very sharp point: spike very dark brown or
black, oblong to. obovate, 3-6 lines long, staminate at the top: scales ob-
long to ovate, acute or acuminate: périgynia broadly lanceolate or oblong,
abruptly contracted below to a slender stipe, produced above intoa slender
sharply 2-toothed beak, usually longer than the scale. In wet meadows
on the highest mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

Tripe x LeprocepHaL# Bailey Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 131.
Spike solitary, staminate above, thin and slender. Perigynia thin
in texture, green, oblong, lanceolate or linear in outline, beakless
or nearly so. !

C. leptalea Wahl. Kongl. Vet, Acad. Handl, (11,) xxiv, 139.- Light
Sie and glabrous: stems filiform, erect or spreading, 6-18 inches long:
eaves 14 line wide, mostly shorter than the stems: spikes narrowly linear,
2-7 lines long, less than a line thick: perigynia few, linear-oblong, narrow-
ed at base, obtuse and beaked at the summit, 114 lines long, longer than
the attenuate scales. In wet places, California to Alaska and across the
continent. :

Tribe x1 PuHysocePHALm Bailey ]. c. 132. Spikes solitary,

708 CYPERACEA CAREX

globular or short-oblong, staminate at top. Perigynia straw-
color, papery, more or less inflated. Stamens 3.

C. Breweri Boott Ill. 142, t, 455. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous:
stems 5-18 inches high, obtusely angled, smooth, leafy at base: leaves rig-
id, filiform, the cauline shorter than the stem: spikes dark fulvous or
chestnut-color, oval or ovate, 6-12 lines long, 4-6 lines thick, naked: sta-
minate flowers few: perigynia oval, much inflated and very thin, with a
very short obliquely cut entire beak, longer and broader than the hyaline-
margined scale. Alpine, California to Washington.

Susagenus 1 VIGNE Koch Syl. Fl. Germ. 748.

Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne at the base or
apex of the spikes. Pistillate flowers in one to several short and
sessile spikes which are commonly more or less aggregated into
heads or even panicles. Crossection of the perigynium plano-
convex in outline. Styles 2. Achenes lenticular.

TRIBE x11 ACROARRHEN® Fries Summa. 73. Staminate flow-
ers borne at the top of the spikes, or the spikes wholly staminate
or the plants sometimes diccious.

§ 1 Fartip# Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 10. Spikes tawny or
brown, not elongated, very densely aggregated into a continuous
globose somewhat. chaffy head. Perigynium ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, nerveless or nearly so, mostly thin in texture.

C. vernacula Bail. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xx, 417. Stems rather stout,
triangular, 3-30 inches high, leafy at base: leaves flat, 1-2 lines wide, 1-4
inches long: bract leaf-like, sometimes much longer than the inflorescence:
spikes congested into a head 6-20 lines long by 3-8 linea thick, of numerous
small roundish ferruginous spikelets, the lower often distinct : scales ovate,
acute, cuspidate: perigynia ovate, contracted below to a short stipe and
above to a stout bidentate beak, longer than the scale. In the high moun-
tains, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains.

C. Hoodii Boott Hook. Fi. ii, 211, t. 211. Stems slender, erect, 1-2
feet high longer than the leaves: spikes several to many, very few-flowered,
in a dense ovoid or oblong head 6-9 lines long: perigvnia spreading, small
and narrow, gradually contracted at both ends, green, nerveless or nearly
so, conspicuously winged, rough on the angles, about the length of the
brown or tawny scales. Oregon and Washington to Montana.

Var. nervosa Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 14. Very tall and
slender, 2-3 feet high: head looser: perigynia more conspicuousiy winged
on the outer face. In woods near the coast, Puget Sound to California.

§ 2 Vutrina Kunth Enum. Pl. ii, 383. Spikelets mostly
yellow or tawny when mature, densely aggregated or sometimes
somewhat scattered below or even panicled. Perigynia thick in
texture, spongy at base, mostly stipitate, conspicuously nerved.

C. Jonesii Bailey Mem. Torr. Clubi, 16. Stems slender, erect, some-
what stiff, 7-18 inches high, sharply angled and rough, somewhat exceed-
ing the narrow leavea, spikes several to many, densely aggregated into a
small oblong or ovoid naked head an inch or less long: perigynia small,
lancéolate from a truncate base, stipitate, very strongly many-nerved,
marginless, smooth or but slightly rough on the angles above, the long and
brown’ beak nearly entire, exceeding the brown muticose or obtuse acale.
In the mountains, Washington to California.

CAREX CYPERACE A 709

__C. macrocephala Willd. in Herb, Spring. Syst iii, 808. Stems stout,
3-angled, 4-12 inches high, from long running rootstocks: leaves stiff, 1-4
lines wide, rough on the margins, as long or longer than the stem: spikes
densely aggregated into an oblong or ovate head 1-3 inches long by 1-144
inches thick, subtended by slender bracts: perigynia 6-8 lines long, 2 lines
or more thick, ovate from a truncate base, produced above into a subulate
deeply 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body, the angles conspicuosly
margined with dentate wings, longer than the ovate acuminate scales. On
sandy banks along the coast of Oregon and Washington.

C. stipata Muhl. Willd. Sp. Pl. 233. Stems smooth, erect, 1-3 feet
high: leaves flat, 3-4 lines wide, shorter than the stem, the upper ones
sometimes exceeding the spike: bracts, bristle-like or wanting: spikes

‘numerous, yellowish, crowded into an oblong cluster 1-4 inches long, the
lowest sometimes branched: staminate flowers few, always terminal: peri-
gynia lanceolate, 2-214 lines long, about a line thick at the base, gradually
tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as the
body, longer than the ovate or lanceolate acuminate hyaline scale. Com-
mon in wet places. Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent.

§ Mottirtor# Kunth Enum. Pl. ii, 387. Heads various,
mostly loosely flowered, sometimes panicled, yellow or tawny.
Spikes short. Staminate flowers sometimes occupying whole
spikes in the middle or at the apex of the head. Perigynia
mostly small and short, nearly nerveless in some species, becom-
ing nearly lanceolate and more or less prominently nerved, firm
in texture.

C. Gayana Desv.. Fl. Chile, 205. Stems 1-2 feet high, scabrous: leaves
1-2 lines wide, shorter than the stem: eine aggregated into an oblong or
ovoid head 6-10 lines long by 4-7 lines thick, dicecious or nearly so: scales
membranous, chestnut color with hyaline margins, ovate, acuminate, cari-
nate, cuspidate: perigynia chestnut color, broadly ovate, cordate, stipitate
at base, tipped with a minute conical beak with an entire orifice, shorter
than the scale. Idaho to Colorado.

C. marcida Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 212, t. 218. Stems slender, 1-2 feet
high, scabrous: leaves a line wide, shorter than the stem: heads 8-15
lines long, 3-5 lines thick, sometimes nearly dicecious. dull brown, com-
posed of many ovate crowded or contiguous closely imbricated spikes 2-3
lines long by a line thick, the lower compound, the upper simple: perigynia
nearly black at maturity, orbicular with a short, or ovate with a longer,
bidentate beak, stipitate, equalling the ovate acute or cuspidate hyaline-
margined scale. In meadows, California to Brit. Columbia and Colorado.

Var. debilis Bailey Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 136. Small and slender,
afoot or less high, the stems mostly exceeding the very narrow leaves:
peeyala smaller and more contracted at base. Along streams, eastern

regon.

C. teretiuscula Goodn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii, 163. Stems slender,
erect or reclining, very rough, at least above, 1-2 feet long: leaves mostly
less than a line wide, shorter than or sometimes equalling the stem: spikes
several or numerous, staminate above, in a narrowly oblong compact or
interrupted terminal cluster 1-2 inches long: perigynia ovate, smooth, dark
brown, slightly more than half a line long, truncate or rounded at base,
tapering into a flat conic beak about as long as the body, about equalling

_ the ovate brownish acute or short-awned scales. In swamps and wet: mead-
ows, Idaho to Brit. Columbia and Hudson Bay. :

Var. prairea Britton. Clusters of spikes compound, branched, the

710 CYPERACE : CAREX

top commonly nodding. Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States,

Var. amplia Bailey Mem. Torr, Bot. Club i, 58. Very large and
stout, 2-3 feet high: heads 1-3 inches long, much branched: perigynia
a line or more long, nerved on the back, produced into a long beak. In
bogs, Oregon and Washington.

C. vicaria Bailey J. c. 49. Stems 10-30 inches high, slightly scabrous
above: leaves 1-214 lines wide, shorter than the stem: bracts setaceous,
exceeding the spike, heads ferruginous, 6-20 lines long by 3-8 lines thick,
ovate-oblong or cylindrical, of numerous small roundish crowded epikes or
clusters of spikes, the lower often distant: scales ovate, acute, cuspidate:
perigynia divergent, membranaceous, ovate, rostrate and bidentate, serrate
above on the somewhat winged margins, longer and broader than the scale.
In wet places, Oregon to California.

Var. costata Bailey 1. c. 49. Perigynia very strongly many-nerved
or ribbed on the outer face and usually bearing 3 or 4 nerves on the inner
one. Southern Oregon.

§ 4 Arenariz Kunth Enum. Pl. ii. 376. Spikes longer,
linear or nearly so, aggregated into short almost globose heads.
Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly larger and more
delicate in texture. Scales very acute or awn-pointed. Stamin-
ate flowers variously situated. ,

C. Douglasii Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 218, t. 213. Rootstocks creeping:
stems about a foot high, obtusely angled, smooth: leaves 1-2 lines wide,
tapering to an extremely slender triangular point: bracts scale-like, clasp-
ing, cuspidate, or the lowest prolonged beyond the stem: heads dicecious
or nearly so, oblong, pale or chestnut color, 1-2 inches long, 6-9 lines thick,
of many ellipsoidal or ovoid crowded spikes the upper simple, the lower
compound and sometimes branching, often half inch long: perigynia ovate
or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate to a slender obliquely cut beak, stipitate,
shorter than the ample membranous oblong or lanceolate acute or cuspi-
date hyaline-margined scale: stigmas 2, verylong. In alkaline soil, eastern
Washington to California.

§ 5 Munienpercian® Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 9. Spikes
green or nearly-so when mature, aggregated or scattered, never in
compound heads. Staminate flowers always borne at the top of
the spike. Perigynia mostly short-ovate, usually not conspicu-
ously nerved.

C. tenella Schk. Reidgr. 23. Rootstocks very slender: stems almost
filiform, rough, commonly reclining, 6 inches to 2 feet long: leaves soft,
about, 44 line wide, spreading, shorter than or sometimes equalling the
stem : spikes very small, 1-2-flowered, distant, or the upper close together:
perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, nearly terete, hard, about 1 line long by ¥% line
thick, tipped-with a minute entire beak longer than or equalling the ovate
acute hyaline scale: stigmas 2. In bogs, Brit. Columbia to California and
the Eastern States.

C. valicola Dewey Sill. Journ. 2nd ser. xxxii, 40. Stems 6-12 inches
high, very slender: leaves 1g line wide, shorter than the stem: bracts
roughly cuspidate from a broad hyaline-margined base, the lowest equal-
ling or exceeding its spike: head 6-12 lines long, linear-oblong, of 4-7 nar-
rowly oblong contiguous spikes: scales chestnut-color, membranous, with
very broad hyaliné margins, acute, or the ecabrous keel prolonged into a
short mucro: perigynia pale brown, obovate, abruptly attenuate to the
base and to the obliquely cut entire beak, about equalling the scales.

CAREX CYPERACEA 711

Southern Idaho.

C. nardina Fries Mant. ii, 55. Stems filiform, erect, smooth, 2-6
inches high, very densely tufted: leaves filiform, erect, about as long as
the stems: spikes solitary erect, terminal, ovoid-oblong, 3-5 lines long,
less than 2 lines thick, bractless: perigynia oblong-elliptic, vellowish-
brown, narrowed at both ends, nearly 2 lines long, somewhat hispid above.
beakless, the orifice 2-toothed, equalling or shorter than the brown ovate
cone or cuspidate thin scales. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Hudson

ay.

TRIBE xiii Hyparruens Fries Summa. 72. Staminate flow-
ers borne at the base of the spike or variously situated.

§ 1 Exoneat# Kunth Enum. Pl. ii, 402. Spikes silvery-
green or sometimes tawny when mature, distinct, mostly small.
Perigynia not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened,
mostly nearly flat on the inner face.

C. sterilis Willd. Sp. Pl. iv, 208. Stems slender, stitf, erect or spread-
ing, 8-18 inches long, rough above: leaves 44-1 line wide, shorter than the
stem: bracts very short or sometimes bristle-like: spikes 3-5, subglobose
or short-oblong, contiguous or separated, about 244 lines thick: staminate
flowers usually numerous at the base of the upper spike or sometimes
whole spikes staminate, rarely quite dicecious: perigynia pale, lanceolate,
compressed, spreading or reflexed wben mature, 144 lines long, thickened
at base, tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than half
as long as the body, longer than the ovate hyaline scale: stigmas 2. Com-
mon in moist places, California to Alaska and across the continent,

- (. canescens L. Sp. 974. Pale green and somewhat glaucous: stems
slender, erect, roughish above, 10-30 inches high: leaves flat, 24-1 line
wide, shorter than the stem: bracts very short or none, or the lowest bris-
tle-like and longer than its spike: spikes 4-9, short-oblong or subglobose,
densely many-flowered, 2-5 lines long, about 2 lines thick, scattered or the
upper close together: ataminate flowers basal: perigynia oval, silvery-green
to nearly white, rather less than a line long, about % line wide, rough
above, tipped with a minute entire beak, equalling or surpassing the ovate
hyaline scale. In swamps and bogs, Oregon to Alaska and across the
continent.

Var. Oregana Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 75. Head larger
and more dense, becoming brown: spikes loosely flowered, the perigynia
sometimes spreading in a stellate manner, narrow, often almost linear-
lanceolate, brown-nerved, sharp-edged and rough above. In wet places.
Oregon to Vancouver Island.

C. brunnescens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Supp. iii, 286. Rather dark
greea, not glaucous: stems slender, stiff, erect, 8-18 inches high: leaves a
line or less wide, shorter than the stem, spikes 4-8 subglobose or short-
oblong, few-flowered, rarely over 234 lines long, scattered or the upper
close together: staminate flowers basal: perigynia ascending or spreading,
brown, less than a line long, tipped with a beak about 14 as long as the
body, about equalling the ovate membranous brownish scale. In wet
places, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States.

C. areta Boott Ill. 155, t. 497. Rather light green but not glaucous:
stems slender, erect, 12-30 inches high, rough above: leaves flat, a line
wide, shorter than or equalling the etem: spikes oblong, many-flowered,
3-4 lines long, about 244 lines thick, all aggregated into a terminal ovoid
cluster: staminate flowers basal: perigynia pale, ovate, mostly spreading
tapering into a rough beak about half as long as the body, longer than the

712 CYPERACEE CAREX

membranous pale brown scale: stigmas 2. In swamps and wet woods,
: Oregon to Brit. Columbia and across the continent. ;

C. Deweyana Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i, 65. Stems slender,
spreading, nearly or quite smooth, 1-2 feet long: leaves 1-2 lines wide, flat,
soft, shorter than the stem: spikes 3-6, oblong or subglobose, few-flowered,
2-3 lines thick, distinctly separated or the upper ones contiguous: stamin-
ate flowers basal: perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, tapering
above to a rough strongly 2-toothed beak half as long as-the body, equal-
ling the hyaline-margined broadly ovate acute or cuspidate scale: stigmas
2. In wooded districts, California to Alaska and across the continent.

Var. Bolanderi W, Boott Bot. Cal. ii, 236. Steme stouter and
leaves broader: spikes 4-10, with more numerous flowers: scales hispid-
awned. With the type, Washington to California.

§ 2 Ovates Kunth Enum. Pl. ii, 394. Spikes tawny or
dark, rather large, sometimes crowded. Perigynia with a more
or less winged margin which is mostly incurved at maturity mak-
ing them concave.

C. siccata Dewey Am. Journ. Sci. x, 278. Rootstock long and stout:
stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high: leaves about a line wide, the upper
‘sometimes exceeding the stem, the lower short: bracts short or the lower
bristle-like and elongated: spikes 3-6, oblong or subglobose, 3-4 lines long,
brownish, clustered or more or less scattered: staminate flower variously
situated or whole spikes staminate: perigynia ovate-lanceolate, less than 3
lines long, wing-margined, tapering to a rough beak nearly as long as the
body, about equalling the ovate-lanceolate membranous acute or acumin-
ate aa i stamens2. In dry ground, California to Brit. Columbia and

ew York.

C. pratensis Drejer Rev. Crit. Car. 24. Stems slender, erect when
young, the summit at length nodding, 12-18 inches high: leaves about 1
line wide shorter than the stem: spikes 3-6, oblong or club-shaped, scat-
tered or the upper contiguous, silvery-brown, shining, 3-5 lines long, less
than 3 lines thick, several-flowered: staminate flowers basal: perigynia
lanceolate, thin, pale, wing-margined, tapering into a beak nearly as long
as the body, about as long as the lanceolate acute or acuminate membran-
gue scale: stigmas 2, Eastern Oregon to Alaska, Labrador andthe Rocky
Mountains.

C. straminiformis Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 24. Stems 6 inches
to 2 fcet high, obtusely angled, nearly smvoth: leaves flat, 1-2 lines wide,
shorter than the stem: heads variegated, pale green and chestnut, 6-12
lines long, 6-10 lines thick, oblong. triangular-ovoid or subspherical, of
3-8 crowded ellipsoidal spikes: scales chestnut-color, pale in the middle,
with narrow byaline margins ‘ovate, acute: perigynia broadly ovate or
roundish, abruptly attenuate to a sharp minutely hentate beak, broadly
wing-margined to the base, the wings finely serrate, longer and broader
than the scales. In dry soil on the high mountains, Washington to Calif.

C. feta Bailey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xx, 417, Stems slender, 1-3 feet
high: leaves 2 lines wide, shorter than the stem: heads ovoid or oblong, of
4-12 crowded or. contiguous, spikes, naked or the lowest with a setaceous
bract with a dilated base: perigynia pale fulvous, lanceolate, attenuate,
rather sharply bidentate, winged, nearly 2 lines long, broader than the
membranous fulvous lanceolate acuminate scales. In swales, Washington

‘o California.

Cc. leporina L. Sp. 973. Stems slender, erect, roughish above, 12-18
_ inches high: leaves about 1 line wide, flat, shorter than the stems: bracts

CAREX OYPERACEE 718

very short and scale-like or wanting: spikes 4-7, oblong, obtuse, narrowed
and staminate at base, 4-6 lines long, about 3 lines thick, dark brown,
shining, clustered but distinct in a terminal oblong head about an inch
long: perigynia erect or ascending, ovate-lanceolate, 2 lines long, rather
narrowly winged, the rough tapering 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the
body, longer and broader than the lanceolate acute membranous scale.
Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains.

C. festiva Dewey Sill. Journ. xxix, 246. Cespitose: stems 6 inches to
2 feet high, sharply angled: leaves 3-5, the upper longest, commonly shor-
ter than the stem, 2-3 lines wide; heads dark ferruginous, 9-12 lines long,
3-12 lines thick, of from 6-12or more nearly equal roundish or ovoid spikes,
contiguous in an oblong, or crowded in a spherical or ovoid cluster, naked
or subtended by a scale-like or foliaceous bract that sometimes exceeds
the stem; périgynia membranous, spreading or divergent, ovate, lanceo-
late or narrowly elliptical, attenuate to a longer or shorter obliquely cut
beak, narrowly wiuged, serrate above on the sharp margins, longer than
the scale. In moist meadows, California to the Arctic regions and the.
Rocky Mountains. i

Vdr. gracilis Olney Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 407. Stems very slen-
der, nodding at the top, 20-30 inches high: heads oblong, 12-18 lines long,
of 3-6 roundish contiguous or approximate ferruginous spikes. Washing-
ton to California.

Var. stricta Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Clubi, 51. Stems rather stiff
20-30 inches high: leaves stiff and the lower ones short: heads very dense
globular or short-ovoid, light brown, 9-12 lines long: perigynia broad
more or less nerved. In wet places, eastern Oregon to California.

Var. pachystachya Bailey |. c. Stems 1-3 feet Pisin tet and weak,
longer than the lax leaves: heads small, globular or oblong, dull dark
brown, the spikes often somewhat distant, very short: perigynia spreading,
about equalling the ovate-lanceolate muticose brown scales. Oregon to
Alaska and Montana.

C. athrostachya Olney Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 393. Cespitose: stems
acutely triangular, leafy, 8-24 inches high: leaves narrow, shorter than
the stem: bracts with an expanded strongly nerved hyaline-margined
base, the lower 3-5 foliaceous, much exceeding the stem: heads globose,
straw-color, of 5-20 densely crowded spikes or the lowest distant: scales,
membranous, pale ferruginous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: perigynia,
ovate-lanceolate, attenuate to an elongated sharply bidentate beak, the
winged margins serrate, about as long and broad as the scale. In the
mountains of California to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains,

Orper CIX GRAMINEZ Juss. Gen. 28. (1789)

Annual or perennial plants with usually hollow cylindrical,
rarely flattened, ‘omted stems with closed nodes, two-ranked
usually linear parallel-veined leaves with sheathing base, the,
sheaths open on the side opposite the blade, and usually a sca-
rious or cartilaginous ring called the ligule at the orifice of the *
sheath, atid small flowers in spikelets which are arranged in
panicles, racemes or spikes, and which consist of a shortened
axis called the rachella, and. two or more chaff-like distichous
imbricated scales called glumes of which the first two are usu-
ally empty, in the axil of each of the others, except sometimes
in the uppermost, is borne a flower and a two-nerved scale called

714 GRAMINEA

the palet, with its back turned toward the rachella and often
enveloping the flower by its enfolded. edges: at the base of the
flower between it and its glume are usually two very small hya-
line scales, called lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3, with very
slender filaments and two-celled usually versatile anthers. Pis-
til with a one-celled one-ovuled ovary and one to three, usually
two styles with variously branched mostly plumose stigmas.
Embryo small, situated at the base of the seed and covered
only by the thin pericarp. Fruit a caryopsis, usually called a
grain, with copious mealy albumen.

SuporDER I PANICACEZ R. Br.

Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the upper fertile,
the lower staminate. Rachella articulated below the glumes or
the subtending involucre, not extending beyond the flower.

TRIBE I ANDROPOGONE# Spikelets perfect or one staminate
or rudimentary, mostly silky. Flowering glumes and palet hya-:
line, none of the glumes spiny.

1 Imperata Spikelets in pairs both perfect: empty glumes clothed with
long white silky hairs.

TRIBE 11 Panice# Spikelet of one perfect flower with a sta-
minate or neutral one below it, the latter often reduced to a single
palet.; sometimes appearing as if one-flowered by the supression
of the lower glume and the palet of the neutral flower.

2 Paspalum Spikelets apparently 1-flowered, plano-convex, on one side
of a flattened rachis, without an involucre.

8 Panicum Spikelets 14¢-2-flowered without an involucre, the lower
usually minute.

4 Chetochloa Spikelets 2-flowered, with an involucre of bristles proceed-
ing from the pedicels.

TRIBE I OryzeEm_ Spikelets usually much compressed lat-
erally, one-flowered. Empty glumes two or more. Stamens of-
ten 6. .

6 Mimplecenehide Spikelets much flattened: glumes wanting: palet
rigid.

SuporDER 1 POACEA R. Br.

Spikelets not articulated below the glumes, one- to many-
flowered, the imperfect flowers if any usually uppermost.

TRIBE Iv PHALARIDEX Spikelets more or less laterally com-
pressed, 1-3-flowered. Glumes 5, the first 2 below the articula-
tion of the rachella the third and fourth very unlike the others;
the fifth with a hermaphrodite flower.

6 Phalaris Spikelets 3-flowered, the lateral reduced to a rudiment, the
fertile coriaceous. :
7 +antHoxantuum Spikelets 3-flowered, the lateral neutral, of a single

GRAMINE 2. 715

att

awned hairy palet. :
8 Hierochlea Spikelets 3-flowered, the |ateral ones staminate,

TRIBE. vy AGROSTIDEZ Spikelets all hermaphrodite and fertile,
with 3 glumes, the first 2 empty. Rachella sometimes prolonged
behind the pales into a naked or plumose bristle,

* Flower sessile within the glumes,
9 Coleanthus Spikelets in small umbellate clusters, all perfect.
10 Sporobolus Spikelets in contracted or open panicles, all perfect.

** Flower raised within the glume ona short rounded or stalk-
: like base.

Glumes long-awned.
i Polypogon Glumes much longer than the flower.
+ + Glumes mostly awnless.

12 Agrostis Lower glumes exceeding the very thin obtuse paleta: inflor-
escence spike-like to open paniculate.

13 Gasrrivium Inflorescence spike-like: glumes with a shining ventri-
cose base.

14 Cinna | Flower distinctly stipitate: flowering glume short-awned he-
low the tip.

15 Muhlenbergia Flowers mioatly hoardad at base, early deciduous:
flowering glume awned from the apex.

+ + + Flowers with a more or less conspicuous tuft of hairs at
base, shorter than the glumes,

16 Calamagrostis Spikelets 2-flowered and mostly with the rudiments
-of.a second flower present: palet awned from below the apex.

TRIBE Iv CHLORIDEZ ‘ Spikelets o one, to several-flowered, in
simple ‘one-sided spikes. upon a jointless rachis.
* Spikelets one- -flowered.

17 Spartina Spikelets much flattened laterally, i in 2 rows upon one side
of a 8-angled rachis: spikes racemed. ;

18 Beckmannia Biles ee anicled : epikelets 2-flowered, or by abortion
1-flowered, upon one side of a flattened rachis.

* * Spikelets 2-flowered or more, one flower perfect with one or
more imperfect or neutral ones above it,

19 Bouteloua Flowering glumes 3-cleft and 3-awned at the apex: im-
perfect flowers often reduced to these awns,

20 Exesvsine Spikes ale! at the summit of the stem: spikelets sev-
eral-flowered.

Trine v Suipacez Spikelets strictly one-flowered. Flowers
with a sharp-pointed callus at base, deciduous. Flowering glume
wrapped around the flower and palet, coriaceous and indurated
in fruit and terminated by a simple or triple awn.

21 Stipa. Awn simple, long, twisted below, not caducous.

22 Oryzopsis AWn simple, caducous: flower clothed with long silky hairs.

716 GRAMINEAE

23 Aristida Awn triple, continuous or articulated with the glume.
24 Phleum Panicle dense and spike-like: glumes distinct: awn simple,

25 Alopecurus Panicle spike-like: glumes more or less united at base:
awn simple.

Trine vi AvENacEZ Spikelets panicled 2-several-flowered,
rachis often bearded, prolonged into an imperfect rudiment.
Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flower. Flowering.
glumes usually bearing an awn on its back or between its teeth.

‘* Spikelets with 2.or more lower flowers perfect.

86 Danthonia Spikelets several-flowered, awned from the 3 united
middle nerves. P

27 Avena ° Spikelets 2-flowered,‘awned from the midnerve only.

28 Trisetum Spikelets 2-several-flowered: flowering glume 2-toothed
at the summit, awned from the midnerve only.

29 Aira Spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect, the rachella not prolonged
beyond the upper one. :

80 Deschampsia Spikelets with 2 perfect flowers, the rachella prolonged
beyond the second flower.

* * Spikelets 2-flowered with one flower staminate

$1 ARRAENATHERUM Lower flower staminate, upper perfect and - usually
awnless.

82 Ho.cus Lower flower perfect, awnless, upper staminate and awned.
Trips vit Festuce# Spikelets panicled, 2-many-flowered,

the rachis usually prolonged and bearing an imperfect flower or
bristle. {

* Lower one or two flowers staminate or neutral.

38 Munroa Spikelets in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, with
the two lower glumes empty.

84 Phragmites Spikelets in an ample panicle, with one staminate flow-
er below 2-4 perfect ones: rachis bearded with long hairs.

* * Lowest flowers all perfect: grain not adherent to the palet.

+ Flowering glumes pointed, awned or acute, the nerves, when
present, running into the point.

85 Dacrvuis Spikelets in dense one-sided clusters in a one-sided panicle:
glumes herbaceous, compressed, awn-pointed. .

86 Keleria Spikelets inadense spike-like panicle: glumes membranous,
keeled, pointed or mucronate.

‘+ + Flowering glumes pointless and, except in Melica, awnless,
obtuse; the nerves parallel.

” Flowering glume 1-nerved; the-palet 3-nerved.

37 Eatonia Glumes_very unlike; the upper one much broader than the
“linear lower one and ‘wrapped around the flower.

++ + One or two of the glumes 5-nerved or more.

88 Melica Flowering glumes flattish on the back, 7-nerved or more,
membranaceous at tip: fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping the.

'

GRAMINEA | 717

1-3 imperfect ones. : d
89 Distichlis Flowers diccicus: flowering glumes much compressed
laterally, many-nerved, somewhat coriaceous.
++ ++ + Glumes 1-3-nerved.

40 Catabrosa Glumes membranous, erose-truncate.

41 Graphephorum Rachella hirsute with stiff hairs, extended into a
hairy appendage: flowering glumes membranous.

42 Panicularia Spikelets several-flowered deciduous, the rachella
breaking up into joints: flowering glumes rounded on the back, the
5-7 nerves not reaching the scarious mostly obtuse apex. :

48 Puccinellia Flowering glumes chartaceous, convex on the back,
faintly 2-nerved, the nerves not reaching the obtuse subdenticulate or
or mucronulate apex.. ;

44 Pleuropogon Flowering glumes chartaceous, several-nerved, the
nerves not reaching the truncate awned apex. $

45 Poa Flowering glumes laterally compressed, mostly keeled, 5-nerved,
membranous, the margins or nerves below with cobweby hairs.or pu-
bescent: palet falling with the glume. ee

46 Eragrostis Flowering glume 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving
the persistent palet. , ;

* * * Spikelets several-flowered : lowest flowers all perfect: grain

adherent to the palet.

47 Briza Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped : flowering glumes rounded,
many-nerved, becoming ventricoee.
48 Festuca Spikelets flattish: flowering glumes rounded on the back,
few-nerved, pointed or awned at the tip: ovary mostly smooth.
49 Bromus §pikelets flattened: flowering glumes convex to compressed,
mostly awned below the tip: ovary pubescent.
Trizne vir HorpEar Spikelets one- to several-flowered, ses-
sile in alternate notches on the ‘opposite sides of a zigzag rachis,
either solitary or several together.

* Spikelets single at each joint of the rachis.

60 Scribneria Spikes slender, solitary : spikelets 1-flowered, almost em-
bedded in the notches of the rachis,

51 Loum Spikelets several-flowered, placed with the edge next to the
rachis: the inner glumes wanting except the terminal one.

62 Agropyron Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, placed flatwise on ‘the
rachis: both glumes present, standing right and left. :

* * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis: glumes anterior,
forming a sort of involucre to the spikelet. a.

68 Hordeum Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, in three’s at each joint:
lateral spikelets udually sterile.

64 Elymus Spikelets 1- to severa -flowered, 2-4 at each joint, all perfect
and eimilar: glumes shorter than the spikelets: flowering glumes not
long-awned. : S a

65 Sitanion Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, 2-4ateach joint, all perfect:
glumes very long, usually 2-parted to the base and long-awned: flow-
ering glumes long-awned and 2-toothed, or 3-awned.

718 GRAMINE£ IMPERATA
: PASPALUM

. Susorper 1 PANICACEZ R.Br. Verm. Schr. i, 114.

Spikelets one- or two-flowered, when two-flowered the second or
terminal one is perfect and the lower one staminate or neutral.
Rachella articulated below the empty glumes the spikelets falling
from ‘the pedicels entire either singly or in groups or with the

P f

joints of an articulated rachis.

+

Tribe 1 Andropogonee. Spikelets in spike-like racemes, 2-at
each joint of an articulated rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, the *
other pedicellate. and either hermaphrodite, staminate,’ neutral or
or reduced to the pedicel only. glumes usually 4, the firsti2 empty; ©
larger and much-firmer in texture (than|thefothers; the third usually
with a staminate flower in its axil; the fourth hyaline with a fertile
flower in its axil, usually awned. Awn usually twisted or' geniculate.

1 IMPERATA Cyrill Pl. Rar. Ic. ii, 26. (1796.) as

Panicle spike-like. Spikelets in pairs on unequal short clavate
pedicels or one sessile, both perfect, awnless. Outer empty glumes
clothed with long white silky hairs: third and fourth glumes and
paletihyaline. Stamens 1 or 2. Stigmas 2. aR

I. Hookeri Rupr. (CEfvers Vet. Acad. Stockh. 160. Stems 2-4 feet
high, simple, smooth, from creeping rootstocks: radical leaves 4-12 inches
long, the cauline shorter, decreasing upward: ligule short, ciliate: panicle
nearly cylindrical, erect, 6-12 inches long, sometimes interrupted below:
hairs dense, straight, about.14 inch long, giving the peculiar feathery ap-
pearance, flecked with the yellow or brown anthers and stigmas. Along
streams, eastern Oregon and Nevada to California and Texas.

Tribe 2 Panicex. Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened
on the. back. Glues 2-4, when 4 there is sometimes a staminate
flower or palea in the axil of the third. Asis of the inflorescence not
articulated; the rachella being articulated below the glumes, the
spikelets falling off singly from their pedicels.

5 PASPALUM L. Syst. ed. 10, ii, 855.

Spikes or racemés either solitary, few and digitate or many and
panicled. Spikelets in 2-4 rows upon one side of a flattened or
filiform jointless rachis, jointed upon their short pedicels, plano-
convex, awnless, apparently one-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly
equal, few-nerved. Flowering glumes roundish or ovate,.coria-
ceous, convex and enclosing the palet. Scales2. Stamens 3.
Ovary smooth. Grain enclosed in the glume.

P. distichum L, Ameen. Acad. v, 391.. - Rootstock widely creeping}
perennial: stems 6-18 inches high, clothed below with the somewhat
crowded sheaths: leaves flat, 2-3 inches long, glaucous, rough above:
spikes 2, spreading, ‘one sessile, the other peduncled, 1-14¢ inches long,

ensely flowered: spikelets in 2 rows, ovate, acute, 144 lines long:, glimea
3-neryed, more or less pubescent. In moist meadows Oregon to California
and the southern Atlantic States: also.in Europe. . Ns

_8 PANICUM L, Sp. 55.
Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, when.2-flowered the lower one sta.

PANICUM GRAMINEZ 719

minate only. Glumes 4, the 3 lower membranous, empty or the
third with a staminate flower, the fourth chartaceous, shining,
enclosing a palet of similar texture and a ‘perfect flower. Sta-
mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclos-
ed in the hardened fruiting glume. Mie 7%

_* Spikelets in pairs, one sessile the other pedicelled, crowded onone ,
side of simple flattened branches which are digitately clustered at the
top of the stem: lower flower neutral, of a single palet.

P. sancurnate L. Sp. 57, Stems erect or decumbent, 1-3 feet long;
often rooting atthe lower nodes, smooth: leaves 2-6 inches long, 2-4 lines
broad, acuminate: spikes 3-10, narrowly linear, 2-6 inches long, digitate or
in approximate whorls at the summit of the stem: rachis flat, margined:
spikelets lanceolate, acute. In fields and. waste places throughout North
America and Europe except the extreme north. \

* Spikelets disposed in panicles, awnless.
+ Annual, ‘ Rage

P. capilare L. Sp. 58. Stem erect or decumbent, 1-2 feet long, sim-
le or sometimes branched: sheaths pilose-hirsute: leaves 6-12 inches
ong, 3-8 lines broad, more or less pubescent: terminal panicle 8-14 inches
long, its lower branches at first included in the upper sheaths, eeeg ex-
serted and widely spreading, 2-10 inches long: spikelets 1-114 lines long,
acuminate. In dry soil, throughout most' parts of North America and
Europe. :
+ + Perennials.

P pubescens Lam. ‘Encyel.: iv, ‘748; ‘Stems at first erect and simple,
later profusely branched and leaning or ascending: sheaths hirsute to
villous, often papillose: leaves-rounded-truncate or often narrowed at base,
those of the stem 2-3 inches long, those of the branches much shorter:
primary panicle less than 3 inches long, ovoid, the -branches ascending:
s pikelets hardly a line long, pubescent. In dry soil, eastern Washington
to the Eastern States. ,

P. dichotomum L. Sp 58. Smooth and glabrous or the lower nodes
bearded: stems erect, 6-24 inches high, at first simple, later profusely di-
chotomously branched at about the middle: leaves light green, generally
much narrowed toward the base, the primary ones distant, 2-3 inches long
by 2-3 lines broad, those of the branches much smaller, sometimes invo-
lute: primary panicle usually long-exserted 1-2 inches long, the branches
loose and spreading, bearing ‘few glabrous ellipsoid spikelets about’ a line
long. In dry woodlands, Washington to the Eastern States.

P. Scribnerianum Nash Bull. Torr, Bot: Club xxii, 421. Stems
erect, 6-24 inches high, simple or later in the season dichotomously branch-
ed above, sparingly pubescent: sheaths shortly papillose-hispid, sometimes
glabrate: leaves 2-4 inches long, 3-6 lines broad, rounded or truncate at
base, acuminate, more or less spreading, smooth above, scabrous beneath:
panicles small, the primary ont éxserted, ovoid, 1-3 inches long, its bran-
ches spreading 8-12 lines long, often flexuous: spikelets turgid obovoid,
about 144 lines long. In dry or mojst'soil, eastern: Washington to the
Eastern States. : a at feat :

P. Scoparium Lam. Encycl. iv, 744. ? Stems spreading, 6-24 inches
long, geniculate at the lower nodes and at length branched: ‘leaves lanceo-
late, 8-5 inches long, 4-6 linés broad, mostly erect and somewhat rigid;
hairy beneath and fringed with spreading hairs.at.base: sheaths hairy
panicle 2-3 inches long nual simple,'the simple branches bearing a few.

720 GRAMINEZ CHEBTOCHLOA
HOM ALOCENCHROUS

. 4 °
large tumid obovate ‘usually hairy spikelets 134 lines long. Common in
open places, Washington to California. : aa
* * * Spikelets crowded in 3-4 rows or irregularly on One side of
the spike-like branches of the panicle. ;

P. Crus-catui L. Sp. 56. Stems stout, 1-4 feet high, often branching
at hase+,sheaths smooth. and glabrous :- leaves 6-20 inehes tong, 14-1 inch
broad, glabrous, smooth or scabrous: panicle céthposed of 5-15 sessile erect
or ascending branches, or the lower branches spreading or reflexed : epike-
lets‘ ovate, green or purple, densely crowded, the glumes more or less
awned. Common In fields and waste places throughout Nerth America:
naturalized from Europe.

4 CHZETOCHLOA Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrog. Bul. 4, 38.

Mostly annual grasses with erect stems, flat leaves and spike-
like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered or rarely with a second sta-
minate one. Rachella with bristles below the articulation.
Spikelets with 4 glumes, the 3 outer membranous, the third often
subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower, the fourth’
chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect
flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated.’ Stigmas plum-
ous. Grain free, enclosed in the glume.

C. vinipis Scribn. 1. c. 89. Setaria viridis Beauv. Stema erect or as-

- cending, 1-3 feet high, simple or branched: sheaths glabrous: leaves 3-10
inches long, 2-6 lines wide: spikes 1-4 inches long: spikelets about a line °
long, elliptical, much shorter than the upwardly barbed bristles. In waste
cultivated fields, throughout North America: introduced from

Tribe 8 Oryzex Kunth Enum. i, 5. Spikelets usually much
compressed laterally, 1-flowered, staminate, pistillate or hermaphro-
dite. Empty glumes 2 or none, the flower being subtended by the
floral glume and palet alone. Stamens frequently 6. Avis of the
inflorescence not articulated.

5 HOM ALOCENCHRUS Mieg.; Hall Hist. Stirp. Helv. ii, 201.

Panicle loose, its base often enclosed by the upper sheath.
Spikelets much flattened, more or less crowded and overlapping
each other, awnless,.1-flowered. Glumes only one, hard, strongly
flattened laterally, fringed on the keel with bristly hairs, 3-nerved.
Stamens 1, 3, or 6. Ovary smooth. Styles short. Stigmas plu-
mose with branching hairs. Grain flat, enclosed hy the glume.

H. oryzoides Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat. i, 52. Stems 2-3 feet high: leaves
flat, spreading, 6-8 lines wide, very rough upward: panicle much branched,

spreading, 6-8 inches long: spikelets 244-3 lines long, pale green: stamens
3. In wet places, eastern Oregon to California and the Atlahtic States.

Svuzorper 11 POACES. R. Br. Verm. Schr. i, 118.

_ Spikelets one- to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary
flowers if any uppermost. Rachella usually articulated above the
empty glumes so that.these are persistent. In spikelets with 2 or
more flowers the rachclla is usually articulated below each flow-
ering glume.

PHALARIS GRAMINEA 721
ANTHOXANTHUM

Tribe 5 Phalaridew Kunth Enum. 118. Spikelets more or less
laterally compressed, 1-3-flowered. Glumes 5, the first 2 empty and
below the articulation of the rachella, the third and fourth usually
empty, very unlike the outer ones, rarely subtending staminate flowers,
sometimes reduced to mere bristles; the fifth glume with a 1-nerved
or nerveless palet and a hermaphrodite flower.

6 PHALARIS L. Sp. 54.
* Panicle dense and spike-like: glumes keeled.

P. Canarrensis L. Sp. 54. Stems 1-3 feet high, from an annual root;
leaves flat, with the upper sheaths much inflated: spikes 1-2 inches long,
ovoid or somewhat cylindrical, very dense: glumes broad, with a conspicu-
ous keel with a distinct green line within it: rudimentary flowers represented
by small smooth lanceolate scales: perfect flowers with minute silky hairs
In fields and waste places: introduced from Europe.

P. Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 74. P. intermedia Bosc. Stems 6
inches to 4 feet high, smooth, from an annual root: leaves short, an inch long
or less, often glaucous; sheaths inflated: spikes 1-2 inches long, dense: spike-
lets 3 lines long: glumes with. a broad keel, pointed rudimentary flowers
linear, hairy, leas than half as long as the perfect one which is long-pointed,
hairy and one third ehorter than the glumes, In waste places, Oregon to.
Cailfornia and the southern Atlantic States,

P. amethystina Trin. Phalarid. 10. Stems rather slender, 2-8 feet
high, from a perennial root: Jeaves often purplish, short, the sheaths inflated:
spikes oblong, 1-2 inches long, usually purplish: spikelets 2 lines long or.
more: glumes but slightly keeled: rudimentary flowers hairy, more than half:
as long as the hairy perfect one. Along the coast, southern Oregon to Calif.

* * Panicle branched: glumes not keeled.

P. arundinaceae L. Sp. 55. Stems 2-6 feet high, from creeping per-
ennial rootstocks: leaves 3-20 inches long, 3-8 lines wide smooth panicle 4-8
inches long, its rough branches erect or somewhat spreading: spikelets 2
lines long, ovate: glumes pointed, 3-nerved, not keeled: rudimentary flowers
reduced to narrow silky scales, one-third as long as the perfect one which is
smooth or silky and one-third shorter than the glume, Common in low
grounds California to Brit. Columbia and the Atlantic States: also in Europe
and /Asia. ;

7 ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sp. 28.

Panicle cylindrical, spike-like. Spikelets 3-flowered, the lat-
eral flowers neutral and consisting of a single palet ; the upper or
central one perfect. Glumes thin, unequal, the lower smaller,
1-nerved, the upper about twice as long as the lower and 3-nerved.
Palets of neutral flowers usually awned. Stamens 2%. Ovary
glabrous. Stigmas feathery. Grain ovate, enclosed by the glume. .

A. oporatum L. Sp. 58. Stems erect aud rather slender, 1-2 feet high,,
from a perennial root: leaves flat hairy: sheaths often hairy; the ligule short
and obtuse: panicle 1-6 inches long, interrupted below, often brownish:
spikelets 3-4 lines long: neutral palets 2-lobed, hairy, one with a bent awn_
from near the base, the other short-awned below the tip: whole plant pleas-
antly scented when drying. Common in lawns and waste places: introduc-
ed

tom. Europe.

Sed

722 GRAMINEZ HIEROCHLOE
: COLEANTHUS

8 HIEROCHLOE Gmelin FI. Sib. i, 101. :

Panicle loose and spreading. Spikelets laterally compressed,
3-flowered, the:2-lower or ‘lateral ones staminate, the upper or
central one perfect. Glumies 5, the first and second about equal,
acute, glabrous’; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse,
entire, emarginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed with or without an awn,
enclosing a palet and stamens; the fifth often produced into a
short awn, enclosing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3 in
the staminate flowers, 2 in the perfect one. Styles distinct. Stig-
mas plumose. Grain free, enclosed by the glume. —

H. macrophylla Thurber: Bolander in. Trans, Cal. Agr. Soc. 1864-65,
182. Stems 1-3 feet high forming large loose-tufts, with leaves 12-18 inches
long by 4-10 lines wide, rough on the upper surface and margins: panicle
with rather distant branches 1n pairs: glumes greenish along the very distinct
nerves, obtuse and barely equalling the staminate flowers, thé lower palets
of which are stronghly fringed on the margins, notched at the apex and often
with a slight, mucro or awn: perfect flower pubescent toward the apex, other-
wise smooth and shining; the flowering glume very obtuse and fringed on the
margins. In forests, western Washington to California.

H. borealis R. & S. Syst. ii; 513. Stems 1-2 feet ‘high, erect simple,
smooth: lower leaves elongated, 4~8 inches long, 1-3 lines wide; scabrous,
the upper ones 14-2 inches long: panicle 2-4 inches long, its branches 1-2.
inches long, usually spreading, naked below: spikelets yellowish-brown and
purple, 2-3 lines long: lower’ glumes glabrous; flowering glumes villous and

»strongly ciliate, entire; awd-pointed; palets.villous at the apex. Along
streams, Oregon to Alaska and the northern Atlantic States.

Tribe V Agrostidex. Spikelets all hermaphrodite, one-flowered,

, with one pair of empty glumes, or these rarely wanting, usually as
long as or exceeding the flowering glumes. <Rachella ‘sometimes pro-
‘ longed behind the palet into a naked or plumose bristle..

9 COLEANTHUS Seidel Reichénb. Incon. Fl, Germ. i, 177.

Panicles simple or branched, the flowers in umbellate clusters
of short 1-flowered rays. Empty glumes wanting: flowering
glume membranous, 1-nerved, acuminately awned. Palet shorter
than the glume, with 2 divergent nerves, keeled, bifid,at the apex,
the divisions acuminate: scales none.*’ Stamens 2, with oblong
anthers. Ovary -sessile,.smooth.’ . Stigmnas sessile, denticulate
with-subulate hairs: Grain oblong, somewhat longer than the
glumesiwhich are persistent: and surround its base. $I

C. subtilis Seidel 1. c. Stems slender, 1-3 inches long, forming: loose
tufts 1-4 inches in diameter, decumbent and geniculaté below, often branch-
ed, from an annual root: leaves about.6,lines long, curved, smooth: ligule
elongated, acute; sheaths aJl inflated: panicle 6-18 lines long; its base includ-
ed in the upper sheath, mostly simple, with 3-4 umbellate clusters, - sometimes
with one or two short: ‘branches with an umbel at the end of éach : pedicels
longer than the spikelets,-scabrous, glumes roughened. on the keel. -- On low
muddy flats dlorig the Columbia river; also in northern Europe; = :' *

10 SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl Hol. i, 169.

Panicle open and pyramidal to narrow and spike-like. . Spike-

SPOROBOLUS GRAMINEZ 723

lets 1-flowered. Glumes membranaceo-chartaceous, 1-nerved or
nerveless, not awned but sometimes pointed. Flowers sessile, or
with a minute callus, usually longer than the glumes. Palets
similar to the glumes in texture, mostly 1- or indistinctly 3-nerved.
Stamens 2 or 8. Ovary oblong. Stigmas with simple hairs.

S. asperifolius Thurber Bot. Cal. ii, 269. Stems 6-15 inches long:
branched, decumbent at base, rooting at the nodes and thus forming broad
matted tufts: leaves flat, 1-3 inches long, about 1 line broad, scabrous:
ligules very siort, truncate: sheaths smooth, loose, very short and overlap-
ping below: panicle included at base, open,.3-5 inches long, pyramidal or
ovoid, in outline, its scabrous branches solitary or in pairs: spikelets less
than a line !ong, on pedicels 6 lines long: glumes nearly equal, acute, min-
utely scabrous: flowers slightly exceeding the glumes, the flowering glume

_sometimes with a minute mucro at its obtuse tip. In alkaline soil, Brit.
Columbia to California and Nebraska.

S. eryptandrus Gray Man. ed. 2, 542. Stems 2-3 feet high, usually
geniculate and branched below: sheaths smooth, strongly. bearded at the
throat, the lower shorter than the internodes: ligules reduced to a mere
fringe: leaves flat, 3-6 inches long, about 2 lines wide, acuminate, scabrous
above: panicle narrowly pyramidal, more or less enclosed by the upper
sheath, 4-8 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, spreading: spikelets
a line long, short-pedicelled, rather crowded, lead-colored: empty glumes
somewhat acute, the upper twice the length of the very narrow lower one:
flowering glume about equalling the second one. In sandy soil, Oregon to
the New England coast.

8. airoides Torr. Pac. R. Rep. vii, 21. Stems 2-3 feet high, somewhat
rigid, smooth, forming large tufts, rarely branched, clothed below with
dead sheaths: sheaths smooth, with a few long hairs at the throat, the
2 lower overlapping, the uppermost loose: ligules nearly obsolete: leaves
very pale, convolute and tapering to a filiform point, the basal ones about
half as long as the stems, the uppermost reduced to a mere filiform appeh-
dage to the sheath: panicle broadly pyramidal, soon exserted, 6-12 inches
long, few-flowered: its slender branches solitary or in pairs, spreading or
reflexed: spikelets a line long, brownish, on rather long pedicels: empty
glumes rather obtuse, the first norrower and 14-14 as long as the second
one; flowering glume slightly longer than the second one: palet about as
long asthe glume. On prairies, eastern Oregon to Californiaand Nebraska .

S. cuspidatus Wood Bot. & Fl. 385. Smooth and glabrous: stems
1-2 feet high, erect, simple or somewhat branched: sheaths shorter than
the internodes: ligule a mere ring: leaves 1-4 inches long, less than 1 line
wide, erect, involute-setaceous, at least when dry: panicle 2-5 inches long,
slender, its branches 14-1 inch long, appressed: spikelets 144-1: lines
long: empty glumes acuminate or cuspidate, scabrous on the keel; flower-
‘ing glume long-acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly scabrous. In dry soil,
eastern Washington to the Missouri river.

8. depauperatus Scribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, ix, 103. Vilfa-dep-
auperata Torr. Stems tufted. very slender, 3 inches to 2 feet long, decum-
bent and geniculate, often much branched: leaves short, often involute,
very minutely scabrous above: sheaths rather loose, crowded and overlap-

-ping below: panicle 14-2 inches long, very narrow,:of few solitary distant
erect branches: spikelets 1 line long or less, short-pedicelled: empty
glumes ovate. obtuse, nearly equal: flower about twice as long as the emp-
ty glumes, often blackish, deciduous; flowering glume obscurely 3-nerved,
the mid-nerve often excurrent as a small mucro: palet nearly as long as
a glume. Oa margins of ponds, eastern Oregon to California and New

exico.

724 GRAMINEZ SPOROBOLUS
POLYPOGON

‘S. Bolanderi Vasey Bot. Gaz.:xi, 337. Stems slender, about 1 foot
long, decumbent below, smooth: ligules short and obtuse: leaves narrow,
flaccid, the radical ones about 6 inches long: cauline ones similar, 1-2
inches long: panicle 2-3 inches long, open, lax, its lower branches in twos
or threes, filiform, 12-18 lines long: empty glumes unequal, 1-nerved,
flowering glume exserted, 5-nerved, softly pubescent on the nerves below.
Collected at Multnomah Falls Oregon by Dr. H. N. Bolander.

S. confusus Vasey Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 294. Stems slender,
tufted, branching, 3-8 inches high from an annual root: sheaths loose:
leaves flat, 6-12 lines long: panicle ovoid or oblong, with loose capillary
branches: spikelets.less than a line long, smooth, on capillary pedicels 3-4
times as long: empty glumes subequal, obtuse or retuse at the apex; flow-
ering glume but little longer, barely acute. On sandy banks of streams,
eastern Washington to California, Colorado and Montana.

S. gracillimus Vasey Vilfa gracillima Thurber. Stems capillary,
smooth, much branched at base, forming small dense tufts, 3-12 inches
- high, the leafy portion about 2 inches high: sheaths equalling the inter-
. nodes, smooth, with hyaline margins: ligules about a line long, obtuse and
. lacerate: leaves 3-6 lines Jong, less than a line wide, flat, involute at the
apex, very minutely scabrous on the upper side and margins: panicle long-
-exserted, narrowly linear, few-flowered, interrupted below, its branches
in twos or threes, appressed: spikelets about 1 line long: empty glumes
subequal, membranaceous, very obtuse, distinctly 1-nerved, mucronate or
erose-dentate at the apex: flowering glume 3-nerved, mucronate or tipped
with a small awn. Edge of marshes in the high mountains, Oregon to
California.
S. simplex Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 11, 48. A densely cespi-
_tose leafy annual, 2-6 inches high: stems slender, smooth: . lower sheaths
loose, longer than the internodes: ligules a line or more long: leaves flat,
-1-2 inches long, scabrous on the margins, very rough near the rigid apex:
panicle linear, 1-2 inches long, its scabrous branches erect: spikelets 1 line
long: empty glumes subequal,obtuse or truncate,scabrous on the back above,
. flower twice as long as the glumes: flowering glumes 3-nerved, mucronate
- pointed, seabrous above. In moist places, Idaho to California and Colorado.
’ ‘§.° filiformis Scribn. 1, c. Bull 17, 173. A very slender densely tufted
annual, 3-I2’inches high: stems filiform and scape-like, with very short
‘internodes below: eaves filiform, 6-12 lines long: panicle linear, long-ex-
-serted spikelets less than a line long: empty glumes subequal, obtuse and
mucronate, flowers about twice as long as the empty glumes; flowering
-glume acute, 3-nerved, scabrous on the midnerve. In moist.soil in the high
mountains, Washington to California and Utah.
‘11 "POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. i, 66. (1798.)

Annual or’ perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous
flowers in spike-like panicles: Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 3,
the 2 outer empty, nearly equal, compressed, 1-nerved and bear-
‘ing a long-awn-at of below the apex. Flower much shorter than
‘the empty glumes, without manifest callus and naked at’ base.
Flowering glume hyaline, broad, 1-nerved, truncate, toothed.
_awned at the apex: scales 2, falcate, entire, as long as the ovary.
Stamens 3, with small anthers, Styles short, with long feathery
stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. .

P. Monspeliensis Desf. 1. c. 67. Stems 6-30 inches high erect from a

procumbent geniculate base, often branching from the lower nodes: sheaths
smooth usually shorter than the internodes: ligules 2-3 lines long, obtuse:

POLYPOGON GRAMINEA 725
AGROSTIS

leaves flat, 2-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, somewhat scabrous: panicle 2-6 ,
inches long cylindric or somewhat interrupted. yellowish, dense and soft:
empty glumes about 1 line long,.obtuse, notched at the apex, bearing slen-
der awns 2-3 lines long; flowering glume much shorter, erose-truncate,
bearing 2 slender awn about 14 line long inserted below the tip. Common
in wet places, Brit. Columbia to Mexico and the Atlantic States.

P. littoralis Smith Comp. Fl. Brit. ed. 2, 13. Stems slender, from a
Foe ots 1-2 feet long, often decumbent and forming large tufts:
igulee l-3 lines long, acute: leaves narrow, scabrous‘on both sides: pani-
cla narrow; much lobed its whole length and sometimes completely inter-
rupted. below, often purplish: empty glumes scabrous, attenuate above into
an-awn as long as the body: flowering glume much shorter than the empty.
ones; obtuse, 2-toothed at the apex: awn 1 line long. In wet places, Ore-
gon to California: also in Europe and South America.

a ' 12 AGROSTIS L. Sp. 6.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and
numerous flowers in more or less open panicles with whorled or
clustered ‘branches. Spikelets small, one-flowered or sometimes
with the rudiments ofa second flower. Empty glumes somewhat
unequal, ‘the lower usually longest, obtuse or acute. membranous.
Flowers mostly. shorter than the émpty glumes, with a very short
naked: ‘base. i--Flowering glume very thin, 3-5-nerved, pointless,
naked, oftenbearing a slender straight awn on-the back usually
much below:the' apex. Palet obsdlete, or present and shorter
than or equalling the ovary, rarely nearly as long as the glume.
Stamens mostly 3. Styles 2 distinct, short, with plumose stigmas.

A.'equivalvis Trin. Agrost. ii, 116. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet
high} ‘smooth: #heaths smooth, shorter than the internodes: upper ligules
abowtllimélong: leaves flat, 4-6 inches long, smooth or nearly so: panicle
2-6:ithed Téng,' Foose, very narrow, smooth and shining, the branches in
whois of '5 below, in pairs of solitary above, very unequal: spikelets 1-114
lines long, mostly in pairs: empty glumes nearly equal, acute, 1-114 lines .
long; flowering glume acute, 5-nerved: palet about as long as the glume.
In moist ground, Alaska to California. :

Aga: ALBA’ L. Sp. 63. (Repror.) Stems slender, erect, often decumbent -
at-base, 6:30 inches. high: sheaths smooth :!ligules short and truncate or
long»and, acute: leaves flat, 4-12 inches long, smooth or rough: panicle
slender,.2-8 inches’ long; green, red or brownish, its. roughish branches
usually spreading in flower and more or less contracted afterwards: empty
glumea nearly equal, or the lower slightly longest: flowering glume very
thin, with,.éome short hairs. at base, shorter than the empty ones, rarely
with a short awn: palet 14+ as longasthe glume. QOommon in meadows ,
and. waste places. mn,

A. exarata Trin: Unifl. 207. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, sometimes
decumbent at'tase, simple, glabrous: sheaths usually shorter than the
internodes: ligules 1-3 lines Jong: leaves 1-8 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, .
generally erect, flat or involute, scabrous: panicle contracted, 2-10 inches °
lorig, often interrupted, its branches 1-3 inches long, erect or appressed: -
spikelets crowded, 1-2 lines long:.empty glumes subequal, scabrous: flow-
ering glume. 14-34. line long: palet minute. In moist meadows and along
streams, Alaska to California and Nebraska.

A. .asperifolia Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. 6, 331. Palegreen

throughout or the inflorescence purplish: .stems erect or slightly geniculate
below, nearly’ smooth, 2-3 feet high:: sheaths rather loose, smooth, the

726 GRAMINEZ AGROSTIS

lower exceeding the internodes: ligules almost herbaceous, 3-4 lines long,
obtuse: panicle rather dense, narrow, erect, 7-10 inches long, its short.
branches erect: spikelets 1-144 lines long, narrowly lanceolate, turgid :
outer glumes unequal, hispidulous throughout and hispid on the keel: 1-2
lines long: flowering glume broadly oblong, minutely dentate at the trun-
cate apex, thin-membranous, 5-nerved to the apex, % line long: palet min-
ute or wanting. In moist places, Alaska to California.

A. densiflora Vasey Cont. Nat. Herb. 3, 702. A tufted annual: stems
erect or geniculate at the lower nodes smooth, 9-12 inches high: sheaths
rather loose, nearly smooth, crowded below, longer than the internodes:
ligules 2 lines long, obtuse: leaves flat or folded, 2-3 lines wide, hispidulous
on both sides, rather thick and rigid, erect tapering to the apex: panicle
dense, 2-3 inches long, its seabrous branches glomerate: empty glumes 114
lines long, nearly equal, acuminate, carinate and hispidulous on the back:
flowering glume oblong, truncate, smooth except a minute tuft of white
hairs on the ventral side at base, 5-nerved, nearly 1 line long, with or
without a slender awn a line or less long near the apex: palet wanting.
Washington to California.

A. microphylla Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 164. Loosely tufted annual:
stems slender, erect, 6-15 inches high, often branched at'the base: sheaths
nearly smooth, closed, shorter than the internodes: ligules 1~2 lines long,
usually lacerate: leaves erect, flat or loosely involute, 1-3 inches long:
panicle spike-like 1-3 inches long, light green or purplish, its branches 5-6
lines long: empty glumes nearly equal, 134-2 lines long, subulate-pointed,
hispid on the keel, 1-nerved: flowering glume broadly oblong, 4-toothed
at the. apex, thin, a line or less long, with a slender awn 2-3 lines long on
its back above the middle: palet wanting. In the coast ranges, Oregon
and California. — :

A. grandis Trin. Agrost. ii, 70. Stems erect, 1-2 feet high: sheaths
smooth, much shorter than the internodes: ligule about 2 lines long, acute:
leaves 2-8 inches long, 1-3 lines wide: panicle usually ample, 4-8 inches
long, erect, dense, more or less interrupted below, its short branches erect:
empty glumes ovate, acute or acuminate, 114 line long, the lower one scab-
rous on the keel: flowering glume similar to the outer ones. In moist
meadows, California to Washington.

A. verticillata Vill. Trin. Sp. Gram. i, t. 36. Stems 1-2 feet long,
decumbent and taking root below, several of the lower nodes geniculate:
sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes: ligules truncate, 1-2 lines long:
leaves short, flat, 1-3 lines wide, roughish on the upper surface and mar-
gins: panicle 2-6 inches long, dense and spike-like, lobed and interrupted,
its short branches crowded and spikelet-bearing from the base: empty
glumes about equal, acute, roughened with minute pubescence: flow-
ering glume about half as long as the outer ones, 5-nerved and minutely
5-toothed at the obtuse apex: palet nearly as long as the glume. In
ditches and wet places, eouthern Oregon to California and Texas.

A. tenuiculmis Nash A. tenuis Vasey. Loosely tufted: perennial :
stems slender, 6-10 inches high, somewhat geniculate below: leaves 1-2
inches long, narrow, about 2 on the stem: ligules short: panicle pyramidal,
open, 2-3 inches long, its capillary branches in threes or fives below, the
longest an inch or more long, spreading or ascending: spikelets less than a
line long: empty glumes acute, purplish, the lower cne a little shorter and
broader: flowering glume thin, obtusish, 3-nerved above, a little shorter
than the outer ones, not awned: palet very minute or wanting. On dry
ridges, California to eastern Washington.

A. Pringlei Scribn. Am. Grasses i, 156. Stems erect or ascending,
1-2 feet long. from a stoloniferous perennial base: leaves flat, narrow,
rather rigid: panicle narrow, loosely flowered, 3-8 inches long: empty

AGROSTIS GRAMINEE 727

sites about 2 lines long, acuminate-lanceolate, scabrous on the keel:
owering glume much shorter than the outer ones, densely hairy at base,
obtuse, not awned. On the plains of southeastern Uregon to California.

Ae canina L. Sp. 62.. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, simple,
smooth: sheaths shorter than the, internodes: ligules, 1-13 lines long:
leaves 1-3 inches long by a line wide, scabrous: panicle 2-7 inches long,
contracted in fruit, its slender branches ascending or spreading in flower:
spikelets a line long, on'appressed pedicels: empty glumes subequal, acute,
strongly scabrous on the keel: floweririg glume about % as long as the
outer ones, obtuse, amooth, bearing a straight or somewhat: bent awn on
the back just above the middle: palet minute or none. In meadows,
Alaska to California and Pennsylvania.’

A. Hallii Vasey Contri, Nat. Herb. 3, 74. Stems erect, simple,
stout, smooth, 2-3 feet high: sheaths slightly ronghened, usually crowded
below : ligules acute, 2 lines long: radical leaves numerous, mostly involute,
3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle 6-9 inches long, narrow, its bran-
ches in clusters of 5-10, slender, scabrous, erect or slightly spreading, un-
equal: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, subequal, 1-114 line long, 1-nerved,
hispid on the keel: tlowering glumes oblong, obtuse, thin, smooth except
2 tufts of short hairs at the base, 5-nerved, 2 line long: palet wanting. In
moist meadows, Washington to California.

A. Diegoensis Vasey.. A. foliosa Vasey.. Stems erect, or decumbent
at base, smooth, 1-2 feet high: sheaths close, equalling or exceeding the
internodes: ligules obtuse, 1-2 lines long: leaves flat, 4-8 inches long, 2-3
lines wide: panicle loose, 3~6 inches long, its slender scabrous branches 1-2
inches long, spreading or ascending: empty glumes ovate, acute, 1-nerved,
1-134 lines long, usually equal, the Jower one scabrous on the keel: flower-
ing glume ovate-oblong, nearly equalling the outer ones, smooth except a
tuft of hairs. at base, 4-nerved above, the nerves terminating in 4 short
teeth; awn arising at the middle or below, 14-2 lines long: palet wanting.
On open hillsides in the mountains, Brit. Columbia to California.

A. geminata Trin. Unifl. 207. Densely cespitose: stems slender, erect,
8-14 inches high, from a perennial root: leaves flat, mostly basal, 1-3
inches long: panicle loose, 2-4 inches long, its capillary branches mostly
in pairs, spreading: empty glumes nearly equal 114-114 lines long, lanceo-
late, scabrous on the keel: flowering glume less than a line long, obtuse
or retuse; awn arising about the middle, not surpassing the glume.
Washington to Alaska.’ i

A. attenuata Vasey Bot. Gaz. xi, 337. Stems slender 2-3 feet high,
from running perennial roots-tocks, usually solitary.: sheaths shorter than
the internodes, smooth: ligules 2-3 lines long, lancéolate, often lacerate at
the acutish apex:. leaves few, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle 2-6
inches long, the unequal capillary branches in fascicles of 2-7, spreading
or ascending: empty glumes equal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about
13% lines long, scabrous on the keel : flowering glume oblong, obtuse, 24 as
[ong ye aed ones: palet wanting, In wet mountain meadows, Oregon

o California.

A. Scouleri Trin. Agrost. ii, 83. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high,
- from a perennial root, somewhat rigid: sheaths smooth, longer than the
internodes ligules about 1 line long, obtuse, often lacerate: leaves 3~4
inches long, flat or involute,:144 lines wide, tapering to-a long point; pan-
icle long-exserted, open and few-flowered. the lower branches over an inch
long, clustered: empty glumes about 1 line long, acute, the lower a little
longer and. roughened on the keel, the upper roughened only at the tip:
flowering glume 5-nerved, entire-and somewhat truncate at the apex: palet
hyaline, very minute. Nootka Sound to California. ,

728 GRAMINEA. AGROSTIS

A. Howellii Scribn. Loosely tufted perennial: stems rather slender, ,
1-2 feet long::igales about a line long, usually obtuse and lacerate at.the
apex: panicle 4-8 inches long, its scabrous capillary branches 2-3 inches
long, usually spreading: empty glumes | line or less long, acuminate-lan-
ceolate; flowering glume lanceolate, acute, bearing a long slender bent 'awn
on its back: palet hyaline, minute, On cliffs along the Columbia river..

A. scabra Willd. Sp Pl. i, 370. Stem very slender, 1-2 feet high,
from a perennial root, smooth: sheaths generally shorter than the inter- |
nodes:. ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 2-5 inches long, yy-ilg lines wide, |
usually erect roughish: panicle 6-12 inches long, usually purplish, its |
capillary. branches spreading or ascending, or often drooping, the lower 3-6,
inches long: empty glumes 34-1 line long, acute, scabrous toward the apex |
and on the keel; flowering glume nearly as long as the outer ones, rarely ©
bearing a short awn,on its back: palet very small. Common throughout
most parts of North America. os q ohh

+ ee ny : ' vl

A. Idahoensis Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxiv, 42. Stems cespitoge,
slender, 8-16 inches high, erect, bearing usually 2 distant leaves rg the
middle: lower sheaths short, the upper one elongated: ligules 1-2 lines ,
long, obtuse cut-toothed at the apex: leaves 2-5 inches long, erect, acu-
minate at the apex, rough on the margins: panicle oblong 3-6 inches|long, .
its branches and pedicels scabrous above: empty glumes lanceolate and
acuminate, about 1 line long, scabrous on the keel, the first longer than
the second: flowering glume about 24 as long as the outer: ones: 'palet
wanting. In forests, Idaho, _ : ; '

A. varians :Trin;. Agrost. ii, 68. Stems slender, erect, daiwély cospi-
tose, 3-10 inches high: sheaths longer than the internodes; uppey ligule
about 44 line long, acutish: leaves very narrow, slightly scabrous.above :
panicle 1-2 inches long, dark purple, its branches an inch or less,ong,
erect or ascending: empty glumes nearly equal, roughish on the-keel
toward the apex, subacute; -flowering glume nearly as long as the outer
ones, 2-toothed at the apex, awnless: palat wanting. In wet places on the
bigh mountains, Washington tv California. os

A. Oregonensis Vasey. Stems elender, erect, 1-2 feet high, from-a

erennial root; leaves flat, 2-3, inches long, the upper one usually longest :
igules 1-2 lines long, acute: “panicle long-exserted, 2-4 inches long, ‘dark -
purple, narrow, its capillary branches !-2 inches long, erect: empty glumes °
lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 line long; flowering glume hyaline, about’
34 as long as the outer ones, acute, not awned: palet wanting. In moist
meadows about the base of Mount Hood; Oregon. : Be ae

A. humilis Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x,-21. Stems densely cespi-
tose, 2-6 inches high, from: perennial roots: sheath usually only one,
about 14 as long ‘as the. stem:. ligules auriculate or 3-lobed, 14 line long:
leaves mostly basal, 1-3 ‘inches long, less than a line wide, erect: panicle.
narrow, 6-18 lines long, dark purplé,‘its very few branches erect or appres-
sed: empty glumes equal, lancédlAfe,' acute, smooth, 34-1 line lotig; flow-
ering glume nearly equalling the outer ones, lanceolate, minutely toothéd
at the apex: palet ovate-oblong.: In wet meadows on high mountains,
Washington to the Rocky Mountains.

A. virescens HBK. Nov. Gen. i,: 135. Stems 1-2 feet high, from .4
etd hapa root :..sheatha(much shorter:than the internodes mostly:smooth:
igules more thana line“long, ‘truncate: leaves flat,':erect, about 6 inches
long te 4 lines! wide; rough on both sides: panicle pale greenish tinged
with purple, about 6 inches. long, .its branches in clusters about an inch
apart on the common axis: empty glumes very acute, the lower terminated
by’ a distinct seta, rough on the keel and pubescent all aver; flowering
glume about 1% 'shorter than the empty ones, bearded at base’by a few
short white hairs, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves.projecting as distinct teeth,

a

GASTRIDIUM GRAMINES ‘799
CINNA

the central one excurrent at or below the middle as a strong bent awn 1-2
lines long: palet very small or none. Oregon to California.

18 GASTRIDIUM Beauv. Agrost. 21.

__ Panicle contracted into a somewhat loose tapering spike.

' Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty glumes with an enlarged ventricose
shining base, very acute above, obscurely keeled, the lower longest.
Flowering glume less than 7 as long as the empty ones, minutely
hairy at base, very thin, truncate and dentate at the apex. Awn
slender, arising just below the apex, equalling or exceeding the
glumes. Palet equalling the flowering glume. Scales 2, linear,
as long as the ovary. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, subsessile.

‘ G, avusTraLe Beauv. 1. c. Loosely cespitose: stems 6-24 inches high,
smooth, branching at the lower nodes, geniculate below: sheaths shorter
than the internodes, slightly roughened: ligules 2 lines long, lanceolate,
fringed: leaves flat, 2-5 inches long. about 2 lines wide, scabrous on both
sides, pale green: panicle 3-6 inches long, very pale green, shining with a
satiny lustre; empty glumes about 2 lines long, very acute, slightly scab-
rous above, shining below: flowering glume.hairy. On prairies, southern
Oregon to California: introduced from Europe.

14 CINNA L. Sp. 5.

Tall grasses with flat leaves and numerous spikelets in more or
less open panicles. Panicles flexuous, with spreading or erect
branches. Spikelets one-flowered, more or less flattened. Emp-
ty glumes lanceolate, acute, one-nerved, the lower shortest, the
upper equalling or slightly exceeding the flower. Flowering
glume ‘8-nerved, acute and awnless, or bearing a short awn or
seta just below the apex. Palet slightly shorter than the glume.
Scales 2, very short. Stamens 1,2 or 8. Ovary oblong, smooth.
Styles 2, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, linear-oblong.

C. pendula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 280. Stems usually
slender, erect, 2-6 feet high, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes, '
sometimes slightly scabrous: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 4-10 inches long,
2-6 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 5-10 inches long, open, the capillary
branches mostly spreading, flexuous and often drooping, the lower 2-5
inches long: empty glumes 1}4 lines long, scabrous, acute, strongly hispid
on the keel : flowering glumes shorter than the outer ones, bearing a rough

_ awn 14% lines long from the 2-toothed apex. In wet places, California to
Alaska and the Eastern States.

15 MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Gen. 44.

Mostly perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and pan-
iculate: inflorescence. Panicle contracted or open. Spikelets
one-flowered, very rarely two-flowered. Empty glumes hyaline
or membranous, acute, sometimes awned. Flowering glume 3-5-

.nerved, obtuse or acute, or often produced into a capillary awn.
Palet 2-keeled. Stamens 2or3. Styles distinct, with plumose
stigmas. Grain narrow, tightly enclosed in the glume.

M.. glomerata Trin. Unifl. 191. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, usually

“much branched, smooth: sheaths smooth, those of the stem shorter. than
‘the ‘internodes, those of the branches overlapping and'often crowded:

730 GRAMINEA MUHLENBERGIA
CALAMAGROSTIS

ligules about one half line long, erose-truncate: leaves 2-5 inches long,
1-3 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 1-5 inches long; usually dense and inter-
rupted, the branches 6-12 lines long, erect or appressed: empty glumes
acuminate, including the awn 2-3 lines long: flowering glumes % as long
as the outer ones, acuminate the strongly scabrous midrib excurrent as a
short point. In wet places, eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia and
the Eastern States.

M. sylvatica Torr. Fl. U. S. 87. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, branched,
smooth or sometimes scabrous: sheaths sm@oth or slightly scabrous, those
of the stem shorter than the internodes: ligules about one-half line long,

_erose-truncate: leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, rough: panicle 3-7
inches long, somewhat lax, the branches 1-3 inches long, erect or ascend-
ing: empty glumes 114-1% line long, awn-pointed, scabrous: flowering
glume equalling or exceeding the outer ones, strongly scabrous, attenuate
into a slender-awn 2-4 times as long as the body. In moist woods and
along streams Idaho to the Eastern States. '

Var. setiglumis Watson Bot. King 378. Stems 1 foot high, nearly
erect: panicle contracted, the branches solitary and densely flowered:
empty glumes attenuate into a scabrous bristle, 2-3 lines long; the flower-
ing glume with its long awn about twice longer. In the mountains,
eastern Washington to Nevada.

M. comata Benth. Vasey Cat. Grasses U. 8. 39. Stems slender,
erect, 12-18 inches high, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth or slightly scabrous: ligules about one-half line long, truncate,
naked or minutely.ciliate: leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, erect,
flat, rough: panicle 2-4 inches long, dense, its branches 6-18 lines long,
erect: empty glumes equal or the upper one a little the longest, smooth,
scabrous on the keel: flowering glume shorter than the outer ones, smooth,
bearing an awn 2-3 times its length. basal hairs silky, erect, fully as long
as.the glumes. On prairies, eastern Oregon to California and Colorado.

16 .CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. Pl. ii, 31.

Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and paniculate inflor-
escence. Spikelets one-flowered, the rachella usually prolonged
beyond the flower and pubescent. Empty glumés membranous,
carinate: flowering glume hyaline, shorter than the empty ones,
obiuse, usually copiously hairy at base, sometimes the hairs
scanty or short, and bearing a dorsal awn. Palet shorter than
the glume, two-nerved. Stamens 8. Styles short, distinct, with
plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume.

C. Howellii Vasey Bot Gaz. vi, 271. Densely tufted perennial: stems
10-20 inches high, erect or somewhat geriiculate below, smooth: sheaths
smooth, shorter than the internodes: ligules 1 line or more long, often
lacerate at the obtuse or acutish apex: radical leaves numerous, loosely
involute, erect, nearly equalling or exceeding the stems, persistent and
green for several years: panicle 3-4 inches long, its branches spreading in
flower, soon erect, the lower 6-18 lines long: empty glumes 2-3 lines long,
nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, the mid-rib prolonged into
ashort awn: flowering glume slightly shorter than the outer ones ovate-
lanceolate, acute, the apex with 2 mucronate pointed teeth, the strong awn
inserted about the lower third, half an inch long: palet shorter than its
glume: basal hairs about half as long as the flower. On clitfs along the
Columbia river near the Cascades.

_C. purpurascens R. Br. Richards. App. Frankl Journ. 181. Rather
_ tigid cespitose perennial: stems erect, simple, smooth and shining, or

CALAMAGROSTIS GRAMINEA 731

slightly hispid near the nodes, 2-244 feet high: sheaths hispidulous or
nearly &mooth, much shorter than the internodes: ligules 2 lines long,
lacerate br fimbriolate at the obtuse apex: radical leaves nearly as long as
the stems, those of the stem 3-8 inches long, the uppermost shorter, all
less than 2 lines wide: panicle narrow and spike-like, dense, 3-5 inches
long, its branches appressed: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, smooth,
purple at the apex or throughout, 2 lines long, the lower one carinate,
l-nerved, the second convex, distinct, 3-nerved: flowering glume oblong,
erose at the obtuse apex, smooth, 4-nerved, 114 lines long: awn attached
34 way from the base, 2-4 lines long: basal hairs scanty and short: palet
oblong, as long as the glume. In the high mountains, California to Alaska
and Greenland. ;

C. Vaseyi Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 344. Stems densely cespitose, 2-3
feet high, erect: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules about 1 line
long, ciliate at the obtuse apex: leaves flat, rather rigid, 4-10 inches long,
1-2 lines wide: panicle 3-4 inches long, narrow and spike-like, often inter-
rupted: empty glumes about 2 lines Jong, lanceolate, very acute or acum-
inate, rough on the keel: flowering glume 1% lines long, 2-toothed at the
apex: awn nearly straight, 1-2 lines long, attached below the middle:
basal hairs short and rather..scanty; palet linear-oblong, as long as the
glume. In the mountains of Oregon and Washington.

C. Tweedyi Sctibn. Vasey Mon. Grasses U. 8. 83. A closely tufted
stoloniferous perennial: stems erect, smooth, stout, 30-40 inches high:
sheaths rather loosé, smooth or slightly scabrous, shorter than the inter-
nodes: ligules thin, 2-4 lines long: leaves flat, hispid, 1-10 inches long, 3-5
lines wide: panicle close and spike-like, 3-4 inches long, the branches an
inch long or less, appressed, unequal: empty glumes lanceolate, acute,
nearly smooth, about 3 lines long, the first 1-nerved, slightly carinate, the
second 3-nerved, convex: flowering glume ovate-oblong unequally toothed
at the rounded apex, 4-nerved 214 lines long: awn attached 14 way from
the base, twisted and bent, 3-4 lines long: basal hairs short and unequal :
palet lance-oblong, obtuse, smooth. In the Cascade Mountains of Wash.

C. Aleutica Bong. Veg. Sitcha 171. A densely cespitose perennial:
stems erect, smooth, 2-5 feet. high: sheaths loose, slightly roughened,
usually shorter than .the internodes: ligules ovate, nearly 2 lines long:
leaves flat, or loosely involute, with long attenuate points, hispid on both
sides, 10-20 inches long: panicle rather narrow, 6-2u inches long, its bran-
ches unequal, crowded in 10-15 clusters, the longer ones 1-3 inches long:
empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute, hispid on the nerves, the first
one carinate, l-nerved, 244-3 lines long, the second convex, 3-nerved, 14
line shorter: flowering glume oblong, obtusely 2-lobed at the apex, thin,
hispidulous, 2 lines long: basal hairs half as long as the glume: awn at-
tached below the middie, not equalling the glume: palet oblong, irregu-
larly toothed or fringed at the obtuse apex. In wet places near the coast,
California to Alaska.

C. rubescens Buckl. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863, 92. More or less purp-
lish throughout: stems tufted, slender, erect, 30-40 inches high, from
stout perennial rootstocks: sheaths half as long as the internodes: ligules
144-2 lines long, lacerate at the acute apex: leaves of sterile shoots numer-
ous, involute, setaceous, glaucous, ‘scabrous, 5-10 inches long, 114-2 lines
wide, those of the stem 3-4, 2-7 inches long, usually with some woolly
hairs at the base of the blade: panicle strict, dense, interrupted, 3-5 inches
long, its short branches densely flowered to the base: empty glumes ovate-
lanceolate, rough, acute, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved : flowering
glumes a little shorter, narrowly elliptical, acute, 2-toothed at the apex,
the stiff twisted and bent awn arising’a little below the middle and equal-
ling the glume: basal hairs in 2 tufts, less than half as long as the glume.
Oregon to California.

733 GRAMINEA CALAMAGROSTIS

C. Suksdorfli Scribn. Vasey Monog. Grasses U. 8. 82. A loosely
tufted perennial: stems rather slender, 1-3 feet high, erect smooth:
sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules about 1 line long, obtuse,
often Jacerate: leaves usually involute, 6-12 inches long, about 1 line wide:
panicle narrow, 2-6 inches long, densely flowered, its branches ascending
or appressed: empty glumes oblong, acute, keeled, 144 line long: flower-
ing glume lanceolate, about 1 line long, 2-toothed at the apex: awn nearly
straight, attached below the middle, but little longer than the glume: basal
hairs very few or none: palet lanceolate, nearly as long as the glume. In
open woods, eastern side of the Cascade Mountains.

Var. luxurians Kearney U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 24.
Stems stout, 4-5 feet high, usually of softer texture: leaves softer and less
ee panicle larger and more loose. Washington to Brit. Columbia
and Idaho. :

C. Langsdorfii Trin. Unifl. 225. Densely cespitose perennial: stems
erect, simple, 2-4 feet high, smooth or roughish: sheaths shorter than the
internodes: ligules 1-3 lines long: leaves 4-12 inches long, 2-4 lines wide,
scabrous: panicle 2-6 inches long, loose, ite branches spreading, or some-
times erect, the lower 1-3 inches long: empty glumes 2-3 lines long, strongly
scabrous, lanceolate, acuminate: flowering glume lanceolate, acute nearly
equalling the outer ones, scabrous: awn stout, about equalling the glume:
basal hairs numerous, nearly equalling the glume: palet lanceolate. In
damp places, California to Alaska and across the continent.

C. lactea Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 346. Stems stout, scabrous, 40-50
inches high: sheaths 14-% as long as the internodes: ligules 1-114 lines
long: leaves 10-15 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous: panicle slightly
exserted, silvery green, rather thin, 4-6 inches long, its branches in half-
whorls of 4-6, the longest 144-24¢ inches long: empty glumes subequal, 2-3
lines long, lanceolate, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved: flowering
glume oval, acute, 2 lines long, the slender awn attached near the base and
equalling the glumes: basal hairs numerous, about half as long as the
glume. Northern Washington.

C. Canadensis Beauv. Agrost. 157. A densely cespitose perennial:
stems 2-5 feet high erect simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous, sheaths
shorter than the internodes; ligules 1-3 lines long; leaves 6-12 inches long
or more, 1-4 lines wide, rough: panicle 4-7 inches long, open, usually purp-
lish, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 1-3 inches iong, naked
at the base: empty glumes subequal acute strongly scabrous, 114-2 lines
long: flowering glume lanceolate, about equalling the empty ones, scabrous:
awn delicate, about equalling the glume: basal hairs numerous, about
equalling or shorter than the glume. Commonin wet meadows, California
to Alaska and across the continent.

Var. acuminata Vasey U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 5, 26.
Panicle commonly rather small, more flexuous, and densely flowered, usu-
ally dark purple: empty glumes narrower, sharp attenuate-acuminate,
usually much’ more scabrous: awn longer, often exceeding the flowering
glume. In meadows, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

€. Macouniana Vasey Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. iii, 81. Stems 2-3
feet high, erect, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules about
1 line long: leaves 3-7 inches long, 1-21¢ lines wide, erect, acuminate,
scabrous: panicle open, 3-5 inches long, its branches ascending or some-
times erect, the lower I-14¢ inches long: empty glumes about 1 line long,
acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second: awn a little exceeding
the glume: basal hairs about equalling the glume. Washington to Brit.
Columbia and Manitoba.

C. Seribneri Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 343. Stems rather slender,

CALAMAGROSTIS GRAMINEZ 733

erect, 30-40 inches high, from a perennial base: sheaths scabrous, much
shorter than the internodes: ligules 14 lines long; leaves scabrous, about
10 inches long, 2 lines wide: panicle lanceolate in outline, about 7 inches
long, its branches erect, the longest 2-3 inches long: empty glumes equal,
gseabrous: flowering glume oval, truncate, 4-toothed, 1-114 lines long:
ewn rather short, attached below the middle and extending beyond the
— ‘basal hairs about 1 line long: palet nearly as long as its glume.
regon and Washington to Montana.

C. Cusickii Vasey Contrib. U. 8S. Nat, Herb, iii, 81. Loosely tuft-
eq perennial with numerous sterile shoots and few erect flowering stems
3~4 feet high: sheaths nearly smooth, of the stem half as long as the in-
teynodes, or the lower ones equalling the internedes,-of the shoats close
and overlapping: ligules obtuse, 2-8 lines long: leaves flat, 6-15 inches
loyg, 2-4 lines wide, hispid on both sides: panicle 6 inches long, narrow
and densely flowered, its unequal branches erect or ascending, the lower
ones 1-2 inches long: empty glumes lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
convex, nearly smooth, rigid, the first 1-nerved, 2-214 lines long, the sec-
onq obscurely 3-nerved and slightly shorter: flowering glume 4-toothed
at the slightly cleft apex 144 lines long: awn attached below the middle,
exceeding the glume: basal hairs scanty, about half as long as the glume.
In the mountains of eastern Oregon to California.

C, neglecta Gaertn, Fl. Wett. i. 91. Glabrous and smooth through-
out: stems slender, 18-30 inches high: sheaths shorter than the internodes:
lignles 44 line long or less, truncate: leaves narrow, involute, the basal
¥ ag long as the stems, those of the stems 2-5 inches long, erect: panicle
contracted, 2-4 inches long, its branches 1 inch long or less, erect; empty
glumes about 2 lines long, acute, scabrous: flowering glume about 3% as
long as the outer ones, obtuse: awn bent, exceeding the glume: basal hairs
numerous, about half as long as the glume. - In wet places, Oregon and
Washington to Labrador and Newfoundland.

C, imexpansa Gray Gram. et. Cyp. i, 20. Stems 134-3 feet high,
erect: leaves 2 lines wide or less, rough, flat, or involute at the apex, the
basal often 14-24 as long as the stems: panicle contracted, 2-9 inches long,
its hranches 1-2 inches long, erect: empty glumes 114-2 lines long, acute,
somewhat scabrous: flowering glume obtuse, shorter than the outer ones:
awn more or less bent, from a little shorter to longer than the glume: basal
hairs equalling or shorter than the glume. Brit. Columbia to New York,
to he looked for in Idaho.

Var. cuprea Kearney U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 37.
Somewhat stouter and more rigid: panicle more densely flowered: empty
glumes copper-color or dark purple with copper-colored tips, In shallow
water, base of Mount Adams, Washington.

Var. barbulata Kearney 1. c. Stems stout, pubescent just below
the strongly constricted nodes with short reflexed hairs, somewhat scab-
rgus for some distance below the pubescence; sheaths strongly ,twisted:
panicle rather rigid, purplish: awn very short, attached above the;middle,
not equalling the glume, often wanting. Mason Co. Washington.

C. hyperborea Lange Fl. Dan. 50. Stems 114-33feet high, erect,
smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules about}1 line long:
leaves 2 lines wide or less, rough, flat, those of the stem 2-10 inches long:
panicle narrow, 2-9 inches long, its branches 1-2 inchesflong,! erect: emp-
ty glumes about 2 lines long somewhat scabrous, acute: {flowering glume
nearly equalling the outer ones, obtuse: awn more orless bent; froma

734 GRAMINE & CALAMOVILFA
SPARTINA

little shorter to slightly longer than the glume: basal hairs equalling or shorter
than the glume. In bogs, Washington to California and the Eastern States.

Var. elongata Kearney |. c. 40. Less strongly cespitose and less rig-
id, with few sterile shoots; smaller spikelets and often less pointed empty
glumes. California to Brit, Columbia and Ontario.

Var Americana Kearney |. c. 41. Panicle usually very dense: empty
glumes 114-2 lines'long, usually very acute. Oregon to Brit Columbia and
Hudson Bay. ;

C. erassiglumis Thurber Bot, Cal. ii, 281. Stems about 1 foot high,
erect, rigid: sheaths loose, smooth, longer than the internodes: ligules obtuse,
4 line long or less: leaves 2-6 inches long, spreading, involute toward the acute
tips: ‘panicle dense and. spike-like, 2 inches long, deep purple, its branches:
glomerate, 2-6 lines long, appressed: empty glumes broadly lanceolate or lance-
ovate, abruptly pointed, subcartilaginous with thin margins, hispidulous through-
out, hispid on the nerves, 2 lines long or Jess: flowering glume oblong-ovate,
toothed at the obtuse apex, minutely hispid, 144 lines long; awn attached at the
middle or below, equalling or exceeding the glume: basal hairs numerous 24 as
long as the glume: palet oblong, about 1 line long, broadest at the apex. In
swamps, northern California to Brit. Columbia.

CALAMOVILFA Hack. True Grasses, 113. (1890.)

Tall grasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaves
and numerous spikelets in more or less open panicles. Spikelets
one-flowered, the rachella not prolonged beyond the flower.
Glumes 3, one-nerved, acute, the two outer unequal empty: the
third longer or shorter than the second, with a ring of hairs at
base. Palet strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with
plumose stigmas. Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp.

C. logifolia Hack. 1. c. Stems stout, 5-6 feet high: sheaths longer than
the internodes, smooth or more or less soft woolly: leaves very long and narrow,
with involute attenuate points: panicle 5-20 inches long, at first rather narrow
and close, but later spreading, its branches rather distant: spikelets compressed,
3-4 lines long: first glume cuneate, 2-3 lines long, second lance-linear and lon-
ger: flowering glumes as long as the second one, cuneate-lanceolate: basal hairs
two-thirds as long as the glume. In sandy places, Brit. Columbia to eastern
Oregon ‘and Colorado, ; :

Tribe 4 Chloridex. Spikelets one- to several-flowered, in one-sided
digitate or fasciculate, rarely solitary, spikes or racemes. Flowering
glumes usually keeled, entire and unawned, or toothed and with one
or three straight awns.

17 SPARTINA Schreb. Gen. 43.

Glabrous perennial grasses with horizontal rootstocks, flat or
involute leaves and one-sided spikes in panicles. Spikelets nar-
row, borne in 2 rows on one side of a triangular rachis, articulated
with the very short pedicels below the glumes. Glumes 8, the 2
outer empty, keeled, very unequal, the third subtending a perfect
flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second. Palets often
longer than the glumes two-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform,
elongated, with filiform papillose or shortly plumose stigmas.
Grain free, laterally compressed.

BECKMANNIA GRAMINEA 735
BOUTELOUA

S. cynosuroides Willd. Enum. 80. Stems 2-6 feet high, simple, smooth:
sheaths longer than the internodes, those at the base of the stem crowded: ligules
a ring of hairs: leaves a foot long or more, 3-7 lines wide, scabrous on the mar-
gins, becoming involute in drying, attenuate into long slender tips: spikes 5-30,
2-5 inches long, often on peduncles 6-12 lines long, erect or ascending: rachis
rough on the margins: spikelets much imbricated, 6-7 lines long: empty glumes
2-4 lines long, awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid-scabrous on the keel:
flowering glume as long as tle first, the scabrous midrib terminating just below
the emarginate or 2-toothed apex: palet sometimes exceeding the glume. Along
streams, eastern Oregun to Nova Scotia and Texas.

S. gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 110. Stems 1-3 feet high,
erect, smooth: sheaths longer than the internodes, the lower ones crowded:
ligules a ring of short hairs: leaves 6-12 inches long, 1-8 lines wide, flat or in-
volute, attenuate into long tips: spikes 4-8, 1-2 inches long, appressed, more
or less peduncled: empty glumes 3-4 lines long, acute scabrous-hispid on the
keel, the first half as long as the second: flowering glume obtuse, slightly shorter
than the second one: palet obtuse, about equalling the glume. In wet mead-
ows, eastern Oregon to Brit, Columbia and Nebraska.

18 BECKMANNIA Host. Gram. Austr. iii, 5.

Tall erect grasses with flat leaves and erect spikes in a terminal
panicle. Spikelets one- or two-flowered, compressed-globose.
Glumes 3 or 4, the two lower empty membranous, saccate, obtuse
or abruptly acute: flowering glumes narrow, thin-membranous.
Palets hyaline, two-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with
plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet.

B. erucewformis Host 1. c. Glabrous throughout: stems often stout, 2-3
feet high, erect: sheaths longer than the internodes, loose: ligules 2-4 lines long,
obtuse, often lacerate: leaves 3-10 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, rough: panicle
4-10 inches long, simple or compound, the spikes about 6 lines long: spikelets
1-2 lines long, 1-2-flowered, closely imbricated in 2 rows on one side of a
fiattish rachis: glumes smooth, the first two saccate and empty, obtuse or
abruptly acute: flowering glumes acute, the lower usually awn-pointed. Com-
mon in ditches and along streams, California to Brit, Columbia and Iowa.

19 BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter Part 4, 134.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and
numerous spikelets in one-sided spikes. Spikelets one- or two-
flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis, the
rachella extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3
awns and 1-3 rudimentary glumes. Two lower glumes empty,
acute, keeled : flowering glumes broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn-
pointed or awned. Palets hyaline, entire or toothed. Stamens
3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, oblong.

B. oligostachya Torr, Gray Man. ed 2, 553. Stems 6-13 inches high,
glabrous: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules a ring of short hairs:
leaves 1-4 inches long, 1 line wide or less, involute, at least at the long slender
tips, smooth or scabrous: spikes 1-3, 1-2 inches long, often strongly curved,
the rachis terminating in a short inconspicuous point: spikelets numerous,
pectinately arranged, about 3 lines long, first glume hyaline, shorter than the
membranous second one which is scabrous and sometimes long-ciliate on the
keel: flowering glume pubescent, 3-cleft, the nerves terminating in awns: ra-:
chella with a tuft of long hairs under the rudimentary glumes and:awns. On

736 GRAMIN&ZA ELEUSINE
STIPA
prairies, Washington to California and Wisconsin.. -.
20 ELEUSINE Gertn. Fruct. et Sem. i, 7.

Tufted annual or perennial grasses.with flat leaves and spicate
inflorescence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit
of the stem. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricat-
ed in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended
’ beyond them. Flowers all perfect, or the upper staminate.
Glumes comptessed, keeled, the two lower empty, the others sub-
tending flowers or the upper empty. Stamens3. Stylesdisti
with plumose stigmas. Grain loosely ericlosed in the glume.

E. Inpica Gertn. 1. c. Stems 6-12 inches long, tufted, erect or decum-
bent, glabrous: sheaths loose, longer than the internodes, often crowded at
the base of the stem, glabrous sometimes sparingly villous: -ligules very
short : leaves 3-12 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, smooth or scabrous: spikes 2-
10, 1-3 inches !ong, whorled or approximate at the summit of the stems orone
or two sometimes distant: spikelets 3-6-flowered, 114-2 lines long: glumes
acute minutely scabrous on the keel, the first i-nerved, the second 3-7-
nerved, the others 3-5-nerved. In fields and waste places, naturalized
from Europe. : ' ;

Tribe. 8 ‘Stipacex. Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. Flowers with a
sharp pointed callus, deciduous. Flowering glume enfolding the palet
and grain, coriaceous and indurated in fruit, and terminated ‘by a
simple or triple awn. :

21 STIPA'L. Sp. 78.

Mostly tall grasses with usually convolute leaves and paniculate
inflorescence. Panicle open, with a few spreading branches, or
sometimes crowded and narrower spikelets 1-flowered, the cylin-
drical flower with an obconic bearded and often elongated sharp-
pointed base. Glumes subequal, membranous, often terminated
by a long subulate point. Flowering glume coriaceous, cylindri-
cal-involute, enclosing the mostly shorter palet, entire at the apex
or terminating in 2 minute sometimes hyaline teeth, naked or with
a crown of short hairs, conspicuously awned. Awn articulated
with the glume, often caducous, geniculate below, glabrous or pu-
bescent, or plumose with spreading hairs. Stamens usually 3.
Styles short, distinct: stigmas plumose with simple hairs. Grain
cylindrical, smooth, free, enclosed in the glume. sn

S. occidentalis Thurber Bot. Wilkes 483. Stems slender 1-2 feet high,
somewhat scabrous, pubescent at the nodes: sheaths close, hispid. shorter
than the internodes: ligules 2-214 lines long, lacerate at. the apex: leaves
filiform, convolute, sharp pointed, hispid, 2-12 inches long: panicle slen-
der, 3-4 inches ‘long, often included at the base, its branches mostly in
twos, erect, 1-2 inches long: spikelets lanceolate, turgid, 4-6,lines long:
empty glumes appressed, lanceolate, acute, thin, purplish below, smooth,
the first one obscurely 5-7-nerved at base, 5-6 lines long, the second about
1 line shorter, 8-nerved: stipe obconical, acute, pubescent, 14 line long:
flowering glumes thin-chartaceous, pubescent, plainly 5-nerved: awn artic-
ulated, persistent, flattened. twisted, 11g-2 inches long, bent near the mid-
dle, the lower half plumose: palet oblong, 2-24¢ lines long, pubescent on
the back and obtuse apex. Common in the mountains, central California

STIPA GRAMINEZ 737

to Washington.

S. comata Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (vi.) v, 75. Stems
stout, 1-4 feet high, mostly scabrous: sheaths loose, the uppermost some-
times inflated, smooth, at Jength shorter than the internodes: ligules con-
spicuous, acute, 2-3 lines long: leaves smooth or somewhat scabrous, the
basal ones 14-46 as long as the stems, those of the stems 3-6 inches long,
involute: panicle 6-9 inches long, loose, its branches 3-5 inches long, as-
cending: empty glumes 9-12 lines long, glabrous, acuminate into an awn
2-4 lines long: flowering glume 4-6 lines long; callus acute: awn slender
4-8 inches long, spiral and pubescent below: palet equalling the glume.
On prairies, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Alberta, Nebraska and Cal”

S. setigera Presl Reliq. Henk. i. 226. Stems stout, 134-3 feet high,
often pubescent at the nodes: sheaths hairy at the throat. the lower
shorter than the internodes: ligules truncate, about 1 line long: leaves of
Sterile shoots mostly involute, 4 as long as the stem, those of the stem
2-3, often flat 6-18 inches long, 3-5 lines wide: panicle usually included at’
base in the upper sheath, 6-15 inches long, ita slender branches mostly in
pairs:.empty glumes subequal, or the upper shorter, long-acuminate, 3-
nerved, 8-12 lines long: floweritig glume 6 lines jong, silky-hairy on the
nerves, the callus sharp and curved: awn 3-5 inches long, twisted and pu-
bescent below, geniculate and above the middle bent again. On dry hills,
eastern Oregon to California, Texas and Kansas.

S. Kingii Bolander Proc. Ca}. Acad. iv, 170. Stems erect, smooth,
5-12 inches high, naked above, with but 2 nodes near the base which are
covered with the remains of many sheaths: radical leaves half as long as
or equalling the stem, setaceously convolute, minutely scabrous, stem leaves
2, the upper with close sheaths 3-6 inches long: ligule a line long, acute, of-
ten cleft: panicle narrow 1-2 inches long, the short erect branches scabrous
empty glumes obtuse, eroded and sometimes mucronate hyaline witha
tinge of purple at base; the first one 144 lines long: stipe obconical scarcely
acute short-bearded: flowering glume ovate, brownish-purple, pubescent:
awn persistent, finely pubescent, loosely twisted and somewhat bent below
ae paddle: palet broadly ovate, obtuse. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and

alifornia. ‘ a

S. Bloomeri Bolander 1. c. 168. Stems 114-3 feet high, clothed at
base with the remains of old sheaths: sheaths shorter than the internodes,
the upper somewhat inflated: leaves very narrow and convolute, smooth
or somewhat roughened, the lower ones about half as long as the stems:
panicle 6-12 inches long, erect, narrow, with distant branches: empty
glumes 4 lines long, nearly equal, acuminate into a slender point, 3-nerved,
minutely scabrous: flowering glume 234 lines long, minutely 2-toothed at
the apex: awn 6-9 lines long,.geniculate near the middle, almost plumose
below, scabrous above: palet nearly,as long as the glume. Eastern Ore-
gon to Nevada and California.

S. Oregonensis Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17, 130.
Stems erect, slender 12-18 inches high; pubescent at the nodes: sheaths
rather loose, minutely hispid, longer than the internodes; ligules lacerate,
the lateral teeth longer: radical leaves 10-15 inches long, involute ; those of
the stem 3-Ginches: long, conduplicate or involute, 1-2 lines wide: panicle.
narrow, included in the upper sheaths, the branches appressed, unequal, 1
inch long or less; empty glumes: lanceolate, slender-pointed, convex and
herbaceous below, thin-membranous ‘and carinate above, sometimes pur -
lish: first glume 5-6 lines long, second usually 34 line shorter: stipe slend-
der, curved, acute, short-bearded: flowering glume thin-chartaceous, with
2 ciliate teeth, pubescent, 5-nerved: awn twisted and pubescent below,
naked above, usually bent twice, 1-2 inches long: palet lanceolate, cleft or
erosé dentate at the apex; pubescent: between the 2 nerves, 134 lines long..

788 GRAMINEA STIPA
ORYZOPSIS

In the mountains, Washington to California.

_§. viridula Trin. Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb. i, 67. Stems 134-5 feet
high. with numerous withered sheaths at base: sheaths half as long as the
internodes or less: ligules very short: leaves all involute-setaceous at the
apex, smooth or slightly scabrous, pale green, the lower ¥% as long as the
stem: panicle 6-18 inches long. narrow, loose, the short erect branches in
twos or threes: spikelets 4-5 lines long, on short pedicels: empty glumes
nearly equal, ovate, bristle-pointed, the lower 5-nerved, the upper 3-nerved;
flowering glue about 14 shorter than the empty ones, with short scattered
hairs which form an irregular crown, and with 2 very minute hyaline
teeth, the callus very short: awn 1-14¢ inches long, slender, flexuous,
usually twice bent, pubescent below, scabrous above at length deciduous:
palet more than half as long as the glume. California to Brit. Columbia
and Nebraska.

S.. minor Scribn. 1. c. 11, 46. Densely cespitose: stems 16-24 inches,
high,. smooth.-or very minutely pubescent below the nodes: sheaths
smooth: ligules very short, slightly auricled, broader than the base of the
leaves: leaves 5-15 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, with very long attenuate-
involute tips: empty glumes lanceolate, sharply acuminate-pointed, 3-nerv-
ed near the base, the lower slightly broader and longer than the upper
and less distinctly nerved: flowering glume, including the short callus, 2
lines long, thinly pilose all over and with a crown of hairs at the distinctly
2-toothed apex: awn once or twice bent, about 10 lines long, very minute-
ly scabrous: palet about 14 as long asthe glume. Moist mountain sides,
Idaho to Montana and Colorado.

S. Lemmoni Scribn, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30, 3. Stems
slender, rigid, erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous: sheaths glabrous, shorter
than the internodes: ligules less than a line long, rounded, entire, leaves
2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, glabrous beneath, pubescent and strongly
striate above, closely involute when dry: panicle 5-6 inches long, strict,
its branches erect, 1-134 inches long, few-flowered: empty glumes nearly
equal, about 6 lines long, broadly lanceolate, long acuminate-pointed, 3-5-
neryed, scarious except the nerves: flowering glume oblong, about 6 lines
long, obtuse, 2-toothed at the apex, thinly pilose all over with appressed
hairs: palet hairy, nearly as longasthe glume. Dry rocky slopes, eastern
Washington tu California.

22 ORYZOPSIS Michx. Fl. i. 51.

Usually tufted grasses with flat or convolute leaves and panicled
inflorescence. Spikelets broad, one flowered. Glumes 3, the 2
lower ones about eyual, obtuse or acuminate, the third shorter or
a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early decid-
uous. Callus short and obtuse or amerescar. Stamens 3 : styles
distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, tightly enclosed
in the glume. —

0. cuspidata Vasey Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. 63, 23. Closely
tufted perennial : stems slender thickened at base, solid smooth 12-18 inch-
es long: sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth and close, the upper
one longer and loose: ligules ovate, a line long, acute or lacerate: radical
leaves numerous, the scarious sheaths clustered thick about the base of the
stems, 6-10 inches long, involute: panicle very loose, 4-6 inches long,
inclosed at the base, branches mostly in pairs, distant, horizontal, divided
in pairs beyond the middle, bearing solitary spikelets on long flexuous pedi-
cels: spikelets 3 lines long, first and second glumes equal, inflated and
widened below, narrowed above to a long sharp point, scarious except the
5 nerves, minutely pubescent: flowering glume ovoid, or oblong, profusely

ARISTIDA “ GRAMINEA 739
PHLEUM

clothed with long white hairs 134 lines long, terminating in an awn 2 lines. .
long whicb falla at maturity: palet_ conical, smooth, hard, brown. On
sandy plains. Eastern Oregon to California, Texas and Brit. Columbia.

ts
0. exigua Thurber Bot. Wilkes 481. Stems slender, erect, 6-15 inch-
es high, hispid, the nodes black, scarcely constricted: leaves of sterile
shoots numerous with close striate hispid sheaths:and narrow involute
wiry scabrous blades 4-7 inches long, a the stem usually 4, lower 2 with
short overlapping sheaths and blades like the radical ones, next sheath
above much shorter than the internodes with blades 2-4 inches long:
ligules acute, 1-2 lines long: panicle narrow, secund, 2-3 inches long, its
branches usually in pairs, erect: unequal: empty glumes oblong-ovate,
' “barely acute, or abruptly acuminate, membranous, minutely scabrous,
equal, 2-234 lines long flowering glumes herbaceous, becomiug chartaceous,
obtuse or with purple teeth at the apex, short-pubescent throughout, 5
nerved. the nerves united above: awn persistent, minutely hispid, 2-3 lines
long: palet equalling the glume, obtuse or bidentate at the apex. In the
mountains of Oregon and Washington.

0. Hendersoni Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7, 287. Stems
densely tufted, 7-10 inches high: lower sheaths rather loose: leaves scab-
rous, conduplicate, rigid pungent 4-5 inches long: panicle narrow 214-4
inches long, its branches mostly in twos, the longest 144-24 inches long
bearing 2-4 spikelets near the ends: empty glumes broadly oblong, obtuse
and toothed, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved : flowering glume linear,
oblong, 2 lines long, smooth, coriaceous, obscurely 5-nerved, bearing 2 latéral
teeth: awn curved, caducous, 5-6 lines long. Washington.

23 ARISTIDA L. Sp. 82.

Annual or perennial grasses with narrow leaves and various
inflorescence. Spikelets narrow, one-flowered. Glumes 3, narrow,
the 2 outer empty, carinate, the third rigid and convolute, bearing 3
awns, sometimes united at hase, the lateral ones rarely wanting
or reduced to rudiments. Pale} 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in the
glume. h

Be Be te
A. purpurea Nutt. Trans. Am. Bhi}. Soc. (Il) v, 145. Stems slen-
der, tufted, erect, nearly smooth, 1-2 fee¢-high:: lower leaves with narrow
close sheaths and slender involute bladég) 4=1@in¢hes long: lower sheaths
-Yonger than the internodes, the upper onés §ruch’ shorter: ligules a line
of fine short haira: panicle rather loose, narrow, 4-6 inches long, its bran-
-ches 2-3 at each node, unequal the [ower 1-2 inches long, naked below:
’\ sepikelets 5-6 lines long, first glume narrowly lanceolate-linear, emargin-
ate, mucronate, hispid on the keel, 1-nerved, 4-5 lines long; the second
similar but nearly 2 lines longer, stipe hairy: soperae glume linear-lan-
ceolate, recurved, slightly hispid on the nerves above, 4 lines long, termina-
ing in 3 separate slender awns 1-2 inches long: palet obovate, thin, about
2¢ line long. On prairies and ridges, eastern Washington to Brit. Colum-
bia, Idaho and Texas.

A. oligantha Michx. Fl i, 41. Glabrous annual: stems slender, 1-2
feet high, erect, dichotomously branched, smooth or roughish : sheaths
loose, longer than the internodes: ligules very short, minutely ciliate:
leaves 1-6 inches long, 14-1 line wide, smooth, the larger ones attenuate
into a long slender point: spikelets few, borne in a lax spike-like panicle:
first glume 5-nerved, an inch. long, attenuate or short-awned equalling or
shorter than the second which bears an awn 2-4 lines long: flowering
glume shorter than the first one, bearing 3 slender divergént or spreading
awns, the middle one 1-3 inches long, the lateral ones somewhat shorter.

740 GRAMINER pHLBUM
ALOPECURUB

On dry plains, southern Oregon to the Eastern States.

‘A. fasciculata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i, 154. . Glabrous: stems elen-
der, erect, 1-2 feet high, often branched at the base: sheaths shorter than
the internodes: ‘ligules short, ciliate: leaves erect, 6 inches long, 1 line
wide or less, flat, attenuate to a long point, smooth or seabrous: panicle
3-7 inches long, at first strict, its branches finally more or less spreading:
first glume linear 1-nerved, shorter than the second, 4-5 lines long: second
one similar, about 6 lines long: flowering glumes about equalling the second
one terminating in 3 nearly equal slender awns 6-8 lines long. On dry

plains, Idaho to California and Kansas.
: 24 PHLEUM L. Sp. 59.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous
spikelets in dense spicate panicles. Spikelets one-flowered.
Glumes 3, the 2 lower. ones empty, membranous, compressed,
keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into
an awn. Flowering glume much shorter and broader, hyaline,
truncate, denticulate at the summit. Palet narrow, hyaljne.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated, with plumose
stigmas. Grain ovoid, loosely enclosed by the ylume and palet.

P. pratense L. Sp. 59. Smooth or nearly so: perennial with bulbous
roots: stems 1-4 feet high, erect, simple: sheaths usually exceeding the
internodes, sometimes shorter, the upper ones long, and not inflated or
very slightly so: ligules 1-2 lines long, rounded: leaves flat, 8-16 inches
long, 2-3 lines wide, smooth or scabrous: panicle usually elongated, ‘cylin-
drical 1-7 inches long: empty glumes exclusive of the awns 134 linés long
ciliate on the keel, the awn less than half their length: - flowering glume
very thin, truncate: palet equalling the glume. Common in fields and
waste places. .

P. alpinum L. Sp. 59. Smooth or nearly so perennial: stems erect,
6-18 inches high, simple: sheaths often:much shorter than the internodes,
sometimes longer, the upper one usually much inflated: ligules about 1
line long, truncate: leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above, the lower 2-3
inches Jong,'1-4 lines wide, the upper one usually very short: panicle short
and dense,;ovoid to oblong, 14-2 inches long, 3-6 lines thick : empty glumes,
exclusive..of, the awn 134 lines long, strongly ciliate on the keel, the awn
about half as long as the body: flowering glume oblong. In wet meadows
on high mountains, California to Alaska and across the continent.

25 ALOPECURUS L. Sp. 60.

he a

Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and num-
erous spikelets in dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets one-flow-
ered, flattened.. Empty glumes acute, sometimes short-awned,
more or. less. united below, compressed, keeled, the keel ciliate or
somewhat winged. Flowering glume obtuse or truncate, hyaline,
three-nerved, awned on the back. Palet’hyaline, acute. Stamens
three. Styles distinct or rarely united at base. Stigmas elon-
gated, hairy. .

A. asqgrzstis 'L. Sp. ed. 2, 89. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, simple:
sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules 1 line long, truncate: .leaves
2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, scabrous, especially above: panicle 114-4

inches long, 2-4 lines thick: empty glumes united at base for about half
their length narrowly wing-keeled, 2-23¢ lines long, the nerves smooth or

ALOPECURUS GRAMINEA 741

scabrous, sometimes hispid below: flowering glume equalling or exceeding
the outer ones, smooth, the awn inserted near the base, about twice its
length. In waste places and ballast grounds, introduced from Europe.

A. geniculatus L. Sp. 60. Stems slender, 6-18 inches high, erect with
decumbent geniculate base, simple or sparingly branched, smooth: sheaths
usually shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated: ligules
1-3 lines lorig: leaves 1-6'inches long, 34-2 lines wide, scabrous, especially
above: panicle 1-3 inches long, 32-2 lines thick: empty glumes slightly
united at base, 1-114 lines long, obtuse or subacute, glabrous except on the
pubeseent lateral nerves and strongly ciliate keel: flowering glume some-
what shorter, obtuse, glabrous; the awn insegted at or below the middle,

equalling or exceeding it. Common in wet places, California to Alaska -

and across the continent.

Var. robustus Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xv, ‘13. Stems 20-30
inches long, sometimes branched:: leaves. flat; hispid: above, 3-6 inches
long, 2-3 lines wide. In the mountains, Washington to Alaska,

A. pratensis L. Sp. 60. Stems slender 12-30 inches high, simple, erect :
sheaths usually much shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat in-
flated: ligules about 14 line long, erose-truncate: leaves 2-4 inches long,
1-3 lines wide, scabrous, at least above: panicle 1-3 inches long: 4-6 lines
wide: outer glumes, united at base for about 14 their length, 2-3 lines
long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly pubescent lateral nerves and
the strongly ciliate keel: flowering glume slightly shorter, obtuse, glabrous,
the awn inserted about 14 way from the base and surpassing it. Common
in cultivation and waste places: naturalized from Europe.

A. Californicus Vasey 1.¢. Stems slender, smooth, geniculate below,
10-15 inches long often branched: sheaths loose, the upper one inflated,
smooth, shorter than the internodes: ligules about 2 lines long, acute:
leaves 1-5 inches long, flat, hispid above: panicle cylindrical, dense, 1-2
inches long, 14-34 line thick: empty glumes oblong, obtuse, carinate slightly
united at base,thin, purple above, hairy on the keel, and slightly pubescent
the obscure lateral nerves, 114-134 lines long: flowering glume oblong-
ovate, obtuse, its edges united 44 way from the base, smooth, about equal-
ling the lower cnes: awn arising near the bage of:'the glume twisted, bent

near the middle, 2-3 lines long: palet wanting. In wet places, California.

to the Willamette Valley Oregon and Idaho.

A. palleseens Piper Fl. Palouse Reg. 18. A pale green smooth tufted
perennial: stems 16-24 inches high, erect, or slightly geniculate below:
sheaths shorter than. the internodes, inflated, smooth: ligules scabroua,

134-2 lines long: leaves flat, 3-12 inches long,. 1-3 lines wide, acuminate,

strongly scabrous above: panicle usually well. exserted, pale and silvery,
1-3 inches long, about 3 lines thick, erect: empty glumes nearly equal, 1-3
lines long, strongly ciliate on the keel, obtuse: flowering glume hyaline,
2-nerved, as long as the outer ones, obtuse: awn arising near the base,
stout bent, 3 lines long. Common in wet places about Pullman Washington.

A. saccatus Vasey Bot. Gaz. vi, 290. Tufted, apparently annual:
stems erect, or slightly geniculate at base 5-10 inches high, smooth, simple:
sheaths rather loose, the upper one inflated, slightly roughened usually
ehorter than the internodes: Jigules membranaceous, 144 lines lorig: leaves
narrow, rough on both sides, 1-3 inches long: empty glumes united at base,
ovate-oblong, barely acute, carinate, scabrous at the apex, puberulent
throughout, ciliate on the keel and lateral nerves, 2 lines long: flowering
glume broadly oblong, truncate, the margins united to the middlé or
above, smooth except the ciliate apex, 4-nerved, 2 lines long: awn arising
near the base of the glume, twisted, bent 3-4 lines long: palet wanting.
On the margins of poolsthat are dry in summer, eastern base of the Cascade

.Mountains at Barlow Gate, Oregon.. a a” Peds gs “ese :

742 GRAMINEZ ALOPECURIS
DANTHONIA

A. Howellii Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xv, 12. A low tufted an-
nual, often pyrplish throughout: stems erect, or somewhat geniculate at
base, mostly simple, smooth, 3-6 inches high: sheaths loose or vaginate,
the upper one more inflated, smodth, the lower shorter than the inter-
nodes, the upper one exceeding the internode, with a short blade: ligules
membranous, obtuse, 1 line long: leaves filiform-convolute, exceeding the
stem: panjcle cylindric, 1 inch long, usually included at base: empty
glumes slightly united at base, oblong, obtuse, carinate, scarious on the
margins, ciliate on the keel and silky on the lateral nerves and near the
base, 134-144 linea long: flowering glume broadly ovate oblong, truncate,
thin, smépth, 4-nerved, equalling the empty ones: awn arising below the
middie of the glume, slender, naked below, bent, 3 lines long: palet want-
ing. a gins of small pools that are dry in summer, on the rocky plains
near Medford southern Oregon.

A. occidentalis Scribn. Bot. Gaz. xi, 170. Stems rather slender, 2-3
feet high: sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes: leaves flat, 2-4 inches
long: panjcle éblong, an inch long: outer-glumes united at the base, about
2 lines long, acute, pubescent with short hairs, the keel ciliate with long
hairs: flowering glume a little shorter than the outer ones, glabrous except
at the villous apex: awn inserted below the middle, straight, much exceed-
ing the glume. Wet medows and banks of streams, in the high moun-
tains, Idaho to Montana and Colorado. \

Tribe 5 Avenex. Spikelets two- to several-flowered. Outer
empty glume usually longer than the first flowering one. One or
more of the flowering glumes awned on the back, or from between the
teeth of the bifid apex. Awn usually twisted or geniculate. Callus
and usuqlly the joints of the rachis hairy.

26 DANTHONIA DC. Fl. Fr. iii, 32. (1805.)

Mostly perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and con-
tracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, the flow-
ers all perfect, or the upper staminate, pubescent, extended be-
yond the flowers. Glumes 5 to several, the 2 lower empty, keeled,
acute, sibequal, persistent, generally exceeding the uppermost
flowering one. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, 2 toothed,
deciduous, the awn arising from between the acute or awned teeth,
flat and twisted at base, bent. Palet hyaline 2-keeled near the
margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens, 3. Styles distinct, with
plumous stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume.

D. Californica Bolander Proc. Calif, Atad. ii, 182. Stems slender,
1-4 feet high, erect, or geniculate at the lower nodes, smooth: leafy nearly
so the top: sheaths rather loose, closed at the hairy throat, usually pubses-
cent mesily shorter than the internodes: ligules Sere) obsolete: leaveoa of
the radical shoots numerous, with short sheaths and slender involute brcdes
4-8 inches long; of the stem with flat or loosely involute blades, scabn_us,
especially toward the involute point, often thinly pubescent, 2-5 ie ®hes
long: inflorescence a short simple panicle: spikelets cuneate, comprv0sed,

‘ §-8-flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, with long carinate or in lute
_ points,6-7 lines long: flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, acuminate with
2 teeth 1 line long at the apex, smooth except a tuft of pilose hairs on each
margin, or offen slightly ciliate throughout: awn inserted at the base of
the sinus, slightly hispid, often twisted and bent, 3-5 lines long: palet ob-
_long, 3-toothed at the apex. In moist ground, Washington to California.

D. intermedia Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot Club x, 52. Densely tufted:

DANTHONIA GRAMINEZ 743
AVENA

stems slender 1-2 feet high: leaves of sterile shoots with crowded. sheaths
and narrow involute blades, sparsely pilose to glabrous, 4-12 inches long:
sheaths of the stem shorter than the internodes, more or less pilose:
ligules short, ciliate: inflorescence a short spicate panicle of 3412 erect
spikelets: empty glumes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, keeled, smooth,
4-5 lines long, exceeding the flowering glumes which are broadly lanceolate,
2-3 linea long, acutish, 2-toothed, the awn more or less bent and: twisted,

4-6 lines long. On low prairies, eastern Washington to southern California
Montana and Canada.

Var. Cusickii Williams. Larger: leaves longer flatter, softer, less
scabrous, quite destitute of pubescence, rather large spikelets and usually
more open panicle. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon.

D. unispicata Munro. Stems loosely tufted, 6-12 inches high: sheaths
shorter than the internodes, or the lower oneslonger, pubescent with long
white hairs: ligules very short or reduced to a row of white hairs: leaves
flat or more or less involute with acuminate tips, 2-4 inches-long, more or
less pubescent: inflorescence a single terminal spikelet : empty glumes lan-
ceolate, long-acuminate, exceeding the upper flowering one, glabrous, 6-12
lines long: flowering glumes lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, termina-
ting in 2 usually dark-colored awns, ciliate on the margins: central awn
twisted and bent below the middle, about 6 lines long. In partially barren
places, eastern Washington to California.’ =~

D. Americana Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 30,5. A slender dense-
ly cespitose perennial 8-16 inches high, with short slightly inflated sheaths,
narrow mostly involute leaves and simple panicles of 1-4 large epikelets:.
sheaths much shorter than the internodes, pubescent, at least the Jower
ones long-bearded at the throat: empty glumes acuminate-lanceolate the
narrowed apex obtuse, 6-9 lines long, as long as or slightly exceeding the
-- flowers: flowering glumes 5-4 lines long, rounded and glabrous on the back,
densely silky villous on the margins from just above the base to a little
above the middle, abruptly 2-toothed, the teeth very slender bristles 2-3
lines long: awn very slender twisted below, 3-5lines long. Brit. Columbia
to California and Chile.

27 AVENA ‘L. Sp. 76.

Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat’ leaves and num-
erous spikelets in panicles. Spikelets one- to several-flowered, .
the lower flowers perfect, the upper often staminate or imperfect.
Glumes 3 to several the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, mem-
branous, persistent. Flowering glumes deciduous, rounded on
the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn, the apex often
2-toothed. Palet narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short,
distinct, with plumose stigmas.. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed,
enclosed in the glume and palet, free or sometimes attached to
the palet. :

A. Fatua L. Sp. 80. Stems stout, 1-4 feet high, erect, smooth: sheaths,
- smooth, or scabrous at the summit, sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower
often longer than the internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 3-8 inches
long, 1-4 lines wide: panicle open 4-12 inches long, the branches ascend-
ing : spikelets 2-4 flowered, drooping: empty glumes 9-12 lines long, smooth,
flowering glumes 6-9 lines long, with a ring of stiff brown hairs at base,
pubescent with long rigid brown hairs, bearing, a long bent and twisted
awn. Infields and waste places: naturalized from Europe.

VAR. GLABRESCENS Coss. ‘Stems stout, pale, 114-214 feet high: sheaths
equalling the internodes: leaves flat, 4-6 inches wide: flowering glumea

744 GRAMINEA AVENA
TRISETUM

smooth except the ring of stiff whife hairs at the base, and the scabrous
apex. In cultivated fields and waste places: naturalized from Europe.

A. Smithii Porter, Gray Man. ed, 3, 640. Stems 2-5 feet high, erect,
simple, scabrous: sheaths shorter than the internodes, very rough : ligules
2 lines long: leayes 4-8 inches lorig, 3-6 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 6-12
inches long, the branches finally spreading: spikelets 3-6-flowered ; empty
glumes smooth, the second 3-4 lines long, 3-nerved: flowering glumes 5
lines long, nakéd at base, strongly nerved, scabrous, bearing an awn 14-14
their length. Eastern Washington to Michigan. ute g

28 TRISETUM Pers. Syn. i, 97. (1805.) =

Mostly perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spike-like
or open panicles. Spikelets 2—4-flowered, the flowers all perfect
or the uppermost staminate. Rachella glabrous or pilose, exten-
ded beyond the flowers. Glumes 4-6, ‘membranous, the two -
lower empty, unequal, acute, persistent. Flowering glume usu-
ally shorter than the empty ones, deciduous, 2-toothed, bearing
a dorsal awn below the apex, or the lower one sometimes awn-
less. Palet narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume.

T. barbatum Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 229. Stems erect,:or decumbent
at base, often branched below, smooth, leafy nearly to the panicle, 1-3 feet
‘high: sheaths sparsely retrorsely hispid, half open above, shorter than
the internodes: ligules obtuse, erose, 1 line or less long: leaves 3-6 inches
long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous, sparsely pubescent or nearly smooth: pani-
cle open to constricted, 4-8 inches long, its, branches 3 inches long or less:
spikelets loosely 3-6-flowered, 7-10 lines long; first empty glume very nar-
rowly ovate, subulate-acute, smooth except the. slightly hispid prominent
keel, 3-4 lines long; second one lanceolate; acute, 5-6 lines long: flowering
plumes lanceolate, with 2 teeth about 44 line long, pubescent, 5-7 lines

ong: awn inserted at the base of the sinus bent, hispid and twisted below:
palet linear thin. Washington to California. .

T. canescens Buckley Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862, 100. Stems erect,
nearly smooth, 2-3 feet high: sheaths open above, canescent to nearly
smooth, shorter than the internodes: ligules ovate, eroge or lacerate, 2°3
lines long: leaves flat, 4-10 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, canescent to nearly
smooth: panicle narrow, 6-8 inches long, its branches unequal, 2 inches
or less long, erect: spikelets slightly compressed, 3-4 lines long, 2-flowered
or with only 1 imperfect one: first empty glume narrowly ovate, acute,
slightly carinate, thin, hispid on the keel, 114-2 lines long; second one
broadly lanceolate, acute, about’3 lines long: flowering glume ovate-lanceo-
late, cleft 44 way from the apex, minutely scabrous, 3 lines long: awn
attached at the base of the cleft, hispid, twisted and bent.. Common in
wooded districts, California to Alaska. :

T. cernuum Trio. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1830, i, 61. Stems slen-
der, erect, smooth,-2-3 feet high: sheaths loose, open above, smooth or
scabrous above, shorter than the internodes: ligules ovate, lacerate: 1-6
linee long: leaves flat, scabrous on both sides or nearly smooth beneath,
5-10 inches long, 3-6 lines wide: panicle rather loose, nodding, 5-8 inches
long, its branches slender, ascending: spikelets 2-4-flowered, 3-4 lines long:
first empty glume narrowly ovate, carinate 1-1¢ lines long; second one
broadly oblong, obtuse or acuminate, thin, hispid on the keel above,
3-nerved below, 2-234 lines'long: awn arising below the base, of the cleft,
8-5 lines long. Along streams in the mountains, California to Alaska.

T. subspicatum Beauv. Agrost. 180. Softly. pubescent to glabrous:

AIRA GRAMINEA 745
DESCHAMPSIA

stems simple, erect, 6-20 inches high: sheaths usually shorter than the
internodes: ligules }g-1 line long: leaves 1-4 inches long; 1-2 lines wide:
panicle spike-like, 1-5 inches long, often interrupted below, its branches
144 inches long or less, erect: spikelets 2-3-flowered, the empty glumes
hispid on the keel, shining, the second about 24 lines long: flowering
glumes 2-2 lines long, acuminate, scabrous: awn inserted below the
sinus, bent and twisted below. In rocky places in the high mountains,
California to Alaska and across the continent.

Var. molle Gray Man. 641.. Stems and leaves minutely soft-downy
Range of the type.

“29 ATRA 'L. Sp. 63.

Mostly annual grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or
open panicles. Spikelets small, two-flowered, both flowers perfect.
glumes 4, the two lower empty, thin-membranous, acute, subequal,
persistent: the flowering glumes usually contiguous, hyaline, mu-
cronate or 2-toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn
inserted below the middle. Palet a little shorter than the glume,
hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, with plumose stigmas. Grain en-
closed in the glume and palet and often adherent to them.

A. caRyopHyLiga L. Sp. 66. Smooth and glabrous throughout: stems
6-10 inches high, erect, from an annual root: sheaths mostly basal: ligules
13g lines long: leaves 6-25 lines‘ long, involute-setaceous: panicle 1-4
inches long, open, the branches spreading or ascending: spikelets 1-134
lines long, the empty glumes acute: Predariae | glumes very acute, 2-tooth-
ed 1 line long: awn 1-2 lines long. Common in dry open places: natural-
ized from Europe.

A. praecox L. Sp. 65. Smooth throughout: stems 1-4 inches high,
erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid: sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes: ligules about 13¢ lines long: leaves 1 inch long or less; involute-
setaceous: panicle contracted, strict, 6-12 lines long, its base often enclosed
in the upper sheath: spikelets about 144 lines long, the empty glumes
acute: flowering glumes acuminate, 2-tooted at the apex, about 114 lines
long: awn straight, 1-2 lines long. In dry places: naturalized from Eu.

30 DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Agrost. 91. (1812.)

Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and numerous
flowers in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered,
both perfect; the hairy rachella extended beyond the flowers or —
rarely terminated by a staminate one. 'Glumes 4, rarely more,
the 2. lower empty, keeled, acute, membranous shining, persistent ;
the flowering glumes of about the same texture, deciduous, 2-
toothed at the apex and bearing a dorsal awn. Palet narrow, 2-
nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain
free, enclosed in the glume.

.

D. cespitosa Beauv. Agrost. 160, t. 18, fig. 3. Densely cespitose
with very numerous basal leaves: Stems erect, slender 2-4 feet high; sim-
le, glabrous: sheaths much shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-3 lines
long: leaves flat 1-114 lines wide, smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above,
' the basal ones 14-34 as long as the stem, those of the stem 2-6 inches long:
panicle open 3-6 inches long, the branches widely spreading or ascending
often somewhat flexuous the lower 2-5 inches long: spikelets 134-2 lines
long: empty glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute; flowering glume oblong,

746 GRAMINEA DESCHAMPSIA
ARRHENATHERUM

about 114 lines long, erose-truncate at the apex: awn straight, inserted
above the middle, 1-2 lines long: Common in moist meadows, California
to Alaska and across the continent.

D. atropurpurea Scheele Flora xxvii, 56. Stems 6-18 inches high,
erect, simple, rigid: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules truncate,
1 line long or less: leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat: panicle 1-2
inches long, narrow, usually purple or purplish, its branches erect, or
sometimes ascending, the lower 6-18 lines long: empty glumes broadly
lanceolate, acute, 214 lines long: flowering glumes oblong, erose-truncate
at the apex, about 114 lines long: awn bent and much exceeding the
glume, Alpine summits of the high mountains, Oregon to Alaska and
across the continent.

D. elongata Munro in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 242, t. 228. Densely cespi-
tose perennial: stems very slender, 1-2 feet high, simple, erect,: leaves
very numerous, mostly basal, 1-18 inches long, flat and smooth, less than
1 line wide: ligules elongated: panicle very long and narrow, 4-12 inches
long, its very unequal scabrous capillary branches mostly appressed:
empty glumes about 2 lines long, linear-subulate, nearly equal, green and
scabrous on the keel: flowering glumes about I line long, smooth and
shining, with a silky tuft at base, irregularly 5-toothed above, with a very
slender awn 2 lines long from near the base, Common in open woods,
California to Washington, west of the Cascade Mountains.

D. ° calycina Presl Rel. Henk. i, 251. Loosely tufted annual: stems
slendér, 2-24 inches high, sometimes geniculate and sparingly branched
below: leaves very narrow those of the stem 1-2 inches long, with elonga-
ted ligules: panicle very loose, and open, 1-12 inches long, the lower branch-
es in threes, the others in pairs or solitary, distant, mostly spreading: em-
pty glume 3 lines long or more, linear-lanceolate, green and rough on the
keel: flowering glumes about a line long, shining below its truncate 4-
toothed apex, the hairsat base 144 as long: awn inserted just below the
middle, about 3 lines long, twisted below and bent near the middle common
in places that are wet in spring. California to Washington.

31 ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 55, t. 11, fig. 5.

Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves and narrow or open
panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper flower perfect, the lower
staminate the rachella extended beyond the flowers. Glumes 4,
the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn-
pointed, unequal, persistent: flowering glumes rigid 5-7-nerved
deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn
inserted below the middle, the second unarmed. Palet hyaline,
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain ovoid free.

A. ELatius Beauv. M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. i, 546. Glabrous perennial:
stems 2-4 feet high, erect, simple : lower sheaths longer than the internodes
ligules 1 lines long: leaves 2-12 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, scabrous:

anicle 4-12 inches long, narrow, branches erect, the lower 1-2 inches
ong, empty glumes finely roughened, the second 4 lines long, nearly twice

as long as the first one: flowering glumes about 4 lines long. In meadows
and waste places; naturalized from Kurope.

31 HOLCUS L. Sp. 1047.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and open or spike-.
like panicles. Spikelets dicecious, 2-flowered, the lower flower

HOLCUS GRAMINEZ 747
MUNROA

perfect, the upper staminate. Glumes 4, the two lower empty,
membranous, keeled, the first 1-nerved, the second;8-nerved and
often short-awned. Flowering glumes chartaceoys, that of the
upper flower bearing ashortawn. Palet narrow, 2-keeled. Sta-
mens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain oblong,
free, enclosed in the glume.

H. wanatus L. Sp. 1048. Light green, densely and softly pubescent
stems 14g-2%% feet high, erect, often decumbent at base, simple: sheaths
shorter than the internodes: ligules 32-1 line long: leaves 1-6 inches leng,
2-6 lines wide: spikelets 2 lines long: empty glumes about 2 lines long,
white villous, the upper awn-pointed : flowering glumes 1 line long, smooth,
glabrous and shining, the lower sparsely ciliate on the keel, somewhat ob-
tuse, the upper 2-toothed and bearing a hooked awn just below the apex.
Common in meadows and waste places: introduced from Europe.

Tribe 4 Festucacex. Spikelets two- to several-flowered, usually
hermaphrodite, pedicellate, in panicles or racemes, the former some-
times dense and. spike-like. Flowering glumes usually longer than
the empty ones, awnless or with one to several mostly straight awns
which are either terminal or borne just below the apex. :

33 MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 158. (1856.)

Low diffusely branched grasses with flat pungently pointed
leaves and few flowers in panicles. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6.
nearly sessile in the axils of the floral leaves, 3-5-flowered, the
flowers all perfect. _Glumes 5-7, the two lower empty, lanceolate,
acute, 1-nerved, hyaline. Flowering glume larger, 3-nerved, one
or two empty ones above the flowering ones. Palets hyaline.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated: stigmas barbellate or short-
plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet.

M. squarrosa Torr. 1. c. Stems 2-8 inches long, tufted, erect, decum-
bent or prostrate, much branched: sheaths short, crowded at the nodes
and at the ends-of the branches, smooth, pilose at the base and throat,
sometimes ciliate on the margins: ligules aring of hairs: leaves 1 inch
long or less, 1-6 lines wide, rigid, scabrous: spikelets 2-5-flowered, the flow-
ers perfect: ernpty glumes 1-nerved: flowering glumes 2-24 lines long, lon-
ger than the empty ones, 3-nerved, the nerves excurrent and forming 3'teeth
or awns, with tufts of hairs about the middle: palets obtuse. On‘dry
plains, eastern Oregon.to Alberta and Texas. :

34 PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134.

Tall perennial grasses with broad flat leaves and very numerous
flowers in ample panicles. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, the
first flower often.staminate, the others perfect. Rachella articu-
lated between ‘the flowering glumes, ‘long-pilose. Two lower
glumes empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter
than the spikelet, the third glume empty or subtending a stamin-
ate flower. Flowering glumes glabrous, narrow, long-acuminate,
much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles distinct,
short. Stigmas plumose, Grain free, loosely enclosed in the
palet and glume~

P. communis Trin. 1. c. Stems stout, 3-15 feet high, erect, from long

748 ‘GRAMINEA PARAGMITES
; DACTYLIS

horizontal perennial rootstocks, glabrous: sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, loose: ligules a ring of very short hairs: leaves 6-18 inches long, 4-9
lines wide: spikelets crowded on the ascending branches: first glume 1-
nerved, 14-% .as long as the.second one: flowering glumes 5-6 lines long,
3-nerved, long-acuminate, equalling the hairs of the rachella. In bogs
and wet places nearly throughout North America: also in Europe and Asia.

35 DACTYLIS L. Sp. 71.

Tall perennial: grasses with broad flat leaves and numerous
spikelets crowded in paniculate short capitate clusters. Spikelets
3-5-flowered; all perfect or the upper staminate, the two lower
glumes empty, thin-membranaceous, keeled, unequal; mucronate.
Flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved,
keeled, the midnerve extended into a point or short awn. Palets
shorter than the glumes, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet.

D. getomerata L, Sp. 71. Stems simple, erect, 2-4 feet high: sheaths
shorter than the internodes: smooth or rough: ligules 1-2 lines long:
leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat, scabrous: panicle 3-8 inghes
long, its branches spreading or ascending in flower, erect in fruit, the lqgwer
1-3 inches long, spikelet bearing from about the middle: spikelets in dense
capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered: empty glumes 1-3-nerved, the first shorter
than the second: flowering glumes 2-3 lines long, rough, pointed or short-
eine ciliate on the keel. In fields and waste places, naturalized from

urope.

36 KCELERIA Pers. Syn. i, 97.

Tufted perennial or annual grasses with flat or setaceous leaves
and numerous spikelets in spike-like panicles. Spikelets 2-5-flow-
ered. Glumes 4-7, the two lower empty, narrow, acute, unequal,
keeled, scarious on the margins. Flowering glumes 3—5-nerved.
Palets hyaline, acute, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short,
with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume.

.K. .eristata Pers. 1. c. Stems erect, simple, rigid, often pubescent
just below the panicle: sheaths often shorter than the internodes, smooth
or scabrose, sometimes hirsute: ligules 44 line long: leaves:1-12 inches long,
4-1) lines wide, erect, flat or involute, smooth or rough, often more or
less hirsute: panicle 1-7 inches long, pale green, usually spike-like, the
branches erect or rarely ascending, 1 inch Jong or less: empty glumes une-
qual, the first one about 2Tines:long, scarious except the green keel ; second
one longer, scabrous on the keel; flowering glumes scarious, 134-2 lines

long. On sandy bars along rivers. California to Brit. Columbia and
Pennsylvania. .

37 EATONIA Raf. Journ. Phys. lxxxix 104.

Tufted perennial grasses with flat leaves and usually contract-
ed panicles. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the rachella extended beyond
the flowers. Two lower glumes empty, shorter than the spikelet,
the first linear acute, i-nerved, the second much broader, 3-nerved,
obtuse or rounded at the apex or sometimes acute, the margins.
scarious: flowering glumes narrow, usually obtuse. Palets narrow,
2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free loosely enclosed in the glume and palet.

EATONIA GRAMINEZ : 749
MELICA

E. obtusata Gray Man. ed. 2, 558, Stems often stout, 1-234 feet high,
erect, simple, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually more
or less rough, sometimes pubescent: ligules 14-1 line long: leaves 1-9
inches long, 1-4 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 2-6 inches long, dense and
usually. spike-like, strict, the branches 134 inches long or less, erect: spike-
lets crowded, 114-144 lines long: empty glumes unequal, often purplish,
the first narrow, shorter than and about 14 as wide as the obtuse or ainet
truncate second one: flowering glumes narrow, obtuse, 34-1 line long.
California to Washington and the Eastern States.

_E. Pennsylvanica Gray |.'c. Stems slender, erect, smooth, 1-3 feet
high ; sheaths‘shorter than the internodes: ‘ligules % line long: leaves 2-7
dnches long,’ 1-3 lines wide, rough: panicle 3-7 inches long, ‘contracted,
often nodding, Jax, its branches 1-3 inches long: spikelets 114-1 line long,
usually numerous, somewhat crowded, and appressed to the branches:
empty glumes unequal, the first narrow, shorter than and about 14 as wide
as the obtuse or abruptly acute second one which is smooth or somewhat
rough on the keel; flowering glumes narrow, acute, 114 lines long. In
moist soil, eastern Washington to the Eastern States.

38 MELICA L. Sp. 66.

Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves and contracted or open
panicles. Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, often secund, rachella
extended beyond the flowers and usually bearing 2-3 empty club-
shape hooded scales, convolute around each other. Two lower
glumes empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved ; flowering glumes larger,
rounded on the back, 7-13 nerved, sometimes bearing an awn,
the margins more or less scarious. Palets broad, shorter than
the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 38. Style distinct. Stigmas plu-
mose. Grain free enclosed in the glume and palet.',

§ 1 Evumetica. Empty glumes nearly or quite equalling the
flowers. Flowering glumes scarious margined, obtuse and entire
at the apex. Sterile flowers clavate, hooded, or like the others, |
but smaller.

M. interrupta Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1840, 59. Stems tufted,
slender, 1-3 feet high, from strong fibrous roots: leaves narrow, long-acu-
minate, from smooth to very scabrous and pilose-pubescent: panicle 8~12
inches long, its branches in remote fascicles, very. unequal, the lower 1-3
inches long: spikelets 5 lines long, minutely scabrous, 1-flowered, with an
imperfect floret: first empty glumes 3-nerved, second larger and indistinct-
ly 5-nerved: flowering glume acutish, strongly 7-nerved, usually purplish
above except the scabrous margins: palet about as long as the glume, 2-
toothed: sterile flowers short-pedicelled, 2g as long as the perfect ones,
sometimes enclosing a second one. Oregon to California. :

M. stricta Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, 4. Densely tufted, 1-2 feet
high, pale green: stems erect, or geniculate below, branched at base, softly
pubescent to scabrous: sheaths retrorsely velvety-pubescent, longer than
the internodes: ligules about 2 lines long: leaves 3-4 inches long, 1-2 lines
wide, Hat, or involute toward the rather rigid points, velvety-pubescent on
both sides: panicle secund, of 6-12 nodding spikelets, the scabrous branches
mostly single, erect, making the panicle appear single: spikelets 5-7 lines
long, with 2-3 perfect flowers and rather large rudiments: empty glumes
lance-oblang, narrowed below, obtuse or barely acute, thin smooth, 5-nerv-
ed, 4-6 lines lone the first slightly shorter; flowering glumes lanceolate,
acute, minutely hispid, 7-nerved, 44¢-51¢ lines long: palet obovate-oblong,
obtuse, minutely hispid, pubescent: on the ‘arched keels. In the high

750 GRAMINEA MELICA

mountains of eastern Oregon to California and Nevada.

M. bulbosa Geyer, Hook. Journ. Bot. viii, 19. Stems 1-3 feet high,
enlarged and bulb-like at base: sheaths longer than the internodes, nearly
smooth to scabrous: leaves 2-3 inches eo) setaceously convolute, nearly
smooth to scabrous: ligules nearly 2 lines long, often coarsely lacerate:
panicle strict, 4-8 inche# long, interrupted below, the branches mostly in

airs, very unequal, eréct: spikelets with 2-3 perfect flowers, about 4 lines
‘ong: empty glumes membranaceous, broad, obtuse, the lower 3-5-nerved,
the upper 5-7-nerved: flowering glumes 3-4 lines long, scarious-margined,
minarely scabrous, 7-nerved, the unequal nerves: all ceasing below the
broad hyaline obtuse apex: palet ciliate on the keels: sterile floret often
double, the uppermost minute and hooded. About the base of cliffs,
eastern Oregon to California.

M. fugax Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad. iv, 10-4. Stems slender, 6-12 inches
high, enlarged and bulb-like at base: sheaths longer than the internodes,
nearly smooth to scabrous: ligules about 1 line long, truncate at the apex:
leaves flat or somewhat involute, 1-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, the lower
obtuse or barely acute, the upper acuminate and often setaceously pointed :
panicle 2-4 inches long, its branches mostly in. pairs, erect or somewhat
‘spreading, very unequal, the longest 1-2 inches long: spikelets 3-4 lines
long, usually porelen, of 3-5 perfect flowers: empty glumes 3-5-nerved,
obtuse, with broad scarious margins; the first about “134 lines long, the
second broader and about 2 lines long; flowering glumes strongly 7-nerved,
only the midnerve reaching the narrow scarious apex: palets slightly
shorter than the glume, minutely ciliate: sterile flowers similar to the
glumes. About the base of cliffs, eastern Washington to California.

§ 2 Brometica Thurber Bot. Cal. ii, 304. Spikelets of 3-8
perfect flowers, the lower exceeding the empty glumes. Flowering
glumes prominently 7-nerved, apiculate or distinctly awned by
the excurrent midnerve at the notched or bifid or narrowly trun-
cate or long-attenuate tip.

M. bromoides Gray Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 409. Stems slender, 3-4
feet high, enlarged and bulb-like at base: lower sheaths longer than the
internodes, the upper shorter, smooth: leaves flat, 6-12 inches long,
setaceously acuminate: ligules about 1 line long or less, the upper ones
often lacerate: panicle very loose, 6-8 inches long, very long-exserted, its
capillary branches few and spreading, 2-3 inches long, bearing only one or
two spikelets 6-8 lines long: first empty glume about 1lline long, acute,
the second broader, nearly 2 lines long, obtuse or barely acute, with broad
scarious margins: flowering glumes about 4 lines long, narréwly margined,
lanceolate, acute: palet about 3 lines long, ciliate on the nerves. On
open ridges southern Oregon to California.

Var. Howellii Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 47. Panicle more open
and fewer-flowered: flowering glumes longer and entire or but slightly
notched at the apex. On dry ridges southwestern Oregon, :

M. Harfordii Bolander Proc. Cal, Acad. iv, 102. Stems erect, bran-
ched below, slender,rather wiry, 1-3 feet high, not bulbous at base: sheaths
slightly scabrous, about equalling the internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long,
leaves flat or involute, scabrous above, slender-pointed, 6-10 inches long,
I-3 lines wide: panicle strict, 6-12 inches long, its scabrous branches erect:
or appressed, unequal, 2 inches long or less bearing 1-3 erect spikelets:
empty glumes oblanceolate, obtuse or barely acute,the first 5-nerved, 3-4
lines long, the second 44 line longer and 5-7-nerved ; flowering glumes lan-.
ceolate, barely’ acute or emarginate or sometimes short-awned, scarious-
margined above, minutely appressed-silkythroughout, pilose on the margin-

MELICA GRAMINEZ 751
DISTICHLIS

al nerves below the middle, 7-9-nerved, 4-5 lines long: palet oblong, obtuse
or emadrginate, pubescent on the 2 arched keels, 3-4 lines long. On open
ridges in the mountains, Oregon to California.

Var. minor Vasey, Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 510. Stems slender,
10-15 incheg high erect: panicles very simple, 114-4 inches long: gpikelets
usually 3-flowered. On dry ridges in the Siskiyou Mountains.

M. aristata Thurber, Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad. iv, 108, Stems slen-
der, tufted, 2-4 feet high : leaves flat, 2-4 inches long, 3 lines wide: panicle
narrow, 5-12 inches long, its branches erect: spikeléts 3-5-flowered, pale or
purplish: first empty glume oblong, about’ lines long; the'second about .
a line longer : flowering glumes about 5 lines long, with a few stitf marginal
hairs near the base, very scabrous, the central nerve excurrent just below
the bifid tip as an awn 3-5 lines long: palet about 314 lines long, strongly
ciliate at the apex. In mountains, Washington to California.

M. acuminata Bolander 1. c. 104. Stems slender, erect, 2-3 feet high,
with thickened bulbous base: sheaths mostly equalling or shorter than the
internodes, more or less pubescent: ligules 1-2 lines long, laciniate: panicle
4-12 inches long, narrow, the capillary branches erect or barely spreading:
spikelets 3-5-flowered, often purplish: first empty glume linear, about 2
lines long, much smaller than the acuminate second one: flowering glumes
lanceolate, long-acuminate about 5 lines long, 5-7-nerved: ciliate on the
margina below: palet about half as long as the glume, densely ciliate above,
narrowly truncate. In open woods, California to Alaska.

M. spectabilis Scribn. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1885, 45. A slender tufted
atoloniferous perennial: stema about 244 feet high, with a corm at the base
of each: sheaths mostly longer than the internodes: ligules white, about 1
line long: leaves 3-4, flat or involute, scabrous, 7-10 inches long, 1-2 lines
wide: panicle simple, 5-8 inches long, its slender branches solitary or in
pairs, sometimes in threes, the longest 114-2 inches long: spikelets 3-8-

lowered: empty glumes ovate, obtuse or acute, with transverse nerves
near the middle, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved, 234-3 lines long:
flowering glumes 314-4 lines long, abruptly tapering, oval, the apex with 2
very short teeth or a notch, 7-9-nerved: palet elliptical, 214 lines long.
Oregon to Montana and California.

M. scabrata Scribn. Piper & Beattie Fl. Palouse Reg. 25. Stems
mostly solitary, erect, 2-4 feet high, with bulbous base: sheaths nearly as
long or longer than the internodes, scabrous: leaves flat, linear, 5-7 inches
long, 1-2 lines wide, scabrous on both sides: panicle erect,narrow,3-7 inches
long, lower branches mostly in threes,the 2 outer short and bearing a single
spikelet, the central one longer and bearing 2-5 spikelets 5-7-flowered,
usually purple; lower empty glumes 2% lines long, the upper 334-4 lines
long, acutish: flowering glumes about 314 lines long all minutely
scabroua.' In low meadows about Pullman Washington.

89 DISTICHLIS Raf. Journ. Phys. Ixxxix, 104.

_Dicecious grasses with rigid stems, creeping ‘or decumbent at
base, flat or convolute leaves, and numerous spikelets in spike-
like panicles. Spikelets flattened, more numerous on the stamin-
ate plants, than on the pistilate, 6-16-flowered. Rachella con-
tinuous in the staminate spikelets, articulated in the pistillate.
Two lower glumes empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter than the
flowering ones. Flowering glumes broader, many-nerved, acute,
rigid. Palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3:--Styles thickened at the
base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas long-plumose. Grain free
enclosed in the glume and palet.

752 GRAMINEE CATABROSA
; GRAPHEPHORUM

_D. maritima Raf. 1. c. Glabrous throughout: stems 3 inches to 2 feet
high, erect, from horizontal rootstock, often decumbent at base: sheaths
shorter than the internodes; often crowded: ligules a ring of very short
hairs: leaves 14-9 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat or involute: panicle
dense and spike-like 1-3 inches long, the branches 1 inch long or less, erect :
spikelets 6-16-flowered, 4-9 lines long, ’ pale: green or purplish: empty
glumes acute,the first 1-3-nerved, 24 as long as the 3-2-nerved, second one:
flowering glume 114-214 lines long, acute or acuminate. In salt marshes
along the coast Brit. Columbia to California and in the interior, also on
the Atlantic coast. oR

40 CATABROSA Beauv. Agrost. 97, t. 19, fig. 8.

Perennial - grasses with soft: flat leaves and open panicles.
Spikelets usually 2-flowered. Two lower glumes empty, thiri-
membranaceous, much shorter than the flowering ones, unequal,
rounded or obtuse at the apex. Flowering glumes membranous,
erose-truncate. Palets barely shorter than the glume. Stam-
ens 8. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas.

C. aquatica Beauv. Agrost. 157. Smooth and glabrous: stems erect,
from a creeping base, 14-2 feet high, bright green, flaccid: sheaths usually
longer than the internodes, loose: ligule ‘114-5 inches long, 1-3 lines wide,
flat, obtuse: panicle 1-8 inches long, open, the branches whorled, spread-
ing or ascending, very slender 34-2 inches long, spikelets 114-134 lines
long, the empty glumes rounded or obtuse, the first about half as long, as
the second whieh is crenulate on the margins: flowering glumes 1-114
lines long, 3-nerved, erose-trunate at the apex. In-water or wet places,
Washington to Alaska and Labrador to Nebraska: also Europe and Asia.

41 GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. Bull. Soc. Philom. ii, ‘189.

Erect grasces with, flat leaves and usually contracted . nodding
panicles. Spikelets 2—4-flowered, flattened, the rachella prolong-
ed beyond the’ flower. Glumés 4-6, the 2 lower ones empty,
somewhat shorter than the flowering ones, thin-membranaceous,
acute, keeled. Flowering glumes membranous, obscurely nerved,
entire, sometimes short-awned just below the apex. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain glabrous.

G. Wolfii Vasey Des. Cat. Gr. U..8. 66. Stems slender, 15-30 inches
high, from a perennial root: sheaths about as long as the internodes:
ligules about a line long: }eaves flat, scabrous, 6-10 inches long, 2-3 lines
wide: panicle erect, subspicate, 3-9 inches long: spikelets 2-4-flowered,
ae ae rachella villous: empty glumes elliptical, nearly equal, about 3
ines long the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved: flowering glumes 2-234
lines long, less than 1 line wide, obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse, lacerate, some-
times split or 2-toothed, bearing an awn 3¢ line long: palets shorter than
or nearly equalling the glumes. Dry rocky slopes, eastern Oregon tu Mon-
tana and California. ;

42 PANICULARIA Fabr. Enum. Hort, Helmst. 378. (1763.)
: GLYCERIA R. Br. (1810.)

Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous spike-
lets in more or less open panicles. Spikelets 2-20-flowered, terete
or sometimes flattened. Two lower glumes empty, obtuse or
acute, 1-3-nerved: flowering glumes membranous, rounded on
the back, 5-9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex,

&

PANICULARIA GRAMINEA 753

Palets scarcely shorter than the glumes, rarely longer, 2-keeled.
Stamens 2,or- 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain
smooth, enclosed in the glume and partly free, or when dry
slightly adhering to the palet.

P. fiuitans Kuntze Rev. Gen. Pl. 782. G. fluitans R. Br. Stems
2-5 feet high, erect: stout, simple smooth, often rooting from the lower nodes:
sheaths loose, generally longer than the internodes smooth or rough: ligules 2-3
lines long: leaves 5-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide scabrous: often floating:
panicle 9-18 inches long; the lower branches at first appressed, later ascending
3-6 inches long: spikelets linear, 7-13-flowered, 4-12 lines long: empty glumes
unequal, l-nerved, the lower acute or obtuse, the upper obtuse or truncate. In
water and bogs, California to Alaska and across the continent.

.P. borealis Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. club xxiv, 348. Stems weak, erect,
glabrous, 114-3 feet high: sheaths loose, longer than the internodes: leaves 4-10
inches lobg, pale“green, nearly smooth: panicle lax, 7-15 inches long, the
branches single or in pairs usually short and erect: spikelets linear, 5-7 lines
long: flowering glumes very thin, 114-2 lines long, 7-nerved, the nerves min-
utely hispid. In shallow ponds, eastern Washington to California and the
Eastern States. ,

P. nervata Kuntze |. c. G. nervata Trin. Stems slender, erect, 1-3
feet high, simple, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually more
or less rough: ligules 34 line long, truncate: leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-5 lines
wide, acute, smooth beneath, rough above: panicle 3-8 inches long, open, the
: filiform branches spreading, ascending or often drooping, rarely erect, the lower
ones 2-5 inches long: spikelets 3-7-flowered, 1-114 lines long: empty glumes
obtuse, 1-nerved; flowering glumes about 34 line long, obtuse or rounded at the
apex, with 7 sharp distinct nerves and evident furrows between them. Com-
mon in wet places and along streams, California to Alaska and across the
continent. 7

“P. pallida Kuntze 1. c. 783. Pale green, stems 1-3 feetong, assurgent,
simple, smooth: sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, ligules 2-3 lines long,
acute: leaves 2-6 inches‘long, 1-2 lines wide, smooth beneath, rough above:
panicle 2-7 inches long, the branches erect or ascending, often flexuous, 1-2
inches long: spikelets 4-8-flowered, 214-314 lines long: empty glumes unequal,
the first 1-nerved, obtuse, shorter than the 3-nerved and truncate second one:
flowering glumes 114-11¢.‘lines long, truncate and denticulate at the apex,
sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, with plain furrows between the nerves. In
shallow water, Washington to Indiana and New Brunswick.

P. pauciflora Kuntze l.c. G. pauciflora Presi. Stems stout, 2-4
feet long: sheaths nearly smooth, loose, usually longer than the internodes
ligules rounded or more often laccrate 2-3 lines long: leayes 6-15 inches long:
8-9 lines wide:. panicle,5-8 inches long, somewhat contracted and flexuous
or at length loose.and open, usually purplish, its branches hispid, 4 inches long
or less: , spikelets 5-7-flowered, 2-3 lines long: empty glumes less than half as
. long as the flowering ones, the first vvate, denticulate, near the subacute apex,
smooth, 1-nerved. 14 line long; the second erose at the rounded apex, 3-nerved,
nearly 1 line long: flowering glumes broadly oblong, erose at the rounded scari-
ous apex, hispidulous on the keel, prominently 5-nerved, 1-114-lines long:
palet oblong, emarginate, slightly pubescent on the:2 keels, nearly equalling
the glume In skallow water or wet places, California to Alaska and Colorado.

P. Americana MacM. Met. Minn. 81. Stems stout, erect, simple,
smooth, 3-5 feet high: sheaths loose, smooth or somewhat rough: ligules 1-2
lines long, truncate: leaves 7-12 inches long, 3-8 lines wide, usually smooth
beneath, rough above: panicle 8-16 inches long, its branches spreading, ascend-

754 GRAMINE PUCCINELLIA

ing or rarely erect, 4-8 inches lpng, spikelets 4-Y-flowered, 2-3 lines long:
empty glumes acute, 1-nerved: flowering glumes about 1 line long, obtuse
or rounded at the apex, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, the furrows
between the nerves evident. In wet soil, Alaska to California and Neb.

43 PUCCINELLIA Parl. Fl. Ital. i, 366.

Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and contracted
or open panicles. Spikelets 2-10-flowered. Two lower glumes
empty: obtuse or acute, unequal: flowering glumes obtuse, or
acute, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, the nerves very obscure or
almost wanting. Palets about equalling the glumes. Stamens 3.
Stigmas sessile, simply plumose. Grain compressed, usually
adhering to the palet.

P. maritima Parl. 1. c. 370. Stems stoloniferous, 6-24 inches high,
erect, or decumbent at base, smooth, simple: sheaths usually exceeding
the internodes: ligules 14-1 line long: leaves 1-5 inches long, 1 line wide
or less, flat to involute: panicle 2-6 inches long, open, its branches ascend-
ing or rarely erect, 1-2 inches long: spikelets 3-10-flowered,3-7 lines long:
empty glumes unequal, the first usually 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved:
flowering glumes 13-2 lines long, obtuse or truncate. In salt marshes
along the coast.

P. angustata Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxix, 513. Poa angustata
R. Br. Stems erect, 4-12 inches high, simple: sheaths usually longer
than the internodes: ligules 1 line long: leaves 34-3 inches long, 1 line
wide or less: panicle 1-2 inches long, contracted, its branches short and
erect or appressed: spikelets 2—-7-flowered, 3-4 lines long: empty glumes
obtuse or rounded at the apex, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved:
flowering glume 144-134 lines long, usually purplish, rounded at the apex.
In salt marshes along the coast, Oregon to Alaska, and Labrador to Maine:
also Europe and Asia.

P. distans Parl. 1. c. 367. Glyceria distans Wahl. Stems 1-2 feet
high, erect or sometimes decumbent at base, tufted: sheaths often shorter
than the internodes, glabrous: ligules 44-1 line long: leaves 1-6 inches
long, 1-2 lines wide, flat or folded, usually stiff and erect, smooth beneath:
panicle 2-7 inches long, open, rarely contracted, its branches spreading
or ascending, whorled, the lower 1-4 inches long, sometimes reflexed:
spikelets crowded, 3-6 flowered, 134-234 lines long: empty glumes obtuse
or acute, l-nerved; the second exceeding the first: flowering glumes 34-1
line long, obtuse, obscurely nerved. Along the coast of Washington, and
on the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to New Jersey: also in Europe.

P. Lemmoni Scribn. Am. Grasses ii, 276. Glyceria Lemmoni Vasey.
Densely cespitose, with numerous involute-setaceous radical leaves, pale
green and glaucous: stems slender, 4-16 inches high, smooth, simple:
sheaths shorter than the interiodes, smooth: ligules nearly 1 line long,
acute: leaves setaceous, 2-4 inches long, smooth: panicle long-exserted,
often purplish, 1-4 inches long, open, its unequal scabrous branches
spreading or ascending, the lower 1-2 inches long: spikelets narrow,
7-flowered, 2-3 lines long; first\glume less than a line long; the second
about twice as long: flowering gfumes about a line long, abruptly pointed.
In alkaline meadows: eastern Oregon to California and Brit. Columbia.

44 PLRUROPOGON R. Br. App. Parry Voy. 286.
Perennial grasses with flat leaves and rather few spikelets in

PLEUROPOGON GRAMINEAE 755

POA
‘simple racemes. Spikelets 5-20-flowered, all perfect or the up-
per staminate. Two lower glumes empty, unequal, thin-mem-
branous, 1-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved : flowering
glumes longer, membranous, 7-nerved, the middle nerve excur-
rent as a short point orawn. Palets nearly equalling the glumes,
2-keeled, the keels winged or appendaged. Stamens 3. Styles
short, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume

and palet.

P. Californicum Benth. Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, ii, 68. Stems
erect, or somewhat decumbent at base, rather weak, 2-4 feet high: sheaths
smodth, equalling or exceeding the internodes, the lower ones short and
membranous: ligules 2-3 lines long: leaves flat or folded, 3-21 inches long,
1-3 lines wide, obtuse, smooth, or barely rough above: panicle a simple
lecund raceme, 6-12 inches long: spikelets linear-oblong, 10-20-flowered,
about 1 line long: eae glumes oblong, obliquely obtuse, smooth, 1-nerved
below, the first 1-144 lines long, the second 1 line longer: flowering glumes
rance-oblong, erose or dentate at the membranous obtuse apex, scabrous,
strongly 7-nerved, 3-4 lines long: awn arising below the‘ apex, 1-5 lines
long: palets oblong, obtuse, nearly equalling the glumes. In low meadow
sands, southern Oregon to California.

P. refractum Benth. Vasey 1. c. 69. Tufted from a strong creeping
lootstock : stems rather weak, 2-4 feet high, erect, smooth, simple: sheaths
nearly smooth, equalling or slightly exceeding the long internodes: ligules
1-2 lines long, truncate: leaves ‘flat or folded, scabrous above, 2-10 inches
long, 2-4 lines wide: panicle a simple secund raceme of 6-10 spikelets
pendent on recurved pedicels, 6-12 linee long: spikelets linear-oblong,
$-12-flowered, about 1 inch long: empty glumes lance-oblong, obtuse or

“emarginate, often denticulate, thin, smooth, 1-nerved, 2-3 lines long, the

second slightly longer: flowering glumes lance-oblong, erose or dentate at
the truncate membranous summit, nearly emooth, prominently 7-9-nerved,
84-4 lines long: awn arising at the apex, 2-4 lines long: palet linear,
emarginate, shorter than the glumes. Along mountain streams, Oregon
and Washington.

45 POA L. Sp. 67.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and
numerous spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Spikelets
2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachella usually glabrous. Flowers
all perfect or rarely dicecious or polygamous. Glumes membran-
ous, keeled, the two lower empty, 1-3-nerved: the flowering

. glumes longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of cob-
webby hairs at base, 5-nerved, the marginal nerves usually pu- '
bescent. Palets a little shorter than the glumes, 2-nerved or
2-keeled. Stamens 8. Styles:short, distinct, with plumose stig-
mas. Grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palet.

§ 2 Meticoizs Glumes obtuse or barely. acute, the empty
ones 1-5-nerved, the flowering ones without cobwebby hairs at
base, not prominently keeled.

P.. argentea Howell Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. xv, 11. Stems
slender,-loosely tufted, 6-8 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent at

base: sheaths loose and membranous. longer than the internodes: ligules
acute, 134-2 lines long: leaves of the sterile shoots numerous, curved,

756 GRAMINEZ POA

conduplicate, 34-3 inches long, less than 1 line wide: panicle 1-1}¢ inches
long, oblong, loosely-flowered, with a pale silvery hue: spikelets oblong-
linear, 3-4 lines long, 3-5-flowered: empty glumes subequal, 2-234 lines long,
3-, 4- or 5-nerved, obovate, with shining scarious margins: flowering glumes
nearly 3 lines long, oval or ovate, denticulate, 5-7-nerved: palets lanceo-
late, abont as long as the glumes. On the top of Ashland Butte in the
Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. . ee

P. macrantha Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. xv, 11. Stems stout’
smooth, 15-20 inches high, from stout perennial creeping rootstocks, diw-
cious: sheaths loose, equalling or exceeding the internodes: ligules 1-1
line long: leaves folded or involute, the lower ones with sterile branches in
their axils, 6-10 inches long, blunt or abruptly acute at the apex: panicle
2-5 inches long, sometimes interrupted below,its branches in twos or threes,
erect, the longest 114-244 inches long: staminate spikelets 5-8 lines long,
compressed, 4-7-flowered, yellowish: empty glumes oblong-lanceolate. the
first, 4-5 lines long, 3-5-nerved, ciliate on the midnerve; second 4-6 lines
long, 3-7-nerved: flowering glumes 4-5 lines long, oval or lanceolate, with
soft hairs at base and minutely pubescent on the nerves, the apex notched,
awnless, 3-10-nerved: palet but very little shorter than its glume, linear,
ciliate on the keels; pistillate spikelets rather smaller and more compact.
On sand-dunes along the coast of Oregon and Washington.

§ 2 Evpoa Glumes usually acute, more or less prominently
carinate, with or without cobwebby hairs at the base of the flow-
ering glumes. :

P. annua L. Sp. 68. <A soft depressed or sometimes erect annual:
stems weak, 2-12 inches long: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules
1-2 lines long: basal leaves 14-24 as long as the atem; those of the stems 3,
flat or conduplicate, abruptly acute, the upper 4-2 inches long: panicle
‘ovoid or pyramidal. subsecund, 1-3 inches long, its‘branches mostly in pairs,
the longest 1-2 inches long, sometimes drooping: spikeleta 2-3 lines long,
3-7-flowered, oval or ovate-lanceolate: empty glumes compressed ; the first
1-5-nerved, the second 3-nerved, broadest at or above the middle, usually
1-2 lines long: flowering glumes ovate-oval, smooth, erose at the apex, 1-2
lines long, with soft hairs on the keel for half its length and on the lower
part of the lateral nerves: palet about 24 lines long, ciliate or pubescent
on the keels. Common everywhere: naturalized from Europe.

P. subaristata Scribn. Macoun Cat. Can. Pl. 4, 227, name only. A
slender densely tufted perennial 10-20 inches high: leaves of sterile shoots
conduplicate, scabrous, 214-5 inches long: sheaths of the stem 2, smooth,
the upper one nearly half as long as the stem: ligules 3, line long: upper
leaf pungent, 14-2 inches long: panicle linear to oval, dense, somewhat in-
terrupted, 132-3 inches long: spikelets linear-lanceolate, 4-7-tlowered, 3-5
lines long; empty glumes subequal, linear-lanceolate, 3 lines long, l-nerved; -
flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 3 lines long, scabrous on the nerves, not
webbed : palet 234 lines long, ciliolate on the keels. Idaho to Wyoming.

P. Cusickii Vasey Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. i, 271. A glabrous, tufted
perennial 16-20 inches high: leaves of the stem 2: lower sheaths longer
than the internodes: ligules 1-144 lines long: leaves flat or involute, acute,
2-216 inches long, less than 1 line wide: panicle more or less exserted,
narrow, 3-5 inches long, the branches mostly in pairs, the longest 145-2
inches long, bearing 4-8 spikelets on the outer half: spikelets 3-34¢ lines
long, 2-3-flowered: rachella hispidulous: empty glumes with broad char-
flaceo-hyaline margins, fitst ovate-lanceolate, nearly 2 Mnes long, l-nerved,
rarely 3-nerved, second oval erosely acute, about 2 lines long, 3-nerved :
towering glumes keeled 2-2-4¢ lines long, scabrons, oval, subacute: palets
5 lines long, 2 toothed, ciliate on the keels. In thé mountains of eastern

POA GRAMINEZ 757

Oregon.

P. reflexa Vasey & Scribn. Cat. Grasses U. 8S. 83. A slender peren-
nial 2-5 feet high: ligules 1 line or less long: leaves 2-4 inches long, 1-2
lines wide, nearly smooth, flat, abruptly pointed: panicle open, pyramidal,
2-4 inches long, its branches often reflexed, the longest 2-4 inches long,
bearing 2-4 spikelets near the ends: spikelets linear, 4-5 lines long, 2-4-
flowered: empty glumes unequal; the first 1-nerved, 1-1% line long; the
second 134-2 lines long, 3-nerved, oval; flowering glumes slightly pubescent
at base, 134-2 lines long, oval, abruptly pointed: palets nearly as long as
the glumes. Idaho to-Montana, Colorado and New Mexico.

P. nervosa Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, ii, 81. A tall often dicecious
loosely tufted perennial: stems rather slender, from slender stoloniferous
rootstocks, 14¢-3 feet high, erect, smooth : leaves of sterile shoots numerous,
flat or conduplicate, scabrous above, rather thin, 6-12 inches long, 1-2 lines
wide, those of the stem usually 3: sheaths closed, smooth, shorter than the
long internodes: ligules obtuse, 1-2 line long: panicle loose, 3-6 inches
long, ite lower branches scabrous, 2-4 at each of the 6 or 7 nodes, 1-2 inches
long, bearing 2-5 spikelets near the extremities: spikelets compressed, 4-5.
linea long, 4-7 flowered: empty giumes ovate, acute, carinate, hispid on
the keels,134-114 lines long: flowering glumes lanceolate, barely acute,scari-
ous-margined, scabrous on the nerves. or throughout, often villous below
but not webbed, 5-nerved, 2-lines long: palets lance-oblong, ciliate on the
keels, nearly equalling the glumes. In open places in wooded dietricts
California to Alaska and Montana. .

P. Idahoensis Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 539. A slender tufted erect
perennial 20-30 inches high with 2 or 3 distant leaves: leaves of sterile
shoots numerous, mostly filiform, 6-10 inches long, flaccid, erect; those of
the stem with long sheaths,and erect filiform blades 1-3 inches long; ligules
acute, about 1 line long: panicle loose, and flexuous, 3-4 inches long, its
scabrous capillary branches in twos or threes or solitary, the longer 1144
inches long, with few spikelets near the extremities: spikelets compressed,
3-5 lines, long, rather loosley 4—-7-flowered: empty glumes nearly equal,.
linear-ovate, acute, with broad scarious margins; flowering glume 244-3
lines long, lance-oblong, subacute, scarious at the apex, minutely scabrous '
throughout: palet nearly equalling the glume. On rocky slopes, eastern
Oregon to. Idaho.

P. Sandhergii Vasey Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. i, 276. Stems
tufted, 10-16. inches high, slender, the lower portion bearing about 2
sheaths with very short blades: ligules about 1 line long: panicle 14-3.
inches long, sométimes very narrow, the branches ascending, nearly
smooth, the lower in twos or threes, unequal, the longer 1-2 inches long:
spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 3 lines long, purplish: empty glumes lanceo-
late, subacute: flowering glumes linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly 2 lines long,
sparingly pubescent or puberulent, somewhat villous near the base but not
webbed, scarious at the apex: palets equalling the glumes. On grassy
slopes, Clearwater Valley, Idaho. ;

P. ineurva Scribn. & Williams U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir.
9, 6. Stems slender, closely cespitose, 6-10 inches high, flexuous, smooth:
sheathe smooth, shorter than the internode: ligules acute, often irregu-
larly fimbriate : leaves rather rigid, flexuously recurved, convolute, smooth
below, minutely hispidulous above and at the acute apex, 1-234 inches
long, those of the radical shoots much the longest: panicle few-flowered,
purplish, ite branches mostly solitary: spikelets compressed, loosely 2-3-
flowered, about 244 lines long: empty glumes unequal, the lower oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, indistinctly 3-nerved, about 1 line long, the upper
broadly ovate, distinctly 3-nerved, usually 144 lines long, flowering glumes
rounded on the back densely pubescent below rather broadly scarious-

\

758 - GRAMINEAE POA

margined above, about 2 lines long: palet nearly or quite equalling the
glume. Olympic Mountains Washington at about 6000 feet elevation.

P. occidéentatis Vasey & Scribn. Cont. U. 8. Nat. Herb. i, 274. A
loosely tufted, perennial: stems slender, 2-3 feet high, rather weak, more
or less scabrous: sheath shorter than the internodes: ligules ovate, 134-2
lines long, leaves of the stems 3-6, flat, 2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide:

anicle 4-10 inches long, its filiform branches in pairs or threes, or solitar
Below, the longest 2-6 inches long, bearing 2-6 spikelets near the extremi-
ties: spikelets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, usually 4-flowered :
first empty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, 134 lines long, acuminate; second
ovate-lanceolate, 234 lines long; flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, 234-3
lines long. acute, very thinly pubescent on the marginal nerves and the
lower half of the keel: palets nearly as long asthe glume. In moist woods,
northern Oregon to Alaska.

P. Kelloggii Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, ii, 79. Stems tufted, from
stoloniferous rootstocks, slender, 2-3 feet high: leaves from the’ base num-
erous with short scarious sheaths, and flat or loosely involute blades 6-12
inches long: leaves of the stem usually 3: sheaths nearly smooth, nearly
equalling or exceeding the internodes, the upper one extending nearly to
the panicle: ligules 1/line long, or less: panicle pyramidal, open, its scab-
rous branches divergent or horizontal, 1-3 inches long: spikelets oblong,
compressed, 3 lines long, loosely 2-3-flowered: empty glumes ovate, acute,
hispid on the keel, the first 1-nerved, 114 lines long; the second 4 line
longer and 3-nerved,; flowering glumes lance-ovate, acute, smooth except
the long thin web at the base, 5-nerved nearly to the apex, the midnerve
barely excurrent, about 2 lines long: palet linear-oblong, 2-toothed,
nearly smooth on the green keels, 14 line shorter than the glumes. Eas-
tern Oregon to California.

P. Bolanderi Vasey Bot. Gaz. vii, 32. ‘A loosely tufted perennial:
stems erect, or slightly geniculate below, somewhat thickened at the base,
smooth: basal leaves thin and lax, smooth, 3-6 inches long, of the stems
3-4: sheaths smooth, closed at the throat, shorter than the internodes:
liguies obtuse, 144-2 lines long: stem leaves 2-4 inches long, about 2 lines
wide, flat, rather abruptly pointed, thin and smooth: panicle erect, slen-
der, 4-6 inches long, its branches smooth, 2-4 at each of the 4 or 5 distant
nodes, erect or at length spreading: spikelets 1-3-flowered, 144-2 lines
long : empty glumes ovate, nearly acute, emooth, the first 1-nerved, 1 line
long, the second obscurely 3-nerved and longer: flowering glumes ovate-
oblong, obtuse or barely acute, scarious-margined, nearly smooth except
the slight web at the base, 5-nerved, 114 lines long: palet oblong, obtuse,
green, nearly smooth, slightly shorter than the glume. In moiat places in
the Coast Mountains, Oregon to California.

P.. Howellii Vasey & Scribn. Cat. Grasses U. S. 82. A densely tuf-
ted pale green perennial with fibious roots: stems erect, nearly smooth,
1-2 feet high: sheaths nearly’ smooth, half open above, shorter than the
internodes: ligules 2-3 lines long, obtuse and lacerate at the apex: basal
leaves numerous, flat, thin, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines. wide; of the stem
2 or 3, flat, or involute near the attenuate points, 2-4 inches long: panicle.
rathér loose and open, 5-8 inches long, its branches 2-5 at each of the 5 or
6 nodes, eréct until near maturity, the longer 2-3 inches long: spikelets
2-3 lines long, loosely 2-5-flowered : empty glumes ovate, acute, thin, green,
sparingly hispid on the keels, 1-13g lines long: flowering glumes ovate,
acute, green except the narrow membranous, margins, pubescént through-
out, 5-nerved, 13g lines long: web at base thin, about as long as:the glume:
palet oblong, emarginate, nearly smooth, on the green keels, slightly shor-
ter than the glume. In dry open places in forests, western Oregon to Cal.

P. purpurascens Vasey Bot. Gaz. vi, 297. Stems wiry, erect, 1-2

POA GRAMINEA 769

feet. high, smooth or slightly scabrous, from stout creéping perennial root-
stocks: sheaths smooth, the lower ones short but exceeding the internodes:
ligules obtuse, I line long or less, or often nearly obsolete: panicle oblong,
1-3 inches long: leaves flat or involute, 2-6 inches long, |-2 lines wide:
panicle 1-3 inches long, its branches hispid, 2-4 at each of the 5-7 nodes,
1 inch long or less, nearly erect or somewhat spreading: spikelets rather
turgid 3-5-flowered: empty glumes ovate, acute or acutish, smooth, 144-2
lines long: flowering glumes lance-ovate, minutely scabrous, hispid-ciliate
on the keel, purple with scarious tips, 5-nerved, 214-3 lines long: palet
oblong, obtuse or retuse, 2 lines long, ciliate on the keels. On the highest
peaks of the Cascade Mountains, Washington to California.

P. pratensis L. Sp. 67. Stems slender, erect, simple, 1-4 feet high,
from long running rootstocks: sheaths often longer than the internodes:
ligules truncate, 34 line long, or less: leaves 2-10 inches long, flat or invo-
lute 13g-3 lines wide: panicle 2-8 inches long, usually pyramidal, ita bran-
ches spreading or ascending, 1-3 inches long: spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2-214
lines long: empty glumes unequal, glabrous, rough on the keel, the lower
l-nerved, the upper 3-nerved: flowering glume 134 line long, acute, 5-ner-
ved, webbed qt the base, the marginal nerves and midnerve silky-pubescent
below. Common everywhere.

P. compressa L. Sp. 69. Pale bluish-green and glabrous: stems 6-24
inches long, decumbent at base, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth,
much flattened: sheaths loose, mostly shorter than the internodes: ligules
2¢ line long: leaves 1-4 inches long, about 1 line wide. smooth, beneath,
rough above: panicle usually contracted, its branches erect or ascending,
1 inch long or lees: spikelets 3-9-flowered, 134-3 lines long: empty glumes
acute, 3-nerved; flowering glumes 1-114 lines long, obscurely 3-nerved, the
nerves slightly pubescent toward the base. In fields and waste places:
naturalized from Europe.

P. Wheeleri Vasey Rothr. Rep. Bot. U.S. Surv. vi, 291. Stems
10-30 inches high, from perennial running rootstocks: ligules about 1 line
long: leaves of sterile shoots 7-10 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, rigid, condn-
plicate or involute, with a firm oblique point: panicle open, 4-6 inches
long, ovoid, its slender branches mostly in pairs, the longer about 2 inches
long, spikelets lance-elliptical, 2-4 lines long, 3-flowered:. empty glumes
subequal, ovate-lanceolate 3-nerved; the second one 2 lines long; flowering
glumes not webbed, 2 lines long, ciliate on the lateral nerves and on the
lower part of the keel, oval, subacute, with scarious margins: palets trun-
cate very nearly as long as the glumes, ciliateon the keel. Eastern
Washington to Colorado. nee

P. acutiglumis Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9,4. A
loosely tufted perennial: stems smooth or somewhat roughened at the
nodes, about 2 feet high, sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules
about 2 lines long, often more or less fimbriately divided: stem leaves 2-3,
minutely roughened on both sides: panicle ovate in outline, about 4 inches
long, its branches in twos or threes, rough-hispid, ascending, the lower
ones ‘1-214 inches long: spikelets lanceolate, acute, 5-7 lines long loosely
4-7-flowered: empty glumes unequal, hispid on the back, the lower long-
acuminate, 3-nerved, the upper lanceolate, acute, more or less distinctly
5-nerved, 2 lines long; flowering glumes narrowly oblong-lanceolate; acute,
5-nerved, hispid on the back: palets oblong-linear, acute, a little shorter
than the glumes, ciliate on the keela. Near Grave Creek, southern Oregon.

P. epilis Scribn. 1. c. A closely cespitose perennial with numerous
basal leaves from intravaginal shoots: stems slender, smooth, sheaths most-
ly shorter than the internodes: ligules of the ‘stems leaves acute, 114 line
long: leaves smooth, flat or convolute, 2-10 inches long, panicle contracted,
its smooth branches erect or ascending, 1-2 inches long: spikelets ovate-

760 GRAMINEAG POA

lanceolate 3-4 flowered, about 4 lineslong: empty glumes smooth, unequal,

‘the lower lanceolate or broader, acute or acuminate, 1-nerved, 1 line long;
the upper broadly ovate, acute, 3-nerved, about 114 lines long: flowering

glumes 5-nerved, rough-hispid on the back, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, about

2 lines long: palets a little shorter than tbe glumes, ciliate on the keels,

ne ae bidentate. In open places in timberland, eastern Washington to
Jolorado. ,

P. confinis Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, ii, 65. A cespitose imperfectly
diwcious perennial, with long running rootstocks: stems erect, slender,
4-12 inches high,smooth : sheaths shorter than the internodes, open above:
ligules a line long to obsolete : leaves of sterile, shoots numerous with smooth
scarious-margined sheaths and involute blades 2-6 inches long, about
line wide: panicle oblong, 1-2 inches long its scabrous, branches in threes,
twos or solitary, 1 inch long or less: spikelets slightly compressed, 2-3 lines
long, 3-6-flowered: empty glumes broadly ovate, acute, l-nerved, nearly
smooth, 1-114 lines lang, the second slightly longer but neither equalling
the first floret: flowering glumes broadly ovate, acute, not webbed, 5-nerved,
about 144 lines long: palets ovate-oblong pubescent on the keels: stamin-
ate flowers with abortive ovaries, and pistillate flowers with imperfect
stamens. On sandy ground along the coast, Oregon to Alaska.

P. flava L. Sp. 68. P. serotina Ehrh. Stems slender, simple or
rarely branched, smooth, 114-5 feet long: sheaths usually shorter than
the internodes, smooth: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 2-6 inches long, 1-2
lines wide, smooth or rough: panicle 6-14 inches long, open, the branches
spreading or ascending, 2-5 inches long: spikelets 3-5-flowered, 134-2 lines
long: empty glumes rough above on the keels, the lower usually 1-nerved ;
the upper three-nerved: flowering glumes obtuse, somewhat webbed at
base, 1-14¢ lines long, silky-pubescent on the lower half of the marginal
nerves and the midnerye. In moist meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia
and Illinois: also Europe and Asia.

P. nemoralis L. Sp. 69. Stems slender, 6-24 inches high, erect, sim-
ple smooth: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: ligules 14-1 line
long, truncate: leaves 1-4 inches long, 1 line wide or less, smooth or rough:
panicle 2-5 inches long, open, its branches erect or ascending 1-2 inches
long: spikelets 2-5-flowered 114-244 inches long: empty glumes acute; or
acuminate, 1-3-nerved: flowering glumes obtuse or acute, 1-1 lines long,
faintly 5-nerved, somewhat webbed at the base, the middle and marginal
nerves silky on the lower half. .Eastern Washington to the Eastern States.

P. qavauca Vahl F]. Dan. t. 984. Stems erect, 6-24 inches high, rigid,
glabrous and somewhat glaucous: sheaths longer than the internodes:
ligules 1 line long: leaves 1-2 inches long, 1 line wide or less, smooth be-
neath, scabrous above: panicle 1~4inches long, open, with erect, or ascend-
ing branches 6-18 lines long: spikelets 2-4-flowered, 234-3 lines long: empty
glumes acute, 3-nerved, erbrons, rough on the upper part of the keel:
flowering glumes 114-124 lines long, obtuse or acutish, rough, not webbed
at the base, the lower part of the midnerve and marginal nerves silky-pub-
escent. Oregon to the Rocky mountains and Maine: also in Europe.

P. laxa Henke Sudet. 118. Stems 6-12 inches high, erect: sheaths
often longer than the internodes: ligules about 1 line long: leaves 1-3
inches long, 14-1 line wide, acuminate: panicle 1-4 inches long, its bran-
ches usually erect, sometimes ascending, 1 inch long ot less: spikelets 3-5-
flowered, 2-226 lines long: amply glumes usually 3-nerved acute, glabrous,
rough on the keel at the apex: flowering glumes 124-134 lines long, obtuse,
3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional pair of obscure nerves, the
midnerve pilose on the lower half, rough above; the lateral ones pilose
below. Washington to Alaska and across the continent: also in Europe.

POA GRAMINEZ 761

P. gracillima Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i, 272. A densely
tufted perennial : stems slender, 15-25 inches high, erect, smooth: sheaths
shorter than the internodes, smooth: ligules about 2 lines long, lanceolate,
acute: leaves of sterile shoots thin, smooth, acute; flat or conduplicate,
filiform, 2-5 inches long, 14-4 line wide, those of the stem 2, the upper
with very long sheath and short blade: panicle open, pyramidal or ovoid,
2-4 inches long, its scabrous branches in twos to fives, the longest 2-214
inches long, bearing 2-4 spikelets on the outer third: spikelets oval or ovate-
lanceolate, 3-5-flowered. 4-6 lines long: empty glumes lanceolate, acute,
3-nerved. the first 2-214 lines long; the second a little longer: flowering
glumes elliptical, 2-3 lines long, subacute or obtuse usually purplish with
a wide scarous tip, scabrous, pubescent on the nerves below: palets linear,
as long as the glumes. On cliffs along streams, Oregon and Washington.

P. saxatilis Scribn. & Williams U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9.
A closely cespitose perennial: Stems erect, very smooth, 10-18 inches high:
sheaths smooth, or the lower ones sparsely pubescent, shorter than the
internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves flat, soft, smooth, 1-2 inches
long: panicle lax, 2-4 inches long, its filiform branches ascending, the lower
ones about 2 inches long: spikelets compressed, lanceolate, 4-5 lines Jong,
3-5-flowered : empty glumes somewhat unequal obtuse or subacute, 3-nerv-
ed, smooth, about 2 lines long: flowering glumes obscurely 5-nerved,
minutely scabrous on the back with broad scarious erose-dentate margins,
2-3 lines long: palet nearly equalling the glumes, ciliate on the keels, bidentate
at the apex. Dry rocky places on Mount Rainier, Washington.

P. invaginata Scribn. & Williams 1. c. 6. A smooth cespitose per-
ennial with numerous intravaginal shoots and marcescent sheaths: sheaths
smooth : ligulesacute, 2-214 lines long: leaves mostly flat, rather narrow,
smooth or the margins minutely hispidulous near the base: panicle sub-
pyramidal to oblong, its filiform scabrous branches mostly in threes or
fives: spikelets compressed, lanceolate, rather loosely 2-5-flowered, 234-4
lines long: empty glumes 3-nerved, narrowly oblong to oblong-ovate, ob-
tuse to subacute, the lower 114-2 lines long, the upper a little longer: flow-
ering glumes keeled, oblong-ovate, 5-nerved, minutely scabrous above,
pubescent below on the nerves, 2-3 lines long: palets shorter than the
glumes, ciliate on the keels. On bluffs along the Columbia river near
Hood River Oregon to California.

§ 8 Arropis Rupr. Fl. Samoj. 64: as Genus. Empty glumes
much. shorter than the florets: flowering glumes chartaceous,
rarely herbaceous, convex on the back; the midnerve often reach-
ing the denticulate apex, or extending as a mucro; the lateral
nerves all vanishing at some distance below the broad scarious
apex.

P. Suksdorfli Vasey Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 574, under Atropis. A
densely tufted light green perennial: stems 5-7 inches high: ligules truncate,
about 1 line long: leaves of sterile shoots rigid, recurved, conduplicate, pungent
pointed, 2-4 inches long. those of the stem erect and sborter: panicle narrow,
simple, spike-like, 1-4 inches long: spikelets linear-lanceolate, 1-3-flowered,
2-8 lines long: empty glumes linear-lanceolate; the first 3-nerved 2-244 lines
long; the second a little longer: flowering glumes chartaceous, ovate, 2-214 lines
ong: palets ciliate on the keels. On gravelly banks near glaciers, Washington,

P. Vaseyochloa Scribn. U. S Pept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9, 1. P.
pulchella Vasey. stems densely tufted, 5-10 inches high: erect or ascend-
ing from the base, smooth: leaves of the sterile shoots numerous, conduplicate,
abruptly pointed, 1-2 inches long, less than 1 line wide: those of the stem 1 or
2, 6-12 lines long: panicle ovoid or pyramidal, 1-2 inches long, its branches

762 GRAMINEA POA

mostly in pairs, smooth, each bearing a single spikelet: purplish, oval or linear
3-5-flowered, 3-5 lines long: empty glumes obtuse or acute, often erose-denticu-
late, broadly scarious-margined; the first ovate-lanceolate, I-nerved; the second
oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 2 lines long: flowering glumes ovate-lanceolate, 3-5-
nerved, not pubescent nor webbed at base: palets curved, linear, 244 lines long
2-toothed, scabrous on the keela. On the plains of eastern Oregon and Wash.

P. Fendleriana Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope ii, 74. A densely tufted
completely dicecious perennial: stems erect, scabrous to nearly smooth, 1-2
feet high: sheaths rather loose, scabrous above, shorter than the internodes:
ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves of sterile shoots very numerous, conduplicate,
6-12 lines long, about 1 line wide: panicle 2-4 inches long, oblong, its min-
utely scabrous branches in twos or threes, erect or somewhat spreading,
1-2 inches long: spikelets compressed-.3—4 lines long, 3-5-flowered; empty
glumes broadly ovate, acute, carinate, minutely scabrous, 1-nerved, 1-2
lines long the first slightly smaller: flowering glumes ovate-oblong, erose or
emarginate at the obtuse apex, carinate, hispid on the keel above and more
or less pubescent on the marginal nerves and midnerve below, 2-8 lines long:
palets oblong, emarginate, pubescent on the keels. On dry hills, eastern
Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains.

P. lucida Vasey Cont. U. 8. Nat. Herb. i, 274. A slender tufted
perennial: stems 18-24 inches high, smooth: sheaths equalling or shorter
than the internodes, smooth: ligules 2 lines long: radical leaves 5-7 inches
long 1-2 lines wide; those of the stem about 3, 2-3 inches long: panicle 4-6
inehes long, narrow, its branches’ mostly in twor or threes, the lower ones
-1-2 inches long, erect or appressed: spikelets 3-4 lines long 3-4-flowered,
shining, pale green: empty glumes oblong, abruptly acute, unequal, 144-2
lines long, smooth, scarious at the apex and margins: flowering glumes 2
lines long, linear-oblong, obtuse, sparsely and minutely scabrous, slightly pu-
pescent near the base of the keel and lateral nerves, scarious at the apex, 5-nerv-
ed: palet nearly equalling its glume. On high hills, eastern Wash. to Colo.

P. Leckenbyi Scribn.1. c. 2. A pale green tufted perennial: stems
2-214 feet high, smooth, often rpoting at the lower nodes: sheaths smooth,
all but the uppermost exceeding the internodes, the lower ones membran-
ous, inflated: ligules about 3 lines long, acute, often fimbriately divided:
radical leaves long and slender, glaucous, green, smooth beneath, rough
above and on the margins, acute, flat: panicle 5-7 inches long; its branch-
es erect, the longer ones 2-3 inches long: spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 6-7
lines long, 5-6-flowered, compressed: empty glumes subequal 3-nerved,
rough-hispid on the nerves rather narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate
4lines long: flowering glumes ovate-oblong, 5-nerved, 3-5 lines long,
scarious-margimed, often erose dentate above, hispidulous on the upper
and pubescent on the lower halt: palets shorter than the glumes, conspicu-
ous, ciliate on the keels and minutely pubescent below; narrowed above
to an erose cilate apex. Dry and very sandy soil eastern Washington.

P. Nevadensis Vasey Scribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 66. A loosely
tufted perennial: stems rather stout, 20-40 inches high, scabrous below the
panicle: ligules shorter than the internodes; ligules about 2 lines long,
scabrous: leaves of sterile shoots very narrow, flat or conduplicate, 6-12
inches long, scabrous, those of the stems usually 3, with sheaths 4-8 inch-
eslong and blades 1-4 inches long: panicle narrow rather densely flower-
ed, 4-6 inches long, its branches 2 or more at each joint, erect: spikelets
3-5 lines long, 3-8-flowered: empty glumes 1}-2 lines long, nearly equal
obtuse or subacute, 3-nerved, scabrous: flowering glumes 2 lines long,
oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined above with a few very short hairs at
base: palet.ciliate on the keels. Moist soil, Oregon to Nevada Brit, Colum-

POA GRAMINEZ 763

bia and North Dakota.

P. laevigata Scribn. P. levis Vasey, not Barb. Stems tufted, pale,
slender, erect, smooth, 2-3 feet high, with 2 or 3 distant leaves; sheaths
smooth: ligules acute: leaves of sterile shoots narrow, 5-8 inches long,
thuse of the stem shorter: panicle narrow, rather loose 4-8 inches long,
sometimes interrupted below, its brancbes erect or appressed the lower in
twos or threes, unequal, the longest 1-2 inches long: spikelets linear, 3-5
lines long, about 5-flowered : empty glumes nearly equal, linear-lanceolate,
acute, thin, pale and scarious except on the minuetly scabrous midrib:
flowering glumes 2-274 lines long, linear-oblong, subacute,5 nerved, minute-
ly scabrous, slightly pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves near the
base, the apex scabrous and yellowish-tinged in age, somewhat erose: palets
equalling the glumes, scabrous on the keels. Eastern Washington to
Brit. Columbia, Montana and Arizona.

P. longiligula Scribn. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir.9, 3. A
cespitose glaucous perennial: stems rather stiff, 16-20 inches high: basal
sheaths persistent and rather crowded: ligules conspicuous, 2-5 lines long:
leaves of sterile shoots erect or spreading, usually 6-10 inches long, flat or
conduplicate, with conspicuous decurrent ligules: cauline leaves shorter, the
upper ones sometimes reduced to a mere mucro, all rather rigid and mucron-
ate-pointed : panicle ovate in outline, 3-5 inches long, its lower branches 1-2
inches long: spikelets compressed, ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, 4-6-flow-
ered, 3-6 lines long: empty glumes unequal, more or less rough-hispid on
the back, the lower lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1-nerved, 3 lines long;
the upper much broader, 3-nerved; fowering glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse,
5-nerved, more or less scabrous above, woolly-pubescent on the lower half
of the keel and marginal nerves, with broad hyaline margins, 224-3 lines
long: palets much shorter than the glumes, hyaline with green hispid-
pubescent keels. Oregon to South Dakota and Arizona.

P. Lettermani Vasey Contrib. Nat. Herb. i, 273. A dwarf densely
tufted perennial: stems 2-4 inches high: sheaths loose, longer than the
internodes: ligules rather conspicuous, acute: radical leaves flat, 1-2 inches
long. 14-1 line wide; those of the stem 1 or 2, about 1 inch long: panicle
6-12 lines long, oblong, rather dense, its branches mostly in twos, short,
erect, with 1-3 spikelets at the extremities: spikelets 134-2 lines long, 2-4-
flowered, purplish: empty glumes nearly as long ag the spikelets, oblong-
lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, smooth; flowering gluties 1-144 lines long
ovate-oblong, acute, or subobtuse, obscurely nerved, ‘smooth,’ scarious at
the apex: palet nearly equalling the glume, acutely 2:toothed at the apex.
On mount Rainier Washington at 9000 feet altitude, and Gray’s peak Col.

P. Pringlei Scribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club:z, 31. Stems tufted, 5-10
inches high, slendez, wiry, with 1 or 2 leaves: ligules conspicuous, 2 lines
long: leaves mostly basal, 1-2 inches long, convolute, rigid, those of the
stem with very short or nearly obsolete blades: panicle 6-12 lines long,
compact, oblong, the few branches mostly in pairs, erect, with 1-2 spikelets
each: spikelets 3 lines-long, mostly 2-flowered, oblong, turgid, purplish:
empty glumes thin, membranous, ovate-lanceolate nearly as long as the
florets; flowering glumes about 3 lines long, oblong-lanceolate, subulate,
scarious at the apex, smooth, obscurely 5-nerved,; palets a little shorter,
acutely 2-toothed. On the high mountains, California to Washington.

P. Leibergii Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 8, 6, t. 11-
A densely cespitose fibrous-rooted glabrous perennial: stems slender, 2-6
inches high, the base clothed with loose scarious sheaths: ligules hyaline,
about l-line long: radical leaves numerous, 1-2 inches long, about 44 line
wide, those ot the stem 6-12 lines long, conduplicate when dry, minutely
scabrous along.the margins and at the apex, otherwise smooth: panicle

_simple, of 1-7, spikelets, its lower branches usually in pairs, each branch

764 GRAMINEA POA
ERAGROSTIS

bearing a single spikelet: spikelets 2-3-flowered, 3-4 lines long, rather
broadly ovate: empty glumes somewhat unequal, the first broadly lanceol-
ate, 1-nerved, subacute, the second much broader than the first, 3-nerved,
from subacute to broadly truncate at the erose-dentate apex: flowering
glumes glabrous, 2-3 lines long, distinctly 5-nerved, obtuse and erose-
dentate at the scarious apex: palets a little shorter than the glumes. On
the summits of high ridges. Malheur county Oregon.

P. Buckleyana Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. P. tenuifolia Buckley.
A slender tufted perennial: stems erect, 12-20 inches high, usually glab-
rous and tinged with brown or pink: sheaths smooth, the lower longer
than the internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long, acute or acaminate, radical
leaves numerous, flat or conduplicate, 2-6 inches long, less than 1 line wide,
often abruptly acute at the apex, those of the stem 2, 1-2 inches long:
panicle erect, narrow, 1-3 inches long, its filiform branches in twos or threes,
3-12 lines long, erect or somewhat spreading: spikelets rather firm 3-5 lines
long, mostly 3-flowered, pubescent, elliptical-lanceolate: empty glumes
obtusely keeled, 3-nerved near the base, the first linear-lanceolate, about
13g lines long, second elliptical-lanceolate, about 2 lines long: flowering
glumes 2-24 lines long, elliptical or linear-oblong, acute-to obtuse entire or
erose, pubescent on the lower third, puberulent.above: palets linear, 2-tooth-
ed, 2 lines long. Common on dry plains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

Var. stenophylla Vasey, Beal grasses N, Am. ii, 580, under Atropis.
Stems stouter : panicle open in flower: spikelets 4-6-flowered : glumes slight-
ly larger. Ondry hillsides near Roseburg Oregon.

P. Canbyi Glyceria Canbyi Scribn. An erect smooth stout perennial:
stems simple 314-4 feet high : sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules
broad, obtuse, 3-4 lines long: leaves of the stem 3-4, flat below, conduplicate
above, 7 inches long, 3-5 lines wide: panicle linear or lanceolate, usually
interrupted below, about 7 inches long, its branches in half-whorls, erect
or ascending, densely flowered, the longer-2-4 inches long: spikelets 3-5-
flowered: empty glumes oval, acute or obtuse, almost keeled, 3-nerved, the
first 114-2 lines long, second 2-3 lines long: flowering glumes oval, scabrous
2-214 lines. long, 5-nerved, often irregulary Aagthied at the acute apex:
palets 2 lines long, narrow, 2-toothed at the apex. Inthe Cascade Moun-
tains of Washington,

46 ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrost. 70, t. 14, fig. 11. (1812 )

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and contracted
panicles. Spikelets two- to several-flowered, more or less flat-
tened. Two lower glumes empty, unequal, shorter than the flow-
ering ones, keeled, one-nerved, or the second one three-nerved:
Flowering glumes membranous, keeled, three-nerved. Palets
shorter than the glumes prominently two-nerved or two-keeled,
usually persistent on the rachella. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles dis-
tinct, short, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, loosely enclosed
in the glume and palet.

_ E. reptans Nees Agrost. Bras. 514. A glabrous annual: stems 1-18
inches long, creeping, often forming mats 2-20 inches in diameter and 1-6
inches high, branching, the branches erect or second ite : sheaths shorter
than or equalling the internodes, villous at the summit: ligules a ring of
short hairs: leaves 1-2 inches long, 34-1 line wide, flat, smooth beneath,
rough above: spikelets dioecious, 10-35-flowered, 2-8 lines long: empty
glumes unequal, the first 34-34 as long as the second : flowering glumes about
134 lines long, broadly ovate, acute: palets shorter than the glumes, ciliate
on the keels. In wet places Oregon to the Eastern States. .

BRIZA GRAMINEA 765
FESTUCA

E. Iutescens Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9,7. A low
niuch branched and densely cespitose annual, 4-8 inches high: sheaths
loose, smooth or with a few short hairs at the throat: ligules very short,
ciliate: leaves flat, 1-8 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, minutely scabrous
above, very acute: panicle pale green or straw-color, 2-4 inches long, its
branches ascending to appressed, spikelets narrowly oblong, 3-12-flowered:
empty glumes unequal, the firet about 3¢ line long, the second 4: longer;
flowering glumes about 1 line long, obtuse,3-nerved. On sandy banks along
Snake river eastern Washington to Idaho.

47 BRIZA L. Sp. 70.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves, and
open or rarely contracted panicles. Spikelets flattened, several-
flowered, nodding: flowers perfect, glumes thin, membranous,
strongly .concave, the two lower empty, 38-5 nerved, flowering
glumes imbracted, broader than the empty ones, 5-many-nerved,
the uppermost glumes often empty. Palets much shorter than
the glumes, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct, with plumous stigmas. Grain usually free, enclosed in
the glume and palet.

B. minor L. Sp. 70. Stems slender, 4-15 inches high, from an annual
root, simple: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-3 lines long,
acute: leaves 1-5, 1-4 lines wide, sometimes’ scabrous: panicles 2-5 inches
long, open, its capillary branches spreading or ascending, 1-3 inches long:
spikelets 3-9-flowered, 1-134 lines long, about 2 lines broad, truncate at the
base: glumes scarious-margined, the empty ones about 1 line long: flowering

glumes much broader and deeply saccate, about 34 line long. Common in
southwestern Oregon to California: naturalized from Europe.

18 FESTUCA L. Sp. 73.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and
paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets two- to several-flowered, the
two lower glumes empty, more or less unequal, acute, keeled:
flowering glumes membranaceous, narrow, rounded on the back, 5-
nerved, usually acute, and generally awned at the apex. Palets
scarcely shorter than the glumes. Stamens 1-8. . Styles very
short, distinct, with plumose, stigmas. Grain glabrous, elongated,
often adherent to the glume or palet. &

| F. microstachya Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. n. s.i, 187. Stems slen-
der, erect, 6-20 inches high, from an annual root: sheaths shorter, than
the internodes, smooth.or pubescent: ligulea very short: leaves 2-4, erect,
slender, 1-4 inches long: panicle erect, racemose or spicate, 2~5 inches long,
its branches channelled, single or some of the lowest in pairs, erect, spread-
ing or deflexed, the longest 6-18 lines long: spikelets 1-5-flowered: empty
glumes involute, the first 2-3 lines long, second 3-5 lines long: flowering
glumes convex, involute,, acuminate, scabrous: 214-4 lines long: palets
scabrous, bearing 2 short awns: stamens 1: very variable. On dry open
ridges, Arizona to Brit. Columbia.

. Var. ciliata Gray, Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 587. Axis, branches of
panicle and glumes all strongly ciliate. Ondry ridges, southern Oregon
to California.

Var. pauciflora Scribn. Vasey, Cat. Grasses U. §. 90. Stems
slender, 1-2 feet high: panicle louse, with longer branches: spikelets 1-2-
flowered, the flowering glumes with awns 6-12 lines long. On dry open

766 GRAMINEZ FESTUCA

places near Portiand Oregon.

F. Myozus L. Sp. 74. A soft rather pale green annual: stems slender,,
smooth, erect, or geniculate at base, 1-314 feet high,: sheaths smooth,
longer than the internodes: ligules very short: leaves 3-5, erect, slender
3-6 inches ‘long: panicle narrow, more or less secund, 2-15 inches long
its scabrous triquetrous branches in twos and threes below, appressed,
the longest racemose, 1-6 inches long: spikelets on stout pedicels, linear,
5-8-flowered 5-6 lines long; the first glume 1 line long or less; the second
involute, lanceolate 2-3 lines long: flowering glumes scabrous, Involute,
acuminate, 2-3 lines long, exclusive of the awns which are 4-10 lines long:
palets lanceolate, scabrous on the keels, bearing 2 short awns: stamens one.
Common in fields; naturalized from Europe.

F. octoflora Walt. Fl. Car. 71. F. tenella Willd.. An erect slender
tufted annual or biennial: stems sparingly branched 1-2 feet high: sheaths
shorter than the internodes, sometimes pubescent: ligules about }¢ line
long: leaves erect, slender, 1-4 inches long, panicle simple, erect,2-5 inches
long, narrow, or spreading at the base; its branches in pairs or solitary,
the longest 1-3 inches long: spikelets flat, oval 2-6 lineslong, 7-13-flower-
ed: empty glumes involute so as to appear subulate, the first 1%q lines
long, the second about 2 lines long: flowering glumes involute, acuminate,
scabrous, 134-2 lines long, with an awn 14-3 lines long: palet a little shor-
ter than the glumes: stamens 2. On dry barfen ground, Oregon to Cali-
fornia and the New England States. :

F. confinis Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club-xi, 126. A tufted stout light
green perennial: stems erect, 2-4 feet high: sheaths loose, shorter than
the internodes: ligules truncate, 14-3 lines long: leaves of sterile shoots
half as long as the stem, with long slender points, those of the stem 2-3,
5-8 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, flat or involute, smooth or scabrous: pani-
cle narrow, 4-6 inches long, its branches in twos or threes, erect, the longer.
1-2 inches long: spikelets oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 lines long, 2-3
flowered: empty glumes chartaceous, the first ovate, 114-3 lines long, 1-
nerved the second linear-lanceolate, 3-314 lines long, 3-nerved: flowering
glumes 244-3 linés long, lanceolate, scabrous, rather firm, acute or acumi-.
nate, nearly awnless: palets elliptical, scabrous, ciliate on the keeles. South-
eastern Oregon to Utah and Wyoming.

F. denticulata Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 589. F. ambigua Vasey,
not Le Gall. A rather stout erect perennial: stems erect, 214-4 feet high:
sheaths scabrous, longer than the internodes: ligules very short: leaves of
sterile shoots rather rigid, 7-10 inches long, those of the stem usually ’4,
flat or pees involute, with long attenuate points: panicle 7-10 inches
long, its branches flexuous, mostly in pairs, the longest 3-5 inches long:
spikelets purplish, 3-4-flowered: empty glumes narrow, the first about 1
line long, the second 2 lines long, 3-nerved: flowering glumes 3-4 lines
jong, obscurely 5-nerved, scabrous, acuminate, bearing an awn 4-8 lines
long: palets 2-toothed. ‘Oregon. ; ,

F. Californica Vasey Cont. U. 8. Nat. Herb. i, 277. Stems erect,
rather stout, 2-5 feet high, from a perennial root: leaves of sterile shoots
numerous, scabrous, involute, 14-4 as long as thestem, about 2 lines wide,
of the stem usually 2: sheaths scabrous, shorter than the internodes hairy
at the throat: ligulesa ciliate fringe: panicle open, pyramidal, 4-7 inches
long, the lower branches slender, mostly in distant pairs, the longest 2-5
inches long: spikelets 4-6-flowered 6-8 lines long, empty glumes ovate-
lanceolate; the first 3 lines long, the second. 314 lines long: flowering glumes
linear-lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, bearing a short awn, scabrous: palets scab-
rous, linear, 2-toothed, Edge of woods and open places, western Oregon.

F. Howellii Hack. F. viridula Vasey. A densely tufted perennial:
sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules less than 1 line long: leaves of

FESTUCA GRAMINEZ 767

sterile shoots numerous, about half as long as the stem; those of the stem
2-8, erect, involute, 2-3 inches long: panicle erect, open 3-5 inchea long, its
branches mostly in pairs, the lower }4-2 inches long: spikelets brownish red,
linear-lanceolate, 4-7 lines long, 4-8-flowered: empty glumes unequal, the
first lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long, the second a line longer; acuminate,
flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 5-nerved, 244-3 lines long, palets lanceo-
lates sea inom below and on the keels. On the highest peaks of the Cascade
ountains. ;

F. svation L. Sp. 75., A tufted perennial: 2-6 feet high, often with
short creeping rootstock: sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes:
ligules short: leaves of the stem 2-4, flat, 6-10 inches long, 2-3 lines wide:

anicle contracted after flowering, 4-10.inches long: its branches mostly
in pairs, the longest 3-5 inches long: spikelets linear-oblong, 6-11-flowered,

slines dong: empty glumes lanceolate, the first 1!4 line long, the second
a little longer; flowering-glumes oblong, acute, scabrous toward the tip.
rarely awned, 5-nerved, 244-3 lines long: palets linear, scabrous'on the
keel. Common in meadows and: waste places: introduced from Europe.

F. Jonesii Vasey 1. c. 278. A densely tufted, perennial: stems erect,
3-4 feet high: sheaths usually scabrous, shorter than the internodes:
ligules less than a line long: radical leaves numerous, about half as long as
the stem; those the stem 3-4, flat or involute, 5-15 inches long, 2-4 lines
wide: panicle slender, open, 7-15 inches long, its capillary flexuous bran-
ches single or in pairs the lowest remote, 3-5 inches long: spikelets narrow,
3-5-flowered, 5-6 lines long: flowering glumes scabrous, linear-lanceolate,
2-3 lines long, 3-5-nerved: awns slender, 3-7 lines long: palets linear-
lanceolate: stamens 3. Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho.

F. brevifolia R. Br. Parry first Voy. Suppl. 280. A, densely tufted
perennial : stems rigid, 2-5 inches high: sheaths shorter than or equalling
the internodes: leaves of sterile shoots setaceous, 1-3 inches long, those of
the stem short or almost obsolete: panicle dense, linear, simple, racemose,
2-3 lines long; spikelets elliptical, 3 lines long, 1-4-flowered : empty glumes
scarcely equal, the second broadly lanceolate: flowering glumes 1-2 lines
long, elliptical-lanceolate, keeled above: awn 1 line or less “long: palets
oblong, acute, 2-toothed. On high mountains eastern Oregon to Alaska
and the Rocky Mountains. . . wr

F. ovina L. Sp. 73. A densely tufted perennial: stems slender, erect,
ligid, simple, 6-20 inches high: sheaths usually crowded at the base of the
stems: ligules short: leaves filiform or setaceous, those of the stem few, 1-3
inches long, erect, the basal ones numerous: panicle 1-3 inches long, of- -.
ten secund, narrow, its branches short, usually erect or appressed: spike-
lets 3-5-flowered: empty glumes unequal, acute, the first 1-nerved, the
second 3-nerved; flowering glumes 114-2 lines long, amooth, acute, usually
short-awned. On plains and rocky slopes in various forms, Mexico to
Alaska and across the continent: also Europe and Asia.

Var. duriuscula Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 89. F. duriuscula L.
Stems taller and stouter, panicle usually more open: flowering glumes
gous 3 lines long. Oregon to Alaska and the’Rocky Mountains: also in

rope. ;

Var. polyphylla Vasey, Beal 1. c. 597. Stems 2!¢-3 feet high,
grooved below the panicle: leaves of sterile shoots numerous; sheaths split
for most of their length: panicle open, 4-8 inches long; spikelets linéar-
lanceolate, 5-flowered: the second glume ocvate-lanceolate 3-nerved.
flowering glumes slender 3-3}4 lines long. Oregon.

Var. ingrata Hack. in herb. Beal 1. c. 598. Stems 20-30 inches
high; leaves of sterile shoots scabrous, 8-10 inches long; those of the stem
8-5 inches long; panicle 4-6 inches long: its branches in pairs or single
the longest about 2 inches long; spikelets 6-8-flowered: the second glume

‘768 GRAMINEZ FESTUCA

linear, acute, 8-nerved, about 3 lines long: flowering glumes elliptical-
lanceolate, about 3 lines long, the awn 14-2 lineslong. Southern Oregon.

Var. Columbiana Beal 1. c. 599. Stems 20-30 inches high, with 2
nodes; sheaths smooth: leaves of sterile shoots 7-12 inches long, firm,
glaucous: scabrous; nearly cylindrical: panicle thin, 2-7 inches long, its
‘branches scabrous, the longer 2-314 inches long: spikelets 4-7 lines long,
3-7-flowered, the first empty glume narrow about 2 lines long, the second
linear, acute, 214-3 lines long: flowering glumes 3-3}, lines long. About
Pullman Washington,

Var. Oregana Hack. Beal {. c. 509. Stems slender, 2-3 feet high:
leaves of sterile shoots 4-6 inches long, panicle thin, 2-4 inches long, its
branches solitary ,the longest 1-2 inches long: spikelets 2-6-flowered ; second
glume linear, subulate, 3 lines long: flowering glumes linear, 3 lines long,
palets.a little longer than the glimes. Eastern Oregon.

F. amethystina L. Sp. 74. A tufted-perennial: stems rather slen-
der, 2-3 feet high, with 2-3 nodes: sheaths shorter than the internodes:
ligules a mere ciliolate ring: leaves of sterile shoots flaccid, conduplicate,
‘5-15 inches long: those of the stem 2-3, the upper 3-5 inches long: panicle
simple; secund, narrow or spreading, 4-8 inches long, the lower branches
usually in pais, scabrous, the longer 4-5 inches long: spikelets linear-
lanceolate or oval 3-7-flowered, about 314 lines long: first empty glumes
lanceolate, 114 line long, the second linear-lanceolate, about 2 lines long:
flowering glumes scarious, lanceolate-oblong,2-3 Jines long: involute, awn-
less or with an awn 14-1 line long: palets linear, 2-toothed, scabrous on the
keels, Oregon to California, also in Europe.

F. seabrella Torr. Hook. Fl. ii, 252, t. 233. An erect tufted peren-
nial 2-4 feet high: sheaths smooth: ligules acute, 1-5 lines long: leaves
of sterile shoots numerous, smooth or scabrous, involute, those of the
stem usually 2, rigid, scabrous above, 3-5 inches long: panicle thin, 5-7
inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, 3-5 inches long: spikelets 3-7-
flowered, 4-7 lines long: empty glumes chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, the
‘first 1-nerved, 2-3 lines long, the second 3-nerved 2-314 lines long: flower-
ing glumes oblong, scabrous, 5-nerved, 3-4 lines long, sometimes with a
stout awn about 1% line long. Eastern Washington to Alaska and Iowa.

F. rubra L. Sp. 74. A densely tufted perennial: steme ascending,
geniculate at base, 114-21¢ feet high, from running rootstocks, sheaths
usually shorter than the internodes, ligules very short, truncate: basal leaves
involute-filiform: 3-6 inches long, those of the stem erect, flat or involute:
panicle 2-5 inches long, sometimes red, open in flower, contracted in fruit:
spikelets 3-10-flowered, 4-6 lines long: empty glumes acute, the first 1-nerved,
shorter than the 3-nerved second one: flowering glumes about 3 lines long: ob-
scurely 5-nerved, sometimes scabrous, bearing awns of less than their own
length. Oregon to Alaska and Labrador.

Var. fallax Hack. Fest. Eu. 142. Densely cespitose, glaucous,
strongly tinged with purple. 20-80 inches high: panicle 3-4 inches long: spike-
lets elliptical-lanceolate, 2-7-flowered: flowering glumes 2-3 lines long, rather
abruptly pointed with a very short awn, Oregon and Washington to the
Rocky Mountains.

Var. trichophylla Hack. 1. c. 141. Stems slender, about 80 inches
high, ascending from creeping rootstocks: lower sheaths shredded: panicle
linear-oblong 8-5 inches long, flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, glabrous ,
bearing a short awn. Oregon and Euro;e.

Var. pubescens Vasey, Beal 1. c. 607. Stems loosely tufted; 2-3

FESTUCA GRAMINE& 769
BROMUS

feet high: panicle. 5-7 inches long, interrupted, more or less pubescent through-
out: spikelets §-8-flowered: second glume oblong, abruptly acute, flowering
glumes oval, acute: palets linear, acute, longer than the glumes. Oregon.

Var. littoralis Vasey, Beal 1. c. Smooth and glaucous: stems 5-10
inches high, from creeping rootstocks: panicle dense, secund, 2-3 inches long:
spikelets usually 5-flowered, the second glume ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, flower-
ins glumes oval, acute: awns 14-1 line long. On sand banke along the coast of

regon.

F. heterophylla Lam. Fl. Fr. ed. 1, 600. A densely cespitose per
ennial: stems slender, 2-3 feet high: sheaths smooth: leaves smooth, soft, con
volute, those of the stem usually 3, flat: panicle 3-8 inches long, lax, nodding*
its branches in twos or threes: spikelets licear-oblong, 3-6-flowered: empty
glumes unequal, very acute, the second subulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved; the lateral
nerves short: flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 3~4 lines long, very acute: awns
half as long as the glumes or longer: palets linear-oblong. Washington to
Brit. Columbia and Michigan.

49 BROMUS.L. 8p. 76.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous
spikelets in terminal panicles, the pedicels thickened at the sum-
mit. Spikelets few to many-flowered, the two lower glumes emp-
ty, unequal, acute: flowering glumes rounded on the back, or
sometimes compressed-keeled, 5—9-nerved, the apex usually 2-
toothed, generally bearing an awn just below the summit. Palet
shorter than the glumes. 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas
sessile, plumose, inserted below a hairy cushion-like appendage
at the top of the ovary. Grain adherent to the palet..

. § 1° euBRomus Annuals or biennials with empty glumes
rather broad and flowering glumes broadly elliptic to oblong-
‘elliptic. All introduced from Europe.

B. secarinus L. Sp. 76. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, smooth: sheaths
usually shorter than the internodes: ligules 44 line long, erose leaves 2-6 inches
‘long, 1-3 lines wide, sometimes rougk or hairy: panicle open, its. branches
ascending or drooping: spikelets turgid, glabrous, 6-10-flowered: empty glumes
scabrous toward the apex, the first 3-nerved, acute, second longer and broader,

’ Y-nerved, obtuse: flowering glumes 3-4 lines Jong, broad, obtuse, rough toward
the apex, awnless or bearing a straight awn between the obtuse teeth: . palets
about equalling the glumes. Common in fields everywhere,

B. racemosvs L. Sp. ed. 2, 144. Stems erect, 1-3 feet high, smooth,
or sparingly pubescent below the panicle: sheaths shorter than the internodes:
ligules 1 ‘line long: leaves 1-9 inches long, 44-4 lines wide, pubescent: panicle
1-10 inches long, its branches erect or ascending: spikelets erect, 6-11-flower-
ed: empty glumes acute, the first 3-nerved, the second longer and broader, 5-9-
nerved; flowering glumes broad, 314-41¢ lines long, obtuse, smooth and shining,
the nerves prominent: awns straight, 3-4 lines long: palets shorter than the
glumes. Common in meadows and waste places,

VAR. commutatus Hook. f. Steud. Fl. Brit. Isl. 451. Panicle rather
broader: spikelets larger, Common in waste places.

B. worpeaczous L. Sp. 77. B. mollis L. Stems 8-36 inches long,
erect, often slender, usually pubescent below the panicle: sheaths shorter than
the internodes, mostly pubescent: ligules 3g line long: leaves 1-7 inches long,
1-8 lines wide, pubescent: panicle generally contracted, its branches erect or

770 GRAMINEAL BROMUS

ascending, 1-3 inches long: spikelets appressed-pubescent: empty glumes
acute, the first 3-nerved, tue second longer, 5-7-nerved: flowering glumes
broad, obtuse, 314-414 lines long. In fields and waste places.

war. GbABREscens Shear U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23, 20.
Spikelets glabrous or only scabrous throughout. In fields and waste places.

B. srizzrormis F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. iii, 30. Stems 8-24
inches high, erect, glabrous; sheaths shorter than the internodes: the
lower pubescent with soft villous hairs: ligules1 Jine long, erose-truncate:
leaves pubescent: panicle I-8 inches long, open, the branches ascending
or often drooping: spikelets few, }—1 inch long, compressed : empty glumes
very obtuse, the first 3-5-nerved, the second larger, 5-9-nerved : flowering
glumes, 3-4 lines long, very broad, obtuse, 6-nerved, not awned. ° In fields
and waste places.

§ 2° srenopromus Griseb. Annuals or biennials with mostly
narrow glumes and rather long awns.

B. Maonrrrensis L. Cent. Pl. i, 5. A tufted annual: stems erect, or
somewhat geniculate at base, smooth, 1-2 feet high,: sheaths smooth, or
the lower slightly pubescent: ligules about 1 line long, subtruncate and
acerate: leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle erect, 2-6 inches
long, oblong-ovoid, the lower branches somewhat spreading, 6-12 lines
long: spikelets 114-2 inches long, nearly smooth to scabrous, 7-11-flowered:
empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the first 1-nerved, 5-7 lines long, the
second 3-nerved, 7-8 lines long: flowering glumes linear-lanceolate 7-9 lines
long, distinct!y 3- or faintly 5-7-nerved, with 2 acute, hyaline teeth, bear-
ing along rough somewhat curved awn. Southern Oregon to California,
naturalized from Europe. ;

B. Gussonr Parl. Rar. Pl. Sic. 2, 8. An erect annual, 6-30 inches
high: sheaths pilose-pubescent: ligules 1-2 lines long, rounded above:
leaves pilose both sides: panicle lax, 4-8 inches long,' the upper part some-
what drooping: spikelets usually 3-7-flowered, 4-6 lines long: empty glumes
smooth, lanceolate acuminate, the first 8-10 lines long, strongly 1-nerved,
the second broader and longer, prominently 3-nerved: flowering glumes
5-nerved, 10-12 lines long: awn stout, 2-244. inches long, very rough. In
waste places, Washington to California and Arizona.

B. rusens L. Cent. Pl. i, 5. A tufted annual:.stems about 10 inches
high, erect, pubescent toward the top: sheaths pubescent: ligules 14-1
line long, laciniate-dentate: leaves 2-7 inches long, pubescent both sides:
panicle erect, compact, ovoid, usually purplish, 2-4 inches long: spikelets
mostly 7-11-flowered, 1-144 inch Iong: empty glumes acuminate, smooth
to scabrous, the first narrow, 1-nerved, 3-5 lines long; the second broader
and longer, 3-nerved; flowering glumes 7-8 lines long, lanceolate, acute,
5-nerved, scabrous, deeply cleft at the apex into 2 long-acuminate hyaline
teeth: awns straight, 8-12 lines long. In waste places: introduced from
Europe.

B. sterius L. Sp. 77. Stems 114-3 feet high, erect, smooth, from an
annual or biennial root: sheaths nsually shorter than the internodes, the
lower sometimes pubescent: ligules 1 line long: leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3
lines wide, usually more or less pubescent: panicle 5-10 inches long. its
branches ascending, or often widely spreading, not one-sided, stiff: spike-
lets few, 5-10-flowered; spreading or pendulous: empty glumes acuminate,
glabrous, the first 1-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering glumes
6-8 lines long, acuminate, 7-nerved, scabrous on the nerves: awns 7-12
lines long. In waste places; introduced from Europe.

B. vecrorum L. Sp. 77. Stems 6-24 inches high, erect, from an annu-
al root, simple, smooth : sheaths usually exceeding the internodes, at least

BROMUS GRAMINEA 771

the lower ones softly pubescent: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 1-4 inches
long, 1-2 lines wide, softly pubescent: panicle 2-6 inches long, open, its
branches slender and drooping, somewhat one-sided: spikelets numerous,
5-8-flowered, on capillary recurved slender pedicels: empty glumes acu-
minate, usually rough or hirsute; the first 1-nerved, the second longer,
3-nerved; flowering glumes 4-6 lines long, acuminate, 7-nerved, usually
rough or hirsute: awns 6-8 lines long. In fields and waste places: natur-
alized from Europe.

§ 2 zERNA Panz. Short-lived perennials, usually with a weak
drooping panicle and more or less pubescent flowering glumes.

B. Pacificus Shear U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23, 38. Stems -
stout, leafy, pubescent at the nodes, 3-6 feet high: sheaths mostly retrorse-
ly pilose: ligules 134-2 lines long rounded above, somewhat lacerate-den-
tate: leaves 8-14 inches long, 4-7 lines wide, sparingly pilose above, scab-
rous beneath: panicle dense, drooping, its lower branches secund: spikelets
1 inch long, 7-11-flowered, coarsely pubescent throughout: empty glumes
acute, the first l-nerved, or rarely with 2 short lateral nerves, 3-4 lines
long, the second broader and 3-5-nerved; flowering glumes inconspicuously
7-nerved, broadly lanceolate, emarginate, 6-7 lines long: awn straight,
2-3 lines long. In moist thickets near the sea, Clatsop County, Oregon.

B. Orcuttianus Vasey Bot. Gaz. x, 223. An erect perennia} 2-5 feet
high, sheaths pubescent: ligules 4% line long: leaves nearly smooth, 5-10
inches long, 3- 9 lines wide: panicle erect, thin, 5-7 inches long, its bran-
ches in twos and threes, bearing 2-3 spikelets each, spreading: spikelets
4-8-flowered the first empty glume linear, acute, 1-3-nerved: 4 lines long,
the second linear, almost acute, 3-nerved, 5-6 lines long, flowering glumes,
scabrous, rounded on the back, lance-elliptical, 5-7nerved, 6-7 lines long,
obtuse: awn 2-6 lines long: palets linear. On the high mountains Wash-
ington to lower California.

B. vulgaris Shear |. c. 48. Stems slender, erect, 30-40 inches high,
pubescent below the nodes, which are retrorsely bearded: sheaths pilose,
with spreading or reflexed hairs: ligules truncate, 1-234 lines long: leaves
7-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, thinly pilose above, glabrous or sparsely
pilose beneath: spikelets covered with a short coarse pubescence, the first
narrow, very acute 8-4 lines long: 1-nerved, the second much broader and
longer, 3-nerved, scabrous on the back: flowering glumes about 6 lines
long, sparsely pubescent, 5-nerved, awns slender, 5-6 lines long. In open
woods. California to Brit. Columbia and Montana.

Var. eximius Shear |. c. 44. More erect and robust: sheaths and
leaves glabrous: flowering glumes pubescent only on the midnerve and
near the base. Eastern Oregon and Washington.

V. robustus Shear 1. c. 44.. Tall and leafy: sheaths and leaves
sparingly pilose.: panicle larger. Along the coast, Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

B. levipes Shear 1. c. 45. Stems 30-40 inches high, from short creep-
ing rootstocks, pubescent just below the nodes: sheaths glabrous: ligules
114-2 lines iong, truncate, entire or lacerate-dentate: leaves 6-12 inches
long, 2-4 lines wide: panicle lax, drooping, 7-10 inches long: spikelets
drooping, narrow, terete, 5-9-flowered: empty glumes smooth, the first
acute, 3-nerved, 3-6 lines long,the second broader, 5-nerved, 5-7 lines long:
flowering glumes obtuse, 7-nervéd, 6-8 lines long, densely pubescent on
the margins and on the back at the base, hyaline and usually brownish-
yellow at the apex: awn straight 214-3 lines long: palets about 1 line long,
shorter than the glumes. In thickets, Washington to California, in the
Coast and Cascade Mountains.

B. Suksdorfii Vasey Bot. Gaz. x, 223. An erect coarse tufted per-

772. GRAMINEA BROMUS

ennial: stems smooth: or pubescent just below the nodes, 2-3 feet high:
sheaths smooth: ligules about 1¢ line long, truncate, dentate : leaves usually
5 or 6, 4-8 inches long, 5-6 lines wide, rather abruptly acuminate, firm and
smooth ; panicle narrow, erect, rather dense, 3-8 inches long, its branches
erect, or ascending, the longest 1-2 inches long: spikelets 5-9-flowered, 1-
14g inches long, terete at first: empty glumes glabrous, or scabrous on the
nerves the first acuminate-lanceolate, l-nerved, or sometimes with’a pair
of short lateral nerves, 5-6 lines long; the second broader, subacute, 3-
nerved, 6-7 lines long: flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate subacute, 7-8
lines long, 5 or 7-nerved, appressed-pubescent near the base, emarginate
at the apex: awn 1-2 lines long: palets about 34 as long as the glumes.
In open places on the high mountains, Washington to California.

B. rnermis Leyss. Fl. Hal. 16. An erect smooth perennial: steme
rather stout, smooth, 2-3 feet high : sheaths smooth: ligules 34-1 line long,
subtruncate, somewhat lacerate: leaves smooth or minately scabrous, 6-10
inches long, 2-6 lines wide: panicle, 5-10 inches long: spikelets narrow,
terete, 1-114 inches long; empty glumes smooth, the first narrow, acute,
1-nerved 2-214 lines long; the second subacuminate, 3-nerved,8-4 lines
long: flowering glumes obtuse, emarginate, 5-nerved, 6-7 lines long: glab-
rous, with or without a short awn: palet equalling the glumes. In fields
and waste places: introduced from Furope.

§ 3 cERATOCHLOA Beauv. as genus. Spikelets large, strongly
compressed and more or less keeled.

B. marginatus Nees in Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 322. B. breviarista-
tus Buckley. A densely tufted coarse perennial: stems erect ; 2-4 feet high,
mostly pubescent or puberulent: sheaths pilose-pubescent: ligules 114-2
lines long, laciniate: leaves somewhat sparsely pilose throughout, rather
rough 6-12 inches long, 3-6 lines wide: panicle erect, rather narrow, usually
4-8 inches long, the lower branches somewhat spreading in flower, 1-344
inches long: bearing 2 spikelets: spikelets 1-2 inches long, lateral compress-
ed, usually 7-9-flowered, erect or ascending: empty glume rather broad,
scabrous, the first subacute, 3- or 5-nerved, 4-6 lines long, the second
broader, obtuse, 6-7 lines long, 5 -7-nerved, the lateral nerves broad; flow-
ering glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, coarsely pubescent, 6-8 lines long,
7-nerved, with short hyaline, teeth at the apex: and a stout straight awn
2-3lines long: palets almost equalling the glumes. Common from Cali-
fornia to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains.

Var. latior Shear. 1. c. 55 Larger and stouter: panicle larger with
the lower branches 2-10 inches long, with the type.

Var. seminudus Shear 1. ¢. 55. More leafy and less pubescent or
nearly smooth, throughout: empty glumes glabrous or scabrous on the
nerves. With the type.

B. polyanthus Scribn. & Shear 1. c. 56. A rathes stout erect perennial :
stems erect,emooth ,or puberulent at the nodes, 2-3 feet high: sheaths smooth,
or sparsely pilose: ligules about 1 line long, rounded: leaves mostly scab-
rous: panicle elongated, erect, its branches usually short and erect or slight-
ly spreading; spikelets 134-2 inches long, 7-1l-flowered: empty glumes
broad, smooth or somewhat scabrous, the first 3-nerved, 3-4 lines long, the
second 4-7-nerved, obtuse, 6-614 lines long: flowering glumes 7-nerved, 6-9
lines long, smooth or scabrous, obtuse, emarginate, with broad hyaline
margins: awn 2-4 lines long. Washington to California and Wyoming.

B. Sitchensis Bong. Veg. Sitch. 173. Stems stout, leafy, smooth, 4-6
feet high; from a perennial root: sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth: ligules large, rounded, entire or somewhat lacerate, 114-214 lines
long: leaves 8-16 inches long, 5-7 lines wide, sparingly pilose above,
smooth beneath: panicle large, lax, drooping, 10-14 inches long: its lower

BROMUS GRAMINE 773
SCKIBNERIA

branches 8-12 inches long, weak, spreading, usually bearing 1-3 spikelets
on very slender pedicels: spikelets 1-3 inches long: empty glumes acute,
smooth, or scabrous on the nerves, 4-6 lines long; the second 5-7 nerved,
6-7 lines long: flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, acute, 7-8 lines long,
7-nerved, shortly bidentate at the apex, with an awn 3-5 lines long: palets
shorter than the glumes. Washington to Alaska, near the coast.

B. carinatus H. & A. Bot. Beech. 403. + Stems 20-30 inches high,
slightly pubescent at the nodes: sheaths mostly shorter than the in-
ternodes, retrorsely soft-pilose : ligules 114-2 lines long, sublaciniate: leaves
mostly narrow 4-10 inches Jong, 114-3 lines wide thinly pilose both sides:
panicle pyramidal, somewhat drooping: spikelets 114 inches long, 5-9-
flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous to slightly scabrous;
the first distinctly 3-nerved, or sometimes obscurely 5 -nerved, 4-5 lines
long, the second 5-nerved, 5-7 lines long, flowering glumes 7-nerved, pu-
berulent or short-pubescent, 7-8 lines long, bifid at the apex and tapering
into an awn 4-5 lines long; palets nearly equalling the glumes. Washing-
ton to California and Nevada.

B. Hookerianus Thiu:ber Bot. Wilkes, ii, 493. An erect tufted per-
ennial 20-30 inches high: sheaths smooth to densely hairy, ciliate at the
throat: ligules 44-1 line long, leaves 7-12 inches long: 2-3 lines wide:
panicle 7-15 inches long: spikelets 6-10 -flowered: empty glumes smooth,
compressed, acute; the first 5-nerved, 6-8 lines long,the second 7-8-nerved,
7-8 lines long: flowering glumes oval-lanceolate, scabrous or pubescent,
9-nerved, 7-8 lines long; awn 3-7 lines long. Brit. Columbia to California.

Tribe 8 Hordex Spikelets one-to several-flowered, usually

hermaphrodite, sessile along the common rachis, forming a simple
or compound spike. Glumes awned or awnless.

: 50 SCRIBNERIA Hack. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 105.

Annual grasses with slender stems and very slender spikes.
Spikelets one-flowered, sessile and half embedded in the alternate
notches of a more or less articulated usually simple spike.
Rachella very short, articulated above the lower glume, extended
asa short hairy awn beside the floret. Empty glumes 2, flow-
ering glumes a third shorter than the first, membranous, keeled,
bearing an awn between the teeth. Palets longer than the glumes.
Stamens 1. Stigmas sessile, feathery. Grain free, linear, laterally
compressed, with a groove. ,

S. Bolanderi Hack. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 105. Stems slender, tufted, often
geniculate and with a few branches from the base, 2-12 inches high:
sheaths loose, scarious-margined : ligules a line or more long, acute: leaves
8-10 lines long, convolute, mucronate: spike 1-4 inches long: very slender,
spikelets 2-8 lines long, solitary or sometimes 2 at each joint; glumes
very thick, except the first, 3-nerved, scarious-margined; the second slight-
ly shorter and 2-3-nerved: flowering glumes indistinctly 5-nerved, smooth
and shining below, scabrous near the irregulary 2-toothed apex, the mid-
nerve excurrent as an awn nearly aslong asthe glume. Along roadsides,
southern Oregon to California.

51 LOLIUM L. Sp. 83.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal spikes.
Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, sessile,alternate in the notches
of the usually continuous rachis, compressed, the edge of the
spikelets turned toward the rachis: glumes rigid, the lower one

774 GRAMINEZ LOLIUM
AGROPYRON

empty in the lateral spikelets and the two lower ones empty in
the terminal one: flowering glumes rounded on the back, 5-7-
nerved : palets 2-keeled. Stamens3. Styles distinct, very short,
with plumose stigmas. Grain adherent to the palets.

L. perenne L. Sp. 83. Stems 6-30 inches high, erect, simple, smooth,
from a perennial root: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules very
short: leaves 2-5 inches long: 1-2 lines wide, spike 5-8 inches long: spike-
leta 5-10 flowered, 4-6 lines long, empty glumes shorter than the spikelets,
strongly nerved ; flowering glumes 2-3 lines long, obscurely nerved, acumin-
ate or awned, the awn sometimes nearly as long as the glume. Common
in waste places: naturalized from Europe.

L. temucentum L. Sp. 83. Glabroua throughout: stems 2-4 feet high,
erect, simple, from an annual root: sheaths longer than the internodes:
ligules a line long or less: leaves 4-10 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, smooth
beneath, rough above: spike 4-12 inches long: spikelets 4-8-flowered, 5-9
lines long, the strongly nerved empty glumes equalling or exceeding the
obscurely nerved flowering ones. In fields: naturalized from Europe.

52 AGROPYRON J. Gertn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv, pt. 1, 539.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and
terminal spikes. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, sessile, solitary
and alternate at each notch of the usually continuous rachis, the
side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Glumes rounded
on the back, the two lower empty: flowering glumes rigid, rough
on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex.
Palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas
Sie Grain pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the
palet.

A. divergens Nees in Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 347. A slender densely
tufted glaucous perennial 1-3 feet high: lower sheaths longer than the
internodes, upper ones shorter: ligules very short: basal leaves numerous,
4-12 inches long: those of the stem 2-4 inches tong, all more or less convol-
ute and setaceous, nearly smooth: spikelets 3-8 inches i: slender :
spikelets 3-6-flowered; first empty glumes 3 lines long,3-nerved, the mar-
gins scabrous; the second 4 lines long, 5-nerved, with the midrib at one
side, awnless; flowering glumes, 4-5 lines long, plainly 5-nerved above:
awn stout, diverging or recurved, longer than the glumes. Common on
dry plains east of the Cascaderange. Brit. Columbia to California and
the Rocky Mountains.

Var. inermis Scribn. & Smith U.. S. Dept. Agr. Div, Agrost. Bull.

4, 27. Empty glumes unequal, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4-6 lines long ;

- flowering glumes 5-6 lines long, smooth: acute, or acuminate, awnless or

with a straight or spreading awn shorter than the glume. Eastern Wash-
ington to Brit. Columbia and ldaho.

Var. tenuispicatum Scribn. & Smith ]. c. Stems 2-3 feet high:
leaves very narrow, spikes slender, flexuous, 3-6 inches long: spikelets 5-7
lines long: awns 5-9 lines long, slender, straight, curved or divergent. On
high dry plains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana and Wyoming.

A. Vaseyi Scribn. &Sm.1. c. Stems rigid, erect, wiry,1-11¢ feet high,
glabrous, or glaucous: sheaths glaucous, shorter than the internodes:
ligules very short, leaves minutely strigose-pubescent above, rigid, 1-6
inches long, 1 line or less wide: spikes very slender, 2-4 inches long:
spikelets 4-5 lines long, 3-5-flowered: empty glumes oblanceolate, acute

AGROPYRON GRAMINEA 775

or acuminate, slightly unequal, scarious along the margins 3-4 lines long:
flowering glumes 4 lines long, lanceolate, acute, tipped with a stout div-
ergent awn 4-5 lines long. On dry plains, eastern Greren and Washington
to the Rocky Mountains.

A. caninum Beauv. Agrost. 102. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, smooth:
sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth, or the lower some-
times pubescent: ligules short: leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3 lines wide,
smooth beneath rough above: spikes 3-8 inches long, sometimes one-
sided, often nodding at the top: spikelets 3-6-flowered : empty glumes 414 -6
lines long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, awn-pointed or bearing an awn, 1-3
lines long; flowering glumes 4-5 lines long, usually scabrous toward the
apex, acuminate into an awn sometimes twice their own length. Eastern
Greon to Brit. Columbia, New Brunswick and North Carolina: also in

urope.

A. tenerum Vasey Bot. Gaz. x, 258. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, often
slender, glabrous: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glabrous:
ligules very short: leaves 3-10 inches long 1-2 lines wide, flat, or involute,
rough: spike 3-7 inches long, ‘ usually narrow and slender: spikelets 3-5-
flowered: empty giumes 4-6 lines long: acuminate or short-awned, 3-5-
nerved, scabrous, on the margins: flowering glumes 5-6 lines long, 5-
nerved, awn-pointed or short-awned, scarious-margined, often rough toward
ne ABER: On dry plains, easier Oregon to Brit. Columbia and

in nesota.

Var. longifolium Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 30. Stems 3-4 feet high,
smooth, and shining, rigid: leaves involute, nearly as long as the stems,
long attenuate-pointed: spike slender, cylindrical, 9-10 inches long:
glumes all short-awned. Northwestern California to Brit. Columbia.

A. brevifoliam Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 55.
Stems slender, densely cespitose, 12-16 inches high, usually geniculate at
the lower nodes, smooth: lower sheaths scabrous and somewhat purplish,
smooth: ligules short: leaves 114-3! inches long, 1-2 lines wide,
very acute, strigose, scabrous above, very smooth beneath: spikelets approx-
imate ,usually 3-flowered, empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2-3-nerved,
scabrous on the keel, short-awned ; flowering glumes 6 lineslong, 5-nerved,
scabrous on the back, short-awned. Onmountain sides, eastern Wash.

<A. violaceum Vasey Spec. Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. 45. Stems 6-24
inches high, erect, smooth: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes:
ligules very short: leaves 2-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat or involute,
rough, or sometimes smooth beneath, spikes 1-6 inches long, 2-3 lines
broad: spikelets 3-6-flowered: empty glumes broad: usually purplish,
scabrous-margined, 5-7-nerved, 4-6 lines long, acute, or acuminate, some-
times _awn-pointed or long-awned: flowering glumes often purplish, 5-7-
nerved, scabrous-margined, 4-6 lines long, acuminate or short-awned.
Idaho to Alaska and Ontario: also in Europe and Asia.

A. Secribneri Vasey: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 128. Stems densely
tufted, geniculate near the base, slender, 16-30 inches high, sheathe longer
than the internodes: ‘ligules. obsolete: leaves 1-3 inches long, involute,
narrow and rigid: spikes 2-4 inches long: spikelets 3-6-flowered: empty
glumes 3-4 lines long, linear-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, acuminate into a long
point: flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, 4 lines long, smooth, the mid-
nerve extended into a strong spreading or recurved awn. On high moun-
tains Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains.

A. Smithii Rydb. A. glaucum of American Authors, not of R. & 8,
Glabrous: stems rigid, erect, 1-4 feet high: sheaths smooth, shorter than
the internodes: ligules very short: leaves rigid, bluish-green, smooth or
slightly scabrous beneath, rough-scabrous on the margins, becoming in-

776 GRAMINEZ AGROPYRON
HORDEUM

volute, 4-7 inches long, 2~3 lines wide, those of sterile shoots narrower and
sometimes half as long as the stems: spikes 3-7 inches long; spikelets 6-12
lines long, 7-13-flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or awn-poin-
ted, scabrous on ‘the nerves: flowering glumes 4-6 lines long, narrowly
lanceolate, acute to awn-pointed, rounded on the back; smooth or thinly
pubescent. In meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Minnesota.

Var. molle Scribn. & Smith 1, c. Glumes and rachis more or less
villous-pubescent. Washington to the Saskatchewan and New Mexico.

A. Elmeri Scribn. U: S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 54. Stems
erect 3-5 feet high, from strong creeping rootstocks: sheaths smooth, the
lower ones longer than the internodes ligules short, minutely fringed along
the edge: leaves 6-I2 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, strigose, scabrous above,
smooth beneath, long attenuate-pointed spikelets 6-10-flowered: empty
glumes lanceolate, very acute or subaristate, rigid, about 1 line long, 3-
nerved, scabrous on the nerves: flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, sharp-
ly acuminate, 5-nerved, short-pubescent on the back. On sandy banks of
Snake river, Washington.

A. dasystachyum var. subvillosum Scribn, & Smith 1. c. 33. More
or less glabrous :-stems slender 2-4 feet high: sheaths nearly as long as the
internodes: ligules a mere ring: leaves of sterile shoots 14-14 as long as

‘the stems: spikes 5-7-flowered: empty glumes ovate-lanceolate acute to
acuminate: flowering glumes 3-5 lines long, pubescent tolanate. Eastern
Washington to Montana and Colorado.

A. lanceolatum Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 34. Pale yellowish-green 01
glaucous: stems 2-3 feet high: sheaths somewhat inflated, shorter than
the internodes: ligules very short; leaves 6-12 inches long, about 2 lines
wide, seabrous beneath and on the margins; pubescent to thinly hirsute
above; spikes 4-6 inches long; spikelets 5-10 lines long, 4-7-flowered ;
empty glumes unequal, narrowly lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate,
3-4 lines long, 3-5-nerved; scabrous or. the nerves; flowering glumes. 4-7
lines long, broadly lanceolate, acute, mucronate, truncate or bidentate,
rounded on the back, more or less pubescent, 3-nerved and scabrous toward
the apex. Eastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho.

A. pseudorepens Scribn, & Smith 1. c. 34. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect
or ascending from a geniculate base: sheaths glabrous, shorter than the
internodes; ligules 1 line long or less; leaves scabrous throughout, 4-8 inch-
es long, 1-3 lines wide; spikes 3-8 inches long: spikelets 3-7 flowered,
8-9 lines Jong, erect, and appressed: empty glumes linear-lanceolate acu-
minate or awn-pointed, 5-nerved, scabrous on the nerves and scarious-
margined : flowering glumes linear-oblong, acuminate, rounded on the back,
5-nerved, scabrous. Washington to Brit. Columbia, Nebraska and Texas,

Var. magnum Ccribn. & Smith 1. c. 35. Robust, 3-4 feet high:
leaves 8-22 inches long: spikes 6-8 inches long, one-side: spikelets crowded,
acute, aninch long. [daho to Montana and Colorado.

A. repens Beauv. Agrost. 146. Stems 1-4 feet high, from long runn-
ing jointed rootstocks: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glab-
rous: leaves 3-12 inches long, 1-5 lines wide, smooth beneath, scabrous
above: spikes 2-8 inches long, strict: spikelets 3-7-flowered: empty glumes
strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute, or awn-pointed: flowering glumes
acute or short-awned. Naturalized from Europe.

53 HORDEUM L. Sp. 84.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal
cylindrical spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in threes at
each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally imperfect. Rachilla

AORDEUM GRAMINEA 777

produced beyond the flower, the lower empty glumes often reduced
to awns and forming an appar ent involucre around the spikelets.
Empty glumes rigid: the flowering ones rounded on the back, 5-
nerved at the apex, awned. Palets about equalling the glumes, 2
keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually
adherent to the glume, hairy at the summit.

H. jubatum 1. Sp. 85. Stems 10-30 inches high, erect, usually slen-
der smooth, sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: smooth: ligules
}@ line long, or less: leaves 1-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, erect, rough:
spikes 2-4 inches long: spikelets usually in threes, the central one, con-
taining a perfect flower; lateral ones imperfect: empty glumes consisting
of slender rough awns 1-2)g inches long: flowering glumes of the central
spikelets 3-4- lines long: ecabrous at the apex, bearing a slender rough awn
1-24 inches long, the corresponding glume ofthe lateral spikelets short-
ea On dry soil eastern Oregon to California, Pennsylvania and

abrador,

H. Maritimum With. Arrang. 172. A smooth somewhat glaucous
annual: stems 6-18 inches long: sheaths about as long as the internodes,
the upper one inflated: ligules a mere ring: leaves 1-3 inches long, mostly
involute: spike subterete, scarcely exserted, 1-2 inches long, the rachis
breaking up when mature: spikelets an inch long, including the stiffawns:
empty glumes all lanceolate, not ciljate, one of each lateral spikelet a little
broader. Southwestern Oregon to California: introduced from Europe.

H. Gossoneanum Parl. Pl. Palerm. 244. Stems smooth often decum-
bent, 1U-16 inches long: leaves thin, flat, finely pubescent, 1-3 inches long,
about 1 line wide: spikes subterete, exserted, 1-2 inches long, breaking
up when mature, empty glumes reduced to mere bristles, 6-8 lines long,
except the inner one to each lateral spikelet is twice as wideas the others:
flowering glumes oval, rough, 5-nerved, the awn 8 lines long. Oregon to
California, introduced from Europe.

H. murmum L. Sp. 85. A coarse decumbent annual: sheaths about
equalling the internodes: ligules very short: leaves 144-3 inches long, often
hairy: spike 2-4 inches long: often partly included in the upper sheath sli-
ghtly compressed, soon breaking up when mature: spikelets, including the
awns, 1-2 inches long, empty glumes of the middle spikelets lanceolate,
with ciliate margins: flowering glumes scabrous above, flat on the back,
8-10 lines long. In waste places, introduced from Europe.

H. pusillum Nutt. Gen. i, 87. Stems 4-16 inches high, smooth:
sheaths loose, usually shorter, than the internodes, smooth, the upper
often enclosing the base of the spike: ligules very short: leaves 11-3
inches long: 34-2 lines wide, smooth beneath, rough ahove: spike 1-3
inches long, spikelets usaally in threes: glumes awned, the empty ones
scabrous: flowering glumes smooth, that of the central spikelets 3-4 lines
long : short-awned that of the lateral spikeletasmaller. In dry soil Californ-
ia to Brit. Columbia Nebraska and Texas. _

H. nodosum L. Sp. ed 2, 126. AH. pratense Huds. Stems 1-4 feet
high, often geniculate below, simple, smooth; sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes: ligules 14 line long, truncate: leaves 144-6 inches long, 1-3 lines
wide, flat, rough: spike 1-4 inches long, flat, often arcuate: empty glumes
awn-like: flowering glumes of the central spikelets 3-4 lines long, bearing
an awn 3-6 lines long; that of the latera! spikelets much smaller. Common
in meadows, California to Alaska, Indiana and Texas also in Europe and
Asia.

H. boreale Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 24. Stems slender, erect, smooth:
sheaths shorter than the internodes the lower ones pubescent: ligules very

778 GRAMINEA ELYMUS

short, leaves 4-6 inches long, 2~4 lines wide, scabrous: empty glumes awn -
like 7-9 lines long, those of the lateral spikelets exceeding the other; flower-
ing glume of the central spikelets 5 lines long, broadly lanceolate, scabrous
toward the apex, bearing an awn about 5 lines long, that of the lateral
spikelets smaller, subulate-pointed or short-awned. California to Alaska.

54 ELYMUS L., Sp. 93.

Tall grasses with flat or involute leaves and dense terminal spikes,
Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, sessile, usually in pairs, sometimes
3 or more in the alternate notches of the continuous or jointed
rachis, the empty glumes forming an apparent involucre to the
clusters. Two lower glumes empty, narrow, acute or awned:
flowering glumes shorter, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually
bearingan awn. Palets a little shorter than the glumes 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles very short distinct, with plumose stigmas.
Grain sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet.

E. saxicolus Scribn. & Smith U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11,
56. Arather slender wiry densely cespitose perennial: stems 3-5 inchea
high, pubescent: sheaths pubescent: ligules very short: leaves 3-10 inches
long. 1-2 lines wide, pubescent on both sides, attenuate-pointed spikelets
2-5-flowered, about9 lineslong: empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 1-3-
nerved, about 3 lines long: .awns divergent, 10-12 lines long: -flowering
glumes 6 lines long, smooth or slightly scabrous near the apex, rather
broadly lanceolate and gradually apenas into a slender more or less di-
vergent awn an inch long. Among bowlders and rocky crevasses, summit
of Mount Chapaca. ‘

E. arenarius L. Sp. 83. Stems 13-8 feet high, simple, usually softly
pubescent at the summit: sheaths smooth, often glaucous, the lower
longer and_ the upper shorter than the internodes: ligules very short:
leaves 3-12 inches long, 114-5 lines wide, flat or becoming involute, smooth
beneath, rough above: spikes 3-10 inches long, usually strict: spikelets
3-9-flowered; empty glumes 8-14 lines long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, more
or less villous; flowering glumes 8-10 lines long, acute or awn-pointed,
5-7-nerved, usually very villous. On shores, California to Alaska and
across the continent: also in Europe and Asia.

E. arenicolus Scribn. & Smith 1. c, Cir. 9,7. A stout erect glaucous
perennial: stems simple, glabrous, 2-5 feet high; sheaths smooth or the
upper ones strigose-pubescent, nearly as long as the internodes; ligules
about 44 line long, coarsely fimbriate : leaves rigid, deeply furrowed on both
sides, strongly scabrous on the nerves, 1}g-2 feet long, 1-4 lines wide,
strongly involute and pungently pointed: spikes rather slender, 6-10
inches long, interrupted below: empty glumes subulate or narrowly lance-
olate, rigid, scabrous above, 4-6 lines long: flowering glumes rounded on
the back, acute, sparsely hirsute toward the base, 5-nerved, about 6 lines
long. On sand-dunes along the Columbia river near the Dalles.

‘E. mollis Trin. Spreng. N. Endt. ii, 172. Stems stout, 3-7 feet high:
sheaths smooth or more or less pubescent: ligules very short: leaves 16-20
inches long, 6-8 lines wide, strict and pungent: spike erect, 10-16 inches
long: spikelets 5-8-flowered, more or less soft-pubescent: empty glumes
1-1} inches long, 5-7-nerved: flowering glumes 8-10 lines long, 7-nerved.
Along the coast, Washington to Alaska, and Maine to Nova Scotia.

E. flavescens Scribn & Smith 1. c. Bull. 8, 8. Stems stout, 2-4 feet
high, usually pubescent just below the-nodes: sheaths smooth, often some-
what glaucous, the lowest becoming loose and fibrous: ligules very short:

wins GRAMINEE 779°

leaves 10-20 inches long, 2-4 lines’ wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above,

gradually tapering into very acute pungent tips: spikes linear, sometimes’
bran¢bing’and panicled : ‘spikelets ‘8-6-flowered, 6-12' lines long, villous’
with long whitish or yellowish hairs: empty glumes lanceolate, subaristaté-

pointed: flowering glumes broadly, lanceolate, very acute, densely silky-
villous on the back: flowering glumes 6-7 lines long. On sand dunes along
the Columbia river near the .Dalles.

'E. dasystachys Trin. Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i, 120. Stems stout, smooth,
2-3 feet high, from stout creeping rootstocks: sheaths smooth or scabroug,
shorter than the internodes‘ ligules very shurt: leaves rigid; more or less
involute, pungent-pointed, 4-18 inches long, 2-4 lines wide: spike’ strict, 3-6
inches long: spikelets 2 at each joint, 10-12 lines long, closely imbricated,
4-7-flowered: empty glumes, equal, 7-8 lines long, more .or less cilate,
short-awned, narrowly lanceolate 3-nerved: flowering glumes, more “or
less pubescent, slightly ciliate, 10-12 lines long, short-awned. Washington
to Alaska and Montana. ; ye ;

_E. . littoralis Turez. Stems rather. stout. and somewhat rigid, erect,’
8-4 feet high, glabrous: sheaths glabrous, the lower ones scarious, loose
" and sometimes bladeleas: ligules- very. short, minutely ciliate: leaves 10-20
inches long, 2-3 linées‘wide; glabrous beneath. strongly Syrdpowe Pubra cen
above, very long acuminate-pointed, becoming involute: spikes 10-12
inches long, rather loosely flowered, often branched : spikelets 5-9-flowered ::
empty glumes narrowly lan¢eolate, scabrous on the keel, especially toward{
the rigid subulate apex :, fowering glumes 7-9 lines long, lanceolate, very
acute, or subaristate-pointed, 5-nerved, scarious margined’ rather densely
pubescent on the back below, the upper third glabrous. Eastern Wash-
ington to Idaho. ”

E, . condensatus Presi Rel. Hzenk. i, 265. Stems erect, smooth, 2-10
feet high: sheaths glabrous, the upper ones shorter than the internodes:
ligules 2-3 lines long, truncate; leaves 6-20 inches long, 8-11 ‘lines wide,
scabrous above: spike 4-16 inches long; usually stout, strict, often interrupt-'
ed. below, sometimes branched. at the base: spikelets 3-6-flowered: empty.
glumes subulate, 414-6 lines long, 1-nerved, usually rough: flowering’
glumes 4-5 lines Jong, generally awn-pointed, usually. scabrous. Common
from eastern Oregon and Washington to Brit. Columbia, Nebraska, Arizona
and California. es

E... triticoides Buckl.. Proc: Acad. Phila.'99. ‘Stems rather. slender,
2-4 feet high: ligules very short: leaves 7-12 inches. long, narrow, often
involute, the upper equalling or exceeding the stem : spikes 3-8 in shes long,
erect: spikelets 4-8-flowered, sometimes glaucous: empty glumes linear-
lanceolate, rigid, long-pointed, 4-6 lines long: flowering glumes firm, lan-,.
ceolate, acuminaté or short-awned, 7-nerved. Washington to California
and the Rocky Mountains, ys. 3 a

E. glaucus Buckl..1. c. £. Americanus Vasey & Seribn. Stems
erect, 2-5 feet high, ae sheaths often shorter than the internodes,
usually glabrous: ligules'1 line longor less: leaves 4-12 inches long, 2-8 linea
wide,’ smooth beneath, sometimes scabrous above: spike 5-8 inches long,
slender: ‘spikelets appressed ta-the rachis, 3-6 flowered: empty glumes
natrow! lanceolate, 4-6. lines-long, acuminate or awn-pointed, rigid, 3~5--
nerved: flowering glumes smooth or slightly scabrous, 5-6 lines long: bear-
ing a slender straight awn 6-9 lines long. In moist soil California to Brit.
Columbia, Ontario, Michigan and-Arizona. ~~ > ’ Bot as :

E. Canadensis L. Sp. 83. Stems erect, 2-5 feet high, smooth: sheaths
usually shorter than ‘the internodes :‘ligules very short : leaves ‘4~12 inches
long, “5-10 lines ‘wide; scabrous, sometimés glaucous: spike 4-12 inches”
long, stout, often nodding: spikelets spreading, 3-5 flowered : empty
glumes narrowly lanceolate,’ or subulate, ‘rigid, 3-5-nerved ‘,4-8’ lines long,

780 GRAMINEA SITANION

tapering into an awn as long or longer than the body: flowering glumes
4-7 lines long, nearly smooth to hirsute, bearing a slender scabrous awn,
1-2 inches long. On river banks and bars, Oregon to Nova Scotia, Georgia
and Texas.

E. Capor-Mepus# L. Sp. 84. Stems slender 12-20 inches long, genic-
ulate below: sheaths about equalling the internodes: ligules very short:
leaves 2-3 inches long, involute: spike stout, 14g-2inches long, dense: spike-
lets 1-2-flowered: empty glumes narrow, rough, spreading, about an inch
long: flowering glumes hispid, 3-4 lines long, gradually tapering into an
awn 2-214 inches long. On dry prairies, southwestern Oregon: introduced
from Europe.

55 SITANION Raf.

Tall annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and
terminal spikes. Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, sessile, usually in
pairs in alternate notches of the pointed rachis. Empty glumes
forming an apparent involucre to the cluster: glumes very long,
often 2-parted to the base, the divisions unequal, '2-cleft and
long-awned: flowering glumes long-awned, 2-toothed or 3-awned.
Palets a little shorter than the glumes, 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles very short, distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain sparsely
hairy at: the summit, adherent to the palet.

S. elymoides Raf. Journ. Phys. lxxxix, 103: Elymus Sitanion Shultes.
Stems simple smooth, 6-24 inches high : sheaths smooth to rough or hirsute,
usually shorter than the internodes, the upper ones often inflated and
enclosing.the base of the spike: ligules short: leaves 2-7 inches long, 34-2
lines wide, usually scabrous, sometimes hirsute, flat or involute; spike 2-6
inches long: spikelets 1-5-flowered: empty glumes entire or dlvided, often
to the base, thé divisions subulate and bearing long unequal slender awns:
flowering glumes 3-5 lines long, 5-nerved, scabrous toward the apex, bear -
ing a long slender divergent awn 1-3 inches long. In dry soil, California to
Brit. Columbia and Kansas.

S. glaber J. G. Smith. Stems stout, erect, densely ceapitose, 12-20
inches high: sheaths loose, longer than the internodes, aubnae leaves
2-6 inches long, glabrous beneath: spikes 2-4 inches long, barely exserted :
awns of the flowering glumes 2-214 inches long. Washington to California.

8. villosum J. G. Smith. Stems stout, mostly erect, 10-15 inches high:
sheaths densely hirsute: leaves’ short, flat,'‘strigose-pubescent and some-
what hirsute: spike 3-4 inches long, encloséd in the upper sheath: empty
glumes 3-8-parted, each part bearing a. slérider awn ‘2-4 inches long; flow-
ering glume lanceolate, 3-awned, the middle awn stout, 4-5 inches long,
the lateral ones slender and usualy shorter.: Common in dry ground
about Pullman, Washingtoni:. 0°. 6

S. Leckenbyi Piper Fl. Palouae.Reg. 32... Stema stout, erect, 234-3
feet high: sheaths glabrous ur on sterile Shoots.ciliate: leaves stiff, erect,
2-7 inches long, involute glabrous, beneath, strigose aboye, sharply acu-
minate: spike 5-7 inches long, slender,usually erect, long-exserted : empty
glumes 4, equal, 242-8 lines:long, entire,.setaceous: flowering glumes lan-
ceolate, 5-6 lines long, smooth, at, base, scabrous above, bifid at the apex
and tipped with a atraight.awn 144-2 inches long. Bars of Snake river at
Wawawai, Washington. oe ne

S. flexuosum Piper |,c. Stems tufted 114-3 feet high, erect: sheaths
glabrous. or: on sterile shoots. villoug:; leaves 2-6 inches long, involute,
strigose-pubescent on both sides, or the upper nearly smooth: spike slender,
erect, 4 Inches long, long-exserted: empty glumes subulate-setaceous, 1-2

TAXUS TAXACER 781

lines long, tipped with an awn 5-6 lines long, sometimes with 2 very short
lateral awna: flowering lumes lanceolate, smooth at the base, scabrous
above, bifid, bearing a divergent awn 114-2 incheg.long. Bars of Snake
river at Wawawai, Washington. eal }

S. Brodiei Piper 1. c. Stems erect, 114-2 feet high: leaves stiff,
smooth on both sides, involute, 5-7 inchea long: spike pale green, long-
exserted, erect, 233-334 inches long: empty glumes subulate, entire, 4
lines long, bearing an awn 6 lines long: flowering glumes lanceolate, dense-
ly appreased-pubescent, 6 lines long, rarely with 2 short lateral awne.
Bishop’s Bar, Snake river, Washington. ;

Crass 2, GYMNOSPERMZ.

Moneecious or diecious trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen,
with usually rigid needle-like; subulate, or scale-like leaves.
Ovules naked upon a scale, bract or disk, or within a more or
less open perianth, ,

» SYNOPTICAL KEY.

110 Taxacew Diccious evergreens: flowers solitary and axillary: ovule
aolltaey: in fruita bony seed within a fleshy envelope or cup-shaped
isk.

111 Pinacew Mostly moncecious and evergreen trees or shrubs: staminate
flowers in aments: pistillate flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or
berry-like, ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale.

Orper 110 TAXACE/ Lindl. Nat. “Syst. ed. 2, 316.

Sparingly resinous trees or shrubs with scattered, in. ours ever-
green, linear leaves spreading in 2 ranks and dicecious axillary -
and solitary flowers achlamydeous and naked or surrounded.
by the imbricated and usually decussate bud-scales. Staminate
flowers with the filaments monadelphous in a column, each fila-
ment surmounted by several.more or less united pendent an-
ther-cells, dehiscing longitudinally on the lower side, . Pollen
globose. Pistillate flowers of a solitary orthotropous ovule
which in fruit becomes a bony-coated seed raised upon or more
or less surrounded by or consolidated with a fleshy disk, cup or
other coating. ‘Embryo axile, in fleshy or farinaceous albunien. *.
Cotyledons only 2, semiterete.

‘ 1 TAXUS L. Sp. 1040. | ; foie

Trees or shrubs with evergreen spirally arranged short-pointed
linear flat mucronate leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked,
and axillary and solitary sessile or subsessile very small aments.
Staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8
stamens, their filaments united to the middle: anthers 4—6-celled.
Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy annular
disk, which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy
disk which becomes cup-shaped, red and nearly encloses the bony
seed.

T. brevifolia Nutt. Sylva iii, 86 t. 108. A tree 20-90 feet high, by

782 PINACEE JUNIPERUS

1-3. feet in diameter, with slender spreading, or drooping-branches ;, leaves
6-12 lines long, acubiinate, and cuspidate, the margins somewhat revolute,
bright green ‘above, glaucous beneath, abruptly narrowed at the base into
a short slender petiole: staminate amenta 134 lines broad : fruit amber-red
3-6 lines in diameter, much flattened: seeds broadly ovate and ‘somewhat
flattened,’ acute: ovary 2.lineslong. Common from western Brit. 'Colum-
‘bia to California. 2 ”

Orpen 111 PINACEZ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 313.

Resinous trees dr shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow or
scale like entire leaves and monoecious or rarely dioecious
flowers. . Staminate flowers reduced to the stamens only which
are indefinite in, number and often numerous,, the; filaments
upon a central axis with the 2 or more anthers either adnate to
.the back of the connective or suspended from the under
side of its scale-like or peltate summit, the. cells dehiscing
variously. Pistillate aments consisting of few to many scales,
becoming a dry cone in fruit or fleshy and berry-like. Ovulés
naked, two or more at or on the base of-each scale, adnate or
free, erect or inverted: Seeds naked or winged, with chartace-
ous or crustaceous or sometimes bony testa. Embryo straight,
axile, in fleshy oily albumen. Cotyledons two to several in a
‘whorl. yd. oh

TRIBE I CupressINE£ Scales of the fertile aments few, decus-

sately ‘opposite, ‘apparently single, becoming a small cone or

connate into a drupe-like globulus. |
_# Leaves opposite or in three’s, never 2-ranked: flowers diccious:
fruit -drupe-like, with bony ovate seeds. pete
‘1 Juniperus Ovules in ‘pairs or solitary at the base of the fleshy scales:
‘seeds 1-5 or more: fruit globose, ripening the second season.
'-* # Leaves opposite: flowers moncecious: fruit a dry cone.
+ Cone subglobose, of spreading, peltate or cuneate scales: seeds —
‘one or more to each scale, angled or narrowly winged. |, ;

2 Chamecyparis Leaves and branches more or less 2-ranked: seeds
one or two to each scale, | oy ae aie Bg
+ + , Leaves 2-ranked: cone oblong, of. imbricated or :valvate. ob-

long ecales: seeds 2 or more to each scale, maturing the first year. . _

8 Thuja Scales 8-12, rather thin, imbricated : seeds equally 2-winged.

4 Libocedrus : Scales thick-coriaceous, valyate, only the middle pair
fertile: seeds unequally 2-winged. iva ae ;
‘ A : eo : ' ey 7 ; ;

TRIBE 11, TaXopINEZ Scales of the fertile aments more num-
erous and spirally-arranged, in fruit forming a woody cone.

4 Sequoia Large trees with short-linear to ovate-lanceolate acute cari-
cnate leaves and ovate cones with cuneate spreading scales.

‘TRIBE m1, ABIETINEZ Scales of the fertile aments numerous,
spirally imbricated, carpellary, each in the axil of a thin distinct
persistent bract, in fruit becoming coriaceous or ligneous: and
forming a,strobile or:cone..

JUNIRERUS PINACEA 783

* Leaves not in sheaths, mostly entire: flowers on last’ years bran-
chlets: cones maturing the first year.

+ Branchlets emooth, the leaf-scars not raieed.
++ Leaves in fascicles at the ends of small branchlete, deciduous.
6 Larix Cones pendant at the ends of short branchlets, with thin persis-
tent scale: seeds without resin vesicles. j
++ + Leaves solitary and scattered along the branchlets, peréistent.

7 Abies ‘Leaves sessile, leaving circular scare: cones erect, their scales
and bracts:deciduous from the central axis: seetis with resin vesicles.

8 Pseudotsuga Leaves petioled, the scars transversely oval:: cones pen-
dulous, their scales and bracts persistent on, the central axis: seeds

without resin vesicles.
+ + Branchlets rough from the prominent persistent leaf-bases:
cones pendulous, their scales and bracts persistent on the central axis.
9 aed de Leaves petioled, with a single dorsal duct: seeds with’ resin
vesicles.

10 Picea Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, with 2 lateral complete or
incomplete ducts: seeds without resin vesicles. ‘

..,* * Cones maturing in the. second year their bracts ‘becoming
torky and thickened: leaves of the perfect plant in bundles of I-5,
from the axil of scarious bracts, their bases surrounded by a sheath of
-Bcabrous hud-scales, usually serrulate.

11 Pinus Leaves needle-shape, the resin-ducts inconstant in number
and variously placed. - ao j

Tribe 1,.Cupressinex. Cupressinex.and Juniperex Endl. Syn.
Conif. 6. Leaves decussately opposite, or ternate, often dimorphous,
usually scale-like.and mostly adnate, the earlier ones free and subu-
late: leaf-buds not scaly. Anther-cells 2-8, introrse on, the lower
part of the face of the peltate connective-scale, Pollen-grdins sim-
ple. Séales of the-fertile aments few, decussately opposite, apparently ..
single, becoming. a small cone or connate into.a .drupe-like fruit,
Ovules erect, solitary or rarely 2 to each scale. ‘Cotyledons usually 2.

is ‘1 JUNIPERUS L.' Sp. 1038, Sarre

_ Shrubs or trees with opposite or verticillate subulate or scale-
like segsile evergreen leaves, usually of 2, kinds, and.dioecious
or sometimes monoecious small globose axillary or terminal
aments. Staminate aments oblong.or ovoid. Anther-cells 4-8
under each shield-shaped scale. Fertile aments of 2 or 3 series .of
fleshy scales, with 2 erect ovules to.each scale, in fruit becoming
united into a blue-black or reddish drupe, ripening the second
season. ‘Seeds 1-12, ovate, bony. - ee

§ 1 Oxyceprus Spach Ann. Se. Nat. 2nd:° Ser. xvi, 289.
Leaves ternate; free and jointed at the base, ‘ linear-subulate,
pungent, channelled and white-glaucous above,'not glandular-
pitted. ° Ver

J. communis L. Sp..1040. A low tree or erect ‘shrub 1-25 feet high:

with shreddy bark, the branches spreading or drooping : leavesall subulate,
rigid, spreading or come of the lower reflexed, mostly straight, verticillate

( e Hl

784 PINACEA | CHAMEZCYPARIB
in threes, often with smaller: ones in their axils, 5-10 lines long less than
1 line wide, channelled and commonly -whitened on the upper surface:
berry-like cones sessile or nearly so,dark blue, 3-4 lines.in diameter.
On dry hills, northern Washington to Brit. Columbia and Pennsylvania.

J. nana Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 854. A depressed. rigid shrub seldom over
18 inches high, forming irregular patches often. 10 feet in diameter: leaves
‘lanceolate, acute and cuspidate, 4-6 lines long, channelled and white above,
dark green and carinate beneath, mostly incurved : amenta axillary : berry-
like cones’ blue, 3-5 lines in diameter. Common in the high mountains
and along the coast. California to Alaska and across the continent: also in
Europe and Asia.

§ 2 Sapna Spach.J. c. 291. Leaves ternate or.opposite, of
2 forms, mostly adnate and scale-like, closely appressed and
crowded upon the branches and often glandular-pitted, occasion-
ally more distinct, free and subulate. _ . :

J. occidentalis Hook. FI. ii, 166. A rather small tree 20-50 feet high
and 1-2 feet in diameter: leaves in threes scale-like, closely imbricated
and appressed, ovate, acute, convex on the back: usually very resinous
fruit on short b
in diameter, blue-black, resinous: seeds 1-3, deeply pitted. On very dry
plains and banks, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho.

J. scopulorum Sargent. J. Virginiana of authors ‘as to the western:

iree. A tree 10-50 feet high, 1-2 feet in diameter: leaves mostly opposite;
all those of young plants and commonly some of those of twigs of older trees
subulate, spiny-tipped, 2-4 lines long, those of the mature branches scale-
like, acute or subacute, closely appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing
the twigs to appear quadrangular: aments terminal: berry-like cones light
blue, glaucous, abouf 3 lined in diameter, borne on straight peduncle-like
branchlets of less than their own length, 1-2-seeded. In dry soil, eastern
Washington to Brit. Columubia. ; :

2 CHAMHCYPARIS Spach Hist. Veg. ii, 329. (1842,)

Trees with minute opposite appressed 4 ranked scale-like ever-
green leaves and small monecious terminal aments. Staminate
aments globose, with opposite 2—4-celled athers, the cells globose,
2-valved. Fertile aments globose, with few peltate opposite seales
each bearing 2-5 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a
central point or knob. Seeds winged, maturing’the, first year.

C. Lawsoniana Parlat. DC. Prodr: xvi, 464. A tall tree 100-200 feet
high and 2-6 feet in diameter, with slender spreading or drooping branch-
es: leaves small, deep green with a glaucous margin when young, acute or
acutish, more or less glandular-pitted: cones 4lines in diameter glaucou’
when young, of 8-10 scales with the flattened stimmit crossed by a narrow
transverse ridge: seeds 2-4 to each scale, wing-margined, 2 lines long.
ae streams in the coast mountains, southern Oregon and northern

alifornia.

C. Nootkatensis Spach Hist. Veg. xi. 333. A slender tree 50-150 feet
high and 1-3 feet in diameter at the base, with slender drooping branches
and terete branchlets: leaves small, very acute, dark green, obscurely
glandular: cones globose, 5-6 linesin diameter, of 4-6 thick green scales
with very prominent central bosses: seeds 2-4 to each scale, thick and nar-
pe winged. On the highest parts of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon to

aska.

ranchlets, solitary, numerous, globose or obovoid, 3-4 lines.

THUJA PINACEZ 785
LIBOCEDRUS

3 THUJA L. Sp. 1002

Trees with thin fibrous bark, scattered branchesand distichous
evergreen foliage. Leaves opposite, adnate and imbricated in 4
rows, oblong, with free acute tips somewhat dimorphous.. Flow-
ers monecious. Aments terminal, of few scales decussately
imbricated -in pairs. Staminate flowers numerous, very small,
with 3 or 4 anthers under each of the 4 or 6 subpeltate broadly
ovate pointed scales. Pollen grainssimple. Fertile aments ter-
minating stouter branchlets, of 8-12 erect scales, with 2 or more
" erect ovules at the base of each. Cones soon strongly reflexed,
maturing the first season, small, the thin-coriaceous scales ovate,
the lowest and’ uppermost pairs sterile. Seeds lanceolate and
somewhat compressed, nearly equally, winged.

T. plleata Don Hort. Cantab. ed. 6, 249. 7. gigantea Nutt. A tall
graceful tree 100-250 feet high and 2-12 feet in diameter at base : foliage light
green and shining: leaves ovate, acuminate and subpungent: cones 5-8
lines long, ovate, cinnamon-colored, somewhat clustered at the ends of
branchlets, the ovate scales with a thin acute usually appressed mucro, the
lowest arid uppermost pairs sterile, the others with 2-6 ovules: seeds a little
shorter than the wings which are 3 lines long, distinct and slightly unequal.
Frequent in forests California to Alaska and Idaho.

_ 4 LIBOCEDRUS Endl. Syn. Conif. 42. (1847.)

Evergreen trees with smooth or fissured bark, scale-like leaves
and moneecious or dicecious flowers. Leaves decussately opposite,
imbricated by fours and dissimilar, the facial ones smaller, flat
and appressed, the marginal ones bract-like and keeled. Aments
solitary, terminal : the staminate ones with subpeltate scales, each
with 3-4 longitudinally dehiscent anthers on the dorsal side.
Fertile aments bracteate; with 4-6 decussately opposite erect
scales, the lower pair-usually sterile, the third when present con-
nate into a longitudinal septum. Ovules 2 to each scale, flask-
shaped, Cone ripening, the first year, its scales subwoody, mu-
cronate below the apex, erect, at length spreading. Seeds in pairs
or solitary.. Cotyledons two. S

L. decurrens Torr. Pl. Fremont 7, t 3. A talltree 100-150 feet high
by 3-7 feet in diameter, with lax scattered spreading branches: leaves
bright greén, in 2 decussate pairs at each joint, closely adnate except the
short acute tip, the lateral without glands and nearly covering the flat-
tened obscurely pitted inner ones: staminate’ flowers ovate, of 12-16 scales:
cones 9-12 lines long, scaly-bracted at base, oblong, tue lower scales very
short, the upper connate into’ ‘longitudinal septum, the middle pair
convex, obtuse at the tip, all with a short acute eomewhat incurved mucro:
seeds oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 lines long, the narrow outer wing scarcely
longer; the inner one broad and néarly'equalling the'scale. On dry hill-
sides, Oregon to California and: Nevada: ‘ i ee ‘

Tribe 2 ‘Taxodinex. Leaves’ alternate. Scales of the fertile
aments more numerous and spirally arranged, in fruit becoming a
woody cone. Ovules erect-.in some genera..inverted.
aM 5 SEQUOIA Endl.,Syn, Conif. 198.

‘Pall trees with. straight. columnar trunks, short spreading bran-

786 PINACES AEQUOIA
os LARIX, ,

Be dare

ches, linear leaves and monoecious flowers. Aments terminal
and axillary upon young shoots, of rather numerous spirally
arranged scales. Staminate flowers small, involucrate with scale-
like leaves, with 3-5 anthers under each subpeltate scale. Pollen —
grains simple. Fertile aments oblong-ovate, erect, with 3-7 in-_
verted ovules at the base of each scale. Cones maturing the
second year, woody, oval, the scales divergent at right angles
from the axis, thick and wedge-shaped with a rhomboidal rugose
umbilicate apex, setaceous-mucronate. Seeds compressed, oblong-.
obovate, with thick spreading margins. Cotyledons 4-6.” :
8S. simpervirens Endl. Syn. Conif. 198. Erect evergreen trees 100-350
feet high by 4-20 feet in diameter, with thick fibrous spongy bark, com-
paratively short ‘spreading branches and linear 2-ranked leaves: leaves
bright green above, glaucous beneath, spreading’ distichously, those of
the main branches appressed, acute, or acuminate and mostly pungent,
6-12 lines long, about 1 line wide: staminate aments about 2 lines long:
cones oblong, 9-12 lines long by. 6 lines thiek, of about 20 scales: seeds
raicteae 2-246 lines long. Near the coast, extreme southern Oregon and
ailfornia. ia

Tribe 8 Abietinee Endl. Syn. Conif..79. Leaf-buds scaly,
Leaves scattered or fascicled,. from linear to acicular. Staminate
. flowers spirally arranged and, subtended by involucral scales: an-
' ther-célls extrorse, parallel and contiguous upon the sides of a very
narrow connective which is often surmounted by.a scarious dilated
infleced tip. ' Scales of the fertile aments numerous, spirally imbri-
cated, carpellary, each in the azil of a thin distinct bract, in fruit,
becoming coriaceous or woody.and forming a cone. Ovules in pairs,
adnate to the inner face of each scale near the base, inverted.” Seeds.
separating from the scale at maturity, canspicwously winged. Coty-.

«

ledons 3-16.,

s

6 LARIX Adans. Fam. Pl. ii, 480. (1763 )’

Tall: trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small
narrowly linear deciduous leaves without sheaths in: fascicles on
short lateral scaly bud-like branchlets. Aments short, lateral,
monoecious; the staminate from leafless’ buds; the fertile buds
commonly leafy at base and the aments red: Pollen grains sim-
ple. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin,
spirally arranged, obtuse, persistent.

L. occidentalis Nutt. Sylva iii, 143, t. 120. A large tree 100-200 feet
high and 1-6 feet in diameter, with thick reddish longitudinally fissured
bark: branches short, horizqntal, with glabrous branchlets: leaves nar-
rowly linear, “1-2 inches long, in alternate fascicles of 12-18, promptly
deciduous: cones ovate-cylindric, 1-134 inches long, its scales broadly ob-
long, truncate, ciliate-fringed when young: bracts scarious, dilated at
base, the narrow terminal part exserted. In the mountains of eastern
Oregon and Washington to Idaho. ete a

L. Lyallit Parlat. Enuin. Sem. Rey. Fl. 259. ‘A rather smail tree 50-'
100 feet high with horizontal or ascending branches, the branchlets and
bud-scales densely. pubescent with whitish hairs: leayes narrowly. linear,

\

ABLES PINACEZ 787

1-2 inches long, deciduous: cones oblong, 134-2 inches long, promptly
deciduous. In the Cascade Mountains of Washington.

Y ABIES Juss. Gen. 414. (1789.)

Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered leaves and monoeci-
ous flowers. Leaves sessile, often spreading so as to appear 2-
ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to a persistent

- base but leaving circular flat scars on the naked twigs. Stamin-
ate aments from the axils of the previous years leaves. Anthers
2-celled, the cells transversely dehiscent ; the connective prolonged
into a short knob or point. Pollen grains compound. Fertile
aments lateral, erect. Ovules 2 to each scale. Cones erect, cylin-
dric to ovoid, their broad obtuse scales deciduous from the persis-
tent central axis.

A. grandis Lindl. Penny Cyc. 130. ‘A tall straight tree 100-300 feet
high and 2-6 feet in diameter, with smooth brownish blotched with white
bark and spreading branches: leaves flat, dark glossy green and channel-
led above, glossy with two pale or white stripes beneath, 1-2 inches long:
cones cylindric, retuse, 2-6 inches long, 1-144 inch thick, with scales
nearly twice as broad as long: the quite short obcordate or 2-lobed bracts
with or without a short point: wing of the seed very oblique, 2-4 lines
long. oo in moist places in forests, Brit. Columbia to California
and Idaho.

A. Lowiana Murr. Syn. Var. Conif. 27. A tall graceful tree 100-200
teet high and 2-3 feet in diameter, with, when mature, dark-colored fis-
sured bark and spreading branches: leaves 2-ranked, 1-2 inches long,
green above, green with two white stripes beneath: cones cylindric, 2-4
inches long, with scales nearly twice as broad as long; bracts not exserted:
wing of the.seed oblique. In the Siskiyou Mountains and southward.

A. concolor Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. v, 210. A large tree 100-200
feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter, with rough grayish bark and spreading
branches: leaves mostly obtuse, pale green, those of younger trees and
lower branches elongated, 2-3 inches long, 2-ranked, often slightly chan-
nelled, those of old trees and of upper branches shorter broader and thicker,
convex above and often falcate, covering the upper side of the branchlets:
cones oblong-cylindric, 3-5 inches long 14-134 inch in diameter, pale
‘green to dull purplish: scales 12-15 lines wide, nearly twice as wide as
long: bracts truncate, not exserted: wing of the seed oblique, as long as
wide, In the mountains at 3000-4000 feet elevation, southern Oregon to
California.

A. lasiocarpa Nutt. Sylva, iii, 138, A small tree 50-75 feet high and
7-12 inches in diameter, with smooth whitish bark and drooping branches;
leaves of the main branches 1-244 inches long, erect, acute and pungently
pointed, those of the branchlets more or less spreading or curved upward,
rigid and more or less pungent: cones cylindric, usually purple, 2-3 inch-
es long, 24-1 inch thick: scales broader than long: bracts not exserted.
On the highest peaks of the Cascade Mountains.

A. amabilis Forbes Pinetum Wob. 125, t. 44. A slender tree 100-150

_ feet high and 1-8 feet in diameter, with smooth whitish bark and spreading

branches: leaves rigid; acute or obtuse, 1-2 inches long, on the lower
branches and on young trees 2-ranked, on the upper parts of mature trees
shorter and curved upward: cones dark purple, 2-4 inches long, 2-3 inches

788 PINACE PSEUDOTSUGA
TSUGA
in diameter: scales nearly twice as broad as long: bracts not exserted. On
the higher parts of the Cascade Mountains.

A. nobilis Lindl. Penny Cyc. i, 30. A very large tree 200-300 feet
high and 3-6 feet in diameter, with spreading branches and somewhat rough
dark gray or blackish bark: leaves rigid, acute or obtuse, 1-2 inches long, on
the lowest branches and on ‘young trees somewhat 2-ranked, flattish and slightly
grooved; on the upper branchlets curved upward and covering the upper side,
glaucous and keeled on both sides: cones cylindrical-oblong, 5-9 inches long,
2-4 inches in diameter, almost covered by the exserted and reflexed cuneate
cuspidate-pointed bracts: scales 12-18 lines wide by 12-15 lines long: seed
slender, with a cuneate somewhat retuse wing nearly as long as the scale: coty-
ledons 7 or 8. Common in the high mountains at 4000-6000 feet elevation,
Washington to California.

8 PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Uonif. ed. 2, 256.

Large trees with rough dark brown or whitish bark, flat dis-
‘ tinctly petioled evergreen leaves, that are stomatose only on the
lower side, with 2 lateral resin-ducts close to the epidermis of the
lower side, leaving on the branchlets scarcely prominent trans-
versely oval raised scars. Flowers monoecious, from the axils
of the previous year’s leaves. Staminate flower an oblong or
subcylindric column surrounded and partly enclosed by numer-
ous conspicuous orbicular bud-scales: commissure of the anthers
terminating in a short spur; the cells opening obliquely by one
continuous slit: pollen grains ovate-subglobose. Pistillate flow-
ers with the scales much shorter than the broadly linear’acutely
2-lobed long-pointed or aristate bracts. Cones maturing the first
year, with persistent scales and exserted bracts. Seeds without
resin-vesicles. Cotyledons 6-10.

P. Douglasii Carr. 1. c. A large tree 100-300 feet high and 2-15 feet
in diameter: leaves linear, mostly obtuse, 8-18 lines long, but slightly if at all
2-ranked, glossy green above, white with a green midnerve beneath: staminate
aments oblong-cylindrical, 5-10 lines long: cones oblong to cylindrical, 1-4
inches long: scales 10-14 lines wide, broader than long: bracts 2-8 lines wide,
more or less exserted, acutely 2-toothed or lacerate at the apex, the prominent
midnerve prolonged into along subulate awn: seed triangular, convex and red-
dish-brown on the upper side," flat and white on the lower side, about 3 lines
long, with an oblong usually obtuse wing 3-5 lines long. Common from
Alaska to Mexico and the Rocky Mountains.

9 TSUGA Carr. Conif. 185.

Large evergreen trees with slender often drooping terminal
branchlets and monoecious flowers. Leaves flat or somewhat
angled, with a single dorsal resin-duct, conspicuously petioled,
articulated upon a prominent and at length ligneous persistent
base. Staminate flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens in the
axils of last years leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous
bud-scales: commissure of the anthers terminating in a short
spur or knob: anther-cells opening transversely by a continuous
slit. Pistillate aments terminal on the previous year’s branchlets:
bracts somewhat shorter than the scales. Cones maturing the
first year, pendulous, the scales and enclosed bracts persistent on

TSUGA PINACEZ 789
PICEA

the axis. Seeds with resin-vesicles on the surface, winged.

YT. heterophylla Sargent. Abies heterophylla Raf. Tsuga Mertensiana
of authors not of Carr. A very large tree 100-200 feet high and 2-6 feet
in diameter, with rough rather thick bark: ultimate branchlets very slender,
roughish and when young long-hairy: leaves linear, 4-9 lines long, abruptly
pétioled, entire or usually spinulose-serrate toward the rounded apex, shining
above, when young with 2 white stripes beneath: staminate flowers 2-3 lines in
diameter, shorter than the stipe: cones oblong-cylindrical, acute, 4-9 lines long,
slightly pubescent: scales longer than wide: bracts truncate: seeds about 1 line,
long, the wing twice as long: cotyledons 2 or 4. In moist places in forestss
California to Alaska.

T. Mertensiana Carr. Conif. ed. 2, 250. T. Pattoniana Engelm. A
large tree 100-200 feet high and 1-4 feet in diameter, with rough dark brown
bark, slender pubescent branchlets and and dark green foliage: leaves 6-12 line,
long, angular, acutish, attenuate at the base, often curved, stomatose and keeled
both sides, unequal and appearing as if in fascicles: staminate flowers about 2
lines thick, on a very slender stipe: cones cylindrical-oblong, 2-3 inches long,
6-8 lines in diameter: seeds 214 lines long, with an obliquely obovate wing
about 4 lines long, On the high mountains California to Alaska.

10 PICEA Link Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1727, 179.

Large evergreen trees with reddish flaky bark and spreading
branches. Jeaves keeled above and beneath, more or less quad-
rangular, articulated on a prominent, at last ligneous, persistent
rhombic bage, spirally arranged all around the branchlets, some-
times by a twist of the base somewhat 2-ranked: resin-ducts
irregular. Staminate flowers axillary and terminal on the previ-
ous year’s branchlets, with an oblong or cylindrical staminal
column, its short stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales: the
commissure of the anthers expanding into a broad nearly circular
erect crest: anther-cells opening longitudinally. Pocllen-grains
large, with 2 air-sacs. Pistillate aments borne at the ends of
short or longer branchlets, the scales much longer than the bracts.
Cones maturing the first year, pendulous: scales and enclosed
bracts persistent upon the axis. Seeds without resin-vesicles,
imbedded in the membranous base of the wing which leavs its
under side nearly free and permits it to fall out. Cotyledons 4-8.

P. Breweriana Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 378. A slender tree
100-150 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter, with spreading or ascending bran-
‘ches and puberulent pendent branchlets, these sometimes 6-8 feet Jong and not
more than 4 lines in diameter: leaves 5-12 lines long, strictly sessile upon the
slender base, obtuse, smooth and rounded or slightly carinate above, stomatose
beneath on each side of the slightly pruminent midnerve: cones 2-4 inches
long, 8-10jlines in diameter, norrowly cylindrical, attenuate at base: bracts
linear-oblong, 2 lines long: scales thick, puberulent,. obovate, with slightly
thickened rounded summit, exrtire, 6-8 lines long: seeds 1}4 lines long, the
wing 4,lines long, 234 lines wide. On dry rocky ridges in the Siskiyou and
Coast Mountains of southern “Oregon and’adjacent- California,

P. Engelmanni Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 212, A tree 100-

” 150 feet high and 2-5 feet in diameter with cinnamon coloredjbark and spread-
ing branches with pubescentjbranchlets: leaves;soft{and flexible, standing out
in all directions from all sides of the branchlets, tetragonal, acute, with callus

790 PINACEA PICEA
PINUS

tips. slender, nearly straight on sterile branchlets, incurved and stouter
on fertile ones, 1-114 inch long, dark blue-green at maturity: staminate
flowers oblomg-cylindrical, about 7 lines long, 4 lines thick, the stipe about
4 lines long: anthers dark purple: cones oblong-cylindrical to ovate, 1-3
inches long, gradually narrowed to each end; scales thin, straight, usually
erose-dentate: seed black, about half as long as the broad very oblique
wing. In wet places on the high mountains, Oregon to Brit. Columbia
and the Rocky Mountuins.

P. Sitchensis Carr. Conif. 260 A very large tree, 200-300 feet high
and 4-12 feet in diameter with thin scaley red-brown bark : branchlets thick,
rough with the prominent persistent leaf bases, glabrous: leaves 5-8 lines
long, about 1 line wide, flattened, short-pointed or obtuse to acute, stomatose
and when young white on the upper surface: cones cylindrical-oval, 114-3
inches long, an inch thick or less: bracts lanceolate, rigid 44-44 as long as
the scales: scales yellowish, oblong soft, rounded and denticulate at the
apex, 9-12 lines long: seeds slender 134-14 lines long, the wing 4-5 lines
long by 1-114 lines wide, narrowly oblong or slightly oblique. Alongt he
coast California to Alaska.

11 PINUS L. Sp. 1000.

Evergreen trees of various sizes and aspect, with flaky bark
and monoecious flowers. Primary leaves only on young plants
and shoots, flat, subulate and serrulate: the secondary in bundles
of 1-5, from the axils of bud-scales and surrounded at base by a
more or less persistent sheath of membranous scales, needle-shaped,
terete, semiterete or triangular according as bundles are of 1 or
more, mostly delicately serrulate, with stomata on all sides:
resin-ducts various in situation and number. Staminate aments
an oblong or cylindrical often much elongated staminal column
surrounded by a somewhat definite number of calyx-like bud-
scales, the outer ones lateral and strongly keeled, from the axils
of scales and crowded into a capitate or spicate inflorescence
around the base of the same springs growth: anther-cells open-
ing longitudinally, the connective terminating in a knob or semi-
circular erect crest. Pollen-grains rather small, 2-lobed, with 2
air-sacs. Pistillate aments axillary or subterminal, solitary or
several together, the scales much larger than the bracts. Cones
maturing the second year. scales more or less thickened and
corky, the. free exposed portion bearing a terminal or dorsal un-
armed or prickly protuberance (umbo). Seeds without resin-
vesicles, usually surrounded by the rim-like base of the wing

which often spreads. partly over the outer side of the seeds.
Colytedoss 5-15.

§ 1 Leaves in, fives with peripheral resin-ducts, their sheaths
loose and deciduous. Cones subterminal. Scales comparatively
thin at the free exposed: apex, with a terminal unarmed umbo.
Anthers terminating in a knob or a few teeth, or in a short in-
complete crest.

P. Lambertiana Dougl. Linn. Trans. xv, 500. A large tree 100-300
feet high and 5-20 feetin diameter, with light brown smoothish bark and
spreading branches: leaves 3-4 inches long, rigid, with 5 or 6 lines of stomata

PINUS PINACEA 791

on each of the 3 sides, serrulate: staminate aments oval, 6 lines |
with 10-15 involucral scales: anthers denticulate-crested : "cones bright
brown,6-18 inches long, 3-4 inches in diameter, on peduncles 2-3 inches
long: seeds smooth, black, 4-6 lines long: the obtuse wing not quite twice
as long: colyledons 13-15. On dry hillsides Oregon to California.

P. monticola D. Don, Lambert Pinus 111. A-slender tree 1
feet high and 1-6 feet in diameter and rather slender spreading or ps
what drooping branches: bark of young trees light gray, on fully grown
tiees divided into nearly square plates coyered by small closely appressed
purple scales: leaves in fives, blue-green and glaucous, 114-4 inches long,
with brown or white soon deciduous sheaths: staminate flowers oval, 4-5
lines long, the stamens terminating in short crests or knobs, surounded by 8
bracts: pistillate flowers oblong-cylindric, with thin scales raised upon
stout peduncles: cones 4-11 inches long, pendulous, 1-2 inches thick:
scales thin, oblong-ovate,1-11¢ inches long, slightly thickened and smooth
toward the apex, tipped with a small dark ition seeds narrowed at both
ends, 4 lines long. On the high mountains, California to Brit. Columbia.

P. flexilis James Long’s Exped. ii, 34. A stout tree usually 40-80
feet high with a short massive trunk 1-4 feet in diameter: with short stout
flexible spreading or somewhat ascending branches and whitish or on old
trees dark brown bark: leaves stout and rigid, sharp-pointed with callous
la dark green, about 2 inches long, with light brown or white soon de-
ciduous sheaths: staminate flowers oval, about 6 lines long, the reddish
anthers tipped with short crests, surrounded by 8 or 9 scales: cones oval
to subcylindrical, 3-10 inches long, about 144 inch thick: scales rounded
at the broad or somewhat narrowed apex, tipped with a dark thickened
umbo: seeds oval, 4-6 lines long. On the high mountains, eastern Oregon
to California and the Rocky Mountains. ° ;

P. albicaulis Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis ii, 209. A stout tree
20-60 feet high and 1-3 feet in diameter with smooth light-colored bark :
leaves slender, 114-3 inches long, with few rows of stomata on the inside,
entire or nearly so: staminate aments short: anthers tipped with a spur:
cones oval to globular, 144-3 inches long, 134-3 inches thick, purplish-
brown: scales thick and somemhat fleshy, at length deciduous from the
central axis: seeds oval, turgid, 4-6 lines long. On the highest peaks of
the Cascade Mountains.

§ 2 Apophysis with a mucronate or blunt protuberance on
the back. Anthers terminating in a semiorbicular or almost
orbicular crest.

* Leaves serrulate, with stomata upon all sides: sheaths persistent.
+ Leaves in threes.

P. ponderosa Dougl. Lawson’s Man. 354, A large tree 100-300 feet
high and 2-12 feet in diameter with very thick red-brown bark, deep-
ly furrowed and split into large flakes: the branches rather close spread-
ing or slightly drooping: leaves on stout branchlets in the axils of strongly
fringed somewhat persistent bracts, 5-11 inches long, the thin sheaths
at first 9~10 lines long: staminate anthers cylindric, flexuous, 11¢-2 inches
long: involucre of 10-12 scales: anthers with a large semicircular scarcely
dentate crest: cones oval, 3-5 inches in diameter often 3-5 together,
sessile or nearly so, of a rich brown color: scales thick at the apex: umbo
high, with a short stout triangular straight or incurved prickle: seeds
dark brown, 3-4 lines long: wing 10-12 lines long, widest above the middle:
cotyledons 6-9. Comnnion in the dry regions, California to Brit. Columbia
and Nebraska.

P. Jefferyi Oregon Com. A rather slender tree 100-200 feet high and

792 PINACE& PINUS

2-4 feet in diameter with dark brown to nearly black bark and rather
sparsely branched with spreading or drooping usually crooked branches:
leaves 4-10 inches Jong: staminate aments 1-114 inch long, the stamens
with a large semicircular erest': cones 5-12 inches long, dark brown, pend-
ent, on pedunclest+2 inches long apophyses rather thin, with a prominent
umbo and stout triangular recurved prickle 5-6 lines long: cotyledons 7-11.
On dry stony ridges southern Oregon.

P. attenuata Lemmon Mining and Scientific Press, Jan. 16th, 1891.
A small tree 10-40 feet ‘high and 3-18 inches in diameter with rough dark-
colored bark and short, ascending branches: leaves in threes, with thin
close sheaths, slender, acute, with callous tips coarsely and remotely
serrate firm and rigid, pale yellow or bluish-green, 3-7 inches long: stami-
nate flowers in elongated spkies, cylindrical, 6 lines long: anthers terminat-
ing in irregular toothed broad crests, surrounded by 9 bracts: cones elon-
gated-conical, pointed, very oblique at base, strongly reflexed, 3-6 inches
long, 134-2 inches thick, remaining closed for many years: scales flat,
rounded at the apex, those of the outside being enlarged into promiment
knobs arned with thick flattened incurved spines. On dry mountain
sides southern Oregon to California.

+ + Leaves in twos.

P. contorta Loudon Arb. Brit. iv, 2292. A small tree 10-30 feet high
with a short trunk 6-12 inches in diameter: leaves 1-144 inches long, acute,
with short callous tips, finely and sharply serrulate: staminate aments cy-
lindrical, about 6 lines long, with orange-red anthers terminating in semi-
orbicular nearly entire crests, surrounded by 6 scales: cones oval or sub-
cylindrical 1-2 inches long, tapering toward the apex, very oblique at the
base: scales thin, rounded at the apex which is transversely keeled and
slightly thickened into narrow oblong dark umbos, armed with slender
often recurved prickles, often remaining closed several years, Common
on the coast and on the mountains California to Alasku and the Rocky
Mountains.

P. Murrayana Oregon Com. A small slender tree 50-120 feet high
and 4-12 inches in diameter, with very thin light grayish-brown bark and
spreading or ascending branches: leaves 1-8 inches long, light green, delicately
serrulate: staminate aments cylindrical, surrounded by 6-S scales: cones oblong-
cylindrical, 1-2 inches long, slightly oblique at base, tapering toward the apex
often opening at maturity and deciduous: seeds black, the wings 6-8 lines long.
On the high mountains California to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains
east of the Casacde Range.

ABAMA
Californica
ABIES
amabilis
concolor
grandis
Lowiana
lasiocarpa
nobilis
ABUTILON
Avicennae
ABRONIA
fragrans
latifolia
mellifera
umbellata
ACERACEAE
ACER
circinatum
glabrum
macrophyllum
ACHILLEA
Millefolium
ACHYLS
triphylla
ACHYRACHAENA
mollis
ACONITUM
bulbiferum
Columbianum
ACTABA
arguta
rubra
ACTINELLA
Richardsoni
ADENOCAULON
bicolor
ADENOSTEGIA
capitata
ramosa
viscida
AGASTACHE
urticifolia
occidentalis
AGOSERIS
alpestris
apargioides
aurantiaca
pbarbellulata
elata
gracilenta
grandiflora
heterophylla
Var. glabra
hirsuta
laciniata
parviflora
purpurea

INDEX

665 _—sretrorsa

665 tomentosa
787 AGRIMONIA
787 Bupatoria
787 AGROPYRON
787 ~— brevifolium

402
401
171
171
774
175

787 dasystachyum var.

787 subvillosum
788 divergens
103 =: Var.” inermis

108 Var. tenuispica-

566 tum

567 Elmeri

566 caninum

566 lanceolatum
566 pseudorepens

116 Var, magnum

116 repens

117s Scribneri
117 gmithii
117s Var, molle
361 tenuum

361 Var. longifolium
ae Vaseyi

= violaceum
aot AGROSTEMMA
25 Githago

25 AGROSTIS

25 alba

26 asperifolia

26 attenuata

26 canina

358 densiflora
358 Diegoensis
339 equivalvis
332 exarata

536 geminata

537 Srandis

537 Hallii

537 Howellii

52 humilis ;

553 Idahoensis

553 microphylla

400 Oregonensis

400 Pringlei

402 scabra

401 Scouleri :

400 tenuiculmis

401 varians

401 verticillata
virescens

a AIRA

402 earyophyllea

402 . Praecox

402 ALCHEMILLA

401 arvensis

401 ALISMACEAE

ALISMA

776
774
1T4

774
776
7
776
776
776
776
775
775
776
775
775
774
775
80
80
725
725
725
727
727
726
727
725
725
727
726
727
728
728
728
726
728
726
728
727
726
728
726
728
745
745
745
171
171
678

678

Plantago-aquatica 678

ALLIONIA

linearis

ALLIUM

acuminatum
anceps
attenuifolium
Bolanderi
cernuum
collinum
crenulatum
Cusickii
Douglasii '
falcifolium
Geyeri
macrum
~madidum

Var. cuspidatum

Nevii
pleianthum
tribracteatum

Schoenoprasum

scilloides
serratum
simillimum
Tolmiei
validum
Watsoni

ALLOCARYA

bracteata
Californica
Chorisiana
Cusickii
echinoglochin
Hendersoni
hirta
hispidula
mollis
plebia
Scouleri

ALLOTROPA

virgata

ALNUS

Oregana
rhombifolia
serrulata
sinuata
tenuifolia

ALOPECURUS

agrestis
Californicus
geniculatus
Var. robustus
Howellii
occidentalis
pallescens
pratensis

ALSINE

566
566
639
640
642
641
640
639
640
642
642
640
642
640
641
640
640
641
642
641
639
640
641
643
642
639
642
481
481
482
482
481
481
482
482
481
483
481
482
427
427
614
614
615
615
615
615
740
740
741
741
741
742
742
741
741

&1

aculeata
arctica
Baicalensis
brachypetala
Burkei
Californica
capillaris
congesta
Dougilasii
Fendleri
formosa
Franklinii
graminea
Howellii
lateriflora
longifolia
longipes
macrophylla
media
nitens
Nuttallii
uliginosa
paludicola
peploides
physoades
propinqua
pusilla
serpyllifolia
Sajanensis
Sitchensis
stricta
tenella
ALSINELLA
occidentalis
crassicaulis
saginoides
AMARANTH-
ACEAE
AMARANTHUS
blitoides
Californicus
carneus
graecizans
hybridus
AMBROSIA
artemisiaefolia
AMELANCHIER
alnifolia
florida
pallida
AMMANNIA
humilis
latifolia
AMMODIA
Oregana
AMSINCKIA
intermedia
lycopsoides

INDEX

Var. bracteosa
AMYGDAwWACEAE
ANACARDIACHAE

_ANAGALLIS

arvensis
ANAPHALIS

margaritacea

ANDROMEDA
polifolia

ANDROSACE
filiformis

septientrionalis

ANEMONE
deltoidea
Drummondii
multifida
narcissiflora
occidentalis
Oregana
Lyallii
Tetonensis
trifolia

ANGELICA
arguta
Canbyi
genuflexa
Hendersoni
Lyallii

ANISOCARPHUS

madioides
ANOGRA
pallida
trichocalyx
ANTHEMIS
arvensis
Cotula

ANTSOXANTHUM

odoratum

ANTIRRHINUM

Kingii
leptaleum

ANTENNARIA

argentea
dimorpha
flagellaris
Geyeri
Howellii
lanata
luzuloides
media
pedicellata
racemosa
rosea
stenophylla

suffrutescens

umbrinella
APARGIDIUM
boreale

490

160 APOCYNACEAE

118
437
437
330
330
418
418
435
435
435

APETALAE
APOCYNUM

563
439
439

androsaemifolium 439

Var. pumilum

cannabinum
APHYLLON
AQUILEGIA
flavescens
formosa
leptosera
truncata
ARABIS
arcuata
atrorubens
Bolanderi
Breweri
canescens
Columbiana
Cusickii
furcata .
hirsuta
Howellii
Koebleri
Lemmoni
Lyallii
microphylla
Nuttallii
perfoliata
platysperma

purpurascens

retrofracta
secunda
sparsifiora

subpinnatifida
suffrutescens

Suksdorfii
ARACEAE

ARALiACHAE

ARALIA
Californica

Var. acuminata

ARBUTUS
Menziesii

ARCEUTHOBIUM

ARCTIUM
lappa

ARCTOSTAPYLOS

bracteata
cinerea
hispidula
-intermedia
intricata
Manzanita
Nevadensis
oblongifolia
parvifolia
pulchella

440
440
541

strigosa
tormentosa
Uva-ursi
viscida
ARISTIDA
fasciculata
oligantha
purpurea
ARISTOLO-
CHIACEAE

ARMERIACEAB

ARMERIA
vulgaris
ARRHENATH-
ERUM
elatius
ARNICA
alpina
amplexicaulis
cernuua
Chamissonis
cordifolia
var. eradiata
discoidea
foliosa
latifolia
longifolia
parviflora
Parryi
spathulata
viscosa
ARTEMISIA
arbuscula
biennis
Canadensis
Groenlandica
discolor

dracunculoides

frigida .
heterophylla
incompta
Lindleyana
Ludoviciana

Richardsoniana

rigida
spinescens
tridentata

Var. angustifolia

trifida
pedatifida
Prescottiana
ARUNCUS
vulgaris
ASARUM
caudatum
Hartwegi
ASCLEPIAD-
ACEAE

INDEX

417 ASCLEPIAS

417
415
416
739-
740
739
739

606
430
430
430

746
746
372
374

cryptoceras
Mexicana
speciosa

ASTER

Burkei
campestris
Chamissonis
commutatus
conspicuous
Cusickii
Var. Lyalli
Douglasii
Eatoni
Fremonti
foliaceus
Var. frondeus
Var. apricus
Geyeri
Hallii
Hendersoni
integrifolius
intermedius
Menziesii
militarius
modestus
occidentalis
Oreganus
radulinus

ASTRAGALUS

accidens
adsurgens
allanaris
araneosus
arrectus
Beckwithii
Bourgovii
Californicus
Catalinensis
lentiginosus
ceramicus
Chamaeleuce
collinus
conjunctus
Cusickii
diaphanus
diurnus
dorycnioides
drepanolobus
filipes
Geyeri
Gibbsii
glareosus

Hoodianus

Hookerianus
Howellii
hypoglottis
inflexus

143
149
148
145
153
150
152
147
151
149
147
145
148

leucocystis
iodanthus
Lyallii
malacus
microcystis
misellus
miser
Mortoni
multiflorus
obscurus
Pacificus
Palousensis
Purshii
racemosus
reventus
salinus
sclerocarpus
serotinus
Spaldingii
speirocarpus

Var. falciformis

succumbens
Suksdorfii
tegetarius
Tweedyi
umbraticus
Utahensis
ATHYSANUS
pusillus
ATRIPLEX
argentea
confertifolia
Nuttallii
patula
pusilla
truncata
zosteraefolia
AUDIBERTIA
incana
AVENA
fatua

Var. glabrescens

Smithii
AZALEA
occidentalis

AZALEASTRUM

albiflorum
BACCHARIS
3AHIA
nudicaulis
oppositifolia
BAERIA
aristosa

BALSAMINACEAE
BALSAMORRHIZA

Careyana
deltoidea
Hookeri

148
147
144
146
150
147
153
144
153
146
144
151
148
147
151
143
152
153
144
152
152
146
149
153
152
145
149

65

65
594
595
596
596
595
595
595
595
551
552
743
743
743
744
421
422
421
421
322.
355
356
356
354
354
110
339
339.
339
340

hirsuta
incana
sagittata
terebinthacea
BARBAREA
stricta
vulgaris
BATRACHIUM
aquatile
Lobbii
trichophyllum
BECKMANNIA
erucaeformis
BELLIS
perennis

BERBERIDACEAE

BERBERIS
Aquifolium
nana
nervosa
pumila
repens

BERGIA
Texana

BETULACEAE

BETULA
Hallii
occidentalis

BICUCULLA
Cucullaria
formosa,
pauciflora
uniflora

BIDENS
Beckii
cernua
frondosa

BLEPHARIPAP-
PUS
laevis
scaber

BLITUM
capitatum

BOISDUVALIA
Douglasii
glabella
Torreyi

BOLANDRA
Californica
Oregana

BOLELIA
elegans
pluchella

BOLTONIA
occidentalis

BOSCHNIAKIA
Hookeri
strobilacea

INDEX

BORAGINACEAE
BOUTELOUA
oligostachya
BOYKINIA
major
occidentalis
BRASSICA
campestris
nigra
BRACHYACTIS
frondosa
BRASENIA
Schreberi

“BRAYA

humilis
BREVOORTIA
Ida-Maia
BRIZA
minor
BROMUS
brizaeformis
carinatus
reuttianus
Gussoni
Hookerianus
hordeaceous

Var. glabrescens

inermis
laevipes
marginatus
Var. latior

Var. seminudus
Madritensis
Pacificus
polyanthus
racemosus

Var. commutatus

rubens
secalinus
Sitchensis
sterilis
Suksdorfii
tectorum
vulgaris
Var, eximius
Var. robustus
BRODIAEA
Bridgesii
Calliprora
capitata
congesta
Douglasii
grandiflora
Hendersoni
minor
Howellii
lactea,
multiflora

474
735

Tritelia
BRUNELLA
vulgaris
BRYANTHUS
empetriformis
BUPLEURUM
Americanum
BURSA
Bursa-pastoris
CACALIOPSIS
Nardosmia
CACTACEAE
CACTUS
viviparus

CALAMAGROSTIS

Aleutica
crassiglumis
Canadensis
Var. acuminata
Cusickii
Howellii
hyperborea
Var. elongata
Var. Americana
inexpansa
Var, cuprea
Var. barbulata
lactea
Langsdorfii
Macouniana
neglecta
purpurascens
rubescens
Scribneri
Suksdorfli
Var. luxurians
Tweedyi
Vaseyi
CALAMOVILFA
longifolia
CALANDRINIA
caulescens
micrantha
CALLITRICHE
autumnalis
Bolanderi
heterophylla
marginata
sepulta
verna
CALOCHORTUS
apiculatus ©
elegans
Howellii
‘Lobbii
longibarbatus
Lyallii
macrocarpus

644
556
556
419
420
265
266
61
61
369
369
241
242
242
730
731
734
732
732
733
730
733
734
734
733
733
738
732
732
732
733
730
731
732
732
732
731
731
734
734
93
92
93
218
219
219
218
218
218
218
652
654
653
655
653
655
653
655

Maweanus
Var, roseus
nitidus
Nuttallii
pavonaceus
Purdyi
Tolmiei
uniflorus
,ALTHA
biflora
leptosepala
palustris
CALYCADENIA
multiglandulosa
truncata
CALYPTRIDIUM
roseum
CALYPSO
borealis
CAMASSIA
azurea
Cusickii
esculenta
Howellii
Leichtlinii
CAMPANUL-
ACEAE
CAMPANULA
Piperi
prenanthoides
rotundifolia
scabrella
Scouleri
CAMELINA
sativa
CANBYA
aurea
CANTUA
pungens
Var. Hookeri
Var. squarrosa
SAPNOREA
nana
pumila
SAPPARIDACEAE
SAPRIFOLIUM
Californicum
ciliosum
hispidulum
CARDAMINE
angulata
bellidifolia
Brewerii
callosicrenata
Lyallii
occidentalis
oligosperma
parviflora

INDEX

Pennsylvanica
pratensis
CARDUUS
Americanus
Andersoni
arvensis
Breweri
Drummondii
edulis
foliosus
Hallii
lanceolatus
occidentalis
Var. megace-
phalus
remotifolius
undulatus
CAREX

acutina
Var. tenuior
alpina
amplifolia
aquatilis
aristata
arcta
athrostachya
aurea

Var. celsa
Barbarae
povina
Breweri
prunpescens
canescens
Var. Oregana
capillaris
cinnamomea
comosa
eryptocarpa
decidua
deflexa

Var. media
Deweyana
Douglasii
Var. Bolanderi
exsiccata
Var globosa
festiva

Var. gracilis
Var. stricta

Var.pachystachya

feta
filifolia
frigida
fusca
Gayana
Geyeri
globosa
Gmelini-

50

50
381
382
383
382
384
383
383
384
383
382
383

384
382
384
695
702
702

698

696
701
697
711
713
705
705
702
702
708
711
711
711
703
704
696
702
699
706
706
712
710
712
696
696
713
713
713
713
712
705
703
698
709
107
706
698

Hallii
Hendersoni
heteroneura
Hoodii

Var, nervosa
Howellii
inops
interrupta
invisa
Jonesii
Kellogegii
laciniata
lanuginosa
lenticularis
leporina
leptalea
limosa

livida
luzulaefolia
macrocephala
marcida

Var. debilis
Mertensii
monile
multicaulis
nardina
Nebraskensis
nigricans
nudata

Var. angustifolia
Var. anomala
Oregonensis
pauciflora
pratensis
Pyrenaica
Raynoldsii
retrorsa
Richardsoni
riparia
siccata
Sitchensis
spreta
sterilis
stipata .
straminiformis
stricta
stylosa
tenella
teretiuscula
Var. prairea

“Var amplia

Tolmiei

Var, nigella
Var subsessilis
Var. angusta
umbellata
utriculata
valicola

700
704
698
708
708
702°
706
701
700
708
699
700
697
701
712
107
703
704
708
709
709
709
698
696
707
711
701
707
700
700
700
697
695

712
707
698
696
705
697
712
702
699
711
709
712
701
699
710
709
709
710
699
699
699
699
706
695
710

vernacula
vespertina
‘vicaria
Var. costata
viridula
CARUM
Gairdneri
Oregana
CARYOPHYLL-
ACEAE
CASSIOPE
lycopodioides
Mertensiana
Stelleriana
tetragona
CASTALIA
Leibergi
CASTANOPSIS
chrysophylla’
CASTILLEIA
angustifolia
Var. Whitedii
Applegatei
Bradburii
camporum
Covilleana
Cusickii
Hlmeri
hispida
levisacta
linearifolia
lutescens
lutea
miniata
minor.
oreopola
Var. subintegra
pallescens
pilosa
pinetorum
pruinosa
rubida
rupicola
rustica
Suksdorfii
CATABROSA
aquatica
CAUCALIS
microcarpa
CAULANTHUS
crassicaulis
hastatus
pilosus
CEANOTHUS
Californicus
cordulatus
cuneatus
divaricatus

i

INDEX

laevigatus 114
prostratus 115
pumilis 115
sanguineus 1i4
thyrsifiorus 114
velutinus 114
CELASTRACEAE . 111
CELTIS 601
occidentalis 601
reticulata 602
CENTAUREA 385
calcitrapa 385
Cyanus 385
Melitensis 385
CENTROMADIA 350
Fitchii 350
CENTUNCULUS 438
minimus 438
CEPHALAN-
THERA 631
Oregana 631
CERASUS 161
emarginata 161
demissa 162
mollis 162
CERASTIUM §0
alpinum 81
arvense 81
longipedunculatum 80
pilosum 80
viscosum 80
_ _vulgatum 80
1 CERCOCARPUS 172
betulaefolius 172
ledifolius 172
intricatus 172
CERATOPHYLL-
ACEAB 215
CERATOPHYL-
LUM 215
demersum 215
CHAENATIS 357
Cusickii 357
Douglasii 358
Var. alpina 358
Nevii 357
stevioides 357
CHAETOCHOLA 720
viridis 720
CHAMAECYPARIS 784
ILLECEBRACEAE &%
Lawsoniana 784
Nootkatensis 784
CHEIRANTHUS 38
arenicola 39
capitatus 39
elatus 39
inconspicuus 39

occidentalis
turritoides
CHELONE
nemorosa
CHENOPO-
DIACEAE
CHENOPODIUM
album
anthelminticum
Botrys
humilis
hybridum
leptophyllum
murale
rubrum
CHIMAPHILA
Menziesii
umbellata
CHIONOPHILA
Tweedyi
CHLOROGALUM
pomeridianum
CHORIZANTHE
membranacea
Watsoni
CHRYSAMPHORA
Californica
CHRYSANTHE-
MUM
Leucanthemum
CHRYSOPSIS
hirsuta
villosa
CHRYSOSPLEN-
IUM
glechomaefolia
CHRYSOTHAM-
NUS
Bloomeri
nanus
puberulus
pumilus
resinosus
speciosus
var albicaulis
viscidiflorus
CHYLISMA
cruciformis
scapoidea
CICHORACEAE
CICHORIUM
intybus
CICUTA
purpurata
occidentalis
vagans
CIMICIFUGA
elata

39
38
508
509

590
592
592
593
593
593
592
593
592
593
426
426
426
517
517
647
648
575
575
576
30
31

362
362
296
296
296

204
204

302.
303
302
302
302
303
302
302
302
233
233
233
386
388
388
269
269
269
269
26
26

laciniata
CINNA
pendula
CIRCAEA
Pacifica
alpina
CLADOTHAMNUS
campanulatus
CLARKIA
pulchella
rhomboidea
CLAYTONIA
lanceolata
Megarrhiza
umbellata
CLEMATIS
brevifolia
Columbiana
Douglasii
ligusticifolia
ochotensis
Scottii
Suksdorfli
verticillaris
CLEOME
lutea
platycarpa
serrulata
CLINTONIA
uniflora
Andrewsiana
CNICUS
benedictus
COCHLEARIA
Anglica
COELOPLEURUM
Gmelini
maritimum
COLEANTHUS
subtilis
COLDENIA
Nuttallii
COLEOSANTHUS
Californicus
grandiflorus
Greenei
linifolius
microphyllus
oblongifolius
COLLINSIA
glandulosa
grandiflora
linearis
multiflora
parviflora
pusilla
Rattani
sparsiflora

INDEX

Torreyi
COLLOMIA
debilis
glutinosa
grandiflora
heterophylla
linearis
Var. subulata
Mazama
tinctoria
COLOPTERA
Parryi
COMANDRA
umbellata
pallida-
COMARUM
palustre
COMPOSITAE
CONANTHUS
aretioides
CONVOLVU-
LACEAE
CONVOLVULUS
arvensis
nyctagineus
occidentalis
polymorphus
sepium
Soldanella
CONVALLARI-
ACEAE
COPTIS
asplenifolia
laciniata
. occidentalis
trifolia
venosa
CORALLORHIZA
innata
Mertensiana
multiflora
striata
CORDYLANTHUS
COREOPSIS
Atkinsoniana
CORIANDRUM
sativum
CORISPERMUM
hyssopifolium
CORNACEAE
CORNUS
Baileyi
Canadensis
glabrata
Nuttallii
pubescens
sessilis
stolonifera

Suecica
CORONOPUS
didymus
Ruellii
CORYDALIS
aurea
Cusickii
montana
Scouleri
CORYLACEAB
CORYLUS
Californica
rostrata
COTYLEDON
Oregonensis
farinosa
COTULA
australis
coronopifolia
CRANTZIA
liniata
CRASSULACHAE
CRATAEGUS
Columbiana
Douglasii
CREPIS
acuminata
Andersoni
barbigera
intermedia
monticola
nana
occidentalis
platyphylla
scopulorum
subcarnosa
rostrata
runcinata
Var. hispidulosa
virens
CROCIDIUM
multicaule
CRUCIFERAE
CRYPTANTHE
affinis
ambigua
barbigera
Fendleri
flaccida
leiocarpa
multicaule
muriculata
pterocarya
rostellata
Torreyana
ORYZOPSIS
exigua
cuspidata

487
488
738

738

Hendersoni

CUCURBITACEAE

CUSCUTA
arvensis
Californica
Cephalanthi
salina

CYMOPTERUS
glaucus
terebinthinus

CYNOGLOSSUM

grande. _
occidentale
CYTISUS
scoparius
CYPERACEAE
CYPERUS
acuminatus
erythrorhizos
esculentus
Houghtoni
inflexus

CYPRIPEDIUM
Californicum
fasciculatum
montanum
parviflorum

DACTYLIS
glomerata

DANTHONIA
Americana
Californica
intermedia
Var, Cusicktii
unispicata

DATURA
stramonium

DAUCUS
Carota
pusillus

DELPHINIUM
Andersoni
bicolor
Burkei
Columbianum
distichum
depauperatum
glaucum
leucophaeum
Menziesii
nudicaule
Nuttallianum
occidentale
Oreganus
pauperculum
scopulorum
simplex
trolliifolium

INDEX

DENTARIA
Californica
gemmata
pulcherrima
quercetorum
sinuata —
tenella

DESCHAMPSIA
caespitosa
calycina
elongata
atropurpurea

DIGITALIS
purpurea

DIMERESIA
Howellii

DIPLACUS
glutinosus

DIPSACACEAB

DIPSACUS
Sylvestris

DISPORUM
Hookeri
Menziesii
Oreganum
parvifolium
trachycarpum
trachyandrum

DISTICHLIS
maritima

DODECATHEON
alpinum
campestrum
conjugens
Cusickii
dentatum
Hendersoni
Jeffreyi
pauciflorum
tetrandrum
viviparum

DONDIA
depressa
diffusa
intermedia
occidentalis

DUUGLASIA
dentata
laevigata

DOWNINGIA

DRABA
aureola
brachycarpa’
Caroliniana
densifolia
Douglasii
glabella
Howellii
laevipes

Lemmoni
lutea
micrantha
nemorosa
stenoloba
ventosa
DRACOCEPHA-
LUM
parviflorum
DROSERACHAE
DROSERA
Anglica
rotundifolia
DULICHIUM
spathaceum

EATONIA
obtusata
Pennsylvanica

ECHINOPANAX
horridum

ECHINOSPERUM

ELAEAGNACEAE

ELATINACEAE

ELATINE
Americana
Californica

ELEUSINE
Indica

ELEOCHARIS
acicularis
ovata
palustris
Var, glaucescens
rostellata

ELYMUS
arenarius
arenicolus
Canadensis
Caput-Medusae
condensatus
dasystachys
flavescens
glaucus
littoralis
mollis
triticoides
saxicolus

EMMENANTHE
parviflora
lutea
pusilla

EMPETRACEAE

EMPETRUM
nigrum

ENDOGENAE

EPIPACTIS

gigantea

54
54
53
54
54
54

554
554
214
215
215
215
688

688

748
749
749
271
271
479
600
98
98
98
98
736
736
693
693
693
698
693
694
778
778
178
779
780
779
779
778
779
779
778
779
778
471
471
47i
471
606
606
606
623
631
631

INDEX

EPILOBIUM 222 ~—s cervinus . 316 pauciflorum 573
adenocaulon 225 Chrysopsidis 318 pendulum 571
Var. occidentale 225 compositus 318 Piperi 568
Var. «/) perplex- Var. discoideus 318 pyrolaefolium 568

ans 225 concinnus 317 Var, coryphaeum 569
alpinum 228 confinis 320 sphaerocephalum 569
anagallidifolium 228 corymbosus 320 stellatum 570
Bongardi 227 decumbens 320 Var. bahiaeforme 570
brevistylum 226 ~=divergens 321 — strictum 574
clavatum 228 filifolius 319 tenue 569
coloratum 225 glaucus : 316 ternatum 570

. Davuricum 224 grandifiorus 315 thymoides 569
delicatum 225 Howellii 316 Tolmieanum 570
Franciscanum 225 inornatus 320 umbellatum 569
glaberrimum 227 lanatus 815 vimineum 575
Var, latifolium 227 = nudatus 320 vineum 572
glandulosum 226 ochroleucus 319 virgatum 574
Halleanum 226 Oreganus 320 ERIOPHYLLUM 354
Hammondi 224 = Pacificus 8319 achillaeoides 355
Hornemanni 227 ~~ peregrinus 316 caespitosum 355
jucundum 224 peucephyllus 319 gracile 355
latifolium 222 = Philadelphicus $21 integrifolium 355
luteum 223 poliospermus 318 leucophyllum 355
leptocarpum 226 ~=—s radicatus 318 lanceolatum 855
Var. (?)Macounii 227 ramosus 321 _ staechadifolium 354
minutum 224 — salsuginosus 316 ERITRICHIUM 480
Oreganum 227 spatulifolius 317. ~—«aretiodes 480
Qregonense 228 — speciosus 317 __Howardi 480
Var. (?) gracilli- uniflorus 315 BDRODIUM 107

mum 228 ERIOCARPUM 297 cicutarium 107
palustre 224 grindelioides 997 +macropbyllum 107
paniculatum 223: ERIODICTYON 473 _ moschatum 107
rigidum 223 glutinosum 474 EROPHILA 53
spicatum 222 ERIOGONUM 56g _ Vulgaris 53
Var. canescens 223 acaule 571 ERYNGIUM 262
suffruticosum 223 androsaceum 56g articulatum 263
ursinum 226 angulosum 572 Harknessii 263
Var. subfalcatum 226 annuum 572 _ Vaseyi 262

ERAGROSTIS 764 Baileyi 575 HRYSIMUM 56
reptans 764 caespitosum 569 _ Officinale 56
lutescens 765 campanulatum 574 ERYTHRAEA 443

EREMOCARYA 488 cernuum 571 curvistamenea 443
micrantha 483 compositum 571 Douglasii 443

EREMOCARPUS 604 corymbosum 574 minima 443
setigerus 604 croceum 570 Muhlenbergii 443

ERICACEAE 413 dichotomum 573 Nutallii 443

EREMOSEMIUM 596 Douglasii 569 ERYTHRONIUM 651
spinosa 597 elatum 573 citrinum 652

ERIGERON 315 flavum 568 giganteum 652
acris i 322 heracleoides 570 grandiflorum 651
Var. Droebachensis microthecum 574 Var, parviflorum 651

: 322 = minimum 571 Hendersoni 652
Var, debilis 322 montanum 570 Howellii : 652
Alicea * 317 ~=—s multiceps 573 montanum 652
amplifolius 317 = niveum 573 revolutum 651
annuus 321 nudum 573 HSCHSCHOLTZIA 32
Bloomeri 319 ovalifolium 572 Douglasii 33

Canadensis 322 Var. proliferum 572 hypecoides 33

EUCEPHALUS
Covillei
elegans
Engelmanni
glabratus
glaucescens
ledophyllus
paucicapitatus
serrulatus
tomentellus

EULOPHUS
Bolanderi

EUNANUS
Breweri
Bigelovii
Cusickii
Douglasii
Tolmiei

EUONYMUS
occidentalis

EUPATORIUM
occidentale

EUPHORBIACEAE

EUPHORBIA
dictyosperma
crenulata
glyptosperma
Greenei
Var. consan-

guinea
Lathyrus
maculata
serpyllifolia

EUROTIA
lanata

EUTHAMIA
occidentalis

FAGACEAE

FESTUCA

amethystina
brevifolia
Californica
confinis
denticulata
elatior
fallax

Var. trichopylla

heterophylla
Howellii
Jonesii :
microstachya
Var. ciliata
Var. pauciflora
Myurus
octoflora
ovina

Var. duriuscula
Var. ingrata

311
312
311
311
312
312
312
312
311
312

265
265
518
519
518
518
518
518
111
111
291
292
603
604
605
605
605
604

604
605
605
604
596
596
304
304
609
765
768
767
766
766
766
767
768
768
769
766
767
765
765
765
766
766
767
767
7167

Var. Columbiana 768

INDEX

Var. Oregana
pubescens
rubra

Var. tricophylla

Var. pubesceus
Var. littoralis
scabrella
FICOIDEAE
FILIPENDULA
occidentalis
FLOERKEA

proserpinacoides

FORSELLESIA
spinescens
PRAGARIA
Californica
cuneffolia
FRASERA
albicaulis
Cusickii
nitida
Speciosa
thyrsifiora
FRAXINUS
Oregana
ERIOPHORUM
gracile
polystachyon
russeolum
Scheuchzeri
vaginatum
FRITILLARIA
atropurpurea
glauca
lanceolata
pudica
recurva
FUMARIACEAE
GAERTNERIA
acanthocarpa
bipinnatifida
Chamissonis
GAILLARDIA
aristata
GALIUM
Andrewsii
Aparine
asperrimum
bifolium
Bolanderi
boreale
multiflorum
Var. Watsoni
Nuttallii
Oreganum
spurium
trifidum

768
768

769
768
241
185
185
109
109
117
118
174
174
174
447
449
448
448
448
448
439
439
691
692
692
692
692
691
649
650
650
650
650
650

23
336
336
337
337
359
360
284
286
284
285
284
285
284
285
285
285

' 284

284

triflorum
GAMOPETALAE
GARRYACEAE
GARRYA
buxifolia
elliptica
Fremontii
GASTRIDIUM
australe
GAULTHERIA
Myrsinites
ovatifolia
Shallon
GAURA
parviflora
GAYOPHYTUM
diffusum
eriospermum
lasiospermum
pumilum
racemosum
ramosissimum

GERANIACEAE

GERANIUM
Carolinianum
dissectum
Fremonti
incisum
molle
Oreganum
pusillum
Richardsoni

GEUM
macrophyllum
strictum
triflorum

GENTIANACEAE

GENTIANA
Var. holopetala
acuta
affinis
anisosepala
bisetaea
calycosa
Douglasiana
Gormani
Menziesii
Newberryi
Oregana
Orfordii
Parryi
sceptrum
serrata
Var. holsvetala
simplex
stricta
tenella

GILIA

285 achillaefolia

285
275
273
273
274
273
273
29
729
417
417
417
418
237
237
229
229
229
229
230
229
229
105
105
105
105
106
106
105
106
106
106
173
173
173
178
442
443
444
444
447
447
445
445
445
446
446
445
447
446
446
446
444
443
444
445
444
458
459

aggregata
capillaris
capitata
congesta
filiformis
gracilis
hispida
inconspicua
Var. sinuata
leptomeria
linearifolia
micromeria
minutiflora
tenerrima
GITHOPSIS
specularioides
GLAUX
maritima
GLECHOMA
hederacea
GLYCERIA
GLYCOSMA
ambiguum
glauca
occidentalis
GLYCYRRHIZA
glutinosa
lepidota
GNAPHALIUM
decurrens
microcephalum
palustre
purpureum
Sprengelii
uliginosum
GODETIA
albescens
amoena
Arnottii
epilobioides
decumbens
hispidula
lepida
purpurea
quadrivulnera
tenella
viminea
GOMPHOCARPUS
cordifolius
GOODYERA
GRAMINEAE
GRAPHEPHORUM
Wolfii

. GRATIOLA

' ebracteata

Virginiana
GRAYAI

GRINDELIA

458
460
459
458
460
459
460
459
459
459
461
460
460
469
408
408
437
4387
553
554
752
266
267
267
267
154
154
154
330
330
330
331
331
330
331
234
234
235
234
235
234
235
234
234
235

235

235
441
441
630
713
752
752
523
523
523
596
295

INDEX

discoidea
Hendersoni
integrifolia
nana
Oregana
GYMNOSPERMAE
GYROSTACHYS
porrifolia
Romanzoffiana
HABENARIA
ageregata
dilatata
elegans
gracilis
hyperborea
leucostachys
orbiculata
Unalaskensis
HALORAGBAE
HARPAECARPUS
madarioides
HASTINGSIA
alba
bracteosa
HEDYSARUM
flavescens
Mackenzii
HELENIUM
autumnale

Var. grandiflorum

Bigelovii
Hoopsii
HELIANTHELLA
Douglasii
uniflora
HELIANTHUS
annuus
Cusickii
exilis
Nuttallii
petiolaris
* tuberosa
HELIOTROPIUM
Curassavicum
HEMICARPHA
intermedia
occidentalis
subsquarrosa
HEMIZONELLA
Durandii
HEMIZONIA
Clevelandi
luzulaefolia
HERACLEUM
lanatum
HESPEREVAX
brevifolia

296
295
295
296
296
781
629
629
629
627
628
628
627

628 -

628
628
629
628
217
348
348

647°

647
647
a4
155
155
359
359
359
359
359
341
342
341
342
342
343
342
343
342
343
477
417
692

693°

692
692
348
348
348
349
349
249
249
326
326

HESPEROCHIRON 472

=f

HETERANTHERA
Dubia

HETEROCODON
rariflorum
HETERODRABA
unilateralis
HETEROGAURA
Californica
HEUCHERA
cuneata
cylindrica
glabella
glabra
micrantha
parvifolia
pilosissima
ovalifolia
HIERACIUM
albiflorum
amplum
pbarbigerum
Bolanderi
Canadense
cinereum
cynoglossoides
gracile |
Howellii
longiberbe
Scouleri
triste
HIEROCHLOE
borealis
macrophylla
HIPPURIS
montana
tetraphyllum
vulgaris
Var fluviatilis
HOLCUS
lanatus
HEMIEVA
ranunculifolia
violacea
HOLODISCUS
ariaefolia
discolor
HOMALOCENCH-
RUS .
oryzoides
HOOKERA
HORDEUM
boreale
Gussoneanum
jubatum
maritinum
murinum
nodosum
pusillum

666
667

408
409
65
65
237
237

202

208
203
204
203
208
203.
208
204
394
395
396
396
396
394
396
396
395
396
395
395
395
722
722
722
217.
218.
218
D17
218
746
747
197
197
198
184
184
184

720
720
643
7176
T17
777
777
777
TT7
777
TTT

HORKELIA
capitata
caruifolia
congesta
fusca
Hendersoni
Howellii
parviflora
pseudocapitata
sericata
tenella
tridentata

HOWELLIA
aquatilis

HUGELIA
floccosa

HULSEA
nana

HUTCHINSIA
procumbens

HYDRANGE-
ACHAE

HYDROCOTYLE
ranuncloides

HYDROPHYLL-
ACEAE :

HYDROPHYLLUM

capitatum
occidentale
Var, Fendleri
Virginicum

E{YMENOPAPPUS

filifolius

HYPERICACEAE

HYPERICUM
anagalloides
perforatum
Scouleri

HYPOCHOERIS
radicata

HYPOPITYS
fimbriata
lutea

ILYSANTHES
gratioloides

IMPATIENS
pallida

IMPERATA
Hookeri

INULA.
Helenium

IONACTIS
alpina
stenomeres

IRIDACEAE

TRIS
bracteata
chrysophylla

INDEX

Douglasiana 634 Var. uniflorus
longipetala 634 xiphioides
Missouriensis 634 JUNCOIDES
tenax 634
tenuis 634 campestre
* ISOPYRUM 25 comosum
Halilii 25 Var. congestum
stipitatum fae Var. macranthum
“IVA *
axillaris agp Yar: Sebeeeails
xanthifolia 335 divaricatum
IVESIA 181 parviflorum
alpicola 182 Var. melanocar-
Baileyi 181 pum
Pickeringii 181
JACKSONIA 67 bie ear
trachysperma 67 i]
JAUMEA 353 pilosum
carnosa 353 spadiceum
JUNCACEAE 679 spicatum,
JUNCUS 681 JUNIPERUS
Balticus 681 ee
Bolanderi 685 occidentalis
brachyphyllus 685 scopulorum
bufonius : 683 KALMIA
eastaneus 682 ge 2 "
confusus i 683 enroea ylla
Drummondii 682 galioides
dubius 684 KOBLERIA
effusus 682 cristata
Var. Brunneus 682 KOCHIA
ifoli Americana
énsifolius 686 KUNZIA
falcatus 684 tridentata
filiform's 682 LABIATAE
latifolius 685 LACTUCA ,
Leseurii 681 Canadensis
longistylis 684 Besrrteset
Mertensianus 686 naa id
Nevadensis 685 seariola
nodosus 684 spicata.
occidentalis 633 LAGOPHYLLA
Oreganus 685 L er ages
oxymeris 686 amplexicaule
Parryi 682 LAPSANA
patens 682 communis
Richardsonianus 684 merrier
Suksdorfii 685 diffusa
tenuis 683 floribunda
Torreyi 685 Fremontii
triformis 683 eet
Var. brachystylus 683 Texana

683
686
679
681

680
681

681
681
681
680

680

680
680

680

680
783
783
784
784
784
420
420
420
286
286
748
748
591
592
171
172
544
403
404
404
404
404
404
404
350
350
558
558
388
388
479
479
479
479
480
479
479
480

LARIX
Lyallii
occidentalis
LASTHENIA
glaberrima
LATHYRUS
bijugatus
Bolanderi
coriaceus
Cusicklii
decaphyllus
lanceolatus
littoralis
maritimus
Nevadensis
Nuttallii
ochroleucus
Oregonensis
parvifolius
pauciflorus
polyphyllus
rigidus
Sandbergi
sulphureus
Torreyi
vestitus
LAURACEAE
LAURENTIA
carnosula
LEGOUZIA
perfoliata
LAYIA
Douglasii
glandulosa
LEDUM
glandulosum
Groenlandicum
LEGUMINOSAE
LEIBERGIA
orogenioides
LEMNACAE
LEMNA
trisulca
minor
LEONURUS
Cardiaca
LENTIBULAR-
IACEAE
LEPIDIUM
acutidens
apetalum
campestre
dictyotum
integrifolia
lasiocarpum
medium
Menziesii
montanum

INDEX

nitidum 63
occidentale 63
Oreganum 64
oxycarpum 64
reticulatum 64
LEPTARRHENA 189 .
pyrolifolia 189
LEPTAXIS 198
Menziesii 198
LEPTOTAENIA 250
Californica 251
dissecta 250
minor 951
multifida 251
purpurea 251
Watsoni ; 251
LESQUERELLA 51
Douglasii 52
occidentalis 51
LEUCOCRINUM 645
montanum 645
LEWISIA 91
rediviva 91
LIBOCEDRUS 785
decurrens 785
LIGULIFLORAE 291
LIGUSTICUM 259
apiifolium 260
Grayi 260
Scoticum 260
scopulorum 260
tenuifolium 260
verticillatum 261
LILAEA 672
subulata 673
LILIACEAE 637
LILIUM 648

Washingtonianum 648

rubescens 648
Bolanderi 648
parvum 649
pardalinum 649
Columbianum 649
Purdyi 649
LIMNANTHACEBAE 108
, LIMNANTHES 108
Douglasii 108
floccosa 108
gracilis 108
pumila 108
rosea 108
LIMOSELLA 524
aquatica 524
LINANTHUS 454
bicolor 455
Bolanderi 455
ciliatus 456
filipes 459

Harknessii
nudicaule
pharnaceoides
LINARIA
Canadensis
vulgaris
LINNABA
borealis
longifiora
LINACEAE
LINUM
digynum
micranthum
Lewisii
LISTERA |
caurina
convallarioides
cordata
LITHOPHRAGMA
campanulata
parviflora
rupicola
tenell
LITHOSPERMUM
Californicum
pilosum
LLOYDIA
serotina
LOASACEAE
LOBELIACEAE
LOBELIA
Dortmanna
LOLIUM
perenne
temulentum
LOPHANTHUS
LORANTHACEAE
LOTUS
Americanus
denticulatus
Douglasii
crassifolius |
formosissimus
Hosackia
hunistratus
micranthus
pinnatus
Torreyi
Wrangellanus
LUDWIGIA
palustris
LUETKBEA
Hendersoni
sibbaldioides
LUINA
hypoleuca
LUPINUS
albicaulis

455
456
455
504
504
504
280
23U
280
108
104
104
104

630
631
630
630
199
200
200
200
200
492
492
493
650
651
239
405
406
406
773
TT4
774
552
608
138
138
139
14u
140
140
140
139
139
149
141
139
221
221
187
187
187
369
369
122
125

arcticus
argenteus
aridus
Burkei
bicolor
Breweri
brevicaulis
canescens -
carnosulus
cespitosus
Cusickii
flexuosus
holosericeus
latifolius
laxiflorus
Var. montanus
lepidus
leucophyllus
ligulatus
littoralis
Lobbii
longipes
luteolus
Lyallii
micranthus
microcarpus
‘minimus
mucronulatus
Nootkatensis
ornatus
parviflorus
nolvphyllus
propvinquus
pusillus
Sabinii
saxosus
sericeus
sulphureus
trifidus
Wyethii
LYCHNIS
Drummondij
Coronaria
LUZULA
LYCOPUS
Americanus
lucidus
rubellus
Virginicus
LYGODESMIA
spinosa
juncea
LYSICHITON
Kamtschatcensis
LYTHKACEAE
LYTHRUM

adsurgens
MACHAERAN-

125
128
128
124
128
128
130
126
129
128
128
128
123
124
127
127
127
126
124
125

128.

124
130
129
126
130
128
125.
123,
126
127,
124
123
130
125
126
126
126
129
124
79
79
79
679
548
549
549
549

548 .

399
400
400
667

667

216
217
217

INDEX

THRA
attenuata
eradiata
Shastensis
MACRONEMA
Greenei
molle
suffruticosa .
MADIA
capitata
citriodora
dissitiflora
glomerata
racemosa
sativa
MADARIA
corymbosa
elegans
MAIANTHEMUM
MALACOTHRIX
glabrata
Torreyi
MALUS
rivularis
MALVACEAE
MALVA
rotundifolia
MARAH
-Oregana
MARRUBIUM
‘vulgare-
MATRICARIA
“discoidea
MEDICAGO
denticulata
-lupulina
sativa
MELAMPYRUM
lineare
MELANTHACEAE
MELICA
acuminata
aristata
bromcides
bulbosa
fugax
Harfordii
Var. Howellii
Howellii
interrupta
scabrata
spectabilis
stricta
MELILOTUS
alba
Indica
MELISSA
officinalis

MENTHA
Canadensis
MENYANTHES
trifoliata
MENZIESIA
ferruginea
glabella
MENTZELIA
albicaulis
Brandegei
congesta
dispersa
gracilenta
laevicaulis
pumila
MERTENSIA
nutans
oblongifolia
paniculata
platyphylla
longiflora
Sibirica
MICROCALA
quadrangularis
MICROMERIA.
Douglasii
MICROSERIS
Bigelovii
Douglasii
MIMULUS
alsinoides
breviflorus
cardinalis
dentatus
floribundus
grandiflorus
hirsutus
. Langsdorfii
Lewisii
microphyllus
moschatus
nasutus
peduncularis
. pilosellus
pilosus
primuloides
Pulsiferae
rubellus
Scouleri
Suksdorfii
MIRABILIS
Greenei
MICROPUS
’ Californicus
MITELLA
Breweri
ovalis
pentandra

548
548
449
449
420
421
421
239
240
240
240
240

. 240

240
241
490
491
490
490
491
490
490
442

- 443

550
550
390
391
391
519
521
521
519
519
522
520
520
520
519
521
522
521
521
522
523
522
521
522
520
522
565
565
324
324
200
201
201
201

trifida
MITELLASTRA
caulescens
MOLLUGO
verticillata
MONARDA'""" *
scabra
MONARDELLA
discolor
odoratissima °
purpurea
reflexa
villosa
MONESES
unifiora
MONOLEPIS
chenopodioides
pusilla
spatulata
MONOTROP-
ACEAE
MONOTROPA
uniflora
MONTIA
arenicola
asarifolia
pulbifera
Chamissonis
dichotoma
diffusa
Hallii
Howellii
humifusa
linearis
minor
parviflora
parvifolia
perfoliata
rubra
Sibirica
spathulata
tenuifolia
MUHLENBERGIA
comata i
glomerata
sylvatica .
Var. setiglumis
MUNROA
squarrosa
MUSENIUM
divaricatum
MYOSOTIS
alpestris
macrosperma
palustris
MYOSURUS
apetalus
lepturus

201
201
201
241
241
552
552

‘549°

550
550
550
549
549
425
426
594

594°

594
594

426
428
428
94
96
96
97
95
94

95°

95
94
96
95
94
95
95
95
96
97
96
96
729
730
729
730
730

147

747
265
265

491°

492
492

492°

7, 12

120
12 |

INDEX

minimus
sessilis
MY niu ACEAB
MYRICA
Californica
Gale
MYRIOPHYLLUM
hippuroides ~
pinnatum
spicatum
verticillatum
NABALUS ©
alatus
NAITADACEAE
NAIAS
flexilis
Gaudalupensis
NAMA
demissum
NARTHECIUM
NASTURTIUM
officinale ;
NAUMBURGIA
thyrsiflora
NAVARRETIA
atractyloides
Breweri
divaricata
intertexta
leucocephala
minima
squarrosa
stricta
Suksdorfii
NEILLIA
capitata
malvacea
Torreyi
NEPETA
Cataria
NEMOPHILA
brevifiora
densa
Menziesii
parviflora
pedunculata
NEWBERRYA
congesta
NICOTIANA
attenuata
Bigelovii
quadrivalvis
Var. multivalvis
NITROPHILA
_ occidentalis
NOTHOCALAIS
cuspidata

12

12
615
615
616
616
219
219
220
219
219
399
399
670

671
671
671

473
473
665

39

40
437
437
456
457
457
457
457
457
457
456
456
457
185
185
185
185
53
553
465
466
466
465
466
466
430
430
499
500
500
500
500
591

591 |

393
393

Suksdorfii — 393
troximoides 393
NYCTAGINACEAE 565
NYMPHAEACEAE 29
NYMPHAEA 29
advena 30
Dolysepala 30
OENANTHE 262
sarmentosa 262
OLEACEAE < 438
ONAGRACEAE 220
ONAGRA 230
Hookeri 230
OPUNTIA 242
polyacantha 242
Var. platycarpa 242
Var. borealis 243
OREASTRUM 312
alpigenum 313
Andersoni 313
OREOBROMA 91
Columbiana a1
Cotyledon 91
Howellii 92
Nevadensis 92
Leana 91
oppositifolia 92
pygmaea 92
triphylla 92
Tweedyi 92
OREOCARYA 486
glomerata 486
leucophaea 486
sericea 486
ORCHIDACEAE 624
OROGENIA 261
fusiformis 261
Var. Leibergi 262
linear. folia 261
OROBANCHACEAE 540
OROBANCHE 541
Californica 541
comosa 541
pinetorum 541
ORTHOCARPUS 533
attenuatus 533
bracteosus 535
castilleoides 534:
cuspidatus 534
erianthus 536
hispidus 536
imbricatus 535
lacerus 536
lithospermoides 536
luteus 535
purpurascens 534
pusillus 536
tenuifolius 534

Tolmiei
OSMARONIA
cerasiformis
OSMORHIZA
nuda
OXALIDACEAE
OXALIS
Oregana
Suksdorfii
trilliifolia
OXYCOCCUS
palustris

Var. intermedium

OXYRIA
digyna
OXYTHECA
dendroidea
OXYTROPIS
viscida
PACHYLOPHUS
Nuttallia
PABONIA
Brownii
PACHYSTIMA
Myrsinites
PANICACHAB
PANICUM
capilare
Crus-galli
dichotomum
pubescens
sanguinale
Scoparium
Scribnerianum
PAPAVERACEAE
PANICULARIA
Americana
borealis
fluitans
nervata
pallida
pauciflora
PARIBTARIA
debilis
Pennsylvanica
PARNASSIA
Californica
fimbriata
PARRYA
Menziesii
PASPALUM
distichum
PASTINACA
sativa
PECTOCARYA
penicillata
pusilla
setosa

535
162
162
266
266
109
109
110
110
110
412
413
413
588
588
575
575
154
154
233
233

26

27
112
112
718
718
719
720
719
719
719
719
719.

31
752
753
753
753
758
753
758
603
603
603
204
205
205

38

38
718
718
250
250
477
478
478
478

INDEX

c
PELTIPHYLLUM
peltatum
PENTSTEMON
acuminatus
Adamsianus
attenuatus
azureus
Barrettae
Cardwellii
confertus
Var. globosus
‘ Cusickii
deustus
Davidsonii
Dayanus
Douglasii
diffusus
Gairdneri
Var. hians
glaber
glandulosus
gracilentus
heterophyllus
humilis
Kingii
laricifolius
- Lewisii
Lyallii
Menziesii
miser
Oreganus
paniculatus
procerus
pruinosus
pulchellus
ovatus
Rattani
Var. minor
Richardsoni
Roezli °
rupicola
Scouleri
stenosepalus
triphyllus
venustus
Whitedii
PENTACAENA
ramosissima
PERAPHYLLUM
ramosissimum
PERAMIUM
Menziesii_ .
PEDICULARIS
bracteosa
contorta
densiflora
Groenlandica
Howellii

Menziesii
ornithorhyncha
parviflora
racemosa

PETALOSTEMON

ornatus

PETASITES

nivalis
palmata
sagittata

PEUCEDANUM

ambiguum

Var. leptocarpum
bicolor
Brandegei
Canbyi
circumdatum
Cous

Cusickii
Donnellii
eurycarpum
evittatum
farinosum
Geyeri

Gormani

Grayi

Hallii
Hendersoni
Howellii
laevigatum
leiocarpum
macrocarpum
Martindalei
Var, angustatum
microcarpum
Nevadense
Nuttallii
Oreganum
Sandbergii
simplex
Suksdorfii
triternatum
Var.macrocarpum
Var. brevifolium
Var. alatum
utriculatum
villosum
Watsoni

PHACELIA

bicolor
Bolanderi
ciliata
Franklinii
heterophylla
humilis
Ivesiana
leucophylla
malvaefiora

537
538
539
538
142
142
368
369
368
368
251
253
253
256
257
252
253
253
256
254
253
252
252
252
252.
253
255
252:
257
257
257
25%.
255
255
255
254
257
254
254
256
257
256
256
256
256
255
254
252
467
471
469
469
470
468
468
470
468
468

Menziesii
mutabilis
nemoralis
Pringlei
procera
ramosissima
Rattani
sericea
verna
virgata
PHALARIS
amethystina

arundinaceae

Canariensis
Caroliniana

PHELLOPTERUS

littoralis
PHLOX
adsurgens
caespitosa
diffusa
Dougiasii

Var. andicola

Hoodiu
linearifolia
longifolia
speciosa
Var, Sabini
Stansburyi

PHILADELPHUS

Lewisii
PHILOTRIA
Canadensis
PHLEUM
pratense
alpinum

PHORADENDRON

juniperinum
Libocedri
villosum

PHRAGMITES

communis

PHYLLODOCE

glanduliflora

PHYLLOSPADIX

Scouleri
PHYSARIA

didymocarpa

Geyeri
Oregona

PHYSOSTEGIA

parviflora
PHYSALIS
ixocarpa
lanceolata
pruinosus
PHYTOLAC-

‘

470 CACEAE
467 PHYTOLACCA
467 decandra
467 PICEA
469 Breweriana
469 Engelmanni
468 Sitchensis
470 PIMPINELLA
470 apiodora
468 Var. nudicaulis
721 PINACEAE
721. PINGUICULA
721 vulgaris
721° PINUS
721 albicaulis
259 attenuata
259 contortta
450 flexilis
452 Jeffreyi :
451 Lambertiana
451 monticola
451 Murrayana
451 _ poriderosa
451 PIPTOCALYX
451 circumscissus
452 PLEUROPOGON
452 refractum
452 Californicum
452 PLAGIOBOTHRYS
205 asper ‘
206 campestris
670 canescens
670 colorans
hispidus
740 nothofulvus
740 Shastensis
740 tenellus
608 pLANTAGIN-
608 “ACEAE
ae PLANTAGO
Asiatica
747 aristata
747 Bigelovii
419 elongata
a eriopoda
672 macrocarpa
672 major
52 maritima
52 lanceolata
52 ,Purshii
52 ‘spinulosa
55¢ tetrantha
557 PLATYSTEMON .
498 Californica

498 PLATYSPERMUM

498

498 PLATYSTIGMA

INDEX

scapigerum

lineare

588
588
589
789
789
7389
790
264
264
265
782
544
544
790
791
792

792
791
791
790
791
792
791
483
483
754
755
755
433
484

32

Oreganum

PLECTRITIS

anomala
aphanoptera
congesta
macrocera
samolifolia

PLEURISCOS-

PORA
fimbriolata
longipetala

PNEUMARIA

maritima

POACEAE
POA

acutiglumis
annua
argentea
Bolanderi
Buckleyana

Var, stenophylla

Canbyi
compressa
confinis
Cusickii
epilis
Fendleriana
flava
‘glauca
gracillima
Howeilhii
Idahoensis
ineurva
invaginata
Kelloggii
laevigata
lixa
Leckenbyi
Leibergii
Lettermani
longiligula
lucida
macrantha
nemoralis
nervosa
Nevadensis
occidentalis
pratensis
Pringlei
purpurascens
reflexa
Sandbergii
saxatilis
subaristata
Suksdorfli
Vaseyochloa
Wheeleri

32 POGOGYNE

32
288
288
288
288
288
289

429
429
429
491
491
720
755
759
756
755
758
764
764
764
759
760
756
759
762
760
760
761
758
757
757
761
758
763
760
762
763
763
763
762
756
760
757
762
758
759
763
758
757
T5T
761
756
761
761
759
551

Douglasii

POLEMONIACEAE

POLEMONIUM
amoenum
carneum
confertum
elegans
foliosissimum
humile
luteum
micrantha
occidentale
pectinatum
pulchellum

POLYGALEAE,

POLYGALA
Oalifornica

POLYGONACEAE

POLYGONUM
alpinum
Var. foliosum
Var. Alaskanum
amphibium
Austinae
aviculare
bistortoides
Californicum
convolvulus |
Davisiae
Douglasii
dumetorum
Engelmanni
erectum
Greenei
Hart wrightii
Howellii
Hydropiper
hydropiperoides
Kelloggii
Japathifolium
Var. incanum
lineare
littorale
majus
minimum
montanum
Muhlenbergii
Newberryi
nodosum
Nuttallii
paronychia
Parryi
Pennsylvanicum
Persicaria

phytolaccaefolium

polygaloides
ramosissimum
Sawatchense

551
449
461
463
462
463
461
462
461
463
461
462
462
462
72
73
73
567
576
577
577
578
578
583
581
577
584
585
578
582
585
582,
581
584
579
582
580
580
583
579
579
583
581
583
581
582:
579
578
579
583
580
584
579
580
578
584
582
582

INDEX

Shastensis 581
spergulariae-
forme 583
viviparum 577
Watsoni 584
POLYPOGON 724
littoralis 725
Monspeliensis T24
POMAL SAE 163
PONTEDER-
AACEAE 666
POPULUS 622
alba 622
angustifolia 622
balsamifera . 622
deltoides 623
tremuloides 623
trichocarpa _ 622
PORTULACACEAE 90
PORTULACA 90
oleracea 91.
POTAMOGETON 674.
alpinus 674
amplifotius 674
foliosus 676
Var, Californicus 676
heterophyllus 675
lonchites 675
natans 674
Nuttalli 674
pectinatus 676
perfoliatus . 675.
Var. Richardsonii 675
praelongus 675
pulcher 674
pusillus 676
Robbinsii 676
zosteraefolius 675
POTENTILLA 175
Anserina 173
brevifolia 178
ciliata 175
Drummondii 177
fissa 176
flabelliformis 178
flabellifolia 178
fruticosa 179
gracilis 178
glandulosa 176
glutinosa 175
laterifiora 177
millegrana 177
Monspeliensis 176
Newberryi 177

Pacifica
reflexa
rhomboidea
rivalis
villosa
Wrangelliana
PRIMULACEAE
PRIMULA
Broadheadae
Var. minor
‘Cusickiana
PROSARTES
PRUNUS
Oregana
subcordata
PSEUDOCYMOP-
TERUS
anisatus
PSEUDOTSUGA
Douglasii
PSORALEA
lanceolata
melilotoides
physodes
Purshii
PSILOCARPHUS
brevissimus
elatior
tenellus
Oreganus
PSILONEMA
calycinum
PTEROSPORA
Andromedea
PTEROSTEGIA
. drymarioides
PTILOVALAIS
major
nutans ©
PTILORIA
paniculata
exigua
tenuifolia
virgata
PUCCINELLIA
angustata
distans
Lemmoni
maritima
PYROLACEAB
PYROLA
aphylla
Var. paucifolia
bracteata
chlorantha -
elliptica
minor
picta

rotundifolia 425
Var. incarnata 425
secunda 424
PYRROCOMA 297
arguta 299
glomerata 299
carthamoides 298
congesta 299
Cusickti 298
Hallii 299
hirta 299
Howellii 299
lanceolata 299
paniculata 298
racemosa 298
radiata 298.
tenuicaulis 300
QUERCUS 610
chrysolepis 611
densiflora 612
Garryana 610
Jacobi 610
Kelloggii 611
OErstediana 611
Sadleriana 611
vaccinifolia 611
RAFINESQUIA 408
Californica 403
RAILLARDHLLA 371
argentea 372°
Pringlei 372
RAINIPRIA 369
stricta 370
RANUNCULACEAE 7
RANUNCULUS- 7, 13
alismellus 15
Bolanderi 15
Californicus - 18
cardiophyllus ;
ciliosus 17
Cymbalaria 14
delphinifolius 14
digitatus 16
Douglasii 18
ellipticus 15
Hiseni 17
eremogenes 17
Eschscholtzii 16
eximius 16
glaberrimus 15
Gormani “15
Greenei 18
Howellii “17
limosus 14
Macounii 18
maximus 19
microlonchus 14
muricatus 19

INDEX

occidentalis 17
Oreganus 19
orthorhynchus 19
parviflorus 18°
Pennsylvanicus 18
Populago 15
Rattani 17
repens 19
reptans 14
samolifolius 14
septentrionalis 19
Suksdorfli 16
triternatus 16
Unalaschcensis 14
RAPHANUS 66
sativus 66
RAZOUMOFSKYA 609
Americana 609
Douglasii 609
Var. abietinum 609
occidentalis 609
Var. abietinum 609
robusta 609
RHAMNACEAE 112
RHAMNUS 112
alnifolia 112
Californicus 113
occidentalis 113
Purshiana 113
RHINANTHUS 539
Crista-Galli 539.
RHODODENDRON 427
Californicum 422
macrophyllum 422
RHUS 118.
diversiloba 119
glabra 118
Toxicodendron 118
trilobata 119
RIBESACEAE 206
RIBES 207
ambiguum 210
amictum 211,
aureum 207
pbracteosum 209
cereum 208
ciliosum 208
cognatum 210
divaricatum 210°
erythrocarpum 208
gracile 210,
Hudsonianum 209
lacustre 209
laxiflorum 208
Lobbii 211
crispus 587
hesperius 587
obtusifolius 587

Marshallii
Menziesii
molle
montanum

oxyacanthoides

sanguineum
tenuiflorum
velutinum
viscosissimum
RIGIOPAPPUS
leptocladus
ROMANZOFFIA
Sitchensis
ROSACEAE
ROSA
blanda
Californica
Fendleri
gymnocarpa
Nutkana
pisocarpa
spithamaea
rubiginosa,
RORIPA
Columbiae
curvisiliqua
lyrata
Pacifica
palustris
polymorpha
sinuata
sphaerocarpa
tenerrima
RUPPIA

maritima

RUBIACEAE

RUBUS
arcticus
lasiococcus
leucodermis
nivalis
paroiflorus
pedatus
spectabilis

. Var, Menziesii
strigosus
ursinus

RUDBECKIA
Callifornica
occidentalis

RUMEX
acetosa
acetosella
confinis
conglomeratus
occidentalis
paucifolius
persicarioides

pulcher
salicifolius
venosus

RYNCHOSPORA

alba
SALICACEAE
sALIX
amygdaloides
argophylla
Barclayi
bella
congesta
cordata

Var. angustata
Var, Mackenziana

exigua
Fendleriana
fluviatilis

Var. tenerrima

Geyeriana
glaucops

glauca var. villosa

Hookeriana
lasiandra
lasiolepis
Lemmoni
macrostacha
myrtilloides
nigra
pellita
petrophila
rostrata
saximontana
Scouleriana
sessilifolia
Sitchensis
tenera
vestita
SAGITTARIA
arifolia
Var. stricta
cuneata
esculenta
SALICORNIA
ambigua
herbacea
SALSOLA
tragus
SAMBUCUS
arborescens
glauca
leiosperma
melanocarpa
pubens
SAMOLUS
floribundus
SANICULA
arctopoides

587
587
586
694
694

616
616
617
618
620
619
617
620
620
620
618
617
618
618
619
621
621
619
617
620
621
619
620
617
621
621
619
622

619°
618 .

620
621
622
678
678

679

679
679

597 -

598
598
599
599
279
279
279
279
279
279
438
438
263
263

INDEX

eae 264 ~= lacustris

ipinnatifida 264 ‘

Howellii peg inealss
laciniata 0¢4 + ‘microcarpus
Menziesii 26g nanus
Nevadensis 264 Nevadensis

SANGUISORBA 170 Olneyi
Sadia coe paucifiorus
officinalis 170 riparius
Sitchensis 170 robustus

Sea an 607 subterminalis
pe 74 scORZONELLA

1 .

_ Vaccaria 95 seas rty

SARCOBATUS 598 Ga ctdate
vermiculatus 598 parses

SARCODES 428 leptosepala
‘sanguinea 428 catia

SARRACENIACHAE 30

SAUSSUREA 339 SCOLIOPIS

, Americana 381 _faallii

SAXIFRAGACEAE isg SCROPHULARE

SAXIFRAGA 190 a @eoe
bronchialis qo9 SCROPHE LAN
caespitosa 191 Californica
Californica 192 Marylandica
cherlerioides 91 occidentalis
claytoniaefolia 193 SCRIBNERIA
fragosa 192 Bolanderi_ .
Howellii 195 SCUTELLARIA
integrifolia i93 angustifolia
Lyallii . 191 antirrhinoides

- Var, laxa j92 ~=«gslericulata
Marshallii {92 ~—saterrifiora
Mertensiana. 19g Rana :
nidifica 193 siphocampyloides
Nutkana 194 tuberosa
Nuttallii i95 SEDUM
occidentalis 194 ciliosum
Oregana i94 debile
parvifolia j94 divaricatum
plantaginea 193 +divergens
Treflexa 194 Douglasii
Tolmaei 199 Oreganum
- tricuspidata 191 pumilum

SAXIFRAGOPSIS 195 Rhodiola
fragarioides 195 spathulifolium

SCHEUCHZER stenopetalum
ponea 678 gELINUM

peerie teat a Benthami

Strls 77 capitellatum

SCHOENOCRAMBE 57 Dewaotil
linifolia 57 + Hookeri

SCIRPUS 689 . Kingii
Americanus 690 SENECIO
atrovirens 691 prea

‘ eus
Grinleer 691 Balsamitae

696
691

690
689

689
690
689
689
690
689

391
392
392
391
392
391
391
660
660

500
508
508
508
508
773
712
554
555
555
555
555
555
555
555
212
214
213
213
213
213 '
213
214
212
213 °
214
218
248
249
248
249
249
249
374
379
378
378

Bolanderi
Columbianus
condensatus
cordatus
elongatus
exaltatus
fastigiatus
foetidus
Fremontii
Gibbonsii
hesperis

hydrophyllus
megacephalus
occidentalis
Oreganus
Purshianus
serra

Var. integriuscu-

lus
streptanthifolius
subnudus
subvestitus
triangularis
valerianella
vulgaris
SEQUOIA
sempervirens
SERICOCARPUS
Oregonensis
rigidus
SHEPHERDIA
argentea
Canadensis
SIBBALDIA
procumbens
SIDA
hederacea
SIDALCEA
campestris
glaucescens
Hendersoni
malvaeflora
Oregana
spicata
virgata
SILENE
acaulis
antirrhina
Californica
‘campanulata
_Columbiana
‘Douglasii
Gallica
‘Gormani
Greenii
Hookeri
longistylis
Lyallii

379
377
379
377
379
377
378
377
375
376
375
376
375
375
377
378
376
375
378
376
376
377
379
785
786
306
306
306
601
601
601
175
175
103
108
101
102
101
102
101
102
101
101
75

r
‘

75
76
76
78
78

INDEX

Macounii
macrocalyx
Menziesii
monantha
montana
multicaule
Oregana
sgaposa
Scouleri
Spauldingii
Suksdorfii

‘SILYBUM

Marianum
SISYRINCHIUM
angustifolium
bellum
Californicum
grandiflorum
Idahoense
occidentale
sarmentosa
segetum
septentrionale
SITANION
Brodiei
elymoides
flexuosum
glaber
Leckenbyi
villosum
SIUM
cicutaefolium
SMELOWSKIA
calycina
Fremonti
SMILACINA
amplexicaulis
racemosa
sessilifolia
stellata
SMILACEAE
SMILAX
Californica
SOLANACEAE
SOLANUM
nigrum
sisymbrifolium
triflorum
umbelliferum
, villosum
SOLIDAGO
Californica
confertiflora
elongata
hesperius
Missouriensis
serotina
Tolmieana

SOLIVA 362
sessilis 363
SONCHUS 404
asper 405
oleraceus 405
SOPHIA 56
Hartwegiara 56
longipedicellata 56
incisa 56
pinnata 56
SORBUS 164
occidentalis 164
sambucifolia 164
SPARGANIUM 668
androcladum 668
eurycarpum 668
simplex 668
minimum 668
Var. angustifol-
ium 668
SPARTINA 734
cynosuroides 735
gracilis 735
SPECULARIA 408
SPERGULA 88
arvensis 88
SPHAEROSTIGMA 231
alyssoides 232
andinum 233
Boothii 232
contorta 232
Var. pubens 232
Var. Greenei 232
Hilgardi 232
spirale 232
SPHABRALCEA 102
acerifolia 103
leptosepala 103
Munroana 102
SPIRANTHES 629
SPIRODELA 669
polyrhiza 689
SPIRAEA 186
arbuscula 186
caespitosa 187
Douglasii 186
lucida 186
Menziesii 187
pyramidata 186
SPOROBOLUS 722
airoides 123
asperifolius 723
Bolanderi 124
confusus 724
cryptandrus 723
filiformis 724

gracillimus
simplex
SPRAGUEA
multiceps
umbellata
STANLEYA
confertiflora
viridiflora
STACHYS
bullata
Chamissonis
ciliata
Var. pubens
Emersoni
palustris
pycnantha
vestita
STEIRONEMA
ciliatum
laevigatum

STENANTHELLA

occidentalis
STENOTUS
acaulis
Brandegei
lanuginosus
Lyallii _
-stenophyllus

STENOPHYLLUS

Capillaris

s‘TEPHANOMERIA

STREPTOPUS
amplexifolius
brevipes
roseus

STIPA
Bloomeri
comata
Kingii
Lemmoni
minor
occidentalis
Oregonensis
setigera
viridula

STREPTANTHUS

glandulosus
Howellii
longirostris
orbiculatus
STYLOCLINE
filaginea
SUAEDA
SUBULARIA
aquatica
SULLIVANTIA
Oregana
SWERTIA

INDEX

obtusa 447
SYMPHORICAR-
POS 280
acutus 281
occidentalis 281
oreophilus 281
pauciflorus 281
racemosus 281
rotundifolius . 281
SYNTHYRIS 524
major 525
pinnatifida 525
reniformis 525
rotundifolia 525
rubra 526
TAENIOPLEURUM 2693
Howellii ~ 269
TALINUM 93
spinescens 93
TANACETUM 363
canum 364
Huronense 364
potentilloides 364
vulgare 363
TARAXACUM 403
officinale 403
TARAXIA 231
gracillifiora 231
_heéterantha 231
longiflora 231
ovata 231
. TAXACHAE 781
TAXUS 781
brevifolia 781
TETRADYMIA 370
canescens 371
glabrata 371
Nuttallii 371
spinosa 371
TELLIMA 198
.. grandiflora 199
odorata 199
racemosa _ 199
TEUCRIUM 547
occidentale 547
THALESIA 541
fasciculata 542
purpurea 542
uniflora 542
THALICTRUM 711
Fendleri 11
polycarpum 11
occidentale 12
sparsiflorum 11
venulosum 11
THASPIUM 259
aureum 259

Var. trifoliatum 259

Var.involucratum 259
THELY PODIUM 57
eucosmum 58
flexuosum 58
Howellii 58
integrifolium 58
laciniatum 58
lasiophylum 59
Nuttallii 58
THERMOPSIS 121
argentata 122
gracilis 122
montana 122
robusta 122
THLASPI 64
alpestre 65
THUJA 785
plicata 785
THYSANOCARPUS 65
curvipes 66
radians 66
TIARELLA 202
laciniata 202
trifoliata 202
unfoliata 202
TILLAEA 212
angustifolia 212
minima 212
TISSA &8
diandra 39
macrothecum 88
salina 8&8
rubra 89
TOFIELDIA 664
glutinosa 665
intermedia 665
occidentalis 665
TONELLA 507
collinsioides 507
floribunda 507
TOWNSENDIA 305
florifer 306
Parryi 306
TRAGOPOGON 389
porrifolius 389
TRAUTVETTERIA, 12
grandis 13
TRIENTALIS 436
arctica 436
latifolia 436
TRibuULiuUM 132
albopurpureum 183
altissimum 134
Beckwithii 134
Breweri 135
ciliolatum 185
cyathiferum 137
denauperatum 188

eriocephalum
fimbriatum
fucatum
Hallii
Harneyensis
heterodon
Howellii
Kineii
longipes
Var. latifolium
megacephalum
microdon
microcephalum
obtusiflorum
oliganthum
Oreganum
Plummerae
plumosum
pratense
procumbens
repens
spinulosum
tridentatum
variegatum
TRICHOSTEMA
lanceolatum
laxum
oblongum
TRIGLOCHIN
maritima
palustris
TRILLIUM
chloropetalum
ovatum
petiolatum
rivale
TRISETUM
barbatum
canescens
cernuum
subspicatum
Var. molle
TROLLIUS
laxus
TROXIMON
TSUGA
heterophylla
Mertensiana
TUBULIFLORAE
TYPHACEAE
TYPHA
angustifolia
latifolia
ULEX
Huropaeus
ULMACEAE
UMBELLIFERAE
UMBELLULARIA

INDEX

.Californica
UNIFOLIUM
dilatatum
UROPAPPUS
linearifolius
macrochaetus
URTICACEAE
URTICA
Breweri
gracilis
holosericea
Lyallii
UTRICULARIA
intermedia
minor
occidentalis
vulgaris
VACCINIACEAB

- VACCINIUM

arbuscula
Alaskaensis
caespitosum
Var. cuneifolium
membranaceum
Var. rigidum
microphyllum
Myrtillus
occidentale
ovalifolium
ovatum
parvifolium
uliginosum
Var, mucronatum
Vitis-Idaea
VAGNERA
VALERIANACEAE
VALERIANA
Columbiana
edulis
Sitchensis
- sylvatica
VALERIANELLA
olitoria
VALLISNER
IACEAE

VANCOUVERIA
hexandra
chrysantha

VELAEA
Howellii
Kelloggii

VERBASCUM
Blattaria
Thapsus

VERATRUM
Californicum
caudatum
viride

600
657
657
392
392
392
602
602
602
603
602
603
543
544
543
543
543
410
410
411
412
411
411
411
411
411
411
411
412
412
412

* 411

411
412
656
286
287
287
287
287
287
289
289

670
28
28
28

267

267

267

503

503

503

662

663

663

662

VERBENACEAE..

VERBENA
bracteosa
hastata
prostrata

VERONICA
Alleni:
Americana
avensis
Cusickii
peregrina
scutellata
serpyllifolia
Wornmeskioldii

VIBURNACEAE

VIBURNUM
ellipticum
Opulus
pauciflorum

VICIA
Americana
Californica
exigua
gigantea
hirsuta
sativa
semicincta
truncata

VIOLACEAE

VIOLA
adunca
Beckwithii
blanda
Brooksii
Canadensis
cognata
cuneata
Dougiasii
glabella
Hallii
Howellii
Langsdorfii
lobata
Macloskeyi
Nuttallii
occidentalis
ocellata
orbiculata
palustris
praemorsa
puberula
purpurea
sarmentosa
Sheltoni
trinervata

VITACHAE

VITIS
Californica

560

115
116

WHIPPLEA
modesta
WYETHIA
amplexicaulis
helianthoides
lanceolata
robusta
XANTHIUM
Canadense
strumarium
spinosum
XYLOSTEON
conjugialis

INDEX

involucratum
Ledebourii
Utahensis
villosum
ZANNICHELLIA
palustris
XEROPHYLLUM
Douglasii
tenax
ZIZIA
cordata

282 ZOSTERA

282
282
282
673
673
666
666
666
268
268

latifolia
marina
ZYGADENUS
elegans
Douglasii
gramineus
intermedius
paniculatus
venenosus

671
672
672

662
662
664
664
664
664
664

SSS
ABAANAY
Sa