Gai Suetoni Tranquilli De vita Caesarum libri III-VI : Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero

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ALLYN AND BACON'S COLLEGE LATIN SERIES

UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF

CHARLES E. BENNETT asd JOHN C. ROLFE

GAI SUETONI TRANQUILLI

DE VITA CAESARUM

LIBRI Ill-Vl

Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero

WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BT

JOSEPH B. PIKE

FBOFESSOB OF LATIN IN THB UNIVBESITT OF MINNESOTA

Boston

ALLYN AND BACON
1903

COPYRIGHT. 1903,
BY JOSEPH B. PIKE.

-yyt/b

Norbiootr ^xtM

. S. Gushing & Co. — berwick & Smith Co.

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

Eo 1^. H. %

PREFACE.

The Lives of the Caesars contained in this collection are
of great interest to the student of Roman history, since
they treat of the period covered by the Annals of Tacitus,
by which they are so admirably illustrated and the gaps
of which they serve to bridge. The Lives are, too, in
special need of elucidation, partly because of their author's
disregard of chronological sequence and partly because of
their extreme conciseness. The Notes of this edition, there-
fore, have been made rather full, with a view to confirm,
refute, or further illustrate the statements of Suetonius
by citations from other authors, especially from Tacitus,
Dio Cassius, and the latter's abridger, Xiphilin.

No commentary on the Lives of this edition has, so far
as I am aware, been published in any modern language.
The old commentators, and the Baumgarten-Crusius-Hase
edition in particular, have been of assistance in preparing
the Notes ; but of necessity, in an edition of this kind, much
of the work has been done independently. The text adopted
is that of Roth (1857), with modifications.

I wish to express my great indebtedness to Professor
Charles E. Bennett and Professor John C. Rolfe for their
many valuable suggestions. I also appreciate the assistance
given me by my colleague, Dr. John E. Granrud, who read
critically the proof of the commentary.

JOSEPH B. PIKE.

Minneapolis, Minnesota,
April, 1903.

INTRODUCTION.

LIFE OF SUETONIUS.

Like most of the writers of the Silver Age, Gaius Suetonius
Tranquillus is exceedingly reticent as to his early life. He
states, however, that his father, Suetonius Laetus,' a military
tribune, took part in the battle of Bedriacum,^
which was fought in the year 69 a.d. To this ^^^ *"*
meagre information with regard to his family,
Suetonius' contemporaries add nothing. Not even the place
of his birth is mentioned. Vossius, a Dutch scholar of the
seventeenth century, suggests" that he was a native of
cisalpine Gaul, but adduces nothing more convincing to
support this theory than the fact that Suetonius' friend,
Pliny the Younger, was a native of that region. The year
of his birth, while quite uncertain, cannot be assigned to a
later date than 75 a.d., as may be inferred from a passage
cited later, in which he speaks of a pseudo-Nero at the court
of Vologesus.

A few personal references relating to the period of his
youth are found in his writings. For example,
in his life of Caligula, after stating the gener-
ally accepted theory that the emperor had built his bridge

1 Some editors read Levis.

2 Otho 10, interfuit huic bello pater mens Suetonius Laetus, tertiae
decimae legionis tribunus angusticlavius.

» De Hist. 1. 31.

vii

VUl INTRODUCTION. I.

at Baiae to rival a similar structure of Xerxes over the
Hellespont, he goes on to say that, when a boy, he had
heard his grandfather give a different explanation.' In a
passage of the De Orammaticis' he states that he recalls
from the period of his youth the system of declamation and
disputation employed by the rhetorician Princeps. Suetonius
probably spent his early years at Rome, for, in speaking of
the cruelty of Domitian, he remarks that he himself, when
a youth, was present (i.e. in Rome) on one occasion, when
an investigation was being made to determine whether a
certain aged man was a Jew.' Another personal reference
is met with in the statement that during his youth, twenty
years after the death of Nero (i.e. after the year 88 and be-
fore the death of Vologesus in 91), a pseudo-Nero had great
influence at the court of the Parthians.*

The letters of Pliny the Younger throw some light upon
the life of Suetonius between the years 96 and 112 or

thereabout. The first nine books of these let-
Sue^n^s *®^^ yfeie written after the death of Domitian,

and before Pliny was appointed governor of
Bithynia and Pontus. The tenth contains the official cor-
respondence that passed between Trajan and Pliny, his
representative, chiefly in regard to the administration of
the province. The earliest of these letters addressed to
Suetonius shows that the latter was about twenty -six years
of age at the time, while the latest attests that he was not
far from forty.

> See Calig. 19.

^ Chap. 4, me quidem adulescentulo, repeto quendam Principem
nomine alternis diebus declamare, alternis disputare, nonmillis vera
mane disserere, post meridiem remoto pulpito declamare solitum.

' Domit. 12, interfuisse me adnlescentulum memini, cum a procura-
tore frequentissimoque conailio inspiceretur nonagenarius senex an
circumsectus esset.

* See Nero, 67.

LIFE OF SUETONIUS. ix

In these letters Pliny shows that he held the character of
his friend in high esteem, and that he was solicitous for his
welfare. It was through Pliny's influence that the office of
military tribune was offered to Suetonius. This office, since
he did not care to accept it, he had transferred to a friend —
again through the kindness of Pliny.' Pliny also inter-
ceded in behalf of Suetonius with reference to the purchase
of a piece of property,^ and goes so far as to style him
" contubeiTialis meus." When Suetonius was about to plead
a case, and was much perturbed in consequence of a dream,
it was Pliny who consoled and calmed him, and even
promised to secure a postponement of the trial.' It was
Pliny, too, who encouraged him to put the finishing touches
to some of his writings and publish them.* Finally, in
soliciting from the Emperor Trajan the benefits of the ius
trium liberorum for Suetonius, he remarked that the longer
he knew him the more highly he prized him.* All this
from a man of Pliny's refinement and judgment argues for
the good qualities of Suetonius.

Though Suetonius was a lawyer, and filled some public
posts during his life, yet he seemed by nature suited to more
tranquil paths. He was in truth, as Pliny says,
a scholasticus.^ At Pliny's death, a dear friend 3 "u^"^"* '^ '
of Pliny's, Gains Septicius Clarus,' became
Suetonius' patron. To this Septicius he dedicated his eight
books on the lives of the Caesars, and it was through Septi-
cius' influence that he was appointed secretary to Hadrian.
At first upon friendly terms with the emperor,' he, as well
as Septicius and others, afterward lost favor. Spartianus °

1 Ep. III. 8. * Ep. I. 24. 8 Ep. I. 18.

* Ep. V. 10. ' Ep. X. 94, 95. « Ep. I. 24.

' Pliny speaks of this man in high terms, Ep. II. 9, 4.
8 Aug. 7.

' Spart. Hadrian 11,3, Septicio Claro praefecto praetorii et Sue-
tonio Tranquillo epistularum magistro muUisque aliis, quod apud

X INTRODUCTION. I.

states that the reason for the dismissal was that these
men had not conducted themselves toward the empress
according to the strict rules of etiquette demanded by
Hadrian.

Suetonius must have been about fifty years old at the
time of his dismissal from the court of Hadrian. The rest

of his life was devoted to the peaceful pursuit

of literature. The last contemporary mention
of him is made by M. Fronto in a letter to M. Aurelius,
probably written during the early years of the reign of
Antoninus Pius.

Suetonius was almost the only author in the reign of
Hadrian who produced anything of importance. The chief

work of his which has been preserved, and by
tirei' Ca''*ars ''^^i'^^ ^^ ^^ *° ^^ judged, is his Lives of the

Caesars. Suetonius apparently used good
authority for almost all that he wrote. He drew little from
Tacitus, and never mentions him. Pliny, no doubt, supplied
him with some material for his later Lives, but he, too, is
passed over in silence. There is nothing to show that
Suetonius used Velleius Paterculus or Plutarch. He drew
largely from official documents and from the private cor-
respondence of the emperors. He was, however, somewhat
too prone to accept the stories and gossip that were current
with regard to the imperial court.

Suetonius is not an historian, for he neglects even the
great public happenings of the times, except in so far as

they relate to the Caesars as individuals. He
J^^^°°' is hardly a biographer in the strict sense of

the term, as an analysis of the Lives will show.
They are all written after one general pattern. He gives
first an account of the parentage and early life of each

Sahinam uxorem in vau eius familiarius se tunc egerant quam reve-
rentia domus aulicae postulabat, successores dedit.

LIFE OF SUETONIUS. xi

emperor; he then divides the reigpa into certain sections,*
treating separately the good and bad traits ''■ of his subject,
but leaving no clear conception of the character as a whole.
The account of the death is preceded or followed by a
statement of the omens that presaged it. He pays no atten-
tion to chronological sequence in his narration, and displays
but little historical insight. He is a painstaking compiler
of data, and as such is valuable from the historical point of
view. No other author has related so many interesting
facts concerning the court life of the early empire of Rome.
Both Tacitus and Suetonius seem to be trustworthy in
respect to the facts they state, but here the likeness ends.
Suetonius attempts no philosophical discussion xgjjtus and
of character; he merely enumerates the vices Suetonius
and virtues of his subject, without drawing «"™P*^**
conclusions. There is no analysis of motives or emotions.
While Tacitus is a violent partisan, Suetonius dispassion-
ately states facts without discussing them. He draws the
portraits of his Caesars as men rather than as rulers. He
possesses but little dramatic instinct, and what he does
possess is displayed in narration' rather than in the pres-
entation of character.

^ Aug. 9, proposita vitae eius velnt summa, partes singillatim neque
per tempora sed per species exsequar, quo distinctius demonstrari
cognoscique possint.

' Nero, 19,haec partim nulla reprehensione, partim etiam non medi-
ocri laude digna in unum eontuli, ut secernerem a probris ac sceleribus
eius de quibus dehinc dicam ; Calig. 22, hactenus quasi de principe ;
reliqua ut de monstro narranda sunt.

' The best example of his power in this respect is seen in Chapters
48 and 49 of the Life of Nero.

xii INTRODUCTION. IL

II.

LANGUAGE AND STYLE.'

Suetonius of necessity reflects the literary tendencies of
his time ; yet his style is less typical of the Silver Age than
that of any other writer of the period. His use of Greek
words and poetical phrases and constructions seems to be
due to the influence of the age rather than to his personal
inclination. He aims at clearness, simplicity, and brevity,
though on occasions condensation is attained at the expense
of clearness. The brevity of Suetonius' diction is not epi-
grammatic, nor employed with evident artistic purpose. It
is the brevity of economy, which aims to express the thought
in the simplest and fewest words. Neglect of concinnity and
parallelism of construction, while not carried to excess as in
Tacitus, are peculiarities of Suetonius' style. The sentences
are comparatively short, and there is an entire absence of
the periodic structure. As would be expected from these
traits, his prose is not harmonious. In fact, he seems to be
utterly lacking in a feeling for rhythm. He does not strive
for effect, and his diction is singularly free from rhetorical
ornamentation. He keeps himself entirely out of his works,
with the result that his style is somewhat colorless. Its
very simplicity, however, gives an element of strength and
vigor. The following are the most noticeable linguistic
characteristics :

' For further information the following works may be consulted :
P. Bagge, de elocutions C. Suetonii TranquilH, Upsala, 1875 ;
R. Dupow, de Suetonii TranquilH consuetudine guaesiiones, Jena,
1895 ; H. R. Thimm, de usu atque elocutione C. Suetoni TranquilH,
Konigsberg, 1867 ; Freunde, de C. Suetoni TranquilH usu atque
genere dicendi, Berlin, 1900.

LANGUAGE AND STYLE. xiii

§ 1. VOCABULAEY.

a. Suetonius uses many words from the Greek. He also
exhibits many unusual and technical words.

(1) chlamys, ' a mantle,' Tib. 6 ; megistanuin, ' grandees,' Calig. 5 ;
chrysocoUa, 'green,' Calig. 18; asticos, 'celebrated in the city,'
i.e. ' games,' Calig. 20 ; automatum, ' self-acting machine,' Claud. 34 ;
catadroraum, 'a tight rope stretched on an incline,' Nero, 11 ; ephe-
borum, ' youths,' Nero, 12 ; buthysiae, ' a sacrifice of oxen,' Nero, 12 ;
pyxidem, ' a small box,' Nero, 12 ; oitharoedum, ' one who plays on the
cithara, accompanying it with the voice,' Nero, 20 ; hypocrita, ' an
actor who accompanies the dialogue with gesticulation,' Nero, 24 ;
hieronicarum, 'victors in the sacred games,' Nero, 24; phonasco,
' an instructor in voice culture,' Nero, 25 ; naumachiam, ' a mock sea-
fight,' Claud. 21; epinicia, 'songs of victory,' Nero, 43; agona, 'a
contest,' Nero, 45 ; synthesinam, sc. vestem, ' a dressing-gown,' Nero,
51 ; brabeutarum, 'those who preside at the public games,' Nero, 53.

(2) amanuensibus, ' secretaries,' Nero, 44 ; exstipicio, ' an inspection
of the vitals of victims,' Nero, 56 ; cycladatus, 'clothed in the cyclas,
or women's state robe,' Calig. 52; imagunculam, 'a small image,'
Nero, 56 ; machinosum, ' skilfully constructed,' Nero, 34 ; resalutatione,
' a greeting in return,' Nero, 37 ; sericatus, ' dressed in silks,' Calig. 52 ;
solutilem, ' that would fall apart,' applied to a ship, Nero, 34 ; super-
iumentarium, 'an overseer of teamsters,' Claud. 2; verbenatum,
' crowned with a sacred wreath,' Calig. 27.

b. Suetonius shows a remarkable fondness for adverbs
in -im :

raptim, Tib. 6, Nero, 41 ; confestim, Tib. 7, 13, 24, Calig. 12, 15,
48, Claud. 1, 37; iunctim, Tib. 8; seusim, Tib. 11, 44 ; statim, Tib.
21, 40, 44, 48, 52, 61, 72, Calig. 14, 27, Claud. 1, 15, 33, 37, Nero, 20,
40, 48 ; praesertim, Tib. 21, Calig. 8 ; paulatim, Tib. 53, Calig. 3,
Nero, 27 ; iuxtim, Tib. 33 ; singillatim, Tib. 42, 61, Claud. 29, Nero,
15 ; interim, Tib. 63, 73, Claud. 6 ; separatim, Tib. 76 ; passim, Calig.
6, Nero, 25; nominatim, Claud. 6; vicissim, Claud. 10; Nero, 1;
viritim, Nero, 10 ; furtim, Nero, 23.

This fondness is more apparent in other portions of Sue-

xiv INTRODUCTION. 11.

tonius' writings than in the Lives of this edition. The
following occur :

caesim, carptim, circulatim, dispersim, domesticatim, generatim,
gregatim, mixtim, municipatim, provinciatim, regionatim, sabsultim,
summatim, ubettiin, vicatim.

c. Diminutives are freely used :

amiculae, Calig. 33 ; cenulam, Claud. 21 ; corbulae, Nero, 19 ; cul-
tellos, Claud. 34 ; filiola, IY6. 53 ; imaguncula, Nero, 66 ; modulum,
Nero, 49 ; ofEula, Claud. 40 ; palmularum, Claud. 8 ; porcello, Nero,
33 ; rastello, Nero, 19 ; regulos, Calig. 5 ; sportulam, Claud. 21 ;
tirunculum, Nero, 21 ; trimulus, Nero, 6.

d. As in Tacitus, so in Suetonius we find a fondness for
abstract expressions :

omnisque amicitias et familiaritates intra breve tempus afflixU
(where amicitias et familiaritates is equivalent to amicos et familiares,
'friends and intimates'), Tib. 51; Italiam per clientelas occupare
(where per clientelas is equivalent to per clientes, 'by the instrumen-
tality of his clients), Tib. 2; confectores ferarum et varia harenae
ministeria (ministeria equivalent to ministros, ' various participants in
the gladiatorial games '), Nero, 12 ; viciniae silentium indieere (_viciniae
equivalent to vicinis, 'order the neighbors to be silent'), Calig. 65.

e. Adjectives are freely used as nouns :

aureos (sc. nummos), 'gold pieces,' Claud. 6 ; diribitorio (^sc. aedi-
ficio), ' building whence distributions were made,' Claud. 18 ; ducen-
tesima (ic. pars), 'two hundredth part,' Calig. 16; natali {sc. die),
'birthday,' Calig. 26.

§ 2. Cases.

o. (1) In common with other prose writers of the Silver
Age, Suetonius constantly uses the ablative instead of the
accusative to denote extent of time :

vixit annis viginti novem, imperavit triennio et decern mensibus
diebuaque octo, Calig. 69.

LANGUAGE AND STYLE. XV

(2) The ablative is freely used without the preposition in,
in words that convey a distinctly locative idea:

media ampkitheatn harena igni cremavit, Calig. 27.

b. The Greek accusative and the accusative object of a
passive participle used as a middle are more frequently
met with than in earlier writers :

depictas gemmatasque indutus paenulas, Calig. 52 ; hirsutus cetera,
'as for the rest with heavy growth of hair,' Calig. 50 ; illud horae, 'at
that time,' Nero, 26.

c. (1) The dative of agent with other forms than the
gerundive, though common, is not found as often as in
Tacitus :

quae iam nunc sibi componi oporteret, ' which he should already be
composing,' Nero, 43.

(2) The dative of purpose in the gerundive construction
is very common :

ligna conferri curando max eadaveri, Nero, 49 ; deligendi vekicula
portandis scaenicis organis, Nero, 44.

d. The following uses of the genitive deserve notice :

commeatus a senatu peti solitos henefleii sui fecit, ' were granted at
his hand' (predicate), Claud. 23 ; scyphos gratissimi usus, 'favorite
goblets' (quality), Nero, 47 ; fascias purpurae ac conchylii, 'fillets of
purple ' (genitive for adjective), Calig. 17 ; patronum perferendae
legationis, Claud. 6 (an extension of the defining genitive where we
might expect the preposition causa instead of the simple genitive).
This, construction is also much afiected by Tacitus.

§ 3. The Verb.
a. Tense.

(1) The historical present is very rare as compared with
the frequency with which it occurs in other writers.

xvi INTRODUCTION. II.

(2) In no other writer is the perfect subjunctive more
freely used for the imperfect:

prosecutus est ut custoditum sit, Tib. 1 ; adulationes adeo aversatus
est ut neminem . . . admiserit, Tib. 27.

(3) The present subjunctive in indirect discourse is often
used where we should expect the imperfect {repraesentatio) :

se prolaturum affirmavtt si liceat, Nero, 41 ; nihil habere se vocife-
ratus est quare eos demereatur, Claud. 40.

(4) Bolder still is the union of the imperfect and perfect
subjunctive in correlative constructions :

obtrectavit ut . . . elevarit et increparet, Tib. 52 ; cf. experiebatur
quae fuisset . . . quid sint solitae, Tib. 70.

b. Mode.

(1) The imperfect subjunctive is used with priusquam,
antequam, pridiequam, in constructions where the earlier
writers would have used the perfect indicative :

ante paucos quam obiret menses, Calig. 8 ; pridiequam periret,
Calig. 57.

(2) The subjunctive is once used with iubere :

lectis codicillis quibus ut id faceret iubebalur, Tib. 22.

(3) Suetonius is fond of the iterative subjunctive in tem-
poral and conditional clauses :

quotiensque introiret, Calig. 7 ; quotiens exoscularetur, Calig. 33 ;
promptus utique si perorandum in aliquem esset, Calig. 53.

(4) As in Tacitus, the subjunctive is used in clauses
introduced by tamquam and quasi to express the ground of
action, without necessarily implying any suggestion of un-
reality :

quasi fatale esset, Nero, 43 ; tamquam parum esset non oboedire,
Calig. 29.

LANGUAGE AND STYLE. xvii

(5) The subjunctive is used with quamquam :

quamquam aaepUis revocaietur, Tib. 16 ;
also with quamvis to introduce a statement of fact :

quamvis minimum fortunae casibusque permitteret, Tib. 19.

(6) The subjunctive without ut is frequent after verbs of
commanding and exhorting :

monuit . . . durarent, Calig. 46 ; scripsit . . . appararent, Calig. 47 ;
demmtiavit abiret, Calig. 55.

c. Constructio ad sensum is of frequent occurrence :

magna pars rutila barba fuerunt, Nero, 1 ; ditissimus quisque com-
parabant, Calig. 22.

§ 4. Participles, Infinitives, Geeund, and Gerundive.

a. (1) The future participle is freely used to express pur-
pose ; also with temporal or conditional force :

Capitoliumque occupaverant, asserturi communen libertatem (pur-
pose), Claud. 10; traiecturus Bhenum (temporal), Tib. 18; ut mono-
polium nominaturus veniam prius poatularet (conditional), Tib. 71.

(2) Perfect passive participles used as adjectives are freely-
compared :

contemptior, Tib. 13 ; impensissimis, Tib. 13.

(3) Suetonius shows a great fondness for participial con-
structions, which he employs for the sake of brevity:

successores permssoresque summittere exercitus et provinciis re-
gentibus, quasi conspifatis idemque et unum sentientibus, Nero, 43.

6. (1) The object infinitive, either with or without sub-
ject accusative, is freely used in constructions not allowed
or but seldom employed by the writers of classical prose,
e.g. with the following words :

aggressus, Claud. 41 ; contentus, Tib. 25 ; flagitavit, Claud. 15 ;
oraret, Nero, 47 ; permisit, Calig. 16 ; non dubitans, Claud. 36 ;

XVUl INTRODUCTION. II.

imperavit, Tib. 57 ; cum magni aestimaret, Nero, 21 ; non defuit
animus, Calig. 56, and many others.

(2) The historical infinitive seems not to have been used.

c. (1) The accusative of the gerund and gerundive is used
after inter and oh, a rare usage :

inter canendum, Nero, 32.

(2) For the genitive and dative of the gerundive see under
" Cases."

§ 5. Prepositions.

Among the most characteristic uses of prepositions, the
following may be noted :

(1) Ab: equivalent to post:

a somno, 'after sleep,' Tib. 68 ;

to signify the office or duty :

Epaphrodito a libellis, ' Epaphroditus, master of petitions,' Nero, 49 ;
cf. Jul. 74, servu3 a manu, ' a secretary ' ; Tib. 42, a voluptatihus.

Ad:

exhibuit ad ferrum, ' had them fight,' Nero, 12.

Apud : equivalent to locative case or in with ablative :

apud insulam Capreas, Aug. 92 ; apud Neapolim, Tib. 6 ;

or to ad :

apud Philippos, Tib. 14.

These are archaisms revived in Silver Latin.

Circa : in temporal sense :

circa initia imperii, 'at the beginning of his reign,' Claud. 7 ;

with the meaning of de :

circa successorem omnia ordinare, 'with reference to his successor,'
Claud. 45.

Citra : equivalent to sine, as in Tacitus :

citra bellum, ' without war,' Claud. 35.

LANGUAGE AND STYLE. xix

De : the preposition de, contrary to ordinary usage, is em-
ployed with the verb paenitere:

paenitentis de matrimonio Agrippinae, Claud. 43.

In : equivalent to ad :

usque in Idus, Calig. 17 ; in memoriam patris, Calig. 15.

Inter :

inter haec, ' meanwhile,' Calig. 46 ; inter moras, ' after some delay,'
Nero, 49.

Prae : equivalent to propter :

prae turba occurentium, ' because of the crowd,' Calig. 4.

Procul : as a preposition, equivalent to sine :

procul dubio, Nero, 3.

(2) Prepositional phrases are freely used as attributive
modifiers of nouns :

mirmillonem e ludo, ' a mirmillo of the training school,' Calig. 32 ;
iuris dictionem de fidei commissis, 'jurisdiction in matters of trust,'
Claud. 23; quo materiam tumultus post se subduceret, Tib. 22.

§ 6. Adverbs and Conjunctions.

a. Quamquam (for quamvis) is used with adjectives and

participles :

quamquam hoc modo agenti, Claud. 6 ;

for quamquam with subjunctive, see under " Mode."

b. (1) Priusq^am, quamvis, nisi, quasi, tamquam, and
quamquam are freely used with the ablative absolute :

quamvis triginta hominum milibus operantibus, Claud. 20 ; quam-
quam abominantibus qui audiebant, Claud. 46 ; non prius palam fecit,
quam Agrippa iuvene interempto, Tib. 22 ; for quamvis in statement
of fact, see under " Mode."

(2) They are also used with participles :

Non prius occidit quam offensus adore, Calig. 27.

XX INTRODUCTION. III.

c. Tamquam and quasi are sometimes used, as in Tacitus,
introducing a subjunctive clause where the accusative with
infinitive might have been expected:

tenetque opinio tamquam et natus ibi sit, Aug. 6 ; increbrescente
rumore quasi . . . commorarelur, Tib. 11.

d. Et with the force of etiam is very common.

e. Quo is used to introduce a clause of purpose where no
comparison is involved :

quo . . . subduceret, Tib. 22.

/. Donee is used with the subjunctive in a statement of
fact.

Viewed as a whole, the Latin of Suetonius is not so closely
modelled on the Ciceronian style as that of Quintilian or
that of Pliny the Younger, nor does it exhibit such marked
peculiarities of the Silver Age as do the diction of Seneca
and Tacitus. It does not present many difficulties, and is
admirably adapted to the purpose of its author.

III.
THE WORKS OF SDETONIUS.

Some of the works of Suetonius were written in Greek,
others in Latin, a practice followed by many of the authors
of the time.

With the exception of the Lives of the Caesars, but few
fragments, considering the bulk of his productions, have
come down to us, and considerable doubt exists even in
regard to the titles of many of the works.

The first collection of the fragments' was made by Isaac

1 The standard edition of the fragments is Reifferscheid's, which
may be consulted for further information with reference to them.

THE WORKS OF SUETONIUS. xxi

Casaubon in 1595. Suidas, a Greek lexicographer of the
tenth century, is the chief authority as to the order and
titles of the works. These are as follows :

1. ntpi rStv Trap" 'EAAtjcti iraiSuov fiifi\iov a, a book of the

games in vogue among the Greeks. This was undoubtedly
written in Greek, though it may also have been translated
by the author into Latin. •

2. TTfpl Tuiv Ttapa 'P(i>|*aibts ${tapiu>v Kal ayutvtov ^ifiXux (3', an

account of Roman spectacles and games, written in Latin,
under the title Historica ludicra.

3. -irtpl Tov Kara. 'PtD/iaiow IviavTov /Si/SXio)/ a', an archaeo-
logical investigation into the theory of the Roman year.

4. TTtpl Tuiv iv Tois /3i;3XiW a-qfiiiatv a, on the meaning of
rare words.

5. ircpl T^s KiKtpmv&; ttoXxtcuk; a, a justification of the con-
duct of Cicero, written in answer to some of his numerous
detractors, especially one Didymus, a conceited Alexandrine.

6. vepl ovofuiTtDv Kal i&eai icrOrmaTiov koi vrro8riiJ.aTa>v Koi riov

aXXftJv oU Tis a.p.<t>i.a>wTai, a treatise on the different names
of shoes, coats, and other articles of dress.

7. TTcpt Sv<T<t>ijix<i>v X.i$«ov rJTOi ^\au<f>T)fu!i>v Kal Trodtv fKoxTTrj,

an inquiry into the origin and etymology of various terms
of abuse employed in conversation and literature, probably
written in Greek. The work appears to have been framed
under headings designating the objects of censure (iirl

av8pu>v aKo\dL(TTtav, cttI ywaiKHv, cis SovXovs).

8. ircpl 'Poijui;? Kal tS>v iv avrrj vo/ii/ioiv Kal rjOSiv /8ty3\ui /3', an

account of the chief Roman customs. Only a short pas-
sage on the triumph has been preserved by Isidore.

9. SvyyeviKoj' Kaio-apwv i/3', a biography of the twelve
Caesars, in eight books, written in Latin under the title De
Vita Caesarum.

10. %T€fifjuiTa "Piopaiiov avSpuiv i-n-icrrjixiav, a gallery of illus-
trious men, written in Latin under the title De Viris Illus-
tribus.

XXli INTRODUCTION. III.

11. irept iirurriiiMv iropvuiv, an account of those courtesans
who had become renowned through their wit, beauty, or genius.

12. De Vitiis Corporalibus, a list of bodily defects, written
possibly to supplement the medical works of Celsus and
Scribonius Largus.

13. De Institutione Officiorum, a manual of rank as fixed
by law, and of social and ceurt etiquette.

14. De Regibus, in three books, containing biographies of
the most renowned monarchs in each of the three divisions
of the world, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

15. De Rebus Variis. Of this there are few and insignifi-
cant notices.

16. Praia, miscellanies, in ten or perhaps twelve books.
This was a very popular work, and it is probable, as Reiif er-
scheid supposes, that many of the foregoing treatises were
merely portions of the Prata, cited under separate names.
The Prata was extensively used by later writers, especially
Isidore, through whom the parts on natural history became
well known during the Middle Ages.

Of all these works, there have survived only parts of the De
Viris Illustribus, and the Lives of the Caesars, that is, of Nos. 9
and 10 of the above list. The De Viris Illustribus treated of
those eminent in literature, and comprised treatises on poets,
orators, historians, philosophers, grammarians, and rhetori-
cians. First came a list of the authors treated, then followed
the earlier history of the department in question, and finally
the principal representatives were discussed in chronological
order. The series of orators began with Cicero; of histo-
rians, with Sallust. The lives of Tacitus and Pliny the
Younger were not treated, for this work, like the Lives of
the Caesars, did not extend beyond the time of Domitian.

Of the earlier parts of the work, there are extant excerpts
made by Diomedes and Jerome. From the book De Poetis,
we possess the lives of Terence, Horace, and that of Lucan

MANUSCRIPTS OF SUETONIUS. xxiil

in part. The lives of Vergil and Persius are believed to be
the work of another hand. From the book De Historkis,
fragments of the life of Pliny the Elder exist. Of the
work De Grammaticis et Rhetoribus, the greater part, together
with the index, is extant. The life of Terence has been pre-
served entire by Donatus, iu the introduction to his com-
mentary on Terence. The life of Horace was preserved in
manuscripts of his works, and at an early date was prefixed
in somewhat modified form to copies of his poems. The
life of Persius is attributed to Valerius Probus.

The work De Vita Caesarum, dedicated to C. Septicius
Clarus, was published in 120 a.d. This work was divided
into eight books, in such a way that the lives of the first
six emperors, from Julius to Nero, form one book each;
those of the three emperors of the year 69, the seventh ; and
those of the three Flavians, the eighth. The beginning of
the life of Julius is missing.

IV.

MANUSCRIPTS OF SUETONIUS.i

But few of the numerous manuscripts of Suetonius found
in the various libraries of Europe are of any great value.
These manuscripts may be divided on the basis of their origin
into four classes, to the first of which belongs the Codex
Memmianus, the oldest and most valuable, and the Ghtdianus.
The second class has as its type the third Medicean, and in-
cludes the Codex Vaticanus of Lipsius. Becker also places
the Berolini, No. 337, one of the best of the inferior manu-

1 Cf. Roth's preface. For points on textual criticism, consult Becker,
Quaestiones Critieae. For some of the latest work done in collating
manuscripts, see Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. XII,
pp. 19-58.

xxiv INTRODUCTION. IV.

scripts, in this class. The third class is headed by the
Codex Parisinus, 6116, and the second Medicean. Though
the manuscripts of this class are badly corrupted, they are
the only source confirming some of the readings fovind in the
Memmian. The fourth class consists of the manuscripts
made during the fifteenth century, which are of comparatively
little value.'

The Codex Memmianus. — This manuscript is first heard
of at Turin, in the thirteenth century. From that place it
was carried in the sixteenth century to the library of Henri
de Mesmes. Here it was inspected by various scholars, but,
as it had as yet no definite title, it was cited under different
names, e.g. Turonensis, Pithoeamis, and Memviianus, thus
giving rise to the belief that three separate manuscripts,
instead of one, existed. From the possession of the De
Mesmes family, it passed into the library of Emmerich Bigot,
where it was known as No. 196. In 1706 Bigot's library
was purchased by the Royal Library of Paris, now the
National Library, where the manuscript still rests, being
known as Codex Memmianus, No. 6115. The title of the
Lives is wanting in this, but the first five words, annum
agens sextum decimum patrem, beginning the life of Julius,
are written in red ink with the initial A of the word annum
somewhat higher than the other letters, proving that the
loss of the first part of this life antedated the writing of
the manuscript. It belongs, as the style of the writing
indicates, to the ninth century.

Oudianus 268. — This is the next earliest manuscript, and
was written in the eleventh century. Its excellence was not
known to Roth, nor did he collate it, supposing it to be later
than the Ouelferhytanus of Wolf, who cited it as Guelf. II,
whereas in reality it is earlier and more valuable. It

1 For a different estimate of these fifteenth century manuscripts,
see Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. XII, pp. 261-264.

EDITIONS. XXV

approaches most nearly to the readings of the Memmian,
and is undoubtedly from the same original.

Tliird Medicean. — This, the best-known manuscript of
the second class, is now preserved in the Medicean library
of Florence. It is written in two columns, in the style
prevalent during the eleventh century. Its excellence is
undoubted, for it often approaches the Memmian in value,
and, either with it or alone, preserves the correct reading for
certain words.

Codex Vaticanus Lipsii. — To this same class belongs the
Codex Vaticanus Lipsii, from which readings were taken by
Lipsius in 1574; hence the name. Of this only the first
three books, the lives of Julius Caesar, Augustus, and
Tiberius, are extant. There are in all twelve maauscripts of
Suetonius in the Vatican Library.

EDITIONS.

Earliest Editions. — Two editions were printed at Rome in
the year 1470, and one at Venice, 1471.

Subsequent Editions. — Philip Beroaldus, 1493 and 1503 ;
Erasmus, 1518; Robert Estienne, 1543; Isaac Casaubon,
1595 and 1610; John August Ernesti, 1748 and 1775;
Franz Oudendorp, 1751 ; Wolf, 1802 ; Baumgarten-Crusius,
1816 ; the same with additions by Hase, 1828 (this last is
still the standard annotated edition); Roth, 1857; Smilda;
Vita Claudii, 1896. With English commentary, there are
at the present time two editions: Suetonius I-II, H. T.
Peck, 1899 ; and Augustus, Shuckburgh, 1896.

C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI

DE YITA CAESARUM

LIBER III.
TIBERIUS.

1 Patricia gens Claudia (fuit enim et alia plebeia, nee 5
potentia minor nee dignitate) orta est ex Eegillis; oppido
Sabinorum. Inde Romam recens conditam

,. .. The Claudian

cum magna clientium manu commigravit, q^^
auetore Tito Tatio consorte Eomuli, vel,
quod magis constat, Atta Claudio gentis principe, post lo
rages exactos sexto fere anno ; atque in patricias cooptata,
agrum insuper trans Anienem clientibus locumque sibi
ad sepulturam sub Capitolio publice accepit. Deinceps
procedente tempore duodetriginta consulatus, dictaturas
quinque, censuras septem, triumphos sex, duas ovationes 15
adepta est. Cum praenominibus cognominibusque variis
distingueretur, Luci praenomen consensu repudiavit,
Clfi'^postquam e duobus gentilibus praeditis eo alter latro-
cinii, caedis alter convictus est. Inter cognomina auteni
et Neronis assumpsit, quo significatur lingua Sabina 20
fortis ac strenuus.

2 Multa multorum Claudiorum egregia merita, multa-
etiam aetiua^admissa in rem publicam exstant. Sed ut

1

2 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAEUM

praeoipua commemorem, Appius Caecus societatem cum

rege Pyrrho ut parum salubrem iniri dissuasit. Claudius

... ^ Caudex primus if reto classe traiecto Poenos

Achievements '^

and misdeeds Sicilia expulit. Tib. Nero advenientem ex

5 °* '** ™®™' Hispauia cum ingentibus copiis Hasdruba-
bers

lem, priusquam Annibali f ratri coniungeretur,

oppressit. Contra Claudius E-egillianus, decemvir legibus

scribendis, virgiuem iugenuam per vim libidiuis gratia

in servitutem asserere conatus, causa plebi fuit secedendi

10 rursus a patribus. Claudius Drusus, statua sibi diade-
mata ad Appi Forum posita, Italiam per clientelas
occupare teinptavit. ''Claudius Pulcher apud Siciliam,
non pascentibus in at^spicando puTlis ac per contemptum

^"religionis mari demersis, quasi ut biberent quando esse

15 nollent, proenum navale iniit; superatusque, cum dicta-
torem dicere a senatu iuberetur, velut iterum illudens
discrimini publico, Glician viatorem suum dixit.

Exstant et feminarum exempla diversa aeque, siquidem
gentis eiusdem utraque Claudia fuit, et quae navem cum

20 sacris Matris deum Idaeae obhaerentem Tiberino vado
extraxit, precata propalam, ut ita demum se sequeretur, si
sibi pudicitia constaret; el quae novo more iudicium
maiestatis apud populum mulier subiit, quod in conferta
raultitudine aegre procedente carpento palam optaverat,

25 ut frater suus Pulcher revivesceret atque iterum classem

amitteret, quo minor turba Romae foret. Praeterea nota-

tissimum est, Claudios omnis, excepto dumtaxat P. Clodio,

qui ob expellendum urbe Cicerbnem plebeio

. *" ^ homini atque etiam natu minori in adop-

haugntmess ^ 0* ^ > ■ 7 "

30 tionem se dedit^ optimates assertoresque

unicos dignitatis ac pOtentiae patriciorum semper fuisso,

atque adversus plebem adeo violentos et coutumaces, ut

LIBEE III. TIBERIUS. 3

ne capitis quidem quisquam reus apud populum mutare

vestem aut deprecari sustinuerit; nonnulli in altercatione

et iurgio tribunes plebi pulsaverint. Etiam virgo Ves-

talis f ratrem, iniussu pop.uli triumphantem, ascenso simul

curru, usque in Capitoliura prosecuta est, ne vetare aut 5

intercedere fas cuiquam tribunorum asset.

3 Ex hac stirpe Tiberius Caesar genus trahit, et quidem

utrumque: paternum a Tiberio Nerone, maternum ab

Appio Pulchro, qui affilfc -A-ppi Caeci filii

fuerunt. Insertus est et Liviorum familiae, '*^°"st°" "' lO

' Tibenus
adoptato in earn materno avo. Quae familia,

quamquam pleljeia, tamen et ipsa admodum floruit, octo

consulatibus, censuris duabus, triumphis tribus, dictatura

etiaui ac magisterio equitum honorata ; clara et insigni-

bus viris, ac maxime Salinatore Drusisque. - Salinator 15]

uniVersas tribus in censura notavit levitatis nomine,

quod, cum se post priorem consulatum mult^ irrogata '^

condemnassent, consulem iterum censoremque fecis-

sent. Drusus, hostium duce Drauso comminus truci-

dato, sibi posterisque suis cognomen invenit. Traditur 20

etiam pro praetore ex provincia Gallia rettulisse aurum,

Senonibus olim in obsidione Capitolii datum, nee, ut

fama est, extortum a Camillo. Eius abnepos, ob eximiamJ '

adversus Gracchos operam patronus senatus dictus, filium/

reliquit, quern in simili dissensione multa varie molien- 2S-

tem diversa factio per fraudem interemit. ' [

4 Pater Tiberi, qpaestor C. Caesaris Alexandrino bello

classi praeposi1^s,''plurimum ad victoriam contulit. Quare

et pontifex in locum P. Scipionis substitutus

, . ^ „ . ... ffis father

et ad deducendas m Galliam colonias, in 30

quis Narbo et Arelate erant, missus est. Tamen Caesare

occiso, cunctis turbarum metu abolitionem facti decer-

C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAEUM

V

nentibuSj^tiam de praemiis tyrannicidarum referendum
censuitfifftaetura deinde functus, cum exitu anni dis-
cordia inter triumviros orta esset, retentis ultra iustum
tempus insignibus L. Antonium consulem, triumviri

5 fratrem, ad Perusiam secutus, deditione a ceteris facta,
solus permansit in partibus ac primo Praeneste, inde
Neopolim evasit, servisque ad pilleuin frustra vocatis in
Siciliam profugit. Sed indigne feiens, nee statim se in
conspectum Sexti Pompei admissunr et fascium usu pro-

10 hibitum, ad M. Antonium traiecit in Achaiam. Cum quo,
brevi recouciliata inter omnis pace, Romam redit, uxo-
remque Liviam Drusillam, et tunc gravidam et ante iam
apud se filium enixam, petenti Augusto concessit. Nee
multo post diem obiit, utroque liberorum supers'tite,

15 Tiberio Drusoque Neronibus.

Tiberium quidam Fundis natum existimaverunt, secuti 5
levem coniecturam, quod materna eius avia Fundana
fuerit, et quod mox simulacrum Felicitatis
ex senatus consulto publicatum ibi sit. Sed

20 ut plures certioresque tradunt, natus est Eomae in Pala-
tio XVI Kal. Dec. M. Aemilio Lepido iterum, L. Munatio
Planco conss. per bellum Philippense. Sic enim in fastos
actaque in publica relatum est. Nee tamen desuut, qui
partim anteeedente anno, Hirti ac Pansae, partim inse-

25 quenti, Servili Isaurici Lucique Antonii consulatu, geni-
tum eum seribant.

Infantiam pueritiamque habuit laboriosam et exercitam, 6
comes usquequaque parentum f ugae ; quos quidem apud
Neapolim sub irruptionem hostis navigium

30 '?-^^^^ clam petentis vagitu suo paene bis prodidit,

semel cum a nutricis ubere, iterum cum a

sinu matris raptim auferretur ab lis, qui pro necessitate

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 5

temporis mulierculas levare onere temptabant. Per Si-
cilian! quoque et per Achaiam circumductus, ac Lace-
daemoniis publice, quod in tiitela Claudiorum erant,
demandatus, digrediens inde itinere noctiirno discrimen
vitae adiit, flamma repeats e silvis undique exorta, adeo- 5
que omnem comitatum circumplexa, ut Liviae pars vestis
et capilli amburerentur. Muaera, quibus a Pompeia,
Sex. Pompei sorore, iu Sicilia donatus est, chlamys et
fibulaj ;tem bullae aureae, durant ostendunturque adhuc
Bais. Post reditum in urbem a M. Gallic senatore testa- 10
mento adoptatus, hereditate adita mox nomine abstinuit,
quod Gallius adversarum Augusto partium fuerat.

Novem natus annos defunctum patrein pro rostris
laudavit. Deliinc pubescens Actiaco triumpho eurrum
Augusti comitatus est sinisteriore funali equo, cum Mar- is
cellus Octaviae filius dexteriore veheretur. Praesedit et
asticis ludis, et Troiam circensibus, ductor turmae
puerorum maiorum.

7 Virili toga sumpta, adulescentiam omnem spatiumqiie
insequentis aetatis usque ad principatus 20

initia per haec fere transegit. Munus gladi-
atorium in memoriam patris et alteram in avi Drusi
dedit, diversis temporibus ac locis, priraum in foro,
secundum in amphitheatro, rudiariis quoque quibusdam
revocatis auctoramento centenum milium ; dedit et ludos, 25
sed abseas : cuncta magnifice, inpensa matris ac vitrici.

^7 Agrippiuam, Marco Agrippa genitam, neptem Caecili

Attici equitis Eomani fad quem sunt Ci-

^ '- His mamage

ceronis epistulae], duxit uxorem; sublar

toque ex ea filio Druso, quamquam bene convenientem 30

rursusque gravidam dimittere, ac luliam Augusti filiam

confestim coactus est ducere, non sine magno angore

6 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

animi, cum et Agrippinae consuetudine teneretur et
luliae mores improbaret; ut quam sensisset sui quoque
sub priore marito appetentem, quod sane etiam vulgo
existimabatur. Sed Agrippinam et abegisse post divor-

5 tium doluit, et semel omnino ex oCcursu visam adeo
contentis et umentibus oculis prosecutus est, ut custo-
ditum sit ne umquam in conspectum ei posthac veniret.
Cum lulia primo concorditer et amore mutuo vixit ; mox
dissedit, et aliquanto gravius, ut etiam perpetuo secu-

10 baret, intercepto communis fili pignore, qui Aquileiae-
natus iufans exstinctus est. Drusum fratrem in Ger-
mania^ amisit, cuius corpus, pedibus toto itinere jflPae»-
grediens, Romam usque pervexit.

Civilium officiorum rudimentis regem Archelaum Tral- 8

15 liauos et Thessalos, varia quosque de causa,

Early cmi Augusto cognoscente defendit; pro Laodi-

cenis Thyatirenis Chiis,. terrae motu afflictis

opemque implorantibus, senatum deprecatus est ; Fannium

Caepionem, qui cum Vavrone Murena in Augustum con-

20 spiraverat, reum maiestatis apud indices fecit et condem-
navit. Interque haec duplicem curam administravit, an-
nonae quae artior inciderat, et repurgandorum tota Italia
ergastulorum, quorum domini in invidiam venerant quasi
exceptos supprimerent, non solum viatores sed et quos

25 sacramenti metus ad eius modi latebras compulisset.

Stipendia prima expeditione Cantabrica tribunus mili- 9

turn fecit, dein ducto ad Orientem exercitu

itary cam- pggj^,jm Armeniae Tigrani restituit ac pro tri-

bunali diadema imposuit. Kecepit et signa,

30 quae M. Crasso ademerant Parthi. Post hoc Comatain
Galliam anno fere rexit, et barbarorum incursionibus et
principum discordia inquietam. Exin Eaeticum Vindeli-

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 7

CTimque bellum, inde Pannonicum, inde Germanicum
gessit. Eaetico atque Vindelico gentis Alpinas, Pan-
nonico Breucos et Dalmatas subegit, Germanico quadra-
giiita miliaaediticioruin tlftiecit in Galliam iuxtaque
ripam Eheni sedibus assignatis coUocavit. Quas ob res 5
et ovans et curru urbem ingressus est, prius, ut quidam
putant, triumphalibus ornamentis honoratus, novo nee
antea cuiquam tribute genere honoris. 7

Magistratus et maturius incohavit et paene iunctim per-
cucurrit, quaesturam, ^aeturam, eonsulatum ; 10

interpositoque tepapore consul iterum etiam pf^*^
tribuniciam potestatem in quinquennium ac-

10 cepiyTTot prosperis coufluentibus, integra aetate ac vale-
tudine statuit repente secedere seque e medio quam lon-
gissime amovere : dubium, uxorisne taedio, quam neque 15
criminari aut dimittere auderet neque ultra perferre pos-
set, an ut vitato assiduitatis fastidio auctoritatem absentia
tueretur atque etiam augeret, si quando indiguisset sui res
publica. Quidam existimant, adultis iam Augusti liberis,
loco et quasi possessione usurpati a se diu secundi gradus 20
sponte cessisse, exemplo M. Agrippae qui, M. Marcello ad
munera publica admoto, Mytilenas abierit, ne aut ob-
stare aut obtrectare pra«sens videretur. Quam causam
et ipse, sed postea, reddidit. Tunc autem honorum
satietatem ac requiem laborum praetendens, comuieatum 25
petit; neque aut matri suppliciter precanti, aut vitrico
deseri se etiam in senatu conquerenti veniam dedit.

■ '^ Quin et pertinacius retinentibus, cibo per quadriduuni
abstinuit. Facta tandem abeundi potestate, relictis
Eomae uxore et filio confestim Ostiam descendit, ne 30
verbo quidem cuiquam prosequentium reddito paucosque

11 admodum in digressu exosculatus. Ab Ostia oram Cam-

8 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

paniae legens, imbecillitate August! nuntiata, paulum

substitit. Sed increbrescente rumore quasi ad occasio-

uem maioi'is spei commoraretur, tantum non adversis

tempestatibus Rhodum enavigavit, amoenitate et salu-

5 britate insulae iam inde captus cum ad earn ab Armenia

rediens appulisset. Hie modicis contentus aedibus nee

multo laxiore suburbano, genus vitae civile admodum

instituit, sine lictore aut viatore gymnasio interdum

obambulans, mutuaque cum Graeculis officia usurpans

10 prope ex aequo.

Forte quondam in disponendo die mane praedixerat,

quidquid aegrorum in civitate esset visitare
LifeinRhodes n ■ i • • ii

se velle; id a proximis ahter exceptum,

iussique sunt onines aegri in publicam porticum deferri
15 ac per valetudinuni genera disponi. Perculsus ergo inopi-
nata re diuque quid ageret incertus, tandem singulos cir-
cuit, excusans factum etiam tenuissimo cuique et ignoto.
Unum hoc niodo neque praeterea quicquam notatum est,
in quo exseruisse ius tribuniciae potestatis visus sit : cum
20 circa scholas et auditoria professorum assiduus esset,
iiioto inter antisophistas graviore iurgio, non defujt qui
eum intervenientem et quasi studiosiorem partis alterius
convicio incesseret. Sensim itaque regressus domum,
repente cum apparitoribus prodiit citatumque pro tribu-
23 nali voce praeconis conviciatorem rapi iussit in carcerem.
Comperit deinde luliam uxorem ob libidines atque adul-

teria damnatam, repudiumque ei suo nomine
Divorce from i. -j. ^ * j_-

luiia ®^ auctoritate Augusti remissum; et quam-

quam laetus nuntio, tamen oflBcii duxit,

30 quantum in se esset, exorare filiae patrem frequentibus

litteris et vel utcumque meritae, quidquid umquam done

dedisset, concedere. 'Transacto autem tribuniciae potes-

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 9

tatis tempore, confessus tandem, nihil aliud secessu
devitasse se quain aemulationis cum C. Lucioque suspici-
oneni, petit ut sibi secure iam ab hac parte, conroboratis
his et secundum locum facile tutantibus, permitteretur
revisers necessitudines, quarum desiderio teneretur. Sed 5
neque impetravit ultroque etiam admonitus est, dimitteret

12 omnem curam suonim, quos tarn cupide reliquisset. Re-
mansit igitur Rhodi contra voluntatem, vix per matrem
consecutus, ut ad velandam ignominiam quasi legatus
Augusto abesset. lo

Enimvero tunc non privatum modo, sed etiam obnoxium
et trepidum egit, mediterraneis agris abditus
vitansque praeternavigantium oiRcia, quibus "is precanous
frequentabatur assidue, nemine cum imperio
aut magistratu tendente quoquam quin deverteret Rhodum. 15
Et accesserunt maioris soUicitudinis causae. Namque
privignum Gaium Orienti praepositum, cum visendi
gratia traiecisset Samum, alieniorem sibi sensit ex crimi-
nationibus M. LoUi coniitis et rectoris eius. Venit etiam
in suspicionem, per quosdam beneficii sui centuriones a 20
commeatu castra repetentis mandata ad complures de-
disse ambigua et quae temptare singulorum animos ad
novas res viderentur. De qua suspicione certior ab
Augusto factus, non cessavit efflagitare aliquem cuiuslibet

13 ordinis custodem factis atque dictis suis. Equi quoque 25
et armorum solitas exercitationes omisit redegitque se,
deposito patrio habitu, ad pallium et crepidas, atque in
tali statu biennio fere permansit, contemptior in dies et
invisior, adeo ut imagines eius et statuas Nemausenses
subverterint, ac familiari quondam convivio mentione 30
eius orta, exstiterit qui Gaio poUiceretur, confestim se,

si iuberet, Rhodum navigaturum caputque exsulis (sic

10 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

enim appellabatur) relatunim. Quo praecipue non iam

metu sed discrimine coactus est, tam swis quam matris

impensissimis precibus reditum expostulate, impetra^

vitque, adiutus aliquantum etiam casu. Destinatum

5 Augusto erat, nihil super ea re nisi ex voluntate maioris

fili statuere; is forte tunc M. Lollio offensior, facilis

exorabilisque in vitricum fuit. Permittente ergo Gaio

revocatus est, verum sub condicione ne quam partem

curamve rei publicae attingeret.

10 Eediit octavo post secessum anno, magna 14

e urn ^^^ incerta spe futurorum, quam et ostentis et

praedictiouibus ab initio aetatis conceperat.

Praegnans enim Livia cum, an marem editura esset,

Omens and variis captaret ominibus, ovum incubanti gal-
predictions of T 1_J i. • • i^

^® future ereat- ^^^^^ subductum nunc sua nunc ministra^
ness rum manu per vices usque fovit, quoad

puUus insigniter cristatus exclusus est. Ac de infante
Scribonius mathematicus praeclara spopondit, etiam reg-
naturum quandoque, sed sine regio insigni, ignota scili-

20 cet tunc adhuc Caesarum potestate. Et ingresso primam
expeditionem ac per Macedoniara ducente exercitum in
Syriam, accidit ut apud Philippos sacratae dim victri-
cium legionum arae sponte subitis conlucerent ignibus;
et mox, cum Illyricum petens iuxta Patavium adisset

25 Geryonis oraculum, sorte tracta, qua monebatur ut de
consultationibus in Aponi fontem talos aureos iaceret,
evenit ut summum numerum iacti ab eo ostenderent;
hodieque sub aqua visuntur hi tali. Ante paucos vero
quam revocaretur dies aquila, numquam an tea Ehodi

30 conspecta, in culmine domus eius assedit; et pridie
quam de reditu certior fieret, vestimenta mutanti tunica
ardere visa est. Thrasyllum quoque mathematicum.

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 11

quem ut sapientiae professorem contubernio admoverat,
turn maxime expertus est, affirmantem, nave provisa
gaudium afEerri ; cum quidem ilium, durius et contra
praedicta cadentibus rebus, ut falsum et secretorum
temere consclum, eo ipso momento, dum spatiatur una, 5
praecipitare in mare destinasset.

15 Eomam reversus, deducto in forum filio Druso, statim
e Carinis ac Pompeiana dome Esquilias in hortos Mae-
cenatianos transmigravit totumque se ad quietem con-
tulit, privata modo officia obiens ac publicorum munerum 10
expers.

Gaio et Lucio intra triennium defunctis, adoptatur ab

Au gusto simul cum fratre eoruin M. Agrippa,

coactus prius ipse Germanicum fratris sui "P "" y
^ '^ Augustus

filium adoptare. Nee quicquam posteapro 15

patre familias egit aut ius, quod amiseratj ex uUa parte re-
tinuit. Nam neque donavit neque manumisit, ne heredita-
tem quidem aut legata percepit uUa aliter quam ut peculio
referret accepta. Nihil ex eo tempore praetermissum est
ad maiestatem eius augendam, ac multo magis post quam, 20
Agrippa abdicate atque seposito, certum erat, uni spem

16 successionis incumbere ; data rursus potestas tribunicia in
quinquennium, delegatus pacandae Germaniae status, Par-
thorum legati, mandatis Augusto Romae redditis, eum quo-
que adire in provincia iussi. Sed nuntiata 25
lllyrici defectione, trausiit ad curam novi u^?"^""*
belli, quod, gravissimum omnium externo-

rum bellorum post Punica, per quindecim legiones parem-
que auxiliorum copiam triennio gessit, in magnis omnium
rerum difficultatibus summaque frugum inopia. Et quam- 30
quam saepius revocaretur, tamen perseveravit, metuens
ne vicinus et praevalens hostis instaret ultro cedentibus.

12 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Ac perseverantiae grande pretium tulit, toto Illyiico,
quod inter Italiam regnuni(jue Noricum et Thraciam et
Macedonian! interque Danubium flumen et sinum maris
Hadi'iatici patet, perdomito et in dicionem redacto. Cui 17
5 gloriae araplior adhuc ex opportunitate cumulus accessit.
Nam sub id fere tempus Quintilius Varus cum tribus legio-
nibus in Germania periit, nemine dubitante quin victores
Germani iuncturi se Pannoniis fuerint, nisi debellatum
prius Illyricum esset. Quas ob res triumphus

10 ferred ®' decretus est, multique et magni honores.

Censuerunt etiam quidam ut Pannonieus, alii

ut Invictus, nonnulli ut Pius cognominaretur. Sed de

cognomine intercessit Augustus, eo contentum repromit-

tens, quod se defuncto suscepturus esset. Triumphum

15 ipse distulit, maesta civitate clade Variana ; nihilo minus
urbem praetextatus et laurea coronatus intravit positum-
que in Saeptis tribunal, senatu astante, conscendit, ac
medius inter duos eonsules cum Augusto simul sedit;
unde, populo consalutato, circum templa deductus est.

20 Proximo anno repetita Germania, cum animadverteret 18
Second cam- Varianam cladem temeritate et neglegentia
paign in Ger- ducis accidisse, nihil non de consilii sen-
™*°y tentia egit; semper alias sui arbitrii con-

tentusque se uno, tunc praeter consuetudinem cum

25 compluribus de ratione belli communicavit. Curam quo-
que solito exactiorem praestitit. Traiecturus Rhenum
commeatum omnem ad certam formulam astrictum non
ante transmisit, quam consistens apud ripam explorasset
vehiculorum onera, ne qua deportarentur nisi concessa aut

30 necessaria. Trans Rhenum vero eum vitae ordinem tenuit,
ut sedens in caespite nudo cibum caperet, saepe sine
tentorio pernoctaret, praecepta sequentis diei omnia (et

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 13

si quid subiti muneris iniungendum esset, per libellos)
daret ; addita monitione ut, de quo quisque dubitaret, se
nee alio interprete quacumque vel noctis hora uteretur.

19 Disciplinain acerriiiie exegit, animadversionum et igno-
rainiarum generibus ex antiquitate repetitis, atque etiam 5
legato legionis, quod paucos milites cum liberto suo trans
ripam venatum niisisset, iguominia notato. Proelia, quain-
vis minimum fortunae casibusque permitteret, aliquanto
constantius inibat quotiens l ucubra nte se, subito ac nullo '
propellente, decideret lumen et extingueretur, confidens, 10
ut aiebat, ostento sibi a maioribus suis in omni ducatu
expei'tissimo. Sed re prospere gesta, non multum afuit
quin a Bructero quodam occideretur, cui inter proximos
versanti et trepidatione detecto tornientis expressa con-

20 fessio est cogitati facinoris. A Germania in urbem post 15
biennium regressus triumphum, quem distu-

lerat, egit, prosequentibus etiam legatis, qui- .!*.""' *°
bus triumphalia ornanienta impetrarat. Ac
prius quam in Capitolium flecteret, descendit e curru
seque praesidenti patri ad genua summisit. Batonem 20
Pannonium ducem, ingentibus donatum praemiis, Raven-
nam transtulit, gratiaiu referens, quod se quondam cum
exercitu iniquitate loci circumclusum passus esset eva-
dere. Prandium dehinc populo mille mensis, et congi-
arium trecenos nummos viritim dedit. Dedicavit et 25
Coneordiae aedem, item Pollucis et Castoris suo fratris-

21 que nomine, de manubiis. Ac non multo post, lege per
consules lata ut provincias cum Augusto communiter ad-
ministraret simulque censum ageret, condito lustro in
Illyricum profectus est. Et statim ex itinere revocatus 30
iam quidem adfectum, sed tamen spirantem adhuc Au-
gustum repperit fuitque una secreto per totum diem.

14 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Scio vulgo persuasum quasi, egresso post secretum ser-

monem Tiberio, vox August! per cubicularios exeepta sit:

Miserum populum Eomanum qui sub tarn
Augustus's ^ .__ ,

estimate of lentis moxilUs erit ! Ne illud quidem ig-

5 Tiberius's noro aliquos tradidisse, Augustum palam nee

dissimulanter moruin eius diritatem adeo

improbasse, ut nonnumquam remissiores hilarioresque

sermones superveniente eo abrumperet; sed expugnatum

precibus uxoris adoptionem non abnuisse, vel etiam am-

10 bitione tractum, ut tali successore desiderabilior ipse
quandoque fieret. Adduci tamen nequeo quin existimem,
circumspectissimum et prudentissimum pi-incipem, in
tanto praesertim negotio, nihil temere fecisse ; sed vitiis
Tiberii virtutibusque perpensis potiores duxisse virtutes,

15 praesertim cum et rei publicae causa adoptare se eum pro
contione iuraverit, et epistulis aliquot ut peritissimum rei
militaris utque unicum populo Romano praesidium prose-
quatur. Ex quibiis in exemplum pauca hinc inde subieci :

Vale, iiicundissime Tiberi, et feliciter rem gere, ifwl koI
20 Tats Movarais (TTpaTrjywv. lucundissime et ita sim felix,
vir fortissime et dux vofUfiuiTart, vale.

Ordinem aestivonnn tuorum! Ego vero, mi Tiberi, et
Extracts from *'**^'' *"' rerura difficultates koI Toa-avniv airo6v-
Augustus's fuav twv trTpaTevofiivoiv non potidsse quem-
25 etters quatn pi-udentius gerere se quam tu gesseris,

existimo. li quoq'ue qui tecum fuerunt omnes conJUentur,
versum ilium in te posse did :

Unus homo nobis vigilando restituit rem.

Sive quid incidit de quo sit cogitandum diligentius, sive
30 quid stomachor valde, medius fidius Tiberium meum desi-
dero, su^curritque versus ille Homericus :

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 15 •

TovTov y etTvoiievoio, koI ck Tnipos aiflo^e'voto
Aii<l><D i/oo-Tijcrai/itv, €7r£t irtpCoiSc vorjaai.

Attenuatum, te esse continuatione laborum cum audio
et lego, di me perdant nisi cohorrescit corpus meum; teque
oro ut parcas tibi, ne si te languere audierimus, et ego et 5
mater tua exspiremus et de summa imperi sui populus
Jiomanus periditetar.

Nihil interest valeam ipse necne, si tu nan vcdebis.

Deos obsecro, ut te nobis conservent et valere nunc et
semper patiantur, si non popidum Romanum perosi sunt. lo

22 Excessum August! non prius palam fecit, quam Agrippa
iuvene interempto. Hunc tribunus militum custos appo-
situs occidit, lectis' codicillis, quftjus ut id Mm-jej-f
faceret iubebatur ; quos codicillos dubium the young
fuit, Augustusne moriens reliquisset, quo ^K^ppa j^
materiam tumultus post se subduceret; an nomine Au-
gusti Livia et ea conscio Tiberio an ignaro, dictasset.
Tiberius renuntianti tribuno, factum esse quod imperas-
set, neque imperasse se et red.diturum eum seiiatui rationem
respondit, invidiam scilicet in praesentia vitans. Nam 20

23 mox silentio rem obliteravit. lure autem tribuniciae
potestatis coacto senatu incohataque adlocutione, dere-
pente velut impar dolori congemuit, utque non solum
vox sed et spiritus deficeret optavit ac perlegendum
librum Druso filio tradidit. Inlatum deinde 25
Augusti testamentum, non admissis signato- j5

ribuj nisi senatorii ordinis, ceteris extra
curiam signa agnoscentibus, recitavit per libertum. Tes-
tamenti initium fuit : Quoniam atrox fortuna Gaixim et
Lucium filios mihi eripuit, Tiberius Caesar mihi ex parte 30
dimidia et sextante heres esto. Quo et ipso aucta suspicio

16 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

est opinantium, successorem ascitum eum necessitate
magis quam iudicio, quando ita praefari non abstinuerit.

Principatum, quam vis neque occupare confestim neque 24
agere dubitasset, statione milituni, hoc est vi et specie

5 dominationis, assumpta, diu tamen recusavit,

Pretended . , . .

reluctance to iiupudentissimo mimo nunc adnortantis ami-
assume impe- cos increpans ut ignaros, quanta belua esset
n au on y j,^pg,.(„„j^ nunc precantem senatum et pro-
cumbentem sibi ad genua ambiguis responsis et callida

10 cunctatione suspendens ; ut quidam patientiam rumpe-
rent atque unus in tumultu proclamaret : Ant ayat, aut
desistat! alter coram exprobraret, ceteros, quod polliciti
sint tarde praestare, sed ipsum, quod praestet tarde
polliceri. Tandem quasi coactus, et querens miseram et

15 onerosam iniungi sibi servitutera, recepit imperium ; nee
tamen aliter, quam ut depositurum se quandoque spem
faceret. Ipsius verba sunt: Diim veniam ad id tempus,
quo vobis aequum possit videri dare vos aliquam se.nectuti
meae requiem.

20 Cunctandi causa erat metus undique imminentium dis- 25

criminum, ut saepe lupum se auribus tener^ diceret. Nam

et servus Agrippae Clemens nomine non con-

18 appre- temnendam manum in ultionem domini com-
hensions

pararat, et L. Scribonius Libo vir nobilis res

25 novas clam moliebatur, et duplex seditio militum iu
Illyrico et in Germania exorta est. Flagitabant ambo
exercitus multa extra ordinem, ante omnia ut aequaren-
tur stipendio praetorianis. Germaniciani quidem etiara
principem detractabant non a se datum, summaque vi

30 Germanicum, qui turn iis praeerat, ad capessendam rem
publicara. urgebant, quamquam ofRrmate resistentem.
Quern maxime casum timens, partes sibi quas senatui

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 17

liberet tuendas in re publica depoposcit, quando universae
sufficere solus nemo posset, nisi cum cUtero vel etiam cum
pluribus. Simulavit et valetudinem, quo aequiore animo
Gerniauicus celerem successionem vel certe societatem
priiicipatus opperivetur. Compositis seditionibus Clemen- 5
tem quoque, fraude deceptum, redegit in potestatem.
Libonem, ne quid in novitate acerbius fieret, secundo
demum anno in senatu coarguit, medio temporis spatio
tantum eavere contentus ; nam et inter pontifices sacri-
ficanti simul pro secespita plumbeum cultrum subicien- 10
dum curavit, et seeretum petenti nonnisi adhibito Druso
filio dedit, dextramque obambulantis veluti incumbens,
quoad perageretur sermo, continuit.

26 Verum liberatus metu, civilem admodum inter initia ac
paulo minus quam privatum egit. Ex plurimis maximis- 15
que honoribus praeter paucos et modicos non

recepit. Natalem suum, plebeis incurren- "^ssmmng
tem circensibus, vix unius bigae adiectione
honorari passus est. Tenipla, flamines, sacerdotes decemi
sibi prohibuit, etiam statuas atque imagines nisi permit- 20
tente se poni : permisitque ea sola condicione, ne inter /
simulacra deorum sed inter ornaraeuta aedium poneren-
tur. Intercessit et quo minus in acta sua iuraretur, et
ne mensis September Tiberius, October Livius voca-
rentur. Praenomen quoque imperatoris cognomenque 25
patris patriae, et civicam in vestibule coronam recu-
savit; ae ne Augusti quidem nomen, quamquam heredi-
tarium, ullis nisi ad reges ac dynastas epistulis addidit.
Nee amplius quam mox tres consulatus, unum paucis
diebus, alteram tribus mensibus, tertium absens usque in 30
Idus Maias gessit.

27 Adulationes adeo aversatus est, ut neminem senatorum

18 C. SUETONI TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

aut officii aut negotii causa ad lecticam siiam admiserit,
consularem vero, satisfacientem sibi ac per
flatterv" " genua orare conantem, ita suffugerit ut cade-
ret supinus ; atque etiam, si quid in sermone
5 vel in continua oratione blandius de se diceretur, non
dubitaret interpellare ac reprehendere et commutare con-
tinue. Dominus appellatus a quodam, denuntiavit ne
se amplius contumeliae causa nominaret. Alium dicen-
tem sacras eius occupationes et rursus alium, auctore eo

10 senatum se adisse, verba mutare et pro auctore suasorem,
pro sacris laboriosas dicere cpegit. Sed et adversus con- 28
vicia malosque rumores et famosa de se ac suis carmina
Freedom firmus ac patiens, subinde iactabat, in eivi-

of speech tote libera linguam jnentemqtte liheras esse

15 Permitted debere; et quondam senatu cognitionem de
eius modi criminibus ac reis flagitante, Non tantiim,
inquit, otii habemus, ut implicare nos pluribus negotiis
debeamus; si lianc fenestram aperueritis, nihil aliud agi
sinetis : omnium inimicitiae hoc praetexto ad. nos deferen-

20 tu7: Exstat et sermo eius in senatu percivilis : Siquidem
locutus aliter fuerit, ddbo operam ut rationem factorum
meorum dictorumque reddam; si perseveraverit, in vicem
eum odero.

Atque haec eo notabiliora erant, quod ipse in appellan- 29 ,

25 "dis venerandisque et singulis et universis

ourtesy to prope excesserat humauitatis modum. Dis-
sentiens in curia a Q. Haterio, Ignoscas, in-
quit, rogo, si quid adversus te liberius sicut senator dixero.
Et deinde omnis adloquens : Dixi et nunc et saepe alias,

30 patres conscripti, bonum- et salutarem principem, quem vos
tanta et tarn libera potestate instruxistis, senattd servire
debere et universis civibus saepe, et plerumque etiam

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 19

singulis; neque id dixisse me paenitet, et bonos et aequos
el faventes vos habui dominos et adlmc habeo.

30 Quin etiam speciem libertatis quandam induxit, conser-

vatis senatui ac magistratibus et maiestate

^T Liberty

pnstina et potestate. Neque tarn parvum allowed the 5

quicquam neque tarn magnum public! pri- senate and

vatique negotii fuit, de quo non ad patres

conscriptos referretur : de vectigalibus ac monopoliis, de

exstruendis reficiendisve operibus, etiam de legendo vel ex-

auctorando milite ac legionum et auxiliorum descriptione, lo

denique quibus imperium "prorogari aut extraordinaria

bella mandari, quid et qua "forma regum litteris rescribi

placeret. Praefectum alae, de vi et rapinis reura, causam

in senatu dicere coegit. Numquam curiam nisi solus

intravit; leetica quondam introlatus aeger, comites a se 15

31 removit. Quaedam adversus sententiam suam decerni,
ne questus quidem est. Negante eo destinatos magistral
tus abesse oportere, ut praesentes honori acquiescerent,
praetor designatus liberam legationem iinpetravit. Iterum
censente, ut Trebianis legatam in opus novi theatri 20
pecuniam ad muuitionem viae transferre concederetur,
optinere non potuit quin rata voluntas legatoris esset.
Cum senatus consultum per discessionem forte fieret,
transeuntem eum in alteram partem, in qua pauciores
erant, secutus est nemo. 25

Cetera quoque nonnisi per magistratus et iure ordinario (,v .
agebantur, tanta consulum auctoritate ut legati ex Africa
adierint eos querentes, trahi se a Caesare ad quem missi
forent. Nee mirum, cum palam esset ipsum consideration
quoque eisdem et assurgere et decedere via. displayed to 30

32 Corripuit consulares exercitibus praeposi- g an ow
tos, quod non de rebus gestis senatui scriberent, quod-

20 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

que de tribuendis quibusdam militaribus donis ad se
referrent, quasi non omnium tribuendorum ipsi ius
haberent. Praetorem conlaudavit, quod honore inito con-
suetudinem antiquam retulisset de maioribus suis pro

5 contione memorandi. Quorundam illustrium exsequias
usque ad rogum frequentavit.

Parem moderationem minoribus quoque et personis at
rebus exhibuit. Cum Rhodiorum magistratus, quod
litteras publicas sine subscriptione ad se dederant,

10 evocasset, ne verbo quidem insectatus ac tantum modo
iussos subscribere remisit. Diogenes grammaticus, dis-
putare sabbatis Ehodi solitus, venientem eum, ut se
extra ordinem audiret, non admiserat ac per servolum
suum in septimum diem distulerat ; hunc Romae, salu-

15 tandi sui causa pro foribus adstantein, nihil amplius
quam ut post septimum annum rediret admonuit. Prae-
sidibus onerandas tributo provincias suadentibus rescrip-
sit, boni pastor is esse tondere pecus, non deglubere. i /-
Paulatim principem exseruit, praestititque etsi varlum 33

20 Qj^j^jj diu, commodiorem tamen saepius et ad

assumption of utilitates publicas proniorem. Ac prime
sovereignty eatenus interveniebat, ne quid perperam
fieret. Itaque et constitutiones senatus quasdam rescidit, _..
et magistratibus pro tribunali cognoscentibus plerumque

25 se ofEerebat consiliarium assidebatque iuxtim vel exad-
versum in parte primori ; et si quern reorum elabi gratia
rumor esset, subitus aderat iudicesque aut e piano aut e
quaesitoris tribunali legum et religionis et noxae, de qua
cognoscerent, admonebat; atque etiam, si qua in publicis

30 moribus desidia aut mala consuetudine labarent, corri-
genda suscepit. Ludorum ac munerum impensas corripuit, 34
mercedibus scaenicorum recisis paribusque gladiatorum

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 21

ad certum numerum redactis. Corinthiorum vasoram

pretia in immensum exarsisse tresque lauUos triginta

milibus nummum venisse graviter conques-

tus, adhibendum supellectili modum censuit Extravagance

checked
annonamque macelli senatus arbitratu quot- 5

amiis temperandam, dato aedilibus negotio popinas

ganeasque usque eo inhibendi, ut ne opera quidem pis-

toria proponi venalia sinerent. Et ut parsimoniam pu-

blicam exemplo quoque iuvaret, sollemnibus ipse cenis

pridiana saepe ac semesa obsonia apposuit dimidiatumque lo

aprum, affirmans, omnia eadem habere, quae totum.

Cotidiana oseula edicto prohibuit, item strenarum com-

mercium ne ultra Kal. Ian. exerceretur. Consuerat quar

druplam strenam, et de manu, reddere; sed ofEensus

interpellari se toto mense ab iis qui potestatem sui die 15

35 festo non habuissent, ultra non tulit. Matronas prostra-

tae pudicitiae, quibus accusator publicus deesset, ut pro-

pinqui more maiorum de communi sententia

coercerent auctor fuit. Equiti Romano iuris "^*° °1J*V "*
^ ness curbed

iurandi gratiam fecit, uxorem in stupro ge- 20

neri eompertam dimitteret, quam se numquam repudia^
turum ante iuraverat. Feminae famosae, ut ad evitandas
legum poenas iure ac dignitate matronali exsolverentur,
lenocinium profiteri coeperant, et ex iuveutute utriusque
ordinis profligatissimus quisque, quo minus in opera 25
scaenae hareuaeque edenda senatus consulto teneretur,
famosi iudicii notam sponte subibant ; eos easque omnes,
ne quod refugium in tali fraude cuiquam esset, exsilio
adfecit. Senatori latum clavum ademit, cum cognosset,
sub Kal. lul. demigrasse in hortos, quo vilius post diem 30
aedes in urbe conduceret. Alium et quaestura removit,
quod uxorem pridie sortitionem ductam postridie repu-

22 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

diasset. Externas caerimoHias, Aegyptios ludaicosque 36

ritus compescuit, coactis qui superstitione

Suppression o ^^ tenebantur relieiosas vestes cum insirii-
foreign ntea °

mento omni comburere. ludaeorum iuven-

5 tutem per speciem saci-ainenti in provincias gravioris
caeli distribuit, reliquos gentis eiusdem vel similia
sectantes urbe ^mmovit, sub poena perpetuae servitutis
nisi obtemperassent. Expulit et matheniaticos, sed de-
precantibus ao se artem desituros promittentibus veniam

10 dedit.

In primis tuendae pacis a grassaturis ac latrociuiis 37

„ ,. seditionumque licentia curam habuit. Sta^

Preeeivation ^

of peace, at tiones militum per Italiam solito frequenti-
home and Qpgg disposuit. Romae castra constituit,

15 quibus praetorianae cohortes, vagae ante id

tempus et per hospitia dispersae, continerentur.

Populares tuinultus et ortos gravissime coercuit et ne
orerentur sedulo cavit. Caede in theatre per discordiam
admissa, capita factionum et histriones, propter quos

20 dissidebatur, relegavit, nee ut revocaret umquam ullis
populi precibus potuit evinci. Cum Pollentina plebs
funus cuiusdam primipilaris non prius ex foro misisset,
quam extorta pecunia per vim heredibus ad gladiatorium
munus, cohortem ab urbe et aliam a Cotti regno, dissi-

25 mulata itineris causa, detectis repente armis coneinenti-
busque signis per diversas portas in oppidum immisit,
ac partem maiorem plebei ac decurionum in perpetua
vincula coniecit. Abolevit et ius moremque asylorum,
quae usquam erant. Cyzicenis in cives Komanos violen-

30 tins quaedam ausis publice libertatem ademit, quam
Mithridatico bello meruerant.

Hostiles motus, nulla postea expeditione suscepta, per

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 23

legates compescuit, ne per eos quidem nisi cunctanter et
necessario. Reges infestos suspectosque comininationi-
bus inagis et querellis quam vi repressit; qiiosdam per
blanditias atque proinissa extractos ad se non remisit, ut
Maroboduum Germanum, Rhascupolim Thracein, Arche- 5
laum Cappadocein, cuius etiam regnum in formam pro-
vinciae redegit.

38 Biennio continue post adeptum imperium pedem porta
non extulit ; sequenti tempore praeterquani in propinqua
oppida et, cum longissime, Antio tenus 10

r 1. ■ ^ i. Reluctance to

nusquam afuit, idque perraro et paucos . _
dies; quamvis provincias quoque et exer-
citus revisurum se saepe pronuntiasset et prope quot-
annis profectionem praepararet, vehiculis comprehensis,
commeatibus per municipia et colonias dispositis, ad 15
extremum vota pro itu et reditu suo suscipi passus, ut
vulgo iam per iocum Callippides vocaretur (quern
cursitare ac ne cubiti quidem mensuram progredi pro-

39 verbio Graeco notatum est). Sed orbatus utroque filio,

quorum Germanieus in Syria, Drusus Ro- 20

, . . ^ ,-. Withdrawal to

mae obierat, secessum Campaniae petit; camDania
constanti et opinione et sermone paene
omnium quasi neque rediturus umquam et cito mortem
etiam obiturus. Quod paulo minus utrumque evenit;
nam neque Romam amplius rediit, et paucos post dies 25
iuxta Tarracinam in praetorio, cui Speluncae nomen est,
incenante eo complura et ingentia saxa fortuito superne
delapsa sunt, multisque convivarum et ministrorum elisis,
praeter spem evasit.

40 Peragrata Campania, cum Capuae Capitolium, Nolae 30
templum Augusti, quam causam profectionis praeten-
derat, dedicasset, Capreas se contulit, praecipue delecta-

24 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DK VITA CAESARUM

tus insula, quod uno parvoque litore adiretur, saepta
uudique praeruptis iminensae altitudinis rupibus et pro-
fuudo mari. Statimque revocante assidua obtestatione
populo propter cladem, qua apud Fidenas supra viginti

5 hominum milia gladiatorio iiuinere amphitheatri ruina
perierant, transiit in continentem potestatemque omni-
bus adeuiidi sui fecit : tanto magis, quod urbe egrediens
ne qui se interpellaret edixerat ac toto itinere adeuntis
submoverat.

10 Regressus in insulam, rei publicae quidem curam usque 41

adeo abiecit, ut postea non deeurias equitum umquam

supplerit, non tribunos militum praefectosque, non pro-

vinciarum praesides ullos inutaverit, Hispa-
Capreae „ ■

main et Syriam per aliquot annos sine

15 consularibus legatis habuerit, Armeniam a Parthis occu-
pari, Moesiam a Dacis Sarinatisque, Gallias a Germanis
vastari neglexerit, magno dedecore imperii nee minore
discrimine. Ceterum secreti licentiam nanctus et quasi 42
civitatis oculis remotus, cuncta simul vitia male diu dissi-

20 mulata tandem profudit: de quibus singilla-

s Bsjpa- ^jjjj ^^ exordio referam. In castris tiro etiam
tion

turn propter nimiam vini aviditatem pro

Tiberio Biberius, pro Claudio Caldius, pro Nerone Mero vo-

cabatur. Postea princeps in ipsa publicorum morum cor-

25 rectione cum Pomponio Flacco et L. Pisone noctem
continuumque biduum epulando potandoque consumpsit,
quorum alteri Syriam provinciara, alteri praefecturam
urbis confestim detulit, codicillis quoque iucundissimos
et omnium horarum amicos professus. Sestio Gallo,

30 libidinoso ac prodigo seni, dim ab Augusto ignominia no-
tato et a se ante paucos dies apud senatum iiicrepito,
cenam ea lege condixit, ne quid ex consuetudine immu-

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 25

taret aut demeret, utque nudis puellis ministrantibus
cenaretur. Ignotissimum quaesturae candidatum nobi-
lissimis anteposuit ob epotam in convivio, propinante se,
vini amphoram. Asellio Sabino sestertia ducenta donavit
pro dialogo, in quo boleti et iicedulae et ostieae et turdi 5
certamen induxerat. Novum denique officium instituit a
voluptatibus, praeposito equite Romauo T. Caesonio Frisco.

46 Pecuniae parous ac tenax, comites peregrinationum ex-
peditionumque numquam salario, cibariis tan-

tum sustentavit, una modo liberalitate ex in- lo

dulgentia vitrici prosecutus, cum tribus classibus factis
pro dignitate cuiusque, primae sescenta sestertia, secun-
dae quadringenta distribuit, ducenta tertiae, quam non
amicorum, sed gratorum appellabat.

47 Princeps neque opera uUa magnifica fecit (nam et quae 15
sola susceperat, Augusti templum restitutionemque Pom-
peiani theatri, imperfecta post tot annos reliquit) neque
spectacula omnino edidit ; et iis, quae ab aliquo ederentur,
rarissime interf uit, ne quid exposceretur, utique postquam
comoedum Actium coactus est manumittere. Paucorum 20
senatorum inopia sustentata, ne pluribus opem ferret,
negavit se aliis subventurum, nisi senatui iustas necessi-
tatium causas probassent. Quo pacto plerosque modestia
et pudore deterruit, in quibus Hortalum, Quinti Hortensi
oratoris nepotem, qui permodica re familiari auctore 25
Augusto quattuor liberos tulerat.

48 Publice munificentiam bis omnino exhibuit, proposito
milies sestertium gratuito in triennii tempus, et rursus
quibusdam dominis insularum, quae in monte Caelio
deflagrarant, pretio restitute. Quorum alteram magua 30
difficultate nummaria, populo auxilium flagitante, coactus

26 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

est facere, cum per senatus consultum sanxisset, ut fae-
neratores duas patrimonii partes in solo collocarent,
(lebitores totidem aeris alieni statim solverent, nee res
expediretur ; alteram ad mitigandam temporum atroeita-

5 tern. Quod tamen beneficium tanti aestimavit, ut mon-
tem Caelium appellations mutatavocari Augustumiusserit.
Militi post duplicata ex Augusti testamento legata nihil
uraquam largitus est, praeterquam singula niilia denari-
orum praetoi'ianis, quod Seiano se non accommodassent, et

10 quaedam munera Syriacis legionibus, quod solae nullam
Seiani imaginem inter signa coluissent. Atque etiam
missiones veteranorum rarissimas fecit, ex senio mortem,
ex morte compendium captans. Ne provincias quidem
liberalitate ulla sublevavit, excepta Asia, disiectis terras

15 motu civitatibus.

Procedente mox tempore etiam ad rapinas convertit 49
animum. Sat constat, Cn. Lentulum augu-
rem, cui census maximus fuerit, metu et
angore ad fastidium vitae ab eo actum et ut ne quo nisi

20 ipso herede moreretur; condemnatam et generosissimam
femiiiam Lepidam, in gratiam Quirini consularis praedi-
vitis et orbi, qui dimissam earn e matrimonio post vicen-
simum annum veneni olim in se comparati arguebat;
praeterea Galliarum et Hispaniarum Syriaeque et Grae-

25 ciae principes confiscatos ob tarn leve ac tam inpudeus
calumniarum genus, ut quibusdam non aliud sit obiectum,
quam quod partem rei familiaris in pecunia haberent ;
plurimis etiam civitatibus et privatis veteres immunitates
et ius metallorum ac vectigalium adempta ; sed et Vono-

30 nem regem Parthorum, qui pulsus a suis quasi in fidem
populi Romani cum ingenti gaza Antiochiam se receperat,
spoliatum perfidia et occisum.

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 27

50 Odium adversus necessitiidines in Druso primum fratre
detexit (prodita eius epistula, qua secum de

cogendo ad restituendam libertatem Augusto cruelty

agebat) deinde et in reliquis. luliae uxori toward

. . , ... relatives

tantum afuit ut relegatae, quod minimum 5

est, officii aut humanitati^ aliquid impertiret, ut ex con-

stitutione patris uno oppido clausam domo quoque egredi

et commercio hominum frui vetuerit; sed et peculio con-

cesso a patre praebitisque annuis fraudavit, per speciem

publici iuris, quod nihil de his Augustus testamento 10

cavisset. Matrem Liviam gravatus velut partes sibi

aequas potentiae vindicantem, et congressum eius assi-

duuin vitavit et longiores secretioresque sermones, ne

consiliis, quibus tamen interdum et egere et uti solebat,

regi videretur. Tulit etiam perindigne actum in senatu, 15

ut titulis suis quasi Augusti, ita et Liciae fllius adi-

ceretur. Quare non parentem patriae His mother

appellari, non ullum insignem honorem ^'^^

recipere publice passus est ; sed et frequenter ad-

monuit, maioribus nee feminae convenientibus nego- 20

tiis abstineret, praecipue ut animadvertit, incendio

iuxta aedem Vestae et ipsam intervenisse populumque et

milites, quo enixius opem ferrent, adhortatam, sicut sub

51 marito solita esset. Dehinc ad simultatem usque pro-
cessit hac, ut ferunt, de causa. Instanti saepius, ut 25
civitate donatura in deeurias adlegeret, negavit alia se
condicione adlecturum, quam si pateretur ascribi albo,
extortum id sibi a matre. At ilia commota veteres quos-
dam ad se Augusti codieillos de acerbitate et intolerantia
morum eius e sacrario protulit atque recitavit. Hos et 30
custoditos tarn diu et exprobratos tam infeste adeo
graviter tulit, ut quidam putent, inter causas secessus

28 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

hanc ei vel praecipuam fuisse. Toto quidem trieunio,
quo vivente matre afuit, seiuel omnino earn nee amplius
quam iino die paucissimis vidit horis ; ac mox neque
aegrae adesse curavit defunctamque et, dum adventus sui

5 spem facit, complurium dierum mora corrupto demum et

■ • Ntabidp corpore funeratam prohibuit consecrari, quasi id

ipsa mandasset. Testamentum quoque eius pro irrito

habiiit, omnisque amicitias et familiaritates, etiam quibus

ea funeris sui curam morieus demandaverat, intra breve

10 tempus aflBixit, uno ex iis, equestris ordinis viro, et in

antliam condemnato.

Filiorum neque naturalem Drusum neque adoptivum 52

Germanicum patria caritate dilexit, alterius vitiis infen-

sus. Nam Drusus fluxioris remissiorisque
His sons ' j^ -r

15 vitae erat. Itaque ne mortuo quidem per-

inde adfectus est, sed tantum non statim a funere ad

negotiorura consuetudinem rediit, iustitio longiore in-

hibito. Quin et Iliensium legatis paulo serius consolan-

tibus, quasi obliterata iam doloris memoria, irridens se

20 quoque respondit vicem eorum dolere, quod egregium civem
Hectorem amisissent. German ico usque adeo obtrectavit,
ut et praeclara facta eius pro supervacuis elevarit et
gloriosissimas victorias ceu damnosas rei publicae incre-
paret. Quod vero Alexandream propter immensam et

25 repentinam famem inconsulto se adisset, questus est in
senatu. Etiam causa mortis fuisse ei per Cn. Pisonem
legatum Syriae creditur, quem mox huius criminis reum
putant quidam mandata prolaturum, nisi ea secreto osten-
tant . . . quae multifariam inscriptum et per noctes cre-

30 berrime adclamatum est: Redde Oermamaim! Quam
suspicionem confirmavit ipse postea, coniuge etiam ac
liberis Germanici crudelem in modum afflictis.

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 29

53 Nurum Agrippinam, post mariti mortem liberius quid-
dam questam, manu apprehendit Graecoque versu Si non
dominaris, inquit, JiUola, iniuriam te accipere ^^ aauehter-
existimas? nee ullo mox sermone dignatus in-law Agiip-
est. Quondam vero inter cenam porrecta a ^"'^ 5
se poma gustare non ausam etiam voeare desiit, simulans
veneni se crimine accersi; cum praestructum utrumque
consulto esset, ut et ipse temptandi gratia offerret et ilia
quasi certissimum exitium caveret. Novissime calum-
niatus modo ad statuam August! modo ad exercitus 10
confugere velle, Pandatariam relegavit, conviciantique
Dculum per centurionera verberibus excussit. Rursus
mori inedia destinanti, per vim ore diducto, infulciri
cibum iussit. Sed et perseverantem atque ita absum-
ptam criminosissime insectatus est, cum diem quoque 15
natalem eius inter nefastos referendum suasisset. Im-
putavit etiam, quod non laqueo strangulatam in Gemonias
abiecerit; proque tali dementia interponi decretum pas-
sus est, quo sibi gratiae agerentur et Capitolino lovi
donum ex auro sacraretur. 20

54 Cum ex Germanico tres nepotes, Neronem et Drusum

et Gaium, ex Druso unum Tiberium haberet, destitutus

morte liberorum maximos natu de Germaniei

His gtandsons
filiis, Neronem et Drusum, patribus conscn-

ptis commendavit diemque utriusque tirocinii congiario 25

plebei dato celebravit. Sed ut comperit, ineunte anno

pro eorum quoque salute publice vota suscepta, egit cum

senatu, non debere talia praemia tribui Jiisi expertis et

aetate provectis: atque ex eo, patefacta interiore animi

siii nota, omnium criminationibus obnoxios reddidit, varia- 30

que fraude inductos, ut et concitarentur ad convicia et

concitati proderentur, accusavit per litteras amarissime

30 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

congestis etiani probris, et iudicatos hostis fame necavit :
Nerouem in insula Pontia, Drusum in iraa parte Falatii.
Putant Neronem ad voluntariam mortem coactum, cum
ei carnifex quasi ex senatus auctoritate missus laqueos et
5 uncos ostentaret, Druse autem adeo alimenta subducta ut
tomentum e culcita temptaverit mandere, aiuborum sic
reliquias dispersas ut vix quandoque colligi possent.

Super veteres ainicos ac familiares viginti sibi e nu- 55
His counsel- ^na.evo pi'incipum civitatis depoposcerat, velut

10 lors and consiliarios in negotiis publicis. Horum vix

Sejanus duos anne tves incolumis praestitit, ceteros

alium alia de causa perculit, inter quos cum plurimorum
clade Aelium Seianum ; quem ad summam potentiam non
tam benevolentia provexerat, quam ut esset cuius mini-

15 sterio ac fraudibus liberos Germanici circumveniret, ne-
potemque suum ex Druso tilio naturalem ad successionem
imperii confirmaret.
Nihilo lenior in convictores Graeculos, quibus vel ma- 56
xime acquiescebat. Xenonem quendam ex-

20 quisitius sermocinantem cum interrogasset,

quaenam ilia tam molesta dialectos esset, et ille respon-
disset Doridem, relegavit Cinariam, existimans expro-
bratum sibi veterem secessum, quod Dorice Ehodii
loquantur. Item cum soleret ex lectione cotidiana quae-

25 stiones super cenam proponere et comperisset Seleucum
grammaticum a ministris suis perquirere, quos quoque
tempore tractaret auctores, atque ita praeparatum venire,
primum a contubernio removit, deinde etiam ad mortem
compulit.

30 Saeva ac l9nt^ natura ne in puero quidem latuit : quam 57
Theodoras Gadareus rhetoricae praeceptor et perspexisse
primus sagaciter et assimilasse aptissime visus est, sub-

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 31

inde in obiurgando appellaus eum irrikov alixan -n-'ifnifm (■,■?- ' .
vov [id est lutuiu a sanguine macera^um.J Sed aliquanto
magis in principe eluxit, etiam inter initia
cum adhuc favorem hominum moderationis examples of
simulatione captaret. Scurram, qui prae- severity and 5
tereunte funere clare mortuo mandarat, """ ^
ut nuntiaret Augusto, nondum reddi legcUa quae plebei
reliqnisset, adtractuin ad se recipere debitum ducique ad
supplicium imperavit, et patri suo verum referre. Nee
multo post in senatu Pompeio cuidam equiti Romano 10
quiddam perneganti, dum vincula minatur, affirmavit
fore, ut ex Pompeio Pompeianus fieret acerba cavillatione .
simul hominis nomen ijicessens veterumque pai-Vuim flor-

58 tunam. Sub idem tempus, consulente praetore an indicia
maiestatis cogi iuberet, exercendas esse leges respoiidit 15
et atrocissime exercuit. Statuae quidam Augusti caput
dempserat, ut alterius imponeret ; acta res in senatu et,
quia ambigebatur, per tormenta quaesita est. Damnato
reo paulatim genus calumuiae eo processit, ut haec quo-
que capitalia essent : circa Augusti simulacrum servum 20
cecidisse, vestimenta mutasse, nummo vel anulo effigiem
impressam latrinae aut lupanari intulisse, dictum ullum
factumve eius existimatione aliqua laesisse. Periit deni-
que et is, qui honorem in colonia sua eodem die decerni
sibi passus est, quo decreti et Augusto olim erant. 25

59 Multa praeterea specie gravitatis ac mo-

, Lampoons

rum corrigendorum, sed et magis naturae directed

obtemperans, ita saeve et atrociter factita- against

vit, ut nonnulli versieulis quoque et prae-

sentia exprobrarent et futura denuntiarent mala : 30

Asper et immitis, hreviter vis omnia dicam ?
Dispeream, si te mater amare potest.

32 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Non es eques; quare ? Non sunt tihi milia centum:
Omnia si quaeras, et Rhodus exsilium est.

Aurea mutasti Satumi saecula, Caesar :
Incolumi nam te ferrea semper erunt.

5 Fastidit vinum, quia iam sitit iste cruorem :

Tarn bibit hunc avide, quam bibit ante merum.

Aspice Felicem {sibi, non tibi), Romule, Sullam,
Et Marium, si vis, aspice, se(i ifedycern,, ^ ,

Kec non Antoni civilia bella moventis
10 Non semel infectas aspice caede manus,

Et die : Soma pent, regnavit sanguine multo,
Ad regnum quisquis venit ab exsilio.

Quae primo, quasi ab impatientibus remediorum ac non
tarn ex animi sententia quam bile et stomacho fingeren-

15 tur, volebat accipi, dicebatque identidem : Oderint, dum
])robent ! Dein vera plane certaque esse ipse fecit fidem. ,^
In paucis diebus quam Capreas attigit piscatori, qui 60
sibi secretum agenti grandem muUum inopinanter obtu-
lerat, perfricari eodem pisce faciem iussit,

20 ^™*'*y ** territus, quod is a tergo insulae per aspera
^ et devia erepsisset ad se; gratulanti autem

inter poenam, quod non et locustam, quam praegrandem
ceperat, obtulisset, locusta quoque lacerari os imperavit.
Militem praetorianum ob subreptum e viridiario pavonem

25 capite puniit. In quodam itinere lectica, qua vehebatur,
v epribu s_impedita, exploratorem viae, primarum cobor-
tium centurionein, stratum humi paene ad necem verbe-
ravit. Mox in omne genus crudelitatis erupit, numquam 61
deficiente materia, cum primo matris, deinde nepotum et

30 nurus, postremo Seiani familiares atque etiam notos per-

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 33

sequeretur; post cuius interitum vel saevissimus extitit.

Quo inaxime apparuit, non tarn ipsura ab Seiano coiicitari

solitum, quain Seianum quaerenti occasiones siimmiiii-

strasse ; etsi commentario, quern de vita sua summatiin

breviterque composuit, ausus est scribere, Seianum se 5

punisse, quod comperisset furere adversus liberos Oermanici

filii sui: quorum ipse alterum suspecto iam, alterum

oppresso demum Seiano interemit.

Singillatim crudeliter facta eius exsequi longum est ;

genera, velut exemplaria saevitiae, enunierare sat erit. 10

Nullus a poena hoininum cessavit dies, ne

religiosus quidem ac sacer ; animadversum trials and

_ . , , . executions at

in quosdam ineunte anno novo. Accusati ro^j

damnatique' multi cum libertis atque etiam
liberis suis. Interdictum ne capite damnatos propinqui 15
lugerent. Decreta accusatoribus praecipua praemia, non-
numquam et testibus. Nemini delatorum tides abrogata.
Omne crimen pro capitali receptum, etiam paucorum
simpliciumque verborum. Obiectum est poetae, quod in
tragoedia Agamemnonem probris lacessisset; obiectum 20
et historico, quod Brutum Cassiumque ultimos Romano-
rum dixisset; animadversum statim in auctores scripta-
que abolita, quamvis probarentur ante aliquot annos,
etiam Augusto audiente, recitata. Quibusdam custodiae
traditis non modo studendi solacium ademptum, sed etiam 25
sermonis et colloquii usus. Citati ad causam dicendam
partim se domi vulneraverunt certi damnationis et ad
vexationem ignominiamque vitandam, partim in media
curia venenum hauserunt; et tamen colligatis vulneribus
ac semianimes palpitantesque adhuc in carcerem rapti. 30
Nemo punitorum non in Gemonias abiectiis uncoque
tractus, viginti uno die abiecti tractique, inter eos femi-

34 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

nae et pueri. Immaturae puellae, quia more tradito
nefas esset virgines strangulari, vitiatae prius a carnifice,
dein strangulatae. Mori volentibus vis adhibita vivendi.
Nam mortem adeo leve supplicium putabat, ut cum

5 audisset unum e reis, Carnulum nomine, anticipasse eam,
exclamaverit : Carnuliis me evasit. Et in recognoscendis
custodiis precanti cuidam poenae maturitatem respondit :
Nondum tecum in gratiam redii. Anualibus suis vir con- .
sularis inseruit, frequenti quondam convivio, cui et ipse

10 affuerit, interrogatum eum subito et clare a quodam nano
adstante mensae inter cqpreas, cur Paconius maiestatis
reus tarn diu viveret, statim quidem petulantiam linguae
obiurgasse, ceterum post paueos dies scripsisse senatui
ut de poena Paconi quam primum statueret.

15 Auxit intenditque saevitiam, exacerbatus indicio de 62

morte filii sui Drusi. Quem cum morbo et intemperantia

perisse existimaret, ut tandem veneno inte-
Vengeance j -r • 'n

wreaked for remptum traude Livillae uxons atque Seiani

the murder of cognovit, neque tormentis neque supplicio
DrusuB . , . , . . . . ,

20 cuiusquam pepercit, soli huic cognitioni adeo

per totos dies deditus et intentus, ut Rhodiensem hospi-

tem, quem familiaribus litteris Romam evocarat, adve-

nisse sibi nuntiatum, torqueri sine mora iusserit, quasi

aliquis ex necessariis quaestioni adesset; deinde errore

25 detecto, et occidi, ne vulgaret iniuriam. Cavnificinae
eius ostenditur locus Capreis, unde damnatos post longa
et exquisita tormenta praecipitari coram se in mare
iubebat, excipiente classiariorum manu et contis atque
remis elidente cadavera, ne cui residui spiritus quicquam

30 inesset. Excogitaverat autem inter genera cruciatus
etiam, ut larga meri potione per fallaciam oneratos,
repente veretris deligati s, fidicularum simul uriuaeque

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 35

tormento distenderet. Quod nisi eum et mors praeve-
nisset et Thrasyllus consulto, ut aiunt, differre quaedam
spe longioris vitae cojnpulisset, plures aliquanto neca-
turus ac ne reliquis quidem nepotibus parsurus creditor,
cum et Gaium suspectum haberet, et Tiberium ut ex 5
adulterio conceptum aspernaretur. Nee abhorret a vero ;
namque identidem felicem Priamum vocabat, quod super-
stes omnium suorum exstitisset.

63 Quam inter haec non modo invisus ac detestabilis, sed
praetrepidus quoque atque etiam contumeliis obnoxius lo
vixerit, multa indicia sunt. Haruspices secreto ac sine
testibus consuli vetuit. Vicina vero urbi

oracula etiam disicere conatus est, sed maies- " *"*

' apprehensions

tate Praenestinarum sortium territus desti-
tit, cum obsignatas devectasque Eomam non repperisset 15
in area nisi relata rursus ad templum. Unum et alterum
consulares, oblatis provinciis non ausus a se dimittere,
usque eo detinuit, donee successores post aliquot annos
praesentibus daret ; cum interim manente officii titulo
etiam delegaret plurima assidue, quae illi per legatos et 20

64 adiutores suos exsequenda curarent. Nurum ac nepotes
numquam aliter post damnationem quam catenates obsu-
taque lectica loco movit, prohibitis per militem obviis ac
viatoribus respicere usquam vel consistere.

65 Seianum res novas molientem, quamvis iam et natalem 25
eius publice celebrari et imagines aureas coli passim vide-
ret, vix tandem et astu magis ac dolo quam

principali auctoritate subvertit. Namprimo, c •* * "
ut a se per speciem honoris dimitteret, col-
legam sibi adsumpsit in quinto consulatu, quem longo 30
intervallo absens ob id ipsum susceperat. Deinde spe
afSnitatis ac tribuniciae potestatis deceptum inopinantem

36 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM

criminatus est pudenda miserandaque orations, cum inter
alia patres conscriptos precaretur, mitterent alteram e
consulibus, qui se senem at solum in conspectum eorum
cum aliquo militaii praesidio perduceret. Sic quoque

5 diffidens tumultumque metuens, Drusum nepotem, quem
vinculis adhuc Komae continebat, solvi, si res posceret,
dncemque constitui praeceperat. Aptatis etiam navibus
ad quascumque legiones meditabatur fugam, specular
bundus ex altissima rupe identidem signa, quae, ne nun-

10 tii morarentur, tolli procul, ut quidque factum foret,
mandaverat. Varum at oppressa coniurationa Seiani ni-
bilo securior aut constantior, per novem proximos menses
non egressus est villa, quae vocatur lonis.

Urebant insuper anxiam mentem varia undique con- 66

15 vicia, nullo non damnatorum omne probri genus coram
Opprobrium ^^^ P®"" lib^llos in orchestra positos inge-
cast upon rente. Quibus quidem divarsissime adficie-

Tibenus batur, modo ut prae pudore ignota at celata

cuncta cuparet, nonnumquam eadem contemneret et pro-

20 ferret ultro atqua vulgaret. Quin et Artabani Parthorum

regis laceratus est litteris, parricidia at caedes et igna-

viam et luxuriam obicientis, monentisque ut voluntaria

\ morte maximo iustissimoqua civium odio quam primum

satis faceret. Postramo semet ipse partaesus, tali apis- 67

25 tulae principle tantum non summam malorum suorura
professus est:

Quid scribam vobis, patres conscripti, avt quo modo scri-
bam, aut quid omnino non scribam hoc tempore, dii me
deaeque peius perdant quam cotidie perire sentio, si scio.

30 Existiraant quidam [praescisse haec] eum peritia futu-
rorum multo ante, quanta se quandoque acerbitas et in-
famia maneret, prospaxisse ; ideoque, ut imperium inierit,

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 37

et patris patriae appellationem et ne in acta sua iuraretur
obstinatissime recusasse, ne mox maiore dedecore impar
tantis honoribus inveniretur. Quod sane ex
oratione eius, quam de utraque re habuit, *"*6st»t'e
colligi potest; vel cum ait, siniilem se 5

semper sui futurum nee ^imquam mutaturiim mores suos,
quam diu sayiae mentis fuisset ; sed exempli causa caven-
dum esse, ne se senatus in acta cuiusquam obligaret, qui
aliquo casu mutari posset. Et rursus

Si quando autem, inquit, de moribus meis devotoque vo- 10
bis animo dubitaveritis, (quod prius quam eveniat, opto xct
me supremus dies huic mutatae vestrae de me opinioni eri-
piat) nihil honoris adiciet mihi patria appellatio, vobis
autem exprobrabii aut temeritatem delati mihi eius cogno-
minis aut inconstantiam contrurii de me iadicii. 15

68 Corpore fuit ainplo atque robusto, statura quae iustam
excederet; latus ab umeris et pectore, ceteris quoque

membris usque ad imos pedes aequalis et

■ . , -T Personal

congruens ; sinistra manu agiliore ac va-

lidiore, articulis ita firmis, ut recens et in- 20

tegrum malum digito terebraret, caput pueri vel etiain

adulescentis talitro vulneraret. Colore erat candido, car

pillo pone occipitium summissiore ut cervicem etiam

obtegeret, quod gentile in illo videbatur ; facie honesta,

in qua tamen crebri et subiti tumores, cum praegrandibus 25

oculis et qui, quod mirum esset, noctu etiam et in tene-

bris viderent, sed ad breve et cum primum a somno pa-

tuissent; deinde rursura hebescebant. Incedebat cervice

rigida et obstipa, adducto fere vultu, plerumque tacitus,

nullo aut rarissimo etiam cum proximis sermone eoque 30

tardissimo, nee sine moUi quadam digitorum gesticula-

tione. Quae omnia ingrata atque arrogautiae plena et

38 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

animadvertit Augustus in eo et excusare temptavit saepe
apud senatum ac populum, professus naturae vitia esse,
non animi. Valetudine prosperrima usus est, tempore
quidem principatus paene toto prope inlaesa, quamvis a

5 tricesimo aetatis anno arbitratu earn suo rexerit sine
adhynento consiliove medicorum.

^''Circa deos ac religiones neglegentior, quippe addictus 69

mathematicae plenusque persuasionis, cuncta
Superstition . . ^ .

fato agi. Tonitrua tamen praeter moduiu

10 expavescebat et turbatiore caelo numquam non coronam
laureani capita gestavit, quod fulmine afiBari negetur id
genus frondis.

Artes liberales utriusque generis studiosissime coluit. 70
In oratione Latina secutus est Corvinum Mes-

15 " eraiy salam, quern senem adulescens observarat.

Sed affectatione et morositate nimia obscura-

bat stilum, ut aliquanto ex tempore quam a cura praestan-

tior haberetur. Composuit et carmen lyricum, cuius est

titulus Conquestio de morte L. Caesaris. Fecit et firaeca

20 poemata imitatus Euphorionem et Rhianum et Parthe-
nium, quibus poetis admodum delectatus, scripta omnium
et imagines publicis bibliothecis inter veteres et prae-
cipuos auctores dedicavit, et ob hoc plerique eruditorum
certatim ad eum multa de his ediderunt. Maxime tamen

25 curavit iiotitiam historiae fabularis usque ad ineptias
atque derisum ; nam et granimaticos, quod genus homi-
num praecipue, ut diximus, appetebat, eius modi fere
quaestionibus experiebatur, qna£ mater Hecubae, quod
Achilli nomen inter virgines fuisset, quid Sirenes cantare

30 sint solitae ? Et quo primum die post excessum Augusti
curiam intravit, quasi pietati simul ac religioni satis fac-
turus, Minois exemplo, ture quidem ac vino verum sine

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 39

tibicine supplicavit, ut ille olim in morte filii. Sermone

71 Graeco quamquam alioqui promptus et facilis, non tamen
usqueguaque usus est, abstinuitque maxime

in senatu : adeo quidein, ut monopolium no- ^ P""st "»

^ language

minaturus veniam prius postularet, quod sibi ■ 5

verbo peregrino utendum esset ; atque etiam cum in quo-
dam decreto patrum c/^jSAt^/ux recitaretur, commutandam
censuit vocem, et pro peregrina nostratem requirendam
aut si non reperiretur, vel pluribus et per ambitum ver-
borum rem enuntiandam. Militem quoque, Graece testi- 10
monium interrogatum, nisi Latine respondere vetuit.

72 Bis omnino toto secessus tempore Romam redire conatus
(semel triremi usque ad proximos naumachiae hortos
subvectus, disposita statione per ripas Tiberis, quae obviam
prodeuntis submovevet, iterum Appia usque ad septimum 15
lapidem) sed prospectis modo nee aditis urbis moenibus
rediit ; primo ineertum qua de causa, postea osteuto terri-
tus. Erat ei in oblectamentis serpens draco, quern ex con-
suetudine manu sua cibaturus cum consumptum a formicis
invenisset, monitus est ut vim multitudinis caveret. Re- 20
diens ergo propere Campaniam, Asturae in languorem in-
cidit, quo paulum levatus Circeios pertendit.

Ac ne quam suspicionera infirmitatis daret, •^*',1^^
castrensibus ludis non tautum interfuit, sed
etiam missum in harenam aprum iaculis desuper petit; 25
statimque latere convulso et, ut exaestuarat, afflatus aura
in graviorem recidit morbum. Sustentavit tamen ali-
quamdiu, quamvis Misenum usque devectus nihil ex
ordine cotidiano praetermitteret, ne convivia quidem aut
ceteras voluptates, partim intern perantia partim dissimu- 30
latione. Nam Chariclen medicum, quod, commeatu afu-
turus, e convivio egrediens manum sibi osculandi causa

40 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM

apprehendisset, existimans temptatas ab eo venas, rema-
nere ac recunibere hortatus est, cenamque protraxit.
Nee abstinuit eonsuetudine quin tunc quoque instans in
medio triclinio, astante lictore, singulos valere dicentis
5 appellaret. Interim cum in actis senatus legisset, dimis- 73
\ SOS ac ne auditos quidem quosdam reos, de quibus stric=
tirj. et nihil aliud quam nominates ab indice seripserat,
pro contempto se habitum fremens repetere Capreas quo-
quo modo destinavit, non temere quicquam nisi ex tuto
10 ausurus. Sed tempestatibus et ingravescente vi morbi

retentus, paulo post obiit in villa LucuUana,
Death > f f >

octavo et septuagesimo aetatis anno, tertio
et vicesimo imperii, XVII Kal. Apr. Cn. Acerronio Pro-
culo, C. Pontio Nigrino conss.
15 Sunt qui putent, venenum ei a Gaio datum lentum atque
tabificum ; alii, in remissione f ortuitae f ebris cibum deside-
RumoTs of ranti uegatum ; nonnulli, pulvinum-iniectura,
violence cum extractum sibi delieienti anulum mox

done him reslgiscens requisisset. Seneca eum scribit.

20 intellecta defectione, exeraptum anulum quasi alicui trar
diturum parumper tenuisse, dein rursus aptasse digito, et
compressa sinistra manu iacuisse diu immobilem ; subito
vocatis ministris ac nemine respondente, consurrexisse,
nee procul a lectulo deficientibus viribus concidisse.

25 Supremo natali suo ApoUinem Temenitem et amplitu- 74

dinis et artis eximiae, advectum Syracusis ut in biblio-

theca templi novi poneretur, viderat per quie-

sagine death ^^^ affirmanbem sibi, non posse se ab ipso

dedicari. Et ante paucos quam obiret dies

30 turris Phari terrae motu Capreis concidit. Ac Miseni
cinis e favilla et carbonibns ad calfaciendum triclinium
inlatis, extinctus iam et diu frigidus, exarsit repente

LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 41

prima vespera atque in multam noctem pertinaciter
luxit.

75 Morte eius ita laetatus est populus, ut ad primum nun-
tium discurrentes pars, Tiberium in Tiberim! clamita-
rent, pars Terrain matrem deosque Manes „ ... 5
orarent, ne raortuo sedem ullam nisi inter ing at news of
impios darent, alii uncum et Gemonias cada- ""^ ****''
veri minarentur, exacerbati super memoriam pristinae
crudelitatis etiam recenti atrocitate. Nam cum senatus

. consulto cautum esset ut poena damnatorum in decimum lo
semper diem differretur, forte accidit ut quorundam sup-
plicii dies is esset, quo nuntiatum de Tiberio erat. Hos
implorantis hominum fidem, quia absente adhuc Gaio
nemo exstabat qui adiri interpellarique posset, custodes,
ne quid adversus constitutum facerent, strangulaverunt 15
abieceruntque in Gemonias. Crevit igitur invidia, quasi
etiam post mortem tyranni saevitia permanente. Corpus
ut moveri a Miseno coepit, conclamantibus plerisque Atel-
lam potius deferendum et in amphitheatro semiiistilanduvi,
Romam per milites deportatum est, crematumque publico 20
funere.

76 Testamentum duplex ante biennium fecerat, alterum
sua, alterum liberti manu, sed eodem exemplo, obsigna-
veratque etiam humillimorum signis. Eo

..... His will

testamento heredes aequis partibus reliquit 25

Gaium ex Germanico et Tiberium ex Druse nepotes, sub-
stituitque in vicem ; dedit et legata plerisque, inter quos
virginibus Vestalibus, sed et militibus universis plebei-
que Komanae viritim, atque etiam separatim vicorum
magistris. ' *)

C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI

DE VITA CAESAEUM

LIBER IV.
C. CALIGULA.

r-*:

5 Germanicus, C. Caesaris pater, Drusi et minoris Anto- 1

niae filius, a Tiberio patruo adoptatus, quaesturam quin-

quennio ante quam per leges liceret et post ^

Gennaiucus, consiilatum statim gessit : missusque ad

father of Gaios o i i

exercitum in Germaniam, excessu Augusti

10 nuntiato, legioues universas, imperatorem Tiberium perti-
nacissirae recusantis et sibi summam rei publicae defe-
rentis, incertum pietate an constantia maiore, compescuit,
atque hoste mox devieto triumphavit. Consul deinde
iterum creatus ac prius quam honorem iniret ad compo-

15 nendum Orieutis statum expulsus, cum Armeniae regem
devicisset, Cappadociam in provinciae formam redegisset,
annum agens aetatis quartum et tricensimum diuturno
morbo Antiochiae obiit, non sine veneni suspicione. Nam
praeter livores, qui toto corpore erant, et spumas, quae

20 per OS fluebant, cremati quoque cor inter ossa incorrup-

tum repertum est : cuius ea natura existimatur, ut tinc-

tum veneno igne confici nequeat. Obiit 2
His death ... ....

autem,ut opinio fuit, fraude Tiberi, ministerio

et opera Cn. Pisonis, qui sub idem tempus Syriae prae-

positus, nee dissimulans offendendum sibi aut patrem

42

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 43

aut filium, quasi plane ita necesse esset, etiam aegrum
Germanicum gravissimis verborum ac rerum acerbitati-
bus nullo adhibito modo adfeeit; propter quae, ut Ro-
mam rediit, paene discerptus a populo, a senatu capitis

3 damnatus est. Omnes Germanico corporis animique 5

virtutes, et quantas nemini cuiquam, conti-

gisse satis constat : formam et fortitudinem ^'* °°'''*

qualities
egregiam, ingenium in utroque eloquentiae

doctrinaeque genere praecellens, benevolentiam singula-

rem, conciliandaeque hominum gratiae ac promerendi lo

amoris mirum et efflcax studium. Forniae minus con-

gruebat gracilitas crurum, sed ea quoque paulatim repleta

assidua equi vectatione post cibum. Hostem comininus

saepe percussit.^ Oravit causas etiam triumphalis ; atque

inter cetera studiorum monimenta reliquit et comoedias is

Graecas. Domi forisque civilis, libera ac foederata oppida

sine lictoribus adibat. Sicubi clarorum virorum sepulcra

cognosceret, inferias Manibus dabat. Caesorum clade •

Variana veteres ac dispersas reliquias uno tumulo huma-

turus, colligere sua manu et comportare primus adgressus 20

est. Obtrectatoribus etiam, qualescumque et quanta-

cumque de causa nanctus esset, lenis adeo et innoxius,

ut Pisoni decreta sua rescindenti, clientelas divexanti,

non prius suscensere in animum induxerit, quam vene-

ficiis quoque et devotionibus impugnari se comperisset; 25

ac ne tunc quidem ultra progressus, quam ut amicitiam

ei more maiorum renuntiaret mandaretque domesticis

4 ultionem, si quid sibi accideret. Quarum virtutum fruc-

tum uberrimum tulit, sic probatus et dilectus

. His popularity

a suis, ut Augustus, (omitto enim necessitu- 30

dines reliquas) diu cunctatus an sibi successorem destina-

ret, adoptandum Tiberio dederit; sic vulgo favorabilis,

44 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

ut plurimi tradant, quotiens aliquo adveniret vel sicunde

discederet, prae turba occurrentium prosequentiumve

nonnumquam eum discrimen vitae adisse, e Germania

vero post compressam seditionem revertenti praetoriauas

6 cohortes universas prodisse obviam, quamvis pronuntia-

tum esset ut duae tantum modo exirent, populi autem

Komani sexum, aetatem, ordinem omnem usque ad vice-

simum lapidem effudisse se. Tamen longe maiora et 5

_ . firmiova de eo iudicia in morte ac post

Sorrow at ^ ^

10 news of his mortem exstiteruntV Quo defuDCtus est die,
****'' lapidata sunt templa, subversae deum arae,

Lares a quibusdam familiares in publicum abiecti, partus
eoniugum expositi. Quin et barbaros ferunt, quibus
intestinum quibusque adversus nos bellum esset, velut

15 in domestico communique maerore, consensisse ad indu-
tias ; regulos quosdam barbam posuisse et uxorum capita
rasisse ad indicium maximi luctus ; regum etiam regem
et exercitatione venandi et convictu megistanum absti-
nuisse, quod apud Parthos iustitii instar est. Romae 6

20 quidem, cum ad primam famam valetudinis attonita et
maesta civitas sequentis nuntios opperiretur et repente
iam vesperi incertis auctoribus convaluisse tandem per-
crebruisset, passim cum luminibus et victimis in Capito-
lium concursum est ac paene revolsae templi fores, ne

25 quid gestientis vota reddere moraretur; expergef actus e
somno Tiberius gratulantium vocibus atque undique con-
cinentium :

Salva Roma, scUva patria, salmis est Oermanicus.
Et ut demum fato functum palam factum est, non solaciis

30 ullis, non edictis inhiberi luctus publicus potuit, duravit-
qiie etiam per festos Decembris mensis dies. Auxit glo-
riam desideriumque defuncti et atrocitas insequentium

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 45

temporum, cunctis nee temere opinantibus reverentia eius
ac nietu repressam Tiberi saevitiam, quae mox eruperit.

7 Habuit in matrimonio Agrippinam, M. Agrippae at luliae

filiam, et ex ea novem liberos tulit : quorum

duo infantes adhuc rapti, unus iam pueras- ^ "?.* 5

^ ' ^ and childiea

cens insigni festivitate, cuius efRgiem habitu
Cupidinis in aede Capitolinae Veneris Livia dedicavit,
Augustus in cubiculo suo positam, quotiensque introiret,
exosculabatur ; ceteri superstites patri fuerunt, tres sexus
feminini, Agrippina, Drusilla, Livilla, continuo triennio lo
natae ; totidem mares, Nero et Drusus et C. Caesar. Nero-
nem et Drusum senatus Tiberio criminante hostes iudi-
cavit.l'

8 C. Caesar natus est pridie Kal. Sept. patre suo et C. Fon-
teio Capitone coss. Ubi natus sit, incertum diversitas 15
tradentium facit. Cn. Lentulus Gaetulicus DiacQgaJott ^g
Tiburi genitum scribit, Plinius Secundus in to birthplace
Treveris, vice Ambitarvio supra Confluentes ; "»»"*
addit etiam pro argumento, aras ibi ostendi inscriptas :

ob Agrippinae puerperium. Versiculi imperante mox 20"^
eo divulgati apud hibernas legiones procreatum indi-
cant:

In castris natus, patriis nutritus in armis,
lam designati principis omen erat.

Ego in actis Anti editum invenio. Gaetulicum refellit 25
Plinius quasi mentitum per adulationem, nt ad laudes
iuvenis gloriosique principis aliquid etiam ex urbe Her-
culi sacra sumeret, abusumque audentius mendacio, qnod
ante annum fere natus Germanico filius Tiburi fuerat,
appellatus et ipse C. Caesar ; de cuius amabili pueritia 30
immaturoque obitu supra diximus. Plinium arguit ratio

46 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

temporum. Nam qui res August! memoriae mandarunt,
Germanicum exacto consulatu in Galliam missum consen-
tiunt, iam nato Gaio. Nee Plini opinionem inscriptio
arae quicquam adiuverit, cum Agrippina bis in ea regione
5 filias enixa sit, et qualiscumque partus sine ullo sexus
discrimine puerperium vocetur, quod antiqui etiam puel-
las pueras, sicut et pueros puellos dictitarent. Exstat et
Augusti epistula, ante paucos quam obiret menses ad
Agrippinam neptem ita scripta de Gaio hoc (neque enim

10 quisquam iam alius infans nomine pari tunc supererat :)
Puenim Gaium XV Kal. lun. si dii volent ut ducerent
Talarius et Asillius, heri cum Us constitui. Mitto prae-
terea cum eo ex servis ■nieis medicicm, quern scripsi Germa-
nico si vellet ut retineret. VcUebis, mea Agrippina, et dabis

15 opieram ut valens pervenias ad Germanicum tuum. Abunde
parere arbitror, non potuisse ibi nasci Gaium, quo prope
bimulus demum perductus ab urbe sit. Versiculorum
quoque fidem eadem haec elevant et eo facilius, quod ii
sine auctore sunt. Sequenda est igitur, quae sola restat

20 publiei instrumenti auctoritas, praesertim cum Gains An-
tium, omnibus semper locis atque secessibus praelatum,
non aliter quam natale solum dilexerit tradaturque etiam
sedem ac domicilium imperii taedio urbis transferre eo
destinasse.

25 Caligulae cognomen castrensi ioco traxit, quia manipu- 9
lario habitu inter milites educabatur. Apud quos quan-
tum praeterea per banc nutrimentorum
of the soldiers "onsuetudinem amore et gratia valuerit,
maxime cognitum est cum post excessum

30 Augusti tumultuantis et in furorem usque praecipites
solus hand dubie et conspectu suo flexit. Non enim
prius destiterunt, quam ablegari eum ob seditionis peri-

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 47

culum et in proximam civitatem demandari animadver-
tissent; tunc demum ad paenitentiam versi reprenso ac
retento vehiculo, invidiam quae sibi fieret deprecati sunt.

10 Comitatus est patrem et Syriaca expeditione. Unde re-
versus primum in matris, deinde ea relegata gj^ ^^^^j 5
in Liviae Augustae proaviae suae contuber- years and

nio mansit ; quam defunctam praetextatus *''"^*"*''
etiam tunc pro rostris laudavit. Transiitque ad Antoniam
aviani et undevicensimo aetatis anno, accitus Capreas a
Tibei'io, uno atqiie eodem die togam sumpsit barbamque lo
posuit, sine ullo honore qualis contigerat tirocinio fra-
trum eius. Hie omnibus insidiis temptatus elicientium 1,
cogentiumque se ad querelas, nullam umquam occasionem
dedit, perinde obliterato suorum casu ac si nihil cuiquam
accidisset ; quae vero ipse pateretur, incredibili dissimu- is
latione transmittens tantique in avum et qui iuxta erant
obsequii, ut non immerito sit dictum, nee servum meliorem

11 ulhim, nee deteriorem dominum fuisse. Naturam tamen
saevam atque probrosam ne tunc quidem inhibere poterat,
quin et animadversionibus poenisque ad supplicium dato- 20
rum cupidissime interesset, et ganeas atque adulteria cajyl-
lamento celatus et veste longa noctibus obiret, ac scaenicas .
saltandi canendique artes studiosissime appeteret ; facile
id sane Tiberio patiente, si per has mansuefieri posset
ferum eius ingenium/ Quod sagacissimus senex ita prorsus 25
perspexerat, ut aliquotiens praedicaret, exitio suo om-
niumque Gaium vivere et se natricem [serpentis id genus]
populo Romano Phaethontem orbi terrarum educate.

Non ita multo post luniam Claudillam M. Silani no-

12 bilissimi viri filiam duxit uxorem. ,Deinde augur in locum 30
fratris sui Drusi destinatus, prius quam inaug^raretur
ad pontificatum traductus est insigni testimonio pietatis

48 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESABUM

atque indolis, cum, deserta desolataque reliqiiis subsidiis

aula, Seiano iam tunc suspecto Imox et op-

ci*"d^n "* pressoJad spem successionis paulatim admo-

veretur. Quam quo magis confirmaret, amissa

5 lunia ex partu, Enniam Naeviam, JVIacronis uxorem, qui

turn praetorianis cohortibus praeerat; sollicitavit ad stup-

rum, pollicitus et matrimonium suum, si potitus imperio

f uisset ; deque ea re et iure iurando et chirographo cavit.

Murder of Ti- ^^^ hanc insinuatus Macroni, veneno Ti-

10 berius attrib- berium adgressus est, ut quidam opinantur,
uted to him gpirantique adhuc detrahi anulum et, quo-
niam suspicionem retinentis dabat, pulvinum iussit inici,
atque etiam fauces manu sua oppressit, liberto, qui ob
atrocitatem facinoris exclamaverat, confestim in crucem

15 acto. Nee abhorret a veritate, cum sint quidam auctores,
ipsum postea etsi non de perfecto, at certe de cogitato
quondam parricidio professum ; gloriatum enim assidue
in commemoranda sua pietate, ad ulciscendam necem
matris et fratrum introisse se cum pugione cubiculum

20 Tiberii dormientis, et misericordia correptum abiecto
ferro recessisse; nee ilium, quamquam sensisset, aut in-
quirere quicquam aut exsequi ausum.

Sic imperium adeptus, populum Eomanum (vel dicam 13
hominum geuus ?) voti compotem fecit, ex-

25 . .°^° " ^"Y * optatissimus princeps maximae parti provin-

cialium ac militum, quod infantem plerique

cognoverant ; sed et universae plebi urbanae ob memoriam

Germanici patris miserationemque prope afflictae domus.

Itaque ut a Miseno movit quam vis lugentis habitu et funus

30 Tiberi prosequens, tamen inter altaria et victimas arden-
tisque taedas densissimo et laetissimo obviorum agmine
incessit, super fausta nomina sidus et pullum et pupum

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 49

14 et alumnum appellantium ; ingressoque urbem, statim
consensu senatus et irrumpentis in curiam turbae, inrita
Tiberii voluntate, qui testamento alterum nepotuin suum
praetextatum adhuc coheredem ei dederat, ius arbitri-
umque omnium rerum illi permissum est, tanta publica 5
laetitia ut tribus proximis mensibus ac ne totis quidem
supra centum sexaginta milia victimarum caesa tradantur.

Cum deinde paucos post dies in proximas Campaniae
insulas traiecisset, vota pro reditu suscepta sunt, ne mini-
mam quidem occasionem quoquani omittente in testifi- 10
canda soUicitudine et cura de incolumitate eius. Ut
vero in adversam valetudinem incidit, pernoctantibus
cunctis circa Palatium, non defuerunt qui depugnaturos
se armis pro salute aegri quique capita sua titulo propo- ^
sito voverent. Accessit ad immensum civium amorem 16
notabilis etiam externorum favor. Namque Artabanus
Parthorum rex, odium semper contemptumque Tiberi
prae se ferens, amicitiam huius ultro petiit venitque ad
colloquium legati consularis, et transgressus Euphraten
aquilas et signa Romana Caesarumque imagines adoravit. 20 '

15 Incendebat et ipse studia hominum omni genere popu-
laritatis. Tiberio cum plurimis lacrimis pro

contione laudato funeratoque amplissime, ,°.^'^°''°'
confestim Pandatariam et Pontias ad trans-
ferendos matris fratrisque cineres festinavit, tempestate 25
turbida, quo magis pietas emineret, adiitque venerabundus
ac per semet in urnas condidit ; nee minore scaena Ostiam,
praefixo in biremis puppe vexillo, et inde Eomam Tiberi
subvectos, per splendidissimum quemque equestris ordinis
medio ac frequenti die duobus ferculis Mausoleo intulit, 30
inferiasque iis annua religione publice instituit, et eo
amplius matri Circenses carpentumque quo in pompa

50 C. SUETONI TEANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

traduceretur ; at in memoriam patris Septembrem men-
sem Germanicum appellavit. Post haec Antoniae aviae,
quidquid umquam Livia Augusta honorum cepisset, uno
senatus consul to congessit; patruum Claudium, equitem
5 Komanum ad id tempus, coUegam sibi in consulatu as-
sumpsit; fratrem Tiberium die virilis togae adoptavit
appellavitque principem iuventutis ; de sororibus auctor
fuit, ut omnibus sacramentis adiceretur : neque me liheros-
que meos cariores habebo quam Gaium habeo et sorores

10 eius; item relationibus consul um : quod bonum felixque

-^ sit C. Caesari sororibusque eius.

Pari popularitate damnatos relegatosque restituit ; cri-
minum, si quae residua ex priore tempore manebant,
omnium gratiam fecit ; commentaxios ad matris fratrum-

15 que suorum causas pertinentis, ne cui postmodum dela-
tori aut testi maneret uUus metus, convectos in forum, et
ante claxe obtestatus deos neque legisse neque attigisse
quicquam, concremavit; libellum de salute sua oblatum
non recepit, contendens, nihil sibi admissum cur cuiquam

20 invisus esset, negavitque se delatoribus aures habere.

Spinthrias monstrosarum libidinum, aegre ne profundo 16

ffis refonns mergeret exoratus, urbe submovit. Titi La-

andbenefac- bieni, Cordi Cremuti, Cassi Severi scripta,

""^ senatus consultis abolita, requiri et esse in

25 manibus lectitarique permisit, quando maxime sua inter-
esset ut facta quaeque posteris tradantur. Eationes imperii,
ab Augusto proponi solitas sed a Tiberio intermissas,
publicavit. Magistratibus liberam iuris dictionem et
sine sui appellatione concessit. Equites Romanos severe

30 curioseque, nee sine moderatione, recognovit, palam
adempto equo quibus aut piobri aliquid aut ignominiae
inesset, eorum qui minore culpa tenerentur nominibus

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 51

modo in recitatione praeteritis. Ut levior labor iudican-
tibus foret, ad quattuor prioris quintam decuriam addidit.*"
Temptavit et comitiorum more revocato suffragia populo
reddere. Legata ex testamento Tiberi quamquam abolito,
sed et luliae Augustae, quod Tiberius suppresserat, cum 5
fide ac sine calumnia repraesentata persolvit. Ducentesi-
mam auctionum Italiae remisit ; multis incendiorum
damna supplevit ; ac si quibus regna restituit, adiecit et
fructum omnem vectigaliorum et reditum medii temporis,
ut Antiocho Commageno sestertium milies confiscatum. 10
Quoque magis nuUius non boni exempli fautor videretur,
mulieri libertinae octoginta donavit, quod excruciata gra-
vissimis tormentis de scelere patroni reticuisset. Quas ob
res inter reliquos bonores decretus est ei clipeus aureus,
quem quotannis certo die collegia sacerdotum in Capi- 16
tolium ferrent, senatu prosequente, nobilibusque pueris
ac puellis carmine modulate laudes viitutum eius canen-
tibus. Decretum autem ut dies, quo cepisset imperium,
Parilia vocaretur, velut argumentum rursus conditae
urbis. 20

17 Consulatus quattuor gessit, primum ex Kal. lul. per
duos menses, secundum ex Kal. Ian. per xxx dies, tertium
usque in Idus Ian., quartum usque septimum
Idus easdem. Ex omnibus duos novissimos ^ '

coniunxit. Tertium autem Luguduni iniit 25

solus, non ut quidam opinantur superbia neglegentiave,
sed quod defunctum sub Kalendarum diem collegam
rescisse absens non potuerat. Congiarium populo bis
dedit trecenos sestertios, totiens abundantissimum epu-
lum senatui equestrique ordini, etiam coniugibus ac li- 30
beris utrorumque ; posterior epulo forensia insuper viris,
feminis ac pueris fascias purpura* ac conchylii distribuit.

52 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Et ut laetitiam publicam in perpetuum quoque augeret,
adiecit diem Saturnalibus appellavitque luvenalem.

Munera gladiatoria, partim in amphitheatre Tauri par- 18
tim in Saeptis, aliquot edidit, quibus inseruit catervas
5 _. j.^jjj. Afrorum Campanorumque pugilum ex utra-
toriai ezhibi- que regione electissimorum. Neque spec-
^'"^^ taculis semper ipse praesedit, sed interdum

aut magistratibus aut amicis praesidendi munus iniunxit.
Scaenicos ludos et assidue et varii generis ac multifariam

10 fecit, quondam et nocturnos, accensis tota urbe himinibus.
Sparsit et missilia variarum rerum, et panaria cum ob-
sonio viritim divisit ; qua epulatione equiti Romano con-
tra se hilarius avidiusque vescenti partes suas misit, sed
et senatori ob eandem causam codicillos, quibus prae-

15 torem eum extra ordinem designabat. Edidit et cir-
censes plurimos a mane ad vesperam, interiecta modo
Africanarum venatione modo Troiae decursione, et qiios-
dam praecipuos, minio et chrysocolla constrato eirco, nee
uUis nisi ex senatorio ordine aurigantibus. Commisit et

20 subitos, cum e Gelotiana apparatum circi prospicientem
pauci ex proximis Maenianis postulassentj^

NovTim praeterea atque inauditum genus spectaculi ex- 19
cogitavit. Nam Baiarum medium intervallum ad Puteo-
His bridge lanas moles, trium milium et s^scentorum

25 from Baiae fere passuum spatium, ponte coniunxit, con-
° " *° tractis undique onerariis navibus et ordine

duplici ad ancoras conlocatis, superiectoque aggere
terreno ac directo in Appiae Viae formam. Per hunc
pontem ultro citro commeavit biduo continenti, prime

30 die phalerato equo insignisque quercea corona et caetra et
gladio aureaque chlamyde, postridie quadrigario habitu
curriculoque biiugi famosorum equorum, prae se ferens

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 53

Dareum pvierum ex Parthorum obsidibus, comitante prae-
torianorum agmine et in essedis cohorte amicorum. Scio
plerosque existimasse, talem a Gaio pontem excogitatum
aemulatione Xerxis, qui uon sine adniiratione aliquanto
angustiorem Hellespontum contabulaverit ; alios, ut Ger- 5
mauiam et Britanniam, quibus imminebat, alicuius in-
mensi operis fama territaret. Sed avum meura narrantem
puer audiebam, causam operis ab interioribus aulicis
proditam, quod Thrasyllus mathematicus anxio de succes-
sore Tiberio ct in verum nepotem proniori affirmasset, 10
non magis Gaium imperaturum quam per Baianum sinum
equis discursurvm. y

20 Edidit et peregre spectacula, in Sicilia Syracusis asti-
cos ludos, et in Gallia Luguduni miscellos ; sed hie cer-
tamen quoque Graecae Latinaeque facundiae, Q^^^^g 3^3 15
quo certamine femnt victoribus praemia contests in
victos contulisse, eorundem et laudes com- ""•K""****
ponere coactos ; eos autem, qui maxime displicuissent,
scripta sua spongea linguave delere iussos, nisi ferulis
obiurgari aut flumine proximo mergi maluis^ent. 20

21 Opera sub Tiberio semiperfeeta, templum Augusti

theatnimque Pompei, absolvit. Incohavit autem aquae

ductum regione Tiburti et amphitheatrum ^ ^,.

° ^ Public works

iuxta Saepta, quorum operum a successore

eius Claudio alterum peractum, omissum alterum est. 25

Syracusis conlapsa vetustate moenia deorumque aedes

refectae. Destinaverat et Sami Polycratis regiam resti-

tuere, Mileti Didymeum peragere, in iugo Alpium urbem

condere, sed ante omnia Isthmum in Achaia perfodere,

miseratque iam ad dimetiendum opus primipilarem. X)

22 Haetenus quasi de principe ; reliqua ut de monstro nar-
randa sunt.

54 C. SUETONI TRAUQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Compluribus cognominibus adsumptis (nam et pius et
castrorum filius et pater exercituum et optimiis maxi-
_... , mus Caesar vocabatur) cum audiret forte
assumption of reges, qui officii causa in urbem advene-
5 *""'* •»<>■">" jg^jj^.^ concertantis apud se super cenam de
nobilitate generis, exclamavit: Ets KoLpavcK Io-to), els jSao-i-
Xtus ! nee inultum afuit quin statim diadema sumeret
speciemque principatus in regni formam converteret.
Verum admonitus, et principum et regum se excessisse

10 fastigium, divinam ex eo niaiestatem asserere sibi coepit ;
datoque negotio ut simulacra numinum religione et arte
praeclara, inter quae Olympii lovis, apportarentur e
Graecia, quibus capite dempto suum imponeret, partem
Palatii ad forum usque promovit, atque aede Castoris et

15 Pollucis in vestibulum transfigurata, consistens saepe
inter fratres deos, medium adorandum se adeuntibus
exhibebat; et quidam eum Latiarem lovem consaluta-
runt. Templum etiam numini suo proprium et sacer-
dotes et excogitatissimas hostias instituit. In templo

20 simulacrum stabat aureum ieonicum, amiciebaturque
cotidie veste, quali ipse uteretur. Magisteria sacerdotii
ditissimus quisque et ambitione et licitatione maxima
vicibus comparabant. Hostiae erant phoenicopteri, pa-
vones, tetraones, numidicae meleagrides, phasianae, quae

25 generatim per singulos dies immolarentur. Et noctibus
quidem plenam fulgentemque lunam invitabat assidue
in amplexus atque concubitum, interdiu vero cum Capi-
tolino love secrete fabulabatur, modo insusurrans ac
praebens in vicem aurem, modo clarius nee sine iurgiis.

30 Nam vox comminantis audita est : 'H /i' avitip rj iyw a-i •
donee exoratus, ut referebat, et in contubernium ultro
invitatus, super templum Divi Augusti ponte transmisso,

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 55

If

Palatium Capitoliumque coniunxit. Mox, quo propior
esset, in area Capitolina novae domus fundamenta iecit.
23 Agvippae se nepotem neque credi neque dici ob igno-
bilitatem eius volebat, suscensebatque, si qui vel oratione
vel carmine imaginibus eum Caesarum insererent. Praedi- 5
cabat autem matrem suam ex incesto, quod Augustus cum
lulia filia admisisset, procreatam ; ac non gga^iess co
contentus hac Augusti insectatione, Actiacas duct toward
Siculasque victorias, ut funestas populo Ko- ""^ relatives
mano et calamitosas, vetuit sollemnibus feriis celebrari. 10
Liviam Augustam proaviam, Ulixem stolatum identidem
appellans, etiam ignobilitatis quadam ad senatum epistula
arguere ausus est, quasi materno avo decurione Fundano
ortam ; cum publicis monumentis certum sit, Aufidium
Lurconem Romae honoribus functum. ' Aviae Antoniae 15
secretum petenti denegavit, nisi ut interveniret Macro
praefectus, ac per istius modi indignitates et taedia causa
exstitit mortis, dato tamen, ut quidam putant, et veneno ;
nee defunctae ullum honorem habuit, prospexitque e tri-
clinio ardentem rogum. Fratrem Tiberium inopinantem, 20
repente immisso tribuno militum, interemit ; Silanum item
socerum ad necem secandasque novacula fauces compulit :
causatus in utroque, quod hie ingressum se turbatius mare
non esset secutus ac spe occupandi urbem, si quid sibi per
tempestates accideret, remansiset; ille antidotum oboluis- 25
set, quasi ad praecavenda venena sua sumptum ; cum et
Silanus impatientiam nauseae vitasset et molestiam navi-
gandi, et Tiberius propter assiduam et ingravescentem
tussim medicamento usus esset. Nam Claudium patruum
non nisi in ludibrium reservavit. ao

.V .

26 Leve ac frigidum sit his addere, quo propinquos amicos-

56 C. SUETONI TRANQCILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

que pacto tractaverit, Ptolemaeum regis lubae filium, con-

sobrinum suum, (erat eniin et is M. Antonii ex Selene

filia nepos) et in primis ipsum Macronem, ipsam Enniam,

adiutores imperii : quibus omnibus pro necessitudinis iure

B proque meritorum gratia cruenta mors persoluta est.

Nihilo reverentior leniorve erga senatum, quosdam

summis honoribus functos ad essedum sibi currere to-

gatos per aliquot passuum milia, et cenanti modo ad

pluteum modo ad pedes stare succinctos linteo passus

10 est; alios cum clam interemisset, citare nihilo

Cruelty to . ' .

senate, magis- mmus ut Vivos perseveravit, paucos post dies

tiates, and voluntaria morte perisse mentitus. Consuli-

bus oblitis de natali suo edicere abrogavit

magistratum, fuitque per triduum sine summa potestate

15 res publica. Quaestorem suum in coniuratione nominatum
flagellavit, veste detracta subiectaque militum pedibus,
quo firme verberaturi insisterent.

Simili superbia violentiaque ceteros tractavit ordines.
Inquietatus fremitu gratuita in circo loca de media nocte

20 occupantium, omnis f ustibus abegit ; elisi per eum tumul-
tum viginti amplius equites Romani, totidem matronae,
super innumeram turbam ceteram. Scaenicis ludis, inter
plebem et equitem causam discordiarum serens, decimas
maturius dabat, ut equestria ab infimo quoque occupa-

25 rentur. Gladiatorio munerer'% ductis interdum flagran-
tissimo sole velis, emitti quemquam vetabat remotoque
oidinario apparatu, tabidis feris vilissimos senioque con-
fectos gladiatores,* quoque paegniariis patres familiarum
notos sed insignis debilitate aliqua corporis obiciebat.

30 Ac nonnumquam, horreis praeclusis, populo famem in-
dixit.

Saevitiam ingenii per haec maxime ostendit. Cum ad 27

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 57

saginam ferarum muneri praeparatarum carius pecudes
compararentur, ex noxiis laniandos adnotavit et custo-
diarum seriem recognoscens, nullius inspecto elogio, stans
tan turn modo intra porticum mediam, a calvo purther
ad calvum duci imperavit. Votum exegit ab examples of 5
eo, qui pro salute sua gladiatoriam operam '^™* ^
promiserat, spectavitque ferro dimicantem, nee dimisit
nisi victorem et post multas pieces. Alterum, qui se
periturum ea de causa voverat, cunctantem pueris tradidit;
verbenatum infulatumque votum reposcentes per vicos 10
agerent, quoad praecipitaretur ex aggere. Multos honesti
ordinis, deformatos prius stigmatum notis, ad metalla et
munitiones viarum aut ad bestias condemnavit, aut bes-
tiarum more quadripedes cavea coercuit, aut medios serra
dissecuit ; nee omnes gravibus ex causis, verum male de 15
munere suo opinatos, rel quod numquam per genium
suum deierasseut. Parentes supplicio filiorum interesse
cogebat ; quorum uni valetudinem excusanti lecticam
misit, alium a spectaculo poenae epulis statim adhibuit
atque omni comitate ad hUaritatem et iocos provocavit. 20
Curatorem munerum ac venationum, per continuos dies
in conspectu suo catenis verberatum, non prius occidit
quam offensus putrefacti cerebri odore. Atellanae poetam
ob ambigui ioci versiculum media amphitheatri harena
igni cremavit. Equitem Eomanum obiectum feris, cum 25
28 se innocentem proclamasset, reduxit, abscisaque lingua
rursus induxit. Eevocatum quendam a vetere exsilio
sciscitatus, quidnam ibi facere consuesset, respondente eo
per adulationem : Deos semper oraviut, quod evenit,periret
Tiberius, et tu imperares, opinans sibi quoque exsules suos 30
mortem imprecari, misit circum insulas, qui universos
contrucidarent. Cum discerpi senatorem concupisset,

58 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM

subornavit, qui ingredientem curiam repente hostem pub-
licum appellantes invaderent, graphiisque confossum lace-
randum ceteris traderent; nee ante satiatus est quam
membra et artus et viscera hominis tracta per vicos atque

5 ante se congesta vidisset. Immanissima facta augebat 29
atrocitate verborum. Nihil magis in natura sua laudare
se ac probare dicebat quam, ut ipsius verbo utar, dSiarpc-
iliiav [hoc est inverecundiam]. Monenti Antoniae aviae,
tamquam parum esset non oboedire: Memento ait omnia

10 mihi et in omnis licere! Trucidaturus fratrem, quem
metu venenorum praemuniri medicamentis suspicabatur :
Antidotum inquit adversus CaesaremfT/'RelegaXis sorori-
bus non solum insulas habere se, sed etiam gladios mina-
batur. Praetorium virum ex secessu Anticyrae, quam

15 valetudinis causa petierat, propagari sibi commeatum
saepius desiderantem cum mandasset interimi, adiecit,
necessariam esse sanguinis missionem, ciii tarn diu non
prodesset eUeborum. Decimo quoque die numerum puni-
endorum ex custodia subscribens, rationem se purgare

20 dicebat. Gallis Graecisque aliquot uno tempore con-
demnatis, gloriabatur, GaJlograeciam se subegisse. Non 30
temere in quemquam nisi crebris et minutis ictibus ani-
madverti passus est, perpetuo notoque iam praecepto : Ita
feri ut se mori sentiat! Punito per errorem nominis alio

25 quam quem destinaverat, ipsum quoque paria meruisse
dixit. Tragicum illud subinde iactabat :
Oderint, dum metuant !
Saepe in cunctos pariter senatores, ut Seiani clientis, ut
matris ac fratrum suorum delatores, invectus est, prolatis

30 libellis, quos crematos simulaverat, defensaque Tiberi
saevitia quasi necessaria, cum tot criminantibus creden-
dum esset. Equestrem ordinem ut scaenae harenaeque

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 59

devotum assidue proscidit. Infensus turbae faventi
adversus studium suum, exclamavit: Utinam populus
Momanus unam cervicem haberet ! Cumque Tetrinius latro
postularetur, et qui postularent, Tetrinios esse ait. Eetiarii
tunicati quinque numero gregatim dimicantes sine cer- 5
tatnine alio totidem secutoribus succubuerant ; cum occidi
iuberentur, unus resumpta fuscina omnes victores in-
teremit : banc ut crudelissimam caedem et deflevit edicto

31 et eos, qui spectare sustinuissent, exsecratus est. Queri
etiam palam de conditione temporum suorum solebat, lo
quod nullis calamitatibus publicis insignirentur ; August!
principatum clade Variana, Tiberi ruina spectaculorum
apud Fidenas memorabilem factum, suo oblivionem
imminere prosperitate rerum ; atque identidem exerci-
tuum caedes, famem, pestilentiam, iucendia, biatum 15
aliquem terrae optabat.

32 Animum quoque remittent! ludoque et epulis dedito
eadem factorum dictorumque saevitia aderat.

Saepe in conspectu prandentis vel comissan- .'^

^ r r sions

tis seriae quaestiones per tormenta habeban- 20

tur, miles decollandi artifex quibuscumque e custodia
capita amputabat. Puteolis dedicatione pontis, quem
excogitatum ab eo significavimus, cum multos e litore in-
vitasset ad se, repente omnis praecipitavit, quosdam gu-
bernacula apprehendentes contis remisque detrusit in 25
mare. Komae publico epulo servum ob detractam lectis
argeuteam laminam carnifici confestim tradidit, ut mani-
bus abscisis atque ante pectus e coUo pendeutibus, prae-
cedente titulo qui causam poenae indicaret, per coetus
epulantium circumduceretur. Murmillonem e ludo, rudi- 30
bus secum battuentera et sponte prostratum, confodit fer-
rea sica ac more victorum cum palma discucurrit. Admota

60 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

altaribus victima, siiccinctus poparum habitu elato alte
subito malleo cultrarium mactavit. Lautiore eonvivio
effusus in cachinnos, consulibus, qui iuxta cubabant, quid-
nam rideret, blande quaerentibus, Quid, inquit, nisi uno
5 meo nutu iugulari iitrumque vestrum statim posse ? In- 33
ter varios iocos, cum adsistens simulacro lovis- Apellen
tragoedum consuluisset uter illi maior videretur, cunetan-
tem flagellis discidit, conlaudans subinde vocem depre-
cantis quasi etiam in gemitu praedulcem. Quotiens

10 uxoris vel amiculae eollum exoscularetur, addebat : Tam
bona cervix simul ac lussero demetur. Quin et subinde
iactabat, exquisiturum se vel fidiculis de Caesonia sua, cur
earn tanto opere diligeret. ->
Nee minore livore ac malignitate quam superbia sae- 34

15 vitiaque paene adversus omnis aevi homi-

ma^Ity^ num genus grassatus est. Statuas virorum

inlustrium, ab Augusto ex Capitolina area

propter angustias in campum Martium conlatas, ita sub-

vertit atque disiecit ut restitui salvia titulis non potue-

20 rint, vetuitque posthac viventium cuiquam usquam statuam
aut imaginem nisi consulto et auctore se poni. Cogitavit
etiam de Homeri carminibus abolendis, cur enim sibi non
licere, dicens, quod Platoni licuisset, qui eum e civitate quam
constituebat eiecerit ? Sed et Vergili ac Titi Livi scripta

25 et imagines paulum afuit quin ex omnibus bibliothecis
amoveret, quorum alteram ut nullius ingenii minimae-
que doctrinae, alterum ut verbosum in historia neglegen-
temque carpebat. De iuris quoque consultis, quasi sci-
entiae eorum omnem usum aboliturus, saepe iactavit, se

30 meJiercule effecturum ne quid respondere possint praeter
eum. Vetera familiarum insignia nobilissimo cuique 35
ademit, Torquato torquem, Ciucinnato crinem, Cn. Pom-

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 61

peio stirpis antiquae Magni cognomen. Ptolemaeum, de
quo rettuli, et arcessitum e regno et exceptum honorifice,
non alia de causa repente percussit, quam quod, edente
se munus, ingressum spectacula convertisse hominum
oculos fulgore purpureae abollae animadvertit. Pulchros 5
et comatos, quotiens sibi occurrerent, occipitio raso detur-
pabat.' Erat Esius Proculus patre primipilari, ob egre-
giam corporis amplitudinem et speciem Colosseros dictus;
hunc spectaculis detractuin repente et in harenam de-
ductum Thraeci et inox hoplomacho comparavit, bisque lo
victorem constringi sine mora iussit et pannis obsitum
vicatim circumduci ac mulieribus ostendi, deinde iugu-
lari. Nullus denique tam abiectae condicionis tamque
extremae sortis fuit, cuius non commodis obtrectaret.
Nemorensi regi, quod multos iam annos poteretur sacer- 15
dotio, validiorem adversarium subornavit. Cum quodam
die muneris essedario Porio, ob prosperam pugnam
servum suum manumittenti, studiosius plausum esset,
ita proripuit se spectaculis, ut calcata lacinia togae
praeeeps per gradus iret, indignabundus et clamitans 20
dominum gentium populum ex re levissima plus honoris
gUxdiatori tribuentem quam conseeratis principibus aut
praesenti sibi.

37 Nepotatus sumptibus omnium prodigorum ingenia su-

peravit, commentus novum balnearum usum, portento- 25

sissima genera ciborum atque cenarum, ut

, ProdigaUty

calidis frigidisque unguentis lavaretur, pre-

tiosissima raargarita aceto liquefacta sorberet, convivis ex

auro panes et obsonia apponeret, o'd frugi hominem esse

oportere dictitans aut Caesarem. Quin et nummos non 30

mediocris summae e fastigio basilicae luliae per aliquot

62 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

dies sparsit in plebem. Fabricavit et deceris Liburnicas
gemmatis puppibus, versicoloribus velis, magna ther-
marutn et porticuum et .tricliniorum laxitate magnaque
etiam vitium et pomiferarum arborum varietate ; quibus
5 discumbens de die inter chores a« symphonias litora
Campaniae peragraret. In exstructionibus praetoriorum
atque villarum, omni ratione posthabita, nihil tam efficere
conciipiscebat quam quod posse effici negaretur. Et iactae
itaque moles infesto ac profundo mari, et excisae rupes

10 durissimi silicis, et campi montibus aggere aequati, et
complanata fosstiris montium iuga, incredibili quidem
celeritate, cum morae culpa capite lueretur. Ac ne sin-
gula enumerem, immensas opes, totumque illud Ti. Cae-
saris vicies ao septies milies sestertium non toto vertente

15 anno absumpsit.

Exhaustus igitur atque egens ad rapinas convertit ani- 38

mum, vario et exquisitissimo calumniarum et auctionum

et vectigalium genere. Negabat iure civita-

apine an ^.^ Komanam usui'pare eos, quorum maiores
ezactions .

20 sibi posterisque earn impetrassent, nisi si

filii essent, neque enim intellegi debere posteros ultra

hune gradum ; prolataque Divorum luli et Augusti diplo-

mata ut Vetera et obsoleta deflebat. Arguebat et per-

peram editos census, quibus postea quacumque de causa

25 quicquam incrementi accessisset. Testamenta primipi-
larium, qui ab initio Tiberi principatus neque ilium neque
se heredem reliquissent, ut ingrata rescidit ; item cetero-
rum ut irrita et vana, quoscumque quis diceret herede Cae-
sare mori destinasse. Quo metu iniecto cum iam et ab

30 iguotis inter familiares et a parentibus inter liberos palam
heres nuncuparetur, derisores vocabat, quod post nuncu-
pationem vivere perseverarent, et multis venenatas mat-

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 63

teas misit. Cognoscebat autem de talibus causis, taxato
prius modo summae ad quern conficiendum consideret,
confecto demum excitabatur. Ac ne paululum quidem
morae patiens, super quadraginta reos quondam ex diver-
sis criminibus una sententia condemnavit, gloriatusque 5
est expergefacta e somno Caesonia, quantum egisset, dum
ea meridiaret.

Auctione proposita, reliquias omnium spectaculorum
subiecit ac venditavit, exquirens per se pretia et usque eo
extendens, ut quidam immense coacti quaedam emere ac lo
bonis exuti venas sibi inciderent. Nota res est, Aponio
Saturnino inter subsellia dormitante, monitum a Gaio
praeconem ne praetorium virum crebro capitis motu nutan-
tem sibi praeteriret, nee licendi finem factum, quoad
tredecinv^gladiatores sestertium nonagies ignoranti addi- 15

39 cerentur. /In Gallia quoque, cum damnatar

■7 J. J. 11 i-i i His auction-

rum sororum ornamenta et supellectilem et .

servos atque etiam libertos immensis pretiis

vendidisset, invitatus lucro, quidquid instrumenti veteris

aulae erat ab urbe repetiit, comprensis ad deportandum 20

meritoriis quoque vehiculis et pistrinensibus iumentis,

adeo ut et panis Romae saepe deficeret et litigatorum

plerique, quod occurrere absentes ad vadimonium non

possent, causa caderent. Cui instrumento distrahendo

nihil non fraudis ac lenocinii adhibuit, modo avaritiae as

singulos increpans et quod non puderet eos locupletiores

esse quam se, modo paenitentiam simulans quod princi-

palium rerum privatis copiam faceret. Compererat

provincialem locupletem ducenta sestertia numerasse

vocatoribus, ut per fallaciam convivio interponeretur, nee 30

tulerat moleste tam raagno aestimari honorem cenae suae ;

huic postero die sedenti in auctione misit, qui nescio quid

64 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM

frivoli ducentis milibus traderet diceretque, cenaturum

apud Caesarem vocatu ipsius.

Vectigalia nova atque inaudita primum per publicanos, 40

deinde, quia lucrum exuberabat, per centuriones tribunos-

5 que praetorianos exercuit, nullo rerum aut

Imposition of ijominum senere omisso, cui non tiibuti ali-
taxes °

quid imponeret. Pro edulibus, quae tota

urbe venirent, certum statumque exigebatur ; pro litibus

ac iudiciis ubicumque conceptis quadragesima summae, de

10 qua litigaretur, nee sine poena, si quis coraposuisse vel
donasse negotium convinceretur ; ex gerulomm diurnis
quaestibus pars octava. . . . Eius modi vectigalibus in- 41
dictis neque propositis, cum per ignorantiam scripturae
multa commissa fierent, tandem flagitante populo proposuit

15 quidem legem, sed et minutissimislitteris et angustissimo
loco, uti ne cui describere liceret. Ac ne quod non manu-
biarum genus experiretur, lupanar in Palatio constituit,
distinctisque et instructis pro loci dignitate compluribus
cellis, in quibus matronae ingenuique starent, misit cir-

20 cum fora et basilicas nomenculatores ad invitandos ad
libidinem iuvenes senesque ; praebita advenientibus pecu-
nia faenebris, appositique qui nomina palam subnotarent,
quasi adiuvantium Caesaris reditus. Ac ne ex lusu
quidem aleae compendium spemens, plus mendacio atque

25 etiam periurio lucrabatur. Et quondam proximo conlu-
sori demandata vice sua progressus in atrium domus, cum
praetereuntis duos equites Romanes locupletis sine mora
corripi confiscarique iussisset, exsultans rediit gloriansque,
numquam se prosperiore alea usum.

30 ,^ Filia vero nata, paupertatem nee iam imperatoria modo 42
sed et patria conquerens onera, conlationes in alimonium
ac dotem puellae recepit. Edixit et strenas ineunte anno

LIBEK IV. C. CALIGULA. 65

se recepturum stetitque in vestibule aedium Kl. lanuariis

ad captandas stipes, qiias plenis ante eum manibus ac

sinu omuis generis turba fundebat. Novis-

, , , -J- • Forced gifts

sime contrectandae pecuniae cupidme incen-

sus, saepe super imniensos aureorum acervos patentissimo 5

diffuses loco et nudis pedibus spatiatus et toto corpore

aliquamdiu volutatus est.

43 Militiam resque bellicas semel attigit, neqiie ex desti-
nato, sed cum ad visendum nemus flumenque Clitumni
Mevaniam processisset, admonitus de sup- lo

1 J -p, , His militaiy

plendo numero Batavorum, quos circa se ,a__ai
habebat, expeditionis Germanicae impetum
cepit ; neque distulit, sed legionibus et auxiliis undique
excitis, dilectibus ubique acerbissime actis, contracto et
omnis generis commeatu quanto numquain an tea, iter in- 15
gressus est confecitque mode tam festinanter et rapide,
ut praetorianae cohortes contra morem signa iumentis
imponere et ita subsequi cogerentur, interdum adeo seg-
niter et delicate, ut octaphoro veheretur, atque a propin-
quarum urbium plebe verri sibi vias et conspergi propter 20
pulverem exigeret.

44 Postquam castra attigit, ut se acrem ac severum ducem
ostenderet, legatos, qui auxilia serius ex diversis locis
adduxerant, cum ignominia dimisit ; at in exercitu recen-
sendo, plerisque centurionum maturis iam, et nonnullis 25
ante paucissimos quara consummaturi essent dies, primes
pilos ademit, causatus senium cuiusque et imbecillitatem;
ceterorum increpita cupiditate, commoda emeritae militiae
ad sescentorum * milium summam recidit. Nihil autem
amplius quam Adminio Cynobellini Britannorum regis 30
filio, qui pulsus a patre cum exigua manu transfugerat,
in deditionem recepto, quasi universa tradita insula.

66 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

magnificas Komam litteras misit, monitis speculatoribus,
ut vehiculo ad forum usque et curiam pertenderent, nee
nisi in aede Martis ac frequente senatu consulibus tra-
derent.J

5 Mox, deficiente belli materia, paucos de custodia Ger- 45
manos traici occulique trans Khenum iussit, ac sibi post
prandium quam tumultuosissime adesse liostem nuntiari.
Quo facto, proripuit se cum amicis et parte equitum
praetorianorum in proximam silvam, truncatisque arbori-

10 bus et in modum tropaeorum adornatis, ad lumina rever-
sus, eorum quidem qui secuti non essent timiditatem et
ignaviam corripuit, comites autem et participes victoriae
novo genere ac nomine coronarum donavit, quas dis-
tinctas solis ac lunae siderumque specie exploratorias

15 appellavit. Kursus obsides quosdam abductos e litterario
ludo clamque praemissos, deserto repente convivio, cum
equitatu insecutus veluti profugos ac reprehensos in
catenis reduxit; in hoc quoque mimo praeter modum
intemperans. Repetita cena, renuntiantis coactum agmen

20 sicut erant loricatos ad discumbendum adhortatus est.
Monuit etiam notissimo Vergili versu, durarent secun-
disque se rebus servarent.

Atque inter haec absentem senatum populumque gra-
vissimo obiurgavit edicto, quod Caesare proeliante et tantis

25 discriminibus obiecto, tempestiva convivia, circum et theatra
et amoenos secessus celebrarent. Postremo quasi perpetra- 46
turus helium, directa acie in litore Oceani ac ballistis
macliinisque dispositis, nemine gnaro aut opinante quid-
nam coepturus esset, repente ut conchas legerent galeas-

30 que et sinus replerent imperavit, spolia Oceani vocans
Capitolio Palatioque debita, et in indicium victoriae altis-
simam turrem excitavit, ex qua ut Pharo noctibus ad

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 67

regendos navium cursus ignes emicarent ; pronuntiatoque
militi donativo centenis vii-itim denariis, quasi omne ex-
emplum liberalitatis supergressus Abite, inquit, laeti, abite
locupletes !

47 Conversus hinc ad curam triumphi, praeter captives 5
ac transfugas barbaros Galliarum quoque procerissimum
quemque et (ut ipse dicebat) a^iodpidfifiiVTov,

ac nonnuUos ex principibus legit ac seposuit
ad pompam, coegitque non tantum rutilare et summittere
comam, sed et sermonem Germanicuni addiscere et no- lo
mina barbarica ferre. Praecepit etiam triremis, quibus
introierat Oceanum, magna ex parte itinere terrestri
Eomam devehi. Scripsit et procuratoribus, triumphum
appararent quam minima summa, sed quantus numquam
alius fuisset, quando in omnium hominum bona ius 15
haberent.

48 Priusquam provincia decederet, consilium iniit nefan-
dae atrocitatis, legiones, quae post excessiim Augusti
seditionem olim moverant, contrucidandi,

quod et patrem suum Germanicum ducem Plan to mas- 20
et se infantem tunc obsedissent, vixque a and senate
tam praecipiti cogitatione revocatus, inhiberi
nullo modo potuit quin decimare velle perseveraret.
Vocatas itaque ad contionem inermes, atque etiam gladiis
depositis, equitatu armato circumdedit. Sed cum videret 25
suspecta re plerosque dilabi ad resumenda si qua vis
fieret arma, profugit contionem confestimque urbem petit,
deflexa omni acerbitate in senatum, cui ad avertendos
tantorum dedecorura rumores palam minabatur ; querens
inter cetera fraudatum se iusto triumpho, cum ipse paulo 30
ante, ne quid de honoribus suis ageretur, etiam sub

49 mortis poena denuntiasset. Aditus ergo in itinere a

68 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

legatis amplissimi ordinis ut maturaret orantibus, quam
maxima voce Veniam inquit, veniam, et hie mecuni ! capu-
lum gladii crebro verberans, quo cinctus erat. Edixit et
reverti se, sed iis tantum qui optarent, equestri ordini et

5 populo; nam se neque civem neque principem senatui
amplius fore. Vetuit etiam quemquam senatorUm sibi
occurrere, atque omisso vel dilato triumpho ovans urbem
natali suo ingressus est; intraque quartum mensem periit,
ingentia facinora ausus et aliquauto maiora moliens. Si-

10 quidem proposuerat Antium, deinde Alexandream com-
migrare, interempto prius utriusque ordinis electissimo
quoque. Quod ne cui dubium videatur, in secretis eius
reperti sunt duo libelli diverse titulo ; alteri gladius, alteri
pugio index erat; ambo nomina et notas continebant

15 morti destinatorum. Inventa et area ingens variorum
venenorum plena, quibus mox a Claudio demersis infecta
maria traduntur, non sine piscjum exitio, quos enectos
aestus in proxima litora eiecit. y

Statura fuit eminenti, colore expallido, corpora enormi, 50

20 gracilitate maxima cervicis et crurum, oculis

appearance ^* temporibus concavis, fronte lata et torva,

capillo raro ac circa verticem nullo, hirsutus

cetera. Quare transeunte eo prospicere ex superiore parte,

aut omnino qua«umque de causa capram nominare, crimino-

25 sum et exitiale habebatur. Vultum vero natura horridum

ac taetrum etiam ex industria efferabat, componens ad

speculum in omnem terrorem ac formidinem.

Valetudo ei neque corporis neque animi constitit. Puer

comitiali morbo vexatus, in adulescentia ita
Mental . , ,

30 weakness patiens laborum erat, ut tamen nonnumquam

subita defectione ingredi, stare, colligere se-

met ac sufferre vix posset. Mentis valetudinem et ipse

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 69

senserat ae subinde de seeessu deque purgando cerebro
cogitavit. Creditur potioiiatus a Caesonia uxore amatorio
quidem medicamento, sed quod in furorem verterit. Inci-
tabatur insomnia maxime ; neque enim plus quam tribus
noctui'uis horis quiescebat, ac ne iis quidem placida quiete, 5
sed pavida miris rerum imaginibus, ut qui inter ceteras
pelagi quondam speciem conloquentem secum videre
visus sit. Ideoque magna parte noctis vigiliae cubandi-
que taedio nunc toro residens, nunc per longissimas por-
ticus vagus invocare identidem atque exspeetare lucem lo
consuerat.
51 Non immerito mentis valetudini attribuerim diversis-
sima in eodem vitia, summam confidentiam

Timidity-
et contra nimium metum. Nam qui decs

tanto opere contemneret, ad minima tonitrua et fulgura 15
conivere, caput obvolvere, ad vero maiora proripere se e
strato sub lectumque condere solebat. Peregrinatione
quidem Siciliensi irrisis multuni locorum miraculis, re-
pente a Messana noclu profugit Aetnaei verticis fumo ac
murmure pavef actus. Ad versus barbaros quoque minar 20.
cissimus, cum trans Rhenum inter angustias densumque
agmen iter essedo faceret, dicente quodam non mediocrem
fore consternationem sicunde hostis appareat, equum ilico
conscendit ac propere reversus ad pontes, ut eos calonibus
et impedimentis stipatos repperit, impatiens morae per 25
manus ac super capita hominum translatus est Mox
etiam audita rebellions Germaniae, fugam et subsidia
fugae classes apparabat, uno solacio adquiescens, trans-
marinas certe sibi superfuturas provincias, si victores
Alpium iuga, ut Cimbri, vel etiam urbem, ut Senones .so
quondam, occuparent; unde credo percussoribus eius
postea consilium natum, apud tumultuantes milites emen-

70 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

tiendi, ipsum sibi manus intulisse nuntio malae pugnae

perterritum.

Vestitu calciatuque et cetero habitu neque patrio neque 52

civili, ae ne virili quidem ac denique humano
His apparel
5 semper usus est. oaepe depictas gemmatas-

que indutus paenulas, manuleatus et armillatus in publi-
cum processit ; aliquando sericatus et cycladatus ; ac modo
in crepidis vel cothurnis, modo in speculatoria caliga, non-
numquam socco muliebri ; plerumque vero aurea barba,

10 fulmen. tenens aut fuscinam aut caduceum [deorum in-
signia] atque etiam Veneris cultu conspectus est. Tri-
umphalem quidem ornatum etiam ante expeditionem
assidue gestavit, interdum et Magni Alexandri thoracem
repetitum e conditorio eius.

15 Ex disciplinis liberalibus minimum eruditioni, eloquen- 53

tiae plurimum attendit, quantum vis facundus et promptus,

utique si perorandum in aliquem asset. Irato

evo onto gj. ygjjjg^ g^ sententiae suppetebant, pronun-

tiatio quoque et vox, ut neque eodem loci

20 prae ardors consisteret et exaudiretur a procul stantibus.
Peroraturus, strictuncm se lucuhrationis suae telum mina^
batur ; lenius comptiusque scribendi genus adeo con-
temnens, ut Senecam tum maxime placentem commissiones
meras componere, et harenam esse sine calce diceret.

25 Solebat, etiam prosperis oratorum actionibus rescribere
et magnorum in senatu reorum accusationes defensio-
nesque meditari ac, prout stilus cesserat, vel onerare
sententia sua quemque vel sublevare, equestri quoque
ordine ad audiendum invitato per edicta.

30 Sed et aliorum generum artes studiosissime et diver- 54
sissimas exercuit. Thraex et auriga, idem cantor atque
saltator, battuebat pugnatoriis armis, aurigabat exstructo

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 71

plurifariam circo ; canendi ac saltandi voluptate ita effere-
batur, ut ne publicis quidem spectaculis temperaret quo
minus et tragoedo pronuntianti concineret,
et gestum histrionis quasi laudans vel cor- 0*''"P"-
rigens palam efiingeret. Nee alia de causa 5

videtur eo die, quo periit, pervigilium indixisse quam
ut initium in scaenam prodeundi licentia temporis aus-
picaretur. Saltabat autem nonnuraquam etiam noctu;
et quondam tres consulares secunda vigilia in Palatium
accitos multaque et extrema metuentis super pulpitum 10
conlocavit, dein repente magno tibiarum et scabellorum
crepitu cum palla tunicaque talari prosiluit ac desaltato
cantico abiit. Atque hie tarn docilis ad cetera uatare
nesciit.
55 Quorum vero studio teneretur, omnibus ad insaniam 15
favit. Mnesterem pantomimum etiam inter spectacula
osculabatur, ac si qui saltante eo vel leviter
obstreperet, detrahi iussum manu sua flagel- f°*>'=ati<"'* »*

° insanity
labat. Equiti Romano tumultuanti per cen-

turionem denuntiavit, abiret sine mora Ostiam perferret- 20

que ad Ptolemaeum regem in Mauritaniam codicillos

suos ; quorum exemplum erat : Ei quern istoc misi, neque

boni quicquam neque mali feceris! Thraeces quosdam

Germanis corporis custodibus praeposuit. Murmillonum

armaturas recidit. Columbo victori, leviter tamen saucio, 25

venenum in plagam addidit, quod ex eo Columbinum

appellavit (sic certe inter alia venena scriptum ab eo

repertum est) ; prasinae factioni ita addictus et deditus,

ut cenaret in stabulo assidue et maneret. Agitatori

Eutycho comissatione quadam in apophoretis vicies ses- 30

tertium contulit. Incitato equo, cuius causa pridie cir-

censes, ne inquietaretur, viciniae silentium per milites

72 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

indicere solebat, praeter equile marmoreum et praesepe
ebunieum praeterque purpurea tegumenta ac monilia e
gemmis, domum etiam et familiam et supellectilem dedit,
quo lautius nomine eius invitati acciperentur; consulatum

5 quoque traditur destinasse.

Ita bacchantem atque grassantem non defuit plerisque 56
animus adoriri. Sed una alteraque conspiratione detecta,
aliis per inopiam occasionis cunctantibus,
Conspiracies duo consilium communicaverunt perfece-

10 jjg runtque, non sine conscientia potentissimo-

rum libertorum praefectorumque praetorii ;

quod ipsi quoque etsi falso in quadam coniuratione quasi

participes nominati, suspectos tamen se et invisos sentie-

bant. Nam et statim seduetis magnam fecit invidiam,

15 destricto gladio afRrmans sponte se periturum, si et illis
morte di'gnus videretur, nee cessavit ex eo criminari alte-
rum alteri atque inter se omnis committere.

Cum placuisset Palatinis ludis spectaculo egressum
meridie adgredi, primas sibi partes Cassius Chaerea tri-

20 bunus cohortis praetoriae depoposcit, quem Gains senio-
rem iam ut mollem et effeminatum denotare omni probro
consuerat et modo signum petenti Priapum aut Venerem
dare, modo ex aliqua causa agenti gratias osculandam
manum offerre formatam commotamque in obscenum

25 modum.

Futurae caedis multa prodigia exstiterunt. Olympiae 57
simulacrum lovis, quod dissolvi transferrique Eomam
placuerat, tantum cachinnum repente edidit,
bod' '^T th*' ^'* machinis labefactis opifices diffugerint ;

30 supervenitque ilico quidam Cassius nomine,

iussum se somnio affirmans immolare taurum lovi. Capi-
tolium Capuae Id. Mar. de caelo tactum est, item Eomae

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 73

cella Palatini atriensis. Nee defuerunt qui coniectarent,
altero ostento periculum a custodibus domino portendi,
altero caedem rursus insignem, qualis eodem die facta
quondam fuisset. Consulenti quoque de genitura sua
Sulla matheniaticus certissimam necem appropinquare 5
affirmavit. Monuerunt et Fortunae Antiatinae, ut a
Cassio caveret ; qua causa ille Cassium Longinum Asiae
turn proconsulem occidendum delegaverat, immemor
Chaeream Cassium nominari. Pridie quam periret som-
niavit, consistere se in caelo iuxta solium lovis, impul- 10
sumque ab eo dextri pedis pollice et in terras praecipi-
tatura. Prodigiorum loco habita sunt etiam, quae forte
illo ipso die paulo prius acciderant. Sacrificans respersus
est phoenicopteri sanguine ; et pantomimus Mnester
tragoediam saltavit, quam olim Neoptolemus tragoedus 15
ludis, quibus rex Macedonum Philippus occisus est,
egerat ; et cum in Laureolo mimo, in quo actor proripiens
se ruina sanguinem vomit, plures secundavum certatim
experimentum artis darent, cruore scaena abundavit.
Parabatur et in noctem spectaculum, quo argumenta 20
inferorum per Aegyptios et Aethiopas explicarentur.
58 Vim Kal. Febr. hora fere septima, cunctatus an ad
■ prandium surgeret marcente adhuc stomacho pridiani
cibi onere, tandem suadentibus amicis egressus est. Cum
in crypta, per quam transeundum erat, pueri 25

nobiles ex Asia ad edendas in scaena operas '® assassina-
evocati praepararentur, ut eos inspiceret
hortareturque restitit, ac nisi princeps gregis algere se
diceret, redire ac repraesentare spectaculum voluit.^Ttu-
plex dehinc fama est : alii tradunt adloquenti pueros a 30
tergo Chaeream cervicem gladio caesim graviter percus-
sisse, praemissa voce : Hoc age ! dehinc Cornelium Sabi-

74 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

num, alterum e coniuratis, tribunum ex adverse traiecisse
pectus; alii Sabinum, summota per conscios centuriones
turba, signum more militiae petisse, et Gaio lovem dante
Chaerearn exclamasse : Accipe ratum ! respicientique
maxillain ictu discidisse. lacentem contractisque mem- 5
bris clamitantem se vivere ceteri vnlneribus triginta con-
fecerunt ; nam signum erat omnium : Repete ! Quidam
etiam per obscena ferrum adegerunt. Ad primum tu-
multum lecticarii cum asseribus in auxilium accucur-
rerunt, mox Germani corporis oustodes, ac nonnullos 10
ex percussoribus, quosdam etiam senatores innoxios
interemerunt.

59 Vixit annis viginti novem, imperavit triennio et decem
mensibus diebusque octo. Cadaver eius clam in hortos
Lamianos asportatum, et tumultuario rogo 15
semiambustum levi caespite obrutum est,

postea per sorores ab exilio reversas erutum et crematum
sepultumque. Satis constat, priusquam id fieret hortorum
custodes umbris inquietatos ; in ea quoque domo, in qua
occubuerit, nullam noctem sine aliquo terrore transactam, 20
donee ipsa domus incendio consumpta sit. Perit una et
uxor Caesonia gladio a centurione confossa, et filia parieti
inlisa.

60 Condicionem temporum illorum etiam per haec aesti-
mare quivis possit. Nam neque caede vulgata statim 25
creditum est, fuitque suspicio, ab ipso Gaio famam caedis

N simulatf m et emissam, ut eo pacto homi-

num erga se mentes deprehenderet ; neque Desire of sen-
... ..... ^ ate to restore

coniurati cuiquam imperium destinaverunt ; jepybup

et senatus in asserenda libertate adeo con- 30

sensit, ut consules primo non in curiam, quia lulia

vocabatur, sed in Capitolium convocarint, quidam vero

LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 75

sententiae loco abolendam Caesarum memoriam ac di-
ruenda templa censuerint. Observatum autem notar
tumque est in primis, Caesares omnes, quibus Gai
praenomen fuerit, ferro perisse, iam inde ab eo, qui
Cinnanis temporibus sit occisus. 5

C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI
DE VITA CAESARUM

LIBER V.
DIVUS CLAUDIUS.

5 Patrem Claudi Caesaris Drusum, olim Decimum mox 1
Drusus the Neronem praenomine, Livia, cum Augusto
father of gravida nupsisset, intra mensem tertium

Claudius peperit, fuitque suspicio, ex vitrico per

adulterii consuetudinem procreatum. Statim certe vul-

10 gatus est versus :

Tois evrvj(Ov(n koI rpifirjva iraiSia.
Is Drusus in quaesturae praeturaeque honore dux Raetici,
deinde Germanici belli Oceanum septemtrionalem primus
Romanorum ducuni navigavit transque Rhenum fossas

15 novi et immensi operis effecit, quae nunc adhuc Drusinae
vocantur. Hostem etiam frequenter caesum ac penitus
in intimas solitudines actum non prius destitit insequi,
quam species barbarae mulieris, humana amplior, victo-
rem tendere ultra sermone Latino prohibuisset. Quas ob

20 res ovandi ius et triumphalia ornamenta percepit ; ae
post praeturam confestim inito eonsulatu atque expedi-
tione repetita, supremum diem niorbo obiit in aestivis
castris, quae ex eo Scelerata sunt appellata. Corpus eius
per municipiorum coloniarumque primores, suscipientibus

76

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 77

obviis scribarum decuriis, ad urbem devectum sepultum-
que est in cainpo Martio. Ceterum exercitus honorarium
ei tumulum excitavit, circa quern deinceps stato die quo-
tannis miles decurreret Galliarumque civitates publics
supplicarent. Praeterea senatus inter alia complura 5
marmoreum arcum cum tropaeis Via Appia decrevit et
Germanic! cognomen ipsi posterisque eius. Fuisse autem
creditur non minus gloriosi quam civilis animi ; nam ex
hoste super victorias opima quoque spolia captasse sum-
moque saepius discrimine duces Germanorum tota acie lo
insectatus; nee dissimulasse umquani pristinum se rei
publicae statum, quandoque posset, restituturum. Unde
existimo nonnullos tradere ausos, suspectum eum Au-
gusto revocatumque ex provincia et quia cunctaretur,
interceptum veneno. Quod equidem magis ne praeter- 15
mitterem rettuli, quam quia varum aut veri simile putem,
cum Augustus tanto opere et vivum dilexerit, ut cohere-
dem semper filiis instituerit, sicut quondam in senatu
professus est, et defunctum ita pro contione laudaverit,
ut deos precatus sit, similes ei Caesares svos facerent, sibi- 20
que tarn honestum quandoque exitum darent quam illi dedis-
sent. Nee contentus elogium tumulo eius versibus a se
compositis insculpsisse, etiam vitae memoriam prosa ora-
tione composuit.

Ex Antonia rainore complures quidem liberos tulit, 25
verum tres omnino reliquit: Germanicum, Livillam,
Claudium.
2 Claudius natus est lulio Antonio, Fabio Africano conss.
Kl. Aug. Luguduni, eo ipso die quo primum gj^^ ^^
ara ibi Augusto dedicata est, appellatus- early life of 30
que Tiberius Claudius Drusus. Mox fratre <^'*"''^"*
maiore in luliam familiam adoptato, Germanici cogno-

78 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

men assumpsit. Infans autem relictus a patre, ac per
omne fere pueritiae atque adulescentiae tempus variis et
tenacibus morbis conflictatus est, adeo ut animo simul et
corpore hebetate, ne progressa quidem aetate ulli publico

5 privatoque muneri habilis existimaretur. Diu atque
etiam post tutelam receptam alieni arbitrii et sub paedar
gogo fuit; quem barbarum et olim superiumentarium ex
industria sibi appositum, ut se quibuscumque de causis
quam saevissime coerceret, ipse quodam libello conqueri-

10 tur. Ob banc eandem valetudinem et gladiatorio munere,
quod simul cum fratre memoriae patris edebat, palliolatus
noTo more praesedit ; et togae virilis die circa mediam noc-
tem sine sollemni officio lectica in Capitolium latus est.
Disciplinis tamen liberalibus ab aetate prima non medio- 3

15 crem operam dedit ac saepe experimenta cuiusque etiam
publicavit. Verum ne sic quidem quicquam dignitatis
assequi aut spem de se commodiorem in posterum facere
potuit.

Mater Antonia portentmn eura Jiominis dictitabat, nee

20 ahsoliitum a natura, sed tantum incohatum; ac si quem

socordiae argueret, stultiorem aiebat^^jo sua

An object of Qaudio. Avia Augusta pro despectissimo

contempt in ...

his family semper habuit, non affari nisi rarissime, non

monere nisi acerbo et brevi scripto aut per
25 internuntios solita. Soror Livilla cum audisset quando-
que imperaturum, tam iniquam et tam indignam sortem
populi Romani palam et clare detestata est. Nam avun-
culus maior Augustus quid de eo in utramque partem
opinatus sit, quo certius cognoscatur, capita ex ipsius
30 epistulis posui :

CoUocutus sum cum Tiherio, ut mandasti, mea Livia, 4
quid nepoH tuo Tiherio faciendum esset ludis Martialibus.

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 79

Consentit autem uterque nostrum, semel nobis esse statuen-

dum, qnod consilium in illo sequamur. Nam si est artius,

(ut ita dicam) holocleros, quid est quod
, , .. , , Extracts from

auoitemus, qitiii per eosdem articulos et gradvs letters of Au-

producendus sit, per quos frater eius productus gustus treat- 5

„/,a o- s .» - /I ^. ineof Claudius

sj£? ojn autem -^AaTTtita-oai. sentimus eum

et p€p\a<l>dai Kal eis rrjv Tov trol/inTos Koi £ts r^v T^s "/"^XV^
dpTioTTjTa, praebenda materia deridendi et ilium et nos 7ion
est homtnibus to, TOWLvra (TKunrTtiv Koi fivKTripL^av tlwOocnv.
Nam semper aestuabimus, si de singulis articulis temporum 10
deliberabimus, fiij TrpovTroKaixevov iffuv posse arbitremur eum
gerere honores, necne. In praesentia tamen quibus de rebus
consulis, curare eum ludis Martialibus triclinium sacerdo-
tum nan displicel nobis, si est passiirus se ab Silani Jilio
homine sibi affini admoneri, ne quid faeiat quod conspici et 15
derideri possit. Spectare eum circenses ex pulvinari, non
placet nobis; expositus enim in fronte prima spectaculorum,
conspicietur. In Albanum montem ire eum, non placet
nobis, ant esse Eomae Latinarum diebus. Cur enim non
praejicitur urbi, si potest sequi fratrem s^ium in montem? 20
Habes nostras, mea Livia, sententias, quibus placet semel
de tota re aliquid constitui, ne semper inter spem et metum
Jluctuemur. Licebit autem, si voles, Antoniae quoque nos-
tras des hanc partem epistulae huius legendam. Rursus
alteris litteris : 25

Tiberium adulescentem ego vero, dum, tu aberis, cotidie
invitabo ad cenam, ne solus cenet cum suo Sulpicio et
Athenodoro. Qui vellem diligentius et minus fitrtiopuK
deligeret sibi aliquem, cuius motum et habitum et incessum
imitaretur. Misellus a.TV)(ex- nam iv row o-irouSoiots, ubi 30
non aberravit eixis animus, satis apparet ij t^s V^x?' <^vT<nj
eiyivtia. Item tertiis litteris :

80 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Tiberium nepotem tuum placers milii declamantem potu-

isse, peream nisi, mea Livia, admiror. Nam qui tarn

acratftiiis loqiMtur, qui possit cum declamat cra<^ui; dicere

quae dicenda sunt, non video.

5 Nee dubium est, quid post haec Augustus constituerit

et reliquerit eum nullo praeter auguralis sacerdotii

honore imperlitum, ac ne heredeni quidem nisi inter

tertios ac paene extraneos e parte sexta nuncuparit,

legato quoque non amplius quain octingentorurn ses-

10 tertiorum prosecutus.

Tiberius patruus petenti honores eonsularia ornamenta 5

detulit ; sed instantius legitiinos flagitanti id solum codi-

cillis rescripsit, quadraginta aureos in Satur-

Demed office ^lalia et Siqillaria misisse ei. Tunc demum,

by Tibenus " '

15 abiecta spe dignitatis, ad otium concessit,

modo in hortis et suburban© mode in Carapaniae secessu

delitescens, atque ex contubernio sordidissimorum homi-

num super vetereni segnitiae notam ebrietatis quoque et

aleae infamiam subiit.

20 Cum interim, quainquam hoc modo agenti, numquam 6

aut ofRcium hominum aut reverentia publice defuit.

Equester ordo bis patronum eum perferendae
Honored by ^ '^ . ^

equestrian pro se legationis elegit, semel cum deportan-

orderand Jum Romam corpus Augusti umeris suis ab

SCO Ate

25 consulibus exposceret, iterum cum oppres-

sum Seianum apud eosdem gratularetur ; quin et specta-
culis advenienti assurgere et lacernas deponere solebat.
Senatus quoque, ut ad numerum sodalium Augustalium
sorte ductorum extra ordinem adiceretur, censuit et mox

30 ut domus ei, quam incendio amiserat, publiea impensa
restitueretur, dicendaeque inter consulares sententiae ius
asset. Quod decretum abolitum est, excusante Tiberio

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 81

iinbecillitatem eius ac damnum liberalitate sua resarturum
polliceiite. Qui tamen moriens et in tertiis heredibus
eum ex parte tertia nuncupatum, legato etiam circa ses-
tertium vicies prosecutus commendavit insuper exercitibus
ac senatui populoque Romano inter ceteras necessitudines 5
nominatim.

7 Sub Gaio demum fratris filio, secundam existimationem
circa initia imperii omnibus lenociniis colHgente, honores
auspicatus consulatum gessit una per duos

menses, evenitque ut primitus ingredienti °°*" "" " lo
cum fascibus forum praetervolans aquila
dexteriore umero consideret. Sortitus est et de altero
consulatu in quartum annum ; praeseditque nonnumquam
spectaculis in Gai vicem, acclamante populo : Feliciter
partim pairuo iwyjeratom partim Oennanici frcUri ! Nee 15

8 eo minus contumeliis obnoxius vixit. Nam et si paulo
serius ad praedictam cenae lioram occurris- „ . .

set, nonnisi aegre et circuito demum triclinio insults and
recipiebatur, et quotiens post cibum addor- ^"^i"
misceret, quod ei fere accidebat, olearum aut palmularum 20
ossibus incessebatur, interdum ferula flagrove velut per
ludum excitabatur a copreis. Solebant et manibus ster-
tentis socci induci, ut repente expergefactus faciem
sibimet confricaret.

9 Sed ne discriminibus quidem caruit. Primum in ipso 25
consulatu, quod Neronis et Drusi, fratrum Caesaris, sta^
tuas segnius locandas ponendasque curasset, paene honore
summotus est; deinde extraneo vel etiam domesticorum
aliquo deferente asaidue varieque inquietatus. Cum vero
detecta esset Lepidi et Gaetulici coniuratio, missus in 30
Germaniam inter legatos ad gratulaudum, etiam vitae
periculum adiit, indignante ac fremente Gaio patruum

82 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM

potissimum ad se missum quasi ad puerum regendum,

adeo lit non def uerint, qui traderent praeoipitatum quoque

in flumen, sicut vestitus advenerat. Atque ex eo num-

quam non in senatu novissijnus consularium sententiam

5 dixit, ignominiae causa post omnis interrogatus. Etiam

cognitio falsi testanienti recepta est, in quo et ipse signar

verat. Postremo sestertium octogies pro introitu iiovi

sacerdotii coactus impendere, ad eas rei farailiaris angus-

tias deeidit, ut cum obligatam aerario fidem liberare non

10 posset, in vacuum lege praediatoria venalis pSpenderit,

sub edicto praefectorum. Per haec ac talia 10
Accession

maxima aetatis parte transacta, quinquage-

simo anno imperium cepit quantumvis mirabili casu. Ex-

clusus inter ceteros ab insidiatoribus Gai, cum, quasi

15 secretum eo desiderante, turbam submoverent, in diaetam,
cui nomen est Hermaeum, recesserat ; neque multo post
rumore caedis exterritus, prorepsit ad solarium proximum
interque praetenta foribus vela se abdidit. Latentem
discurrens forte gregarius miles, animadversis pedibus, e

20 studio seiscitandi quisnam esset, adgnovit, extractumque
et prae metu ad genua sibi accidentem imperatorem salu-
tavit. Hinc ad alios commilitones fluctuantis nee quic-
quam adhuc quam frementis perduxit. Ab his lecticae
impositus et, quia sui diffugerant, vicissim succollantibus

25 in castra delatus est tristis ae trepidus, miserante obvia
turba quasi ad poenam raperetur insons. Eeceptus intra
vallum, inter excubias militum pernoctavit, aliquanto
minore spe quam fiducia. Nam consules cum senatu et
cohortibus urbanis forum Capitoliumque occupaverant,

30 asserturi communem libertatem ; accitusque et ipse per
tribunos plebis in curiam ad suadenda quae viderentur,
vi se et necessitate teneri respondit. Verum postero die, et

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 83

senatu segniore in exsequendis conatibus per taedium ae
disseiisionem diversa censentiiim, et multitudine quae cir-
eumstabat unum rectorem iam et nominatim exposcente,
armatos pro contione iurare in nomen suum passus est
promisitque singulis quina dena sestertia, primus Cae- 5
sarum fidem militis etiam praemio pigneratus.
11 Imperio stabilito, nihil antiquius duxit quam id biduum,
quo de mutando rei publicae statu haesitatum erat, memo-
riae eximere. Omnium itaque factorum dic-

, , . . First acts

torumque in eo veniam et oblivioneni m per- 10

petuum sanxit ac praestitit, tribunis mode ac centurion-
ibus paucis e coniuratorum in Gaium numero interemptis,
exempli simul causa et quod suam quoque caedem depo-
poscisse cognoverat. Con versus hi no ad officia pietatis,
ius iurandum neque sanctius sibi neque crebrius instituit 15
quam per Augustum. Aviae Liviae divines honores et
circensi pompa curruni elephantorum, Augustino simi-
lem, decernenda curavit; parentibus inferias publicas,
et hoc amplius patri circenses annuos natali die ; matri
carpentum, quo per circum duceretur, et cognomen 20
Augustae, ab viva recusatum. Ad fratris memoriam,
per omnem occasionem celebratam, comoediam quoque
Graecam Neapolitano certamine docuit ac de sententia
iudicum coronavit. Ne Marcum quidem Antonium in-
honoratum ac sine grata mentione transmisit, testatus 25
quondam per edictum, tanto impensius petere se ut
natalem patris Drusi celebrarent, quod idem esset et avi
sui Antonii. Tiberio marmoreum arcum iuxta Pompei
theatrum, decretum quidem olim a senatu verum omis-
sum, peregit. Gai quoque etsi acta omnia rescidit, diem 30
tamen necis, quamvis exordium principatus sui, vetuit
inter festos referri.

84 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

At in semet augendo parous atque civilis, pra«nomine 12

Imperatoris abstinuit, nimios honores recusavit, sponsalia

iiliae natalemque geniti nepotis silentio ac

"d^ct™"^ tantuin domestica religione transegit. Ne-

5 niinem exsiiluin nisi ex senatus auctoritate

restituit. Ut sibi in curiam praefectum praetorii tribu-

nosque militum secum inducere liceret, utque rata essent

quae procuratores sui in iudicando statuerent, precario

exegit. lus nundinarum in privata praedia a consiilibus

10 petit. Cognitionibus magistratuum ut unus e consiliariis

frequenter interfuit; eosdem spectacula edentis surgens

et ipse cum cetera turba voce ac manu veneratus est.

Tribunis plebis adeuntibus se pro tribunali excusavit,

quod propter angustias non posset audire eos nisi stan-

15 tes. Quare in brevi spatio tantum amoris favorisque

collegit, ut cum profectum eum Ostiam perisse ex in-

sidiis nuntiatum esset, magna consternation e populus et

militem quasi proditorem, et senatum quasi parricidam

diris execrationibus incessere non ante destiterit, quam

20 unus atque alter et mox plures, a magistratibus in rostra

producti, salvum et appropinquare affirmarent.

Nee tamen expers insidiarum usquequaque permansit, 13
sed et a singulis et per factionem et denique civili bello
infestatus est. E plebe homo nocte media

Conspiracies . , , . , . ^

25 against him luxta cubiculum eius cum pugione depre-

heusus est; reperti et equestris ordinis duo

in publico cum dolone ac venatorio cultro praestolantes,

alter ut egressum theatro, alter ut sacrificantem apud

Martis aedem adoreretur. Conspiraverunt autem ad res

30 novas Gallus Asinius et Statilius Corvinus, Pollionis ac
Messalae oratorum nepotes, assumptis compluribus lib-
ertis ipsius atque servis. Bellum civile movit Furius

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 85

Camillas Scribonianus, Delmatiae legatus ; verum intra
quintum diein oppressus est, legionibus, quae sacramen-
tum mutaverant, in paenitentiam religione conversis,
postquam, denuntiato ad novum imperatorem itinere,
casu quodam ac divinitus neque aquilae ornari neque 5
signa convelli moverique potuerunt.

14 Consulatus super pristinum quattuor gessit; ex quibus
duo primes iunctim, sequentis per intervallum, quarto
quemque anno, semenstrem novissimum, bi-

Subsequent

menstns ceteros, tertium autem, novo circa consulships; ^**

principem exemplo, in locum demortui suf- devotion to

, , , , judicial duties

rectus. lus et consul et extra nonorem

laboriosissime dixitr, etiam suis suorumque diebus sol-

lenmibus, nonnumquam festis quoque antiquitus et

religiosis. Nee semper praescripta legum secutus, dnri- 15

tiam lenitatemve multarum ex bono et aequo, perinde

ut adficeretur, moderatus est; nam et lis, qui apud pri-

vatos indices plus petendo formula excidissent, restituit

actiones, et in maiore fraude convictos, legitimam poenam

15 supergressus ad bestias condemnavit. In cognoscendo 20

autem ac decernendo mira varietate animi

rt . 1 • . , • , 1 Character as

fuit, modo circumspectus et sagax, interdum . .

inconsultus ac praeceps, nonnumquam frivo-

lus amentique similis. Cum decurias rerum actu expun-

geret, eum, qui dissiinulata vacatione quam beneficio 25

liberorum habebat responderat, ut cupidum iudicandi

dimisit; alium interpellatum ab adversariis de propria

lite, negantemque cognitionis rem, sed ordinarii iuris

esse, agere causam confestim apud se coegit, propria

negotio documeivtiim daturum, quam aequus iudex in alieno ao

negotio futurus esset. Feminam non agnoscentem filium

siium, dubia utrimque argumentorum fide, ad confes-

86 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

sionem compulit indicto matrimonio iuvenis. - Absenti-
bus secundum praesentes facillime dabat, nullo delectu,
culpane quis an aliqua necessitate cessasset. Procla-
mante quodam, praecidendas falsario manus, carnificem

5 statim acciri cum machaera mensaque lanionia flagitavit.
Peregrinitatis reum, orta inter advocates levi conten-
tione, togatumne an palliatum dieere causam oporteret,
quasi aequitatem integram ostentans^ mutare habitum
saepius et prout accusaretur defendereturve, iussit. De

10 quodam etiam negotio ita ex tabella pronuntiasse cre-
ditur, secundum eos se sentire, qui vera 2W02Wsuissent.
Propter quae usque eo eviluit, ut passim ac propalam
contemptui esset. Excusans quidamHestem e provincia
ab eo vocatum negavit praesto esse posse, dissimulata

15 diu causa; ac post longas demum interrogationes Mor-
tuvs est, inquit : puto, licuit. Alius gratias agens, quod
reum def endi pateretur, adiecit : Et tamen fieri solet.
Illud quoque a maioribus natu audiebam, adeo causidicos
patientia eius solitos abuti, ut descendentem e tribunali

20 non solum voce revocarent, sed et lacinia togae retenta,
interdum pede apprehenso detinerent. Ac ne cui haec
mira sint, litigator! Graeculo vox in altercatione excidit :
Kai (TV yepojv el Kal fKopoi. Equitem quidem Romanum
obscenitatis in feminas reum, sed false et ab impotenti-

25 bus inimicis conficto crimine, satis constat, cum scorta
meritoria citari adversus se et audiri pro testimonio
videret, graphium et libellos, quos tenebat in manu, ita
cum magna stultitiae et saevitiae exprobratione iecisse
in faciem eius, ut genam non leviter perstrinxerit.

30 Gessit et censuram, intermissam diu post Planeum 16
Paulumque censores; sed banc quoque inaequabiliter
varioque et animo et eventu. Recognitione equitum

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 87

iuvenem probri plenum, sed quern pater probatissimum
sibi aflirmabat, sine ignominia dimisit, habere dicens cen-
sorem suum; alium corruptelis adulteriisque

. .,.,,. Censorship

lamosum nihil amplius quam monuit, ^U aut
parcius aetatulae indulgeret aut certe cautius ; addiditque : 5
Quare enim ego scio, quam amicam liabeasf Et cum,
orantibus familiaribus, dempsisset cuidam appositam
notam, Litiira tamen, inquit, exstet ! Splendidum virum
Graeciaeque provinciae principem, varum Latirii sermonis
ignai'um, non raodo albo iudicum erasit, sed in peregrini- 10
tatem redegit. Nee quemquam nisi sua voce, utcumque
quis posset, ac sine patrono rationera vitae passus est
reddere. Notavitque multos, et quosdam inopinantis et
ex causa novi generis, quod se inscio ac sine commeatu
Italia excessissent ; quendam vero et quod comes regis 15
in provincia fuisset, referens, niaiorum temporibus Ea-
birio Postumo, Ptolemaeuni Alexandriam crediti servandi
causa secuto, crimen maiestatis apud indices motuni.
Plures notare conatus, magna inquisitorum neglegentia
sed suo maiore dedecore, innoxios fere repperit, quibus- 20
cumque caelibatum aut orbitatem aut egestateni obiceret,
maritos, patres, opulentos se probantibus ; eo quidem,
qui sibimet vim ferro intulisse arguebatur, illaesum
corpus veste deposita ostentante. Fuerunt et ilia in een-
sura eius notabilia, quod essedum argenteum, sumptuose 25
fabricatum ac venale ad Sigillaria, redimi concidique
coram imperavit ; quodque uno die XX edicta proposuit,
inter quae duo, quorum altero admonebat, ut uberi vine-
arum proventu bene dolia picarentur ; altero, nihil aeque
facere ad viperae inorsum quam taxi arboris sucum. 30

17 Expeditionem unam omnino suscepit, eamque modicam.
Cum, decretis sibi a senatu ornamentis triumphalibus.

88 P- SUETONI TEANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

leviorem maiestati principal! titulum arbitraretur vellet-

que iusti triumph! decus, unde adquireret Britamiiam

potissimum elegit, neque temptatam ulli

Britain post Divum luliurn et tunc tuinultuantem ob

5 non redditos transfugas. Hue cum ab Ostia

navigaret, vehementi circio bis paene demersus est, prope
Liguriam iuxtaque Stoechadas insulas. Quare a Massilia
Gesoriaoum usque pedestri itinere confecto, inde trans-
misit, ac sine ullo proelio aut sanguine intra paucissimos

10 dies parte insulae in deditionem recepta, sexto quam pro-
fectus erat mense Romam rediit, triumphavitque maximo
apparatu. Ad cuius spectaculum commeare in urbem non
solum praesidibus proviueiarum permisit, verum etiam
exsulibus quibusdam ; atque inter hostilia spolia navalem

15 coronam fastigio Palatinae domus iuxta civicam fixit,
traiecti et quasi domiti Oceani insigne. Currum eius
Messalina uxor carpento secuta est ; seeuti et triuraphalia
ornamenta eodem bello adepti, sed ceteri pedibus et in
praetexta, Crassus Frugi equo phalerato et in veste

20 palmata, quod eum honorem iteraverat.

Urbis annonaeque curam sollicitissime semper egit. 18
Cum Aemiliana pertinacias arderent, in diri-
•^ bitorio duabus noctibus mansit, ac deficiente

militum ac familiarum turba, auxilio plebem

25 per magistratus ex omnibus vicis convocavit ac positis ante
se cum pecunia fiscis, ad subveniendum hortatus est, re-
praesentans pro opera dignam ouique mercedem. >^ Artiore
autem annona ob assiduas stevilitates, detentus quondam
medio foro a turba conviciisque et simul fragminibus

:» panis ita infestatus, ut aegre nee nisi postico evadere in
Palatium valuerit, nihil non excogitavit ad invehendos
etiam tempore hiberno comraeatus. Nam et negotia-

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 89

toribus certa lucra proposuit, suscepto in se damno, si
cui quid per tempestates accidisset, et naves mercaturae
causa fabricautibus magna commoda constituit pro con-

19 dicione cuiusque; civi vacationem legis Papiae Poppaeae,
Latino ius Quiritium, feminis ius quattuor liberorum ; 5
quae coustituta hodieque servantur.

20 Opera magna potiusquam necessaria et multa perfecit,

sed vel praecipua : ductum aquarum a Gaio incobatum,

item emissarium Fucini lacus portumque Os-

...... , Public works

tiensem, quamquam sciret ex 11s alterum ab 10

Augusto precantibus assidue Marsis negatum, alterum a
Divo lulio saepius destiuatum ac propter difficultatem
omissura. Claudiae aquae gelidos et uberes fontes, quo-
rum alteri Caeruleo, alteri Curtio et Albudigno nomen est,
simulque rivum Anienis novi lapideo opere in urbem 15
perduxit, divisitque in plurimos et ornatissimos lacus.
Fucinum adgressus est, non minus compendii spe quam
gloriae, cum quidam privato sumptu emissbros se repro-
mitterent, si sibi siccati agri concederentur. Per tria
autem passuum milia partim effosso monte partim ex- 20
ciso, canalem absolvit aegre et post undecim annos, quam-
vis continuis XXX hominum milibus sine intermissione
operantibus. Portum Ostiae exstruxit, circumducto dex-
tra sinistraque brachio et ad introitum prof undo iam sale
mole obiecta; quam quo stabilius fundaret, navem ante 25
demersit, qua magnus obeliscus ex Aegypto fuerat advec-
tus, congestisque pilis superposuit altissimam turrem in
exemplum Alexandrini Phari, ut ad nocturnos ignes cur-
sum navigia dirigerent.

21 Congiaria populo saepius distribuit. Spectaculaquoque 30
complura et magnifica edidit, non usitata modo ac solitis
locis, sed et commenticia et ex antiquitate repetita, et

90 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

ubi praeterea nemo ante eum. Ludos dedicationis Pom-

peiani theatri, quod ambustum restituerat, e tribunal!

posito in orchestra commisit, cum prius apud

pec c es superiores aedes supplicasset, perque mediam
and games ' r x

5 caveam, sedentibus ac silentibus cunctis,

descendisset. K Fecit et Saeculares, quasi anticipates ab
Augusto nee legitimo tempori reservatos, quamvis ipse
in historiis suis prodat, intermissos eos Augustum inulto
post, diligentissime annorum ratione subducta, in ordi-

10 nem redegisse. Quare vox praeconis irrisa est, invitan-
tis more sollemni ad ludos, quos nee spectasset quisquam
nee spectatwus esset, cum superessent adhuc qui spectar
verant, et quidam histrionum producti olim tunc quoque
producerentur. Circenses frequenter etiam in Vaticano

15 commisit, nonnumquam interiecta per quinos missus vena-
tione. Circo vero Maximo marmoreis carceribus auratis-
que metis, quae utraque et tofina ac lignea antea fuerant,
exculto, propria senatoribus constituit loca promiscue
spectare solitis ; ac super quadrigarum certamina Troiae

20 lusum exhibuit et Africanas, conficiente turma equitum
praetorianorum, ducibus tribunis ipsoque praefecto;
praeterea Thessalos equites, qui feros tauros per spatia
circi agunt insiliuntque defessos et ad terram cornibus
detrahunt.

25 Gladiatoria munera plurifariam ac multiplicia exhibuit:
anniversarium in castris praetorianis sine venatione ap-
paratuque, iustum atque legitimum in Saeptis ; ibidem
extraordinarium et breve dierumque paucorum, quodque
appellare coepit sportulam, quia primum daturus edixerat,

30 velut ad subitam condictamque cenidam invitare se popu-
lum. Nee ullo spectaculi genere communior aut remissior
erat, adeo ut oblatos victoribus aureos prolata sinistra

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 91

pariter cum vulgo voce digitisque numeraret, ac saepe
hortando rogandoque ad hilaritatem homines provocaret,
dominos identidem appellans, immixtis interdum frigidis
et arcessitis iocis; qualis est ut cum Palumbum postu-
lantibus daturum se promisit, si captus esset. lUud plane 5
quantumvis salubriter et in tempore : cum essedario, pro
quo quattuoT filii deprecabantur, magno omnium favore
indulsisset rudera, tabulam ilico misit adinonens popu-
lura, quanta opere liberos suseipere deberet, quos videret et
gladiatori praesidio gratiaeque esae. Edidit et in Martio 10
campo expugnationem direptionemque oppidi ad imagi-
nem bellicam et deditionem Britanniae regum, praese-
ditque paludatus. Quin et emissurus Fucinum lacum
naumachiam ante commisit. Sed cum proclamantibus
naumachiariis, Have imperator, moritxiri te salutant! 15
respondisset, Aut iwn! neque post banc vocem quasi
venia data qnisquam dimicare vellet, diu cunctatus an
omnis igni ferroque absumeret, tandem e sede sua pro-
siluit ac per ambitum lacus non sine foeda vacillatione
discurrens, partim minando parl^im adhortando ad pug- 20
nam compulit. Hoc spectaculo classis Sicula et Rhodia
concurrerunt, duodenarum triremium singulae, exciente
bucina Tritone argenteo, qui e medio lacu per machinam
emerserat.
22 Quaedam circa caerimonias civilemque et militarem 25
morem, item circa omnium ordinum statum domi foris-
que aut correxit, aut exoleta revocavit, aut
etiam nova instituit. In cooptandis per g|„„g jejoj^g
collegia sacerdotibus neminem nisi iuratus
nomiuavit ; observavitque sedulo, ut, quotiens terra in 30
urbe movisset, ferias advocata contione praetor indiceret,
utque, dira ave in Capitolio visa, obsecratio haberetur,

92 C. SUETONI TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

eamque ipse iure maximi pontificis pro rostris populo

-praeiret summotaque operariorum servorumque turba.

Rerum actum, divisum antea in hiberuos aestivosque 23

menses, coniunxit. luvis dictionem de fidei commissis,

5 quotannis et tantum in urbe delegari magi-

Jodicial stratibus solitam, in perpetuum atque etiam
reforms .

per provincias potestatibus demandavit.

Capiti Papiae Poppaeae legis a Tiberio Caesare, quasi sex-

agenarii generare non possent, addito obrogavit. Sanxit

10 ut pupillis extra ordinem tutores a consulibus daren-
tur, utque ii, quibus a raagistratibus provinciae inter-
dicerentur, urbe quoque et Italia sumuioverentur. Ipse
quosdam novo exemplo relegavit, ut ultra lapidem tertium
vetaret egredi ab urbe.

15 De maiore negotio acturus in curia, medius inter con-

sulum sellas tribunicio subsellio sedebat. Commeatus a

senatu peti solitos beneficii sui fecit. Orna- 24

," menta consularia etiam procuratoribus du-

reforms ^

cenariis indulsit. Senatoriam dignitatem

20 recusantibus equestrem quoque ademit. Latum clavum,

quamvis initio affirmasset non lecturum se senatorem nisi

civis Romani abnepotem, etiam libertini filio tribuit, sed

sub condicione si prius ab equite Romano adoptatus esset;

ac sic quoque reprehensionem verens, et Appium Caecum

25 censorem, generis sui proauctorem, libertinorum filios in

senatum adlegisse docuit, ignarus, temporibus Appi et

deinceps aliquamdiu libertinos dictos non ipsos, qui manu

emitterentur, sed ingenuos ex his procreatos. Collegio

quaestorum pro stratura viarum gladiatorium munus

30 iniunxit detractaque Ostiensi et Gallica provincia, curam

aerarii Saturni reddidit, quam medio tempore praetores

aut, uti nunc, praetura functi sustinuerant.

LIBER V. DIVDS CLAUDIUS. 93

Triumphalia ornamenta Silano, filiae suae sponso, non-
duni puberi dedit, maioribus vero natu tarn multis tam-
que facile, ut epistula communi legionum nomine exstiterit
petentium, ut legatis consularibus sinml cum exsercitu et
triumphalia darentur, ne causam belli quoquo niodo 5
quaererent. Aulo Plautio etiam ovationem decrevit in-
gressoque urbem obviam progressus, et in Capitolium
eunti et inde rursus revertenti latus texit. Gabinio
Secundo, Chaucis gente Germanica superatis, cognomen
Chaucius usurpare concessit. 10

25 Equestris militias ita ordinavit, ut post cohortem alam,
post alam tribunatum legionis davet ; stipendiaque insti-
tiiit et imaginariae militiae genus, quod voca-
tur supra numerum, quo absentes et titulo 'taiy

tenus f ungerentur. Milites domos senatorias 16

salutandi causa ingredi etiam patrum decreto prohibuit.
Libertinos, qui se pro equitibus Eomanis agerent, publi-
cavit. Ingratos et de quibus patroni quererentur revoca-
vit in servitutem advocatisque eorum negavit, se ad versus
libertos ipsorum ius dicturum. Cum quidam aegra et 20
adfecta mancipia in insulam Aesculapii taedio medendi
exponerent, omnes qui exponerentur liberos esse sanxit,
nee redire in dicionem domini, si couvaluissent ; quod si
quis necare quern mallet quam exponere, caedis crimine
teneri. Viatores ne per Italiae oppida nisi aut pedibus 25
aut sella aut lectica transirent, monuit edicto. Puteolis
et Ostiae singulas cohortes ad arcendos incendiorum
casus coUocavit.

Peregrinae condicionis homines vetuit usurpare Ro-
mana nomina dumtaxat gentilicia. Civitatem Romanam 30
usurpantes in campo Esquilino securi percussit. Provin-
cias Achaiam et Macedoniam, quas Tiberius ad curam

94 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

suam transtulerat, senatui reddidit. Lyciis ob exitiabiles
inter se discordias libertatem ademit, Rhodiis ob paeni-
tentiam veterum delictorum reddidit. Iliensibus, quasi
Romanae gentis auctoribus, tributa in perpetuum remisit,
5 recitata vetere epistula Graeca senatns populique Romani
Seleuco regi amicitiam et societatem ita demum pollicen-
tis, si consanguineos suos Ilienses ab omni onere immu-
nes praestitisset. ludaeos impulsore Chresto assidue
tumultuantis Roma expulit. Germanorum

10 eig'ous legatis in orchestra sedere permisit, simpli-

citate eorum et fidueia commotus, quod in

popularia deducti, cum animadvevtissent Parthos et Ar-

menios sedentis in senatu, ad eadem loea sponte transie-

rant, nihilo deteriorem virtutem aut condioionem suam

15 praedicantes. Druidarum religionem apud Gallos dirae
immanitatis, et tantum civibus sub Augusto interdictam,
penitus abolevit; contra sacra Eleusinia etiam transferre
ex Attica Romam conatus est, templumque in Sicilia
Veneris Erycinae vetustate conlapsum ut ex aerario

20 populi Romani reficeretur, auctor fuit. Cum regibus
foedus in foro icit porca caesa ac vetere fetialium praefa-
tione adhibita. Sed et haec et cetera totumque adeo ex
parte magna principatum non tarn suo quam uxorum
libertorumque arbitrio administravit, talis ubique plerum-

25 que, qualem esse eum aut expediret illis aut liberet.

Sponsas adraodum adulescens duas habuit : Aemiliam 26

Lepidam Augusti proneptem, item Liviam Medullinam,

cui et cognomen Camillae erat, e genere an-
His wives . . .

tiquo dictatoris C' "■niUi. Pnorem, quod

30 parentes eius Augustum offenderant, virginem adhuc re-

pudiavit, posteriorem ipso die, qui erat nuptiis destinatus,

ex valetudine amisit. Uxores deiude duxit Plautiam

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 95

Urgulanillam triumphali, et mox Aeliam Paetinam consu-
lar! patre. Cum utraque divortium fecit, sed cum Pae-
tina ex levibus offeusis, cum Urgulanilla ob libidinum
probra et homicidii suspicionem. Post has Valeriam
Messalinam, Barbati Messalae consobrini sui filiam, in 5
matrimonium accepit. Quam , cum comperisset super
cetera flagitia atque dedecora C. Silio etiam nupsisse dote
inter auspices consignata, supplicio adfecit confirmavit-
que pro contione apud praetorianos, quatenus sibi matri-
monia male cederent, permansurum se in caelibatu, ac nisi 10
permansisset, non recusatunim confodi manibus ipsorum.
Nee durare valuit quin de condicionibus continue tracta^
ret, etiam de Paetinae, quam olim exegerat, deque Lolliae
Paulinae, quae C. Caesari nupta fuerat. Verum illecebris
Agrippinae, Germanici fratris sui filiae, per ius osculi et 15
blanditiavum occasiones pellectus in amorem, subornavit
proximo senatu qui censerent, cogendnm se ad ducendum
eam uxorem, quasi rei publicae maxime interesset, dan-
damque ceteris veniam talium coniugiorum, quae ad id
tempus incesta habebantur. Ac vix uno interposito die 20
confecit nuptias ; nonrepertis qui sequerentur exemplum,
excepto libertino quodam, et altero primipilari, cuius
nuptiarum officium et ipse cum Agrippina celebravit.

27 Liberos ex tribus uxoribus tulit : ex Urgula-

. His children

nilia Drusum et Claudiam, ex Paetina Anto- 25

niam, ex Messalina Octaviam et quem primo Germani-
cum, mox Britannicum cognominavit. Drusum Pompeis
impuberem amisit, piro per lusum in sublime iactato et
hiatu oris excepto strongulatum, cum ei ante paucos dies
filiam Seiani despondisset. Quo magis miror fuisse, qui 30
traderent fraude a Seiauo necatum. Claudiam ex liberto
suo Botere conceptam, quamvis ante quintum mensem

96 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

divortii natam alique coeptam, exponi tamen ad matris

ianuam et nudam iussit abici. Antoniam Cn. Pompeio

Magno, deinde Fausto Sullae, nobilissimis iuvenibus,

Octaviam Neroni privigno suo collocavit, Silano ante

5 desponsam. Britannicum, vicesimo imperii die inque

secundo consulatu natum, sibi, parvulum etiam turn, et

militi pro contione manibus suis gestans et plebi per

spectacula gremio aut ante se retinens assidue com-

niendabat faustisque ominibus cum adclamantium turba

10 prosequebatur. E generis Neronem adoptavit, Pompeium

atque Silanum non recusavit modo, sed et interemit.

Libertorum praecipue suspexit Posiden spadonem, 28

quern etiam Britannico triumpho inter militates viros

hasta pura donavit ; nee minus Felicem,
His fieedmen
15 quern cohortibus et ahs provinciaeque lu-

daeae praeposuit, trium reginarum maritum ; et Harpo-

cran, cui lectica per urbem vehendi spectaculaque pu-

blice edendi ius tribuit ; ac super hos Polybium ab studiis,

qui saepe inter duos consules ambulabat ; sed ante omnis

20 Narcissuiu ab epistulis, et Pallantem a rationibus, quos
decreto quoque senatus non praemiis modo ingentibus,
sed et quaestoriis praetoriisque ornamentis honorari libens
passus est ; tantum praeterea acquirere et rapere, ut que-
rente eo quondam de fisci exiguitate non absurde dictum

iJ5 sit, abnndaturum, si a duobus libertis in consortium reci-
peretur. His, ut dixi, uxoribusque addictus, non princi- 29
Ruled by P^'" ^®' ^^^ niinistrum egit, compendio cuius-

wives and que horum vel etiam studio aut libidine
ire men honores, exercitus, impunitates, supplicia,

30 largitus est, et quidem insciens plerumque et ignarus.
Ac ne singillatim minora quoque enumerem, revocatas
liberalitates eius, iudicia rescissa, suppositos aut etiam

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 97

palam immutatos datorum officiorum codicillos ; Appium
Silanum consocerum suum, luliasque alteram Drusi,
alteram Germanici filiam, crimine incerto nee defensione
uUa data occidit, item Cn. Fompeium maioris filiae virum,
et L. Silanum minoris sponsum. Ex quibus Pompeius 5
. . . confossus est, Silanus abdicare se praetura ante IIII
Kal. Ian. morique initio anni coactus, die ipso Claudi et
Agrippinae nuptiarum. In quinque et triginta senatores
trecentosque amplius equites Romanes tanta facilitate
animadvertit, ut, de nece consularis viri renuntiante 10
centurione factum esse quod imperasset, negaret quic-
quam se imperasse, nihilo minus rem comprobaret,
affirniantibus libertis officio milites funetos, quod ad
ultionem imperatoris ultro procucurrissent. Nam illud
omnem fidem excesserit quod nuptiis, quas Messalina 15
cum adultero Silio fecerat, tabellas dotis et ipse con-
signaverit, inductus, quasi de industria simularentur ad
avertendum transferendumque periculum, quod imminere
ipsi per quaedam ostenta porteaderetur.

30 Auctoritas dignitasque formae non defuit ei, verum 20
stanti vel sedenti ac praecipue quiescenti ; (nam et pro-
lixo nee exili eorpore erat, et specie canitie-

que pulcra, opimis cervicibus) ceterum et *"""'* P"

ingredientem destituebant poplites minus

firmi, et remisse quid vel serio agentem niulta deho- 25

nestabant : risus indecens, ira turpior spumante rictu,

umentibus naribus, praeterea linguae titubantia, caputque

cum semper, turn in quantulocumque actu

, \^ , ,. : ,. Health

31 vel maxime tremulum. Valetudine sicut olim ■ ■ '

gravi, ita princeps prospera usus est, excepto stomachi 30
dolore, quo se correptum etiam de consciscenda morte
cogitasse dixit.

98 C. SUKTONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Convivia agitavit et ampla et assidua, ao fere patentis- 32
simis locis ut pleruinque sesceni simul discumberent.
Convivatus est et super emissaiium Fucini

Banquets ^

lacus, ac paene summersus, cum emissa im-

6 petu aqua redundasset. Adhibebat oinni cenae et liberos

suos cum pueris puellisque nobilibus, qui more vetere ad

fulcra lectorum sedentes vescerentur. Convivae, qui

pridie scyphum aureum subripuisse existimabatur, revo-

cato in diem posterum calicem fictilem apposuit. . . .

10 Cibi vinique quocumque et tempore et loco appetentis- 33

simus, cognosceiis quondam in Augusti foro, ictusque

nidore prandii, quod in proxima Martis aede
Gluttony

Saliis apparabatur, deserto tribunali ascendit

ad sacerdotes unaque decubuit. Nee temere umquam

15 triclinio abscessit nisi distentus ac madens, et ut statim

supino ac per somtium hianti pinna in os inderetur ad

exonerandum stomachum. Somni brevissimi erat (nam

ante mediam noctem plerumque evigilabat) ut tamen in-

terdiu nonnumquam in iure dicendo obdormisceret, vixque

20 ab advocatis de industria vocem augentibus excitaretur.

. . . Aleam studiosissime lusit ; de cuius arte librum

quoque emisit; solitus etiam in gestatione ludere, ita

essedo alveoque adaptatis ne lusus confunderetur.

Saevum et sanguinarium natura fuisse, magiiis mini- 34

25 misque apparuit rebus. Tormenta quaestionum poenas-

que parricidarum repraesentabat exigebatque

anguinary cojam. Cum spectare antiqui moris sup-

plicium Tiburi concupisset, et deligatis ad

palum noxiis carnifex deesset, accitum ab urbe vesperam

30 usque opperiri perseveravit. Quocumque gladiatorio

munere, vel suo vel alieno, etiam forte prolapsos iugulari

iubebat, maxime retiaiios, ut expirantium facies videret.

LIBER V, DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 99

Cum par quoddam mutuis ictibus concidisset, cultellos
sibi parvulos ex utroque ferro in usum fieri sine mora
iussit. Bestiariis meridianisque adeo delectabatur, ut et
prima luce ad spectaculum descenderet et meridie, dimisso
ad prandium populo, persederet, praeterque destinatos 5
etiam levi subitaque de causa quosdam conimitteret, de
fabrorum quoque ac ministrorum atque id genus numero,
si automatum vel pegma vel quid tale aliud parum cessis-
set. Induxit et unum ex nomenculatoribus suis, sic ut
erat togatus. 10

35 Sed nihil aeque quam timidus ac diffidens fuit. Primis

imperii diebus quamquam, ut diximus, iactator civil itatis,

neque convivia inire ausus est nisi ut specu-

latores cum lanceis circumstarent militesque y"""'y *"*

distrust,
vice ministrorum fungerentur, neque aegnun 15

quemquam visitavit nisi explorato prius cubiculo culci-

tisque et stragulis praetemptatis et excussis. Eeliquo

autem tempore salutatoribus scrutatores semper apposuit,

et quidem omnibus et acerbissimos. Sero enim ac vix

remisit, ne feminae praetextatique pueri et puellae con- 20

trectarentur, et ne cuius comiti aut librario calamariae

aut graphiariae thecae adimerentur. Motu civili cum

eum Camillus, non dubitans etiam citra bellum posse

terreri, contumeliosa et minaci et conturaaci epistula

cedere imperio iuberet vitamque otiosam in privata re 25

agere, dubitavit, adhibitis principibus viris, an obtempe-

36 raret. Quasdam insidias teraere delatas adeo expavit, ut
deponere imperium temptaverit. Quodam, ut supra
rettuli, cum ferro circa sacrificantem se deprehenso,
senatum per praecones propere convocavit lacrimisque et 30
vociferatione miseratus est condiciouem suam, cui nihil
tuti usquam esset, ac diu publico abstinuit. Messalinae

100 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

quoque amorein flagrantissimum non tarn indignitate
contuineliarum quam periculi metu abiecit, cum adultero
Silio acquiri imperium credidisset ; quo tempore f oedum
in modum trepidus ad castra confugit, nihil tota via
5 quain essetne sibi salvum imperium requirens. Nulla adeo 37
suspicio, nullus auctor tarn levis exstitit, a quo non medi-
ocri scrupulo iniecto ad cavendum ulcisceudumque com-
pelleretur. Unus ex litigatoribus seducto in salutatione
affirmavit, vidisse se per quietem occidi eum a quodam ;

10 dein paulo post, quasi percussorem agnosceret, libellum
tradentem adversarium suum demonstravit: confestimque
is pro deprenso ad poenam raptus est. Pari modo oppres-
sum feruut Appium Silanum : quern cum Messalina et
Narcissus conspirassent perdere, divisis partibus, alter

15 ante lucem similis attonito patroni cubiculum inrupit,
affirmans somniasse se vim ei ab Appio inlatam ; altera,
in admirationem formata, sibi quoque eandem speciem
aliquot iam noctibus obversari rettulit ; nee multo post
ex coDiposito irrumpere Appius nuntiatus, cui pridie ad

20 id temporis ut adesset praeceptum erat, quasi plane
repraesentaretur somnii fides, arcessi statim ac mori
iussus est. Nee dubitavit postero die Claudius ordinem
rei gestae perferre ad senatum ac liberto gratias agere,
quod pro salute sua etiam dormiens excubaret. Irae 38

25 atque iracun^^iae conscius sibi, utramque excusavit edicto
distinxitque, pollicitus alteram quidem brevem et innoxiam,
alteram non iniustam fore. Ostiensibus, quia sibi subeunti
Tiberiin scaphas obviam non miserint, graviter correptis,
eaque cum invidia, ut in ordinem se coactum conscriberet,

30 repente tantum non satis facieutis modo veniam dedit.
Quosdam in publico parum tempestive adeuntis manu sua
reppulit. Item scribam quaestorium, item que praetura

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 101

functum senatorem inauditos et innoxios relegavit, quod
ille adversus privatum se intemperantius affuisset, hie in
aedilitate inquilinos praediorum suorum, contra vetitum
cocta vendentes, multasset vilicumque intervenientem
flagellasset. Qua de causa etiam coercitionem popinarum 5
aedilibus ademit.

Ac ne stultitiam quidem suam reticuit, simulatamque
a se ex industria sub Gaio, quod aliter evasurus perven-
turusque ad susceptam stationem non fuerit, quibusdam
oratiunculis testatus est; nee tamen persuasit, cum intra lo
breve tempus liber editus sit, cui index erat Mtopuiv iirava-
cTTacris, argumentum autem, stultitiam neminem fingere.

39 . Inter cetera in eo mirati sunt homines et oblivionem
et inconsiderantiam, vel, ut Graece dicam, /uercwpuiv et
dy3A.€i/fiav. Occisa Messalina, paulo post quam gj^ foreetfui- ^^
in triclinio decubuit, cur domina non veniret ness and in-
requisiit. Multos ex iis, quos capite damna- •^^'''S'''^®
verat, postero statim die et in consilium et ad aleae
lusum admoneri iussit et, quasi morarentur, ut somni-
culosos per nuntium increpuit. Ducturus contra fas 20
Agrippinam uxorem, non cessavit omni oratione Jiliam

et alumnam et in gremio suo natam atque educatam praedi-
care. Adsciturus in nomen Neronem, quasi parum repre-
henderetur, quod adulto iam filio privignum adoptaret,
identidem divulgavit, neminem umquam per adoptionem 25
familiae Claudiae insertum.

40 Sermonis vero rerumque tantara saepe neglegentiam
ostendit, ut nee quis nee inter quos, quove

tempore ac loco verba faceret, scire aut cogi- aienitv
tare existimaretur. Cum de laniis ac vinariis 30

ageretur, exclamavit in curia: Rogo vos, quis potest sine
offula vivere f descripsitque abundantiam veterum taber-

102 C. SUETONl TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAEJJM

nai'um, unde solitus esset vinum oliin et ipse petere. De
quaestuvae quoJam candidato inter eausas suifragationis
suae posuit, quod pater eius friijidam aeyro sibi tempestive
dedisnet. Inducta teste in seuatu, Haec inquit rtiatris
5 meae liberta et ornatrix fuit, sed me patronwn semper ex-
istimavit; hoc ideo dixi, quod quidam sunt adhuc in do'mo
mea, qui me patronum, non putant. Sed et pro tribunali,
Ostiensibus quiddain publice orantibus, cum excanduisset,
nihil habere se vociferatus est, quare eos demereatur ; si
10 quem alium, et se liberum esse. Nam ilia eius cotidiana
et plane omnium horarum et momentorum erant : Quid,
ego tibi Telegenius videor f et AoXct, koI fir/ Oiyyavt ! multa-
que talia etiam privatis deformia, nedum prinoipi, neque
infacundo neque indocto, immo etiam pertinactiter libera-
ls libus studiis dedito.

Historiam in adulescentia, hortante T. Livio, Sulpicio 4]

vero Flavo etiam adiuvante, scribere adgres-
Histoncai ^^^ ^^^ -gj. ^^^^ primum freqnenti audi-

works '' ^ ^

torio coinmisisset, aegre perlegit, refrigeratus

■JO saepe a semet ipso. Nam cum initio recitationis, defrac-

tis compluribus subsellis obesitate cuiusdam, risus ex-

ortus esset, ne sedato quidem tumultu temperare potuit,

quin ex intervallo subinde facti reminisceretur cachin-

nosque revocaret. In principatu quoque et scripsit

25 plurimum et assidue recitavit per lectorem. luitium

autem sumpsit historiae post caedem Caesaris dictatoris,

sed et transiit ad inferiora tempora coepitque a pace

civili, cum sentiret neque libere neque vere sibi de

superioribus tradendi potestatem relictam, correptus

30 saepe et a matre et ab avia. Prioris materiae duo

volumina, posterioris unum et quadraginta reliquit.

Composuit et De vita sua octo volumina, magis inepte

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 103

quam ineleganter ; item Ciceronis defensionem adversns
Asinl Gain libros satis eruditam. Novas etiani com-
uientus est litteras tres, ac nuinero vetenim quasi
maxime necessarias addidit; de quarum ratione cum
privatus adhuc volumen edidisset, mox princeps non 5
diffieulter obtinuit ut in usu quoque promiscuo essent.
Exstat talis scriptura in plerisque libris ac diurnis titu-
lisque operum.

42 Nee minore cura Graeca studia secutus est, aniorem
praestantiamque linguae oceasione omni pro pg-.j-. ^ 10
fessus. Cuidam barbaro Graece ac Latiue Greek utera-
disserenti Cum iitroque, inquit, sermone nostra *'"^®

sis paratus; et in commendanda patribus conscriptis
Achaia, gratam sibi proiinciam ait commnnium studiorum
commercio ; ac saepe in senatu legatis perpetua oratione 15
respoudit. Multum vero pro tribunali etiam Homericis
locutus est versibus. Quotiens quidem hostem vel insi-
diatorem ultus esset, excubitori tribuno signura de more
poscenti non temere aliud dedit, quam :

'AvSp' OTra^wacrflat, 0T£ ri'! irporepo? xaXcTrrjvri. 20

Denique et Graeeas scripsit historias, Tyrrhenicon
viginti, Carchedoniacon octo. Quarum causa veteri Alex-
andriae Museo Claudieum additum ex ipsius nomine ;
institutumque ut quotannis in altero Tyrrhenicon libri,
in altero Carchedoniacon diebus statutis velut in audi- 25

43 torio recitarentur toti a singulis per vices.

Sub exitu vitae signa quaedam, nee obscura, paenitentis
de matrimonio Agrippinae deque Neronis Repents mar-
adoptione dederat. Siquidem, commemoran- liage with
tibus libertis ac laudantibus cognitionem, *g"PP"^ 30
qua pridie quandam adulterii ream condemnarat, sibi

104 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

quoque in fatis esse iactavit omnia impudica, sed non
impunita matrimonia; et soibinde obviurn sibi Britanni-
cum artius complexus hortatus est, ut cresceret rationemque
a se omnium factorum acciperet; Graeca insuper voce pro-

5 secutus : o rpwcras kol ld<T€Tai. Cumque impubi teneroque
adhuc, quando statura permitteret, togam dare destinas-
set, adiecit : Ut tandem populus Romanus verum Caesarem
habeat. Non multoque post testamentum etiatn conscripsit 44
P • on d at ^^ signis omnium magistratuum obsignavit.

10 instigation of Prius igitur quam ultra progrederetur, prae-
Agrippina ventus est ab Agrippina, quam praeter haec
conscientia quoque, nee jninus delatores multorum crimi-
num arguebant.

Et veneno quidem oecisum convenit ; ubi autem et per

15 quem dato, disirepat. Quidam tradunt, epulanti in arce
cum sacerdotibus per Halotum spadonem praegustato-
rem ; alii, domestico convivio per ipsam Agrippinam,
quae boletum medicatum avidissimo ciborum talium ob-
tulerat. Etiam de subsequentibus diversa fama est.

20 Multi statim hausto veneno obmutuisse aiunt, excrucia-
tumque doloribus nocte tota defecisse prope lucem.
Nonnulli inter initia consopitum, deinde cibo affluente
evomuisse omnia, repetitumque toxico, incertum pultine
addito, cum velut exhaustum refici cibo oporteret, an

25 immisso per clystera, ut quasi abundantia laboranti etiam

hoc genere egestionis subveniretur. Mors 45
. . eius celata est, donee circa successorem om-

nia ordinarentur. Ttaque et quasi pro aegro
adhuc vota suscepta sunt, et inducti per simulationem

30 comoedi, qui velut desiderantem oblectarent. Excessit
III Id. Octob. Asinio Marcello, Acilio Aviola coss. sexa-
gesimo quarto aetatis, imperii quarto decimo anno, fune-

LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 105

ratusque est sollemni prineipum porapa et in numerum
deorum relatus: quem honorein a Nerone destitutum
abolitumque recepit mox per Vespasianum.
46 Praesagia mortis eius praecipua fuerunt : ^^^^ /"J.,
exortus crinitae stellae, [quam cometen vo- 5

cant,J tactumque de caelo monumentum Drusi patris, et
quod eodem anno ex omnium magistratuum genera pleri-
que mortem obierant. Sed nee ipse ignorasse aut dis-
simulasse ultima vitae suae tempora videtur, aliquot
quidem argumentis. Nam et cum consules designaret, lo
neminem ultra mensem quo obiit designavit, et in senatu,
cui novissime interfuit, multum ad concordiam liberos
suos cohortatus, utriusque aetatem suppliciter patribus
commendavit, et in ultima cognitione pro tribunali acces-
sisse adfinem mortalitatis, quamquam abominantibus qui 15
audiebant, semel atque iterum pronuntiavit.

C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI

DE VITA CAESARUM

LIBER VI.
NERO.

5 Ex gente Domitia duae familiae claruerunt, Calvino-
rum et Aenobarborum. Aenpbarbi aactorem originis
The family itemque cognominis habent L. Domitium
of the cui rure quondam revertenti iuvenes gemini

Aenobarbi augustiore forma ex occursu imperasse tra-

10 duntur, nuntiaret senatui ac populo victoriam, de qua
incertum adhuc erat ; atque in fidem maiestatis adeo
permulsisse^alas, ut e nigro rutilum aerique adsimilem
capillum redderent. Quod insigne mansit et in posteris
eius, ac magna pars rutila barba fuerunt. Functi autem

15 cousulatibus septem, triumpho censuraque duplici, et
inter patricios adlecti perseveraverunt omnes in eodem
cognomine. Ac ne praenomina quidem ulla praeterquam
Gnaei et Luci usurparunt ; eaque ipsa notabili varietate,
modo continiiantes unum quodque per trinas personas,

20 modo alternantes per singulas. Nam primum secundum-
que ac tertium Aenobarborum Lucios, sequentis rursus
tres ex ordine Gnaeos accepimus, reliquos nonnisi vicis-
sim turn Lucios turn Gnaeos. Pluris e famifia cognosci
referre avbitror, quo facilius appareat ita degenerasse a

106

LIBER VI. NERO. 107

suorum Virtutibus Nero, ut tamen vitia cuiusque quasi
2 tradita et ingenita rettulerit. Ut igitar paulo altius repe-
tam, atavus eius Cn. Domitius in tribunatu

,.£ •. ~- ■ J 1- Cn. Domitius,

pontiiicibus offensior, quod, ahum quam se „^dfather
in patris sui locum cooptassent, ius sacerdo- of Nero's 5
turn subrogandorum a coUegiis ad populum Ereat-grand-
transtulit, at in consulatu Allobrogibus Ar-
vernisque superatis, elephanto per provinciam vectus
est, turba militum quasi inter soUemnia triuniphi pi-ose-
quente. In hunc dixit Licinius Crassus orator, non esse 10
mirandum, quod aeneam barbam haberet, cui os feiTeum,
cor plambeum esset. Huius filius praetor C. Caesarem
abeuntem consulatu, quern adversus auspicia legesque
gessisse existimabatur, ad disquisitionem senatus voca-
vit ; mox consul iniperatorem ab exercitibus Gallicis 15
retrahere temptavit, successorque ei per factionem nomi-
natus, principio civilis belli ad Corfiuium captus est.
Unde dimissus Massiliensis obsidione laborantis cum ad-
ventu suo confirmasset, repente destituit, acieque demum
Pharsalica occubuit ; vir neque satis constans et ingenio 20
truci, in desperatione rerum mortem timore appetitam ita
expavit, ut haustura venenum paenitentia evomuerit me-
dicumque manumiserit, quod sibi prudens ac sciens minus
noxium temperasset. Consultaute autem Cn. Pompeio
de raediis ac neutram partem sequentibus, solus censuit 25
hostium numero habendos.
3 Eeliquit filium omnibus gentis suae procul dubio prae-
ferendum. Is inter conscios Caesarianae necis quam-
quam insons damnatus lege Pedia, cum ad
Cassium Brutumque se propinqua sibi eogna- ''^^^f^^^^^

Nero's great- „

tione iunctos contulisset, post utnusque in-

teritum classem dim commissam retinuit, auxit etiam.

108 C. SUETONl TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

nec nisi partibus ubique profligatis M. Antonio sponte et
ingentis meriti loco tradidit ; solusque omnium ex iis, qui
pari lege damnati erant, restitutus in patriam, amplissi-
mos honores percucurrit; ac subinde redintegrata dissen-
5 sione civili, eidem Antonio legaitiis, delatam sibi summam
imperii ab iis, quos Cleopatrae pudebat, neque suscipere
nequerecusare fidenter propter subitam valetudinem ausus,
transiit ad Augustum et in diebus paucis obiit, nonnulla
et ipse infamia asperaus. ) Nam Antonius eum desiderio

10 amicae Serviliae Naidis transfugisse iactavit.

Ex hoc Domitius nascitur, quem emptorem familiae 4
pecuniaeque in testamento Augusti fuisse mox vulgo
notatum est, non minus aurigandi arte in
f «i^'*° adulescentia clarus quam deiride ornamentis

15 triumphalibus ex Germanico bello. Verum

arrogans, profusus, immitis censorem L. Plancum via sibi
decedere aedilis coegit; praeturae consulatusque honore
equites Romanes niatronasque ad agendiim mimum pro-
duxit in scaenam. Venationes et in circo et in omnibus

20 urbis regionibus dedit, munus etiam gladiatorium, sed

tanta saevitia, ut necesse fuei'it Augusto clam frustra

monitum edicte coercere. Ex Antonia 5
His father it <

maiore patrem Neronis procreavit, omni

parte vitae detestabilem. Siquidem comes ad Orientem
25 C. Caesaris iuvenis, occiso libferto suo, quod potare quan-
tum iubebatur recusarat, dimissus e cohorte amicorum ni-
hilo modestius vixit. Sed et in Viae Appiae vico repente
puerum citatis iumentis baud ignarus obtrivit, et Romae
medio foro cuidam equiti Romano liberius iurganti
30 oculum eruit ; perfidiae vero tantae, ut non modo argen-
tarios pretiis rerum coemptarum, sed et in praetura mer-
cede palmarum aurigarios fraudaverit ; notatus ob haec

LIBER VI. NERO. 109

et sororis ioco,* querentibus dominis factionum reprae-
sentanda pvaemia in posterum sanxit. Maiestatis quoque
et adulteriorum incestique cum sorore Lepida sub ex-
cessu Tiberi reus, mutatione temporum evasit decessitque
Pyrgis morbo aquae intercutis, sublato filio Nerone ex 5
Agrippina, Germanico genita.

1 Ner» natus est Anti p»st Villi mensem quam Tiberius
excessit, XVIII Kal. Ian. tantum quod exoriente sole,
paene ut radiis prius quam terra contin-

_ . . . , Neio's birth

geretur. De genitura eius statim multa et 10

formidolosa multis coniectantibus, praesagio fuit etiam
Domiti patris vox, inter gratulationes amicorum necjantis
quicquam ex se et Agrippina nisi detestabile et malo publico
nasci potuisse. Eiusdem futurae infelicitatis signum
evidens die lustrico exstitit ; nam C. Caesar, rogante 15
sorore ut infanti quod vellet nomen daret, intuens Clau-
dium patruum suunj, a quo mox principe Nero adoptatus
est, eiits se dixit dare, neque ipse serio sed per iocum, et
aspernante Agrippina, quod turn Claudius inter ludibria
aulae erat. 20

Trimulus patrem amisit ; cuius ex parte tertia heres,
ne banc quidem integram cepit, correptis per coheredem
Gaium universis bonis. Et subinde matre

His childhood

etiam relegata, paene mops atque egens
apud amitam Lepidam nutritus est, sub duobus paedago- 25
gis saltatore atque tonsore. Verum Claudio imperium
adepto, non solum paternas opes reciperavit, sed et
Crispi Passieni vitrici sui hereditate ditatus est. Gratia
quidem et potentia revocatae restitutaeque matris usque eo
floruit, ut emanaret in vulgus, missos a Messalina uxore 30
Claudi, qui eum meridiantem, quasi Britannici aemulum,
strangularent. 'Additum fabulae, at eosdem dracone e

110 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM

pulvino se proferente conterritos refugisse. Quae fabula
exorta est, deprensis in lecto eius circum cervicalia ser-
pentis exuviis ; quas tamen aureae annillae ex voluntate
maths inolusas dextro brachio gestavit aliquamdiu, ac

5 taedio tandem maternae memoriae abiecit, mrsusque ex-
tremis suis rebus frustra requisiit.

Tener adhuc necdum matura pueritia circensibus ludis 7
Troiam constantissime favorabiliterque lusit. Undecimo
aetatis anno a Claudio adoptatus est Annaeoque Senecae

10 iam tunc senator! in disciplinam traditus. Ferunt, Sene-
cam proxima nocte visum sibi per quietem C. Caesari
praecipere, et fidera somnio Nero brevi fecit, prodita im-
manitate naturae quibus primum potuit experimentis.
Namque Britannicum fratrem, quod se post adoptionem

15 Aenobarbum ex consuetudine salutasset, ut subditivum
apud patrein arguere conatus est. Amitam autem Lepidam
ream testimonio coram afflixit, gratificans matri, a qua rea
premebatur.

Deductus in forum tiro populo congiarium, militi dona-

20 tivum proposuit, indictaque deoursionu praetorianis scu-
tum sua manu praetulit ; exin patri gratias
in senatu egit. Apud eundem consulem
pro Bononiensibus Latine, pro Rhodiis atque Iliensibus
Graece verba fecit. Aus^^catus est et iuris dictionem

25 praefectus ui'bi .sacro Latinarum, celeberrimis patronis
non tralaticias ut assolet et br'evis, sed maximas pluri-
masque postulationes certatim ingerentibus, quamvis
interdictum a Claudio esset. Nee multo post duxit uxo-
rem Octaviam, ediditque pro Claudi salute circenses et

30 venationem.

Septemdecim natus annos, ut de Claudio palam factum 8
est, inter horam sextain septiinamque processit ad excubi-

LIBER VI. NERO. Ill

tores, cum ob totius diei diritatem iion aliud auspicandi

tenipus aecommodatius videretur ; proque Palati gradibus

imperator consalutatus, lectica in castra et

inde raptim appellatis militibus in curiam

delatus est, discessitque iam vesperi, ex immensis, quibus 5

cumulabatur, honoribus tan turn patris patriae nomine

recusato propter aetatem.

9 Orsus hinc a pietatis ostentatione, Claudium apparatis-
simo funere elatum laudavit et consecravit. Memoriae
Domiti patris honores maximos habuit. Matri summam 10
omnium rerum privatarum publicarumque permisit.
Primo etiam imperii die signum excubanti tribune dedit
Optimam matrem, ao deinceps eiusdem saepe lectica per
publicum simul vectus est. Antium coloniam deduxit,
ascriptis veteranis e praetorio additisque per domicilii 16
translationem ditissimis primipilarium ; ubi et portum
operis sumptuosissimi fecit.

10 Atque ut certiorem adhuc indolem ostenderet, ex Au-

gusti praescripto imperaturum se professus, neque liberali-

tatis neque clementiae, ne comitatis quidem 20

,.,,,, • -i. o Promises of a

exnibendae ullam occasionem omisit. Gra/- ^.„„, „j„„

nappy reign

viora vectigalia aut abolevit aut minuit.
Praemia delatorum Papiae legis ad quartas redegit. Di-
visis populo viritim quadringenis nummis, senatorum no-
bilissirao cuique, sed a re familiari destitute annua salaria, 25
et quibusdam quingena, constituit, item praetorianis co-
hortibus frumentum menstruum gratuitum. Et cum de
supplicio cuiusdam capite damnati ut ex more subscribe-
ret admoneretur: Quam vellem, inquit, nescire litteras!
Omnis ordines subinde ac memoriter salutavit. Agenti 30
"senatui gratias respondit : Cum meruero. Ad campestres
exercitationes suas admisit et plebem, declamavitque sae-

112 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESABUM

plus publice ; recitavit et carmina, non modo domi sed et

in theatro, tanta uuiversorum laetitia, ut ob recitationem

supplicatio decreta sit, eaque pars carminum aureis litte-

ris lovi Capitolino dicata.

5 Spectaculorum plurima et varia genera edidit: iuvena- 11

les, circenses, scaenicos ludos, gladiatorium munus. luve-

nalibus senes quoque consulares anusque
Spectacles , , „. .,

matronas recepit ad lusum. Uiroensibus

loca equiti secreta a ceteris tribuit, commisitque etiam

10 camelorum quadrigas. Ludis, quos pro aeternitate im-
perii susceptos appellari maximos voluit, ex utroque
ordine et sexu plerique ludicras partes sustinuerunt ;
notissimus eques Romanus elephanto supersidens per
catadromum decucurrit ; inducta Afrani togata, quae

15 Incendium inscribitur, concessumqiie ut scaeuici arden-
tis domus supellectilem diriperent ac sibi haberent;
sparsa et populo missilia omnium rerum per omnes dies :
singula cotidie milia avium cuiusque generis, multiplex
penus, tesserae frumentariae, vestis, aurum, argentum,

20 gemmae, margaritae, tabulae pictae, mancipia, iumenta,
atque etiam mansuetae ferae, novissime naves, insulae,
agri. Hos ludos spectavit e proscaenii fastigio. Munere, 12
quod in amphitheatre ligneo regione Martii campi in-
tra anni spatium fabricato dedit, neminem oceidit, ne

25 noxiorum quidem ; exhibuit autera ad ferrum etiam quar
dringentos senatores sescentosque equites Eomanos, et
quosdam f ortunae atque existimationis integrae, ex isdem
ordinibus confectores quoque ferarura et varia harenae
ministeria ; exhibuit et naumachiam marina aqua, innan-

30 tibus beluis ; item pyrrichas quasdam e numero ephebo-
rum, quibus post editara operam diplomata civitatis'
Romanae singulis obtulit. . . . Icarus primo statim

LIBER VI. NERO. 113

conatu iuxta cubieulum eius decidit ipsumque cruore

respersit. Nam perraro praesidere, ceterum accubans,

parvis primum foraminibus, deinde toto podio adaperto

spectare consuerat.

Instituit et quinquennale certamen primus omnium 5

Romae more Graeco triplex, musicum gymnicum equestre,

quod appellavit Neronia ; dedicatisque tber-

, . . . The Neronia

mis atque gymnasio, senatui quoque et equiti

oleum praebuit. Magistros toto certamini praeposuit

consulares sorte, sede praetorum. Deinde in orchestram 10

senatumque descendit, et orationis quidem carminisque

Latini coronam, de qua honestissimus quisque conten-

derat, ipsorum consensu concessam sibi recepit, citharae

autem a iudicibus ad se delatam adoravit ferique ad

August! statuam iussit. Gymnico, quod in Saeptis ede- is

bat, inter buthysiae apparatum barbam primam posuit,

conditamque in auream pyxidem et pretiosissimis mar-

garitis adornatam Capitolio consecravit. Ad athletarum

speetaculum invitavit et virgines Vestales, quia Olympiae

quoque Cereris sacerdotibus spectare conceditur. 20

13 Non immerito inter spectacula ab eo edita et Tiridatis

in urbem introitum rettulerim. Quem Armeniae regem,

magnis pollicitationibus sollicitatum, cum

destinato per edictum die ostensurus populo _.'" °

propter nubilum distulisset, produxit quo 25

opportunissime potuit, dispositis circa fori templa armatis

cohortibus, curuli residens apud rostra triumphantis

habitu, inter signa militaria atque vexilla ; et primo per

devexum pulpitum subeuntem admisit ad genua alleva-

tumque dextra exosculatus est, dein precanti tiara deducta 30

diadema inposuit, verba supplicis interpretata praetorio

viro multitudibi pronuntiante ; perductum inde in thea^

114 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

trum ac rursus supplicantem iuxta se latere dextro con-
locavit. Ob quae imperator consalutatus, laurea in
Capitolium lata, lanum geminum clausit, tamquam nullo 14
residue bello.
5 Consulatus quattuor gessit: primum bimenstrem, secun-
dum et novissimum semenstres, tertium qua-

drimenstrem ; medios duos continuavit, reli-
... -i - J
quos inter annua spatia variavit. In luris dictione pos- 15

tulatoribus, nisi sequenti die ac per libellos, non temere

10 respondit. Cognoscendi morem eum tenuit,

Admimstia- ^j.^ continuis actionibus omissis, singillatim

quaeque per vices ageret. Quotiens autem

ad consnltandum secederet, neque in commune quicquam

neque propalam deliberabat, sed conscriptas ab uno quo-

15 que sententias tacitus ac secreto legens, quod ipsi libuisset
perinde atque pluribus idem videretur pronuntiabat.

In curiam libertinorum filios diu non admisit ; admissis
a prioribus principibus honores denegavit. Candidatos,
qui supra numerum essent, in solacium dilationis ac

20 morae legionibus praeposuit. Consulatum in senos ple-
rumque menses dedit. Def unctoque circa Kal. Ian. altero
e consulibus, neminem substituit, improbans exemplum
vetus Canini Rebili uno die consulis. Triumphalia orna-
menta etiam quaestoriae dignitatis et nonnullis ex eques-

25 tri ordine tribuit, nee utique de causa militari. De
quibusdam rebus orationes ad senatum missas, praeterito
quaestoris officio^ per consulem plerumque recitabat.
Formam aedificiorum urbis novam excogitavit, et ut ante 16
insulas ac domos portions essent, de quarum solariis

30 incendia arcerentur ; easque suniptu suo exstruxit. De-
stinarat etiam Ostia tenus moenia promovere atque iude
fossa mare veteri uvbi inducere.

LIBEE VI. NERO. 115

Multa sub eo et animadversa severe et coercita, nee
minus instituta : adhibitus sumptibus modus ; publicae
cenae ad sportulas redactae ; interdictum ne

. , . Reforms ;

quid ni popinis cOcti praeter legumina aut persecution

holera veniret, cum antea uullum non obsonii of the Chris- 5

genus proponeretur ; afflicti suppliciis Chris- "°^

tiani, genus hominum superstitionis novae ac maleficae ;

vetiti quadrigarioriim hisus, quibus inveterata licentia

passim vagantibus fallere ac furari per iocum ius erat;

pantomimorum factiones cum ipsis simul relegatae; 10

17 adversus falsarios tunc primum repertum, ne tabulae nisi
pertusae ac ter lino per foramina traiecto obsignarentur ;
cautum ut testamentis primae duae cerae, testatorum
mode nomine inscripto, vacuae signaturis ostenderentiir,
ac ne qui alieni testament! scriptor legatum sibi ascri- 15
beret; item ut litigatoves pro patrociniis certam iustamque
mercedem, pro subselliis nullam omnino darent, praebente
aerario gratuita ; utque rerum actu ab aerario causae ad
forum ac reciperatores transferrentur, et ut omnes appel-
lationes a iudicibus ad senatum fierent. 20

18 Augendi propagandique imperii neque voluntate ulla
neque spe motus umquam, etiam ex Britannia deducere
exercitum cogitavit, nee nisi verecundia, ne obtrectare
parentis gloriae videretur, destitit. Ponti modo regnum
concedente Polemone, item Alpium defuncto Cottio in 25
provinciae formam redegit.

19 Peregrinationes duas omnino suscepit, Alexandrinam
et Achaicam ; sed Alexandrina ipso profec-

. Expeditions

tionis die destitit, turbatus religione simul
ac periculo. Nam cum circumitis templis in aede Vestae 30
resedisset, consurgenti ei primum lacinia obhaesit, deinde
tanta oborta caligo est, ut dispicere non posset. In

116 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Achaia Isthmum perfodere aggressus, praetorianos pro
contione ad incohandum opus cohortatus est, tubaque
signo dato primus rastello humum effodit et corbulae
congestam umeris extulit. Parabat et ad Caspias portas

5 expeditionem, couscripta ex Italicis senum pedum tironi-
bus nova legione, quam Magni Alexandri phalanga
appellabat.

Haec partim nulla reprehensione, partim etiara non

mediocri laude digna in unum contuli, ut seceinerem a

10 probris ac sceleribus eius, de quibus dehinc dicam.

Inter ceteras disciplinas pueritiae tempore imbutus et 20
musica, statim ut imperium adeptus est,
Devotion to Terpnum citharoedura, vigentem tunc prae-
ter alios, arcessiit diebusque continuis post

15 cenam canenti in multam noctem assidens, paulatim et
ipse meditari exercerique coepit, neque eorum quicquam
omittere, quae generis eius artifices vel conservandae
vocis causa vel augendae factitarent; sed et plumbeam
chartam supinus pectore sustinere, et clystere vomituque

20 purgari, et abstinere pomis cibisque officientibus ; donee
blandiente profectu (quamquam exiguae vocis et fuscae)
prodire in scaenam concupiit, subinde inter familiares
Graecuin proverbium iactans, occultae musicae nullum
esse respectum. Et prodit Neapoli primum, ac ne concusso

25 quidem repente motu terrae theatro ante cantare destitit,
quam incohatum absolveret nomon. Ibidem saepius et
per complures cantavit dies; sumpto etiam ad reficien-
dam vocem brevi tempore, impatiens secreti a balineis in
theatrum transiit, mediaque in orchestra f requente populo

30 epulatus, si paulum subbibisset, aliquid se sufferti tinnitu-
rum Graeco sermone promisit. Captus autem modulatis
Alexandrinorum laudationibus, qui de novo commeatu

LIBER VI. NERO. 117

Neapolim confluxerant, plures Alexandria evocavit. Ne-
que eo segnius adulescentulos equestris ordinis et quin-
que amplius milia e plebe robustissimae iuveatutis
undique elegit, qui divisi in factiones, plausuum genera
condiscerent (bombos et imbrices et testas vocabant) 5
operamque navarent cantanti sibi, insignes pinguissima
coma et excellentissimo cultu pueri nee sine anulo laevis,
quorum duces quadringena milia sestertia merebant.
21 Cum magni aestimaret cantare etiam Eomae, Nero-
neum agona ante praestitutam diem revoca- 10

vit, flagitantibusque cunctis caelestem vocem ^h'^'^t" "*°°
respondit quidem ui hortis se copiam volenti-
bus facturum, sed adiuvante vulgi pieces etiam statione
militum, quae tunc excubabat, repraesentaturum se pollici-
tus est libens ; ac sine mora nomen suum in albo protiten- 15
tium citharoedorum iussit ascribi, sorticulaqiie in urnam
cum ceteris demissa, iutravit ordine suo, simul praefecti
praetorii citharam sustinentes, posttribuni militum, iuxta-
que amicorum intimi. Utque constitit, peracto principio,
Nioham se cantaturum per Cluvium Rufum consularem 20
pronuntiavit et in horam fere decimam perse veravit,
coronamque earn et reliquam certaminis partem in annum
sequentem distulit, ut saepius canendi occasio esset. Quod
cum tardum videretur, non cessavit identidem se publi-
care. Dubitavit etiam an privatis spectaculis operam 25
inter scaenicos daret, quodam praetorum sestertium de-
cies offerente. Tragoedias quoque cantavit personatus,
heroum deorumque item heroidum ac dearum personis
effectis ad similitudinem oris sui et feminae, prout
quamque diligeret. Inter cetera cantavit Canacen par- 30
turientem, Oresten matricidam, Oedipodem excaecatum,
Herculem insanum. In qua fabula fama est, tirunculum

118 C. SUET02<I T?>ANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

militem positura ad. custodiam aditus, cum eum ornari ac
vinoiri catenis, sicut argumentum postulabat, videret,
accurrisse ferendae opis gratia.

Equorum studio vel praecipue ab ineunte aetate flagra- 22
5 vit, plurimusque illi sermo, quamquam vetaretur, de cir-
censibus erat ; et quondam tractum prasinum
Passion for agitatorem inter condiscipulos querens, obiur-
gante paedagogo, de Hectore se loqui emen-
titus est. Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis qua-
le drigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos
circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde pro-
palam ; ut nemini dubium esset, eo die utique affuturum.
Neque dissimulabat velle se pahnarum numerum am-
pliare ; quave spectaculum multiplicatis missibus in serum
15 pi'otrahebatur, ne dominis quidem iam factionum dignan-
tibus nisi ad totius diei cursum greges ducere. Mox et
ipse aurigare atque etiam spectari saepius voluit, posito-
que in hortis inter servitia et sordidam plebem rudimento,
universorum se oculis in Circo Maximo praebuit, aliquo
20 liberto mittente mappam unde magistratus solent. Nee
contentus hariim artium experimenta Romae dedisse,
Achaiam, ut diximus, petit, hinc niaxime motus : insti-
tuerant civitates, apud quas musici agones edi solent,
omnes citharoedorum coronas ad ipsum mittere. Eas
25 adeo grate recipiebat, ut legates, qui pertulissent, non
modo primos admitteret, sed etiam faniiliaribus epulis
interponeret. A quibusdam ex his rogatus ut cantaret
super cenam, exceptusque effusius, solos scire audire Grae-
Appears in '"'*' ^olosque se et sfudiis siiis dig7ios ait. Nee
30 various cele- profectione dilata, ut primum Cassiopeu
ons traiecit, statim ad aram lovis Casii cantare

auspicatus, certamina deinceps obiit omnia. Nam et quae 23

LIBER VI. NERO. 119

diversissimorum temporum sunt, cogi in unum annum, qui-
busdam etiam iteratis, iussit, et Olympiae quoque praeter
consuetudinem musicum agona commisit. Ac ne quid
circa haec occupatum avocaret detineretve, cum praesen-
tia eius urbicas res egere a liberto Helio admoneretur, 5
rescripsit his verbis :

Quamvis nunc tuum consilium sit et votum celeriter re-
verti me, tamen suadere et optare potius debes, ut Nerone
dignits revertar.

Cantante eo, ne neeessaria quidem causa excedere thea- lo
tro licitum est. Itaque et enixae quaedam in spectaculis
dicuntur, et multi taedio audiendi laudandique, clausis
oppidorum portis, aut furtim desiluisse de muro aut
morte simulata funere elati. Quam autem trepide anxie-
que certaverit, quanta adversariorum aemulatione, quo 15
metu iudicum, vix credi potest. Adversaries, quasi plane
condicionis eiusdem, observare, captare, infamare secrete,
nennumquam ex occursu maledictis incessere, ac si qui
arte praecellerent, corrumpere etiam solebat. Indices
autem prius quam inciperet reverentissime adlequebatur, 20
omnia se facienda fecisse, sed eventum in manu esse Fw-
tunae; illos ut sapieixtis et doctos viros fortuita debere ex-
cludere; atque, ut auderet hortantibus, aequiore anime
recedebat, ac ne sic quidem sine sollicitudine, taciturni-
tatem pudoremque quorundam pre tristitia et maligni- 25
24 tate arguens suspectosque sibi dicens. In certande vero
ita legi obeediebat, ut numquam exscreare ^^ ^^^.^ ^^^
ausus, sudorem quoque frontis brachio deter- foimance to
geret ; atque etiam in tragice quodam actu, ™ *
cum elapsum baculum cite resumpsisset, pavidus et me- 30
tuens ne ob delictum certamine summoveretur, non aliter
confirmatus est quam adiurante hypocrita, non animad-

120 C. SUETONI TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

versum id inter exsultationes succlainationesque populi.
Victorem autein se ipse pronuntiabat ; qua de causa et
praeconio ubique contendit. Ac ne cuius alterius
hieronicarum memoria aut vestigium exstaret usquaiu,

5 subvei'ti et unco trahi abicique in latrinas omnium sta-
tuas et imagines iniperavit. Aurigavit quoque pluri-
fariam, Olympiis vero etiam decemiugem, quanivis id
ipsum in rege Mithradate carmine quodam suo repre-
heiidisset; sed excussus curru ac rursus repositus, cum

10 perdurare non posset, destitit ante decursum ; iieque eo
setius coronatus est. Decedens deinde provinciam uni-
versam libertate donavit, simulque iudices civitate Ko-
mana et pecunia grandi. Quae beneficia e medio stadio
Isthmiorum die sua ipse voce pronuntiavit.

15 Reversus e Graecia Neapolim, quod in ea primum 25

artem protulerat, albis equis introiit, disiecta parte muri,

_. ._ ut mos hieronicarum est; simili inodo An-

Bis entry as '

conqueror into tium, inde Albanum, inde Romam ; sed et
vanous cities u^omam eo curru, quo Augustus olim trium-

20 phaverat, et in [veste] purpurea distinctaque stellis
aureis chlamyde, coronamque capite gerens Olympiacam,
dextra manu Pythiam, praeeunte pompa ceterarum cum
titulis, ubi et quos quo cantionum quove fabularum
argumento vicisset ; sequentibus currum ovantium ritu

25 plausoribus, Augustianos militesque se triumphi eius
clamitantibus. Dehinc, diruto Circi Maximi arcu, per
Velabrum forumque Palatium et Apollinem petit. In-
cedenti passim victimae caesae sparse per vias identidem
croco, ingestaeque aves ac lemnisci et bellaria. Sacras

30 coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit, item statuas
suas citharoedico habitu (qua nota etiam iiummum per-
cussit). Ac post haec tantum afuit a remittendo laxan-

LIBER VI. NERO. 121

doque studio, ut conservandae vocis gratia neque milites
umquam, nisi absens aut alio verba pronuntiante, appel-
laret neque quicquam serio iocove egerit, nisi astante
phonasco, qui moneret, parceret arteriis ac sudarium ad
OS appUcaret; multisque vel amicitiam suam obtulerit 5
vel' simultatem indixerit, prout quisque se magis par-
ciusve laudasset.

26 Petulantiam, libidinem, luxuriam, avaritiam, crudeli-

tatem sensim quidem primo et occulte et velut iuvenili

errors exercuit, sed ut tunc quoque dubium 10

* nemini foret, naturae ilia vitia, non aetatis *^ **^
' ' conduct

esse. Post crepusculum statim adrepto pilleo
vel galero popinas inibat circumque vicos vagabatur
ludibundus, nee sine pernicie tanien. Siquidem rede-
untis a cena verberare ac repugnantes vulnerare cloacis- 15
que demergere assuerat, tabernas etiam efEringere et
expilare ; quintana domi constituta, ubi partae et ad
licitationem dividendae praedae pretium absumeretur.
Ac saepe in eius modi rixis oculorum et vitae periculum
adiit, a quodam laticlavio, cuius uxorem attrectaverat, 20
prope ad necem caesus. Quare numquam postea publico
se illud horae sine tribunis commisit procul et occulte
subsequentibus. Interdiu quoque clam gestatoria sella
delatus in theatrum, seditionibus pantomimorum e parte
proscaenii superiore signifer simul ac spectator aderat; 25
et cum ad manus ventum esset lapidibnsque et sub-
selliorum fragminibus decerneretur, multa et ipse iecit
in populum, atque etiam praetoris caput consauciavit.

27 Paulatim vero invalescentibus vitiis, iocularia et late-
bras omisit nullaque dissimulandi cura ad maiora palam 30
erupit.

Epulas a medio die ad mediam noctem protrahebat,

122 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

refotus saepius calidis piscinis ac tempore aestivo niva-

tis ; cenitabatque nonnumquam et in publico,

Hisrevesan naumachia praeclusa vel Martio caiupo vel
debaucbenes '^ _ ^ ,

Circo Maximo, inter scortorum totius urbis

5 et ambubaiarum ininisteria. Quotiens Ostiam Tiberi de-
flueret aut Baianum sinum praeternavigaret, dispositae
per litora et ripas deversoriae tabernae parabaiitur insig-
nes ganea et matronarum institorio copas imitantium
atque hinc inde hortantium ut appelleret. Indicebat

10 et familiaribus cenas, quorum uni raitellita quadragies
sestertium constitit, alteri pluris aliquanto rosaria.

Divitiarum et pecuniae fructum non alium putabat 30
quam profusionem, sordidos ac deparcos esse quibus impen-
sarum ratio constaret, praelautos vereque mag-

15 nificos qui abuterentur ac perderent. Lauda^

bat mirabaturque avunculum Gaium nullo magis nomine,
quam quod ingentis a Tiberio relictas opes in brevi spatio
prodegisset. Quare nee largiendi nee absumendi modum
tenuit. In Tiridatem, quod vix credibile videatur, octin-

20 gena nummum milia diurna erogavit abeuntique super
sestertium milies contulit. Menecraten citharoedum et
Spiculum mirmillonem triumphalium virorum patri-
moniis aedibusque donavit. Cercopithecum Panerotem
feneratorem, et urbanis rusticisque praediis locupletatum,

25 prope regio extulit funere. Nullam vestem bis induit.
Quadringenis in punctum sestertiis aleam lusit. Piscatus
est rete aurato et purpura coccoque funibus nexis. Niun-
quam minus inille carrucis fecisse iter traditur, soleis
mularum argenteis, canusinatis mulionibus, armillata

30 phalerataque Mazacum turba atque cursorum.

Non in alia re tamen damnosior quam in aedificando, 31

LIBER VI. NERO. 123

domum a Palatio Esquilias usque fecit, quam primo

transUoriam, mox incendio absumptam re-

stitutamque auream nominavit. De cuius ^he Golden

House

spatio atque cultu suffecerit haec retulisse.

Vestibulum eius fuit, in quo colossus CXX pedum staret 5

ipsius effigie ; tanta laxitas, ut porticus triplices miliarias

haberet ; item stagnum maris instar, circumsaeptum

aedificiis ad urbium speciem ; rura insuper, arvis atque

vinetis et pascuis silvisque varia, cum multitudine omnis

generis pecudum ac ferarum. In ceteris partibus cuncta lo

auro lita, distincta geramis unionumque conchis erant;

oenationes laqueatae tabulis eburneis versatilibus, ut

flores, fistulatis, ut unguenta desuper spargerentur ; prae-

cipua cenationum rotunda, quae perpetuo diebus ac noc-

tibus vice mundi circumageretur ; balineae marinis et 15

albulis fluentes aquis. Eius modi domum cum absolutam

dedicaret, hactenus comprobavit, ut se diceret quasi hovii-

nem tandem habitare coepisse.

Praeterea incohabat piscinam a Miseno ad Avernum

lacum, contectam porticibusque conclusam, quo quidquid 20

totis Bails calidarum aquarum esset conver-

. Other woiks

teretur ; lossain ab Averno Ostiam usque, ut

navibus nee taraen mari iretiir, longitudinis per centum

sexaginta milia, latitudiuis, qua contrariae quinqueremes

commearent. Quorum operum perficiendorum gratia 25

quod ubique esset custodiae in Italiam deportari, etiam

scelere convictos nonnisi ad opus damnari praeeeperat.

Ad hunc impendiorum furorem, super fiduciam imperii,

etiam spe quadam repentina immensarum et

, . • J • • The hidden

reconditarum opum impulsus est ex indicio t„ag„je 30

equitis Romani pro comperto pollicentis,

thesauros antiquissimae gazae, quos Dido regina fugiens

124 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Tyro secum extulisset, esse in Africa vastissimis specu-
bus abditos, ac posse erui parvula molientium opera.
Verum ut spes fef ellit, destitutus, atque ita iam exhaustus 32
et egens ut stipendia quoque milituiii et commoda vetera-

5 norum protrahi ac differri necesse esset, calumniis rapi-
nisque intendit animum.

Ante omnia instituit, ut e libertorum defuiictorum bonis

pro semisse dextans ei cogeretur, qui sine probabili causa

eo nomine fuissent quo essent ullae familiae

10 P'"°<*«"°g quas ipse contingeret ; deinde, ut iugratorum

in principem testamenta ad fiscum perti-

nerent, ac ne impune esset studiosis iuris, qui scripsissent

vel dictassent ea ; tunc ut lege maiestatis facta dictaque

omnia, quibus modo delator non deesset, tenereutur.

15 Eevocavit et praemia coronarum, quae umquam sibi
civitates in certaminibus detulissent. Et cum inter-
dixisset usum amethystini ac Tyrii coloris, summisis-
setque qui nundinarum die pauculas uncias venderet,
praeclusit cunctos negotiatores. Quin etiam inter ca-

20 nendum animadversam matronam in spectaculis vetita
purpura cultam demonstrasse procuratoribus suis dicitur,
detractamque ilico non veste modo sed et bonis exuit.
NuUi delegavit officium ut non adiceret : Scis quid mihi
opus sit! et Hoc agamus, ne quis quicquam habeat !

25 Ultimo templis compluribus dona detraxit simulacra-
que ex auro vel argento fabricata conflavit, in iis Pena^
tium deorum, quae mox Galba restituit.

Parricidia et caedes a Claudio exorsus est ; cuius iiecis 33
Murders ^*®^ ^'^^ auctor, at conscius fuit, neque dis-

30 committed: simulanter, ut qui boletos, in quo cibi genere

*" "' venenum is acceperat, quasi deorum cibum

posthac proverbio Graeco conlaudare sit solitus. Certe

LIBER VI. NERO. 125

omnibus rerum verborumque contumeliis mortuum insec-

tatus est, modo stultitiae modo saevitiae arguens ; nam

et morari eum desisse inter homines producta prima syl-

laba iocabatur, multaque deereta et constituta, ut insi-

pientis atque deliri, pro irritis habuit; denique bustum 5

eius consaepiri, nisi humili levique maceria, neglexit.

Britannicum non minus aemulatione vocis, quae illi

iucundior suppetebat, quam metu ne quan-

Bhtaimicus
deque apud hominura gratiam paterna me-

moria praevaleret, veneno adgressus est. Quod acceptum 10
a quadam Locusta, venenorum variorum indice, cum
opinione tardius cederet, ventre modo Britannici moto,
accersitam mulierem sua manu verberavit arguens, pro
veneno remedium dedisse ; excusantique, minus datum
ad occultandam facinoris invidiam, Sane inquit legem 15
luliam timeof coegitque se coram in cubiculo quam pos-
set velocissimum ac praeseutaneum coquere ; deinde in
haedo expertus, postquam is quinque horas protraxit,
iterum ac saepius recoctum porcello obiecit; quo statim
exanimato, inferri in triclinium darique cenanti secum 20
Britannico imperavit. Et cum ille ad primum gustum con-
cidisset, comitiali morbo ex consuetudine correptum apud
convivas ementitus, postero die raptim inter maximos im-
bres tralaticio extulit funere. Locustae pro navata opera
impunitatem praediaque ampla, sed et discipulos dedit. 25
34 Matrem, facta dictaque sua exquirentem acerbius et
corrigentem, hactenus primo gravabatur ut invidia iden-
tidem oneraret, quasi cessurus imperio Rho-
dumque abiturus, mox et honore omni et ^gnppina
potestate privavit, abductaque militum et 30

Germanorum station e, contubernio quoque ac Palatio
expulit; neque in divexanda quicquam pen si habuit,

126 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

summissis qui et Komae morantem litibus et in secessu
quieseentem per convicia et iocos terra marique praeter-
vehentes inquietarent. Verum minis eius ac violentia
territus perdere statuit ; et cum ter veneno temptasset

5 sentiretque antidotis praemunitam, lacunaria, quae noctu
super dormientem laxata machina deciderent, paravit.
Hoc consilio per conscios parum celato, soliitilem navem,
cuius vel naufragio vel caraarae ruina periret, commentus
est, atque ita reconciliations siinulata, iucundissimis lit-

10 teris Baias evocavit ad solleninia Quinquatruum simul
celebranda; datoque negotio trierarchis, qui liburnicam
qua advecta erat velut fortuito concuisu confringerent,
protraxit convivium, repetentique Baulos in locum cor-
rupt! navigii machinosum illud obtulit, hilars prosecutus

15 atque in digrsssu papillas quoqus exosculatus. Reli-
quum temporis cum magna trepidatione vigilavit, oppe-
riens coeptorum exitum. Sed ut diversa omnia nandoque
evasisse earn compsrit, inops consilii L. Agerinum liber-
tum eius, salvam et incolumein cum gaudio nuntiantsm,

20 abiecto clam iuxta pugione, ut percussorem sibi suborna-
tum arripi constringique iussit, matrem occidi, quasi
deprehensum crimen voluntaria morte vitasset. Addun-
tur his atrociora, nee incertis auctoribus: ad visendum
interfsctae cadaver accurrisse, contrectasse membra, alia

23 vituperasss, alia laudasse, sitique intsrim oborta bibisse.
Nequs tamen conscientiam sceleris, quamquam et mili-
tum et senatus populique gratulationibus confirmaretur,
aut statim aut umquam postea ferre potuit, saspe con-
fsssus sxagitari se materna specis verberibusque Furi-

30 arum ac taedis ardentibus. Quin st facto per Magos
sacro evocare Manes et exorare temptavit. Psregrina-
tions quidsm Graeciae et Eleusinis sacris, quorum ini-

LIBER VI. NERO. 127

tiatione impii et seelerati voce praeconis suramoventur,

interesse non ausus est.

lunxit parriciclio matris amitae necem. Quam cum ex

duritie alvi cubantem visitaret, et ilia tractans lanuginem

eius, ut assolet, iarri grandis natu per blandi- 5

tias forte dixisset : Simul lianc excepero, mori ^''^^" "* •*"

^ ' aunt Lepida

volo: conversus ad proximos confestim se
positurum velut irridens ait, praecepitque medicis ut
largius purgarent aegram, necdum defimctae bona invasit,
suppresso testainento, ne quid abscederet. 10

35 Uxores praeter Octaviam duas postea duxit : Poppaearn
Sabinam, quaestorio patre natam et equiti Romano antea
nuptam, deinde Statiliam Messalinam, Tauri
bis consulis ac triumphalis abneptem. Qua
ut poteretur, virum eius Atticum Vestinum consulem in 15
honore ipso trucidavit. Octaviae eonsuetudinem cite
aspernatus, corripientibus amicis sufficere illi debere
respondit uxoria omamenta. Eandem mox saepe frustra
strangulare meditatus, dimisit ut sterilem, sed impro-
bante divortium populo nee parcente conviciis, etiam 20
relegavit, denique occidit sub crimine adulleriorum adeo
inpudenti falsoque, ut in quaestione pernegantibus cunc-
tis Anicetum paedagogum suum indicem subiecerit, qui
dolo stupratam a se fateretur. Poppaeam, duodecimo
die post divortium Octaviae in matrimonium acceptam, 25
dilexit unice ; et tamen ipsam quoque ictu calcis occidit,
quod se ex aurigatione sero reversum gravida et aegra
conviciis ineesserat. Ex hac filiam tulit Claudiam
Augustam, araisitque admodum infantem.

Nullum adeo necessitudinis genus est, quod non scelere 30
perculerit. Antoniam Claudi filiam, recusantem post
Poppaeae mortem nuptias suas, quasi molitricem novarum

128 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

rerum interemit. Similiter ceteros aut afBnitate aliqua
sibi aut propinquitate coniunctos ; in quibus Aulum
Cruelty to Plautium iuvenem, quern cum ante mortem
relatives and per vim conspurcasset, Eat nunc inquit mater

5 t<'ot'i8''s ^jga gj siiccessorem meutrv osculetur ! iactans

dilectum ab ea et ad spem imperii impulsum. Privignum
Kufium Crispinum Poppaea natum, impuberem adhuc,
quia ferebatur ducatus et imperia ludere, mergendum
mari, dum piscaretur, servis ipsius demandavit. Tuscum

10 nutricis filium relegavit, quod in procuratione Aegypti
balineis in adventum suum exstructis lavisset. Senecam
praeceptorem ad necem compulit, quamvis saepe com-
meatum petenti bonisque cedenti persancte iurasset, sus-
pectuin se frustra periturumque potius quam nociturum

15 ei. Burro praefecto remedium ad fauces pollicitus, toxi-
cum misit. Libertos divites et seues, olim adoptionis
mox dominationis suae fautores atque rectores, veneno,
partim cibis partim potionibus indito, intercepit.
Nee minore saevitia foris et in exteros grassatus est. 36

20 Stella crinita, quae summis potestatibus exitium porten-
dere vulgo putatur, per continuas noctes oriri coeperat.
Anxius ea re, ut ex Balbillo astrologo didicit, solere reges
talia ostenta caede aliqua illustri expiare atque a semet
in capita procerum depellere, nobilissimo cuique exitium

25 destinavit ; enimvero multo magis et quasi per iustam
causam duabus coniurationibus provulgatis, quarum prior
maiorque Pisoniaua Komae, posterior Viniciana Bene-
venti conflata atque detecta est. Coniurati e vinculis
triplicium catenarum dixere causam, cum quidam ultro

30 crimen faterentur, nonnulli etiam imputarent, tamquam
aliter illi non possent nisi morte sxiccurrere dedecorato
Jlagitiis omnibus. Damnatorum liberi urbe pulsi enecti-

LIBEK VI. NERO. 129

que veneno aut fame ; constat, quosdam cum paedagogis
et capsariis uno prandio pariter necatos, alios diurnum
victum prohibitos quaerere.

37 NuUus posthac adhibitus dilectus aut modus interi-
mendi quoscumque libuisset quacumque de causa. Sed 5
ne de pluribus referam, Salvidieno Orfito obiectum est
quod tabernas tres de domo sua circa forum civitatibus
ad stationem locasset, Cassio Longino iuris consulto ac
luminibus orbato, quod in vetere gentili stemmate C. Cassi
percussoris Caesaris imagines retinuisset, Paeto Thraseae lO
tristior et paedagogi vultus. Mori iussis non amplius
quam trium horarum spatium dabat; ac ne quid morae
interveniret, medicos admovebat qui cunctautes continuo
curarent (ita enim vocabatur venas mortis gratia incidere).
Creditur etiam polyphago cuidam Aegypti generis, cru- 15
dam carnem et quidquid daretur mandere assueto, con-
cupisse vivos homines laniandos absumendosque obicere.
Elatus inflatusque tantis velut suecessibus, negavit quera-
quam principum scisse quid sibi Uceret, multasque nee
dubias significationes saepe iecit, ne reliquis quidem se 20
parsurum senatoribus,jeumque ordinem sublaturum quan-
doque e re publica ac provincias et exercitus equiti
Romano ac libertis permissurum. Certe neque adveniens
neque proficiscens quemquam osculo impertiit, ac ne
resalutatione quidem; et in auspicando opere Isthmi 25
magna frequentia clare ut sibi ac populo Romano bene res
verteret optavit, dissimulata senatus mentione.

38 Sed nee populo aut moenibus patriae pepercit. Dicente
quodam in sermone communi :

"E/iou OavovTo'i yoSa jxiyBrfTia irvpi ! 30

Immo, inquit, ifiov fivTos ! planeque ita fecit. Nam
quasi offensus deformitate veterum aedificiorum et an-

130 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

gustiis flexurisque vicorum, incendit urbem tam palam,

ut pleriqueconsulares cubicularioseius, cum stuppa taeda^

que in praediis suis deprehensos, nou atti-

Kero bums gerint ; et quaedam horrea circa Domum

5 Auream, quorum spatium maxime desiderar

bat, ut bellicis machinis labefacta atque inflammata sint,
quod saxeo muro constructa erant. Per sex dies septemque
noctes ea clade saevitum est, ad monumentorum busto-
rumque deversoria plebe compulsa. Tunc praeter im-

10 mensum numerum insularum domus priscorum ducum
arserunt bostilibus adhuc spoliis adornatae, deorumque
aedes ab regibus ae deinde Punicis et Gallicis bellis
votae dedicataeque, et quidquid visendum atque memora-
bile ex antiquitate duraverat. Hoc incendium e turre

15 Maecenatiana prospectans laetusque flammae, ut aiebat,
pvlchritudiiie Halosin Ilii in illo sue scaenico habitu
decantavit. Ac ne non hinc quoque quantum posset
praedae et manubiarum invaderet, pollicitus cadaverum
et ruderum gratuitam egestionem, nemini ad reliquias

20 rerum suarum adire permisit ; collationibusque non

receptis modo vei'um et efflagitatis provincias privato-

rumque census prope exhausit. Accesserunt tantis ex 39

principe malis probrisque quaedam et fortuita : pestilentia

unius autumni, quo triginta funerum milia

25 in rationem Libitinae venerunt ; clades Bri-

tannica, qua duo praecipua oppida magna

civium sociorumque caede direpta sunt ; ignominia ad

Orientem, legionibus in Armenia sub iugum missis aegre-

Lampoons l*^® Syria retenta. Mirum et vel praecipue

;« directed notabile inter haec fuerit, nihil eum patien-

agains ero ^^^^^ quam maledicta et convicia hominum
tulisse, neque in uUos leniorem quam qui se dictis aut

LIBER VI. NERO. 131

carrainibus lacessissent exstitisse. Multa Graece Latine-
que proscripta aut vulgata sunt, sicut ilia :

Ncpo)!/ OpiaTrji 'AXK/xeuiv fuqrponTovtK-

Ncdi/v/ic^ov Nc'po)!' iSiav /irjTtpa dire'icTfii't.

Quis negat Aeneae magna de stirpe Neronem ? 5

Sustulit hie matrem, sustulit ille patrem.

Diim tendit citharam noster, dum comua Parthus,
Noster erit Paean, ille Hecatebeletes.

Roma domus fiet : Veios migrate, Quirites,

Si non et Veios occupat ista domus. 10

Sed neque auctores requisiit et quosdam per indicem

delates ad senatum adfici graviore poena prohibuit.

Trauseuntem eum Isidorus Cynicus in publico clara voce

corripuerat, quod Naupli mala bene cantitaret, sua bona

male disponeret ; et Datus Atellanarum histrio in cantico 15

quodam ■YytWe iranp, iiyuuvf. jj-rirtp ! ita demonstraverat,

ut bibentem natanteraque faceret, exitum scilicet Claudi

Agrippinaeque significans, et in novissima clausula Orcus

vobis ducit pedes senatum gestu notarat. Histrionem et

philosophum Nero nihil amplius quam urbe Italiaque 20

summovit, vel contemptu omnis infamiae vel ne fatendo

dolorem irritaret ingenia.

40 Talem principem paulo minus quattuordecim annos

perpessus terrarum orbis tandem destituit, uprising led

initium facientibus Gallis, duce lulio Vin- byVindexin 25
,. . i. Gaul

dice, qui turn earn provinciam pro praetore

obtinebat.

Praedictum a mathematicis Neroni olim erat, fore, ut

quandoque destitueretur ; unde ilia vox eius celeberrima :

132 C. SUEJONl TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

To Ttxvi-ov ^/iSs Sutdpiij/ti, quo maiore scilicet venia me-
ditaretur cithai'oedicam ai'tem, principi sibi gratam,
private necessariam. Spopouderant tanien quidam de-
stitute Orientis dominationem* nonnulli nominatim reg-

5 num Hierosolymorum, plures omnis pristinae fortiinae
reslitutionem. Cui spei pronior, Britannia Armeniaque
amissa ac rursus utraque recepta, defunctum se fatalibiis
malis existimabat. Ut vero, consulto Delphis Apolline,
septuagensiinum ac tertium annum cavendum sibi audivit,

10 quasi eo demum obiturus, ac nihil coniectans de aetate
Galbae, tanta fiducia non modo senectam sed etiam per-
petuam singularemque concepit felicitatem, ut amissis
naufragio pretiosissimis rebus non dubitaverit inter suos
dicere, pisces eas sibi relaturos.

15 Neapoli de motu Galliarum cognovit die ipso quo ma-
trem occiderat, adeoque lente ac secure tulit ut gaudentis
etiam suspicionem praeberet, tamquam occasione nata
spoliandarum iure belli opulentissimarum provinciarum ;
statimque in gymnasium progressus, certantis athletas

20 effusissimo studio spectavit. Cenae quoque tempore in-
terpellatus tumultuosioribus litteris, hactenus excanduit,
ut malum iis qui descissent minaretur. Denique per octo
continues dies non rescribere cuiquam, non mandare quid
aut praecipere conatus, rem silentio oblitteravit. Edictis 41

25 tandem Vindicis contumeliosis et frequentibus permotus,
senatum epistula in ultionem sui reique publicae adhor-
tatus est, excusato languore faucium, propter quern non
adesset. Nihil autem aeque doluit, quam ut malum se
citharoedum increpitum ac pro Nerone Aenobarbum ap-

30 pellatum. Et nomen quidem gentile, quod sibi per con-
tumeliam exprobraretur, resumpturum se professus est,
deposito adoptivo, cetera convicia, ut falsa, non alio ar-

LIBER VI. NERO. 133

gumento refellebat, qxiam quod etiam inscitia sibi tanto
opere elaboratae perfectaeque a se artis obiceretur, sin-
gulos subinde rogitans, nossentne quemquam praestan-
tiorem. Sed urgentibus aliis super alios nuntiis, Romam
praetrepidus rediit ; leviterque modo in itinere frivolo au- 5
spicio meute recreata, cum annotasset insculptum monu-
mento militem Galium ab equite Romano oppressum trahi
crinibus, ad earn speciem exsiluit gaudio caelnmque ado-
ravit. Ac ne tunc quidem aut senatu aut populo coram
appellato, quosdam e primoribus viris domum evocavit, 10
transactaque raptim consultatione, reliquam diei partem
per organa hydraulica noji et igiy>ti generis circumduxit,
ostendensque singula, de'TatirmfeTac difficultate cuiusque
disserens, iam se etiam prolaturum omnia in theatrum
affirmavit si per Vindicem liceat. 15

42 Postquam deinde etiam Galbam et Hispanias descivisse

cognovit, conlapsus animoque male fracto diu sine voce et

prope intermortuus iacuit, utque resipiit,

,. . ., , . .J Galba's revolt

veste discissa, capite converberato, actum de . g j^

se pronuntiavit, consolantique nutriculae et 20

aliis quoque iam principibus similia accidisse memoranti,

se vero praeter ceteros inaudita et incognita pati respondit,

qui summum imperium vimts amitteret. Nee eo setius

quicquam ex consuetudine luxus atque desidiae oraisit

vel imrainuit ; quin immo, cum prosper! quiddam ex pro- 25

vinciis nuntiatum esset, super abundantissitaam cenam

iocularia in defectionis duces carmina lasciveque modu-

lata quae vulgo notuerunt, etiam gestieulatus est; ac

spectaculis theatri clam inlatus, cuidam scaenico placenti

nuntium misit, abuti eum occ-upationihus suis. 30

43 Initio statim tumultus, multa et inmania, verum non
abhorrentia a natura sua creditur destinasse : successores

13-4 C. SUETONI TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAUUM

percussoresque summitTtere exercitus et provincias regenti-

bus, quasi conspiratis idemque et unum sentientibus ;

quidquid. ubique exsulum quidquid in urbe

Nero s mon- hominum Gallicanorum esset contrucidare
stious designs
5 (illos ne desciscentibus adgregarentur, hos ut

conscios popularium suorum atque fautores) ; Gallias

exercitibus diripiendas permittere ; senatum universum

veneno per convivia necare ; iirbein incendere, feris in

populum immissis, quo difficilius defenderentur. Sed

10 absterritus non tam paenitentia quam perficiendi de-
speratione, credensque expeditionem necessaiiam, con-
sules ante tempus privavit honore atque in uti'iusqiie
locum solus iniit consulatum, quasi fatale esset, non
posse Gallias debellari nisi a se consule. Ac susceptis

15 fascibus, cum post epulas triclinio digrederetur, innixus
umeris familiarium, affirmavit, simtd ac primiim pro-
vinciam cUtigisset, inermem se in conspectum exercituitm
proditunim nee qidcqiiam aliud quam fleturum, revoca-
tisque ad paenitentiam defectoribus iiisequenti die laetum

20 inter laetos canta/tirum epinicia, quae iam nunc sibi
componi oporteret.

In praeparanda expeditione primani curam habuit deli- 44
gendi vehicula portandis scaenicis organis, concubinasque
Preoares to quas secura educeret tondendi ad virilem

25 go to the modum et securibus peltisque Amazoiiicis

Provinces . jnstruendi. Mox tribus uibanas ad sacra-
mentum citavit, ac nullo idoneo respondente certum
dominis servorura numerum indixit; nee nisi ex tota
cuiusque familia probatissimos, ne dispensatoribus qui-

30 dem aut amanuensibus exceptis, recepit. Partem etiam
census omnes ordines conferre iussit, et insuper in-
quilinos privatarum aedium atque insularum pensionem

LIBER VI. NERO. 135

annuam repraesentare fisco; exegitque ingenti fastidio
et acerbitate iiummum asperum, argeiitum piistulatum,
aurum ad obrussam, nt plerique omnem collationeiii
palam recusai-ent, consensu flagitantes, a delatoribus
potius revocanda praemia quaecumque cepis- „ 5

45 sent. Ex annonae quoque caritate lucranti which he was
adcrevit invidia; nam et forte accidit, ut ''*'*

in publica fame Alexandrina navis nuntiaretur pulverem
luctatoribus aulicis advexisse.

Quare omnium in se odio inciLato, nihil contumeliarum 10
defuit quin subiret. Statuae eius a vertice cirrus apposi-
tus est cum inscriptione Graeca, nunc demum agona esse,
et traderet tandem! Alterius collo ascopera deligata,
simulquetitulus: Ego quidpotuif sed tu culleum meniisti.
Ascriptum et columnis, iam Oallos eum cantando exci- 15
tasse. Iam noctibus iurgia cum servis plerique simu-
lantes, crebro Vindicem poscebant.

46 Terrebatur ad lioc evidentibus portentis somniorum et
auspiciorum et ominum, cum veteribus turn uovis. Num-
quam antea somniare solitus, occisa demum n f ^
matre vidit per quietem, navem sibi regenti approaching
extortum gubernaculum, trahique se ab Octa- •^'^^^t^''

via uxore in artissimas tenebras et mode pinnatarum
formicarum multitudine oppleri, modo a simulacris
gentium ad Pompei theatrum dedicatarum circumiri 25
arcerique progressu ; asturconem, quo maxima laetaba-
tur, posteriore corporis parte in simiae specieni trans-
figuratum, ac tantum capite integro hinnitiis edere
canoros. De Mausoleo, sponte foribus patefactis, exaudita
vox est nomine eum cientis. Kal. Ian. exornati Lares in 30
ipso sacrificii apparatu conciderunt; auspicanti Sporus
anulum muneri obtulit, cuius gemmae sculptura erat

136 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

Proserpinae raptus ; votorum iiuncupatione, magna iam
ordinuin freqnentia, vix repertae Capitoli claves. Cum
ex oratione eius, qua in Vindicem perorabat, recitaretur
in senatu, daturos poenas sceleratos ac brevi dignum
5 exituni facturos, conclamatum est ab universis : Tu fades,
Auguste ! Observatum etiam fuerat, novissimam fabulam
cantasse eum publice Oedipodein exsulem atque in hoc
desisse versu :

®av«iv /i' avoyyt ffiryyajuos, ivqn)p, waTrip.

10 Nuntiata interim etiam ceteroruni exercituum defec- 47

tione, litteras prandenti sibi redditas concerpsit, mensam

subvertit, duos scyphos gratissimi usus, quos

Nero'sabject Homerios a caelatura carminum Homeri
conduct

vocabat, solo inlisit, ac sumpto a Locusta

15 veneno et in auream pyxidem condito, transiit in hortos
Servilianos, ubi, praemissis libertorum fidissimis Ostiam
ad classem praeparandam, tribunes centurionesque prae-
torii de fugae societate temptavit. Sed partim tergiver-
santibus, parlim aperte detrectantibus, uno vero etiam

20 proclamante : Usque adeone mori miserum est ? varie
agitavit, Parthosne an Galbam supplex peteret, an atratus
prodiret in publicum proque rostris quanta maxima posset
miseratione veniam praeteritorum precaretur, ac ni flexis-
set animos, vel Aegypti praefecturam concedi sibi oraret.

23 Inventus est postea in scrinio eius hac de re sermo
formatus ; sed deterritum putant, ne prius quam in
forum perveniret diseerperetur.

Sic cogitatione in posterum diem dilata, ad mediam
fere noctem excitatus, ut comperit stationem militum

30 recessisse, prosiluit e lecto misitque circum amicos, et
quia nihil a quoquara renuntiabatur, ipse cum paucis
hospitia singulorum adiit. Verum clausis omnium fori-

LIBER VI. NERO. 137

bus, respondente nuUo, in cubiculum rediit, unde iam et
custodes diffugerant, direptis etiam stragulis, amota et
pyxide veneni; ac statim Spiculum mirmillonem vel
quemlibet alium percussorem, cuius manu periret, re-
quisiit, et nemine reperto, Ergo ego, inquit, nee amicum 5
habeo nee inimieum? procurritque, quasi praecipitaturus
48 se in Tiberim. Sed revocato rursus impetu, aliquid
secretions latebrae ad colligendum auimum desideravit,
et offerente Phaonte liberto suburbanum
suum inter Salariam et Nomentanam viam fjoJ^R„,^^ lo
circa quartum miliarium, ut erat nudo pede
atque tunicatus, paenulam obsoleti coloris superinduit,
adopertoque capite et ante faciem obtento sudario equum
inscendit, quattuor solis comitantibus, inter quos et
Sporus erat. Statimque treinore terrae et fulgure ad- 15.
verso pavefactus, audiit e proximis castris clamorem
militum et sibi adversa et Galbae prospera ominantium,
etiam ex obviis viatoribus quendam dicentem : Hi Nero-
nem persequuntur, alium sciscitantem : Ecquid in urbe
novi de Nerone f Equo autem odore abiecti in via cada^ 20
veris consternato, detecta facie agnitus est a quodam
missicio praetoriano et salutatus. Ut ad deverticulum
ventum est, diniissis equis, inter fruticeta ac vepres per
arundineti semitam aegre nee nisi strata sub pedibus
veste ad aversum villae parietem evasit. Ibi hortante 25
eodem Phaonte, ut interim in specum egestae harenae
concederet, negavit se vivum sub terram iturum, ac parum-
per commoratus, dum clandestinus ad villam introitus
pararetur, aquam ex subiecta lacuna poturus manu bausit
et Haec est, inquit, Neronis decocta ! dein, divolsa sentibus 30
paenula, traiectos surculos rasit. Atque ita quadripes
per angustias effossae cavernae receptus in proximam

138 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

cellam, decubuit super lectum modica culcita, vetere

pallio strato, iiistructum ; fameque et iterum siti inter-

pellante, panem quidem sordidum oblatum aspernatus

est, aquae autem tepidae aliquantum bibit. Tunc uno 49

5 quoque hiuc inde instante ut quam priinum se impen-

dentibus contumeliis eriperet, scrobem coram fieri im-

peravit, dimensus ad corporis sui modulum,
His death ... • ^ j- ^

componique simul, si qua invenirentur, irusta

marmoris, et aquam simul ac ligna conferri curando mox

10 cadaveri, flens ad singula atque identidem dictitans :
Qualis artifex peren !

Inter moras perlatos a cursore Phaonti codicillos prae-
ripuit legitque, se hostein a senatu iudicatum et quaeri,
ut puniatur more maiorum, interrogavitque quale id genus

15 esset poenae ; et cum comperisset, nudi hominis cervicem
inseri furcae, corpus virgis ad necem caedi, conterritus
duos pugiones, quos secum extulerat, arripuit, temptata-
que utriusque acie rursus condidit, causatus nondum
adesse fatalem horam; ac modo Sporum hortabatur ut

20 lamentari ac plangere inciperet, modo orabat ut se ali-
quis ad mortem capessendam exemplo iuvaret ; interdum
segnitiem suam his verbis increpabat: Vivo deformiter,
[<Mrpj<er*] — oi irpeVa Hepwvi, ov irparfi — vt^<I>iiv Bti cv rots
Toiovroi! — ayt lyeipe acavrovl lamque equites appropin-

25 quabant, quibus praeceptum erat ut vivum eum adtrahe-
rent. Quod ut sensit, trepidanter eflfatus :

iTTTTtUV /A bJKVTTOOtaV afXtfn KTVTTO^ OUttTtt ^oAAci

ferrum iugulo adegit, iuvante Epaphrodito a libellis. Se-
mianimisque adhuc irrumpenti centurioni et paenula ad
30 vulnus adposita in auxilium se venisse simulanti non aliud
respondit quam Sero ! et Haec est fides ! Atque in ea voce
defecit, exstantibus rigentibusque oculis usque ad horro-

LIBEK VI. NERO. 139

rein formidinemque visentium. Nihil prius aut magis a
comitibus exegerat quani iie potestas cuiquam capitis
sui fieret, sed ut quoquo modo totus cremaretur. Per-
misit hoc Icelus Galbae libertus, non multo ante vinculis
exsolutus, in quae primo tumultu coniectus fuerat. 5

50 Funeratus est impensa ducentorum milium, stragulis
albis auro intextis, quibus usus Kal. Ian. fuerat. Reli-
quias Ecloge et Alexandria nutrices cum

Burial

Acte concubina gentili Domitiorum monu-
mento condiderunt, quod prospicitur e campo Martio im- 10
positum coUiculo Hortulorum. In eo monumento solium
porphyretici marmoris, superstante Lunensi ara, circum-
saeptum est lapide Thasio.

51 Statura fuit prope iusta, corpore maculoso et fetido,
subflavo capillo, vultu pulchro magis quam venusto, 15
oculis caesis et hebetioribus, cervice obesa,

ventre proiecto, gracillimis cruribus, valetu-
dine prospera (nam qui luxuriae immode-
ratissimae esset, ter omnino per quattuordecim annos
languit, atque ita ut neque vino neque consuetudine 20
reliqua abstineret) ; circa cultum habitumque adeo pu--
dendus, ut comam semper in gradus formatam peregri-
natione Achaica etiam pone verticem summiserit, ac
plerumque, synthesinam indutus, ligato circum coUum
sudario prodierit in publicum sine cinctu et discalciatus. 23

52 Liberalis disciplinas omnis fere puer attigit. Sed a
philosophia eum mater avertit, monens imperaturo con-
trariam esse : a cognitione veterum oratorum

Seneca praeceptor, quo diutius in admira- ^^^^^
tione sui detineret. Itaque ad poetieam :«)

pronus, carmina libenter ac sine labore composuit nee,
ut quidam putant, aliena pro suis edidit. Venere in

140 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM

manus meas pugillares libellique cum quibusdam notis-
simis versibus, ipsius chirogiapho scriptis,. ut facile appa-
reret non tralatos aut dictante aliquo exceptos, sed plane
quasi a cogitante atque generante exai'atos ; ita multa et

5 deleta et inducta et superscripta inerant. Habuit et 53
pingendi fingendique non mediocre studium.

Maxime autem popularitate efferebatur, omnium aemu-
lus, qui quoquo modo animum vulgi moverent. Exiit
His nassion opinio, post scaenicas coronas proximo lustro

10 for popular descensurum eum ad Olympia inter athletas ;
applause ^^^ ^^ luctabatur assidue, nee aliter .certa-

mina gymnica tota Graecia spectaverat quam brabeu-
tarum more in stadio humi assidens ac, si qua paria
longius recessissent, in medium manibus suis protrahens.

15 Destinaverat etiam, quia Apollinem cantu, Solem auri-
gando aequiperare existimaretur, imitari et Herculis
factaj^raeparatumque leonem aiunt, quem vel clava vel
bi-achiorum uexibus in amphitheatri harena spectante
populo Budus elideret. Sub exitu quidem vitae palam 54

20 voverat, si sibi incolumis status permansisset, proditurum
se partae victoriae ludis etiam hydraulam et choraulam
et utricularium, ac novissimo die histrionem saltaturum-
que Vergili Turnum. Et sunt qui tradant, Paridem his-
trionem occisuin ab eo quasi gravem adversarium. Erat 55

25 illi aeternitatis perpetuaeque famae cupido, sed incon-
sulta. Ideoque multis rebus ac locis, vetere appellatione
detracta, novam indixit ex suo nomine, mensem quoque
Aprilem Neroneum appellavit; destinaverat et Eomam
Neropolim nuncupare.

30 Religionum usquequaque eontemptor, praeter unius 56
Deae Syriae. Hane mox ita sprevit ut urina contami-
naret, alia superstitione captus, in qua sola pertinacissime

LIBER VI. NERO. 141

haesit. Siquidem imagunculam puellarem, cum quasi
remedium insidiarum a plebeio quodam et ignoto muneri
accepisset, detecta confestim coniuratione,
pro summo numine trinisque in die sacri- '"P'^ty a"*

. . ^ superstition

ncus colere perseveravit, volebatque credi 5

monitione eius futura praenoscere. Ante paueos quam
periret menses attendit et exstispicio, nee umquam litavit.
57 Obiit tiicensimo et secundo aetatis anno, die quo quon-
dam Octaviam interemerat, tantumque gaudium publice
praebuit, ut plebs pilleata tota urbe discur- lo

reret. Et tamen non defuerunt qui per bhorred

longum tempus vernis aestivisque floribus by some, re-
tumulum eius ornarent, ac modo imagines '"**''y

' ° others

praetextatas in rostris proferrent, niodo
edicta quasi viventis et brevi magno inimicorum malo 15
reversuri. Quin etiam Vologesus Parthorum rex, missis
ad senatum legatis de instauranda societate, hoc etiam
magno opere oravit ut Neronis memoria coleretur. Deni-
que cum post viginti annos, adulescente me, exstitisset
condicionis incertae qui se Neronem esse iactaret, tarn 20
favorabile nomen eius apud Parthos fuit, ut vehementer
adiutus et vix redditus sit.

142

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NOTES.

TIBERIUS (14-37 A.D.).

Principal sources : Tacitus, Annals, i.-vi. ; Suetonius ; Dio Cassius,
Ivii., Iviii.; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 123-131.

Tiberius was the heir of Augustus, but the latter did not have the
right to bequeath his power as princeps. The ex-Empress Livia,
because of her native ability and her exalted position (she had been
adopted by Augustus in his will, and had received the name Julia and
the title Augusta), had a large following of devoted friends. Germau-
icus, more closely related to Augustus than Tiberius and dearly loved
by his soldiers, might have been a dangerous rival had he so willed.
These facts made Tiberius cautious, and only gradually did he assume
complete control of the government. The death of Germanicus in
the East, removing, as it did, a possible rival, was generally attributed
tc poison administered by Piso at the instigation of Tiberius. Of this,
however, there is absolutely no proof. Early in the reign, the election
of magistrates passed from the comitia to the senate. This body
Tiberius treated with studied respect. Many of its members, however,
he viewed with suspicion, and a wider application was given to the
law of treason, resulting in the growth of an infamous class of pro-
fessional informers. Of great significance was the concentration in
a permanent camp at Eome of the praetorian cohorts. Their com-
mander, Sejanus, became the most powerful official under the emperor.
On the fall of Sejanus, Macro succeeded as praefectus praetorio. The
prolonged absence of Tiberius from Rome resulted in making his
representative in the city (the praefectus urbi) a permanent official.
Tacitus, Suetonius, and Dio Cassius agree in picturing Tiberius as
a man of gloom and suspicion, who finally degenerated into a blood-
thirsty tyrant. Velleius, who treats of the period before Tiberius'
accession and the early years of his principate, writes in a style so
laudatory that he excites suspicion as to his sincerity. Tacitus is
unjust, in that he attributes to Tiberius those motives that best
support his own theory, which was that Tiberius was a hypocrite dur-
ing all his earlier years, and only in the latter portion of his life
showed his true colors. All three note a change for the worse in

143

144 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 1

Tiberius' character after the discovery of Sejanus' treachery. The
provincial writers Strabo, Philo, and Josephus speak in terms of
gratitude of Tiberius' rule.

In early life, Tiberius proved himself a general of marked ability.
As emperor, he displayed wisdom in the administration of the finances
of the state, and aimed to secure good government, particularly in the
provinces. After his death senatorial v^ritings misrepresented his con-
duct as a ruler. His natural sternness and moroseness made him
unpopular, and this unpopularity resulted in a gross exaggeration, on
the part of the people, of his licenti.ousness and cruelly. These vices,
however, he did possess, and they became more marked as he grew
older and more timid.

Page 1. 6. Regillis : the exact location of Kegilli is unknown.

8. cllentium : Livy, ii. lU. 4, uses this word in the same connection.
Clientela seems to have existed among the Sabines and Etruscans,
and was an institution perhaps universal in ancient Italy. The word
is probably not used technically here, but merely designates a family
and its dependents.

9. Tito Tatio : king of the Sabines ; cf. Livy, i. 1-3. 4.

10. Atta Claudio : Livy, ii. 16. 4, gives his name a£ Attius Clausus
and states that he was known at Rome as Appius Claudius.

11. sexto fere anno : 504 b.c. (traditional chronology). co-
optata : cooptare is used to signify the act of a body electing its own
members. It is here technicaLy used of the act of the comitia curiata
In admitting a foreign clan into a patrician gens. When a plebeian
was so admitted, the act was called allectio, not cooptatio; cf. Nero,
chap. 1. 16.

12. locumque eibi . accepit . a special privilege granted
distinguished men, since interment and cremation within the walls of
the city were afterward forbidden by a statute of the Twelve Tables,
I., hominem mortnom in ^lrbe ne sepelito neve urito.

15. ovationes : the ovation was granted generals who, while they
had distinguished themselves, had not done so in such .a marked
degree as to waiTant the granting of a triumph. The general entered
the city on foot (not in the chariot) and clad in the toga praetexta
(not the toga picta), often unaccompanied by his troops. The cere-
monies terminated with the sacrifice of a sheep (hence ovatio), instead
of a bull as in the case of a triumph.

17. consensu : by common consent. The Ciceronian expression
is omnium consensu.

Page 2J NOTES ON TIBKRIL'S. 145

18. eo ; sc. cognomine, and construe with praeditis.

20. quo BlgniHcatur, etc.: c/. A ill. Gell. xiii. 23: " JVerio is a
word of Sabine- origin, signifying manliness and bravery. The
Claudii, we are told, are of Sabine descent, and hence tliey give the
name Nero to those of their line distinguished for bravery." The
root of the word Nero is the same as in the Greek dw)p.

23. setiuB : a euphemistic way of saying that harm was done the
state. Of. the expression seeus de aliquo dicere, ' to speak ill of any
one.'

Page 2. 1. AppiuB . . . dissuasit : the incident referred to
occurred after the defeat of the Komans at Heraclea, 280 B.C., by
Pyrrhus, who then sent proposals of peace to Rome. The blind
Appius, who was now old and feeble, had liimself carried into the
senate, and spoke so efiectively against the proposed peace that
the senate rejected the king's offer. Appius' speech was still extant
in the time of Cicero, who, in speaking of him, De Senect. 6, quotes
these lines, which Ennius represents the old hero as addressing to the
senate on the occasion :

(^uo vobis mentes, rectae quae stare solebant
Ante.hac, dementis sese fiexere viai t

2. iniri : for the infinitive, see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). Clau-
dius . . ezpuUt: 264 B.C., corroborated by Veil. Pat. ii. 38. 2.
4. Tib. Nero . . oppreasit : 207 b.c. ; cf. Livy, xivii. 40-49.

6. Annibali: another spelling for .Han nz'&aJi.

7. contra Claudius . . aaserere conatus : 449 b.c. (tradi-
tional chronology). For the story of Virginia, see Livy, iii. 44-48.
legibuB Bcribendis : dative of purpose. This gerundive construction
is often employed with names of officials, to designate their duties.

9. secedendi ruraus : i.e. the second secession of the plebs, the
first having taken place in 494 b.c. The story of Virginia, whether
or not it ever had its -origin in fact, was employed as a picturesque
explanation of the action of the plebeians. They probably seceded
because they distrusted the sincerity of the patricians' promises
of reform.

10. statua . . poaita, etc. : nothing further is known of the occur-
rences referred to in this sentence. Forum Appi was a village on the
Appian Way southeast of Rome. Mommsen believes that the person
referred to in the passage must have been Appius Caecus, and not
Claudius Drusus, 'whoever tins was. Max Ihm suggests Bussus for

146 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 2

Drusus, a cognomen by which Caecus' eldest son wag known ; see
Hermes, xxxvi. 2.

12. Claudius Pulcher . . . iniit : Cicero tells the -story, jV.2>. ii. 3.
7; cf. Livy, Epit. xix. apud Sicilian!: see Introd. II. § 5 (1).

13. non pascentibuB, etc. -. auspices taken from the feeding of
chickens were especially employed on military expeditions. If the
chickens refused to eat the puis thrown to them by the pullarius, the
omens were unfavorable. If, on the contrary, they ate with such
greed that some of the food fell from the mouth to the ground, it was
considered an especially favorable sign (tripudium solistimum) .

14. quasi : the word is here used to introduce the thought or
words of Claudius. esse : from edo.

15. dictatorem dicere : the technical expression for naming a
dictator.

17. viatorem : a servant who attended upon and executed the
commands of certain Roman magistrates. When the magistrates did
not possess lictors, the viatores took their place. If the magistrates
possessed lictors, the viatores were subordinate to them. The viatores
were generally of low birth, hence the insult to the public in Pulcher's
action.

20. Matris deum : Cybele, whose earliest sanctuary and oldest
e£Egy, a stone that had fallen from heaven, stood upon Mt. Dindymus
in Phrygia. The worship of the Great Mother was introduced into
Rome in 204 B.C., at the command of a Sibylline oracle, and for the
purpose of driving Hannibal from Italy. The festival of the goddess
in April was called the Megalesia, and her attendants were the emas-
culated Galli.

21. si sibi, etc. : if her chastity was beyond qtiestion, i.e. if her
reputation for chastity was well deserved. The si clause explains the
ita, while demvm implies that her prayer was, that the ship might not
follow unless she was chaste. This Claudia was probably a Vestal.
Ovid, Fasti, iv. 305 seq., in telling this story, says that her chastity
was unjustly impugned. He puts this prayer into the mouth of the
virgin :

Svpplicis, alma, tuae, genetrix fecvnda deorum,

Accipe sub cerla condicione preces.
Casta negor. Si tn damnas, meruisse fatebnr ;

Morte luam poenas iudice victa dea.
Sed, si crimen abest, tu nostrae pignora vitae

Se dabis, et castas casta sequere manus.

After Claudia had offered this prayer, the boat followed her.

Page 3] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 147

22. et quae . . . subiit : see the story in Aul. Cell. x. 6. novo
more ; i.e. a woman had not been convicted on this charge before.

23. maiestatjs : sc. minutae or laesae. The majesty of the state is
meant.

23. Puloher : this is the Pulcher mentioned in line 3 above. In
consequence of his disregard of the omens, his fleet was destroyed and
many Romans perished.

27. dumtazat : see Introd. II. § 6, 6 (1).

28. ob ezpellendum, etc. : ob with the gerundive to denote pur-
pose is rather rare ; ad or causa is usually employed. Cf. Sail. Jug.
80. 2, existimaiis lugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus venturum.
plebeio homini : Fonteius was his name ; cf. Cic. de domo sua,
14. 35. Clodius did tliis that he might be eligible for the office of
tribune of the plebs, the only office open to him in which he could
introduce a bill for the banishment of Cicero.

30. asaertoresque unicos, etc. : the belief that the members of
the Claudian gens systematically opposed and hated the plebeians has
been shaken by Mommsen. The decemvir, at least, seems to have
been their friend.

Page 3. 1. mutare vestem: the regular Latin expression for
putting on mourning garb as a sign of distress.

3. tiibunoB plebi pulsaTerint : an act of impiety, as the person
of a tribune of the plebs was sacrosanct.

4. fratrem : Valerius Maximus, v. 4. 6, says that the Vestal did
this for her father. So Cicero, pro Cael. 14. 34. Her father (or
brother) was consul in 143 B.C. The reason the tribune had for inter-
fering was the fact that the ceremony was being held illegally.

8. utnimque : on both sides.

11. materno avo : i.e. the father of Tiberius' mother, Livia.

12. quamquam : see Introd. § 6, a.

15. Salinatore : M. Livius Salinator was condemned on the
charge of having unfairly divided the booty taken in the war against
the Illyrians, and he abstained from taking part in public life for
a considerable time thereafter. In his second consulship (207 B.C.)
he helped Claudius Nero, his colleague, defeat Hasdrubal on the
Metaurus. When censor in 204 b.c. he imposed a tax upon salt,
raising the price of this necessary article, in consequence of which
the surname Salinator was given him in derision. Cf. Livy, xxix.
37. 4. Drusisque : Drusus was the name of a distinguished family
of the Livian gens. With regard to the founder of the family

148 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 3

nothing can be added to the account, probably legendary, given by
Suetonius.

16. universas tribuB : i. e. the whole thirty-five. Livy states that he
spared the Maecian tribe. notavit : in the technical sense of affix-
ing the mark of disgrace (noto) to one's name on the census roll.
levitatiB nomine i because of their fickleness; cf. Livy, xxix. 37. 13
seq.

21. pro praetore : this form of expression is used, as well as the
nominative propraetor. Gallia: i.e. cisalpine Gaul.

22. SenonibuB : the Senones, the tribe of Gauls who sacked
Rome in 390 B.C.

23. a Camillo : by Camillus. abnepos : for the force of the
prefix, see note on p. 107. 3. Possibly, instead of meaning a grand-
son's grandson, the word is here used indefinitely of a more distant
descendant ; cf. alavus. The individual referred to is Livius Drusus,
the tribune, who was colleague of C. Gracchus in 122 b.c. The senate,
frightened by the growing popularity of Gracchus, employed Drusus
to oppose him and undermine his influence. After thwarting many of
the measures of Gracchus, he proposed and carried several of virtually
the same purport, for which the senate secured credit ; hence the ex-
pression, ob eximiam operam, 'because of distinguished services.'

24. iilium : the life of this Livius Drusus (tribune, 91 b.c.) was an
active and exciting one. At first an advocate of the optimates, under
pretext of supporting his party he courted the favor of the plebeians
by imitating the measures of the Gracchi. He promised to secure for
the Italian allies the right of citizenship, and by their support and that
of the populace was able to force through certain measures, especially
that with regard to the indicia. His supporters became dissatisfied
with him because he failed to fulfil all his promises. The consuls, who
viewed him as a conspirator, plotted against him and he fell by the
hand of an assassin.

29. P. ScipioniB : father-in-law of Pompey. After his defeat in
Africa at the battle of Thapsus, 46 b.c, he slew himself.

30. Qalliam : i.e. transalpine Gaul.

31. quiB : the post-Augustan writers are fond of using this old
form of the dative and ablative of the pronoun. Narbo et Arelate :
cities of Gallia Narbonensis, and centres of Roman civilization in
Gaul. The Roman remains at Arelate, Aries, — aqueduct, theatre,
amphitheatre, etc., — are deservedly famous.

32. abolitionem facti decementibus : voting in favor of amnesty.
Facti refers to the murder of Caesar.

Page 4] NOTES ON TIBEKIUS. 149

Page 4. 1. referendum censuit : he spoke in favor of entertain-
ing a motion. Referendum is the periphrastic infinitive.

2. ezitu anni : probably 42 B.C.

3. triumviros : Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus. retentis . . .
msignibuB : i.e. having retained the office. The insignia were the
toga praetexta, the sella curulis, two lictors within the city, and six
when the praetor was on foreign service.

4. L. Antonium : consul in 41 b.c. This Lucius and Fulvia, Pom-
pey's wife, for the purpose of causing dissension between Octavian and
Ponipey, refused to fulfil the part of the agreement made between
Octavian and Mark Antony, whereby the former was to have two of An-
tony's legions. In the contest that resulted, Lucius and Fulvia were
shut up in Perusia and forced to surrender after a long siege, 40 e.g.

5. ad Ferusiam : to the neighborhood of Perusia.

6. in partibus : in allegiance. The plural is usually employed to
denote a party or faction.

7. ad pilleiun : the pilleus was a felt cap placed upon the head of
a slave when he was freed; cf. the scene in Petronius, 41. The ex-
pression therefore means, 'to summon to freedom,' i.e. he promised
them freedom if they joined him. in Siciliam prohiglt : Velleius
Paterculus, ii. 75, tells how Livla, a woman noted for her virtue and
beauty, carrying in her arms the babe who in after yeai-s was to be
emperor, accompanied her husband in this flight from a man who was
soon to marry her and make her an empress.

9. Sezti Pompei : who had command of the forces and fleet of
the republic in Sicily. fascium usu prohibitum : because he no
longer had a right to them. See note on p. 4. 3.

11. brevi . . . pace : the peace of Brundisium, 40 b.c, according
to which Antony was to govern east of the Adriatic and have charge
of the Parthian war. Lepidus was to have Africa ; Octavian all the
rest, with the task of crushing Sextus. Antony was to confirm the
peace by marrying Octavia, Caesar's sister. This peace was supple-
mented a few months later by that of Misenum, by which terms were
made with Sextus.

13. iilitun : sc. Tiberium. petentd Augusto : cf. note on p. 4. 7,
and Aug. 62, Liviam Drusillam matrimonio Tiberi Neronis et quidem
praegnantem abduxit, dilexitque et probavit unice ac perseveranter.
Livia seems to have been a high-minded and virtuous woman of no
mean ability. Shuckburgh, in his note on the above passage, has cited
most of the statements in ancient authors in which she is mentioned.

15. DniBO : bom after Livia'a marriage to Augustus.

150 NOTES ON TIISEKIUS. [Page 4

16. Fundis: Fundi, the modern Fondi, was an ancient town of
Latiurn on the Appian Way.

20. in Palatdo : on the Palatine ; the fashionable quarter.

21. XVI Kal. Dec. : November 10, 42 B.C.

22. per bellum Philippense : i.e. the campaign conducted by
Antony and Octavian against the tyrannicides headed by Brutus and
Cassias. The struggle was terminated by the battle of Philippi,
fought in the autumn of 42 B.C.

23. actaque : acta, sometimes used alone, sometimes modified by
the words publica, diurna, urbana, populi, etc., signifies the official
gazette published at Rome. This was the nearest approach to a
modern newspaper among the Romans. The acta contained informa-
tion of more general interest than the fasti, which were ofScial records.
Acta is sometimes used to signify the minutes or records of enact-
ments ; cf. Tib. chap. 73. 5, in actis senatus.

24. Hirti ac Pansae ; Hirtius was an officer and friend of Caesar,
and completed Caesar's commentaries on the Gallic war by adding the
eighth book. While cooperating with Octavian, he defeated Antony
at Mutina, 43 B.C., but was killed while storming the town. Pansa
had been wounded in a previous engagement at Mutina, dying a fort-
night after. The death of the consuls, leaving the republic without
its chief magistrates, greatly strengthened the position of Octavian.

27. iniantiam pueritiamque babuit, etc. . he passed his infancy
and youth amid hardships and disturbances.

28. apud Neapolim : for the force of apnd. see Inlrod. II. § 5 (I).
This use of apud is much affected by Suetonias and Tacitus.

29. sub irruptionem hostis : i.e. just as the foe was breaking into
the city.

Page 5. 1. mulierculaa : the diminutive is frequently used to
indicate the weakness of the sex.

3. in tutela Claudionim : i.e. the Claudian gens acted as their
patrons.

9. bullae aureae : the bulla was a hollow disk of gold, silver, or
leather, containing a charm, which was hung around the neck of boys
as a protection against the Evil Eye. The golden bulla was an indi-
cation of high birth.

11. nomine : sc. Gallio. All that is known of this Gallius, is that
he was of praetorian rank and belonged to the party of Antony.

12. partium : on the plural, see note on p. 4. 6.

13. pro rostris : on the front part of, i.e. from the rostra.

Page 5] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 151

14. laudavit: the delivery of a, eulogy (laudatio funebris) was a
regular part of the funus of a distinguished man. It was usually pro-
nounced by a near relative of the deceased, but in the case of a funus
publicum, the duty might be assigned to a magistrate. Actiaco
triumpho : mentioned in ^m^. 22 as one of his three greater triumphs ;
the other two were for his achievements in IJalmatia and at Alexan-
dria. In the naval battle off the promontory of Actium (31 B.C.),
Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra.

15. sinisteriore funali equo : when four horses were harnessed
abreast, the two on the outside were called funales (trace-horses)
sinister et dexter, and the two between these, iurjales (yoke-horses).
Note the rare comparatives of sinister and dexter. Marcellus :
this is the Marcellus addressed by Virgil, Aen. vi. 8G0. lie was
the son of Gaius Claudius Marcellus, who had married the sister
of Octavian.

17. asticis ludis : games celebrated in the city, i.e. Athens, proba-
bly in honor of Bacchus ; hence in general, as here, games in honor
of Bacchus. The expression occurs only here and in Caliy. 20.
Actiacis, the reading of the old editions, has no manuscript authority.
Troiam : the reading of the Mem. manuscript ; lu.sit must be sup-
plied. A number of manuscripts (of the fifteenth century for the
most part) read Troianis. The Troia, or ludus Tmiae, was an eques-
trian sham battle, introduced into Italy, according to legend, by Aeneas
and the Trojans, as told in the Aeneid, v. 545-003. circensibuB :
ablative of time. The games of the circus began with a, magnifi-
cent procession, which passed from the Capitol through the Forum
around to the Circus Maxinuis, by way of the Forum Boarium.
Sometimes the emperor himself, clothed in triumphal robes and riding
in a chariot, led the way. A throng of noble citizens followed ; then
came the horsemen and charioteers who were to take part in the races ;
and finally, tlie priests and images of the deities. During the early
empire, the usual number of races was ten or twelve per day. Seven
times around the spina constituted a course. In addition to the races
the young nobles sometimes held reviews and contests at arms, as
indicated in the text by the word Troiam.

19. virili toga sumpta : the toga virilis was the ordinary toga
put on by the youth when he discarded the garb of childhood, toga
praetexta. The ceremony, as introducing the young man to public
life, was an important one, and took place in the presence of the rela-
tives and friends of the family, who then accompanied the young man
down to the Forum {deducere in forum). The toga virilis was not.

152 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 5

as a rule, assumed earlier than the fourteenth, nor later than the
seventeenth, year.

21. per baec fere : in the following occupations, not to be too
explicit.

24. amphitheatro : the amphitheatre of Taurus in the Campus
Martius, constructed by T. Statilius Taurus, 27 B.C. This was tlie
only permanent structure of the kind in Rome, until the erection of
the Flavian Amphitheatre (the Coliseum). rudiariis: when honor-
ably discharged, the gladiator was called a rudiarius, because as a sign
of his dismissal he received a rudis, or wooden sword, the instrument
with which he had perfected himself in his art. Cf. Ilor. Epist. i. 1. 2.

25. auctoramento centenum milium : by stipulatiiuj to pay them
100,000 sesterces each ; about SJOOO.

26. inpensa matris : sc. pecunia, ablative of attendant circum-
stance.

27. Agrippinam : her full name was Agrlppina Vipsania. Marco
Agrippa : Augustus' famous general and adviser. He was a fellow-
student of Octavius at ApoUonia, and afterward took an active part in
the civil war, the successful outcome of which was in large part due
to his genius. He won for Augustus the battle of Actium. It was at
one time thought that Augustus had marked him for his successor. In
his third consulship Agrippa built the Pantheon. His second wife was
Julia, only child of Augustus. He died 12 b.c. Nepos, Att. 12, states
that Agrippa, though he might have married a woman of the highest
rank, was induced to marry the daughter of a Roman knight because
of his admiration for the character of her father, Atticus, who was
noted for his generosity and for his readiness to succor those in dis-
tress. Caecili Attici : T. Pomponius Atticus, Cicero's friend. It
will be remembered that Atticus was adopted by his wealthy uncle,
Q. Caecilius, and became his heir. According to Roman custom,
his name on adoption became Q. Caecilius Pomponianus, his gentile
name being retained in the adjective form.

28. ad quern sunt Ciceronia epistulae : Becker seems right in
regarding these words as a gloss.

30. quamquam : for usage, see note on p. 3. 12. bene conveni-
entem: i.e. although their relations were harmonious.

31. luliam : Augustus' only child. Her mother was Scribonia.
Though brought up with great strictness, she became notorious for hor
lax morals (hence luliae mores below), which so incensed Augustus
tliat he banished her, and even thought of putting her to death ; cf.
Aug. 65, and Tib. chap. 11. 26.

Page 6] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 153

Page 6. 2. ut quam Bensisset : a relative clause expressing cause.

3. sub priore marito : cf. Aug. 63, ut is (Marcellus) obiit,- M.
Agrippae nttptum (dedit).

4. sed Agrippinam, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. i. 12, shows that Tiberius
resented her subsequent marriage with Asinius Gallus.

5. ex occtirsu : lit. on meeting. In connection with semel . . .
visam, render, 'the only time that he happened to see her.'

7. ei : i.e. Tiberius.

9. dissedit : he grew cold toward her.

11. DruBum fratrem in Germania, etc. . Dio, Iv. 2, says that
on hearing of Drusus' illness, Augustus sent Tiberius, who found his
brother still alive. Val. Max., v. 5. 3, tells of the grief of Tiberius at
the news, and describes his rapid journey to Drusus. The latter was
thirty years of age at the time of his death, 8 a.d.

14. regem Arcbelaum : king of Cappadocia.

16. Augusto cognoscente : cognoscere, as a technical term, signi-
fies ' to conduct a judicial investigation.' The expression means that
Augustus presided in this case.

17. Thyatirenis : people of Thyatira, a town of Lydia.

19. Varrone Muxena : he was adopted by P. Terentius Varro,
and was known as C. Proculeius Varro Murena. Augustus seems to
have reposed great confidence in him, and at one time thought of him
as a husband for his daughter Julia. He is the man referred to by
Horace, Carm. ii. 2. 5. Suetonius, Aug. 19, mentions this conspiracy,
which was formed in 23 B.C. Caepio and Murena failed to appear at
the trial, were condemned in their absence, and afterward put to death.
Cf. Veil. Pat. ii. 91, cum iniissent occidendi Caesaris {i.e. Augustus)
coHsilia, oppressi auctoritate publica, quod vi facere voluerant, iure
passi sunt. Dio. liv. 3, gives the most complete account.

20. maiestatis : treason ; see note on p. 2. 23. Here the majesty
of the state, as embodied in the person of the emperor, is meant.
condeznnavit : brought about his condemnation.

21. annonae : a genitive, looking back to curam. The important
and arduous task of keeping the city properly supplied with grain which
could be sold at a reduced rate was considered a duty of the govern-
ment. Originally the aediles had the supervision of this matter, but
under the empire a praefectus annonae was appointed, who became
the most important regular imperial official next to the praefectus
praetorio. Because of the decline of agriculture in Italy, the grain
had to be brought from the provinces over the sea, particularly Sicily
and Africa. When the importations were delayed by stress of weather

154 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 6

or for other reasons, the supply often ran very low (c/. artior in the
text) and this caused the government extreme anxiety.

22. repurgandorum . . . ergaBtulorum : the er{ras««!a were prisons
for slaves who were punished by being made to work in chains in the
fields. Augustus, as stated by Suetonius, Aug. .j3, had ordered these
ergastula inspected. Tiberius, as liere indicated, made a more rigorous
investigation. The ergastula were done away with entirely by
Hadrian.

23. quasi: on usage, see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4).

25. sacramenti metua : i.e. fear of being pressed into military
service.

26. expeditione Cantabrica : i.e. in one of the two compaigns
which Augustus conducted in person. The other was the campaign in
Dalmatia ; cf. Aug. 20. The Cantabri, a wild race of highlanders of
northern Spain, made repeated raids upon the tribes subject to Rome.
Augustus, in 25 B.C., conducted in pei-son the campaign referred to
in the text. They were thoroughly subdued by Agrippa, 19 b.c.

27. ducto ad Orientem ezercitu : Velleius, ii. 94, states that
Tiberius' conduct was characterized by the display of every virtue
in his management of affairs in the east ; that he subdued Armenia
and gave the throne to Artavasdes. According to Tacitus, Tigranes
was first put upon the throne ; afterwards, Artavasdes. Armenia had
been reduced to the position of a kingdom dependent upon Rome, by
Antony's victory over Artabazes, 34 b.c. In 20 b.c. Artaxias, the
king, was murdered. Augustus, in the Mon. Ancyrannm., chap. 27,
says that he might then have made it a province, but preferred to
establish Tigranes upon the throne. This he did at the request of
the faction which had killed Artaxias. At the time, Tigranes was
living in exile at Rome.

28. pro tribunal! : on the force of pro, see note on p. 5. 13.

29. recepit et signa: in Aug. 21, the recovery, which was
effected by compromise, is attributed to Augustus. Tiberius was but
his general and representative. These were the standards lost by
Crassus, the triumvir, near Carrhae, 53 b.c. Dio, xl. 16-30, gives
a detailed account of the disaster.

30. Comatam Galliam : in Cicero's time, all transalpine Gaul
was so called (from the retention of the custom of wearing the hair
long) to distinguish it from the Romanized cisalpine province (Gallia
Togata). Later the name was used to signify Gallia Belgica, Lugdu-
tiensis, and Aquitania, as opposed to Gallia Narbonensis, anciently
called Gallia Bracata (wearing trousers).

Pagb 7] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 155

31. anno : see Introd. 11. § 2, a (1).

32. Raeticum Vindelicumque, etc. : the early inhabitants of
Raetia were said to be Etruscans, but in the Roman period the ma-
jority of the inhabitants were Kelts ; cf. note on p. 76. 12. They
were subdued in the reign of Augustus. The Vindelici were the most
warlike tribe of Vindelicia, which was south of Raetia and afterward
a part of that province. Its chief town was Augusta Vindelicorum
(Augsburg). The Pannonians, probably of lUyrian origin, inhabited
the region between the Danube and the Alps. They were conquered
by the Romans about 33 e.g. In 7 a.d., with the Dalmatians
mentioned in the text, they revolted, but were subdued by Tiberius in
a three years' struggle, 7-9 a.d. On the campaign in Raetia and
Vindelicia, cf. Veil. ii. 95 ; Dio, liv. 22. On the Pannonian campaign.
Veil. ii. 96, suhinde bellmn Paiinonicum, quod incohatum ab Agrippa
Mnrcoque Vinicio, avo tuo consulari magnum atroxque et perquam
viciiium imminehat Italiae, per Neronem gestum est.

Page 7. 3. Germanico: cf. Aug. 21, Germanosque ultra Albim
Jluvium summovit. Tiberius conducted one of the campaigns.

6. ovana : for meaning, see note on p. 1. 15. The chariot, curru,
is mentioned, because it was not usual for those enjoying an ovation
to ride in one. piius, etc. : Dio, liv. 31, says that the senate voted
the triumph, but that Augustus substituted the ornamenta. Under
the empire, the members of the ruling family alone received the
honor of a regular triumph. Others received the ornamenta or title
(trinmphalis). The insignia (laurel crown, triumphal robe, and
chariot) were given only to the members of the imperial family,
so that for others the ornamenta triumphalia meant solely the
title. Cf. the expression cunsularia ornamenta, etc., which means
the insignia and honorary privileges, but not the office itself.

9. maturius: i.e. earlier than the age fixed bylaw. The earliest
ages at which the quaestorship, praetorship, or consulship could be
held by law at this period, were twenty-five, thirty, and thirty-two
respectively. These ofBces could not be held successively. At least
two years must intervene.

10. quaesturam, etc. : he was quaestor, 23 b.c, when nineteen
years of age ; cf. Veil. ii. 94 ; and consul for the first time, 12 b.c.

12. tribuniciam potestatem : Tac. Ann. i. 3, Jilius, collega impe-
rii, consors tribuniciae potestatis adsumitur. The possession of the
tribunician power by the emperor was of the greatest significance.
To be sure, many of the constitutional powers which it conferred

156 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 7

came to him in other ways as well, but it made his person sacrosanct,
and pointed him out as the champion of the people. By virtue of it
he could veto the action of any magistrate ; but his actions could not
be vetoed, because he was not a tribune, though he possessed a trib-
une's power. So important was the tribunician power esteemed,
that its bestowal upon a person indicated that he was to be the suc-
cessor of the reigning prince. It was gi-anted for life to the emperor,
and in imperial titles, the number of years it had been held was
indicated.

15. dubium ozorisue taedio : cf. Tac. Ann. i. 53, spreveratque
(lulia) ut imparem ( Tiberium) nee alia tani intima Tiherio causa
cur Shodum abscederet. This was in 6 b.c. ; Tiberius was thirty-
six years old at the time.

17. assiduitatis fastidio : assiduitatis is subjective genitive ; cf.
the saying, ' familiarity breeds contempt.'

19. August! libeilB : the sons of Agrippa and Julia, Gains and
Lucius Caesar, adopted by Augustus.

21. ezempio M. Agiippae : cf. Aug. 66, cum ille (M. Agrippa)
ex levi frigoris suspicione el quod MarceUus sibi anteferretur, Mytile-
nas se, relictis omnibus, contulisset.

22. ne . . . videretur : such is the reason assigned by Veil. ii. 99,
cum Oaius Caesar sumpsisset iam ririlem togam, Lucius item maturus
esset viribus, ne fulgor suus orienlium iuvenum obstaret iniliis, dis-
simulata causa consilii sui, commeatum ab socero atgue eodem vitrico
adquiescendi a eontinuatione laborum petiit.

Page 8. 2. ad occasionem maioris spei : i.e. on the chance of
being able to realize his expectation of succeeding Augustus on the
latter's death. On the clause quasi . . . commoraretur, see Introd. II.
§6, t.

3. tantum non adveraia tempestatibua : with winds all but dead
ahead.

6. appulisset : the technical word for putting into port, as solvere
is the technical term for weighing anchor ; navem is to be understood.

9. mutuaque cum Graeculis, etc. . exchanging courtesies with
those Greeks, almost as if he were one of their number. Note the
diminutive Graeculi, often used by the Roman writers to signify their
contempt for the degenerate Greeks of their day.

12. in civitate : in the town. This use of the word civitas is, for
the most part, post- Augustan.

13. a prozimis aliter ezceptum : i.e. they thought that he

Page 9] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 157

wanted all the sick brought, that he might view them all together.
On Tiberius' sulicitude for his sick soldiers, c/. Veil. ii. 114.

18. unum hoc : explained by ttie passage beginning cum circa
scholas below ; modo is the adverb.

19. ezseruisse : exercised.

21. antisophistas : disputing sophists.

24. apparitoribus : a general term indicating servants of magis-
trates, scribes, lictures, vialores, praecones, etc. It might here refer
to his vintores.

26. luliam uzorem, etc. : cf. Aug. 65, lulias filiam et neptem
timnibus probris contaminatas relegavit.

30. filiae : dative.

31. utcumque meritae : whatever her conduct.

32. dedisset : the subject is Tiberius. The exchange of gifts by
husband and wife was forbidden by Roman law, except in particular
instances. The gifts here mentioned would probably revert to the
husband, as the wife was the guilty party.

Page 9. 5. necesBitudinea : abstract for concrete ; see Introd.
II. § 1, <J. »

9. quasi legatua Augusto : apparently as the representative of
Augustus.

11. obnoziuin et tiepidum egit : he lived exposed to dangers
and filled loith apprehension. Note that the idiom agere followed by
the substantive is borrowed from the stage, and really means ' to play
the part of,' or ' act like ' : a form of expression to be distinguished
from agere used with the reflexive, se ngere, 'to behave.'

13. officia : i.e. the visits of courtesy and the marks of respect
which they attempted to show him. quibus frequentabatur,
etc. . cf. Veil. ii. 99, ' He spent seven years at Rhodes, and all pro-
consuls and legates, on the way to their provinces over the sea, used
to pay their compliments, and lower their fasces to him, though he was
at the time only a private citizen, if such majesty ever was private.'

14. nemine: classic style rejects the ablative and genitive of nemo,
employing nulla and nullius instead.

19. M. Iiolli : the same who suffered defeat at the hands of the
Germans, 10 B.C. ; cf. Aug. 23. Velleius, ii. 97, has nothing' but evil
to say of him, calling him greedy, unscrupulous, and extravagant.
Horace alone, Carm. iv. 9, among ancient writers, has a good word
for him, commending his integrity and strength of character.

20. beneficii aui : genitive of quality ; see Introd. II. § 2, d ;

158 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 9

i.e. who had been advanced to their rank by him. a commeatu,
etc. .- as they icere returning to service after a furlouijh. They had
been on leave of absence, and as they were returning to the East, they
stopped to pay their respects to Tiberius. The suspicion was that lie
had given tliem treasonable documents to lake with them on their way.
25. factis atque dictis : dative governed by verbal noun cus-
todem.

27. ad pallium et crepidas : to the robe and slip2}ers ; namely,
the Greek garb in contrast to the Roman toga and sandals.

28. contemptior . . . et invisior : see Introd. II. § 4, a (2).

29. Nemausenses : Aemausus, modern Nimes, in Gallia Narbo-
nensis, like Aries and Narbonne, is famous for its Roman remains.

Page 10. 3. impensissimis : see note on p. 9. 28.

5. Augusto : for construction, see Introd. II. § 2, c (1). maioris
fill : Gains Caesar ; see note on p, 7. 19.

6. M. LoUio : see note on p. 9. 19.

7. in vitricum : Tiberius.

8. ne quam . . . attingeret : note that this is not a purpose clause,
but an example of the stipulalive substantive clause, originating in the
jussive subjunctive. A proper understanding of this stipulative con-
struction, first pointed out by Bennett, will be of great assistance to
the student. See Trans. Amer. Phil. Assoc. 1900.

14. ovum incubanti, etc. : Pliny, N. H. x. 154, in a discussion on
the hatching of eggs, cites this stoi-y.

20. Caesarum potestate : the empire.

22. apud PhilippoB: see Introd. II. § 5 (1). sacratae olim
victricium, etc. : i.e. Octavian's victorious legions had erected them.

25. Geryonis oraculum ; nothing further is known of this oracle.

26. ApSni : the fons Aponi or Aponus was a mineral spring about
six miles south of Patavium. talos: the dice of the Romans were
of two kinds ; the tesserae, which were cubes like modern dice, and
the tali. The latter were oblong, and rounded at the ends so that
they could not rest upon either of these. Two opposite sides were
marked, respectively, I and VI ; the other two, III and IV. Four of
these tali were used in playing. The highest throw was the (actus
venerius or Venus, i.e. when all sides came up different ; and the lowest
throw, the canis, i e. when they all displayed the same number. For
the description of a game in which a jack-pot was formed, see Aug. 71.

28. hodieque : to this very day. ante . . qucun revoca-
retur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (1).

Page 11] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 159

29. aquila: Pliny, JV. H. x. 76, also states that there were no
eagles in Rhodes.

32. Ttirasyllum, etc. : Tac. Ann. vi. 21, tells the story more in
detail; cf. Dio, Iv. U.

Page 11. 1. contubemio : the use of this word to indicate the
abode where people live together, or ' the household,' is post-Augustan ;
cf. Calig. chap. 10. 6. Another late meaning is that of ' intercourse '
with one's friends or teachers.

2. turn mazime ezpertus est : he on that occasion received the
most striking proof of the skill of Thrasyllus. Turn refers to the time
indicated above by pridie quam, etc. nave provisa ; by the ship
seen in the offing ; to be construed with efferri, or possibly an abla-
tive absolute denoting time, in which case construe with affinnantem.
Note the force of the prefix.

4. secretoram temere conscium : a dangerous confidant ; lit.
' one rashly intrusted with his secrets.'

5. eo ipso momento : i.e. just before catching sight of the ship.

7. deducto . . Druso : on the significance of this act, see note
on p. 5. 19.

8. Carinis : the Carinae ('The Keels'), a fashionable quarter in
Rome, lying between the Caelian and Esquiline hills. Esquilias:
construed like the name of a town without a preposition. in bortOB
MaecenatianoB : these gardens were on the Esquiline Hill, and
afterward connected with the imperial residence by a gallery ; cf. Nero,
chap. 31. 2 and note.

10. privata officia : functions such as recitations of literary works,
betrothals, marriages, the putting on of the toga virilis, etc. ; cf. I'liny,
Epist. i. 9. 2.

12. Gaio et Lucio: see note on p. 7. 19. Gains was treacher-
ously wounded before Atagira in Syria, while treating for its surrender,
and died shortly afterward, 3 a.d. Lucius, while on his way to Spain,
fell ill at Massilia, and died there, 1 a.d. Tacitus' words, Ann. i. 3,
mors fato prnpera vel novercae Liviae dolus abstulit, show that there
were suspicions of foul play in the case of Gaius. adoptatur ab
Augusto, etc. : cf. Aug. 65, tertium nepotem Agrippam simulque pri-
vignum Tiberium adoptavit infiiro lege curiata.

14. coactus prius, etc : Dio, Iv. 13, states that Augustus, as a
check upon the ambition of Tiberius, compelled him to adopt Ger-
manicus, since he feared that the former might grow overbearing and
plot treason.

160 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 11

18. aliter quam ut peculio . . . accepta : otherwise than as his
peculimn, lit. • otlierwise than to place them to tlie credit of his pecu-
hum,' i.e. not to receive them as property to be held independently
by him, but with the permission of Augustus ; foi peculium means the
property which a father allows his children, or a master his slaves, to
have as their own, but which technically remains a part of the father's
or owner's property. The idiom, rtferre acceptum, is a common com-
mercial term, meaning to enter on the books as received. In the
clause aliter quam ut re/erret, referret is an example of Bennett's
stipulative subjunctive ; see note on p. 10. 8 ; the stipulation in this
case, however, is simply a principle of conduct laid down by Tiberius
for himself.

21. Agrippa . . seposlto : Suetonius, Aug. 65, attributes this
action of Augustus to the low character and bad disposition of Agrippa
Postumus. He was sent first to Surrentum and afterward transported
to Planasia.

23. delegatus pacandae GeTmaniae : the task of subduing Ger-
many was assigned to him. status : the use oi status is somewhat
peculiar ; lit. ' the condition ' or ' state ' of subduing Germany. On
Tiberius' operations there, cf. XeW. ii. 10-5 seq., and ])io, Iv. 28.

25. In provincia : i.e. in Germany, provincia being used to signify
Germanioas' sphere of activity as a general. The provinces of Ger-
many had not yet been formed. sed nvmtiata Illyiici defectione :
6 A.D. Veil. ii. 110 seq., and Dio, Iv. 29, give detailed accounts of the
uprising. Velleius remarks : ' The whole of Pannonia waxing insub-
ordinate, as the result of uninterrupted peace, and Dalmatia, now in
the full maturity of her strength, drew into a confederacy all the
nations of that region, and took up arms.' The real reason of the
revolt was the harshness of the Roman rule in that district.

30. quamquam saepius revocaretur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5).

32. ultro : if taken with instaret, the meaning is, ' would presume
to harass them' ; if with cedentibiis, ' should they voluntarily retreat.'
The latter seems preferable.

Page 12. 1. toto Illyrico . . . perdomito: peace had been
made with the Pannonians in 8 a.d. They afterward rebelled and
were subdued as narrated in the text.

6. sub id fere tempus: viz. 9 a.d. Velleius, ii. 117, states that
within five days after the termination of the war in Pannonia and
Dalmatia, the terrible news came that Varus had been killed in Ger-
many, and that three legions, as many squadrons of cavalry, and six

Page 13] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 161

cohorts had been cut to pieces. The disaster occurred in the Teuto-
berg forest. The Germans were led by their patriot and liero, Her-
mann. The entire story of this defeat — which was a terrible blow to
the Romans, both in loss of prestige and of men, for it was found
difficult to recruit the legions at this period — is told by Dio, Ivi. 18-24.
Suetonius, Aug. 23, gives a vivid account of the effect the news had
upon Augustus : " On receiving the news of this disaster, he ordered a
strict watch kept throughout the city to prevent any public demonstra-
tion, and continued in office the praefects of the provinces that the
allies might be controlled by persons of experience with whom they
were familiar. ... In short, we are told that he was thrown into
such consternation by the event that he let his hair and beard grow
for several months, and sometimes struck his head against the door-
posts with the cry, ' O Quintilius Varus 1 Give me back my legions ! ' "
7. nemine : see note on p. 9. 14.

14. triumphum ipse distulit : according to Yelleius, ii. 121, be-
cause he was still occupied with wars.

15. clade Variana : see above on line 6.

17. in Saeptis : the Sa«pta Julia. The saepta or ovilia were origi-
nally temporary wooden enclosures in the Campus Martius, into which
the people passed to vote. Julius Caesar formed the plan of construct-
ing marble saepta, the whole to be surrounded by a portico nearly a
mile in circumference. Agrippa completed and dedicated this work,
which was known as the Saepta lulia, or Agrippiana.

20. prozimo anno: viz. 10 a.d. repetita Germania: cf.
Veil. ii. 121, 'On receiving the news, Caesar hurried home to his
father ; and ever the patron of Roman dominion, he undertook as
usual to plead her cause. He was sent to Germany.'

22. nihil non . . egit : he took no action xoilhout the advice of
a council.

23. semper alias sui arbitrii : on all other occasions deciding for
himself. arbitrii : genitive of quality ; see Introd. II. § 2, d.

26. BOlito : neuter of adjective used as a substantive ; ' than
he usually displayed.' ezactiorem: see Introd. II. § 4, a (2).
traiecturus: see Introd. II. § 4, a (1).

Page 13. 1. si . . esset: see Introd. II. § 3, b (3). per
libelloB : i.e. in writing, to guard against mistakes.

4. disciplinam acerrime ezegit: Velleius' statement, ii. 114,
shows that Tiberius was able to discriminate in his punishments.
" He forgave those who did not follow the strict rules of discipline, in

162 NOTES ON TIBEEIUS. [Page 13

so far as no injury was done by their bad example. He gave warn-
ing frequently, and wlien he punished, it was to correct and not to
avenge. He took a moderate course, passing much by unnoticed, and
checking some abuses."

7. quamvis . . permitteret: see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (.5).

9. quotiens . . . decideret: see Introd. II. § 3. 6 (3).

11. ostento Bibi, etc. : trusting to an omen in which he had im-
plicit confidence, because it had never failed his ancestors, when they
were conducting campaigns. Sibi is a dative with the adjective parti-
ciple expcrtissimo, while a maioribus is ablative of agent with the
same ; lit. ' most perfectly tested for him by liis ancestors.' Tliis is a
fine example of a participle used as an adjective and yet retaining
a verbal force.

13. Bnictero: the Bructeri, a tribe of northwestern Germany, are
mentioned by Tacitus, Ger. 33. They were inveterate foes of Rome,
and took part in the defeat of Varus.

16. quern distulerat: see p. 12. 14 and note.

20. Batonem : he surrendered to Tiberius after a severe war. The
adjective Pannonius is used to distinguish this man from Bato, chief
of the Bruci.

21. Ravennam : the port of Ravenna, three miles from the city,
which like modern Venice was built amid tidal lagunes, was one of
the two chief naval stations of the empire, the other being Misenum.
We have the testimony of Tacitus, Ann. i. 58 and ii. 63, for the fact
that Ravenna was the place of exile of the young son of Arminius
(Hermann) and of Maroboduus. Such persons were probably placed
under the charge of officers of the fleet. Honor was shown the sur-
rendered Bato, but he was withal a prisoner.

24. conglarium : originally a gift of oil or wine of the measure of
a couijius, distributed to the people. Afterward, as here, a largess in
money.

25. trecenos nummoB : about fifteen dollars for each person.
DtimmoB : lit. 'coins' ; is here, as often, equivalent to sestertios.
dedicavit .et Concordiae, etc. : according to Dio, Ivi. 25, the date
was 11 A.n.

26. PolluciB et Castoria : this had been dedicated in the year
6 A.D. by Tiberius. From the words of the text, it would appear to
have been afterward adorned with the spoils of war. The temple had
been built in 484 b.c. in memory of the assistance given the Romans
by Castor and Pollux at the battle of Lake Regillus, 498 b.c. (tradi-
tional chronology). The second restoration was that of Tiberius in

Page 14] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 163

6 A.D. There was probably another restoration by Hadrian. The
three beautiful columns wliioh stand out so conspicuously in the
Roman Forum formed part of this temple as restored by Tiberius.

29. censum ageret: 14 a.d., the third census taken by Augustus.
Cf. Mon. Ancyranwn, chap. 8, tertuim consulari cum imperio lustrum
conlega Tib. Caesare filio feci Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio conss. ;
also Aug. 27. The right to supervise the morals and laws of the state
was given him for life, in virtue of which he thrice took the census,
though without the title of censor ; the first and third times in con-
nection with a colleague, but the second by himself.

32. fuitque una, etc. : Suetonius, Aug. 98, says that this long
conference with Tiberius was the last matter of importance to which
Augustus gave his attention before his death.

Page 14. 1. quasi . . . ezcepta sit: Introd. II. § 0, c.
3. tarn lentis mazillis: jaws that crunch so slowly; and hence
protract the agony.

9. adoptionem : Veil. ii. 10.3, says that Augustus had wanted to
do this after the death of Lucius, and while Gaius was still alive,
but had been diverted from so doing by the vigorous opposition of
Tiberius. vel etiam ambitione tractum, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. i. 10,
mentions, among other indictments brought against the character of
Augustus, that he had selected Tiberius as his successor, not influ-
enced by affection or regard for the welfare of the state, but to
enhance his own glory, which would be thrown into relief by the
infamy and cruelty of Tiberius.

10. deslderabilior : a very rare comparative form.

11. adduci . . quin, etc. : a peculiar form of expression , but one
readily accounted for. Adduci nequeo conveys a slight suggestion of
hindrance, which is carried out in the construction, quia existimem.
The normal construction would be either nequeo adduci ut, etc., or
nequeo impediri quin, etc.

17. proaequatur : bestows upon him the epithets, etc.

18. hino inde : on both points : equivalent to hinc et inde, and
referring back to the expressions peritissimttm and unicum praesidium.

19. A part of the Greek in this line is unintelligible in the Memm.
manuscript. Med. 1, 2, and 3 give ^wtio-ais re after iiwl xal mU, the
reading followed in the text. Render, ' warring for me and the Muses.'

20. ita aim feliz, etc. : the normal expression would be ita sim
felix itt vir fnrtissimus es, 'as I hope for grace, so you are,' but the
thought of the last clause is concisely expressed by the vocative.

164 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 14

21. vo(ii(iclTaTe : most strict. Legitime is the Latin explanation
given on two manuscripts, and is the literal interpretation.

22. ordinem, etc. : accusative of exclamation. ' The arrangement
of your summer campaigns ! '

23. Kal Too-auTnv, etc. . such apathy on the part of the army.

28. unus homo, etc. : a line modelled on one of Ennius, referring
to Fabius, surnamed C:unctator. The original has cunctando instead
of vigilando.

30. mediuB iidiua : adverb of asseveration, ' on my word of
honor.' Perhaps originally the full expression was me Dius Fidius
iuvet. Dius Fidius, originally identified with Jupiter as god of faith,
was afterward regarded by the Romans as a separate deity, and iden-
tified with the Sabine Semo Sancus.

Page 15 . 1. Toirou y' €(riro(«'voio, etc. : II. X. 246, ' Should he
follow, we may both return, e'en from blazing fire, for great is his
wisdom,' words applied to Ulysses by Oioniede.

6. imperi : this, the earlier form of the genitive, was probably
used by Augustus. It wa.s, however, in his reign that the genitive in
-ii from nouns in ius and ium supplanted the form in -i.

10. perosi sunt : not the perfect tense, but the adjective use of the
participle, which here has its active meaning, 'full of hatred toward.'

12. iuvene interempto: see Introd. II. § 6, 6 (1). Tacitus, Ann.
i. 6, states that Tiberius did not mention the execution in the senate,
pretending that Augustus had ordered the centurion of the guard to
despatch Agrippa as soon as he himself should pass away. Dio, Ivii.
3, mentions three rumors with regard to Agrippa's death : that his
execution was ordered by Augustus on his death-bed ; that the captain
of the guard took matters into his own hands, knowing that Agrippa
was plotting ; that Livia, without orders from Tiberius, had him put
to death.

13. ut Id faceret iubebatur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (2) ; the con-
struction is occasionally found, however, at all periods of the language.

15. quo : see Introd. II. § 6, e.

16. tumultus post se : see Introd. II. § 5 (2).

21. moz : equivalent to deinde. This meaning, rather than ' soon,'
is the prevailing force of the word in post-Augustan Latin. iure
autem tribuniciae poteatatis: cf. Tac. Ann. i. 7, "Not even the
edict calling together the senate did he issue on his own authority,
but in virtue of the tribunician power received from Augustus." On
the significance of the tribunician power, see note on p. 7. 12.

Page 10] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 165

25. inlatum deinde August! testamentum : Suetonius, Aug. 101,
gives an extended account of this will. Tiberius and Livia are made
heirs. Legacies to his relatives and friends, to the Roman people,
legions, praetorian soldiers and cohorts, are enumerated. The will
also states that many of the legacies left to Augustus had been expended
by him iu the interests of the sUte. It is forbidden that the two Julias,
his daughter and grand-daughter, be buried in his tomb. Cf. Dio, Ivi.
32 ; Tacitus, Aim. i. 8, " At the first session of the senate, he allowed
nothing to be discussed but the funeral ceremonies of Augustus. The
■will was brought in by the Vestals, and it was found that Tiberius and
Livia were appointed his heirs."

26. signatoribuB . . agnoacentibus : it was customary for the
witnesses both to sign and place their seals upon a will. The seal
and signature were placed upon the outside of the document.

30. ex parte dimidia et seztante : 5 + i\ = | ; heres ex besse
might have been used to express 'heir to two-thirds of the estate.'
Since the Romans used a duodecimal system in expressing their frac-
tions, the as being the unit, the shares into which an inheritance was
divided was expressed in twelfths; e.g. heres ex asse, 'heir to the
whole' ; exsemisse, 'to one-half ; ex triente, 'to one-third,' etc.

Page 16. 3. principatum : the empire; lit. 'the principate,' the
word used to signify the rule of the princeps, which last title best
expresses the position of the emperor, as head of the government and
the people. The words imperiiim and imperatiir always retain some-
thing of their technical military meaning, as in the passage from Taci-
tus cited next. quamvis . . . dubitasset : see Introd. II. § .3, b
(5). Cf. Tacitus, Ann. i. 7, who states that on Augustus' death,
Tiberius, as their imperator, gave the watchword to the praetorians ;
that armed guards surrounded the palace and accompanied him into
the Forum and Curia ; and that there were all other indications of an
imperial court. In fact, that he showed hesitation in nothing, except
when addressing the senate. Velleius' view, ii. 124, is difierent. He
represents that there was a veritable contest between Tiberius and the
state, the latter endeavoring to prevail upon him to become its prince,
and he struggling to remain in a private station.

4. Btatione militum : this refers to the excubiae, or detail of prae-
torians, on guard at the palace. Roth's text reads et stalione militum.
Madvig seems correct in considering the et of the manuscripts a repe-
tition of the last syllable of the preceding verb.

6. impudentisaimo mimo : with the most barefaced hypocrisy.

166 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 16

10. ut quidam patientiam rumperent : so that some lost patience.
Cf. Tac. Ann. i. 1. 3, " Q. Haterius and Maiiiercus Scaurus had given
offence to Caesar, ever suspicious ; Haterius, by remarking, ' How long,
Caesar, are you going to leave the state without a head ? ' Scaurus,
by saying that there was some hope that the senate's wishes would
be complied with, in view of the fact that Tiberius had not vetoed the
bill of the consuls, which he might have done, in virtue of his tribu-
nician power."

13. praestare : perform. quod praestat tarde polliceri : was
slow to promise to perform what he was already performing.

15. nee tamen aliter, etc. : Dio, Ivii. 3, says that there was a
story that Tiberius pretended to agitate the policy of giving up his
power, in order to keep his enemies quiet, until his own power was
firmly established.

21. lupum auribus tenere : Terence puts this proverb into the
mouth of I'hormio, one of his characters ; Phorm. 506.

22. Agrippae : sc. Postumo. Clemens nomine, etc. : Tacitus,
Ann. ii. 39 (10 a.d.), mentions this attempt ; Dio also, Ivii. IG.

24. L. Scribonius Iiibo : Tacitus, Ann. ii. 27, calls him Libo
Drusiis, which was his correct name. Suetonius confuses him with
L. Scribonius Libo, the consul of the year.

25. duplex seditio : the revolt of the legions of Pannonia and
Germany in 14 a.d , a detailed account of which is given by Tacitus,
Ann. i. 16-30 and 31-50 ; cf Dio, Ivii. 4.

27. extra ordinem: .see Introd. II. § 5 (2). ut aequarentur,
etc. : the pay of the praetorians was double that of the ordinary soldier.
32. timens : i.e. Tiberius.

Page 17. 1. quando universae suificeTe, etc. : cf. Tac. Ann. i.
11. Dio, Ivii. 2, says that he selected assistants and was desirous of
dividing the government into three parts, retaining one himself. The
first division embraced Home and Italy ; the second embraced the
armies ; the third, the subject peoples.

7. in novitate : i.e. before his power was firmly established.

10. secespita: a long sacrificial knife of iron.

14. civilem admodum egit : he played a very unassuming role.
Civilis is applii'd to one who demeans himself as an ordinary citizen ;
hence, 'courteou.s,' 'affable,' 'unassuming.' On the idiom civilem
agere, etc., see notp on p. 0. 11.

17. plebeiB incurrentem circensibua : which happened to come
at the same time as the Plebeian Games of the Circus. These games

Page 17] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 167

were given by the plebeian aediles November 4th to 17th. Tiberius'
birtliday was November 10 ; see note on p. 4. 21.

18. adiectione : i.e. in addition to those tliat would ordinarily run
at these games.

19. flamines : flamen was the name applied to any ]{oman priest
who was devoted to the service of one particular deity. Tlie. most
important was the flamen Dialis, or priest of Jove. After the deifi-
cation of the emperors, flamens were appointed to offer sacrifices to
them. The name was probably derived from flare, 'to blow up,' i.e.
a fire.

20. nisi pennittente se : see Introd. II. § 6, b (1).

21. ne . poneretur : that they should not be placed, etc. ; an
example of the stipulative subjunctive. See note on p. 10. 8.

22. inter ornamenta : the ornamenta of a temple consisted of
those objects which were consecrated to the temple by the faithful and
gradually accumulated in it. Macrobius, Sat. iii. 11. 6, enumerates
them thus : ornamenta vero sunt clipei, coronae, et huiusmodl donaria.

23. in acta sua iuiaretur : this oath to support the civil acts of
the emperor — not to be confused with the oath of allegiance {sacra-
mentum; in verba inrare) — is well explained by Dio, Ivii. 8: " The
custom which has always been observed on the first of January in the
case of Augustus, and all the following emperors, whose conduct has
been approved, of having all citizens take an oath to support what
these emperors had done, and were to do hereafter, Tiberius did not
allow in his own case, though he had himself taken such an oath in
favor of Augustus and had administered it to others." Cf. Tacitus
i. 72, who says that Tiberius did not allow any one to swear in acta
sua, for the higher one arose, he asserted, the more insecure became
his position.

24. September Tiberius, etc. : according to Dio, Ivii. 18, Tibe-
rius asked the subservient senators what they would do, should there
be thirteen Caesars.

25. cognomenque patiis patriae : the title had been granted to
Julius Caesar and Augustus. Tiberius persistently refused it in the
early part of his reign, as did Nero, Vespasian, and Hadrian. After-
ward it became a regular part of the imperial title.

26. civicam in vestibule coronam : the civic crown was of oak
leaves, and was granted for saving the life of a citizen. Augustus had
received this mark of honor, not for any individual case, but as the
perpetual preserver of the citizens. Note the position of the phrase in
vestibulo, and see Introd. II. § 5 (2). In the palaces of the nobles.

168 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 17

the vesiibuhim was an open court before the structure, formed by the
two wings running out beyond the facade. The vestibulum was fre-
quently adorned with statues, arms, and trophies. In the Moil. Ancy-
ranum, chap. 34, Augustus states tliat the corona civica was placed
above his door.

29. nee amplius quam moz trea : no more than three afterxoard ;
i.e. three after becoming emperor. He had held two previously. For
the force of niox, see note on p. 15. 21. unum paucia diebus:
with Germanicus, 16 a.d. ; c/. Tac. Ann. ii. 53.

30. alterum tribuB menaibuB : his fourth consulship, 21 a.d., his
colleague being Drusus; c/. Tac. Ann. iii. 31. Under the empire the
term of office of the consul was shortened. This diminished the power
of the office, and yet allowed the emperor to bestow it as a mark of
favor upon more individuals than was possible under the old system.
Until Nero's death the term was usually six months. After that time,
two or four months ordinarily. The names of the first pair of consuls
for a given year (consules ordinarii) were used to indicate the year.
The consuls following in the same year were known as consules suffecti.
tertium abaena : viz. when in retirement at Capreae. His colleague
was Sejanus. usque in Idus Maiaa : viz. from January 1st until
May 15th. On the preposition in, see lutrod. II. § 5 (1).

Page 18. 2. conaularem : this was Q. Haterius. On Tiberius'
reason for being angry with him, see note on p. 16. 10. In the same
passage, Tacitus relates that Haterius came to the palace to appease
Tiberius. He threw himself at Tiberius' feet as he was walking by.
The emperor tripped in some way, in consequence of which Haterius
barely escaped being killed by the guards.

4. si quid . . diceretur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (3).

5. in continua oratione : in a set speech ; as contrasted with
conversation {sermo).

6. continuo : forthwith.

7. dominuB : from the first there was a tendency to call the em-
peror dominus, a title that indicated the respect felt by an inferior for
a superior. It hardly became a regular form of address until the time
of Septimius Severus. On the various uses of the term consult Hardy,
Pliny's Correspondence with Trajan., p. 78.

8. contumeliae causa : i.e. Tiberius' reproof implied that the
man had intended to insult him by addressing him as dominus.

9. auctore : implying that the man was there at the instigation of
Tiberius, rather than that he had advised (suasor) him to come.

Page 19] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 169

11. adversus convicia, etc.- so Dio, Ivii. 9, who says that Tiberius
overlooked insolent conduct toward himself, but was jealous in main-
taining the respect due to the memory of Augustus. Ultimately, he
continues, Tiberius put many to death.

13. tirmuB : unmoved.

18. fenestiam : we say ' door ' in this connection.

21. locutuB alitor fuerit: if he shall speak ill of me. Loqui
aliter is probably equivalent to loqni secus, though the phrase does
not occur elsewhere with this force. It is not known to whom Tiberius
is referring. ut rationem reddam : as we may say, ' to give a
good account.'

26. humanitatiB : courtesy.

Page 19. 5. neque tam parvtun, etc.: cf note on p. 16. 3.

7. de quo non refeiretur : concerning which report teas not
made. Beferretur is here used impersonally.

8. monopoliiB : these monopolies were a fruitful source of com-
plaint on the part of the provincials. Pliny, N. H. viii. 135, in speak-
ing of the skin and quills of the porcupine, used in carding wool,
remarks : " From the monopoly of this article, great frauds and great
profits have resulted ; there is no subject on which the senate has
more frequently passed decrees, and there is not one of the emperors
who has not received from the provinces complaints respecting it."

10. deacriptione : distribution.

15. lectica quondam introlatuB aeger : Dio, Ivii. 17, remarks
that it was usual for senators who on account of ill health could not
go in the usual way, to be conveyed to the senate in litters.

17. ne questus quidem est: for an example of this moderation,
see Dio, Ivii. 27, where he tells of Tiberius' conduct toward those
who disagreed with him. negante eo destinatos, etc.. notioith-
standing his saying that magistrates when chosen ought not to be
absent, but remain in the city and devote their attention to the office
they had received, a praetor elect asked for and received permission to
travel with rank of ambassador. The verb acquiescere with the dative
seems, in several passages of Suetonius, to have the force of the ex-
pressions vacare or operam dare; cf. Vitell. 14, vaticinante Catta
muliere, cui velut oraculo acquiescebat. This meaning is not recog-
nized in the dictionaries (found, however, in the Thesaurus Linguae
Latinae), and the usual interpretation is, 'to be content with.' This
is the meaning of the verb when it is used with the ablative case,
with or without the preposition in ; cf. note on p. 30. 18.

170 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 19

19. liberam legationem: the right of travelling as ambassador,
with all the rights and privileges pertaining thereto, though upon one's
own private business.

20. Trebianjs : inhabitants of Trebia (modern Trevi), a town of
Umbria.

21. munitionem viae : a paved road was called via mmnita, and
the technical expression for building it weis viam munire. Inasmuch
as roads were built by the Romans with great care, to make them
lasting works, and were usually graded, paved, and curbed with
well-supported stone-work, the appropriateness of the expression is
manifest.

23. per discesaionem : by division, i.e. those favoring the measure
went to one side of the house, and the opponents went to the other
(in omnia alia discedere).

28. trahi ae a Caeaare : were being kept from Caesar.

30. aaaurgere et decedere via : cf. Dio, Ivii. 11 : " He at all times
showed the magistrates as much respect as if he were living under a
republican form of government. He always rose in the presence of
the consuls, and when he invited them to an entertainment, he met
them at the door, and accompanied them to it when they departed."

Page 20. 2. omnium tribuendorom : sc. donorum, and note
the contrast between qnibusdam and omnium.

4. de maioribua ania . . . memorandi : cf. Cic. de Lege Agra-
ria, li. 1. 1, who states that it was usual for the successful aspirant
to a curule office to devote his first speech to the praise of his con-
stituents and of his own ancestors who had held curule offices.

7. parem moderationem : for a statement of the moderation of
Tiberius before the year 23 a.d., see Tacitus, Ann. iv. 6. Dio, Ivii.
7-l.S, also gives a sketch of the best years of Tiberius' reign. He
marks the first change for the worse after the death of Germanicus,
and a further decline after Tiberius' retirement to Capreae.

9. aine subaciiptione : according to Dio, Ivii. 11, this subscrip-
tion was a formula consisting of prayers addressed to the emperor.

12. aabbatia : every Saturday. This word sabbata was borrowed
from the Hebrews. It really means ' time of rest.'

13. aervolum: note the diminutive, 'an ordinary slave.' To send
an ordinary household slave would be a mark of disrespect.

16. praeaidibua ; the full expression is praesides provinciarum, a
general term applied to all provincial governors. It is more frequently
used, however, to designate governors of imperial provinces, whose

Page 21] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 171

ofBoial title was legnti pro praetore, as in the present case. Eventually
the word praeses came to denote an inferior class of officers.

17. resciipsit : i.e. in his letters of instruction {rescripta) to pro-
vincial governoi'S.

18. boni pastoris, etc.. cf. Tacitus, Ann. iv. 6: "He saw to it
that the provinces should not be distressed by the imposition of new
burdens, and that the taxes already imposed should be collected with-
out cruelty or avarice on the part of the magistrates." Dio, Ivii. 10,
says that it was to Rectus Aemilius, when the latter sent a larger sum
than usual from Egypt, that Tiberius wrote back, using the proverb
about shearing his sheep.

19. principem ezseruit: revealed himself as prince ; lit. 'thrust
out the prince.'

24. pro tribiinali : on the force of pro, see note on p. 5. 13. ple-
ruinque se oiferebat : Tac. Ann. i. 75, states that Tiberius, not satis-
fied with the part he took in the legal investigations of the senate,
often sat on the bench with the praetor in the regular courts. The
historian remarks that, though the emperor did this in the interests
of justice, the practice was detrimental to liberty ; cf. Dio, Ivii. 7 ;
" He constructed a tribunal in the Forum, where he presided and
decided points of law, always having a body of advisers at hand, fol-
lowing an example set by Augustus."

25. assidebatque itiztim vel ezadversum in parte primori :
these words imply that there were two tribunals. Tiberius sat either
next the praetor, or on the corresponding platform at the other end of
the basilica.

28. religioniB: oath.

32. mercedibuB scaenicorum recisis : Tacitus, Ann. i. 77 (15
A.D.), also shows that measures were taken to restrict the amount
paid to actors. paribus gladiatorum : pairs of gladiators, i.e.
the number of matches at each exhibition was restricted.

Page 21. 2. mullos : a small fish weighing ordinarily about two
pounds. Epicures paid large sums for those of unusual size. Even
a three-poimd mullet was considered large ; cf. Hor. Ser. ii. 2. 32.

3. nummum : genitive plural, see note on p. 13. 25. venisae:
from veneo.

6. popinas ganeaaque : loto restaurants and eating-houses.

7. ut ne . . ainerent : i.e. the law did not allow these places,
which were often low dives in the guise of restaurants, to make a dis-
play of their wares to attract patrons. opera pistoria : pastry.

172 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 21

Tacitus, Ann. iii. 52, in speaking of the extravagance of the time, uses
the word ganeae in the sense of ' gluttony,' showing that these places
had become notorious.

8. parBimoniam : frugality. The word is regularly used in a
good sense.

9. BoIlemnibuB : formal.

11. omnia eadem habere, etc. : that the parts tasted as good as
the whole.

12. cotidiana oscula : like the French and Italians of to-day, the
Roman men used to embrace and kiss on meeting. Pliny, N. H.
xxvi. 3, states that a loathsome disease of the face spread among the
nobles in the reign of Tiberius, and that the scourge was due to this
practice. strenarum : strena, a sign or omen, came to have the
meaning, ' new year's gift, ' given for the sake of the omen ; cf. French
etrenne. Dio, Ivii. 8, states that the reason for Tiberius' absence
from the city on the first of January was that he wished men to be
undisturbed by his presence at that season, and not to feel obliged
to bestow gifts upon him. Note the cynical turn given the thought
by the use of the word comynercium, as though this practice were
nothing but one of giving for value received.

13. quadruplam : i.e. of fourfold the value of the gift given him.

14. offensus interpellari : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1).

15. potestatem Bui : i.e. the opportunity of meeting him and ex-
changing gifts.

16. ultra non tulit: did not endure it further; that is, the inter-
ruptions.

19. iuris iurandi gratiam fecit, uzorem, etc. : excused from his
oath and allowed to dismiss. For construction of dimitteret, cf.
Introd. II. §.S, 6(6).

22. ut . . exBolverentur : that they might be released from their
obligations and status of matrons, and thus escape the penally of the
laws. The laws on marriage and the relations of the sexes consisted
of a series of enactments. These were amplified in the reign of Augus-
tus during the consulship of M. Papius Mutilus and Q. Poppaeus
Secundus, Ob.c, and hence the new enactment was called called lex
Papia Poppaea. A woman convicted of adultery might lose one-half
her dowry, one-third of her property, and be banished. According to
Tacitus, ii. 85, if a woman made an open profession of prostitution
before the aediles (licentiam stupri apud aediles vulgaverat) she was
freed from the danger of suffering the penalties imposed by law.
This is what Suetonius means.

Page 22] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 173

24. utriuaque ordinis : viz. of senatorial and equestrian rank.

25. quo minus in opera scaenae, He. : that they might not he
prevented by the decree of the senate from appearing in the arena
and on the stage. Such a decree was passed in tlie reign of Au-
gustus, 22 B.C. The most definite reference to it is found in Dio,
liv. 2.

27. famosi iudioii notam : i.e. they allowed themselves to be de-
prived by the censors, or by the emperor as praefectus morum, of their
senatorial or equestrian rank.

29. latum olavum : the broad purple stripe of the senator, on the
breast of his tunica; cf. the angustus clavus of the equestrians.

30. Kal. lul. ; the Roman moving day ; cf. Mart. Bpig. xii. 32.
After that date rents would not be held so high.

32. pridie sortitionem : on the day before he cast lots. Probably
on the day before he drew his province by lot. Why he divorced her
is a matter of conjecture.

Page 22. 1. Aegyptios ludaicosque ritus compescuit : Tacitus,
Ann. ii. 85 (19 a.d.), is not much more explicit. He states, however,
that four thousand freedmen were expelled to Sardinia, charged with
being disciples of these cults. From Josephus, Ant. Jud. xviii. .3, 4, we
learn the circumstances. The temple of Isis was destroyed and its
priests were crucified by Tiberius, because of an outrage perpetrated
by a Roman knight upon a woman of rank in this temple, with the
assistance of the priests. The Jews were punished because four of
that sect had persuaded one of their proselytes, a noble Roman lady,
to send as gifts to the temple of Jerusalem sums which they had
stolen. In general, it may be said that the Romans were very tolerant
toward foreign cults. They were aggressively hostile only toward
those creeds which, like the Christian and Jewish, were of a proselyt-
ing tendency and hostile to the state religion, or toward those which,
like Druidism, fostered national sentiments detrimental to Roman
dominion.

5. sacramenti : i.e. under pretence of enlisting them for military
service.

6. caeli : climate. similia sectantea : i.e. proselytes.

11. a grasaatuiiB, etc. : from prowling robbers and lawless con-
spirators. See Introd. II. § 1, d. grassatuiia ac latrociniia : a
case of hendiadys.

15. qnibua praetorianao cohortes, etc. . both Dio, Ivii. 10, and
Tacitus attribute this innovation to Sejanus. Suetonius, Aug. 49

174 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 22

states that in Augustus' time most of the praetorians were kept in
the neigliboring towns, and but three cohorts quartered in the city.
'J'he site of this stationary camp of Sejanus, which, according to
Tacitus (Ann. iv. 2), lie established in the interest of discipline and
efficiency, was outside the Servian wall and northeast of the city.
The place is clearly marked by a square projection of the present
walls.

16. per bospitia : i.e. they had been billeted in scattered groups
throughout the city. cbntinerentur : subjunctive in relative clause
of purpose.

19. capita iactionum et histriones : Tacitus, Ann. iv. 14 (23
A.D.), represents the punishment as falling upon the whole body of
actors. Factioimm refers to the supporters and partisans of the dif-
ferent actors, who are elsewhere called fautores histrionum. How
zealous they were, may be inferred from the statement of Tacitus,
Ann. i. 77, with regard to a decree passed forbidding senators to pay
court to actors. Eelegatio sent the person so punished from Rome to
dwell in a specified place. This was less severe than deportatio, which
was accompanied by personal restraint, loss of citizenship, and con-
fiscation of property.

21. PoUentina plebs : the populace of Pollentia, a. city of Pi-
cenum.

22. funus: i.e. the cortfege. piimipilaris : of the rank of
primipilus, or centurion who originally commanded the right wing of
the first maniple of triarii.

24. a Cotti regno : the kingdom of Cottius embraced the tract
now known as the canton of Bianijonnais. The adjacent moun-
tains were named the Cottian Alps in honor of the sovereign. His
kingdom became a Roman province in the time of Nero. Cf. Strabo,
iv. 1. 3.

27. decurionum : the members of the senate (ordo) of munici-
palities and colonies were called decuriones.

28. asylorum : cf. Tacitus, Ann. iii. 60 (22 a.d.), who states
that the right of asylum was being greatly abused in the Greek cities,
and the temples thronged with crowds of worthless slaves. Debtors,
too, and even those charged with capital crimes, took advantage of
this custom to effect their escape.

29. CyziceniB . . . ademit : this was in the year 25 a.d.
TacitUR, Ann. iv. 36, besides the cause mentioned here, states that
they had neglected to perform certain ceremonies in honor of
Augustus.

Page 23] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 175

Page 23. 4. eztractos ad se : induced to visit him.

5. Maroboduum : he was brought up at Rome. After becoming
leader of the Marcomaniii, he established a powerful kingdom. He
spent the last eighteen years of his life in exile at Ravenna, dying in
35 A.D. ; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 62-t)3 ; Veil. ii. 108. Rbascupolim :
Augustus had divided Thrace between Rhascupolis and his nephew,
Cotys. The latter was killed by his uncle in the early part of the
reign of Tiberius. Rhascupolis was finally Jjanished to Alexandria
and put to death, 18 a.u. His history is given quite fully by Tacitus,
.4)!)!. ii. 64-67. Archelaum: the king to whom Cappadocia was
given by Mark Antony, 30 b.c. ; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 42.

10. Antio : Antium, modern Anzio, a town of Latium, twenty-eight
miles from Rome. The place was noted for its temple of Fortune.
The prophecies were delivered by two Eortunae, called by Martial, v.
1. 3, veridicae sorores, and by Suetonius, Fortunae Antiatinae. See
Caliy. chap. 57. 6.

14. profectionem praepararet: Tacitus, Ann. i. 47 (14 a.d.),
states that after making elaborate preparations, he put oS his journey
on various pretexts, and imposed upon the provinces for a long lime.
,17. Callippides: proverbial for a 'slow-coach.' Cf. Cic. ad Att.
xiii. 12. 3, bienniiim praeteriit cum ille KaXXiiri^ijs ansiduo cursu
cuhitum nullitm processerit.

20. Germanicus : on his adoption by Tiberius, see above on 11.
14. In 16 A.D. Tiberius, influenced by jealousy, according to Tacitus,
recalled Germanicus from his victorious career in Germany, and placed
him in complete control of the East. Some thought that secret in-
structions had been given Piso, governor of Syria, to thwart and
embarrass Germanicus. It was also rumored that Plancia, Piso's wife,
had been instigated by the Empress Livia to annoy Agrippina, wife of
Germanicus. Germanicus' illness and death were attributed to sorcery
and poison employed by Piso. Of this, however, there is no proof.
For the whole story, cf. Tacitus, Ann. ii. 69 seg. Drusus : Tibe-
rius' own son. He was poisoned, 23 a.d., by his eunuch Lygdus,
incited to the deed by Sejanus ; cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 8 ; Dio, Ivii. 22.

21. secessum Campaniae petit: Tacitus, Ann. iv. 57, remarks
that most authors attributed his retirement to the influence of Sejanus,
but inasmuch as Tiberius continued in retirement for six years after
the fall of Sejanus, he is inclined to attribute it to the emperor's
morose and licentious character. Other causes suggested are, shame
because of his disgusting personal appearance, and the arrogant con-
duct of his mother.

176 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 23

22. conatanti et opiniode : Tacitus, Ann. iv. 58, relates that the
astrologers asserted that Tiberius left Rome under such a conjunction
of the planets that return was impossible. Many, jumping at the
conclusion that he was soon to die, spread such a report and paid the
penalty with their lives.

23. quasi . . . rediturus : a rather interesting case of the use of
quasi and a participle, instead of a tinite verb iu a substantive clause,
as explained in Introd. II. § U, c.

24. quod paulo minus utrumque evenit : both of which lacked
but little ofcuminy true. I'aulo is ablative of degree of difference.

26. Tarracinam : a town of Latium formerly called Anxur.
Some distance from this is the modern village of Sperlonga {Upelunca),
where a cave showing traces of ancient decoration may still be
seen. praetorio: a magnificent country villa. A post-Augustan
meaning. Originally it meant the headquarters, or dwelling, of the
general {praetor).

27. complura et iiigentia saza, etc.: according to Tacitus, Ann.
iv. 59, Sejanus protected the emperor from the falling debris by
interposing his own body, and was found in this posture by the
soldiers who came to the rescue.

30. Capitolium : this was a temple of Jove placed on the Capitol
at Capua, and corresponding to the Capitolium at Rome. Nolae:
the place of Augustus' death.

31. causam . praetenderat : cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 57 (26 a.d.),
abscessit, specie dedicandi templa apud Capuam lovi, apud Nolam
Angusto, sed certus procul urbe degere.

32. Capreas : modern Capri. This beautiful little island, nine
miles in circumference, lies south of the gulf of Puteoli. Tacitus,
Ann. iv. 67, speaks of its charms, and states that its climate was mild
in winter because of the protection afforded by mountains, and cool in
summer because exposed to the west winds, and that its outlook over
the bay of Campania was delightful.

Page 24. 3. revocante assidua obtestatione : persistently en-
treating and adjuring him to return.

4. apud Fidenas : for force of apud, see Introd. II. § 5 (1). Fide-
nae (also in singular Fidena) was situated at the junction of the Anio
and the Tiber, five miles from Rome. The amphitheatre fell because
of poor construction ; cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 62.

11. decurias equitum : though a disputed point, it seems best
to understand decuria here as a judicial term. Suetonius else-

Page 24] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 177

where always says decuriae iudicum. On the latter, cf. note on
p. 27. 2ti.

13. praesides ullos mutaverit: for the word praestdes, see
note ou p. 20. Iti ; cf. Tac. Ann. i. 80, who says that it was Tiberius'
custom to leave many officials in military and judicial positions for life.

14. Bine consularibus legatis: Hispania Tarraconensis and
Syria were imperial provinces governed by legati consulares, whose
official title, however, was legati Augusti pro praetore. The official
title of all governors of senatorial provinces was proconsiiles, whether
they were consulars or praetorians.

16. Gallias: i.e. transalpine Gaul. The word is in the plural be-
cause of the four divisions ; see note on p. 6. 30.

17. neglezerit: he disregarded the fact that. Note that the infini-
tives occvpari and vastari are in object clauses, magno dedecore,
etc. : ablative of attendant circumstance.

18. ceterum secreti licentiam nanctus : but having secured the
freedom that privacy guarantees.

21. tiro: the word is here used literally of a novice in military
affairs. It is also figuratively applied to the young man who has just
put on his toga virilis, his formal introduction into the Forum being
called tirocinium fori, and the day of the ceremony dies tirocinii; cf.
Nero, chap. 7. 19.

23. BiberiuB : as if from the verb bibere. Caldius : as if from
calda, a kind of hot punch. Mero : as if from merum, ' unmixed
wine.'

24. piinceps in . . . correctione : though Claudius assumed the
title of censor, 48 a.d., the emperors ordinarily undertook the regulation
of public morals under the title praefecti morum, the office referred to
here.

25. Pomponio Flacco : the man appointed by Tiberius to con-
duct the campaign against Rhascupolis. He is highly praised by
Velleius. He died, 34 a.d., while serving as procurator in Syria.
L. Pisone : probably the father of the two Pisos addressed by Horace
in Epist. ii. 3 {Ars Poetica).

27. alteri Syriam : viz. Flaccus. alteri praefecturam urbis :
viz. Piso. Praefeetura refers to the office of the permanent imperial
official known as praefectus urbi, the emperor's representative in the
city.

28. codicillia : i.e. in the documents which conferred the offices.

29. omnium horarum amicos: i.e. they were friends for all
occasions.

178 NOTES ON TIBEKIUS. [Page 24

30. notato : c/. note on p. 3. 16.

32. cenam condizit: he invited himself to dine (with Sestius).

Page 25. 2. ignotissimum : see Introd. II. § 4, c.

4. amphoram : an amphora contained about seven gallons. It
seems probable, in view of the present passage, that the word was
also used to signify a large drinking vessel. Render, tankard. ses-
tertia ducenta : 200,000 sesterces ; about $10,000.

6. induxerat: represented, lit. 'brought on,' an expression bor-
rowed from the stage. ofiiciiim instituit a voluptatibus : insti-
tuted an office of master of amusements; a voluptatibus signifies the
duty, lit. ' from the point of view of pleasure.' For further examples
of this construction, see Nero, chap. 49. 28 and note.

8. tenax : this is contradicted by the statements of Tacitus and
Velleius I'aterculus. The former, Ann. i. 75, states that Tiberius was
always ready to pay out money for honorable projects, a virtue he re-
tained after losing all others ; and again, iii. 18, he terms him, satis
firmus adversum pecuniam. The latter, ii. 130, says that he assisted
many with his own private means, especially at the time that the
Caelian hill was ravaged by fire. Dio, Ivii. 10, after enumerating
acts of generosity, adds: "He never killed any one to secure his
wealth, and did not, at least at that period, confiscate any one's
goods, nor secure money by unlawful means."

10. una modo liberalitate . . prosecutus : i.e. treating them
generously on but one occasion.

12. sescenta aestertia : 600,000 sesterces ; about $.10,000.

14. gratonim : favorites ; but the reading is doubtful.

15. neque opera ulla magniiica : contradicted by Velleius ii. 130,
but his words are indefinite : " How many edifices he constructed in
his own name or in those of his kindred ! " Tacitus, Ann. vi. 45, says
that he did complete these two works, but only these, and that he left
them undedicated, either because of his advanced age, or because he
scorned display. Dio, Ivii. 10, states that his only new work was the
temple of Augustus ; and this is probably correct, as it was only the
stage of Pompey's theatre that Tiberius reconstructed. It is believed
that the temple of Augustus stood on the side of the Palatine facing
the Capitol. Pompey's theatre was built in 55 b.c, and was the first
permanent theatre at Rome.

19. rariBSime interfuit : contradicted by Dio, Ivii. 11, who says
that Tiberius made it » special point to be present at the games and
spectacles.

Page 25] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 179

20. Actium manumittere : this is probably the case referred to
by Dio, Ivii. 11, where he states that Tiberius was so fair and just
that when the people demanded the manuuiission of an actor, he
would not permit it until the owner had siguified his willingness and
had received liis price.

22. nisi eenatui . . probassent: Tacitus, Ann. i. 76, attributes
this conduct on the part of Tiberius to his love of severity, which he
displayed even in meritorious actions. Velleius' explanation (ii. 129)
is more favorable. He implies that the senate was asked to pass upon
such cases in the interest of frugality and economy.

25. auctore Augusto, etc. : i.e. on the advice of Augustus, he
married and raised a family.

27. proposito mUies, etc. . offering to loan for the space of three
years the sum of 100,000,000 sesterces without interest; cf. Dio,
Iviii. 21. Roth's text reads sestertio, a conjecture of Glareanus
for sestertium of the manuscripts. In view of the fact that almost
without exception the manuscripts of Suetonius read sestertium in
passages where the numeral adverb is used, and where the sum
expressed is in the genitive and ablative (passages in Roth always
amended to sestertii and sestertio), it seems much safer to regard
the numeral as an indeclinable substantive and sestertium as genitive
plural. In the present passage proposito milies is ablative absolute.
It must be acknowledged, however, that the forms sestertio and
sestertii do occur in such constructions with manuscript authority,
especially in Tacitus. The two constructions probably existed side
by side. See Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. VII.,
p. 210 seq.

29. quibusdam dominis, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. iv. 64 (27 a.d.), tells
how the people murmured and said that Tiberius had formed the plan
to be absent, knowing it to be a, year boding disaster. Their com-
plaints were silenced by his generosity. On the occasion of a severe
fire ten years later, Tiberius again came to the assistance of his people.
This is passed over in silence by Suetonius. A corps of vigiles had
been formed in the year 6 a.d., one of whose duties was to protect
the city from these frequently recurring conflagrations. insularuin :
insulae was the name given to the compact blocks, the apartment
houses of the Romans. The detached mansion with its grounds was
called domus.

30. magna diffioultate nummaria : this stringency of the year
3-3 A.D. was due to the fact that all debts were called in, as explained
in note on p. 26. 3.

180 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 26

Page 26. 1. cum per senatus consultum, etc. : after having
ordained by decree of the senate, that money-lenders invest two-thirds
of their possessions in land.

3. debitores totidem, etc. : the evident intention of the decree
was, that the debtors might be enabled to pay two-thirds of their
debts by making over land to the money-lenders, who were ordered to
invest two-thirds of their money therein at a fair market price ; but
the scheme did not work {nee res expediretur) , because the money-
lenders, having eighteen months (Tac. Ann. vi. 10 and 17) in which
to comply with the requirements of the decree, called in the whole
amount due them, which it seems they were not prevented from doing
by the terms of the decree. They then waited, before purchasing,
until the land decreased in value, as it soon did, because of the amount
thrown on the market by the hard-pressed debtors. aeris alieni :
debt, — the ordinary Latin expression.

4. temporum atrocitatem : the hard times.

6. vocail Augustum iusserit : according to Tacitus, this was
suggested by the senate, and not ordered by Tiberius. It does not
appear that the suggestion was carried out.

7. militi post duplicata, etc. : from Tacitus, Ann. i. 36, we learn
that this was a concession granted by the letters which Germanicus
pretended he had received from Tiberius, but which he had himself
composed, in order to quiet the uprising of the German legions. I)io,
Ivii. 5, distinctly says that Germanicus paid this without the knowl-
edge of Tiberius, who afterward approved the act, and granted the
same to the legions of Pannonia.

8. praeterquam : ior praeterquam quod (sc. largitus est), a post-
Augustan usage. Bingula milia denarionim : 1000 denarii apiece ;
about 8200.

9. Seiano : Aelius Sejanus, prefect of the praetorian guard. He
was a son of Seius Strabo, a Roman knight, and was for eight years
the favorite and prime minister of Tiberius, whom he persuaded to
retire to Capreae, he himself remaining at Rome in full charge of the
government. When consul in 31 a.d. he was detected in a plot to
kill the emperor. He was deposed, and the senate ordered him to in-
stant execution. For his character, rf. Tac. Ann. iv. 1, and for his
death, see note on p. 30. 18.

12. misBiones : after twenty years' service, the legionaries were
entitled to an honorable discharge and a pension. The praetorians
served sixteen years. Under Augustus the legionaries served sixteen
years, and under Hadrian twenty-five years.

Page 26] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 181

13. compendium captams: i.e. by their death he would be freed
from the necessity of pensioning them. With regard, however, to
Tiberius' generosity, see note on p. 25. 8.

14. diaiectis terrae motu civitatibus: 17 a.d., when twelve
populous cities of Asia were destroyed ; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 47. With
reference to the Sardinians, whose loss was heaviest, Tacitus states
that Tiberius promised them 10,000,000 sesterces, and a remission for
five years of all their dues to the treasury and privy purse. For the
word civitas, see note on p. 8. 12.

16. procedente moz tempore : a very clear illustration of the
force of mox in post-Augustan Latin. See note on p. 15. 21.

17. Cn. Lentulum : consul, 14 b.c, with M. Liciuius Crassus. He
was a man of great wealth, but of contemptible spirit. He is always
called Augur, to distinguish him from Cn. Lentulus, surnamed
Gaetulicus.

19. angore : anguish of spirit. A much stronger word than
anxietas. et ut ne quo, ecc. : and with the intent that he might
die, leaving no other heir than himself. Madvig would emend by
striking out the et before ut.

21. Lepidam : daughter of Lucius Aemilius Lepidus and Cornelia,
who was a granddaugliter of Pompey the Great and Sulla the dictator.
For a further account of the charges brought against her, cf. Tac.
Ann. iii. 22 and 23. She ultimately committed suicide. Ann. vi. 40.
in gratiam Quirini : to please Quirinus. This man was consul,

11 B.C.

24. Galliarum : see note on p. 24. 16. Hispaniarom : i.e. the
provinces this side and beyond the Ebro from Kome.

27. quam quod partem, etc. : they must have been prosecuted
because they kept more money hoarded than was allowed by the ordi-
nance of Julius Caesar (de modo credendi possidendique intra Italiam
cavetur, Ann, vi. 16). The amount lawful to keep was probably 60,000
sesterces ; cf. l)io, xli. 38.

29. iuB metallonim : the right of mining. Under the republic
most of the mines and quarries were owned by private individuals.
In the time of the empire, whether in senatorial or imperial provinces,
they were worked for the emperor, and the income formed part of the
revenue of the Jiscus and private purse. The workmen were generally
slaves or criminals, sometimes soldiers or free laborers. Vononem :
this man, educated at Rome, had succeeded to the throne of Parthia.
He was driven into Armenia and there accepted as king, but was after-
ward removed by the Romans into Syria ; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 1-4. From

182 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 27

Tacitus' account {Ann. ii. 68), it does not appear tliat Tiberius had
anytliing to do witli his death.

Page 27. 1. in Druso : for Tiberius' affection for his brotlier, see
note on p. 6. 11.

2. de cogendo ad restituendam, etc. : cf. Claud, chap. 1.11;
Tacitus, Ann. i. 33: "The memory of Drusus was revered by the
Roman people, for it was generally believed that it was his intention
to restore their liberty to tliem, should he become emperor."

4. luliae uzori, etc. : on her banishment, see note on p. 8. 2(i.
On his accession, Tiberius allowed her to die of neglect in her place
of banishment ; cf. Tac. Ann. i. 53.

5. tantum afuit ut . . impertiret : so far was he from dis-
playing any kindness or natural affection, etc. quod minimnm
est : this clause following relegatae signifies that her banishment was
the least of her miseries.

8. peoulio: for meaning, see note on p. 11. 18.

9. annuia : annual stipend; from annua, arum. per speciem
public! iuris: under prHence uf a well-dffined principle of law ; ius
publicum or ius publicum et tralaticium (cf. Aug. 10) signifies a right
that belongs to every one.

11. gravatuB ; vexed at ; this construction of gravor with an object
noun is poetical or post-Augustan.

16. Liviae filiuB : Tacitus, Ann. i. 14, states that he was so angry
at the suggestion of these titles that he would not even allow a lictor
to be appointed to attend his mother.

21. abBtdneret: Introd. II. § 3, 6 (0).

22. aedem VcBtae : this temple had been destroyed by fire, 241
B.C., was again burned in the great fire 64 a.d., and still again in
the reign of Commodus. The present fragments belong to various
periods, but the lowest substructure does not antedate the period of
the empire. The last restoration was made by Julia Domna, wife of
Septimius Severus, in the third century a.d., and the temple stood
in a perfect condition as late as 1489.

24. ad simultatem usque : to actual enmity.

26. decuriaB : each order of the jurors formed a decuria ; thus
there had been a decuria of senators, one of knights, and one of tri-
buni aerarii. Caesar omitted the tribuni ; and Augustus excused the
senators. The latter, taking in citizens of humbler rank, increased
the number of decuriae to four, and Caligula (see note on p. 51. 2),
after the importance of the office had passed away, introduced a fifth-

Page 28] NOTES ON TIBEKIUS. 183

27. albo : dative. Album is the roll of any public body. Album
iudicum is here meant.

29. iDtolerantia morum : his insufferable character.

30. sacrario : a shrine or chapel. She may have kept the mask
and relics of Augustus in this shrine.

32. inter cauaas secessus : but c/. note on p. 7. 15.

Page 28. 3. horis : Introd. II. § 2, o (1). mox : see note on
p. 15. 21.

4. dum . . . facit : join this clause closely in thought with mora,
which is itself an ablative of cause.

6. prohibuit consecrciri : his directions were, ne caelestis religio
decerneretur; c/. Tac. Ann. v. 1 and 2; Dio, Iviii. 2. The funeral
oration was pronounced by Gains, her gi-eat-grandson. qnaeh see
Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4).

7. testamentum : Livia's legacies were afterward paid by Caligula ;
c/. Calig. chap. 16. 4.

10. et in antliam : the antlia wa.s a contrivance for raising water
for purposes of irrigation ; in form it was usually a chain pump or
bucket wheel ; if the latter, the condemned worked it as a tread-mill.
On the force of et, see Introd. II. § 6, d.

13. alteriuB vitiia : Dio, Ivii. 14: "Drusus was subject to such
bursts of passion, that he flogged a Roman knight ; so prone to intoxi-
cation, that one night, when forced to send assistance to people suffer-
ing from burns they had received in a conflagration, he ordered hot
water poured upon them when they asked for water ; such a devoted
partisan, that he aroused tumults among the actors and did not enforce
the laws that Tiberius had passed to remedy such disturbances."

15. perinde : as much as might be expected, lit. ' in like manner.'

16. tantum non statim: all but immediately, i.e. almost immedi-
ately, a funere : for the preposition, see Introd. II. § 5 (1).

17. iustitio : mourning. The original meaning is, ' cessation of
court business' (ius sistere). As the usual reason for closing the
courts was because of mourning, this is the prevailing meaning of the
word in imperial Latin.

20. vicem eorum : ore their account. For construction of vicem,
consult Bennett, Lot. Gram. 185, 1 ; Appendix, 310, 3.

22. elevarit: disparaged.

23. ceu : equivalent to tamquam. The word is poetical ; or, in
prose, post-Augustan.

24. propter . . . famem : Tacitus, Ann. ii. 59, evidently gives

184 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 28

slight credence to the story of the famine. He says that Germanicus
went to Egypt to view its antiquities, official duties being made the
pretext ; he continues, levavitque apertis horreis pretia frugum mvl-
taque in vulgus grata usurpavit.

26. causa mortis : see note on p. 23. 20.

27. quern moz huius, etc. : and Dome believe that he, whett
charged with the crime, would have produced his orders, but for the
fact, etc. The following words, ea secreto ostentant quae, cannot be
construed, as the text is corrupt and a lacuna probable. Seemingly
the idea to be expressed is that the orders were secret and that he
dared not divulge them, since if he did his own life would be in danger.
The common reading is, ea secreta obstarent per quae, etc. Tacitus,
Ann. iii. 16, states that he had heard old men say that a document
had been often seen in Piso's hands, which his friends asserted to be a
letter from Tiberius, ordering Piso to oppose Germanicus; that the
intention of Piso was to lay it before the senate in his own defence,
but that he was beguiled by Sejanus' promises.

30. redde Oennanicum : Tacitus, Ann. ii. 82, gives a vivid descrip-
tion of the feelings of the people on hearing of Germanicus' illness and
danger.

Page 29. 2. si non dominaris, filiola, etc. : Tacitus' version
(Ann. iv. 52) is : correptamqne Graeco versu admonuit non idea laedi
quia non regnaret. Filiola is a diminutive of affection, sarcastically
employed.

6. vocare : address.

7. se . . . accersi : that he was being arraigned. The form
accerso for arcesso is archaic. cum praestructum, etc. : Tacitus,
Ann. iv. .54, attributes this scheme to Sejanus.

10. ad statuam August!, etc. ; according to Tacitus, Ann. iv.
67, she was advised to do this by the hirelings of Tiberius, and
although she rejected the advice, she was accused of having had such
intentions.

11. Pandatariam : an island about twenty-five miles south of
Latium, and west of Campania. The elder Julia had also been ban-
ished to this place.

13. mori inedia destdnanti, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 25, suggests,
however, that she may have been forced to starve herself. Dio, Iviii.
22, simply remai-ks that Tiberius was charged with cruelty in the
matter of Agrippina's death.

16. Imputavlt : took credit to himself.

Page 30] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 185

17. Gemonias : sc. scalas, i.e. 'stairs of lamentation.' This was
a flight leading from the career to the Forum, and passing the Tulli-
anum, or lower dungeon of the career. It was on these stairs, near
the Tullianum, that the bodies of malefactors were exposed.

21. tres nepoteB : ef. Calig. chap. 7. 11.

23. morte liberorum : i.e. of his own son Urusus, and his adopted
son Germanious.

24. patribUB commendavit : this was in the year 20 a.d. ; cf. Tac.
Ann. iii. 29.

25. diem tirocinii : see note on p. 24. 21. congiario : see note
on p. 13. 24.

27. pro eorum quoque salute, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann.
iv. 17, this action was induced by adulation, not by affection for the
youth. On the emperor's words, non debere, etc., as given by Sueto-
nius, the remark of Tacitus makes a good commentary ; quae (adu-
latio) moribus corruptis perinde anceps, si nulla et ubi nimia est.
egit cum senatu : he discussed the matter with the senate, saying.

29. interiore animi sui nota : his real feelings in the matter.
Nota here means 'quality,' 'character'; strictly it is the stamp or
label indicating the quality ; cf. Hor. Carm. ii. 3. 8, interiore nota
Falerni.

30. obnozioB reddidit : exposed them.

32. accuBavit per litteras : on the testimony of Tacitus, Ann.
V. 3, he had composed a letter directed against Agrippina and Nero,
but had been prevented from publishing it by his mother during her
life.

Page 30. 5. uncos : the hooks with which tiie bodies of male-
factors were dragged to the Tiber. The hook was fastened in the
neck. adeo alimenta subducta, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 23, says
that he prolonged his life until the ninth day by eating the stuffing
of the mattress.

7. reliquias dispersas : cf. Dio, Iviii. 22, " All were deeply grieved
to hear that he had forbidden the bones of Drusus and Agrippina to
be laid in the Mausoleum of Augustus, and that he had ordered them
secretly buried, that they might never be found." Caligula, how-
ever, finally placed the remains of Nero, Drusus, and Agrippina in the
Mausoleum ; cf. Dio, lix. 3. vir quandoque : with difficulty some
time after.

8. viginti sibi, etc.. Tiberius followed the precedent established
by Augustus, in maintaining this privy council. Aug. 35, sibique in-

186 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. • [Page 30

stituit consilia sortiri semenstHa cum quibus de negotiis ad frequentem
senatum referendis ante tractaret. Cf. Dio, Ivii. 7.

13. Aelium Seianum : see note on p. 26. 9. The account of his
death is among the lost portions of Tacitus' works. For a detailed
account of his influence and fall, see Dio, Iviii. 2-15. An English
translation of these chapters may be found in Allen's edition of the
Annals of Tacitus, pp. .343-353. Also cf. Juv. Hat. a. 56-113. ad
auinmam potentiam, etc. : Suetonius' reason is but a shallow one, and
is not supported by tlie statements of other authors. Dio, Iviii. 14, in
stating that the charge of being Sejanus' friend was sufficient to cause
one's condemnation, says : " As though Tiberius had not loved him ;
for which reason, others, too, had been so devoted to him."

15. nepotemque : Tiberius, son of Drusus, killed by Caligula ; cf.
Calig. chap. 23. 20.

16. suum naturalem: his own, i.e. not by adoption.

18. GraeculoB : see note on p. 8. 9. quibus vel maziine ac-
quiescebat : to whom he devoted a great deal of attention. Quibus
is dative. For the meaning of acquiescere with the dative, see note
on p. 19. 17. If quibus be taken as ablative, render ' in whom he took
especial delight.' This is the rendering of the Thesaurus Linguae
Latinae, but the first seems preferable.

19. ezquisitiuB sermocinantem : holding forth in far-fetched
phrases.

21. molesta : labored, or affected; a meaning common in Latin
rhetoric. dialectoa (JidXeicTos) ; nominative singular; a Greek
word In Latin dress.

22. Cinariam : probably the same as Cynara, a small island in the
Aegean Sea, named' from the artichoke (itirapa) which it produced.

23. secesBum : i.e. at Rhodes.

25. Seleucum : a celebrated grammarian of Alexandria, who
taught at Rome. He wrote a number of commentaries on the Greek
poets and was surnamed Homericus.

26. quoque : from quisque.

28. contubemio : see note on p. 11. 1.

30. lenta : phlegmatic.

31. TbeodoruB : an eminent rhetorician ; a native of Gadara in
Syria, but he taught at Rhodes. Quintilian, Inst. Or. iii. 1. 17, states
that Tiberius, while at Rhodes, showed great interest in attending his
lectures. rbetoricae : sc. artis ; i.e. advanced instruction in com-
position and oratorj', as given by the rhetor.

32. Bubinde : noio and then.

Page 31] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 187

Page 31. 1. TTiiXov aC)i,aTi irci^vpaiUvov : mud kneaded toith blood.
2. id est lutiun, etc. : a gloss.

4. moderationis simulatione : see introductory note on Tiberius,
p. 143.

5. Bcurram : probably an ordinary jester, and not one of the mimes
who sometimes followed and bantered in the funeral procession. Die,
Ivii. 14, says that some one was seen to whisper in the ear of a dead
man, and when asked what he had said, replied that he had com-
manded the corpse to announce to Augustus that the people had as
yet received nothing, referring to the legacies that Augustus had left
them.

8. recipere debitiun : a play upon the word debitum ; ' what was
due him,' i.e. his portion of the legacy, or death, which latter was the
emperor's meaning.

11. pemeganti: perneffo, 'to refuse absolutely,' is archaic and
post- Angus tan.

12. PompeianuB: a Pompeian, i.e. subject to proscription and
death, as were the partisans of Pompey. acerba cavillatione,
etc. : making a biting pun upon the man's name, and the misfurtvne
of the old party, i.e. the I'ompeians. On the plural, partium, see
note on p. 4. 6.

14. iudicia malestatis cogi, etc. : proceedings against treason to
be pressed. On meaning of maiestas, see note on p. 2. 23. Tacitus,
Ann. i. 72, gives the name of this praetor as Pompeius Macer. He
also remarks that Tiberius revived the old law of maiestas, but gave
it a wider application than of old. As illustrated in the following
examples, anything that injured the dignity of the state as represented
in the person of the emperor, might be construed as treasonable ; cf.
Dio, Ivii. 19.

16. Btatuae quidam, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. i. 74 (15 a.d.), states that
in the trial of Granius Marcellus, praetor of Bithynia, this among
other charges was brought against him, but that he was finally ab-
solved from the charge of treason.

18. per tormenta quaesita est: i.e. the witnesses were treated
like slaves whose testimony could be received only under torture.

21. cecidiase : from coedo, ' to beat. ' effigiem: i.e. Augustus'.

23. eziBtimatione aliqua laeaisBe : to have criticised.

26. multa praeterea . . . factitavit, etc. : moreover, he com-
mitted so many cruel and savage deeds under the guise of strictness in
correcting the morals of the state, but really following his natural
instincts, that, etc.

188 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 31

29. nonnulli veraiculiB, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. i. ^^2'
these verses were directed against his cruelty and haughtiness and the
discord between himself and his mother. By a law of the Twelve
Tables, defamatory writings were strictly prohibited.

31. asper et immitis, etc. : these lines of poetry are in the elegiac
distich.

Page 32. 1. non milia centum : i.e. not a quarter of the 400,000
sesterces (820,000) that constituted a knight's estate.

2. omnia si quaeras, etc. : if you insist on knowing all, you are
also an exile at Rhodes. ezsilium : place of exile; predicate
nominative.

6. quam bibit ante merum : on his love for drink, see note on
p. 24. 23.

7. Felicem: Sulla was sumamed Felix, 'the happy,' or 'fortu-
nate.' Punning upon this, the author of the lines says, ' fortunate for
himself, not for Rome.' Romule : the name of the founder of
Rome is used poetically to indicate the Roman people.

8. sed reducem : but after his recall ; i.e. when he vented his
cruelly upon his foes.

15. volebat accipi: he desired them to he taken. The clause
quasi . . . Jingerentur is to be joined closely in thought with accipi.
oderint dum probent : cf. the saying attributed to Caligula, oderint
dum metuant, Calig. chap. 30. 27.

16. dein vera plane, etc. : his subsequent conduct proved them
but too true.

17. quam : equivalent to postquam, but used in this way only
when the word quam can be connected with some expression denoting
time, as diebus in the present passage.

24. viridiario : park. The viridiarium was an ornamental garden.
The picture of one from Herculaneum shows some birds and dogs
walking about the grounds.

25. capite : with death. The word caput may often refer merely
to the political life or status of a citizen. It is used in the present
instance with reference to the physical life.

26. piimarum cotaortiimi : a legion was divided into ten cohorts ;
but inasmuch as the word cohors was applied to any body of troops
not connected with the legions, it seems best to understand the ex-
pression as equivalent to cohortium praetoriarum ; otherwise the
plural is puzzling.

28. moz in omne genus crudelitatis, etc. : this was especially

Page 33] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 189

true after the death of his mother, who, according to Tacitus, Ann. v. 3
(29 A.D.), exercised a strong control over Tiberius; nor did Sejanus
dare to oppose her authority.

29. nepotum : tlie children of Germanicus and Agrippina.

30. nurus : Agrippina.

Page 33. l. post cuius mteritum, etc.: cf. Tacitus, Ann. vi. 19
(23 A.D.), who states that he ordered put to death indiscriminately
people of every age and both sexes who were then in custody charged
with being attached to Sejanus.

4. commentario : this memoir is mentioned in Dom. 20, praeter
commentarios et acta Tiberi Caesaris nihil lectitabat.

7. alterum : Nero ; killed, 31 a.d. altenun : Drusus ; killed,

33 A.D.

9. longum est : it would be tedious. Note the idiom where one
might expect the subjunctive ; but cf. the English expression, ' 'Tis a
long story.'

12. religiosus : a dies religiosus was a day of ill omen, on which
no business of importance could be undertaken. It was so called
because originally dedicated to the gods of the lower world. Aulus
Gellius, iv. 9. 5, says that many incorrectly call that kind of a day
nefa.itus, a day on which court and assemblies could not be held, and
it is certainly so used occasionally by Latin authors. sacer : seeuis
to be here used with about the same meaning as religiosus, but inten-
sified ; render, accursed.

13. ineunte anno novo : kept as a festival by the Romans. On
the practice of giving gifts on this day, see note on p. 21. 12.

15. interdictum ne, etc. : even when being dragged to the Tiber,
the bodies of the condemned icere surrounded by armed men to keep
bade the friends, who were not allowed to give the coipses burial, even
when cast up by the river; cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 19. Dio, Iviii. 16, says,
however, that Tiberius at first not only allowed the friends of Sejanus
to mourn him, but forbade any one to interfere with another's expres-
sion of grief.

17. nemini delatorum, etc. : credence was given every informer.

19. obiectum est poetae, etc. : the poet was Mamercus Scaurus,
and his accuser. Macro ; Tac. Ann. vi. 29. Dio, Iviii. 24, says that
the tragedy was entitled Atreus, that Tiberius took the allusion to
himself, and forced the author to commit suicide. Becker thinks that
he detects a lacuna in line 20, and suggests as a reading, in tragoedia
Agamemnone principem, etc.

190 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 33

21. et bistorico, etc. : the historian was Cremutius Cordus ; Tac.
Ann. iv. 34. Dio, Ivii. 24, states that he, too, committed suicide.

23. quamvia probarentvir : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5).

26. BermoniB et colloquii : speech and conversation.

27. certi : the transfer of certus from the thing to the person who
is determined to do a thing, is a usage that became current in prose
through the influence of the Augustan poets.

31. nemo punitonim non : every one who had been put to death.
GemoniaB : see note on p. 29. 17. unco : see note on p. 30. 5.

Page 34. 3. vib adhibita Vivendi: i.e. they were compelled to
live.

6. recognoBcendis custodiis : custodiae, with the meaning of
'persons kept in custody,' or 'prisoners,' is post- Augustan ; cf.
Introd. II. § 1, d; recognoscere with the same force as recensere be-
comes more common after the Augustan period.

10. aff uerit : Introd. II. § 3, a (2). nano: it was customary
for the wealthy Romans to keep dwarfs and buffoons (copreae) as a
means of amusing themselves and their guests ; cf. Sarmentus in the
suite of Maecenas, Hor. Serm. i. 5. 52 seq.

14. Paconi : this was Marcus Paconius, one time legatits of Silanus,
proconsul of Asia. In Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 28, he is referred to as a
hater of princes.

17. veneno interemptum : this, according to Tacitus, Ann. iv. 8,
was not discovered until eight years afterward.

18. Livillae : called Livia by Tacitus ; she was a sister of Ger-
manicus.

19. cognovit : he learned this through Apicata, the deserted wife
of Sejanus, after the latter's death ; cf. Dio, Iviii. 11.

24. ciliquis ex neceBsariis quaestioni : i.e. some one whose
testimony was necessary in the investigation. Ex necessariis is parti-
tive.

31. per fallaciam : they were induced, under the pretence of good
fellowship, to drink copiously.

32. fidicularum : of the cords. The word is a diminutive of fides,
' string of a musical instrument.'

Page 35. 2. ThrasylluB: the famous astrologer. See note on
p. 10. 32. Dio, Iviii. 27, states that Thrasyllus, after accurately cal-
culating the hour of his own death, stated that the emperor would
live ten years longer than he.

Page 35] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 191

5. Buspectum haberet : note the predicate use of the participle
with habere ; lit. ' he had Gaius suspected.' From this it is but a step
to the use of habere as an auxiliary verb. This Gaius was afterward
the emperor Caligula. ez adulterio : between Livilla and Sejanus.

10. praetrepiduB : a post-Augustan intensified form of trepidus.
coatumeliis obnozius : exposed to insult.

13. dlBicere : suppress.

14. PraeneBtinarum Bortivun -. of the oracle of Praeneste. At
Praeneste, the modern Palestrina, there was a temple of Fortuna
Primigenia, or firstborn daughter of Jove, with an oracle often men-
tioned under the name Praenestinae sortes. The origin of the oracle
in the finding of the sortes is told by Cicero, de Div. ii. 41. These
sortes were tablets of oak with letters carved upon them. Of sortes in
general, Cicero remarks : " What, then, is a lot ? Much the same as
the game of mora or dice, and other games of chance in which luck
and fortune are everytliing, and reason and skill are nothing." He
goes on to say that all that kept the Praenestinae sortes from falling
into contempt was the beauty and antiquity of the temple there.

16. unmn et alteium : these two cases are mentioned by Tacitus,
Ann. vi. 27 ; the officials were Aelius Lamia and Arruntius. Else-
where (Ann. i. 80) he makes the general statement : "He finally
became so undecided that he assigned provinces to soice whom he
was never to send from the city."

18. donee : the use of this conjunction with the subjunctive to
denote an actual fact is common in post/Augustan Latin. The usage
began with Livy. See Introd. II. § C, /.

21. ezsequenda curaxent : curare followed by the gerundive is
equivalent to the English idiom, ' to have a thing done.' nunun ac
nepotea : Agrippina, Nero, and Drusus.

22. obBUtaque lectica : i.e. the curtains of the ^ectica were sewed
together that those within might not be seen.

23. loco movit : transferred : i.e. from one place to another ; loco
is ablative of separation.

25. quamviB . . . videret : Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5). Cf. Dio, Iviii.
2, "For the number of statues which the senate, knights, tribes, and
influential men erected In his honor, surpasses all calculation."

29. ut a ae, etc. : Sejanus' presence as consul would be required at
Rome. coUegam aibi adsumpsit : Die's statement (Iviii. 4) is the
same. After Tiberius heard that Sejanus had won the favor of the
most powerful and influential men of the state, and was concealing
his actions, he thus attacked him, as indicated in the text.

192 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 35

30. longo intervallo : after a long interval.

31. ape aifinitatis, etc. : he led Sejaiius to believe that he would
give him the daughter of his son Drusus.

32. tribuniciae potestatdB : on the significance of this power, see
note on p. 7. 12.

Page 36. 4. sic quoque : i.e. notwithstanding these precautions.

7. ducemque conBtitui, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 2.3, "Some state
that Macro had been enjoined to take Drusus from his prison in the
palace and proclaim him emperor, should Sejanus have recourse to
arms."

8. speculabundus ez altissima rupe, etc. . looking, from time to
time, from a lufty cliff, for the signals, which, for fear that the mes-
sengers should be dilatory, he had ordered made in the distance at
each step in the proceedings. Speculabundus is a verbal adjective,
having the force of a present participle. The clause ut . . factum
foret is subordinate, in indirect discourse. The tense is explained by
the fact that it represents the future perfect of the direct.

11. verum et oppressa coniuratioDe : hut even though the con-
spiracy was crushed. On the force of et, see Introd. II. § 6, d.

13. quae vocatur lonis : which is named the villa of lo. Why
the villa received this name is a matter of conjecture. Possibly it
contained a painting representing the myth of lo. Roth and the
earlier editions read lovis, and it is explained that Tiberius built
twelve villas on the island (cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 67, sed turn duodecim
villarum nominibus et molibus insederat) and tiiat they were given
the names of the twelve greater divinities. It seems best to under-
stand Tacitus as meaning that Tiberius occupied villas already built
there, probably by Augustus. The reading of the text is that of the
Memmian manuscript, and there seems no justification for changing
it ; cf. Ihm, Hermes xxxvi., 1901, pp. 286-290.

15. nullo non damnatorum : every pei-son condemned to death.

16. in orchestra positos : put in the orchestra: i.e. scattered
among the senators, whose seats were in the orchestra.

19. proferret ultro, etc. : Dio, Ivii. 23, says that he even had
the defamatory remarks transcribed on the public records. oltro ;
actually.

20. Artabani : Artabanus III, also known as Arsaces XIX.

24. pertaesuB : this use of pertaesus with object accusative, after
the analogy of perosus, is found only in Suetonius. tedi epistulae
principio : with a letter which began as follows.

Page 37] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 193

25. tantumnon: only not, i.e. 'all but.' summeun malorum :

his extreme misery.

27. quid scribam : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 6, quotes these same words
and assigns them tQ a letter written in defence of Cotta Messalina.

30. Roth's reading is : existimant quidam praescisse haec eum peri-
tia futurorum ac multo ante, etc. As there is nothing to which haec
can be easily referred, and as ac is wanting in the Memmian manu-
script, Becker regards praescisse as a gloss.

31. quandoque : in time to come.

Page 37. 1. patriae appellationem, etc. : see note on p. 17. 25.

2. maiore dedecore : ablative of attendant circumstance.

5. vel cum ait : for example, when he says. This use of vel, im-
plying that other examples might be cited, is common in colloquial
Latin.

9. mutari : the passive voice has a middle force.

12. buic mutatae . . . opinioni eripiat : may take vwfrom you,
should you change your opinion of me.

15. inconstantiam contrarii de me, etc. : fickleness in having
changed your opinion of me.

16. corpore fuit, etc. . this description of the personal appearance
of Tiberius is the fullest extant. Velleius, ii. 94, thus characterizes him
in early life : " A youth who had been trained in the noblest princi-
ples, who was richly endowed with high birth, beauty, dignity, valua-
ble knowledge, and exalted capacity, and who from the beginning gave
promise of becoming the great man he is now, and who by his looks
proclaimed himself a prince." The following was said of him in his
old age (Tac. Ann. iv. 57) : " Some believe that in his old age he was
ashamed of his personal appearance, for he was exceedingly slight,
with a tall bent figure ; the top of his head was bald and his face un-
sightly by reason of ulcerous sores, and disfigured by patches of
plaster."

17. latus ab umeris : broad in the shoulders. The ablative in
this construction is probably of the same origin as that explained in
note on p. 25. 6.

22. talitro : by snapping it with his fingers. The exact English
equivalent, 'fillip,' is rarely heard except in the form 'flip.'

23. pone occipitium: behind; lit. 'behind the back part of the
head.' summissiore : hanging rather long. See Introd. II. §4,
a (2).

24. honesta : handsome ; this is a poetic use of the word.

194 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 37

26. quod . . . CBset : subjunctive by attraction. noctu etiam
. . . viderent : Dio, Ivii. 2, also mentions this peculiarity of vision.
Viderent is a subjunctive of cliaracteristic.

28. cervice rigida et obstipa : with a confirmed stoop. As obsti-
pus simply means ' bent,' the passage has been taken to mean,
' walked with head thrown stiffly back.' This would be the only
instance where obstipus is so used, while there are several passages in
which it has the opposite meaning. Moreover, the present interpreta-
tion is corroborated by Tacitus' description. With regard to the word
rigida, it may be remarked that when a person is much bent, it gives
the appearance of stiffness to the neck, and that this is especially
noticeable when the head is turned.

29. adducto fere vultu : generally with a stern expression on his
face.

31. molli quadam gesticulatione : a sort of supple movement.
Note the use of the indefinite pronoun quidam with attributive adjec-
tive to signify that the writer is in doubt just how to characterize the
peculiarity.

Page 38. 1. animadvertit Augustus, etc. . Tacitus, Ann. i. 10,
states that Augu.slus excused his faults to the senate, but did it for
the purpose of calling attention to them.

4. quamvis . . . rezerit : Introd. II. § .3, 6 (5).

5. sine adiumento consiliove medicorum : cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 46 :
" He used to ridicule the medical profession, and those who after
thirty years of age needed the advice of others to tell what was bene-
ficial or harmful for their constitutions."

7. circa : equivalent to de ; see Introd. II. § 5 (1).

10. numquam uon : always.

11. fulmiue afflari negetur, etc. : Pliny, N. H. xxv. 1.35, also
mentions this superstition and that Tiberius wore the laurel as a pro-
tection.

13. artes Uberales : the branches of a liberal education. These
comprised the study of poetry, oratory, history, rhetoric, and philos-
ophy, utriusque generis: i.e. of Latin and Greek.

14. Corvinum Messalcun : M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, who
fought on the republican side at Philippi. He was pardoned by the
triumvirs, and became Augustus' friend and served him well as a gen-
eral. He was besides an historian, poet, grammarian, and orator.
None of his works are extant.

16. morositate : mannerism. The word refers to the stiffness of

Page 39] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 195

his style. Coupled with adfectatione, it conveys the idea of stiff and
unnatural. Augustus, Aiig. 86, censured Tiberius for this fault : nee
Tiberio parcit et exoletas interdum et reconditas voces aucupanti.
Tacitus, Ann. i. 11, also spealcs of his obscurity of style: Tiberio
etiam in rebvs quas non occuleret, seu natura sive adsuetudine, sus-
pense semper et obscura verba. Elsewhere (Ann. xiii. 3) he states
that the obscurity was intentional.

17. extempore: i.e. when speaking without previous preparation,
a cura: i.e. after meditation, as contrasted with ex tempore. For the
preposition, see Introd. II. § 5 (1), a somno.

19. L. Caesaris : see note on p. 7. 19.

20. Euptaorionem : an obscure tragic poet of Chalcis, who lived
in the third century b.c. Rhianum : a Cretan, and a contempo-
rary of Euphoric. Parthenium : a Greek erotic poet of the age of
Augustus. He was Virgil's Greek teacher. There are extant from
his pen thirty-six prose sketches on the theme of unhappy lovers.

22. veterea: i.e. authors before the time of Alexander the Great.

24. certatim . . . ediderunt : i. e. they vied with each other in
writing commentaries on these poets, which they dedicated to Tibe-
rius.

25. historiae fabularis : mythology.

29. inter virgines : Thetis, to prevent Achilles from taking part
in the Trojan war, sent him, disguised as a maiden, to the court of
Lycomedes, king of the island of Scyros, where he was known as
Pyrrha (Bvfa), from his auburn hair. On these erudite questions,
cf. Juv. vii. 233 seq.

31. pietati : filial duty.

32. Minois ezemplo : i.e. sine tibicine ; the story being that
Minos, while offering sacrifice on the island of Paros, heard of his
son's death. He took the garland from his head, ordered the music
to stop, and then proceeded with the sacrifice. The words, Minois
exemplo, therefore, refer merely to sine tibicine and not to ture ac vino.

Page 39. 2. alioqul : notwithstanding ; cf. German uberhaupt.
Joined with quamquam, the word has a strong concessive force.
Render, notwithstanding the fact that.

4. monopolium : cf. note on p. 19. 8.

6. cum in quodam decreto patrum, etc. : the circumstances
are given by Dio, Ivii. 15 : " Tiberius issued an edict to the effect that
no man should wear garments of silk, nor employ golden dishes,
except for purposes of sacrificing. When some were in doubt as to

196 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 39

whether silver dishes with golden emblems were forbidden, Tiberius
issued a new decree, but forbade the use of the word 'emblem,' be-
cause it was Greek, and that, too, notwithstanding the fact that there
was no exact equivalent in Latin."

7. f|ipXii|i.a : the emblemata were inlaid figures of metal attached by
riveting or soldering to the exterior or interior of cups. For this word
the Latin had no equivalent, as the sigilla, a word of nearly the same
meaning, probably formed an integral part of the vessel.

8. noBtratem : sc. vocem.

9. per ambitum verbonun : by a circumlocution. In Latin
rhetoric the word ambitus also means ' the period.'

10. Qraece . . interrogatum : why he was questioned in Greek
is not apparent. Possibly his interlocutor knew no Latin. Cf. Dio,
Ivii. 15, " He likewise forbade a centurion, who was about to give his
testimony in Greek before the senate, to do so, though he had himself
listened to many cases presented in that language before that body,
and had asked questions with regard to many of these.''

12. redire conatus: cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 1 (.32 a.d.) : "Tiberius
sailed along the coast of Campania, either intending to enter the city,
or making that pretence, because he had really decided not to do so.
He even came as far as the gardens of the Tiber, but ashamed of his
wickedness and lust, he again made for his solitary retreat among the
rocks in the sea."

13. ad prozimoB naumachiae hortos : to the gardens that were
near the artificial lake devoted to naval m anceuvres. The word nau-
machia means either a sham nav al battle, as in Claud, chap. 21. 14, or
the place of such an exhibition, as in the present instance. This
naumachia was the naumachia vetus of Augustus in the XlVth regio
of the city across the Tiber, on one edge of which was the grove of
the Caesars. Cf. Aug. 43, item novate proelium circa Tiberim cavato
solo in quo nunc Caesarum nemus est. The Mon. Ancyranum, chap.
23, gives the dimensions, navalis proeli spectaculum dedi trans
Tiberim, in quo loco nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato solo in longi-
tudinem mille et octingentos pedes, in latitudinem mille et ducentos.
Xiphilin, Ixvi. 25, is authority for the statement that the place was used
for such exhibitions after the time of Augustus ; cf. Nero, chap. 27. 3.

14. Btatione : i.e. the guard or garrison stationed there.

15. Appia : sc. Via, the great southern highway extending from
Rome to Brundisium. It followed the coast closely as far as Capua,
its original terminal. From there it was constructed across the penin-
sula to Brundisium.

Page 40] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 197

16. lapidem : i.e. the miliarium.

18. serpens draco : a serpent ; serpens is the participial adjective.
Serpents were frequently kept as pets by wealthy Koniaiis.

21. Asturae : a town situated upon a small island at the mouth of
the river Astura, which flows betweun Antium and Circeii. Cicero
had an estate at this place.

24. castrensibus ludis : i.e. at games given by the soldiers en-
camped at Circeii. The exhibition probably took place in the forum
of the town, which was covered with sand for the purpose.

25. desuper petit : i.e. he threw the weapons from above the
arena. If the games were given in the forum, he was probably seated
in the Maeniana, for which see note on p. 52. 21.

26. latere convulso : seized with a pain in the side. ezaes-
tuarat : had become heated.

27. Bustentavit, etc. : cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 50: "At length his bodily
strength began to fail him. There was, however, the same stern
mind, the same energy in look and words ; at times an assumption of
affability to conceal his weakness, which was quite apparent."

31. nam Ctaaiiclen, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 50, tells the same
story, remarking that Charicles was not Tiberius' physician, but that
he was always at hand, so that the emperor might consult him if be
wished.

Page 40. 2. recumbere hortatns est: see Introd. II. §4, 6 (1).

4. singuloB valere, etc. : addressed them individually as they bade
him good-hy.

5. in actis senatuB : see note on p. 4. 23.

6. stiictim : cursorily.

8. pro contempto Be-habitmn: that he was treated as a nobody.

9. non temere, etc. : not inclined to be very bold except lohen in
a place of safety.

11. villa Lucullana : a beautiful villa at Baiae, formerly the prop-
erty of Lucullus, but at that time in the possession of Tiberius.

12. aetatis anno: cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 50 (37 a.d.), sic Tiberius
finivit, octavo et septuagesimo aetatis anno ; also 51, mox rei Romanae
arbitrium tribus ferme et viginli obtinuit. Dio, Iviii. 28, is more
explicit; "He lived seventy-seven years, four months, and nine
days."

15. Gaio ; Tiberius' successor, surnamed Caligula.

16. in remisBione lortuitae febrls : fortuita febris is a fever that
results from natural causes, and not one Induced by poison. Tacitus,

198 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 40

Ann. vi. 60, states that Macro ordered him smothered. Dio, Iviii. 28,
says that Gaius did the deed.

23. nemiiie : see note on p. 9. 14.

25. Temeaitetn : a title given to Apollo from Temnos, a place near
Syracuse. amplitudinia et artis ezimiae : of large size and artis-
tic workmanship.

26. in bibliotheca ; this was the library connected with the temple
of Apollo, on the Palatine hill. Cf. Aug. 29, templum ApoUinis in ea
parte Palatinae domus excitavit, quam fulmine ictam desiderari a deo
haruspices pronuntiarant : addidit porticus cum bibliotheca Latina
Graecaque.

29. ante . . . quam obiret: see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (1).

30. tiirris Phaii : lighthouse. Pharos was the name of an island
near Alexandria, on which Ptolemy Philadelphus built his famous
light ; afterward the word Pharos was used to signify any lighthouse.
The best known lighthouses in Italy were situated at Capreae, Brundi-
sium, Ostia, and Kaveima.

31. cinis e favilla et carbonibus . . . inlatis : ashes of the coals
that had been brought in glowing ; favilla et carbonibus is a case of
hendiadys.

Page 41. 4. discurrentes pars : note the consti-uctio ad sensum.

1. Oemonias : see note on p. 29. 17.

9. nam cum senatus consulto, etc.: Tacitus, Ann. iii. 51 (21
A.D.), mentions that this decree granted a ten days' interval, but
remarks that Tiberius never became more placable by the lapse of
time. Dio, Iviii. 27, states that on this occasion a number escaped by
virtue of the enactment.

13. hominum fidem : the ordinary expression for imploring help.

16. quasi . . . pennanente : see Introd. II. § 6, b (1).

18. Atellam potius, etc. : the people sarcastically suggested
that it would be urore fitting to carry the corpse to Atella, a small
town of Campania ; he was not worthy of Rome. It will be remem-
bered, too, that Atella was the home of the Atellana, a kind of farce,
which would make the suggestion still more contemptuous.

19. semiustilandum : to half burn the body would be a sign of
neglect and disrespect.

23. Bed eodem ezemplo : to the same purport ; lit. ' after the
same pattern.'

24. humilUmorum signis : i. e. the wills were witnessed by people of
very low rank. For the signing and sealing of wills, see note on p. 16. 28.

Page 42] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 199

25. heredes, etc.. cf. Calig. chap. 14. 3. aequia partibus:
ablative absolute.

26. Gaium . . . Druso : see stemma, p. 142. subsUtuitque
in vicem : according to the provision of the will, should either die,
the other was to succeed. Tiberius' claim was disregarded by Gaius.

27. iSgata plerisque : according to Dio, lix. 2, these were all paid
by Caligula.

29. vicorum magistria : after the reorganization of the city by
Augustus, there were four magistri vicorum to each viciis. The vici
in a city were either streets or the blocks bounded by streets, or, as
here, sub-divisions of the regiones. According to Pliny, N. H. ill. 66,
there were two hundred and sixty-five of these subdivisions in the time
of Augustus.

CALIGULA — EMPEEOR, 37^1 A.D.

Sources: Suetonius. Dio Cassius, lix. Josephus, Ant. Jud. xviii.
6, 10; xix. 1, 5. Philo, in Flaccum and Legat. ad Gaivm.

The accession of Gaius, son of Germauicus, was hailed with delight.
The informers were suppressed and election of magistrates was restored
to the assemblies. These and other reforms were short-lived, how-
ever, for Gaius soon reverted to the sySlem of Tiberius, though lacking
Tiberius' ability as an administrator. Great power, moreover, turned
his weak head. He claimed divine honors, undertook ridiculous cam-
paigns, and squandered the resources of the empire in wild schemes.
The ancient authorities are one in drawing the portrait of a madman,
and their pages are filled with the accounts of his insane antics. The
only important constitutional change was the formation of a fifth
decury of jurors.

Page 42. 5. OermanicuB: see note on p. 23. 20, and stemma,
p. 142. Dniai : the elder Drusus, brother of Tiberius. minoria
AHtoniae : daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia, sister of Augustus.

6. adoptatuB : according to Tacitus, Ann. iv. 67, Augustus was
prevailed upon by his wife to adopt Tiberius, who in his turn was com-
pelled to adopt Germanicus. Cf. Dio, Iv. 13: "Augustus, however,
adopted Tiberius, . . . but fearing that he might aspire to power,
compelled him to adopt Germanicus, son of his brother Drusus, and
that, too, notwithstanding the fact that Tiberius had a son of his
own." quinquennio ante quam: twenty-five was the minimum
age ; see note on p. 7. 10.

200 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 42

7. ante quam . . . liceret : see Iiitrod. II. § 3, 6 (1).

8. Btatim : i.e. without holding the intermediate offices of aedile
and praetor. He became consul, not in the same year that he held the
quaestorship, but five years after, being quaestor, 7 a.d., and consul,
12 A.D. ; c/. Dio, It. 31 and Ivi. 20.

11. summam rei publicae : the sovereignty.

12. incertum pietate an, etc. : he held in check, and in so doing,
whether he showed greater regard for duty, or greater firmness, is
difflcult to say. The word pietas may mean duty to the state and
sovereign, to the gods, or to one's relatives. On the action of the
legions in Germany, cf. Tib. chap. 25. 28 seq.

13. moz : for the force of the word, see note on p. 15. 21. con-
sul deinde itenim : 18 a.d.

14. ad componendum Oiientis statum: for his command in
the East, his death, and the supposed complicity of Piso therein, see
Tib. chap. 52. 20 seq. and notes.

15. ezpulsUB: note the force of the word. Tiberius compelled
him to go. Armeniae regem devicisset: Tacitus, Ann. ii. 56,
says that Armenia had no king at that time : regem ilia tempestale
non habebant, amoto Vonone. Possibly it was this Vonones whom
Germanicus had conquered.

20. cor inter ossa : Pliny, W. H. xi. 187, states that it was generally
believed that the hearts of those who had died of a stomach disorder
or of poison could not be burned. Continuing, he says that Vitellius
in his accusation of Piso cited the fact that the heart of Germanicus
was not consumed on the funeral pyre, as a proof that he had been
poisoned.

Page 43. 1. quasi plane ita necesse esset : i.e. as though there
were absolutely no alternative. For the clause quasi . . . esset, see
Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4).

2. gravisaimis verbonim ac rerum acerbitatibus . . . ad-
fecit : i.e. he bitterly opposed Germanicus by word and deed. For
the abstract acerbitatibus, see Introd. II. § 1, d.

4. capitis : to death ; see note on p. 32. 25. For Tacitus' account
of the trial, see Ann. iii. 10-15. Kio, Ivii. 18, states definitely that
Piso, after obtaining an adjournment of the trial, committed suicide.

5. corporis animique virtutes : rf. Tac. Ann. ii. 13, " One praised
the noble birth of his general, another his handsome person, very
many lauded his endurance, his affability, and his even temper, dis-
played both in serious matters and in amusements." Dio, Ivii. 18, says,

Page 43] NOTES ON CALIG0LA. 201

" He was of handsome personal appearance, and possessed a character
of sterling worth."

8. in utroque . . . genere : see note on p. 38. 13.

10. conciliandaeque . . . efficaz studium : wonderfully desirous
of winning the esteem of men and of deserving their affection, and
wonderfully successful in doing so.

12. gracUitas crurum: see Introd. II. § 1, d.

14. oravit causas: (/. Dio, Ivi. 26, " Germanicus did nothing that
deserves especial mention while holding the office of consul, except
that even then he pleaded cases for others." tTimnphalis : agree-
ing with the subject of oravit, and probably referring to the bestowal
of the ornamenta triumphalia, because he left for the Orient immedi-
ately after receiving his regular triumph.

15. cetera studiorum monimenta : other literary ^oorks. There i
are still extant Germanicus' paraphrase of the Phaenomena of Aratusj
in 725 lines, and fragments of a paraphrase of the same writer's Prog-
nostica. The word monimenta is often so applied in Latin. For the
force of et, see Introd. II. § 6, d.

16. civilis : for meaning, see note on p. 17. 14.

17. Bicubl . . . cognoBceret: see Introd. II. §3, 6 (3).

18. clade Variana : see note on p. 12. 6.

19. veteres . . humaturus: this was in 15 a.d. ; cf. Tacitus,
Ann. i. 62, who states that the Roman army, six years after the
disaster, gave burial to the scattered bones of their countrymen, and
that the sad duty filled them with grief and rage against the foe.
humaturus: for the future participle, see Introd. II. § 4, a (1).

21. qualescumque . . . nanctus esset : see Introd. II. § 3, 6(3).

23. cUentelas: Introd. II. § 1, d.

24. vene&ciis quoque et devotionibus : magical potions and
spells. See note on p. 42. 14 ; cf. Tacitus, Ann. ii. 69, who relates that
proofs of magic and abominable concoctions were discovered in Piso's
house, together with leaden tablets on which Germanicus' name had
been engraved.

26. ut amicitlam . . . renuntiaret : the renunciation of friend-
ship was, with the Romans, a formal act, both in the case of indi-
viduals and of states.

27. mandaretque domesticiB, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. ii.
71, his words were, vindicabitis vos, si me potius quam fortunam meam
fovebatis.

30. ut Augustus . . . diu cunctatus, etc. : this statement is also
made by Tacitus, Ann. iv. 57 : nam dubitaveratX^ had been inclined ')

202 NOTES ON CALIGTILA. [Page 43

Augustus Germanicum, sororis nepotem et cunctis laudatum, rei Bo-
manae imponere. necessitudines : Introd. II. § 1, d.
32. adoptandum Tiberio dederit: see note on p. 42. 6.

Page 44. 2. prae turba: see Introd. II. § 5 (1).

5. prodisse obviam : came out to meet. Note the adverbial con-
struction. The adjective construction may also be used ; in this case
it would he prodisse obvias.

11. lapidata: lapidare, 'to stone,' does not occur before the Au-
gustan period.

16. poBuisee : equivalent to deposuisse.

17. regum etiam regem : a title assumed by various kings. By
the Romans it was specially applied to the king of the Parthians. In
Plutarch, Pomp. 38. 15, there is a distinct mention of the title as
applied to the Parthian king : " And so he did not deign in his reply to
address the Parthian as king of kings, as others do." The Greeks
usually applied the term to the king of the Persians.

18. megistanum : grandees, a, Gieeik word (luyiaTam) .

19. quod-apud Farthos, etc. . which among the Parthians is a
sign of mourning ; lit. 'equivalent to a iustitium,' for which word see
note on p. 28. 17.

22. vesperi : adverbial locative form. convaluisse tandem
percrebruiBset, etc. : Tacitas, Ann. ii. 82, states that this news was
brought by traders from the East.

25. geetientis: longing.

28. s^va Roma s^va patria b^vub est Germ^micua : a tro-
chaic septenarius. Note that the stress accent and metrical ictus co-
incide, as was often the case in these popular jingles.

29. fato fmictum : euphemistic for ' had died.'

31. per festoB Decembris mensis dies : this festival of the Satur-
nalia originally lasted but one day ; during the later period of the
republic, two days. Augustus extended the time to three days, the
17th, 18th, and 19th of December. Caligula probably added a fourth,
and possibly a fifth (see note on p. 52. 2). Later the merry-making
lasted as many as seven days.

Page 45. 1. nee temere : and with good reason. reverentia
eiufl ao metu, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 51, says that Tiberius made a
pretence of virtue as long as Germanicus and Drusus lived, but as
soon as all shame and fear were cast aside, he followed his natural in-
clinations. Dio, Ivii. 19, remarks that now, there being no one left to

Page 45] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 203

contend with Tiberius for the government, he changed completely,
though he had acted well enough before.

4. novem liberos : Nero, Dru.su.s, Tiberius, Gaius (who died in in-
fancy), Gaius (afterward the emperor Caligula), Agrippiiia (afterward
mother of Nero), Drusilla, Julia (also named Livilla), and a son
whose name is not known.

7. in aede Capitolinae Veneiia : also known as the temple of
Venus Erycina, dedicated after the battle of Trasumene, 217 b.c, by
Quintus Fabius Maximus.

8. Augustus in cubiculo suo positani : sc. effigiem ; hut Au-
■gustus kept another picture of the child in his bed-chamber. Note the
asyndeton where the clauses are adversative, an idiom common in
Latin. quotiensque introiret: for the iterative subjunctive, see
Introd. n. §3, 6 (3).

11. Neronem et Drusum : see Tib. chap. 54. 24.

14. pridie Kal. Sept. : August 31, 12 a.d. Dio, lix. 7, after
telling of the two days' ceremony conducted by Gaius at the dedi-
cation of a temple built in honor of Augustus, remarks that the
ceremony of the second day, which was the day before the Calends of
September, was the more elaborate, because it was the birthday of
Gaius as well.

16. Cn. Iientulus Gaetulicus : Gnaeus Lentulus, sumamed
Gaetulicus, consul, 26 a.d., was commander of the legions in Upper
Germany. His great popularity with his soldiers aroused the jealousy
of Caligula, who had him puo to death, 39 a.d. He was a writer of
both prose and verse ; see note on p. 26. 17.

17. Flinius Secundus : this is Pliny the Younger. in Treveris :
in the country of the Treveri. The modern city of Treves derives its
name from this tribe.

18. Ambitarsio : the location of this place is not known. supra
Confluentes : the place was named Confluentes, because situated at
the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine. The modem name is Cob-
lentz.

20. versiculi: Introd, II. § 1, c. The diminutive indicates the
brevity and popular character of the quotation.

24. lam designati, etc. : was even then an omen of a prince to be.

25. in actis : in the official gazette ; for the word acta, see note
on p. 4. 23. Anti : locative ; see note on p. 23. 10. editum :
sc. Oaium.

27. ex urbe Herculi sacra: Tibur; cf. Aug. 72, Tibur, ubi
etiam in porticibus Herculis templi persaepe ius dixit.

204 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 45

28. abuBumque audentius mendacio : and that he was embold-
ened to state this falsehood.

29. Tiburi : modern Tivoli, a town sixteen miles northeast of
Rome, one of the most ancient of Latium. The temple of Hercules,
situated here, was one of the largest structures outside of Rome. In
classical times Tibur was noted for its fine country homes. Horace
possessed a seat near by, and in its neighborhood was situated
Hadrian's magnificent villa.

30. et ipse : he too ; a form of expression found in Livy, but not
used by Cicero.

31. supra diziinus : chap. 7. Plinium arguit, etc. : Pliny is
refuted by chronological considerations.

Page 46. 4. adiuverit : potential.

5. filias : Drusilla and Agrippina.

6. quod antiqui etiam, etc. : cf. Priscian vi. 8. 41, ^ puer pueri,'
cuius, femininum 'puera' dicebant antiquissimi, unde et 'puerpera'
dicitur, quae puerum vel pueram parit.

8. ante . . quam obiret: Introd. II. § 3, b (1).

11. ut ducereat, etc. : I made arrangements yesterday with Tala-
rius and Asillius to take the boy with them.

16. non potuisee ibi nasci : that the place to which he was after-
ward brought from Borne, when hardly two years old, could not have
been his birthplace.

18. iidem . elevant : destroy belief in.

20. inBtrumenti : document; t'.e. the acta mentioned above.

21. lociB atque_Becessibus : hendiadys, ' places of retreat. '

25. Caligulae cognomen .- the form caliyula is the diminutive of
the word caliga, a heavy military boot studded with nails. It may be
rendered 'little boots.' Cf. Tac. Ann. i. 41 ; also Dio, Ivil. 5, "They
called him Caligula because he had, for the most part, been brought
up in camp, and was accustomed to wear the soldier's boot instead
of that used by civilians." manipulario babitu: iii the dress of
a common soldier. Manipularius equivalent to manipularis is post-
Augustan.

27. per banc . . . consuetudinem : by being thus brought up as
one of them.

30. tumultuantiB : see Tib. chap. 25. 26. 4n furorem usque
praecipites : carried quite away by their madness.

31. conapectu suo : suo has the force of the objective genitive
sui.

Page 47] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 205

Page 47. 1. prozimam civitatem : Trfeves, called by the Romans
Augusta Treverorum.

3. invidiam quae aibi tieret : the odium which was being cast
upon them.

4. et : Introd. II. § 6, d. Syriaca ezpeditione : see Calig.
chap. 1. 14.

5. ea relegata: to the Island of Pandataria; cf. Tib. chap. 53. 11.

6. contubemio: for meaning, see note on p. 11. 1.

8. pro roBtiia : for the force of pro, see note on p. 5. 13. Under
the year 29 a.d., Tacitus, Ann. v. 1, has this statement: laudata est
pro rostris a Gaio Caesare pronepote, qui max rerumpotitus est. This
would make Caligula sixteen years of age at the time.

9. accituB Capreas : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 20, under the date 33 a.d.,
says that Gaius accompanied Tiberius to Capreae.

11. tirocinio : for meaning, see note on p. 24. 21.

14. perinde . . . ac si : just as if. obliterato Buorum casu :
his mother had been banished, his elder brother Nero had been exe-
cuted, and Drusus was at this time (33 a.d.) in a dungeon under the
palace, where he was soon starved to death. Cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 20:
immanem animnm subdnla modestia tegens, non damnatione matris
non exilio fratrum rupta voce.

15. quae . . pateretur : a general relative clause ; the subjunc-
tive is iterative ; 'if even he himself suffered anything.' incredibili
dissimulatione, etc. : Tac. Ann. vi. 20, " Whatever mood Tiberius as-
sumed for the day, in that did Caligula cloak his own feelings, whence
a saying of the orator Passienus, ' never had there been a better slave
or a worse master.' "

20. poenisque : as -que is lacking in the Memmian manuscript,
Bentley regarded poenis as a gloss. Other manuscripts have poenisque.
It seems safer to keep this reading with Roth.

21. ganeas atque adulteiia . . . obiret : he caroused and de-
bauched. For the literal meaning of ganeas, see note .on p. 21. 6.
The word also means, as here, the conduct of people in these low
dives.

24. Bi . . . poBset : an indirect question.

25. quod sagaciBBimuB, etc. : now, of this nature the keen old em-
peror had such a just conception that, etc. Cf Tacitus, Ann. vi. 46, who
states that on one occasion when Gaius expressed contempt for Sulla,
Auimstiis remarked that Gaius would possess all the vices of Sulla and
none of his virtues. Dio, Iviii. 23, states that Tiberius selected Gaius
as his successor because he thought that bis own evil deeds would be

206 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 47

cast into the shade by Gaius' still more evil ones, and that the latter
would kill the noblest of the senators who had survived.

27. The words bracketed are clearly a gloss.

28. Phaethontem ; according to fable, he nearly burned up the
world trying to drive the chariot of the sun ; see Ovid, Met. il. 1-366.

29. M. Silani: consul suffectus \n \b i..i>.

30. du2it uzorem : Dio and Tacitus do not agree with regard to
the date of the marriage. The former, Iviii. 25, under the year 35 a.d.,
says that Tiberius celebrated the marriage ceremony of Gaius at An-
tium. Tacitas, Ann. vi. 20, makes the marriage take place in 33 a.d.

32. insigni testiinonio : i.e. the selection was a proof that Tibe-
rius highly esteemed the loyalty and character of Gaius.

Page 48. 1. reliquia subsidiiB : in these words reference is made
to Drusus son of Tiberius, Germanicus his adopted son, and the two
brothers of Caligula, Drusus and Nero.

2. Seiano : see note on p. 26. 9.

5. Macronis : the man employed by Tiberius to present to the
senate the letter deposing Sejanus. He succeeded Sejanus as prae-
torian prefect.

6. Bollicitavit ad stuprum : Tacitus' account (^Ann. vi. 45) differs
somewhat from this, for he represents Macro himself as the instigator
of the intrigue for the purpose of gaining greaier control over Gaius.

8. chirographo : i.e. by a document signed in bis own hand-
writing.

9. msinuatus Macroni: having wormed his way into Macro's
favor. Tiberium adgressus est : see Tib. chap. 73. 16 and note.

12. suspicionem retinentiB : note the concrete expression, equiva-
lent to suspicionem retinendi.

15. Bint . . . auctoreB : the expression has the force of a verb of
saying, hence the infinitive construction following.

16. etsi . . . piofeBButa: that he had asserted that though he
had not committed the murder, he had really at one time thought of
committing it.

22. aut ezseqnl : or punish him.

24. Toti compotem fecit : fulfilled the desires of. ezoptatis-
BimuB: Introd. II. § 4, a (2).

27. plehi urbanae : the ordinary expression signifying the mass
of impoverished free citizens outside the two higher orders. There
were some two hundred thousand or more of these whose names made
up the list of those who were recipients of grain from the state.

Page 49] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 207

29. Miseno : situated upon the promontory of Misenum, near Na-
ples; it was the naval station of the west coast ; r/. note on p. 13. 21.

32. sidus et pulluiu et pupum et alumnum : their star, their
chick, the apple of their eye, and their nursling.

Page 49. 2. inrita Tiberii voluntate : cf. Tib. chap. 76. 25. Dio,
lix. 1, relates that Gaius sent the will to the senate by Macro and had
it declared invalid, as being the work of a man of failing mental
powers, which was indicated by the fact that he had willed dominion
to a child not old enough to have a seat in the senate.
3. altenim nepotem : also named Tiberius.
6. ac ne totis : and even less.

8. in proziinas Ceunpaniae insulas : Capri, Ischia, Frocida, are
their names at the present time.

14. quique . . voverent : who made a formal vow to give their
lives if he were spared. titulo : strictly the formula in which they
made the vow. One of these people, so Dio narrates, named P. Afra-
nius Potitiis, instead of receiving the reward he had expected, was
compelled to fulfil his vow. See Calig. chap. 27. 5.

16. ArtabanuB : see note on p. 36. 20.

17. odium semper . . . prae se ferens: always making a dis-
play of his loathing and contempt for Tiberius ; cf. Tib. 66. 20.

18. amicitiam . . ultro : according to Dio, lix. 27, Vitellius, the
consular legate, forced him to this act of homage.

20 aquilas et aigna : the aquila was the standard of the legion as
a whole. The signa meant the standards of the diSerent maniples, or
as a comprehensive term, might include the aquilae. imagines :
each legion had a statue of the emperor, which was carried like a
standard by an imaginifer, and to which divine honors were paid.

21. et ipse : himself; see note on p. 45. 30.

22. pro contione: publicly; lit. 'before an assemblage of the
citizens.'

24. Pandataiiam: see note on p. 29. 11. Pontias: these islands
lay south of Latium, and were used as places of banishment by the
emperors. The group consisted of the islands of Pontia, Sinonia, and
Palmaria.

25. fratrisque cineres, etc. : this brother was named Nero. Cf.
Dio, lix. 3 : "He gathered with his own hands the bones of his mother
and brothers, brought them to Rome, and placed them in the tomb of
Augustus." tempestate tnrbida: in stormy weather; ablative of
attendant circumstance.

208 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [I'age 49

27. nee minore scaena : with no less pomp.

28. praefizo . . . vezillo : as it was the vexillum that floated over
the general's tent, so it was probably the same that indicated the flag-
ship. Tiberi : ablative of the way or route taken.

29. splendidiBBimum : from Augustus' reign on, those knights
who were of illustrious birth and possessed the property qualification
of the senatorial rank, formed an upper class and were termed equites
itlustres or splendidi.

30. irequenti die: i.e. at a time of day when the streets were
crowded with people. Mausoleo : the imperial tomb built by
Augustus on the site of the present Teatro Correa. Some remains of
the work are still to be seen ; c/. Aug. 100 (reliquias Avgiisti),
mausoleo condideruiit. Id opus inter Flaminiam viam ripamque
Tiberis sexto suo consulalu exstruxerat.

31. inieriaaque, etc. : ceremonies in their memory to be performed
yearly by the state. annua religione : ablative of quality.

32. caipentum : a, two-wheeled covered carriage used to convey
the Roman matrons in public processions. The right to ride in the
carpentitm on such occasions was greatly coveted, and was granted
distinguished women by decree of the senate.

Page 50. 1. traduceretur : i.e. her image. at; moreover; at
is often used to introduce a, different, but not entirely opposite,
thought.

4. patruum Claudium : afterward the emperor Claudius ; see
Claud, chap. 6. Dio, lix. 6, states that, hitherto ranked as an eques-
trian, he was now in his forty-sixth year made at the same time a
senator and consul, 37 a.d.

6. fratrem : cousin. This was Gemellus, son of Drusus, grandson
of Tiberius, and adopted son of Gaius. die virilia togae: also
called the dies tirocinii. See notes on pp. 5. 19 and 24. 21.

7. principem iuventutiB : in the reign of Augustus this title,
originally applied to the knights as a body, was given to his grandsons
Lucius and Gaius Caesar. From that time on, the title was generally
bestowed upon the heir to the empire, or upon one closely connected
with the royal family. de sororibus, etc. : Dio, lix. 3, " Gaius
decreed that the honors granted the Vestals be conferred upon his
sisters ; that they sit in the same place of honor that he did at the
equestrian games, and that the vows offered for his own safety and
that of the state, be offered for them as well."

10. relationibUB : motions.

Page 51] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 209

12. pari popularitate . . . restituit : he rendered himself equally
popular by resturlug, etc.

14. gratiam fecit : pardoned. conunentaiios : Dio, lix. 4,
states that the letters burned were copies, not the real ones ; cf. Calig.
chap. 30. .30.

18. libelliun de salute : a memorial relating to his personal safety.

19. nihil aibi admissum : that he had been guilty of no crime.
On the construction of sibi, see Introd. IL § 2, c (1). Note that the
word admittere indicates the moral liability ; committere, the overt
act.

21. spinthiiaa : sodomites. aegre ne . . . ezoratus : with
difficulty prevailed upon not, etc.

22. Titi Labieni : an orator and author of the time of Augustus ;
a bitter opponent of the imperial rfegime.

23. Cordi Cremuti ; an historian who wrote of the achievements
of Augustus. See Tib. chap. 61. 21, and note. Casai Seven: a
Roman orator exiled by Augustus. Tacitus, Ann. i. 72, says that it
was the virulent attacks of Cassius upon people of distinction that
caused Augustus to apply the law of maiestas to libellous writings.

25. sua : the ablative with interest ; for origin of construction, see
Bennett, Appendix to Lat. Gram. 249, 3.

26. rationes imperii : this statement of the financial condition of
the empire — a practice begun by Augustus — had been neglected
after Tiberius' retirement to Capri. Cf. I)io, lix. 9: "Following the
example of Augustus, he (Gaius) now made up and published an
account of the state revenues, which had not been made public since
the withdrawal of Tiberius."

29. sine sui appellatione : without appeal to him ; sui is objective
genitive.

31. equo : the equiles equo publico, having long ceased to serve as
cavalry in the army, would have disappeared with the other obsolete
military divisions, had not Augustus revived them and sent out under
experienced generals those knights of distinction who intended to fol-
low a military career, to learn their future profession. To take away
the horse was equivalent to deprivation of rank.

32. nominibus modo: i.e. the only mark of disapprobation was
the omission of their names in reading the roll of knights.

Page 51. 2. quintam decuriam, etc. : according to the lex Aure-
lia, 70 B.C., jurors were selected from the three classes, — senators,
knights, and tribuni aerarii. Each class formed a decuria. Angus-

210 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 51

tus made a fourth decuria of those whose rating was inferior, to act in
cases of minor importance ; of. Aug. 32 : ad tres iudicum decurias
quartam addidit ex inferiore censii, quae ducenariorum vocaretur iudi-
caretque de levioribus stimmis. Cf. note on p. 27. 26.

3. sulfragia populo reddere : from this it would appear that Tibe-
rius had deprived the people of the right of voting for their magistrates.
The words of Tacitus, Ann. i. 16, imply the same thing, though he
is speaking particularly of the election of praetors. His statement
is that the election then passed from the comitia centuriata to the
senate. The words of Dio, lix. 9, are quite definite : " He (Caligula)
was praised for having restored to the people the right of election,
thus annulling what Tiberius had established in this matter."

5. Bed et luliae Augustae : as well as those of Julia Augusta,
i.e. Livia. Buppresserat : cf. Tib. chap. 61. 7.

6. sine calumnia ; i.e. without throwing odium upon Tiberius for
having suppressed them. repraesentata persolvit : he paid at once.
ducenteaimam : sc. partem. This tax, at first one per cent, was
instituted by Augustus to furnish apension fund ; cf. Tac. Ann. i. 78.
Tiberius afterward reduced it to one-half per cent (^Ann. ii. 42). The
formation of this fund is thus described in the Mon. Ancyranum,
chap. 7: M. Lepido et L. Arruntio cos. (6 a.d.) in aerarium militare,
quod ex meo consilio constitutum est, ex quo praemia darentur militi-
bus, qui vicena aut plura stipendia emeruissent H.S. milliens et
septingentiens ex patrimonio meo detuli.

9. reditum : this probably refers to the income of the private purse
of these sovereigns, as fructum vectigaliorum refers to the public
revenues.

10. Antiocho Commageno : Commagene became a Roman prov-
ince in 17 A.D. In 38 a.d. Caligula, as indicated in the text, restored
his paternal kingdom to Antiochus, surnamed Epiphanes. This king
afterward, in the reign of Nero, assisted the Romans in their wars
against the Parthians, and against the Jews in the time of Vespasian.
Accused, in 72 A. D., of conspiring with the Parthians, he was deprived
of his kingdom, and thereafter resided at Rome. Bestertium
milieB: 100,000,000 sesterces; about 85,000,000. confiscatum :
agreeing with milies used as an indeclinable noun. The meaning is,
that the sum had been paid into the Roman treasury since Com-
magene had become a Roman province.

H. quoque : note the position ; hence not the adverb, but the con-
junction and connective.
12. octoginta: sc. sestertia; 800,000 sesterces ; about $40,000.

Page 51] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 211

14. ei : i.e.. Caligula. clipeua : this was a shield emblazoned
with the figure of the emperor ; such a figure was also called imago
clipeata. The custom of emblazoning shields with the portraits of
one's ancestors, and using them as dedicatory offerings or for decorative
purposes, is said to have originated with Appiiis Claudius (consul,
495 B.C.).

17. carmine modulato : it was a poem set to music and sung as a
choral ode by the youths and maidens, much as the carmen saeculare
of Horace must have been sung at the secular games given by Augustus.

19. Parilia : the 21st of April, a day sacred to Pales, goddess of
shepherds ; also the traditional anniversary of the founding of Rome,
velut argiimentum : to indicate, as it were, that he was the second
founder of the city.

21. piimum ex Kal. lul. : from the 1st of July (37 a.d.), i.e. he
was consul suffectus; cf. note on p. 17. 30. His colleague was Claudius ;
see note on p. 50. 4. Under Augustus, particularly during the latter
portion of his reign, six months seems to have been the ordinary term
for the consuls. The first of July would therefore be the time for the
consules suffecti to begin their term. The practice was not maintained
under Tiberius; but Caligula seems to have desired to follow the
example set by Augustus, and hence he did not begin bis term till
July 3, although Tiberius had died the preceding March.

22. secundum ex Kal. Ian. : i.e. from January 1, 39 a.d., his
colleague being L. Apronius Caesianus. tertium usque in Idus
Ian. . i.e. from the 1st to the 13th of January, 40 a.u.

23. quartum usque septlmiun Idus easdem : i.e. January 1 to
7, 41 A.D., his colleague being Cn. Sentius Saturninus.

24. ex omnibus duos novissimos coniunxit : the apparent
meaning is, that of these four terms he held the last two in successive
years, coniunxit having the force of continuavit. If this interpretation
be correct — and no other is convincing — we must believe Suetonius
guilty of a slip, for by consulting the dates given above, it is obvious
that Caligula held the last three terms in successive years.'

25. Luguduni : the modern Lyons.

27. sub Kalendarum diem : just before the Calends; of January;
i. e. he died while consul-elect.

28. congiarium : see note on p. 13. 24.

29. trecenos sestertios : about fifteen dollars each.

31. forensia : sc. vestimenta ; i.e. togas, the out-of-door and formal
dress.

32. fasciaa : the fasciae were bands of cloth used in various ways

212 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 52

as articles of apparel, — to bind around the breast, the legs either above
or below the knee, the abdomen, and even the throat. purpurae
ac conchylii : purpura was deep purple ; cunchylium, a diluted
purple of lighter shade formed by mixing water or other dyes with
purpura.

Page 52. 2. diem Batumalibus : we have seen (c/. note on p.
44. 31) that Tiberius extended this festival from one to three days.
Whether the day here mentioned is the fourth or fifth added by
Caligula, is not known, for Dio, lix. 6, says that Gains made the time
five days.

3. amphitheatro Tauri : see note on p. 5. 24.

4. Saeptia: see note on p. 12. 17. Dio, lix. 10, says that he even
flooded the place and had a ship floated in.

9. multiiariam : adverb, in many places.

11. miBsilia: these were presents thrown by the emperor to the
people. Dio, lix. 9, represents him as scattering tickets and not the
objects themselves, though this was often done : "At gymnastic
games he scattered tickets among the people, and gave those who
secured them the objects the names of which were written thereon."
obsonio : this was any food used as a relish with bread, considered
as the main article of diet. Fish was especially so used ; sometimes
fruit.

12. contra se : i.e. sitting opposite; see Introd. II. § 5 (2).

13. sed et : and likewise.

15. extra ordinem: i.e. before he had held the preliminary offi-
ces ; see note on p. 7. 9. circenBeB : sc. ludos.

17. Africanarum : sc. ferarum ; the name was especially applied
to panthers, though it might signify lions, tigers, leopards, etc., as
well. Troiae decursione : the manoeuvre known as Troia, for
which see note on p. 5. 17.

18. mlnio : ci'nnafiar or red lead I as a color, 'crimson.' chryso-
colla: horaa, ; as a color, 'copper-green.'

19. commiait et subitos: sc. ludos; he even began some on the
spur of the moment.

20. Gelotiana : sc. domo ; supposed, on the testimony of an in-
scription (c/. Gruter, Insc. 598, 7), to have been a home near the cir-
cus, built by one Gelotius and occupied by some of Caesar's slaves.

21. Maeniania : Maeniana originally meant balconies built in
front of a house that faced a forum, as places from which to view
the games ; afterward the word came to mean balconies in general.

Page 53] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 213

They received the name from Maenius, consul in 338 u.c. ; c/. the
word mansard, which is derived from the name of a French architect,
Mansard.

23. Baianim: this charming spot, on the bay of Naples, was
famous for its magnificent country villas. Puteoli : modern Pozzu-
oli ; about two miles from Baiae, famous as a summer resort and for
its excellent harbor protected by a mole {moles Puteolanae).

24. trium milium : it will be remembered that a Roman mile is
about 144 yards shorter than an English mile.

27. Buperiectoque aggere : though not so stated, the two lines of
boats were probably connected by planks resting upon them. On
these planks and the boats the embankment was thrown up, forming
a road.

28. in Appiae Viae foimam : see note on p. 39. 15. This road,
passing close to Baiae and Puteoli, would naturally be the one with
which the work was compared.

29. ultro citro : back and forth; asyndeton.

30. quercea corona : also called corona civica ; see note on p.
17. 26. Querela was Roth's conjecture for quiercica of the Memm.
manuscript. It has since been found to be the reading of a thirteenth-
century parchment manuscript in the British Museum. caetra:
a small round Spanish shield of hide, like the target of the Scottish
Highlanders.

32. cunicnlo biiugi : riding in a chariot drawn by two horses.
prae se ferens : exhibiting.

Page 53, 2. essedis : the essedum (sometimes esseda, -ae) was
originally a Keltic war chariot. -Being a light, convenient, two-
wheeled vehicle, the Romans adopted it with some modifications, and
used it for travelling and for purposes of pleasure. cohorte :
retinue.

4. aliquanto : i.e. considerably. The strait, where bridged, was
about an English mile across. This was the bridge which Xerxes
built in 481 B.C., preparatory to invading Greece.

7. Bed aviun meum : one of the rare personal allusions in Sue-
tonius. See Introd. I.

8. interioribuB aulicis : confidential courtiers.

9. quod . . ■ affirmasaet : this causal clause following proditam
hits a substantive force. ThrasylluB : see note on p. 10. 32.

10. verum nepotem : Tiberius, Drusus' own child.
12. diBCursurum : run about.

214 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 53

13. asticoB ludoB : see note on p. 5. 17.

14. IiUgudimi : see note on p. 51. 25. miacellos : sc. ludos,
' mixed games, ' made up of various kinds of contests.

17. laudes: i.e. speeches in praise of them.

20. obiurgari: obiurgare, with the meaning 'to punish,' or
' strike,' is pos1>-Augustan.

21. templum August! : see Tib. chap. 47. 16. Dio, lix. 7, says
that Gaius, dressed in a triumphal robe, dedicated the temple ; that
hymns were sung by boys and girls of noble birth, and that a ban-
quet was spread for the senators and their wives in honor of the
occasion.

22. aquae ductum : this is the famous Claudian aqueduct, begun
by Caligula, 38 a.d., and finished by Claudius, 52 a.d., and is the
most perfectly preserved of these ancient structures. Pliny, JV. H.
xxxvi. 122, gives a good description of it. Its length was forty
Roman miles, and its source at such an elevation that its water was
raised to the summits of all the hills of the city ; the cost of the aque-
duct was about ^17,500,000. Continuing, Pliny remarks: "If we
take into consideration the abundant supply of water to the public for
baths, ponds, canals, household purposes, gardens, places in the
suburbs, and country houses, and then reflect upon the distances that
are traversed, the arches that have been constructed, the mountains
that have been pierced, the valleys that have been filled up, we must
of necessity admit that there is nothing to be found more worthy of
our admiration throughout the whole universe."

23. Tiburti : see note oq p. 45. 29.

24. Saepta: see note on p. 12. 17. quorum . . . alteram: i.e.
the amphitheatre.

27. Polycratis : tyrant of Samos. For his marvellous good for-
tune, cf. Herod, iii. 39 seq. He was betrayed and crucified, 522 b.c,
by the satrap of Sardis.

28. Didymeum : a celebrated temple and oracle of Apollo, so
named from the town of Didyma, in the territory of Miletus, near
which it stood.

29. Isthmum . . . periodere : the isthmus of Corinth. Julius
Caesar had conceived this idea (_Iul. 44), and Nero, too, essayed the
task {Nero, chap. 19. 1), but it remained for modern engineering
skill to accomplish the work.

30. primipilarem : sc. eenturionem. A centurion of the primus
pilus or first maniple of triarii was called a primipUus, or cetUurio
primipilaris.

Page 64] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 215

Page 54, 1. compluribus cognominibus adsumptis : Dio, lix.
3, states that Caligula, who bad hitherto been so modest that he had
refused to accept the titles granted to the Caesars, suddenly became so
haughty that in a single day he claimed all those titles which had
been granted to Augustus only during a long course of years. The
appellation pater patriae he did refuse, but not for long.

4. reges : these may have been Agrippa of Judaea and Antiochus
of Commagene, who were, we are told by Dio, lix. 24, at the court of
Caligula to teach him the art of ruling as an absolute monarch.

6. A% KoCpavos cirru, cts Ba<ri.\fvs : II. ii. 204, let there be one
prince, one king ; words of Ulysses addressed to Agamemnon.

8. speciemque principatuB in regni formam : to change the
pomp of the empire into that of a monarchy. Vot the meaning of
principatus, see note on p. 16. 3.

10. diviaam ex eo maiestatem : Dio, lix. 26, relates that when
Caligula, on account of an act of clemency, was hailed as a hero and a
god, he was seized with a violent fit of insanity, and claimed divine
honors. Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 1, mentions Gaius' claim to divine
honors as a proof of his insanity.

11. religione et arte praeclara : famous for the reverence in
which they were held and for their artistic value.

12. Olympii lovis : Josephus, Ant. hid. xix. 1. 1, states that this
was the work of Phidias, and that Memmius Kegulus was the one to
whom the task of taking down the statue had been assigned . Dio,
lix. 28, tells how the ship that had been constructed to transport the
statue was struck by lightning, and how the workmen who approached
the statue were terrified by derisive bursts of laughter, so that the
attempt had to be abandoned.

13. quibua . . imponeret : a relative clause of purpose.

14. aede Castoris et PoUucIb: Dio, lix. 28 : "He .separated the
temple of Castor and Pollux into two parts, that the entrance to his
palace might be through this [in vestibulum transfigurata'] ; and he
set up the statues of the twin gods that the sons of Jove and Leda
might, in his own words, be his doorkeepers." For the temple of
Castor and Pollux, see note on p. 13. 26.

16. medium : agreeing with ae.

17. Latiarem lovem: Dio, lix. 28: "He called himself Latian
Jove, and appointed as his priests his wife Caesonia, together with
Claudius, and other wealthy men, forcing them each to pay 10,000,000
sesterces for the honor." Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian of the
Latin confederacy, and to him were dedicated the/enae Latinae.

216 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 54

19. ezcogitatissimas : see Introd. IL § 4,- a (2).

20. simulacrum . . . iconicum : a life-size statue.

21. magisteria eacerdotii : the office uf chief director of his cult.
Magisteria is in the plural because* of the plural idea conveyed by
the expression quisque . . . comparabanl, a case of constructio ad
sensum. The sacerdotium was an office for life, but the position of
magister was held in turn {vicibus) by the members.

22. Emibitione et licitatione : by political intrigue and by making
the highest bids.

24. tetraones : woodcocks, numidicae meleagrides : guinea hens.

25. generatim per sioguloa dies : one kind each day.

26. lunam invitabat : after one of these pretended meetings with
Luna, Gaius asked Vitellius whether he had witnessed the interview.
Vitellius, seemingly overcome with awe, said in a trembling voice,
" To you gods alone, O Lord, is it permitted to see each other." This
answer greatly flattered the emperor ; Dio, lix. 27.

30. 'H (I d,vdcip' ft lyi> a-i: E. xxiii. 724, Throw me or Vll throw
thee ; words addressed, in a. wrestling bout, by Ajax to Ulysses.
Seneca, De Ira, i. 20, represents Gaius as using these words when
angry at Jove because of the thunder which interrupted his mimes
and frightened him in the midst of his revels. Dio, lix. 28, states that
Gaius bad a machine constructed which could be made to thunder in
answer to Jove's thunder, and emit flash for flash, and hurl stones for
every bolt. On occasions of such contests, Gaius used the above
quotation from Homer.

31. contubemium : see note on p. 11. 1.

32. templum Divi Augusti : for this temple, see note on p. 25. 15
end. An emperor, after deification, received the appellation Dlvus.

Page 55. 3. Agrippae : this is the famous general and friend of
Augustus ; cf. note on p. 5. 27. Gaius was son of Agrippina, daughter
of Agrippa by Julia. Tacitus, Ann. i. 3, mentions Agrippas' obscure
birth.

7. admisisset : on the force of this word, see note on p. 50. 19.

8. Actiacas Siculasque victorias : for the battle of Actium, see
note on p. 5. 14. Caligula intended to disparage these victories as
having been achieved by Agrippa.

10. soUemnibuB : cttstomary.

11. UUzem stolatum : a Ulysses in petticoats ; an astute observa-
tion, for the empress was a woman of keenness and something of a
manager.

Page 56j NOTES ON CALIGULA. 217

13. avo : ablative of origin. decurione : a member of the ordo
or senate of a provincial town was known as a decurio. Fundano :
of Fundi, for which see note on p. 4. 10.

14. monumentiB : recurds. Aufidiiun : i.e. her grandfather.
He was tribune of the plebs, 61 B.C.

16. ut interveniret Macro : a stipulative clause ; on condition
that Macro be present. See note on p. 10. 8.

17. ac per istius modi indignitates : Dio, lix. 3, states that
Caligula behaved shamefully toward his grandmother and his sisters
and that he drove the former to put an end to her life, because she
had reproved him for some misconduct.

19. etriclinio: i.e. while reclining at table.

20. fratrem Tiberium : see note on p. 60. 6.

21. Silanum : see note on p. 47. 29. Dio, lix. 8, says that Gains
hated him because of his good qualities and the fact that he was
closely related to him. Silanus, knowing that he was ridiculed by the
emperor, committed suicide.

23. quod . . . non esset secutus: on the ground that he (i.e.
Silanus) had not followed him when putting out to sea in somewhat
stormy weather.

25. ille . . . oboluiBset : that there was the odor of an antidote
about the former (Tiberius).

26. cum et Silanus, etc. : while in the one instance Silanus had
been deterred by the fear of sea sickness, and by the discomfort of trav-
elling by water. Bentley's conjecture for this passage is impatientia
nauseae vitasset molestiam. He considered that the et was a repeti-
tion, by mistake of the scribe, of the et in vitasset.

29. nam : to be sure ; nam is here transitional, not explanatory.

30. in ludibrium resorvavit : see Claud, chap. 8.

31. leve ac frigidum sit : would be unnecessary and -uninterest-
ing ; sit is potential subjunctive.

Page 56. 1. Ptolemaeum : Dio, lix. 25, relates that Gaius sent
for Ptolemaeus, son of Juba, and on hearing of his wealth put him to
death. Juba, a child at the time of the death of his father (also
named Juba), king of Numidia, was taken to Rome by Julius Caesar,
and there brought up. He became a man of great learning and
wrote numerous works. By Augustus he was given the throne of Nu-
midia, in place of which he afterward received that of Mauretania.
He died in 19 a.d.

2. Selene: daughter of >Iark Antony and Cleopatra and twin

218 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 56

sister of Alexander. She is everywhere eLse called Cleopatra, and
was married to Juba, mentioned above.

3. Enniam: wife of Macro. See Calig. chap. 12. 5; c/. Dio, lix.
10 : " Gaius, forgetting the love of Ennia and the benefits conferred
upon him by Macro', although he had obtained much thereby, even
empire itself, drove them to death."

6. nihilo reverentior, etc. : Dio, lix. 23, states that Gaius did not
wish it to appear that the senate had any power to confer honors upon
himself, and hence he treated that body with studied contempt.

7. essedum : see note on p. .53. 2.

8. ad pluteum : the pluleus was the board at the back of a bed or
couch.

12. consulibus : Cn. Domitius Corbulo, consul suffecttis for the
year 39 a.d., and his colleague, whose name is not known.

13. abrogayit magistratuin : Dio, lix. 20, does not mention the
interregnum, but simply says that Caligula appointed Domitian con-
sul, after having compelled the regular consuls to resign because they
had not proclaimed holidays in honor of his birthday.

15. quaeetorem : Seneca, De Ira, iii. 18, in mentioning the inci-
dent, states that the quaestor's name was Betilienus Bassus.

17. quo . . . insisterent : Introd. IL § 6, e. verberaturi :
Introd. II. § 4, a (1).

19. de media nocte : at midnight. The word occtipantium indi-
cates that they wished to be beforehand in securing desirable places.

23. decimas : it is not easy to explain the meaning of decimas in
this passage. The ilecima was originally the tithe offered a deity.
Afterward it would seem to have acquired the meaning of gift or
offering to the people, and probably refers here to the viissilia, men-
tioned in note on p. 52. 11. The meaning of the passage, then, is that
Caligula, before the orders had taken their places in the theatre, began
to distribute his gratuities. The mob took possession of the most ad-
vantageous places for securing them, which Caligula had arranged to
be the places reserved for the equites.

26. veils : great canopies which served to protect the people In the
amphitheatres from the rays of the sun and from the rain. The holes,
with the stone supports beneath them, used to support the masts
which held the canopies, may still be seen on a portion of the upper
periphery of the Coliseum. We learn from Pliny, N. H. xix. 23,
that the material was often linen, and that it was dyed brilliant hues ;
<•/. Lucretius, iv 75, and vi. 109. These canopies were usually han-
dled by details of sailors from the fleet.

Page 57] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 219

28. paegniariiB : the text is difficult here. The reading is that of
Rotli (he gives the contracted form paegniaris, for pegnares, the read-
ing of the Memmian manuscript). Pegmares is tliat of the Medicean
1st and 3d. The lacuna before quoque is to be filled by supplying
gladiatoribus, or some word of similar meaning. Faegnarius (Gr.
iralyvior, 'plaything') means 'pertaining to play.' The passage
apparently means ; ' He turned wild beasts, all wasted away, against
worthless gladiators worn out by age, and pitted against make-believe
gladiators householders, respectable, but noted for some bodily
defect.'

Page 57. 1. carius : at a rather high price.

2. cuatodiarum seriem recognoscens : revietoing the prisoners
drawn np before him in a line; for the word custodiae, see note on
p. 84. 0.

3. elogio : the record of the case, or ' sentence.'

4. a calvo ad calvum: i.e. indiscriminately. Dio, lix. 22, attrib-
utes the expression to Nero. " Once seeing a crowd of captives, he
ordered them put to death, using the proverb, ' from baldhead to bald-
head.'"

5. duci : here used absolutely, as often, in the sense of ' lead to
execution.' votum ezegit : see note on p. 49. 14.

6. gladiatoriam operam promiserat : had promised to fight as a
gladiator.

9. ea de causa: i.e. pro salute; on condition that the emperor be
restored to health.

10. verbenatum infulatumque : sc. eum; i.e. crowned as a
victim with sacred boughs and fillets. vicos: streets; see note
on p. 41. 29.

11. agerent: sc. pueri; imperative in indirect discourse. ex
aggere: from the embankment. Probably from the agger Tarquinii,
which took the place of the wall of Servius TuUius in the northeastern
part of the city, where the slope did not admit a wall ; cf. Horace,
Ser. i. 8. 15. Some understand the expression to mean from the Tar-
peian rock, but there is nothing to justify such an interpretation.

12. Btigina.txannotiB: by branding them with hot irons. metalla:
see note on p. 26. 29.

13. munitiones vianun : see note on p. 19. 21. adbestiae:
Dio, lix. 10, says that sometimes when criminals for the purpose
were not forthcoming, Gaius would order mere spectators seized and
thrown to the animals.

220 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 57

14. quadripedes . . coerouit : confined them in cages, on all
fours. medioB serra diBsecuit ; sawed in two.

16. munere: gladiatorial show. per genium suum deieras-
eent: swear by his genius ; i.e. as though he were their guardian deity.

17. parentes eupplicio fUionim : Dio, lix. 25, cites one instance.
Caligula had ordered Cassius Betillinus put to death in the presence
of his father, Capito. When the latter in irony asked if he might be
allowed to wiult, Calignla put him to death as well.

18. vEiletudinem ezcusanti : asking to be excused because of ill
health.

19. Btatim adhibuit : Seneca, De Ira, ii. 33, gives the details. The
father's name was Pa-stor, and he was a knight of distinction. The
son, because of his neat personal appearance, had aroused the jealousy
of the emperor.

22. catenis : with chains.

23. Atellanae : for the Atellanae, see note on p. 41. 18.

24. ampbitheatri : the amphitheatre of Taurus; see note on p.
5. 24. harena: see Introd. IL §2, a (2).

31. circum Inaulas: to the different islands. Fhilo states that
this slaughter was perpetrated by Gaius.

32. cum diBcerpi aenatorem, etc. : the senator's name was Scri-
boniiis Proculus. Dio's account (lix. 26) is slightly different. Proto-
genes, one of Gaius' favorites, on entering the senate and being
surrounded by the fawning senators, pointed to Scribonius and asked
how that man, hating the emperor as he did, dared to approach.
Thereupon the senators fell upon their associate and tore him limb
from limb.

Page 58. 2. graphiiaque: the graphium, also called stilus, was
an iron pencil ground to a sharp point at one end, and flat at the other,
for the purpose of smoothing out the wax if it was desired to erase
what had been written. Julius Caesar used his gra/jhium to defend
himself when set upon by the assassins ; see Jul. 82.

4. membra et artuB : the two words, as often, are joined for the
sake of emphasis ; membra are the members or limbs ; artus (lit.
'joints '), if distinguished from membra, are the large-jointed limbs.

7. &SiaTp«|((av : barefaced impudence ; the word also conveys the
idea of obstinacy.

8. hoc eat Inverecundiam : a gloss. monenti Antoniae,
etc.: when reproved by his aunt, as though it were not enough to dis-
obey her, he added, " Bemember that I may do all things and to all

Page 59] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 221

people." Monenti is used absolutely ; omnia is subject of licere,
a rare construction ; cf. Sen. De Clem. i. 18, cum in servum omnia
liceant.

10. trucidaturus : Introd. 11. § 4, a.

11. praemuniri medicamentis, etc. : Calig. chap. 23. 29.

12. antidotum, etr. : accusative of exclamation. The idea is,
' What ! Can you take an antidote to preserve you from Caesar ? '

14. Anticyrae : a city of Phocis, famous for its hellebore, which
was supposed to be helpful in cases of mental disorder. There seems,
on the testimony of Strabo, to have been a sort of sanitarium there.
Anticyra is upon a peninsula, and is not an island as sometimes stated.

16. saepius desiderantem : i.e. repeatedly expressing the wish.

18. quoque : from quisque.

19. ez custodia: lit. 'from prison.' This is a post- Augustan
use of the word, with which cf. the use of the plural custodiae ; see
note on p. 34. 6. Render, ' the number of prisoners to be executed.'
rationem se purgare : that he was clearing his accounts.

21. Oallograeciam : lit. 'Galatia,' but used in a punning way as
the country of the Gauls and Greeks mentioned above. non

temere, etc. : he was unwilling to have the death penalty inflicted
upon any one except in a manner calculated to prolong the agony, and
his invariable order was, etc.

27. oderint, dum metuant : a line from Accius' tragedy Atreus.
Seneca and Dio corroborate Suetonius in attributing this saying to
Gains. It is sometimes referred to Nero ; cf. Tiberius' saying, Tib.
chap. -59. 15.

29. prolatis libellis : see Calig. chap. 15. 18.

Page 59. l. proscidit : reviled; cf. the expression, 'tear a char-
acter to shreds.' faventi : applauding.

2. adversuB studlum suiim : Caligula was an ardent supporter of
the green faction of the circus ; cf. Calig. chap. 55. 28. utinam
populuB RomanuB, etc. : after enumerating several causes of resent-
ment, the last of which was, that the people had saluted him as " young
Augustus," Die, lix. 13, remarks: " Gaius once said in threatening
tones to the populace, ' Would that you had but one neck ! ' — and in
fact he always treated them as though they had."

3. TetTisius : nothing further is known of this robber.

4. Tetrinios: i.e. as bad as Tetrinius. Rettaril : these gladi-
ators were provided with a net (^rete) which they endeavored to throw
over the head of their opponent. If entangled, he could be easily

222 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 59

despatched with the trident (fuscina) with which tlie retiarius was
armed. The opponent was armed with sliield, helm, and sword, and
was called a, mirmillo (from the image of a fish upon his crest), or
secutor, perhaps because he pursued the retiarius when the latter
made a false throw with his net.

9. spectare sustinuisBent : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). An infini-
tive following sustinere without a negative is quite rare.

12. clade Variana : see note on p. 12. 0.

20. quaestiones per tormenta : legal examinations under torture.
When referring to the testimony taken from slaves, quaestio has this
meaning without the addition of any word meaning torture, because,
according to Roman law, such testimony could be taken only under
torture.

21. decoUandi artilez : an adept at beheading. e custodia :
see note on p. 58. 19.

22. dedicatione pontis : see Calig. chap. 19. 25 and note.

27. lamlnam : these laminae were thin pieces of silver used in
inlaying the frames of the dining couches.

28. praecedente titulo : I)io, liv. 3, tells of Augustus having a
criminal led through the Forum bearing a placard indicating the cause
of his punishment.

30. muTmillonem : see note on p. 59. 4. e ludo : of the train-
ing quarters ; see Introd. II. § 5 (2).

Page 60. 1. poparum : the popa was the assistant who led the
victim to the altar and felled it with an axe. The cultrarius cut its
throat.

2. lautiore convivio: at a sumptuous banquet; see Introd. II.
§2, a (2).

6. Apellen : a native of Ascalon, a town in the south of Palestine.
Apelles was the chief tragic poet of the time of Caligula and lived on
intimate terms with that emperor.

9. quasi : note the use of quasi with an adjective or participle
taking the place of n causal clause, and cf. the usage mentioned in
Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4).

10. amiculae : mistress; Introd. II. § 1, c. The diminutive is one
of affection.

12. fidiculis : some kind of an instrument of torture made of
cords. A post-Augustan use of the word. Caesonia : Caesonia
Mllonia, the favorite wife of Gaius. He married her after repudiating
Lollia.

Page 60] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 223

15. paene adversua omnis aevi, etc. : he assailed mankind of
almost every epoch. Graevius conjectured omne to be supplied before
omnis, and this Madvig deems necessary to the sense. Hominum
genus seems to be good Latin, however, to render the above thought.

19. atque diaiecit : and scattered the fragments.

20. vetuitque, etc. . Dio, Ix. 25, states that Claudius also forbade
statues erected except by order of the senate, for the reason that the
city was already crowded with those that had been erected indiscrimi-
nately.

21. nisi consulto et auctore se : Introd. II. %&,h (1).

23. 'qui eum e civitate : i.e. from his ideal state. Plato, in his
Republic, does not, in so many words, forbid the reading of Homer.
He does, however, expre.ss his disapproval of much that Homer teaches.
Cicero, De Bepublica, iv. 5. 5, however, uses this expression : ego vero
eodem, quo ille Homerum redimitum coronis et delibutum unguentis
emittit ex ea urbe, quam sibi ipse fingit.

24. Titi Livi : the famous historian.

26. minimaeque doctrinae: an unjust criticism, for it is in his
antiquarian knowledge that Vergil excels.

27. neglegentem : in fact, this is Livy's chief fault, due to his
erroneous conception of the duty of an historian.

29. ae mebercule eifectunun, etc. : that he, in faith, would see to
it that they could give no legal advice contrary to his wish ; lit. 'con-
trary to ' or ' disregarding him. ' Ipsum would be more common ; se
could not be used, as it would refer to the subject of possint. Uespon-
dere has its technical meaning of ' give legal advice as a, jurisconsult.'
Note the use of mehercule in an indirect quotation.

32. Torquato torquem : how the founder of the line, Manlius,
slew a mighty Gaul in single combat, and took his collar {torquis) of
gold, and in consequence received the title Torquatus, is told by Quin-
tus Claudius Quadrigarius, quoted by Aulus Gellius] ix. 13. Cln-
cinnato : the word means 'one with curly hair' {cincinnus). The
Lucius Quinctius who firsf bore the cognomen is mentioned by Livy,
iii. 12. How Gains deprived the Cincinnati of their distinctive mark
we are left to conjecture. Cn. Pompeio stirpis antiquae, etc. :
and from Gnaeus Pompey of ancient lineage, the surname of the
Great; i.e. a name hereditary and of long standing in the family.
Dio, Ix. 5, represents Gaius as saying on this occasion that it was not
safe for any one to bear that title. Dio also remarks that but for
the youth of Pompey, the title would have been the cause of his
death.

224 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 61

Page 61. 1. Ptolemaeum : see note on p. 56. 1.

4. munus : see note on p. 57. 16. spectacula: the amphithea-
tre; lit. ' the seats,' or places allotted the spectators, as below, line 9.

5. aboUae : a mantle of stout texture, of which little is known.

6. quotiena . . occurrerent : lutrod. II. § 3, 6 (3). occipi-
tio : see note on p. 37. 23.

8. Colosseros : the word signifies large and handsome, KoXoao-As
and perhaps epws.

9. spectaciilis detractum : dragged from the seat ; see above,
note on line 4.

10. Thraeci: i.e. a gladiator armed as a Thracian, with ligTit cir-
cular buckler and short curved sword ; see note on p. 59. i. boplo-
m&cho : oTrXo/xixos ; a, gladiator clad in a complete suit of mail, like
those who fought in the front rank of a Grecian phalanx.

12. vicatim: through the streets. Introd. If. § 1, 6.

14. cuius non commodis obtrectaret: whose merit he did not
belittle.

15. NemorenBi regi : the rex Nemorensis, or priest of Diana of
the forest, whose temple stood deeply buried in the woods at the foot
of the Alban mountain, held this office by reason of his prowess. The
only way to gain the position was to slay the incumbent. Strabo, v.
3, 4, in the course of his description, says : " They appoint as priest a
fugitive, who has with his own hand murdered the preceding priest.
Apprehensive of an attack, the priest is always armed with a sword,
ready for resistance." Before the grove in which the temple stood,
there is a deep lake of considerable size, now called the lake of Nemi.
In this there have been discovered the remains of two huge and mag-
nificently equipped galleys dating from the reign of Caligula, probably
used in some way in the service of this Diana.

17. essedaiio : a gladiator who fought from the essedum, or Keltic
war chariot.

21. populum, etc. . the accusative is one of exclamation ; hence
we have trihnentem agreeing with it, instead of having a declarative
sentence with the verb in the infinitive.

22. consecratis principibus . eibi : i. e. to princes dead and
deified and to himself still among them (praesenti).

24. nepotatuB BumptibuB omnium : in extravagant expenditure
he outdid all who were noted for prodigality. Nepotatus is genitive
case; c,f. Seneca, Ad Helv. matrem, 10: " Gaius Caesar, whom in my
opinion Nature produced in order to show what unlimited vice would
be capable of when combined with unlimited power, dined one day at

Page 02] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 225

the cost of 10,000,000 sesterces, and though in this he had the assist-
ance of the ingenuity of all, yet he could hardly find ways to make
one dinner consume the tribute of three provinces."

25. portentoaissima : most unnatural ; examples are given below
in the dissolved pearl and golden loaves.

28. ex auro psuies, etc. : loaves and relishes made of gold. For
obsonium, see note on p. 52. 11.

29. frugi : the indeclinable adjective modifying hominem.

31. basllicae luliae : this structure at the south side of the forum
was begun by Julius Caesar in his third year as dictator and was
completed by Augustus. It served as the chief law court of Rome.
The foundation and floor are in a fair state of preservation.

Page 62. 1. sparsit in plebem : Dio, lix. 25, does not mention
the basilica, but simply says that Gains threw down from a lofty
place a large amount of gold and silver, and that many were killed in
the scramble for it. Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 13, says that Gaius
took delight in watching the people fight for the gifts which he scat^
tered among them ; these were generally flowers and rare birds.
deceris Libumicas : galleys with ten banks of oars. The Liburnica
or Liburna (sc. navis) was a long, light war galley, usually with but
two banks of oars, the model of which was taken from the Liburnians,
a piratical tribe of Dalmatia ; hence the name.

2. magna . . . lazitate : with a great expanse, etc.

5. discumbens de die : i.e. before the proper time for the eena,
which was late afternoon. Such feasts served at an inappropriately
early hour were termed tempestivae ; see note on p. 06. 25.

6. praetoriortim : see note on p. 23. 26.

8. iactae itaque moles: this building of marine villas, as an.
evidence of discontent and extravagance, had already been criticised
by Horace ; cf. Od. iii. 1. 33 : —

Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt
lactis in altum molibus : hue frequens
Caementa demittit redemptor
Cum famulis dominusque terrae
Fastidiosus.

10. aggere : i.e. by filling in.

11. fosBuris montium : by levelling mountains. quidem -. and
that too.

12. capite: life.

226 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 62

14. vicies et septieB miliea: 2,700,000,000 sesterces; approxi-
mately 8135,000,000. Dio, lix. 2, slates that some give the amount
spent as 3,300,000,000 sesterces. non toto vertente anno : in less
than a year. Dio, lix. 2, says that he had not a farthing left in nine
months.

16. ezhauBtuB igitur, etc. . cf. Dio, lix. 4, " As he squandered his
money in the most lavish fashion, so he collected it by the basest
methods."

17. ezquisitisBimo : very cunningly conceived.

22. diplomata : tlie papers conferring citizenship.

23. ut Vetera et obBoleta deflebat : he used to deplore the fact
that they were old and out of date.

24. postea : (.e. after the statement of their rating.

27. ut ingrata: as displaying ingratitude. item ceteronun,
etc. . he also destroyed, as null and void, the wills of all people who
were said, by any one whomsoever, to have intended on their death to
leave Caesar their heir. Cf. Dio, lix. 15, where he ^ys that Gains
compelled all who had previously signified their intention of leaving
legacies to Tiberiiis, to make over the same to himself.

29. quo metu : according to the Latin idiom, quo agrees with
tnetu; it refers logically, however, to the nullification of the wills
mentioned above.

32. venenatas matteaB : poisoned delicacies.

Page 63. 1. cognoscebat autem, etc. : moreover, he used to pre-
side at such cases, first fixing the amount that he intended to raise at
that particular sitting, and as soon as this sum was made up, leaving
the bench.

3. ezcitabatuT : the passive has here the force of the middle voice.
In the active it means ' call from one's seat.' Note the asyndeton,
taxato . . . confecto. Madvig believes that et has fallen out ^atter the
last syllable of consideret and would supply it. The asyndeton does
not, however, seem harsh. ne paululum quidem : not in the least.

4. morae : to be construed as genitive with patiens.

6. Caesonia : see note on p. 60. 12.

7. meridiaret ; it was a common custom with Jhe Romans, as
with the modern Italians, to take a midday nap.

8. reliquiaB omnium Bpectaculorum : Suetonius not only means
the equipment, bitt the gladiators who were left over as well. This is
clearly indicated by Dio, lix. 14, "He sold at an exorbitant price the
gladiators who were left over."

Page 64] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 227

9. subiecit : he brought under the auctioneer's hammer.

14. nee licendi fiuem factum : and that the bidding did not
cease ; licendi from liceor.

15. sestertium nonagies : about $450,000. Treat nonagies as an
indeclinable noun in the ablative. See note on p. 25. 27. Sestertio,
the reading of Roth, is a conjecture of Ernesti.

19. quidquid instnimenti veteris aulae : all the paraphernalia
of the old court ; i.e. of the court of Augustus and Tiberius. To en-
hance the value of these articles as they were offered for sale, Gains
would remark (Dio lix. 21): "This article belonged to my father;
this to my mother ; this to my grandfather ; this to my great-grand-
father.- Antony used this in Egypt ; this was given Augustus for a
victory won."

21. piBtrinensibuB iumentiB : i.e. the horses and mules employed
by the millers to turn the millstones. The millers were bakers as
well, for the two trades were combined in Rome.

22. Baepe : Becker suspects this word of being a gloss ; if not a
gloss, he would substitute paene.

24. causa caderent : lost their cases. Causa is ablative of sepa-
ration. , cui inBtrumento diBtrabendo : in order to dispose of the
paraphernalia, he employed every kind of deception and enticement.
Distrahere strictly means 'to sell piecemeal.'

27. quod . . . privatiB copiam iaceret : because he was alloxo-
ing private citizens to acquire, etc.

29. ducenta sestertia : about $10,000.

30. vocatoribuB: the slaves who delivered Caesar's invitations.
interponeretur : might secure a place at.

32. in auctione : i.e. at the sale of the above-mentioned articles.

Page 64. l. ducentiB milibuB : used instead of ducentis sester-
tiis (see note on p. 6.S. 29) to avoid ambiguity. The latter might
mean 200 sesterces apiece, instead of 200,000 sesterces.

3. vectigalia nova : Dio, lix. 28, says that he will pass over in
silence the sales, the dives, the lawsuits, the workmen and slaves, all
employed to swell the income of Gaius, but he cannot forbear men-
tioning the brothel established on the Palatine for the same purpose.

8. certxun atatumque : sc. tributnm.

9. ubicumque conceptis : before whatever court. quadra-
gesima : sc. pars.

10. compoBuiBBe vel donasse : settle their cases or abandon them.
Donare means, literally, to make a gift of the case to the adversary.

228 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 64

11. ex genilonim, etc. . from the daily earnings of porters.
13. neque propositis : i.e. a statement of the law was not posted
in a public place. Bcripturae : i.e. of the details of the law.

16. uti ne cui, etc. . so that no one could copy it. Die, lix. 28,
makes the same statement with regard to the posting of this law. ne
quod non : equivalent to ut omne. manubiarum : in the general
sense of ' unlawful gain.'

17. lupanax in Palatio : see Dio's statement above, note on line 3.
19. circum fora, etc. : on the force of the preposition, see note

on p. 57. 31.

23. quasi adiuvantium : as those loho were adding to Caesar's
revenues. Ou force of quasi, see note on p. 60. 9.

24. compendium : profit.

26. demandata vice : intrusting his play. Dio, lix. 28, tells a
somewhat similar story of Caligula when in Gaul: "Once, while
gambling, on seeing that his money had given out, he called for a
statement of the rating of the Gauls. He ordered the richest of them
put to death, and on returning to the gambling table, remarked that
those present were playing for small stakes, for he had just raked in
about 60,000,000 sesterces."

Page 65. 2. plenis ante eum manibus, etc.. which, all classes
poured out before him by handfuls and lapfuls.

5. aureonun : the aureus, or denarius aureus, the principal gold
coin of the empire, was worth about $5.

7. volutatuB est : so Dio, lix. 28. The testimony of Pliny, N. H.
xxxiii. 79, as to the greed of Gains may also be adduced. In speaking
of orpiment, a mineral of Syria, he remarks : " This substance greatly
excited the hopes of the emperor Gains, a prince most greedy for gold.
He accordingly had n, large quantity of it melted, and really did ob-
tain some excellent gold, but the proportion was so small that he lost
by the operation."

8. ex destinato : in pursuance of a definite plan; an adverbial
phrase.

9. nemus flumenque Clitumni : at the source of the river Clitum-
nus, in Umbria, there was a temple dedicated to Jupiter Clitumnus.
That the temple and river were well worth a visit is vouched for by
Pliny the Younger (Epist. viii. 8) , who describes the locality.

11. Batavorum ; a tribe who inhabited what is now a part of
Holland, especially the island known as insula Batavorum. They
were noted for bravery and for their excellent cavalry. After sub-

Page 66] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 229

jugation by Germanicus, they served the Romans well, and were
exempted from paying tribute and taxes. They revolted in the time
of Vespasian but were again subjugated by Trajan and Hadrian.

12. ezpeditionis Germanicae ; Dio, lix. 21, mentions this merely
in connection with Gains' plundering expedition into Gaul. He states
that Gaius went there under pretext of subduing the hostile Germans,
who were, as he said, engaged in an uprising.

19. octaphoro : the octaphoron was a litter carried by eight
bearers.

25. pleiisque . . . maturis: i.e. their term of service, twenty
years, being at an end.

26. consummaturi : sc. stipendia. primoa pilos ademit:
deprived of the command of the first maniple of triarii. See note
on p. 53. 30.

28. commoda emetitae militiae : rewards due those who had
completed their term of service.

29. ad Bescentonim milium, ««c..' 600, 000 sesterces. This amount
can hardly be correctly stated. On the authority of Dio, Iv. 23, it is
known that Augustus fixed the reward for the completion of the
twenty years' service at 12,000 sesterces. Lipsius amended so as to
read ad sex milium, making Gaius reduce the amount just one-half.

30. Adminio . . . recepto : an ablative absolute following
the expression, nihil aulem amplius quam. An ablative absolute is
rarely accompanied by a connective. Of connectives so used, nisi is
most common ; rf Introd. II. §6, 6 (1). Cynobellini : this king's
capitol was Camalodunura (Colchester). He had two other sons,
Caractacus and Togodumnus.

32. universa tradita insula : ablative absolute. Introd. II. § 6,
6(1).

Page 66i 1. speculatoiibus : these were a body of soldiers used
as scouts. The speculatores, especially those connected with the
praetorian cohorts, were often detailed for special duties, such as con-
veying messages, and acting as a special bodyguard of the emperor.

3. in aede Martis : i.e. the temple of Mars Ultor, vowed by
Augustus during the battle of Philippi, built in the Forum Augusti,
and consecrated, 2 a.d. There are some portions of this still re-
maining, particularly three beautiful Corinthian columns.

5. mox: see noteonp. lo. 21. de cuatodla : see note on p. 58. 19.

7. prandium : this meal, taken about midday, corresponds to the
continental second breakfast. The light meal taken on rising was

230 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 66

termed ientaculum ; while dinner, cena, was served in the afternoon
or early evening.

10. et in modiiin tropaeoriun adornatia : and adorning them to
serve as trophies. ad lumina reversua -. returning by torchlight.

13. distinctas solis, etc. : adorned with figures of the sun, moon,
and stars.

14. ezploratoiias : i.e. given as badges of honor to scouts who
had discovered the foe.

15. litterario ludo : the adjective is added to show that a gladi-
atorial training school is not meant.

18. mimo : farce.

21. durarent aecundisque : Aen. i. 207.
23. inter haec : meanwhile.

25. tempeativa : i.e. begun at an hour so early as to be unseemly.
Late afternoon or evening was the appropriate time.

26. celebrarent : were devoting themselves to.

29. ut conchaa legerent : ])io, lix. 25, tells the same story.

30. ainua : the folds of their cloaks.

31. Capitolio Palatioque : to the Capitol as the seat of Koman
dominion and to the Palatine as the abode of royalty.

32. Pharo : see note on p. 40. 30.

Page 67. 2. centenis viritim denariia : about $20. Viritim with
the distributive numeral adjective is tautological.

6. Galliarum : see note on p. 24. 16.

7. &|i.a6pid)iP<uTov : worthy to grace a triumph.

9. rutilare : to color the hair auburn. Light hair was one of the
physical characteristics of the Germans. Cf. Tac. Ger. 4, habitus
guoque corporum quamquam in tanto hominum numero, idem omni-
bus, truces et caerulei oculi, rutilae com^e, etc.

10. addiacere : the prefix conveys the idea of learning another
tongue in addition to their own.

13. procuratoribus : the imperial financial agents.
17. priusquam decederet : Introd. IL § 3, 6 (1).

19. seditionein olim moverant : cf. Tib. chap. 25. 26, and Calig.
chaps. 1.9, and 9. 30.

22. inhiberi : inhibeo with the force of prohibeo is not found in
prose before the Ausustan period.

25. aed cum vlderet. etc. : Dio, lix. 22, states that Gains killed
many of his soldiers, both singly and in companies. Whether he refers
to this occasion is not apparent.

Page 68] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 231

27. profugit contionem : profugio with accusative is post-
Augustan.

28. defleza omni acerbitate in senatum . Dio, lix. 25, states
that as soon as he reached the city he seriously considered putting the
whole senate to death because they had not decreed divine honors to
him. Seneca, De Ira, iii. 19. 2, also states that Caligula had conceived
the idea of slaughtering the whole senate.

32. denuntiaBset : Dio, lix. 2.3, relates that Gaius was angry
because Claudius was one of those appointed to report to Iiim the
honors conferred by the senate. As a result, he forbade such honors
conferred in the future.

Page 68. l. amplissimi ordinia : i.e. of the senatorial order.

7. ovans : see note on p. 1. 15.

8. natali suo : see note on p. 45. 14.

9. siquidem : since.

10. Antium : see note on p. 23. 10.

12. in secretiB ; among his private papers.

13. duo libelli, etc. : according to Dio, lix. 26, one Protogenes,
abettor of Gaius in all atrocious acts, used to carry about note-books
having these titles.

16. a Claudio demersis : Dio, Ix. 4, states that the large quantity
of poison found in Gaius' desk was burned by Claudius, together
with the letters that Gaius had pretended to burn.

19. ezpallido : exceedingly pale ; a post-Augustan word. cor-
pore enormi : misshapen. Seneca, De Const. Sapientis 18, gives a
description of Gains' appearance : " He himself was a most tempting
object of derision, so ugly was the paleness which proved him mad, so
savage the glare of the eyes which lurked under his old woman's brow,
so hideous his misshapen head, bald and dotted about with a few
cherished hairs, besides his neck set thick with bristles, his thin legs,
his monstrous feet."

21. torva : scowling.

22. birautus cetera : the rest of his body hairy.

23. ex Buperiore parte : i.e. so as to look down upon his head.

24. capram nominare : i. e. as reflecting upon his own hairy
person. criminoBtun : slanderous.

26. componens ad Bpeculum, etc. : standing before a mirror and
practising grimaces calculated to inspire horror and fright.

28. valetudo ei, etc. : he possessed neither a strong body nor a
sound mind.

232 NOTES ON CALIGLXA. [Page 68

29. comitiali morbo : epilepsy, so named because when a person
was stricken by an attack of this kind, the meetings of the cumitia
were dissolved as by an evil omen. ita patiens laboruzn, etc. .
though he could endure hardships, yet sudden faintness would some-
times overtake him, leaving him incapable of walking, standing, con-
centrating his thoughts, or making any effort.

32. valetudinem : feebleness ; valetudo is a, vox media and may
mean either good health or poor health, according to the context.

Page 69. 2. creditur potionatUB, etc. : Josephus, Ant. lud. xix.
2. 4, states that many attributed the madness of Gaius to this cause.
Caeaonia : see note on p. 60. 12.

4. tribus noctumis horis : see Introd. II. § 2, a (1).

12. attribuerim . potential subjunctive in modest statement.
There is no appreciable difference in meaning between the present
and perfect tense in this construction.

16. ad vero maiora : c/. Tiberius' fear of lightning, chap. 69. 9.
Roth, witli Med. 3d, reads at vero maiore. The reading of the Memm.
manuscript is ad vero maiore. Paris 0116 and eight other manu-
scripts read ad vero maiora, and Madvig seems justified in preferring
this.

19. Messana : modern Messina. A celebrated city of Sicily situ-
ated upon the strait of the same name, which is at this point about
four miles wide.

20. adversus barbaros quoque minacissimuB : Tjreitus, Ger.
37, speaks of the miglity threats of Gaius, mox ingentes Gai Caesaris
minae in ludibrium versae.

22. essedo : see note on p. 53. 2.

23. ilico : immediately. This word is especially frequent in collo-
quial style.

24. calonibUB : camp servants.

27. Bubsidia fugae : as a means of flight.

28. uno BOlacio adquiescens : consoling himself with one com-
forting thought. For the construction of solacio, see note on p. 19.
17 end.

30. Cimbri : the German tribe that invaded Italy, 102 b.c. Se-
noneB: the tribe of Gauls who burned Rome, 390 b.c.

Page 70. 4. denique humano: ac joins closely with the preced-
ing phrase, hence humano is also modified by ne . . . quidem.

5. depictas : embroidered. Depictus for pictus is post-Augustan.

Page 70J NOTES ON CALIGULA. 233

6. indutua : passive participle used with middle force, hence the
object. paenulas : the paenula was a woollen cloak ordinarily
worn in travelling and in inclement weather. manuleatuB : wear-
ing long sleeves. This was deemed effeminate by the Romans. The
word is ante-classical and post- Augustan. Manicatus is the classical
word.

7. cycladatUB : clothed in a Greek cyclas, or state robe for women.

8. crepidis: see note on p. 9. 27. cotburnis : the high boot
worn on the tragic stage. speculatoria : i.e. such as those worn
by the speculatores, on whom see note on p. 66. 1. caliga : for
meaning, see note on p. 46. 2r>.

9. aurea barba : i.e. he had a beard made of gold, which he fitted
to his face.

10. fulmen: an attribute of Jove, as the fuscina was of Neptune,
and the caduceus of Mercury. deorum msignia : these words are
probably a gloss, as suggested by Becker.

11. Veneris cultu : he often personified Juno and Diana as well ;
cf. Uio, lix. 26. triumphalem . . . ornatmn : for the triumphalia
ornamenta, see note on p. 7. 6.

14. e conditorio eius : Augustus had viewed the body lying in its
glass coflSn at Alexandria ; cf. Aug. 18. The original gold coffin had
been removed about 118 b.c. Dio, li. 16, states that Augustus not
only viewed, but touched, the body, and in so doing broke off a piece
of the nose.

15. ex disciplinis liberalibus : of the liberal branches ; see
note on p. 38. 13. DiscipUnae is parallel to artes in this expression.

16. plurimum attendit: Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 3, speaking of the
oratorical ability of the different emperors, remarks, etiam Gai Cae-
saris turbata mens vim dicendi non comtpit. Dio, lix. 19, tells how
the emperor, desirous of surpassing all in oratory, would have put
Domitius Afer to death through jealousy of his ability, had it not
been for Afer's cunning in pretending to be struck dumb with admira-
tion at Gaius' power as an orator. Seneca, too, ran the same risk.
quantumvis facundus et promptus : being very fluent and ready
indeed.

17. perorandum : peroro is used in the general sense of ' plead in
a set speech,' and is especially applied to a speech of accusation.

20. prae ardore : see Introd. II. § 5 (1).

21. stricturum ae lucubrationis, etc. : i.e. would deliver the
speech in the preparation of which he had burned the midnight oil.

23. Senecani : the famous writer, philosopher, and tutor of Nero ;

234 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 70

c/. Nero, chap. 7. 9. commiBsioneB meras: nothing but prize
declamations.

24. harenam esse sine calce : i.e. loose and disconnected. The
expression ridicules the epigrammatic style of Seneca with its omis-
sion of connectives.

25. rescribere : write replies to.

26. accusationes defeasioneeque, etc. . i.e. he composed and
studied speeches pro and con, and then delivered the speech which
appealed to him as most effective.

27. onerare sententia . . sublevare : i.e. by speaking for or
against.

31. Tbraez et auriga, etc. : Dio, lix. 5, says that Gains was ruled
by the charioteers, and was a slave to actors. At first a spectator,
he afterward drove a chariot, contended as a gladiator, and danced or
acted in tragedies. Once, late at night, he summoned the leading men
of the senate as if on important business, and then danced in their
presence. On Thraex, see note on p. 61. 10.

32. battuebat pugaatoriis armis: i.e. he fought with sharp
weapons, not foils.

Page 71 i 1. plurifaiiam : in many places.
5. palam effingeret : openly imitated.

7. ut . . . auspicaretor : that the freedom of the time might
afford an auspicious moment for appearing upon the stage.

11. dein repente : Roth, with the Memm. manuscript, reads deinde
repente, but the weight of manuscript authority is for the reading of
the text. Bcabelloruin : the precise nature of the scabellum is not
known. It was probably a wooden shoe provided with bells or bangles
and used to beat time as an accompaniment to other instruments.

12. desaltato cantico : having finished dancing the lyric scene ;
cf. Dio's remarks, note on p. 70. 31.

16. MneBterem : this famous pantomimist had been a freedman
of Tiberius. Many stories are told of his arrogance and profligacy,
and of the passion of Gains and Me.ssalina for him. On the down-
fall of the latter, he was put to death, in the reign of Claudius.

20. abiret: Introd. II. § 3, b (6).

21. Ptolemaeum : see note on p. 66. 1.

22. suOB : i.e. Caligula's, referring to the subject of denuntiavit.
iBtoc : to you ; adverb.

23. Thraeces : see note on p. 61. 10.

24. MurmiUonum : see note on p. 69. 4.

Page 72] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 235

25. recidit : because he favored their opponents, the Thraeces.

26. venenum • Dio, lix. 14, states that he poisoned the most dis-
tinguished drivers of the opposite factions.

28. prasinae factioni : according to Dio, lix. 14, this was Gains'
favorite party. The drivers of the different chariots were distinguished
by the color of their garments. Hence, from the zeal with which
different people espoused the cause of the different colors, there arose
four parties or factions, named respectively, f actio albata (white),
prasina (green), rosata (red), and veneta (blue). When Domitian
instituted the praclice of starting six, instead of four, chariots at once,
two new factions were added, factio aurata (golden) and purpura
(purple), but these were not long kept up. There were frequent riots
and encounters between these various factions, the worst of which
occurred at Constantinople in 532 a.d. (the Nic6 rebellion), in which
thirty thousand are said to have perished.

29. agitator! Ehitycho : mentioned by Josephus, Ant. hid. xix.
4. 4, as a driver of the green faction, very devoted to Gains, and an
oppressor of the soldiery, whom he had compelled to perform degrading
labor on the stables of Nero.

30. apophoretis : the apophoreta were gifts distributed to the
guests at a banquet, as souvenirs. vicies sesteitiam : about
$100,000.

31. Incitato : a proper name, Flyer. Dio, lix. 14, tells almost
the same story about this horse, and affirms that Gains would indeed
have appointed it consul, had he not been murdered so soon after.

Page 72. l. equile: a staMe for horses. praesepe ebumeum :
an ivory manger.

3. familiam: a retinue of servants.

6. bacchantem atque graBsantem : pursuing his insane and
cruel course.

7. una alteraque conapiratioDe : Aemilius Lepidus, brother-in-
law of Gaius, was involved in one conspiracy. Niceus Cerealis is
known to have betrayed one to Gaius. The conspiracy, originated in
39 A.D. by Gaetulicus, legatus of upper Germany, is mentioned by Sue-
tonius in the Life of Claudiiis ; cf. note on p. 81. 30.

9. duo : Cassius Chaerea and Cornelius Sabinus.

12. in quadam coniuratione : i.e. in the conspiracy of Cerealis.

14. nam et statim seductia, etc. : and loith reason., for he imme-
diately set them aside and cast great odium upon them by drawing his
sword, etc.

236 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 72

17. inter se omnis committere : setting them one against the
other.

18. cum placuiBset . . . adgredi : when it was decided to attacl:
liim. PalatiniB ludis : games of tliree days' duration, instituted by
Livia in lienor of Augustus ; c/. Dio, Ivi. 46.

19. Cassius Chaerea, etc. : for a full account of the conspiracy,
see Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 3-14, who states that there were three
parties planning the assassination : one led by Aemilius liegulus, an-
other by Cassius Chaerea, and the third by Annius Minucianus.

21. effeminatum: Sen. De Const. Sapientis, 1^ states that Chae-
rea's voice was suspiciously light.

22. Priapum aut Venerem : the male and female divinities of
procreation.

28. tantum cachmnuin, etc. : cf. note on p. 54. 12.

29. machiniB: the derricks, etc., to be used in taking down the
statue.

30. ilico : just then.

31. Capitolium Capuae : dedicated by Tiberius ; see Tib. chap.
40. 30.

32. Id. Mar. . Idibus Martiis, the anniversary of Julius Caesar's
murder.

Page 73. 1. cella Palatini atiiensis : the lodge of the major domo
of the palace. The atriensis is the overseer of the hall (atrium).

2. altero ostento : by the latter portent, i.e. by the fact that the
lodge of the major domo had been struck.

3. quails eodem die : see note on p. 72. 32. •

6. Portuaae Antiatinae : see note on p. 23. 10.

7. CasBium Longinum : he reached Rome just before the assassi-
nation. The emperor had not taken immediate action, hence Cassius
escaped ; Dio, lix. 29.

13. BaciiiicanB respersus est : according to Josephus, Ant. lud.
xix. ]. 13, it was the toga of a senator named Asprenas that was spat-
tered. Gaius laughed at the incident, but it was an ill omen, for
Asprenas fell with Gaius.

14. Mnester: see note on p. 71. 16.

15. tragoediam : the play was entitled Cinyras, in which the death
of this Assyrian king and his daughter Myrrha are represented ; cf.
Jos. Ant. hid. xix. 1. 13.

16. quibuB . Philippus occisus est : in the summer of 336
B.C., Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, held a festival

Page 74] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 237

to solemnize the nuptials of his daughter. According to the Greek
account, on the first day after the marriage Philip requested the tra-
gedian Neoptoleiiius to recite a certain lyric piece apprt)priate to the
monarch's coming expedition against the Pei-sian king. In the course
of the piece the actor sang of the fall of pride, power, wealth, and
luxury. .After Philip's murder this was taken in the light of a proph-
ecy. On the second day of the festivities, while leading a procession
to the theatre, Philip was stabbed by Pausanias, one of his nobles.

17. Laureolo mimo : in a mime entitled Laureulus ; Josepbus,
Ant. lud. xix, 1. 13, states that the mime represented the crucifixion
of a robber chieftain ; c/. Juv. viii. 187.

18. 'ruina: i.e. from some falling structure ; ablative of separation.
secundarum : sc. partium. These actors tried to outdo the star.

22. Vim Kal. Tebr. . the 24th of January. hora fere sep-
tima : about one o'clock. Hora signifies one-twelfth of an actual
day (hence it varies from one and a quarter houjs to three-quarters,
according to the season), or the termination of such a period.

23. prandiuin : see note on p. 66. 7.

25. crypta : a subterranean passage. Some of these passages are
still to be seen in the ruins of the Palatine. Dio and Josephus use the
word o-TeKoiirAs, ' a narrow way,' in telling of the deed.

26. ad edendas in scaena operas : i.e. to act.

28. piinceps gregis : the leader of the company. algere : was
chilled.

29. repraesentare : have performed at once. voluit : note the
indicative for the sake of vividness, in a contrary-to-fact construction.

31. caesim : i c. with the edge of the sword.

32. hoc age : attention ; a formula used by the sacrificing priest
to arrest the attention of his audience. With the idiom hoc agere,
'to attend to the matter at hand,' cf. the opposite expression, aliud
agere, ' to be inattentive.'

Page 74. 4. accipe ratum: so be it; lit. 'receive it ratified.'
Lipsius' emendation is iratum, 'receive him, i.e. Jove, in his wrath.'
Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 14, states that even on this occasion, Gaius,
on being asked for the watchword, gave an obscene answer to Chaerea.

6. clamitantem, etc. : Josephus' account is different ; he says
that Gaius made no outcry, conducted himself with dignity, and
attempted to escape.

7. repete : again !

9. asBeribua : these were the chair poles.

238 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 74

10. Qeimani, etc. ; Josepbus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 15, gives a detailed
account of the action of these guards. It was by them that Asprenas
(see note on p. 73. 13) was killed, for they saw his toga stained with
blood, which they supposed to be the blood of Gaius.

13. viginti novem, etc. . so Eutropius, vii. 12. Dio, lix. 30, says
that he mled three years, nine months, and twenty-eight days.

14. in hortOB Lamianoa : gardens belonging to the Lamian family,
on the Esquiline hill.

15. tumultuaiio rogo : i.e. upon a funeral pile hastily constructed
in the midst of confusion.

17. ab ezilio reversas : they were recalled by order of Claudius ;
Dio, Ix. 4.

21. peiit nna et uxor Caesonia : she was killed by Julius Lupus,
a tribune sent for the purpose by Chaerea ; c/. Josephus,.4nt. lud.
xix. 2. 4. On Caesonia, see note on p. 60. 12.

25. nam nequa caede vulgata, etc. : the feelings of diSerent
elements in the state, on hearing the news, are described at length by
Josephus, Ant. Iitd. xix. 1. 16.

30. in asserenda libertate : cf. Claud, chap. 10. 30.

31. curiam: the Curia Hostilia, or ancient senate house, was
burned in the disturbances resulting from Clodius' death, 52 b.c.
The restoration made by Augustus was known as the Curia lulia.

Page 75. 1. sententiae loco : when it came their turn to speak.

2. templa: i.e. the temples erected to the deified Caesars, Julius
and Augustus.

5. Cinnanis temporibus: i.e. in the reign of terror in 87 b.c,
when Marius and Cinna entered the city and wreaked vengeance upon
their foes. Cf. Appian, Bell. Civ. i. 72, "Gaius Julius and Lucius
Julius, two brothers, were arrested in the street and killed."

CLAUDIUS — EMPEROR, 41-54 A.D.

Sources : Tacitus, Annals xi. and xii., or from the year 47 on. Dio, Ix.
(from the year 47, only in the abridgment of Xiphilin). Suetonius.
Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 3 seq.

While the senate, after the assassination of Gaius, was deliberating
and making plans to restore the republic, Claudius, uncle of Gaius,
was proclaimed emperor by the troops. He owed his position to the
soldiery, and rewarded them accordingly.

As a result of his weak character and purely literary training,

Page 76] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 239

Claudius depended upon others, and soon became the puppet of his
wives and freedinen. Hence the account of his reign is largely the
story of the intrigues of the palace. However, Claudius showed good
sense in many iiistances, as is evinced in particular by his speech, still
in large part extant, in favor of the extension of the ius honorum to
the nobility of Gallia Comata.. A census was taken by Claudius, the
finances were placed upon a firm basis, important public works were
constructed, and reforms made in the judicial and police systems.

Page 76. 5. Drusum : see note on p. 4. 15, and stemma, p. 142.
moz : see note on p. 15. 21.
6. cum AuguBto gravida nupaisset : c/. note on p. 4. 13.
8. vitrico: i.e. Augustus.

11. Tois <vrvxov(ri ical Tp()iT|va iraiSla : the children of those on
whom fortune smiles, in three months are born.

12. duz Raetici . . . belli : on the Raetians, see note on p. 6. .32.
Dio tells of the cruelty of the people of Baetia to Roman travellers
and to Roman allies. As a result, Augustus, in the year 4 a.d., sent
Drusus against them. Afterward Drusus and Tiberius carried on the
war together. The account of Velleius, ii. 96, differs slightly from
that of Uio, for he speaks of the brothers as colleagues from the
beginning.

13. Oceanam . . navigavit : 10 and 11 b.c. ; Drusus was prob-
ably the commander of the fleet mentioned in the Aton. Ancyranum,
chap. 26, classis mea per Oceanum ab ostio Rheni ad solis orientis
regiones usque ad fines Cimbroritm navigavit, quo neque terra neqne
marl quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adit. Dio, liv. 32, in describ-
ing the campaign, speaks of Drusus' sailing down the Rhine and into
the ocean.

14. foBsas novi et immenai operis : genitive of quality ; see
Introd. II. § 2, d. One of these canals connected the Rhine with the
river Sala, the modern Issel. It was here, between the two rivers,
according to Strabo, vii. 13, that Drusus died, in the full course of his
victories. Tacitus, Ann. ii. 8, in speaking of Germanicus' subsequent
operations in Germany, uses the expression, fossam, cui Drusianae
nomen, ingressus.

16. caeaum : vanquished with great loss.

18. apeciea barbarae muUeria, etc. : Dio, Iv. 1, after stating that
Drusus attempted, but without success, to cross the swollen Elbe,
continues : " For a woman of more than mortal frame confronted him,
saying : ' Whither now, insatiable Drusus ? 'Tis not conceded thee

240 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 76

by fate to see all that is here. Away ! an end both of thy deeds and
thy life is at hand.' "

19. quas ob rea ovandi ius, etc. . 10 b.c. For the ovation, see
note on p. 1. 15.

20. triumpbalia omamenta: see note on p. 7. 6.

21. confestim : i.e. without waiting for the ordinary interval of
two years ; c.f. note on p. 7. 9.

22. obiit, etc.: 8 b.c. For place of death, see note on line 14.

23. Scelerata: this adjective in Augustan prose may have the
meaning 'unfortunate,' or 'calamitous.'

24. municipiorum colonianimque : both classes of towns had
received Uoinan citizenship, so that there was now practically no
distinction between them except that of origin.

Page 77. 1. decuiiis: guilds. The plural is used because the
scribes connected with the various offices formed separate guilds; e.g.
the decuria quaestoria, the scribes attached to the quaestors. ad
urbem : to the city. The body was probably carried by the primores
to the city gate and there received by the scribes who came out to
meet it {obviis). Dio, Iv. 2, says that the body was carried to the
winter quarters of the Army of Germany by the centurions and
tribunes, and then in turn by the prominent men of the different
places along the route to Rome. He says nothing about the scribes.

2. in campo Martio: i.e. in the Mausoleum of Augustus.
bonorariiim ei tumulum : i.e. a cenotaph in Germany. Tacitus,
Ann. ii. 7 (17 a.d.), in speaking of the Chatti and Germanicus' cam-
paign, states that the Chatti had thrown down the sepulchral mound
lately raised to the Varian legions, and also the old altar of Drusus.
Germanicus restored the altar, and with his legions performed
manoeuvres in honor of his father.

4. decurreret : the word means to perform a military manoeuvre
and is often, as here, employed to indicate the military display at
funeral games. Dio, Ivi. 42, gives a good description of such a cere-
mony over the body of Augustus in the Campus Martius. The cavalry
galloped and the legionaries charged about the pyre, heaping upon
the body, as they passed, all the objects that they had received at the
hands of Augustus for their achievements in war.

6. cum tropaeis : i.e. adorned with the arms, helmets, shields,
etc., taken from the foe. Via Appia: see Introd. II. § 2, a (2).

7. poBterisque eiuB : in fact, one of the sons is known only by the
name Germanicus ; see below, note on line .31, fuiase autem credi-

Page 78] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 241

tur, etc. : he is believed to have possessed as great u love for military
renown as for political freedom. These characteristics are illustrated
by the statement that immediately follows. So Velleius Paterculus,
ii. 97, who remarks that it was doubtful whether his genius was better
adapted to the arts of war or peace.

9. opima spolia : technically, the spoils taken from the leader of
the enemy by the hand of the Roman general. They were hung as an
offering in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. But three instances of
the attainment of this glory are cited during the period of the king-
dom and republic.

10. tota acie inaectatus : to have sought all over the battle-
field.

11. pTistinom . . . statum : i.e. the republic.
18. filiiB : i.e. Tiberius and Drusus.

20. Caesares : i.e. the princes or heirs. After the time of Hadrian
the prevailing meaning of the word Caesar is that of heir to the
empire.

23. prosa oratione: the classical expression is oratio soluta or
sermo snlutus.

28. Inlio Antonio, etc. . 9 u.c.

29. Lugudvini : see note on p. 51. 25. eo ipso die, etc. . the
words primum and ibi show that Suetonius does not mean that the
birth and dedication occurred on the same day, but that this was
the anniversary of the dedication. Render, ' the first of August, the
very day on which an altar was first dedicated there to Augustus.'
A ceremony was performed yearly at this altar even to the time of
Dio Cassius (liv. 32).

31. fratre maiore : known only by his title Germanicus Caesar.
He was entitled to the name Germanicus, apart from .his deeds in
Germany, as the title had been conferred upon his father Drusus and
his descendants. See above, note on line 7.

Page 78. 6. post tutelam receptam -. after attaining his ma-
jority. This is a legal term and is used of one who has become sui
iuris and hence is no longer under a guardian's care. alieni
arbitrii : predicate genitive ; Introd. II. § 2, d. paedagogo : the
paedagogus acted as the tutor of a young child, and as it grew older,
accompanied it to school as an attendant.

7. superiumentarium : an overseer of teamsters; the word does
not occur elsewhere; see Introd. II, § 1, a (2). ex industria:
the Ciceronian expression is de industria.

242 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 78

8. quibuBCumque de causis . . coerceret : to repress him
harshly on the most trifling pretexts.

10. gladiatorio munere : this celebration is mentioned by Dio,
Iv. 27, under the year 9 a.d.

11. palliolatuB: muffled in a Greek robe. Quintilian, Inst. Or.
xi. 3. 144, says that the only excuse for wearing the pallium, as for
wearing ear muffs and other wraps, is ill health.

12. togae viiilis die : see note on p. 5. 19.

13. Bine BOllemni officio : cf. the expression sine ullo honore used
in the same connection, Calig. chap. 10. 11.

14. diBcipltnls tamen liberalibus : synonymous with artes liber-
ales, for which see note on p. 38. 13. Tac. Ann. vi. 46, mentions this
characteristic of Claudius, is composita aetate bonorum artium cupiens
erat. Dio, Ix. 2, says that he was not without mental power and was
so devoted to study that he always had some piece of writing on hand.
He was particularly devoted to historical study ; see chaps. 41 and 42.

15. ezperimenta cuiusque : his efforts in each branch.

16. publicavit : edo or divulgo are the classical terras.

22. pro deBpectiBBimo, etc. : always regarded him as the greatest
object of contempt.
24. monere : for meaning, see note on p. 58. 8.

26. tain iniquam . . . deteatata eBt : prayed, in a manner to be
distinctly heard, that the Bomans be spared such an unjust and un-
merited fate. Detestor has two meanings : (1) ' to curse,' (2) ' to
deprecate,' as here.

27. avunculus maior AugUBtus : through Augustus' sister Octa-
via, the mother of Antonia, who in turn was the mother of Claudius.

29. capita : extracts.

31. Livia ; Augustus' wife ; see note on p. 4. 13.

32. ludis MartialibuB : these games consisted of horse races and
animal hunts (Dio, Ivi. 27). They had been instituted in honor of
Mars Ultor, whose temple in the Forum Augusti was dedicated on
August 1, 2 B.C. (Dio, Ix. 5).

Page 79. 2. artiuB : iprios ; a Greek word in Roman letters ;
equivalent to aptus, 'ready,' 'quick.'

3. hoIoclerOB: 6X4icXijpo5, equivalent to integer, 'complete in all
parts,' 'sound.'

4. per articulos et gradus : by the customary appointments in
order. Articulot emphasizes the separate steps ; gradus, the sequence.

5. irater : i.e. Germanicus.

Page 79] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 243

6. sin autem TiXarruo-Sai sentimuB : but if we perceive that he be
■wanting and defectioe in respect to physical and mental perfection.

9. ToL ToiovTO o-KMirT€iv, ctc. : ciiaebatv is a perfect participle agreeing
witli hominibus ; ' wlio are accustomed to mock and sneer at such
defects.'

10. de singulis aiticulis temponun : on each occasion as it pre-
sents itself.

11. |iT| irpoiiiroKuii^vov, etc. : a genitive absolute ; if it be not de-
cided beforehand whether or not in our opinion he can hold office.
Note how Augustus interlards his letters with Greek words and
phrases, a practice common at that time and in the following age ; cf.
the letters of Cicero and Pliny.

13. cursure . . . triclinium: i.e. to superintend the sacred ban-
quet. Such. feasts were given in connection with various religious
observances and were noted for their magnificence. The officials
having charge of them were styled epulones.

14. ab Silani filio : probably Lucius Silanus, betrothed to Clau-
dius' daughter. Appius, the father, was put to death by Claudius ; see
Claud, chap. 29. 6.

16. ez pulvinari : the imperial box in the circus ; its location is
not known. Cf. Aug. 45, spectabat interdum ex pulvinari et quidem
cum coniuge ac liberis sedens. It may have been situated on the
podium, a position which would be well indicated by the words, in
fronte prima spectaculorum, i.e. in the very front part of that portion
of the circus used for seating the spectators. On the meaning of specta-
cula, see note on p. 61. 4. For another part of the circus frequented
by the emperor, see note on p. 112. 22.

19. aut esse Romae Latinarum diebus: Augustus thinks it
inappropriate that Claudius remain at Rome and yet not be appointed
prefect. By prefect, we are not to understand the imperial prefect of
the city, but the old republican officer who, even in the time of the
empire, was appointed during the Latin festival when the magistrates
proceeded in a body to the temple of Jupiter Latiaris on the Aloan
mount to offer sacrifice. For the feriae Latinae, see note on p.

54. 17.

25. sUteiiB litteiia : in a second letter. The word ii«erae signifies
'epistle,' unless accompanied by the distributive numeral adjective, in
which case it means ' epistles.' Sometimes the context may show
that the plural is meant, even when the distributive adjective is not
employed.

27. Sulpioio : not otherwise known.

244 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 79

28. Athenodoro : the Stoic philosopher of Tarsus. Octavius
attended his courses at Apollonia, and afterward brought him to
Rome. Strabo, xiv. 4. 14, speaking of two philosophers, both named
Athenodorus, continues: "The other son of Sandon, called Canites,
from the name of his village, was the preceptor of Caesar (i.e. Augus-
tus) who conferred upon him great honor. In his old age he returned
to his native land," etc. If this be the man referred to by Suetonius,
as seems likely, he must have lived to an advanced age. qui : the
antecedent is Tiberium above. minus (UTCupus : with greater care ;
lit. 'less flightily.'

29. motum et habitum et incesBum : movements, carriage, a7id
gait.

30. miBelluB dnix*!, etc, : the poor fellow is unfortunate ; for in
serious matters when his mind is not clouded, he gives evidence of
nobility of soul. See Introd. II. § 1, c. The diminutive expresses
pity.

Page 80. 3. d(ra<f>us : indistinctly. qui : how. o-cufius : clearly.
Seneca, Apoc. 5, attributes to Claudius a voice like that of no human
being, but like the roar of a sea monster, hoarse and inarticulate.

5. quid . . . constituerit : an indirect question. Somewhat
loosely, but with no possibility of being misunderstood, Suetonius
continues, et reliquerit, where the reader readily supplies quin, sug-
gested by the introductory words, nee dubium est. post haec :
i.e. after such an expression of his opinion.

8. e parte sezta nuncuparit : named him heir to a sixth part of
his estate. The expression e sextaute or in sextante might have been
used ; see note on p. 15. .30.

9. octingentonim sestertiorum : about 840,000. Sestertiorum
is the genitive of sestertia, not sestertii.

10. prosecutus : see note on p. 14. 17.

11. consularia ornamenta: i.e. simply the title and insignia of
the consulship without the power ; cf. triumphalia ornamenta.

12. legitimoB : sc. honores; i.e. as opposed to the mere orna-
menta.

13. quadraginta aureos : about $200. For the aureus, see note
on p. 65. 5. in Saturnalia et Sigillaria : for the duration of the
Saturnalia, see note on p. 52. 2. The sixth and seventh days of the
Saturnalia were called the Sigillaria, from the sale of the terra-cotta
lignres used as gifts at that season.

17. ex contubernio sordidissimorom : for meaning of contu-

Page 81] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 245

beriiium, see note on p. 11. 1. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 49, also notices his
predilection for low company.

18. ebrietatis quoque et aleae : cf. Claud, chap. 33. 21.

21. pubUce : on the part of the state.

22. perferendae legationia : see Introd. II. § 2, d, end.

25. ezposceret : the subject is equester ordo.

26. apud eosdem : i.e. the consuls; the dative might have been
used. spectaculis : ablative of time.

27. lacemaa : the lacerna was a cloak of thick material to be
thrown over the toga ; cf. Aug. 40, negotium aedilibus dedit, ne quern
poslhac paterentur in foro circove nisi positis lacernis togatum con-
sistere.

28. sodalium Augustalium : a college of priests appointed to
have charge of the rites instituted in honor of the deified Augustus.
The example was followed in the case of succeeding emperors who
were considered worthy. The memories of Tiberius, Gains, Nero,
Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Domitian were not so honored. Tacitus,
Ann. i. 54, states that the sodalium Augustalium consisted of twenty-
one members, to whom were added {extra ordinem) Tiberius, Dnisus,
Claudius, and Germanicus.

Page 81. 1. resarturmn: would repair; a colloquial word.

2. tamen ; i.e. notwithstanding his previous attitude toward him.

3. legato etdam circa sesteTtiuin viciea : a legacy of about
2,000,000 sesterces. Roth, following Gronovius' conjecture, reads
sestertii. On the construction of sestertium, see note on p. 25. 27.
For meaning of proseciitus, cf. note on p. 14. 17.

7. secundam eziBtimationem circa, etc. : endeavoring to create
a favorable impression with regard to the beginning of his reign by all
the arts of a deceiver. For circa, see Introd. II. § 5 (1).

9. consulatum geasit : 37 b.c. Cf. note on p. 50. 4.

10. primitua : archaic for primum.

15. partim . . partim : some of them . . . others.

16. obnoxius : exposed ; cf. Tib. chap. 63. 10.

19. reoipiebatur : i.e. was given a seat. qaotienB . . . ad-
dormiaceret : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (3).

22. excitabatur a copreis : he was aroused by the buffoons. In
the time of the empire, wealthy households maintained a body of
slaves whose duty was to furnish entertainment for the guests. These
slaves comprised buffoons, dwarfs, fools, etc. (scurrae, copreae, mori-
ones, nani, etc.).

246 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 81

26. CaesailB: iU. Caligula.

27. honore : the consulship.

.. 28. extraneo vel etiam, etc.: ablative absolute, continually dis-
turbed by the different charges brought against him, not only by out-
siders, but even by his own domestics.

30. Lepidi et Oaetulici coniuratio : these were Aemilius Lepi-
dus, mentioned in Calig. chap. 24, and Cn. Lentulus Gaetulicus fils ;
see note on p. 45. 16. Dio, lix. 22, bints at a conspiracy on the part of
Gaetulicus in 39 a.d. : "Gaius ordered Lentulus Gaetulicus put to
death ; he was a man of distinction and had been governor of Ger-
many for ten years. The charge was that he had endeavored to cuiTy
favor with the army." Dio then goes on to say that Lepidus, who
had been on very intimate terms with Caligula, by whom he had
been selected as his successor to the throne, was also put to death.
Thereupon Caligula granted a largess to the army, "as though he
had triumphed over the enemy." Dio evidently does not believe in
the truth of these charges, for he continues, " Gaius wrote and sent
to the senate an account of these matters, as though he had escaped
from plots against his life. On other occasions, too, he was wont to
feign that his life was passed amid great dangers."

Page 82. 1. potiBBimum : adverh, rather than any otie else.

3. numquam non . . . noviBsimue : alioays last.

5. etiam cognitio, etc. : the senate entertained a motion to inves-
tigate a case involving the forgery of. a will, which Claudius, too, had
signed as witness.

7. novi eacerdotil: instituted by Gaius; see Calig. chap. 22. 21.

9. obligatam aerario fidem : his bond pledged to the treasury.
Aerario is dative.

10. in vacuum lege praediatoria, etc. ; that by edict of the prae-
fects (i.e. of the treasury) his property was offered for sale to meet the
deficiency, in accordance with the law governing confiscation. The
exact meaning of the expression in vacuum is a matter of conjecture.
Other possible, but not probable, interpretations are: 'in mockery,'
i.e. no real sale was to take place, it was advertised simply to cast
ridicule upon Claudius; 'in vain,' i.e. no purchaser could be found.
Venalis agrees with the subject of the verb, i.e. Claudius. pepen-
derit : from pendeo, an idiom meaning that his goods, not he, were
offered for sale.

12. quinquagesimo cmno : 41 a. v.

13. quantumvis: equivalent to vaMe or ^er^uam.

Page 82] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 247

14. quasi . . . desiderante: Introd. II. §6, 6(1).

15. diaetam: diatta (lit. 'a place for living') does not signify
any definite kind of room. It means, in different connections, a
sleeping room, a dining room, a summer house, or even a, suite of
apartments. It means here one of Claudius' rooms in the palace.

16. Hermaeum: perhaps so named from a statue in the apart-
ment.

17. solarium : the diaela probably opened on a portion of the roof
of the palace used as a terrace (^solarium). The doorway or swinging
window leading to this terrace was draped with a curtain. The word
solarium is also, in Nero, chap. 16. 29, used to signify the roofs of
porticoes. The account of the discovery of Claudius is veiy much
the same in both Dio, Ix. 1, and Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 3. The
account of the latter is, however, much more detailed. They both say
that Claudius was found hiding in a dark comer. Josephus gives the
name Gratus to the soldier who discovered him.

19. e studio sciscitandi . . . adgnovit : as a result of Ms
desire to find out who it was (he looked) and recognized him. The
soldier, from seeing the feet of Claudius, knew that some one was
trying to hide, and his curiosity was aroused. Inasmuch as the
expression e studio sciscitandi . . . adgnovit, ' from the desire of
finding out ... he recognized,' is not strictly logical, Madvig sus-
pects that the word adgnovit has crept into the text, and emends to
read studio sciscitandi quisnam esset, etc., salutavit. The expression
can hardly be misunderstood, however, and is used for the sake of
brevity.

22. fluctuantis nee quicquam, etc. : a prey to uncertainty, and
as yet doing nothing but giving vent to their rage.

24. sui diffugercUit : i.e. Claudius' litter-bearers.

26. quasi . . . raperetur : this seems to be a sort of running
together of the two constructions mentioned in Introd. II. § 6, c, and
§ 3, 6 (4). intra vallum : i.e. of the praetorian camp on the edge
of the city ; cf. note on p. 22. 15.

27. inter ezcubias militum t with the soldiers on guard.

28. spe : i.e. for his succession. fiducia: i.e. of being safe from
violence. nam consules, etc. : cf. Calig. chap. 60. 31. Dio, Ix. 1,
says that the senators, when they saw themselves deserted by their
soldiers, finally offered Claudius the purple, though for some time they
had sent messages to him warning him not to accept the principate
and to submit to the will of the people and senate.

30. assertuil : Introd. II. § 4, a (1).

248 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 83

Page 83. 1. per taedium ac disBenaionem diveraa censen-
tium : disgusted with the dinsensiuns of the different factions ; a case
of heiidiadys.

5. quina dena sestertia : about $750. From this time it became
a custom £or the emperor, on his accession, to bestow a largess upon
the praetorians who played such an important r61e in choosing the
princeps.

7. antiquius : more important.

11. praestitit : guaranteed.

12. paucis interemptiB : Dio, Ix. 3, states that be put Chaerea to
death as having established a bad precedent in killing an emperor, and
as though he had caught him plotting against himself. lie made no
pretence of avenging Gains. Others, who had desired the reestablish-
ment of the republic, or who even had designs upon the principate, he
not only forgave, but advanced to positions in the state.

14. oilicia pietatiB : i.e. his obligations to his relatives. 'F ot pietas,
see note on p. 42. 12.

15. iuB iurandum . . . per Augustum : the oath which he deemed
most binding, and tchich he most frequently used, toas ' By Augustus ! '

16. Iiiviae divinos taonores : forbidden by Tiberius ; see Tib.
chap. b\. 0.

17. AuguBtino Bimilem : " A first brass of Augustus, coined in
pursuance of a decree of the senate after his death, represents him
seated upon the thensa of consecration, drawn by four elephants, on
each of which sits a driver" (Stevenson, Hist, of Soman Coins, p.
358).

19. patri : Drusus. matri : Antonia minor.

20. carpentum : see note on p. 49. 32. cognomen Augustae :
Augustus, in his will, had ordered her to take the title ; Aug. 101.

21. fratris : Germanicus.

23. NeapoUtano certamine : these were the quinquennial games
instituted in honor of Augustus. Aug. 98, tamen et quinquennale
certamen gymnicum honori suo institutum, perspectavit (^Augustus).
Strabo, v. 4. 7, states that the Neapolitans celebrated these games
every five years, that they consisted of contests in music and gym-
nastic exercises lasting many days, and that in fact they rivalled the
most famous games of Greece. Dio, Ix. 6, speaks in the highest terms
of Claudius' conduct while staying at Naples. He was unassuming,
just, and moderate in his expenditures.

24. Marcum quldem Antonium : the triumvir, the father of
Antonia minor, mother of Claudius.

Page 84] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 249

28. marmoreum arcum, etc. : probably decreed because of his
having undeitaken to restore the theatre of Pompey ; cf. Tib. chap.
47. 16. Tacitus, Ann. ii. 41, mentions tlie completion of another arch,
17 A.D., under the auspices of Tiberius, for the recovery by Germani-
cus of the standards of Varus.

30. Gai quoque acta, etc. : cf. Dio, Ix. 4, who says that Claudius
annulled the imposts levied by the command of Gaius, as well as his
other enactments open to censure. He did not do this all at once, but
as each case came to his notice. He further recalled those who had
been unjustly exiled, and liberated those unjustly imprisoned.

Page 84. 1. civiUs : unassuming ; see note on p. 17. 14.

2. sponaalia:, Dio, Ix. 5 (41 a.d.), speaks of the betrothal of two
daughters, one to L. Junius Silanus, and another to Gnaeus Pompeius
Magnus.

3. natalemque geniti : the addition of geniti shows that the
meaning is the actual day of birth.

6. praefectum praetorii : after his return from Britain (43 a.d.),
Claudius granted this honor to the praefect, Rubrius Pollio ; cf. Dio,
Ix. 23. Tiberius had made the same request after the death of
Sejanus.

8. procuratores aui : the addition of sui shows that the procura-
tores Caesaris, or agents of Caesar, are meant. Suetonius probably
means the procurators of the Jiscus, or imperial financial agents, rather
than the governors of small outlying districts {procuratores Caesaris
pro legato). precario ezegit : he solicited ns a favor.

9. iu8 nundinarum in privata, etc. : the right of holding fairs on
his private estates ; lit. ' the right for his estates ' ; hence the accusative.
This request is illustrated by a passage from Pliny, Epist. v. 4, vir
praetorius Sollers a senatu petiit ut sihi instituere nundinas in agris
suis permitteretur.

10. cognitionibus magistratuum : cases tried before magistrates,
i.e. before the old republican magistrates.

12. voce: i.e. by complimentary expressions. manu: proba-
bly by throwing kisses to them.

16. profectum eum Ostiam : in the year 48 a.d. ; Tac. Ann. xi.
26. Messalina took advantage of this absence to solemnize her mar-
riage with Silius.

23. a singulis et per factionem et denique civili bello : note
the lack of concinnity in construction. See Introd. II. " Language
and Style."

250 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 84

26. equestris ordinis duo: Tacitus, Ann. xi. 22 (47 a.d.), men-
tions one Cn. Nonius, found armed in the throng of those paying their
respects to the emperor. Whether this is one of the two men men-
tioned by Suetonius, or a third conspirator, is not clear.

27. dolone : sioord-cane.

29. Maitis aedem : see note on p. 66. 3.

30. FoUionis ac Measalae : Asinius FoUio and Statilius Corvinus
Messala, distinguished orators of the time of Augustus.

32. FuriuB CamilluB Scribonianus : 62 a.d. According to Dio,
Ix. 15, he was first Incited to this insurrection by Annius Vinicianus,
but afterward made the cause his own. On his threatening letters, see
Claud, chap. 35. 22.

Page 85. 3. religione : explained by the clause postquam . . .
potuerunt.

5. casu quodam ac divinitus : as it happened, and that, too, by
divine agency. aquilae omari : probably with garlands and with
perfumes, for the aquilae of the legions were kept in a shrine in the
camp with the images of the gods, and received the adoration of the
troops.

7. super piiatinum : see note on p. 50. 4.

8. duo prlmoB iunctim: 42 a.d., with C. Largus as colleague, and
43 A.D., with L. Vitellius. eequentis per inter7aUuin : the third,
47 A.D., with L. Vitellius; the fourth, 34 a.d., with Ser. Cornelius
Orfitus. quarto quemque anno : of three years, lit. ' each on the
fourth year.'

10. circa principem : in the case of an emperor. As Claudius
was regular consul with Vitellius this year, it may be supposed that
the consul-elect had died, and that Claudius took his place {suffectus),
becoming regular consul {ordinarius) on the Ides of January, when
the dead man would have begun his term. For the consul suffectus,
see note on p. 17. 30.

12. extra honorem : i.e. when not holding office. Claudius is
ridiculed in the Apocolocyntosis for his assiduity in this regard ; it
being represented that he would sit all day long as judge during the
months of July and August, i.e. during the summer vacation of the
court.

14. antiquituB : modifies /es(is ; 'observed of old.'

16. ex bono et aequo perinde ut : according as he was influenced
by considerations of justice and equity.

17. prlvatoB : i.e. acting as jurors in cases involving private citizens.

Page 86] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 251

18. formula ezcidissent : had lost their suits. Formula excidere
is equivalent to the phrase causa cadere ; see note on p. 03. 24.

20. in cognoBcendo : Suetonius has been speaking of the ordinary
administration of justice {iuris dictio). In cognoscendo refers to
special judicial inquiries (cognitiones) conducted by the emperor.

24. cum decurias rerum actu ezpungeret : on the meaning of
decuriae, see note on p. 27. 26. Expungeret has the force of recensere,
'to clear off' or 'revise.' The expression rerttm actus means the
prosecution of judicial business ; c/. A'ero, chap. 17. 18. It seems best
to take actu as a dative, defining the duties of the decuries, ' decuries
for the prosecution of judicial business' ; i.e. decuries of jurors. Actu
is not to be taken as ablative of separation, as Claudius vrould not be
apt to dismiss whole decuries of jurors.

25. dissimulata vacatione, etc. : concealing the fact that he was
exempt by virtue of his children. We may conjecture that this exemp-
tion was one of the inducements to marriage offered by the Lex lulia
et Papia Poppaea, for which see note on p. 21. 22.

26. responderat : had appeared.

27. alium interpellatum, etc. . another juror was accosted by his
adversaries teith regard to a suit of his own ; on stating that this
matter did not properly come before Caesar^ s special tribunal, but xcas
a matter for the ordinary courts to settle, Caesar compelled him to
plead his case immediately in the imperial presence, saying that in a
matter touching his own interests, the man would show how just a
juror he would be in a case pertaining to another. It would appear
that the man was one of the jurors serving in a special court, with
Caesar on the bench. While so serving (such seems to be the idea
conveyed by the prefix inter of the verb interpellatum), he was asked
by his opponents in a suit to allow his own case tried before this
special court of inquiry.

32. dubia utrimque argtunentonim fide : for the testimony on
each side was untrustworthy.

Page 86. l. Indicto: se. ei, i.e. feminae. abaentibuB: when
parties to a suit failed to appear ; ablative absolute.

2. secundum : in favor of. According to Dio, Ix. 28, the reason
that some failed to appear was the fear of losing their cases. Claudius
then issued his edict that unless they appeared before a fixed day, he
would pass judgment against those absent, which in fact he did.
dabat : i.e. gave the case to them.

5. acciii . . . flagitavit: for infinitive, see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1).

252 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 86

6. peregrinitatia reum : i.e. charged with having unlawfully
exeiciseii the rights of a Koiiian citizen.

7. togatumne, etc. : if he wore the toga, his innocence was con-
ceded ; if the pallium, his guilt was taken for granted.

10. ez tabella . i.e. in writing, as though handing down an im-
portant decision.

15. mortuus est, inquit : puto, licuit : he is dead, said he ; his
excuse is, I take it, a good one. The lawyer is ridiculing Claudius, the
judge.

17. et tamen fieri solet : this is equivalent to saying, ' yet there
is nothing to thank you for after all.'

22. Oraeculo : see note on p. 8. 9.

23. Kal (Hi 'y^puv (t Kal pLupis : thou art both an old man and a
fool.

30. gessit et censuram : 47 a.d. The chronicle of Eusebius
states tliat under Claudius, 6,840,000 citizens were enumerated. in-
temuBSEim diu post Flancum, etc. : Flancus and Paulus were cen-
sors in the year Mnan^ Dio, liv. 2, relates that when the senate
desired to make Augustus perpetual censor, he refused the honor and
appointed Flancus and Paulus, and that these were the last private
citizens to hold the office together. From this time on, the emperors
discharged the duties of the ofBce under the title praefectura morum.
Sometimes, but rarely, the title censor was assumed when a census
was actually held, as in the case mentioned in the text. Plancus and
Paulus reflected no credit upon Augustus, since Paulus was incapable
and Plancus a reprobate ; cf. Veil. Pat. ii. 95.

31. inaequabiliter varioque et animo, etc. . showing th e same
instahilVy of character and erratic conduct.

Page 87. 2. censorem Buum : i.e. his father.

5. aetatulae indulgeret : sow his wild oats ; note the diminutive,
and cf. pelliculam curare, Ilor. Ser. ii. 5. 38 ; the diminutive in such
expressions denotes affectionate interest.

6. quare enim Bcio. etc. : for why do you let me know what mis-
tress you keep, i.e. why are you not more circumspect in your intrigues.

8. litura tamen, inquit, ezstet : to be understood as one of
Claudius' keen remarks.

9. Oraeciaeque provinciae : i.e. the province of Achaia, which
was now the political name of Greece.

10. albo : the album, lit. 'a white tablet,' is the regular word for
a list or register. in peregiinitatem redegit: i.e. deprived of

Page 88] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 253

Roman citizenship. Dio, Ix. 17, cites the case of a Lycian by birtli,
Roman by naturalization, being deprived of his citizenship by Claudius,
because of his ignorance of the Latin language.

16. in provincia : the king was probably visiting some Roman
province. Rabirlo Postumo : the same who was defended by
Cicero, in an oration still extant.

17. Ptolemaeum : object of secuto. This was Ptolemy, sumamed
Auletes. credit! aervandi causa : to recover a loan.

18. maiestatis : see note on p. 2. 23. motum : was brought
against him.

19. magna inquisitorum neglegentia, etc. : ablative of attendant
circumstance ; they had been negligent in ascertaining the facts in
the cases.

22. probantibuB : the subject of this ablative absolute is the ante-
cedent of quibuscumque.

26. ad Sigillaria : for the word, see note on p. 80. 13. It signifies
besides, as in the present passage, a mart in Rome, where these
images, books, and works of art were sold.

29. dolia : earthenware jars in which the must was poured, and
allowed to ferment for the space of a year In the wine cellar. These
vessels were pitched to improve the flavor of tlie wine.

31. ezpeditionem unam : that to Britain, 43 b.c, mentioned
below.

32. decretis sibi, etc. : Dio, Ix. 8, tells us that Claudius' freed-
men persuaded him to accept an honorary triumph for his achieve-
ments in Mauretania, although he had not only won no victory, but
did not even possess imperium at the time the war was finished. For
the ornanienta triumphalia, see note on p. 7. 6.

Page 88, 1. maieatati : for his dignity. The ablative after the
comparative might have been used.

2. unde adquireret : sc. decus as object. Britanniam is object of
elegit.

3. ulli : dative of agent with perfect participle ; see Introd. II.
§2, c(l).

4. post Divum lulium : cf. Tac. Agric. 13: " Accordingly Julius
Caesar, the first Roman who entered Britain with an army, although
he terrified the inhabitants by a successful engagement, and became
master of the shore, may be considered rather to have transmitted the
discoveiy, than the possession of the country, to posterity. It is cer-
tain that Gaius Caesar meditated an expedition into Britain ; but his

254 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 88

temper, precipitate in forming schemes and unsteady in pursuing
tliem, together with the ill success of his mighty attempts against Ger-
many, rendered the design abortive. Claudius accomplished the un-
dertaking, transporting the legions and auxiliaries, and associating
Vespasian in the direction of affairs." Dio, Ix. 19, states that Beri-
cus, one of the malcontents who had been expelled from the island,
impelled Claudius to undertake the expedition.

6. circio : Pliny, N. H. ii. 121, thus describes this wind: " In the
province of Narbonne, the most noted wind is the Circius ; it is not
inferior to any of the winds in violence, frequently driving the waves
before it to Ostia, straight across the Ligurian sea. Yet this wind is
unknown in other parts, not even reaching Vienne, a city in the same
province."

7. Stoechadas insulas : les isles (P Hieres, off Marseilles ; cf.
Strabo, iv. 1. 10, " Lying off this narrow pass, along the coast as you
begin your journey from Marseilles, are the Stoechadas islands.
Three are of considerable extent, and two are small."

8. Gesoriacum : also known as Bononiu, the modern Boulogne-
sitr-Mer.

9. intra paucissimos dies : according to Dio, Ix. 2.3, he spent but
sixteen days in Britain, returning to Rome after an absence of six
months.

10. sexto quam proiectus erat, etr. : for construction, <•/. note
on p. .32. 17.

11. tiiumphavitque : according to Dio, Ix. 2-3, besides performing
the usual ceremonies, Claudius crawled up the steps of the Capitol on
his hands and knees, aided by his sons-in-law, one on each side.

13. praesidibus : see note on p. 20. 10.

14. navalem coronam : the crown was formed to represent the
beaks of ships, and before the period of the empire was only granted
to the man who first boarded the enemy's vessel.

15. iuzta civicam: see note on p. 17. 26.

17. Becutl et . adept! : they, too, followed, xoho had obtained,
etc.

19. veste palmata : the tunica embroidered with palm branches
in gold.

20. quod eum honorem, etc. : because this was the second time he
had iiblained the honor.

22. Aemiliana : supposed to be a poor suburb of Rome, situated
near the Porta Fontinnlis. on the site of what was afterward the
Forum of Trajan. in diiibitorio : a huge structure near the Saepta,

Page 89] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 255

begun by Agiippa and finished by Augustus. The ballots were here
distributed and counted, largesses issued to the people and gifts
bestowed upon the soldiery.

24. familiariun . slaves. Introd. II. § 1, (2. axtzilio: dative of
purpose.

25. ex omnibus vicis : from all quarters of the city. For the
word viais, see note on p. 41. 29.

26. fiscis : the literal meaning, sack, is to be given Jiscus in the
present passage. repraesentans : the word means ' to bring before
one,' and hence ' to do a thing immediately,' as, for instance, to pay
money on the spot.

27. artiore autem annona, etc. : on the annona, see note on p.
6. 21. Cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 4.3 (51 a.d.) : "A failure of the crops and
the resulting famine was regarded as a prodigy. Nor were the com-
plaints of the populace confined to murmurs: they even gathered
round the prince with tumultuous shouts, while he was administering
justice, and, driving him to the extremity of the Forum, pressed upon
him with violence, till at length, by means of a compact body of
soldiers, he forced his way through the incensed multitude. It is
certain that there was at that time in Rome provision for but fif-
teen days."

29. conviciisque et simul fragminibus : note the zeugma,
' abused and assailed,' etc.

30. postdco : postern ; Orosius, vii. 6. 17, in telling the story, uses
the word psendothyrum, 'secret door.'

31. nihil non excogitavit : he thought of every possible plan.

Page 89. l. si cui quid : si affects quid as well as cut

3. pro condicione cuiusque : explained by the clauses following.

4. legis Papiae Poppaeae: see note on p. 21. 22.

5. iuB Quiritium: equivalent to ius civitatis. The lawyers did,
indeed, make a distinction ; when a Latinus obtained Roman citizen-
ship, he was usually said to obtain ius quiritium, as here ; when a
peregrinus obtained such rights, ius civitatis was considered the
proper expression. ius quattuor liberorum : according to a pro-
vision of the lex Papia Poppaea, free-born women were released from
tutela after having borne three children, and freedwomen after having
borne four.

7. opera magna potiusquam necesaaria et multa perfecit : the
manuscript reading is, opera magna potiusquam necessaria quam
multa, for which Roth and the older editions have opera magna

256 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 89

potiusque necessaria quam multa. Madvig reads magna potius neces-
sariaque, suggesting that -que fell out before quam and was then incor-
rectly introduced as quam before necessaria. The reading of the text
is the suggestion of Max Ihm; it gives the proper sense, and is easily
accounted for.

8. Bed vel praecipua : but to cite the most important. On the
force of vel, see note on p. 37. 5. ductum aquarum : see note on
p. 53. 22.

9. Fucini lacuB : a broad but shallow lake in the country of the
Marsi ; it is now called Lago di Celano.

10. alterum ab Augusto : i.e. the outlet.

11. alterum a Divo lulio : i.e. the porta Ostiensis.

13. Claudiae aquae : the Claudian aqueduct was known as the
aqua Claudia.

15. Anienis novi : finished in 46 a.d. The Anio vetus was one of
the oldest aqueducts of Kome, dating back to 265 n.c.

16. lacus: the water conveyed to Rome by an aqueduct was
received into a large reservoir (castellum') , often in the form of an
ornate building. From this structure it was diverted to other smaller
castella, and that portion intended for further public distribution was
drawn off into smaller reservoirs and ponds (iocas) and fountains
(salieyites).

17. Fucinum adgressuB eat, etc.: Dio, Ix. 11, gives another
reason for the undertaking, — the desire to improve the Tiber by
giving it a larger volume of water. Pliny, N. H. xxxvi. 124, thus
speaks of the work: " Among the most memorable works too, I, for
my part, should include another undertaking of the Emperor Claudius,
although it was afterward abandoned in consequence of the hatred
borne him by his successors ; I mean the channel that was cut through
a mountain, an outlet for Lake Fucinus ; a work which cost a
sum beyond all calculation, and employed a countless multitude of
workmen for many years. In those parts where the soil was found
to be soft, it was necessary to pump up the water by the aid of
machinery ; in other parts again, the solid rock had to be hewn
through. All this, too, had to be done in the midst of darkness
within ; a series of operations which can only be adequately conceived
by those who were witnesses of them, and which no human language
can possibly describe."

22. continuis : this word conveys the idea that the workmen were
engaged all along the line of the work, simultaneously.

23. portum Ostiae: Dio, Ix. 11, gives a similar description. He

Page 90] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 257

states that a considerable part of the shore was cut away, forming a
bay, the sides of which were built up with stone-work ; piers were
carried out from the ends of the above wall, and the entrance pro-
tected by an artificial island with its lighthouse.

24. ad introitiun, etc. : at the entrance where deep soundings were
found, a mole was thrown up for protection. This mole is the arti-
ficial island of Bio's account. profundo iam salo : an ablative of
attendant circumstance.

25. navem : this was the Great Eastern of antiquity, well de-
scribed by Pliny, ..V. H. xvi. 201 : " It is beyond all doubt that there
has been seen nothing on the sea more wonderful than this ship ;
120,000 modii of lentils formed the ballast, and its length took up the
greater part of the left side of the harbor at Ostia. It was sunk at
that place by order of the Emperor Claudius, three moles, each as
high as a tower, being built upon it ; they were constructed of cement,
which the same vessel had conveyed from Puteoli. It took the arms
of four men to span the girth of the fir that formed the mast."

26. magnus obeliscuB : this obelisk (called the great to distinguish
it from two others erected by Augustus in Rome) was conveyed from
Alexandria to Rome in the vessel described above, and set up by
Gains in his circus on the Vatican. See Pliny, iV. H. xxxvi. 70.
Prom here it was removed by Pope Sextus V. to Its present position
before the cathedral of St. Peter.

28. Phari : see note on p. 40. 30.
32. commenticia : newly invented.

Page 90. 1. Pompeiani tbeatri: dedicated by Pompey, 55 b.c.
Its stage was burned in the reign of Tiberius, who undertook the
restoration, but left the dedication to Gaius ; see Calig. chap. 21. 22.

3. commisit : presided; lit. 'gave the signal to begin.' apud
Buperiores aedes : there was a temple in the upper part of the theatre
of Pompey, devoted to the service of Venus (cf. TertuUian, De Spect.
10). There was also a temple of Victory (cf. Aul. Gell. x. 1. 7). which
explains the plural aedes. Pliny, N. H. viii. 20, however, evidently
referring to this, calls it the temple of Venus Victrix. Possibly it was
a temple with two shrines, one for Venus and one for Victoria.

5. caveam : the cavea was the body of the theatre devoted to the
seats (spectacula).

6. fecit et Saeculares: 47 a.d., sixty-four years since the cele-
bration of these games by Augustus, 17 B.C.; cf. Tac. Ann. xi. 11.

7. quamvis . . . prodat : Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5).

258 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 90

9. in ordmem redegisse : had restored them to their proper period.

10. invitantia more sollemm: invitantis, concrete for abstract
invitandi. aollemni: customary.

13. quidam histrionum, etc. : Pliny, N. H. vii. 159, mentions one
Stephanio, who performed at both celebrations.

14. in Vaticano : sc. colle ; i.e. in the Gaianum, where the obelisk
mentioned above stood.

15. per quinos miasuB : after evei-y five courses run by the chariots.
The regular number of courses per day was twenty-four, four chariots
contending in each course.

16. carceribuB : the arched chambers where the chariots stood
awaiting the signal to start.

17. metis: tlie three conical pillars at either end of the spina,
around which the chariots ran seven times per course. tofina:
of tufa; this stone and travertine, both of volcanic origin, are even
now largely used at Rome for building purposes.

18. propria . . . loca : this of course refers to seats in the circus.
Senators possessed this privilege in the theatre as early as 194 b.c.
promiBCue : this does not mean that the senators had not sat together,
but that they had hitherto had no definite place assigned to them.
That such is the idea is clear from Dio's words, Ix. 7, "The different
orders, senators, knights, and plebs, before this time sat by themselves,
but no definite places had been assigned. Claudius now assigned to
the senators the seats which they occupy at the present time." Nero
made the same regulation with regard to the knights ; see Nero, chap.
11. 9.

19. Troiae luaum : see note on p. 5. 17.

20. AfiicanaB : see note on p. 52. 17 ; c/. Dio, Ix. 7 : " In the circus,
there was one exhibition of camels and twelve of horses. Three hun-
dred bears and the same number of wild beasts from Africa were
slain." coniiciente: hunting them down.

22. Tbeaaaloa equites, etc. . this form of amusement originated
in Thessaly. Cf. Pliny X. H. viii. 182: "The people of Thessaly
invented a method of killing bulls, by means of a man on horseback,
who would ride up to them, and, seizing one of the horns, so twist
the neck. Caesar, the dictator, was the first person who exhibited
this spectacle at Rome."

26. anniversarium : i.e. the annivei'sary of his being proclaimed
emperor, appropriately observed in the praetorian camp.

27. Saeptis : see note on p. 12. 17.

29. Bportulam : the sportula, originally a small basket, came to

Page 91] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 259

have the meaning ' dole ' or ' pittance,' which was given in place of
the food received by the client from his patron, and carried in the
sportttla. The emperor here applies the term to games which he
got up on the spur of the moment, i.e. they were basket picnics, so
to speak.

30. ad subitam condictamque cenulam : to a bit of a dinner,
for which no extra preparation had been made. Condictam means
literally ' suddenly announced ' ; cf. note on p. 24. 32, where the verb
means to ' invite oneself to.'

31. communioT aut remiasior : more condescending or under less
constraint.

32. aureos : see note on p. 65. 5.

Page 91. 3. dominos : the word in late Latin was used with the
force of ' Sir ' or ' Mr. ' frigidis : we say ' flat. '

4. arcessitis : far-fetched. Palumbum : the name of a gladi-
ator. It also means ' wood-pigeon,' hence the pun.

5. illud : referring, as often, to what follows.

6. quantumvis : see note on p. 70. 16, end. essedaiio : see
note on p. 61. 17.

8. mdulsiaset rudem: discharged; indulgeo with accusative of
the thing is post-Augustan. For the word rudis, see note on p.
5. 24.

10. edidit : i.e. in the triumph after his return from Britain.

13. Fucinum lacum : see note on p. 89. 17.

14. nauinachiam : 52 a.d. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 56, gives a detailed
account of this sham naval battle. Naumachia means either the
exhibition itself, as here, or the place where it was held ; see note
on p. 39. 13.

15. morituri te aalutem : this is usually quoted in the first person,
aalutamus, the form in which it is given by Dio, Ix. 33.

16. aut non : sc. morituri me salutant ; the emperor meant that
some would be victorious and so not perish. The combatants under-
stood the expression in the sense, ' or rather those not to die,' applying
it to their whole number, and considering that they were excused from
fighting. The reading of the text is that of Roth, following the best
manuscripts. The reading avete vos is from the fifteenth century
manuscripts and editions. In this case the emperor is simply return-
ing the salutation. The literal meaning is, however, 'be well,' 'be
safe,' or ' be sound,' and the gladiators understood it as dismissing them.

19. vaciUatione : tottering steps ; due to his weak knees, as stated

260 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 91

in Claud, chap. 30. 24. ioeda : as being tlie result o{ his dissi-
pations ; cf. l)io, Ix. 2.

22. duodenarum : Dio, Ix. 33, says that the number of ships was
fifty on each side. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 56, gives the number of com-
batants as nineteen thousand.

25. circa: see Iiitrod. II. § 5 (1). civilemque et militarem
morem : civil and military regulations.

28. cooptandis : cooplare is strictly used of a body choosing its
own members. The colleges nominally did the electing, but the em-
peror's nomination was equivalent to an appointment.

30. quotiens moviBset -. Introd. II. § 3, b (3).

32. obsecratio : a public prayer.

Fage 92, 2. praeiret : the proper word to indicate the utterance
of a formula which others are to repeat ; cf. sacramentum praeire.
The talcing of such an oath is expressed by in verba iurare. sum-
motaque, etc. : i.e. that the holy rites might not be defiled by their
presence ; cf. Horace, Od. iii. 1.1:

Odi profanum valgus et arceo !
Favete Unguis.

3. remm actum : on the meaning, see note on p. 85. 24. diviamn
aiitea, etc. . i.e. there had been but the summer and winter sessions,
interrupted by the spring and autumn vacations. The sessions prob-
ably ran into the autumn and spring, as it is not likely that the whole
of these seasons would be devoted to vacation. We might even
assume that the year was divided into halves, one winter and one
summer, for the transaction of legal business ; cf. this division of the
year for military and judicial purposes in the provinces, Cic. Att. v. 14. 2.
At any rate, Claudius now instituted one continuous session, and the
holidays at the beginning of the year were emphasized to the exclusion
of others ; cf. Galba 14, sed et concessum a Claudia beneficium, ne hieme
initioque anni ad iudicandum evocarentur, eripuil. The ordinary
midsummer vacation (c/. Pliny, Epist. viii. 21. 2) was also observed
more or less strictly. Even as lat« as the time of Marcus Aurelius, it
was not obligatory to appear in court at that season {Dig. ii. 12. 1).

4. fidei commissis : these are bequests left for the heir to fulfil.
From the text we should simply understand that the magistrates had
been given special jurisdiction in the matter each year, but that they
now received regular jurisdiction and that the power was extended to
the praesides of provinces. As a matter of fact, Augustus had given

Page 92] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 261

this duty as a power extra ordinem to the consuls, and Claudius now
appointed two praetors to have ordinary jurisdiction ; cf. Dig. i. 2. 2,
§32.

8. Fapiae Poppaeae legis ; see note on p. 21. 22.

10. tutOTes a consulibuB dareutur : if there was no tutor testa-
mentarius, or legilimus, according to the terms of the Atiliaii law, the
praetor urbanus (or tribunes) was to appoint one. The duty was now
assigned, extra urdinem, to the consul. In the time of Marcus Aure-
lius a legalsii praetor tutelarius was appointed.

16. commeatus a senatu, etc. : to give the matter a legal appear-
ance' he had this power given him every year by a senatus consultum;
l)io, Ix. 25.

17. beneficii Bui fecit: Introd. II. §2, d.

18. procuratoiibua ducenariis : procurators receiving a salary of
200,000 sesterces. A fixed salary was given the ^)rocurators as well as
the governors of provinces ; cf. Dio, liii. 15, who also clearly explains
the expression in the text by the remark, "procurators were even
named from the sum they received."

24. Appium Caecum : see Tib. chap. 2. 1.

25. filios in senatum, etc. : cf. Tacitus, Ann. xi. 24, where
Claudius, in a speech in favor of giving the riglit of holding office to
the nobility of Gallia Comata, says, " For magistracies to be intrusted
to the children of freedmen is no innovation, as many are erroneously
persuaded, but a constant practice of the former Romans."

26. temporibuB Appi et deinceps: from this it would appear
that in the time of Appius the word libertinus meant the son of a
libertus, and was not a synonym for Hbertus. It is to be noted, how-
ever, that such is not the meaning of the word in any Roman writings
extant. A liberated slave is termed libertinus when described in
reference to his social position, but libertus when spoken of with
reference to his former master.

29. pro stratura viarum : in place of contributing for the paving
of roads. This change was made 47 a.d. ; cf. Tac. Ann. xi. 22.

30. detractaque Ostienai et Oallica provincia : he took from
them their official duties at Ostia and in Gaul, i.e. cisalpine Gaul.
These duties had been assigned them by Augustus, but they were in
fact the two remaining Italian quaestorships, established in 267 B.C.
The duties of the quaestors of Ostia were particularly arduous, as this
was the port of Rome. There seems to be no authority for the state-
ment that the provincia Ostiensis included the duty of supervising
the water supply of Rome. curam aerarii Sattinii : cf. Aug. 36,

262 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 92

auctor fuit . . . nt cnra aerari a quaestoribus urbanis ad praetorios
praetoresve transiret. During the republic quaestors had charge of the
public treasury. Two aediles were giveu temporary charge by Caesar.
The different changes from that time are stated by Tacitus, Ann. xiii.
29. Augustus first allowed the senate to choose praefects-of the treas-
ury. As intrigue was employed in their selection, they were after-
ward drawn by lot from the praetors. This often resulted in the
appointment of incompetent men, so that Claudius restored the quaes-
tors. The quaestors lacked experience, however, and Nero chose such
as had passed the praetorship and were of tried ability.

32. praetura functi: the expression praetura, consulatu, etc.,
functi is often used in the imperial period to distinguish those who
had actually held an office from those who had simply had the title, a
distinction not expressed by the words praeturii, consulares, etc.

Page 93. 1. omamenta Silano, etc. . Claudius had done all that
he could to make the man popular ; cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 3. filiae :
Octavia. Furneaux refers the conferring of the honorary triumph to
the year 44 a.d., considering Suetonius' statement, nondum puberi,
an exaggeration. Dio, Ix. 31, however, corroborates Suetonius.

2. maioribuB vero natu tarn multis: cf. Dio, Ix. 23: "He not
only bestowed the insignia triumphalla upon the consulars who had
served in the campaign in Britain, but upon senators as well ; he was
accustomed, in fact, to bestow this honor lavishly, for the most trivial
achievements."

4. ut legatiB consularibuB, etc. : Tacitus' explanation {Ann. xi.
20) of this request is, that generals who did not have the opportunity
of gaining this distinction in war tried to secure it in other ways, digging
canals, working mines, etc., and thus wore out their soldiers by hard
labor.

6. Aulo Plautio : who had command in Britain before the arrival
of Claudius, as told in Claud, chap. 17. 2 seq. ovationem ; see
note on p. 1. 15.

8. latus tezit : walked with him, taking the left side. This was a
mark of respect. The left is the exposed side (since weapons are car-
ried in the right hand), so latus tegere means to cover this side. Eu-
tropius, Tii. 13, in relating the incident, says, et conscendenti Capitolium
laevus incederet. Of. Hor. Sat. ii. 5. 17 :

Tires, ne tamen illi
ut comes exterior, si postulet, ire recuses,
Ulix. utne tegam apurco Damae latus f

Page 93] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 263

9. Chaucis : this tribe dwelt on the coast between the Ems and
the Elbe.

11. equestris militias ita oidinavit : Jie thus regulated the ad-
vancement of those of equestrian rank who were serving in the army.
In the first century of the empire a tixed equestrian cursus honorum
was developed, at the bottom of which were the militiae equestres, in-
cluding the praefectura cohortis, the tribunatus legionis, the tribunatus
cohorlis vigilum or cohortis praetoriae, the praefectura aloe, and the
praefectura castrorum.

12. stipendlaque instituit, etc.: he instituted a kind of fictitious
service, called supernumerary, the title of which could be enjoyed with-
out the performance of actxial service. Stipendia et imaginariae mili-
tiae genus is taken as a case of hendiadys.

17. libertinos . . publicavit : he confiscated the property of
freedmen, etc. ae . . . agerent : see note on p. 9. 11 end.

18. ingratos et de quibua, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 26 and 27,
gives the arguments on both sides in the discussion of this question,
and stales that Claudius allowed no general legislation against the abuse,
but directed that each case be considered by itself. Dio, be. 13, states
that Claudius was exceedingly harsh in his treatment of ungrateful
freedmen, putting many to death and giving the patrons power to
punish others.

19. advocatisque eorum negavit: and he denied the pleas of
their advocates, saying, etc.

21. insulam Aesculapii : Livy, ii. 5, tells the tradition of the for-
mation of this island. It received its name from the temple of Aescula-
pius, built upon it in 291 b.c. One end of the island was fashioned to
represent the prow of a ship, to perpetuate the memory of the ship in
which Aesculapius, in the form of a serpent, was believed to have been
brought to the spot. This is now no longer an island, for the smaller
channel of the river has been recently filled in.

24. quein : carry over the force of the si from .<!! qnis.

25. viatores : see note on p. 2. 17. nisi ant pedibus, etc. : as a
mark of respect to the towns. It is to be remembered, too, that the
streets were very narrow.

30. dumtaxat gentilioia : at least the names of gentes.

31. in campo Esquilino : the usual place for executions, outside
the porta Esqnilina and inside the present Porta Maggiore.

32. ad curam suam : i.e. he had made them imperial provinces,
15 A.D. ; cf. Tac. Ann. i. 76. It was considered an advantage for a
province to be transferred to the imperial class.

264 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 94

Page 94. 1. Lyciis : a brave warrior tribe occupying a small tract
called Lycia, on tlie soutliwestern side of Asia Minor.

2. Ubertatem ademit : because, according to Dio, Ix. 17, they had
slain certain Romans during riots. Rhodiis . . reddidit: 53 a. d.
Dio, Ix. 24, states that Claudius had deprived them of their liberty be-
cause they had crucified some Romans, and Tacitus, Ann. xii. 58, is
authority for the statement that they had been often deprived of their
liberty because of internal discord, and had often won it back by
their service to the Romans in time of war.

3. IlienaibuB, etc. : their cause was presented by Nero ; see Nero,
chap. 7. 23, and c/. Tac. Ann. xii. 58.

6. Seleuoo : probably Seleucus II. , sumamed Callinichus. ita
demum . ai : only on the condition that, etc.

8. ludaeos impulsore Chresto, etc. : for the expulsion of the
Jews by Tiberius, see note on p. 22. 1. The tumults referred to were
probably due to contentions between the Jews and Christians, for the
Romans regarded the latter simply as a sect of the former. By the
name Chrestus, Suetonius probably refers to Christ, who from the Ro-
man point of view might well be the one who caused the disturbances.
The Romans felt nothing but contempt for the Jews, and it is con-
ceivable that Suetonius, though he had heard of Christ, was not aware
that he had been executed in the reign of Tiberius and that he had
never been at Rome. Both TertuUian, Apol. 3, and Lactantius, In-
stit. iv. 7. 5, testify that the Romans, in their ignorance, used the forms
Chrestus and Chrestiani. Dio, Ix. 6, states that Claudius, finding the
number of Jews at Rome so great that they could not be expelled
without causing tumults, simply forbade those who observed the
Jewish rites meeting together. Dio probably refers to the Christians
as well as the Jews, for he never uses the former name. Cf. Orosius,
vii. 6. 16, who quotes these words of Suetonius and thus comments
upon them : quod vtrum contra Christum tumultuantes ludaeos
coerceri et comprimi iusserit, an etiam Christianas simul velut cog-
natae religionis homines voluerit expelli, nequaquam discernitur.

12. popularia : sc. loca, seats assigned to the masses. cum
animadvertisBent, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 54, refers this incident
to the reign of Nero.

15. Druidarum religionem : according to Pliny, N. H. xxx. 13,
Tiberius, too, had tried to stamp this out in Gaul.

17. penitus abolevit: it is none the less heard of afterward in
Gaul. sacra Eleuainia : the festival held at Athens and Eleusis
in honor of Demeter, Persephone, and lacchus.

Page 95] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 265

19. Veneris Erycinae : Mt. Eryx in Sicily was famous for its
temple of Venus. Suetonius says in Sicilia, because at Rome, also,
there was a temple of Venus Erycina.

21. vetere fetialium praefatione : for this old formula, see
Livy, i. 24.

23. uzonim libertoromque arbitrio : cf. Claud, chap. 28.

24. ubique plerumque : in almost all matters.

27. August! proneptem : she was the daughter of Julia, grand-
daughter of Augustus.

29. Camilli : the celebrated Roman who, according to legend,
after being exiled by his countrymen, came to their relief when Rome
was in the hands of the Gauls, 390 e.g. Camillus lived to an ad-
vanced age, and was closely connected with almost all important
events and reforms of his time.

30. parentes eius Augustum offenderant : her father, L. Fau-
lus, had conspired against him {Aug. 19), while the mother gave
offence because of her wanton life {Aug. 65).

32. Plautiam nrgulaniUam : probably the daughter of M. Plau-
tus Silvanus, who served with distinction in Dalmatia.

Page 95. 1. Aeliam Faetinam : all that is known of her is that
she belonged to the family of the Tuberones ; cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 1.

5. Barbati Messalae: M. Valerius Messala Barbatus, who had
been consul in 7 a.d.

7. C. Silio etiam nupsisse : Tacitus, Ann. xi. 26 and 27, after
telling of the marriage, says that it may seem incredible that such a
marriage, with all the usual forms observed, could take place. He
vouches for the truth of the story, however. For the story that
Claudius was cognizant of the marriage at the time, see Claud, chap.
29. 15.

8. inter auspices : this expression indicates that all the usual
forms were observed, for the auspices not only attended to the reli-
gious part of the ceremony, but saw that the marriage contract was
duly signed, etc. ; cf. the passage of Tacitus cited above. suppU-
clo adfecit : 48 a.d. The story of her last moments is vividly told by
Tacitus, Ann. xi. 37 and 38.

12. nee durare valuit : Tacitus, Ann. xii. 1 , states that on the death
of Messalina the different freedmen began their intrigues to provide
another wife for Claudius ( Claudio, caelibis vitae intoleranti et con-
iugum imperils obnoxio). Of the competing women, he says, the
greatest rivalry was between Lollia Paulina and Julia Agrippina,

266 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 95

daughter of Germanicus. Pallas supported the cause of the latter and
Callistus that of the former. condicionibus : alliances.

13. etiam de Paetinae ; sc. condicione. On Paetina, see note on
p. 95. 1. Iiolliae Faulinae : daughter of M. Lolllus, of consular
rank. Pliny, iV. H. ix. 117, speaks of the magnificence of her jewels.
Suetonius, Calig. chap. 25, states that she had married C. Mem-
mius, governor of a military province (supposed to be a mistake, and
that the husband's name was P. Memmius Regulus), and that she
had been taken from him by Gaius, who soon repudiated her.

15. per ius osculi, etc. : cf. Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 3, who states that
she constantly came to him under the cloak of kinship, and exercised
over him all the influence of a wife even before their marriage.

16. Bubomavit, etc. : in Tacitus' account (^Ann. xii. 5, 6, and 7),
it is Vitellius who addresses the senate and urges the marriage.
Much adulation on the part of the senators followed the speech, and
some went so far as to advise violence to force Claudius to marry.

17. ad ducendum earn : as a rule only the genitive and ablative
of the gerund and the latter without a, preposition admit a direct
object.

18. dandamque ceteris veniam, etc. . in Tacitus' account it is
Claudius himself who addresses the senate on this point.

22. altero primipilaii : and a second who held the rank of captain
of the first maniple. His name was AUedius Severus, and he did this
to curry favor with Agrippina ; cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 7. For the mean-
ing of primipilaris, see note on p. 5.3. 30.

28. in sublime iactato et hiatu oris ezcepto: tohich he had
tossed in the air and had cavght in his mouth.

30. filiam Seiani despondisset : there had apparently already
been an informal expression of such intention when- the daughter of
Sejanus was but a mere infant, in 20 a.u. ; cf. Tac. Ann. iii. 29. The
proposed match aroused considerable discontent, because Sejanus
was not of high birth and because it seemed to give Sejanus excessive
influence. The daughter met her death at the time of her father's
fall.

32. Botere : of this man nothing further is known.

Page 96. 1. silique coeptam : Claudius had probably formally
acknowledged (J,ollere) her ; cf. note on p. 1 09. 5.

2. Pompeio Magno : the cognomen Magnus had evidently been
restored to the family. It had been taken away by Caligula ; cf. Oalig.
chap. 35. 1.

Page 96] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 267

3. Fausto Sullae : Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix, consul 62 a.d. ;
put to death by Nero, 02 a.d.

4. Octaviam Neroui, etc. : this was the work of Agrippina ; cf.
Tac. Ann. xii. 3. Nero was sixteen years old at the time of the mar-
riage, 48 A.D.

5. inque secundo consulatu : this seems to be a mistake, for the
second consulship of Claudius was held, 42 a.d., in the second year of
his princip^te. The appending of -que to a preposition is not common
in prose.

7. per spectacula gremio ant ante se retinens : holding him in
his lap during the games or lifting him up in his arms.

9. faustisque ominibus, etc. : and he used to express hopes for his
happy future, in which he was joined by the applauding crowds.

10. Neronem adoptavit : 50 a.d. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 25, states
that Pallas was largely instrumental in bringing this about and gives
the arguments which he used on the occasion. Dio, Ix. 33, makes the
adoption precede the marriage. Claudius, to avoid having the mar-
riage appear that of a brother with a sister, had Octavia adopted by
another family. Fompeium atque Silanum . . . interemit : see
Claud, chap. 29. 4.

12. praecipue auspezit Posiden : Posides was an especial fav-
orite. Posides was one of Claudius' influential freedmen. His ex-
travagance took the form of a passion for building. Juvenal, xiv. 91,
mentions him in this connection ; while Pliny, N. H. xxxi. 5, speaks
of aquae Posidionae, which were evidently baths constructed by him
at Baiae.

14. hasta pura : usually granted by a general to a soldier for
having saved the life of a fellow-citizen. Tacitus, Ann. iii. 21, terras
it a servati civis decus. Felicem : M. Antonius Felix, brother of
Pallas and procurator of .Tudaea ; another notorious freedinan of
Claudius. Tacitus, Hist. v. 9, thus characterizes him : Antunius
Felix per omnem saevitiam ac libidinem ius regium servili ingenio
exercuit. He is mentioned in Acts, xxiii. and xxiv.

16. trium reginarum maritum : but two of his wives are known,
both named Drusilla ; the first a daughter of Herod Agrippa I. and
former wife of Azizus, king of Emesa ; the second, a granddaughter
of Antony and Cleopatra. HarpocTan : mentioned elsewhere only
in the Apocolocyntosis of Seneca.

18. Polybium ab studiis : Polybius his literary adviser. This is
the Polybius to whom Seneca addressed his Consolatio. Messalina,
who had an intrigue with him, caused his death ; cf. Dio, Ix. 31. In

268 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 96

such expressions as senjus, etc., ab studiis, ab epistulis, a rationibus,
etc., the Latin conception is, a slave from the point of view of studies,
correspondence, accounts, etc, ; cf. note on p. 138. 28.

20. NaroiBsum : the chief factor in the fall of Messalina. He was
put to death in the reign of Nero by the machinations of Agrippina ;
cf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 1. Pallantem : brother of Felix, and notorious
for his haughtiness and great wealth. He never deigned to speak to
his own freedmen, but indicated his wishes by gestures or^n writing ;
Tac. Ann. xiii. 23. a rationibus : accountant.

22. quaestorijs praetoriisque : these distinctions did not confer
the rank, but entitled the recipients to wear the dress and sit at
festivals with persons of that rank. Claudius appears to have been
the first to confer such honors upon freedmen. In the time of the
republic, such marks of favor, rarely given, were restricted to senators.
Tiberius was the first to bestow the honor upon any one below senato-
rial rank. He gave the praetnria ornamenta to Sejanus, a knight.

23. acquirere et rapere : sc. passus est.

24. fiBci : in the time of the empire, Jiscus, the imperial treasury,
is to be distinguished from the uerarium, or public treasury. non
abaurde : 7iot without point.

25. in consortium : into partnership.

27. ministrum egit : see note on p. 0. 11. compendio cuiua-
que, etc. : as it suited the advantage, or even the wish or the mere
-vjhim of each of these. The ablatives are causal.

30. insciens plerumque et ignarus : unaware and ignorant for
the most part of what he was doing.

31. revocatas liberalltates, etc. : appositives to minora.

32. BuppositOB aut etiam palam, etc. : the substitution of false
letters patent, or flagrant changes made in those already granted.

Page 97. 1. Appium Silanum : Dio, Ix. 14, relates that he was
married by Claudius to the mother of Messalina. He was put to
death because he rejected the advances of the latter.

2. conBocerum : one of his fathers-in-law. His son had been be-
trothed to Claudia. Note how rich the Latin language is in words
indicating degrees of relationship. luliaaque, etc. : they had been
exiled by Gains and recalled by Claudius.

4. maioriB filiae : Antonia, daughter of Claudius and Petina.

5. L. Silanum minoris sponBum : betrothed to Octavia, daughter
of Claudius and Messalina. For the charges brought against hiui, and
bis death, see Tac. Ann. xii. 4 and 8.

Page 98] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 269

9. ampIiuB : amplius without quam ; for the origin of the construc-
tion, see Appendix to BennetVs Lat. Gram. 334.

14. ultro : i.e. witliout waiting for orders.

15. ezcesseiit : potential subjunctive. Tacitus, however, vouches
for the truth of tlie story.

17. inductUB, quasi de induatria simularentur, etc. . induced to
do it, because the marriage was purposely being feigned, as people
said, etc. The subject of simularentur is nuptiae understood. On
the clause quasi . . . simularentur, see Introd. II. § 8, 6 (4).

18. transferendum : i.e. to the new husband. quod imminere
ipsi, etc. : i. e. which threatened him (Claudius) as the husband of
Messalina.

20. non defuit ei, verum stanti, etc. : was not lacking in him, but
this was the case only when he was standing still or sitting, or espe-
cially when sleeping. When walking, or engaged in any occupation,
he was awkward and lacked dignity. The meaningless manuscript
reading is, non defuit et veterum stanti vel sedenti. Roth gives non
defuit vel stanti vel sedenti, marking a lacuna after defuit. The
reading of the text is the plausible conjecture of Oudendorp and
Bentley.

21. prolizo nee ezili, etc. : tall, but not slight, loith a pleasing
expression and becoming white hair ; his neck was thick. In prose,
cervices, the plural, is ordinarily employed, though there are numer-
ous exceptions to this rule.

25. multa dehoneatabant : Dio, Ix. 2, mentions his trembling
hands and head and his stammering tongue. Juvenal, vi. 623, em-
phasizes the spumante rictu.

26. riBus indecens, etc. : unseemly in his laughter, quite disgust-
ing in his wrath, for he then foamed at the mouth and trickled at the
nose. turpior : agrees with ira.

29. vel mazune tremulmn : exceedingly tremulous, indeed ; vel
is intensive.

30. Btomachi dolore : caused probably by indigestion. In Latin
the word stomachus is not applied to the abdomen (venter).

Page 98. 2. Beaceni : note the force of the distributive, ' on each
occasion.'

6. more vetere : this custom is explained by Tao. Ann. xiii. 16,
mos habebatur principum Uberos cum ceteris idem aetatis nohilibus
sedentes vesci ; in aspeclu propinquorum, propria et parciore mensa.
In the passage qui more vetere, etc., the relative is lacking in the

270 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 98

Memmian and other manuscripts. The Gudianus inserts an ut after
velere. In view of these facts, Ihm suggests that qui was lacking in
the archetype, and that ut had fallen out after nobilibus. It seems
safer, however, to follow Paris 6116, with Koth.

7. convivae : his name was T. Vinius ; c/. Tac. Hist. i. 48.

11. cognoBcens: here used with its technical meaning. Au-
gust! foro : the second of the imperial fora built at Rome, the first
being the forum Julii, constructed by Julius Caesar. The forum
Anynsti was northeast of the old forum, separated from it by the
furum lulii. It was here that Augustus built the Aedes Martis men-
tioned below ; cf. note on p. 66. 3.

13. Saliis : the banquets prepared for the Salian priests were pro-
verbial for their magnificence ; cf. Hor. Carm. i. 37. 2. These were
served after the annual procession on the first of March, the anniver-
sary of the falling of the sacred shield from heaven.

14. temere umquam : scarcely ever.

17. Bomni brevissimi : the genitive is predicative ; see Introd. II.
§2, d.

18. ut tamen : notmithstanding which ; lit. ' so that nevertheless.'
23. esaedo : see note on p. 03. 2. alveoque -. the alveus was a

gambling table or board, and in the present instance was swung in
some manner so as to be unaffected by the motion of the carriage.

25. poenaBque parricidarum : parricides were flogged, sewed in
a bag with a dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, and thrown into the
sea. Seneca, De Clem. i. 23, remarks that more parricides were pun-
ished ill this way under Claudius than in all preceding ages.

26. repraesentabat ezigebatque coram - was wont to exact at
once and in his presence.

27. antiqui moiis Bupplicium : explained by Eutropius, vii. 15 :
quae poena ernt talis, ut nudus per publicum ductxis furca capiti eius
inserta, virgis usque ad mortem caederetur atque ita praecipitaretur
de saxo ; i.e. from the Tarpeian rock. As a matter of course, when
the execution did not take place at Rome, the body could not be
hurled from the Tarpeian rock. Cf. also Nero, chap. 49, 14 seq.

28. Tlburi : see note on p. 45. 29.

29. veBperam usque : usqite with an accusative of words other
than the names of towns is post-Augustan.

31. munere : ablative of time.

32. retiariOB : see note on p. 59. 4.

Page 99. 3. meridianis : the gladiators who fought at midday,

Page 100] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 271

after the combats of wild beasts, were called meridiani. For a criti-
cism of these midday combats, see Seneca, Epist. 7. On Claudius'
passion for gladiatorial combats, cf. Dio, Ix. 13.

7. id genus : see Bennett, Lat. Gram. 185, 1.

8. automaton vel pegma: see In trod. II. § 1, a (1).

9. nomenculatoribus : the more common form is nomenclator.
This was a slave, a sort of master of ceremonies, or usher, whose chief
duty was to keep his master informed as to the names of his visitors.

11. nihil aeque quam timidus, etc. : Dio, Ix. 2, states that
Claudius was incapable of forming any rational judgment, when seized
with his frequent fits of fear, and that his intimates took advantage of
this terror to forward their own interests.

12. quamquam . . . iactator civilitatis : though he made a
show of affabilitt/. He was, as the Romans said, civilis, i.e. con-
ducted himself as an ordinary citizen. As examples of this unassum-
ing spirit in Claudius, Dio, Ix. 3, cites the fact that he harbored no
resentment against those who had desired the reestablishment of the
republic at the time of his accession, nor against his possible rivals for
the principate.

13. nisi ut : except on condition that; see note on p. 10.8. spe-
culatores : see note on p. 06. 1.

16. nisi ezplorato, etc. . for construction, see note on p. 65. 30.

19. sero enim ac vix remisit, etc. : luith reluctance and only after
a long time, did he permit women, etc., to he excused from, etc.

20. contreotarentur : i.e. to see whether they carried concealed
weapons.

21. ne cuius comiti aut libraiio : from each one's attendant or
scribe. calamaiiae aut graphiariae tbecae : pen and style cases.
The calamus was of reed and the stilu.i of metal or ivory.

22. motu civili : see Claud, chup. 13.32. Dio, Ix. 15, says that
Claudius, just before Camillus committed suicide, had almost been
induced by terror to give up to him the principate.

23. citra bellum : see Introd. II. § 5 (1).

26. dubitavit : s c. he seriously considered doing it.

27. insidias temere delatas ; unconfirmed rumors of conspiracies.

28. ut supra rettuli : see Claud, chap. 13. 24.

Page 100. 1. indignitate contnmeliarum : in consequence of
her unbecoming and disrespectful conduct toward him ; lit. ' the un-
worthiness of her insubordinate conduct.' For contumeliarum, see
Introd. II. § 1, d.

272 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 100

2. periculi metu : he was so terrified that he asked whether he
was an emperor or Silius, a, mere private citizen ; c/. Tac. Ann. xi. 31.

3. Silio : dative of interest. acquiii : s. e. by Messalina.

6. tarn levis covapeileietxa, etc. : too insignificant to force

him on the slightest pnivucatiun to have recourse to measures of pre-
caution and vengeance.

8. seducto : sc. Claudio.

10. libellum tradentem : i.e. he was pointed out when in the very
act of handing in a petition in regard to liis case.

11. adverBarium : i.e. his opponent in a lawsuit.

12. pro deprenso : as though caught in the act.

13. Appium Silanum : see note on p. 97. 1.
15. patroni : i.e. Claudius.

17. in admirationem formata : with feigned surprise.

19. imimpere . . nuntiatus : it teas announced, according to a
prearranged plan, that Appius was forcing his way in.

20. quasi plane repraesentaretur, etc. : as though this, indeed,
were palpable proof of the truth of the dream; i.e. his appearance just
at that moment aroused the emperor's suspicions that the dream was
on the point of being fulfilled.

24. irae atque iracundiae : rage and irascibility.

29. eaque cum invidia ut, etc. . casting such odium upon them,
that he composed a statement to the effect that he had been degraded,
and yet he suddenly forgave them, almost in the manner of one making
reparation for an injury done. ut in ordinem coactum : originally
perhaps a military term, ' reduce to the ranks.'

30. tantum non : see note on p. 36. 25.

32. Bcribam quaestorium : see note on p. 77. 1.

Page 101> 2. affuisset : the word has its legal meaning. He had
appeared in a case as counsel, and had not shown the emperor suffi-
cient consideration.

3. contra vetitum cocta : i.e. cooked victuals offered for sale
contrary to law. For the sumptuary laws governing the sale of cooked
victuals, cf. Tib. chap. 34. 6, and Nero, chap. 16. 3. Offended by the
brachylogy , Polac supplies petita after vetitum. Ihm thinks proposita
more likely. If anything is to be supplied, the latter is preferable.
It seems dangerous, however, to deviate from the manuscripts.

4. vilicum : Claudius' steward.

9. Busceptam Btationem : the position which he had attained.
11. cui index erat Mupwv 4irav(urTa<ris, etc. : the title of which

Page 102] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 273

was the elevation of fools and which went to prove that no one feigns
folly. Autem is adversative, contrasting argumentum (theme) vfith
index (title). The Greek is explained, by a gloss in the Memm.
manuscript, as exallatio stultorum.

14. |UTccDp(av : forgetfulness ; used as a synonym of oblivionem ;
it strictly means wavering of the mind.

15. dpXc<|/Cav: blindness; i.e. mental blindness, and is synonymous
viith inconsiderantiam, 'lack of reflection.' occiaa Messalina,
etc. : Tacitus' account {Ann. xi. 38) of Claudius' conduct is some-
what different. The news of her death was brought him while he
was feasting. It was not stated whether she had been put to death or
had committed suicide, nor did Claudius ask ; he called for his goblet
and went on feasting and drinking.

16. domina : for the word dommus, see note on p. 18. 7. Presum-
ably domina was used in quite the same way when applied to a woman.

17. multos ex iis, etc. : most of these executions were ordered by
Claudius when in a state of terror aroused by his freedmen or Messa-
lina. When he returned to his senses he would call for those whom
he had murdered, and when cognizant of the fact, would be filled with
remorse and grief ; Dio, Ix. 14.

19. quasi morarentur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4).

20. ducturuB contra fas, etc. : the above-mentioned incidents are
examples of ohUvio ; the following of his inconsiderantia. For dictu-
rus, see Introd. II. § 4, a.

23. quasi parum reprehenderetur : as though it were not already
sufficiently reprehensible. The clause quod . . . adoptaret is the sub-
ject of reprehenderetur.

28. nee quis : i.e. not mindful of what was becoming in an emperor.

32. offula : a snack ; a vulgar word.

Page 102. 3. bigldam : sc. aqiiam. Introd. II. § 1, e.

5. omatrix : coiffeuse.

6. quidam sunt, etc. : referring to the overbearing conduct of his
freedmen.

9. demereatuT : oblige ; a meaning not given the word before the

Augustan age.

12. Telegenius : the name of some worthless individual.

13. nedum : much more.

16. hortante T. Livio : Livy, the famous historian, who died in
the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius, at which time Claudius was
twenty-seven years old. Sulpicio Flavo : otherwise unknown.

274 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 102

19. commisisaet : began, i.e. to read. refiigeratua saepe a
semet ipso : and was himself the cause of chilling the interest in
many parts of it; i.e. any applause that lie might have gained was
prevented by his own conduct, as described below.

23. ex intervallo subinde : at frequent intervals. cachinnoB-
que revocaret: a>id again burst into loud laughter.

27. Bed et : but then ; Madvig would strike out et as being a repe-
tition of the last two letters of the preceding word, sed, spelled set in
the manuscripts. coepitque a pace civili: and made it begin
after the end of the civil wars.

30. ab avia : Octavia, sister of Augustus.

32. magis inepte quam ineleganter : inepte refers to the thought,
ineleganter to the style.

Page 103. 2. Asini Galli : son of the orator, Asinius Callus.

3. litteraa tres : these were j , the inverted digamma, to represent
the gemi-consonantal sound of v and distinguish it from the vowel u.
This letter is found in several inscriptions of the time of Claudius ;
3 thfe antisigma, to express the sound of ps or bs ; and |-, the Greek
sign of the rough breathing, to express the sound of the Greek u
(French U). The last two characters rarely occur ; 3 perhaps never.

4. de quanim ratione : on their raison d'etre.

7. diurnis : sc. actis ; see note on p. 4. 23. Tacitus, too, Ann. xi.
14, says that the characters were used during the reign of Claudius,
but soon fell into disuse. They were to be seen engraved on bronze
tablets affixed in public places.

15. perpetua oratione reapondit: replied in a roell-su stained
speech; sc. in Greek.

18. ezcubitori tribuno: the commander of that portion of the
praetorians on guard at the palace.

19. non temere aliud : generally nothing else.

20. ovSp' dirajivvairOat, etc. : to defend myself against a man who
without cause does me harm ; Od. xvi. 72 ; from 'I'elemachus' speech
to the stranger.

21. TyTThenicon : Greek genitive plural, Tuppiju/tui', ' on Tuscan
history. '

22. Carchedonlacon : i.e. Kapxi?iovia/cui', 'on Carthaginian his-
tory.'

23. Muaeo Claudieum additum, etc. : Roth, with the manu-
scripts, reads Musio additum, but in his critical apparatus suggests
the word Claudieum to supply the lacuna.

Page 104] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 275

25. velut in auditorio : as in a public lecture room.

27. signa quaedam, etc.: cf. JDio's account, Ix. 34, "Claudius,
indeed, began to hear of Agrippiua's conduct, and was provoked by
it. Moreover, he missed Britaunicus, whom Agrippina purposely kept
from his sight, endeavoring in every way to advance her own son
Nero. Claudius decided not to endure this longer, but to displace
Agrippina, and appoint his own son as his successor."

30. cognitionein : trial.

31. sibi quoque in fatis, etc. : that it was his fate to find all his
wives faithless, but not to let them escape unpunished ; cf. Tac. Ann.
xii. 64.

Page 104. 2. et subinde obvimn sibi, etc. ; Tacitus, Ann. xii.
65, attributes about the same conduct to Pallas, the freedman.

3. rationemque a se, etc. ; i. e. he would hand over the power to him.

5. o Tptivas Kal Ido-cTai: he who had inflicted the wound, will also
cure it, i.e. the wound inflicted by the adoption of Nero. Telephus,
wounded by Achilles, was informed by an oracle in these words ■
quoted by Claudius, that only the ' wounder ' could heal him.

6. quando statura permltteret: he was tall for his years.
quando: since.

7. venun Caesarem : one of the real line and not Caesars by
adoption, as were Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero.

11. quam praeter baec, etc. : who, in addition to all this, was
being accused of many crimes, not only by the informers, but by her
own conscience as well.

14. et veneno quidem occisum, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann.
xii. 66 and 67, the poison was prepared by a woman named Locusta,
who even then was under sentence for poisoning. It was administered
by Claudius' praegustator, Halotus, in a dish of mushrooms. A poison
had been selected which would act slowly and cloud the mind. Be-
cause of Clandius' sluggish temperament it failed to act as was antici-
pated, and then Xenephon, his physician, under pretence of relieving
the stomach, Inserted a poisoned feather in his throat. Dio, Ix. .34,
states that Locusta prepared the poison and that Agrippina admin-
istered it in a dish of mushrooms. He does not mention Halotus or
Xenephon.

15. in arce : i.e. in the Capitol.

16. praeguBtatorem : it was the custom to maintain a slave whose
duty it was to taste the food of the emperor or princes, as a precaution
against poisoning.

276 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 104

23. incertum pultine addito, etc. : there being doubt as to whether
it loas put in his porridge, or administered in a clyster. Addito agrees
with toxica.

25. laborantl Bubveniretur : relief might be given him

when suffering, etc.

27. circa BuccesBorem : Introd. II. § 5 (1).

30. ezceBBit III Id. Octob. : 54 a.d.

32. funeratuB eBt, etc. . cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 69 ; also Dio, Ix. 35, "All
the honors were decreed him which had been granted Augustus.
Agrippina and Nero pretended to mourn him whom they had slain,
and lifted to the skies him whom they had lifted from his own table.
Seneca, indeed, wrote a book entitled Apocolocyntosis, or the Consecra^
tion of the Pumpkin. . . . Nero's bon mot is also worth repeating.
He said that mushrooms were divine food, since Claudius, by eating
them, became a god."

Page 105. 3. abolltumque : as -que is wanting in the best manu-
scripts, Becker regards oblitum as a gloss. It seems hardly safe to
follow him, however. per VeBpaBianum : cf. Vesp. 9, fecit . .
{templum) divi Claudi in Caelio monte coeptum quidem ab Agrippina,
sed a Nerone prope funditus destructum.

4. praeBagia mortis : Tacitus, Ann. xii. 64, mentions also the
birth of monstrosities of nature, and the settling of a swarm of bees
on the Capitol. Dio, Ix. 35, in addition mentions a shower that resem-
bled blood.

5. quam cometen vocant : Becker appears justified in regarding
these words as a gloss.

6. moniunentum Drusi : this may have been the altar erected in
Germany in his honor, mentioned by Tacitus, Ann. ii. 7.

7. ex omnium magistratuum genere plerique : many magistrates
of all classes.

9. aliquot quidem argumentia : which is proved by several facts.
Ablative absolute.

12. liberoB : Britannicus, his own son, and Nero, his adopted son.

13. aetatem : i.e. their youth.

15. quamquam abominantibus, etc. : although those who heard
deprecated with horror any such idea. The construction is ablative
absolute with quamquam. See note on p. 65. 30, and Introd. II.
§6,6(1).

Page 106] NOTES ON NEKO. 277

NERO — EMPEEOR, 54-68 A.D.

Sources: Tacitus, Ann. xiii.-xvi. , or to the year 66. Suetonius.
Dio, Ixi.-lxiii., in tlie abridgment of Xiphilin.

Agrippina had poisoned Claudius «oon after she had prevailed upon
him to disregard his own son Britannicns and to adopt her son Nero.
The latter was immediately proclaimed emperor by the praetorians.
At first Nero allowed affairs to be managed by his imperious mother,
by Seneca, his tutor, and by Burrus, the praefect of the guards.
During these years the finances were well managed, the senate treated
with consideration, and administrative reforms instituted. After the
murder of Agrippina, the death of Burrus, and the retirement of Sen-
eca, Nero fell under the influence of Tigellinus, his praefectus prae-
torio, and of his freedmen. The treasury was depleted, the coinage
debased, and the senate disregarded. The city was laid waste by a
conflagration, which popular rumor attributed to Nero. The Chris-
tians, whose name now first appears in history, were charged with
the deed by Nero, and prosecuted.

In the suppression of the conspiracy of Piso, many eminent men
perished, notably Seneca and Lucan. Owing to the widespread dis-
content, Vindex, governor of Gaul, revolted, and was joined by Galba,
governor of Lusitania. Verginius Riifus, with the legions of Upper
Germany, defeated Vindex, but the victorious troops themselves turned
against Nero. Amid these disturbances he fell by his own hand.

Page 106. 6. Aenobarborum : aeneits and barba, ' brazen-
bearded.' A family name of the Domitian gens.

8. iuvenea geminl : the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux.

9. augustiore : sc. htimana ( forma), an ablative after the com-
parative, ex oocursu : eq\iWa,\ent io cum ohvii facti essent.

10. nuntiaret: Introd. II. § 3, 6 (6). victoriam: the victory
of the Romans over the Latins, at Lake Regillus, 498 B.C. (tradi-
tional chronology). Cicero, De Nat. Deorum, ii. 6, in speaking of the
appearance of gods on earth, cites this instance : apud Regillum . . .
in nostra acie Castor et Pollux ex equis pugnare visi stmt.

11. infidem: equivulent to ut Jidem facerent.

14. foncti . . . septem : Velleius, ii. • 10, remarks upon the small
number and upon the distinction of the Domitian gens. According
to him, the seven who were consuls were the only sons of their
respective fathers, and almost all received the honor of a triumph.

278 KOTES ON NEEO. [Page 106

15. triumpho : gained by the Aenobarbus, mentioned below, con-
sul, 122 B.C., for a victory over the Allobroges and Arvernians.

16. inter patiicios adlecti : on the significance of adlegere as a
technical term, see note on p. 1. 11.

18. notabili varietate : in a strikingly irregular manner.

19. per trinas personas : i.e. three individuals in succession had
the same name. Note the distributive trinas.

22. ez ordine : successively.

24. referre : from the impersonal refert.

Page 107. 1. ut tamen : he had retained family traits, but only
the bad ones.

2. altlua repetam : the expression altius repetere means to trace
events from a somewhat remote period ; c/. Liv. Praef., ut quae {res)
supra septingentesimum annum repetatur.

3. atavuB : the grandfather of a great-grandfather. The order in
the ascending scale is pater, avus, pruavus, abavus, atavus, tritavus.

5. cooptassent : see note on p. 91. 28.

6. Bubrogandorum : sitbrogare is to choose in place of another,
or to fill a vacancy. It appears tliat this law is to be attributed to the
son, and not the father as stated by Suetonius.

7. ArvenuBque : a tribe of central Gaul.

8. per provinciam: i.e. Gallia Narbonensis ; <•/. note on p. 6. 30.

10. IiicioiuB CrasBus : Lucius Licinius Crassus, one of the most
famous orators who preceded Cicero. He died during the boyhood
of the latter, and appears as an interlocutor in tlie Da Oratore.

11. OB ferreum : the expression means audacity. Terence uses the
terms, os durum and os impudens, with the same force. The best
writers also use os alone in this sense; cf. English 'cheek.'

12. cor plumbeum : apparently, 'a hard heart.' Note the play
upon the meaning of aeneam, ferreum, phtmheum, 'bronze,' 'iron,'
'leaden.' buluB filiuB : Lucius Domitius Aenobarbus, brother-in-
law of M. Cato, was a staunch upholder of the oligarcliical party.
He was praetor, 58 b.c, and consul, 54 r.c. On the outbreak of the
civil war he threw himself into Corfinium, but was compelled to sur-
render to Caesar. He fell, as narrated below, at the battle of Phar-
salia, 48 b.c. ; cf. lul. 23.

13. quern adverBUB auspicia legsBque, etc. : referring to Caesar's
unconstitutional methods in forcing through some of his measures
when consul, 59 b.c.

14. ad disquiBitionem BenatuB : to submit to an investigation of

Page 108] NOTKS ON NERO. 279

his conduct by the senate. It was considered good policy to call a
Koman magistrate to account for his conduct only at the expiration
of his terra.

15. ab ezercitibus Oallicis : Caesar had obtained the governor-
ship of cisalpine Gaul, lUyricum, and transalpine Gaul for the space
of five years, 58-53 B.C. In 55 B.C. he obtained an extension of this
command for five years more, 53-48 b.c.

17. ad Corfiuium, etc. : Corfinium was a town in the country of
the Paeligni ; c/. lul. 23. Domitius was caught at Corfinium because
of disobedience to the orders of Pompey, who had ordered him to
retreat.

19. acie . . . Pbarsalica : see note on p. 4. 22.

23. quod . . . temperasset : the story is told at greater length by
Seneca, De Beneficiis, iii. 24 ; cf. Pliny, N. H. vii. 186.

25. de mediis ac neutram partem aequentibus : pleonastic,
'the neutrals who took neither side in the contest.' The expression
is also used in lul. 75.

27. procul dubio : the more classical expression is sine dubio.
The son here mentioned is the Gnaeus Domitius Aenobarbus addressed
by Cicero in Fam. vi. 22. He was the son of the preceding Domitius,
by Portia, sister of Cato, and appears to have been a manly and ener-
getic soldier. Whether he took part in the plot against Caesar is a
matter of dispute among historians. It seems safe, however, to accept
Suetonius' statement that he had no part in it.

29. lege Pedia : passed, 43 b.c. ; it is thus described by Velleius,
ii. 69 : at lege Pedia quam consul Pedius conlega Caesaris tulerat,
omnibus, qui Caesarem patrem interfecerant, aqua ignique damnatis
interdictum erat. cum ad Cassium, etc. : Dio, xlviii. 7, says that
he gathered a fleet and inflicted severe losses upon Caesar on the
Ionian Sea.

Page 108. 1. partibus : for the plural, see note on p. 4. 6.

2. ingentis meriti loco : as a great concession ; loco is locative
ablative ; in loco is also used with the same force.

3. amplissimoB honores : he held the consulship in 32 b.c.

8. transiit ad Augustum : cf. Dio, 1. 13 : " Domitius, angry be-
cause of Cleopatra, deserted to Caesar ; although this did not benefit
Caesar, because Domitius died soon after, yet it set an example which
many followed, for it appeared that the latter had deserted Antony
because he despaired of his success."

10. BervlUae Naidis : of this person nothing further is known.

280 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 108

11. emptorem iamiliae pecuniaeque : the testamentary executor.
The expression arose from a fiction of Roman law,' whereby the tes-
tator appeared to sell to the emptor that property which, after the
testator's death, the emptor would dispose of according to the inten-
tions of the deceased. Familiue is here, as often in legal phraseol-
ogy, used to signify the property.

14. omamentis tiiumphciUbus : see note on p. 7. 6.

15. ez Germanico bello : in speaking of the campaign, Tacitus,
Ann. iv. 44 (25 a.d.), states that Domitius crossed the Elbe and pene-
trated Germany farther than any of his predecessors, for which he
received the ornamenta triumphalia.

16. L. Plancvim : this Flancus and his colleague, Paulus Aemilius
Lepidus, were the last private citizens to hold the ofiice of censor,
3 B.C. ; see note on p. 86. 30.

22. ez Antonia maiore : Tacitus, iv. 44, makes this woman An-
tonia the younger, evidently confusing her with her sister. Dio,
xlviii. 54, makes her the wife of Nero's grandfather. In such mat-
ters it is safer to follow Suetonius, who must have been familiar with
the genealogy of the royal families.

25. C. Caesaris : son of Agrippa and Julia ; adopted by Augustus.

26. coborte : from the military use of the word, meaning prae-
torian cohort or general's bodyguard, it came to mean retinue of
friends. The distinction between the military guard and the retinue
of friends is clearly seen in Calig. chap. 19. 2.

27. in Viae Appiae vico : at a village on the Appian Way.

30. argentarioB : the word usually signifies, ' banker.' Here it
seems to mean 'silversmith.' The two occupations were probably
combined.

32. palmanim: figuratively, 'victories.' He cheated them of the
prizes promised. ob haec et Bororis loco : notorious for this, and
because of the shafts of ridicule directed against him by his sister,
loco is the conjecture of Sabellicus, for loco of the manuscripts.

Page 109. 1. factionum : see note on p. 71. 28. repraesen-
tanda : for the meaning of repraesentare, see note on p. 88. 26.

2. maiestatiB quoque et adulteriorum : according to Tacitus,
Ann. vi. 47, he, with others, was connected by adulterous intercourse
with Albucilla. She was charged with disloyalty, and Domitius
implicated, 37 a.b.

5. PyrgiB : Pyrgi, a town of Etruria, now San Severo. Bub-
lato fillo : having a son. Sublato, from tollo, 'to pick up.' This

Page 110] NOTES ON NERO. 281

expression refers to the well-known custom of the father picking up
the infant from the ground and by so doing acknowledging it to be
his own.

7. Anti : see note on p. 23. 10.

8. ZVIII Kal. Ian. ; December 15th. tantumquod: but just;
usually with finite verb ; cf. tantum quod ex Arpinati veneram, etc.,
Cic. Fam. vii. 23. 1.

9. terra : best taken as an ablative ; i.e. he was touched by the
rays of the sun before he was placed upon the ground ; see note on p.
109. 5. Dio, Ixi. 2, among the omens presaging his future greatness,
mentions the following : at his birth, which took place before day-
break, the child was surrounded by rays of light, as from the sun,
though this was not yet visible.

11. praeaagio : dative.

13. malo publico : with evil to the state, ablative of attendant
circumstance. In this construction, malum is the noun and publicum
the adjective ; cf. the expression bono publico.

15. die lustrico : on the ninth day after birth it was customary to
give the Roman boy a praenomen. At the ceremony there were
certain rites of purification : hence the term dies lustricus.

19. Claudius inter ludibiia aulae : cf. Claud, chap. 3. 19 seq.

23. matre . . . relegata : i.e. by Caligula.

25. amitam: aunt, i.e. sister of a father. The sister of a mother
was called matertera.

28. Crispl Passiem vitrici : on Domitius' death, he married
Agrippina.

29. revocatae restitutaeque matris : restored by Claudius.

31. meiidiantem : it appears to have been an almost universal
custom among the Romans to take a midday nap.

32. additum fabulae, at : the story continues that they however, etc.
At was the conjecture of Roth for ad of the Memm. manuscript. It
has since been discovered to be the reading of a fifteenth-century
manuscript in the Royal Library at Munich. The common lection est
has inferior manuscript authority.

Page 110. 1. quae fabula ezorta est, etc. : cf. Dio, 1x1. 2,
" During his boyhood, the cast-oS skin of a serpent was found near
the neck of Nero, and this caused the seers to prophesy that in time
to come he would receive great power from an old man, since the
serpent is supposed to cast off his skin because of age."

8. Troiam : see note on p. 5. 17.

282 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 110

9. Annaeoque Senecae : the famous philosopher, tutor of Nero.
He was a Stoic, and his fame rests chiefly on his moral treatises.
He finally committed suicide at the bidding of his former pupil.

11. visum aibi per quietem : i.e. he dreamed. C. Caeaaii :
Caligula, the mad tyrant.

12. fidem somnio, etc. : i. e. showed that Nero was as bad a pupil
as Caligula would have been.

15. Aenobarbum : by so calling him, Britannicus seemed to dis-
regard the adoption of Nero by Claudius. Such also is the account of
Tacitus, Ann. xii. 41. ex coosuetudine : as a result of habit.
ut Bubditiviim : of being a supposititious child.

16. Lepidam : her illustrious lineage had excited the envy of
Agrippina.

17. coram : i.e. he appeared in person and testified against her.

19. deductus in forum : for the significance of this, see note on
p. 5. 19; and for the word tiro, see note on p. 24. 21. Tacitus, Ann. xii.
41 (51 A.D.), states that the ceremony was performed while Nero was
under age, in order that he might appear qualified to appear in public life.

20. decursione : manoeuvres. According to an arrangement of
Augustus, these manoeuvres were held thrice a month for the sake of
discipline. scutum sua manu, etc. : this means that be in person
directed the manoeuvres ; cf. Galba, 6, ipse maxime insignis, quod
campestrem decursionem scuto moderatus, etc.

23. pro Bononiensibus : Bononienses, inhabitants of Bononia, a
town of cisalpine Gaul, modern Bologna. This town had been de-
stroyed by fire, and as result of Nero's plea the people were given
pecuniary aid in the sum of 10,000,000 sesterces : cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 58
(53 A.D.).

24. auspicatus est : he obtained for the first time.

25. praeiectus urbi : see note on p. 70. 19. sacro Latinarum :
sc.feriarum, and see note on p. 54. 17. Sacro probably refers to the
whole ceremony, the most important part of which was, however, the
sacrifice (sacrijicium) of white bulls.

26. tialaticias : trifling. These cases were ordinarily brought for-
ward merely as a part of the ceremony. Not so in the present instance.

27. postulationes . . . iagerentibus : presenting requests ; Nero
was to pass judgment on these.

29. Octaviam : the daughter of Claudius and Messalina and
sister of Britannicus. Nero was sixteen years old at the time. cir-
censes {sc. ludos) et venationem : for a description of such exhibi-
tions, by Suetonius himself, see lul. 39.

Page 111] NOTES ON NERO. 283

31. de Claudio : i.e. concerning his death as narrated in the
preceding Life. It was concealed until all was ready for the proclama-
tion of Nero as emperor ; cf. Claud, chap. 45. 26.

32. inter horcun seztam aeptunamque : between 12 and 1 p.m.
See note on p. 73. 22. processit, etc. : cf. Tacitus' account, Ann.
xii. 69 (54 a.d.) : " At last, on the thirteenth day of October, at noon,
the gates of the palace were suddenly thrown open, and Nero, ac-
companied by Burrus, went forth to the cohort, which, according to
the custom of the army, was keeping watch. There, upon a signal
made by the praefect, he was received with shouts of joy, and instantly
put into a litter. It was reported that there were some who hesitated,
looking back anxiously and frequently asking where Britannicus was,
but as no one came forward to oppose it, they embraced the choice
which was offered them. Thus Nero was borne to the camp, where,
after a speech suitable to the exigency, and the promise of a largess
equal to that of the late emperor, his father, he was saluted emperor.
The choice of the soldiers was followed by the decrees of the senate ;
nor was there any hesitation in the several provinces." Xiph., Ixi. 3,
says that this speech delivered to the soldiers had been composed by
Seneca, as well as the one made afterward in the senate.

Page 111. 1. diritatem : i.e. the astrologers had announced the
conditions unfavorable up to that time. Tacitus states that Agrippina
was concealing the news of her husband's death until the astrologers
should report favorable conditions.

3. in castra : i.e. the permanent camp on the outskirts of Rome.
See note on p. 22. 15.

8. orsuB bine, etc. : the idea is that he began immediately to
make a display of his filial regard.

9. laudavit et conaecravit : cf. Claud, chap. 45. 1. Tac, Ann.
xiii. 3, states that as long as Nero stuck to the truth in his eulogy,
he was given a serious hearing ; but when he fell into arrant flattery,
speaking of Claudius' forethought and wisdom, no one could keep
back his laughter. This speech had been composed for him by Seneca
and in his wonted style, which was much admired at that time.

10. matri summam, etc. . cf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 2. Xiph., Ixi. 3, re-
lates that Agrippina and her son often appeared in public in the same
litter ; that Agrippina answered ambassadors and sent replies to
nations, princes, and kings, and that finally her aspirations were
checked by the policy of Burrus and Seneca.

14. Antium : see note on p. 23. 10.

284 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 111

15. per domicilii translatioiiem : hy causing them to change
their place of residence ; i.e. from Rome to Antium. This would
reflect honor upon the latter.

18. ez August! praescripto : Augustus' advice, stated at the close
of his Breviarium or survey of the empire, vfas not to extend the
boundaries of the empire ; c/. Tac. Ann. i. 11.

21. ullam occaaionem omisit : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 10 and 11,
enumerates the acts calculated to enhance his popularity, and ends
vf ith the remark : " Pledging himself to clemency in frequent speeches,
which, either to show the purity of the precepts he instilled, or in
ostentation of his talents, Seneca gave to the world by the mouth of
the emperor." graviora vectigaUia, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 31
(67 A.D.), mentions the remission of the duty of 4 per cent on the
purchase of slaves. Nero also ordered (Ann. xiii. 51) the publication
of the schedules of imposts, which hitherto had been kept secret ;
publicans were not permitted to revive omitted claims more than a year
in arrears. Some other reforms did not last after Nero's time, while
still others continued in force when Tacitus wrote his Annals.

23. praemia delatorum Papiae legis : the rewards of informers
against those who violated the Papian law, i.e. the lex Iitlia Papia
Poppaea, for which see note on p. 86. 25. ad quartas : sc. partes.
It would appear that the provision of the lex lulia, granting a, fourth
part of the confiscated property to informers, had been disregarded and
a larger share taken. Nero now reduced the amount to the legal fourth
part. An instance where all the property was given the successful
informer in the reign of Tiberius is cited by Tac. Ann. ii . 32.

24. quadringenis nununis : 400 sesterces each ; about $20.

25. annua salaila : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 34, states that Messalla
was so assisted ; also Aurelius Cotta and Haterius Antonius, although
these latter had squandered their own fortunes.

26. quingena : sc. sestertia ; 500,000 sesterces, about $25,000.

27. framentum . . . gratuitum : before this they had paid the
market price, which was kept back from their pay. Tac. Ann. xv. 72.

29. quam vellem, etc. . cf. Seneca's account, De Clem. ii. 1.

30. Bubinde ac memoriter: immediately and unaided; i.e. he
pronounced their names without being prompted by his nomenclator.

31. ad campestrea ezercitationea : on the Campus Martins.

Page 112. 3. aureia litteria: Xiph., Ixi. 3, tells us that Nero's
first speech to the senate, the one composed by Seneca, was ordered
engraved upon a column of silver.

Page 112] NOTES ON NERO. 285

5. iuvenales . . . ludos: games instituted by Nero in 59 a.u., in
honor of the first shaving of his beard. They were celebrated in a
private theatre, and by amateurs ; c/. Tac. Ann. xiv. 15, and xv. 33.
Xiph. Ixi. 19 : " He celebrated the Juvenalia on the first shaving of
his beard. This beard, enclosed in a golden globe, he consecrated to
CapitoUne Jove." Cy. JVero, chap. 12. 16.

7. aenes quoque consulares, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 15, states
that no one was excused from performing, on the plea of birth, age,
or ofiSce. Xiphilin cites the case of Aelia Catula, a woman of wealth
and distinction, eighty years of age, who danced at one of these
celebrations.

9. loca equiti secreta : see note on p. 90. 18. Cf. Tac. Ann. xv.
32 (63 A.i).), equiUim Bomanorum locos sedilibus plebis anteposuit
apiid circitm ; namque ad earn diem indiscreti inibant, quia lex Boscia
nihil nisi de quattiwrdecim ordinibus sanxit.

13. per catadromum : from Xiphilin's statement (Ixi. 17) it is
evident that the expression indicates a tight rope slanting from the
top of the theatre to the ground : "Oh this occasion, an elephant that
had been drawn to the top of the theatre ran down a rope with a rider
upon its back." Seneca, Epist. 85. 41, also mentions a rope-walking
elephant : elephantem minimus Aethiops iubet subsidere in genua et
ambulare per funem.

14. Afrani: Lucius Afranius, Rome's most celebrated writer of
the fahulae togatae (dramas Greek in form but representing Italian
life), flourished about 100 B.C.

17. missilia : see note on p. 52. 11.

19. tesserae frumentariae : tickets which entitled the holder to
his share of com. Xiph., Ixi. 18, states that other prizes were also
given by ticket ; he enumerates horses, slaves, carriages, gold, silver,
and embroidered raiment.

21. insulae : see note on p. 25. 29 end.

22. e proBcaenii fastigio : the proscaenium was the background
of the stage, visible to the audience. Hence Nero was up above the
stage ; cf. the expression ex parte proscaenii superiore, Nero, chap.
26. 24.

23. amphitheatro ligneo: mentioned by Tac. Ann. xiii. 31 as
built in the year 57 a.d.

25. exhibmt ad femun : he brought out as gladiators.

27. tortunae atque ezistimatioiiiB integrae : of unimpaired for-
tune and unblemished reputation.

28. et varia harenae ministeria : ministeria is the abstract for

286 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 112

the concrete ministros. He exhibited them as combatants and as
slaves performing the menial services about the arena ; see Introd.
II., § 1, d. For a fuller account of this degradation, see Xiph. Ixi. 17.

29. naumaohiam marina aqua : aqua is ablative of quality ;
i.e. the place was flooded with sea-water, as stated by Xiph. Ixi. 9.
For the meanings of naumachia, see note on p. 39. 13.

30. pyrrichas : a war dance of Doric origin. It was danced to
the sound of the flute, in rapid measures, by men dressed in armor,
and represented the various movements of attack and defence. As
the expression pyrrichas quasdam e numero ephehorum is a somewhat
strained expression to signify 'war dances danced by a number of
youths,' Madvig's, among other emendations, may be cited, — pyrri-
chistas quosdam. ephebomin : see Introd. II. § 1, a (1).

31. diplomata : the diploma was a paper folded double ; in gen-
eral, a, document drawn up by a magistrate, conferring a privilege
upon the recipient.

Page 113. 1. cubiculum :'a sort of imperial pavilion or box;
doubtless so named because the emperor reclined there. It was
situated above the seats assigned to senators and knights and in the
part assigned to the third class of spectators, and is probably the
same as the suggestus.

3. podio : the podium was the wall (al- "^t twelve feet high) that
separated the arena from the spectators, xiie top of this, as being the
best place to see the combats, was assigned to spectators of the highest
rank. Here the word means that portion of the terrace on the podium
which was used as a royal box.

5. instituit et quinquennale, etc.: this was in the year60 a.d;
cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 20 ; they are also called Neronia. Xiph., Ixi. 21,
says that they were celebrated for the safe continuance of Nero's
reign.

7. theimis atque gymnasio : these baths and gymnasia included
open and covered colonnades for conversation, instruction, and physi-
cal exercise. There were also gardens, halls, libraries, and everything
that could conduce to the comfort and amusement of visitors. Of
these particular hot baths, no vestige remains ; cf. Entr. vii. 15, aedifi-
cavit Romne thermas quae ante Neronianae dictae nunc Alexandrtnae
appellantur. So named in honor of Alexander Severus.

9. toto : a rare dative form instead of toli.

10. Bede praetonim: see Introd. II. § 2, a (2). The meaning is
that they sat where the praetors sat when presiding. in orcbestram

Page 114] NOTES ON NERO. 287

senatumque : a case of more exact definition. He descended to the
orcliestra, where tiie senators sat.

12. coronam ; a prize for the best production in Latin prose and
poetry. No one won it on this occasion, but Nero was proclaimed
victor ; c/. I'ac. Ann. xiv. 21.

13. citharae : sc. coronam.

14. adoravit : lie probably knelt and kissed it.

15. gymnico : sc. certamine, and cf. Nero, chap. 53. 12. Saep-
tis : the Saepta lulia ; see note on p. 12. 17.

16. butbysiae : {§ov8virla) , a sacrifice of oxen. barbam pri-
mam posuit : see note on p. 112. 6.

19. invitavit et virgines Veatales: Augustus had forbidden
women to appear at such exhibitions ; cf. Aug. 4-1.

21. Tiiidatis : brother of Vologeses I., king of Parthia. He had
been driven from the throne of Armenia by Corbulo, the lioman gen-
eral, but was restored by Nero in 63 a.d., as here related. Xiph.,
Ixiii. 1—5, describes at great length the progress of Nero and Tiridates
from the banks of the Euphrates to Rome. He ends with the words :
" Nero then ordered him to ascend an inclined plane which had been
built before the tribunal for the purpose. Tiridates seated himself at
the feet of Nero, and the latter placed the diadem upon his head."
This explains the devexum pulpilum of the Latin.

25. propter nubilur« - -'ftecaiise of cloudy weather.

29. admisit ad geDiii! : Nero allowed him to cast himself at his
feet.

30. tiara : the turban, or ordinary head-dress, of the Orientals.
32. in theatnim : it was on this occasion that Nero covered the

theatre of Pompey with gold.

Page 114, 3. tamquam nullo residuo bello : ablative absolute;
Introd. II. § 6, 6 (1). Roth, with the manuscripts, reads, tarn nullo
quam residuo hello; the reading of the text is the emendation of
Lipsius.

7. continuavit : he held consecutively. inter annua spatia :
after intervals of a year. He was consul, 55, 67, 58, and 60 a.d.

8. postulatoiibus : i.e. those who brought cases to him.

9. non temere : hardly ever.

11. continuis actionibus ; actio continua would seem to be the
same as actio perpetua, or presentation of a case in its entirety by the
pleader. This Nero did not allow, but had the details (quaeqtie) sep-
arately (singiUatim) presented by each side in turn (per vices).

288 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 114

12. quotdens . . . aecederet : In trod. II. § 3, i> (3).

13. ad consultandum : i.e. to ask the opinion of his assessors or
lawyers, who were selected to assist the judges with their advice.

14. Bed conacriptas : Roth, with the manuscripts, reads sed et.
The reading of the text is the emendation of Madvig, who regards the
et as a repetition of the last two letters of sed (spelled set, as often in
our mss.).

16. perinde atque : just as if.

17. non admiait : Nero was not so well disposed toward f reedmen
as was Claudius ; cf. Claud, chap. 28. 12.

19. qui supra numerum essent : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 28, cites the
instance of three candidates given the command of legions. There
■were fifteen candidates for the praetorship, and positions for but
twelve. The three supra numerum were satisfied, as indicated.

23. Canini Bebili : in whose consulship, as Cicero {Ad Fam. vii.
30. 1) sarcastically remarked, no one breakfasted. The office was
given him by Julius Caesar ; cf. lul. 76. triumphalia omamenta :
see note on p. 7. 6.

25. nee utique, etc. : and that, too, not exclusively for military
purposes. de quibusdam rebus : Becker regards these words as
having crept into the text from the margin of the manuscripts, where
they served as a sort of chapter heading. Tour manuscripts give sed
et de quibusdam rebus.

27. quaestoris : the emperor regularly addressed the senate
through the quaestors, one or more of whom were attached to him
as secretaries.

28. novam ezcogltavit : i.e. after the great fire in 64 a. d., as is
apparent from Tac. Ann. xv. 43. Streets were laid out in regular
form, the height of buildings restricted, and room left for porticoes
before them. et ut . . . essent : the ut shows that some word
meaning 'directed,' or 'ordered,' is to be supplied by zeugma from
excogitavit.

29. insulas : see note on p. 25. 29. de quanim solailis : from
the roofs of these. For the word sotoriMm, see note on p. 82. 17. The
idea is that fire might be fought from these points of vantage.

32. veteri urbi : Rome.

Page 116. 3. sportulas : see note on p. 90. 29.

4. popinis : see note on p. 21. 6.

5. obsonii : see note on p. 52. 11 end.

6. afflicti suppliciis Christiani : they were accused of having set

Page 115] NOTES ON NERO. 289

fire to Rome. See the whole of Tacitus' famous passage, Ann. xv. 44.
Of the torture meted out to them, he relates that they were covered
with the skins of wild beasts and then torn to pieces by dogs ; many
were covered with inflammable materials and burned, to serve as torches
to light up Nero's garden where he was giving circensian games.

7. novae ac meUeficae : strange and baneful. Maleficae may con-
vey the idea that sorcery was practised in their rites.

8. quadrigariorom lusus : it would appear that the charioteers,
after the races, were in the habit of amusing and enriching themselves
in the way stated. By tacit permission of long standing {licentia in-
veterata), they claimed this privilege as a right (^ius).

10. pantomimonim factiones: according to Tac. Ann. xiii. 25,
Nero himself took delight in inciting the opposing factions against
each other. Unable to quell the storm he had raised, he was forced to
banish the actors and restore the military guard to the theatre. cum
ipsis : i.e. the actors.

11. tabulae : documents. A number of tabulae relating to busi-
ness transactions have been discovered at Pompeii. nisi peitusae,
etc. : the outer edge of the tablet was pierced with holes, through
which a string was passed three times and the seal fixed upon this
triple cord.

13. cerae : inasmuch as the leaves of the tablets were covered with
wax, the word cera, as here, often signifies 'page.'

14. signaturis: i.e. the witnesses.

15. Bcriptor : the scribe.

16. pro patrociniis : for attorney's services. The lex Cincia,
204 B.C., forbade giving or receiving fees for pleading cases. This
law became obsolete, but Augustus again enforced it. Claudius fixed
a maximum fee of 10,000 sesterces. Tacitus, Ann. xi. 5, states that the
former regulation of the lex Cincia was enforced at the beginning of
Nero's reign. From the present passage, it appears that Nero after-
ward fixed the fees of advocates at what he deemed just amounts.

17. pro subselUis : the subsellia were seats arranged around the
tribunal of the praetor, for the convenience of the parties in a suit.
According to Nero's regulation, the parties of a suit would not be
obliged to pay for them.

18. rerum actu : in respect to judicial procedure ; cf. note on p.
85. 24. ab aerario causae, etc. : i.e. those having cases with the
treasury department should not have them tried before the praefects
of the treasury, but before reciperatores In the forum. Madvig would
strike out causae, making subselHa the subject of transferrentur, ex-

290 NOTES ON NEKO. [Page 115

plaining that during vacation time the subsellia were stored by the
treasury department, but in term time {actu rerum) they were replaced
and their gratuitous use allowed.

19. reoiperatores : earlier form recuperalores ; a judicial corpora^
tion of three or five members, before whom cases might be tried
without the usual tedious delay incident to the ordinary form of
procedure.

20. ad senatum, etc. . to increase the dignity of the senate, Nero
also provided that in cases of appeal to the senate, the same caution
money should be put up (usually one-third of the amount involved)
as was usual in cases of appeal to the emperor ; see Tac. Ann.
xiv. 28.

22. ex Britannia : for reverses in Britain, see note on p. 1.30.
25.

24. Ponti modo regnum, etc. : cf. Eutr. vii. 14, duae tameti pro-
vinciae sub eo factae sunt, Pontus Pulemonincus concedente rege
Polemone, et Alpes Cottiae, Cottio rege defuncto. For Cottius and
his realm, see note on p. 22. 24.

25. Alpium : sc. regnum.

30. in aede Vestae : see note on p. 27. 22.

32. tanta oborta caligo est: cf. Tacitus Ann. xv. 30 (64 a.d.),
who does not, however, particularize with regard to the omen. in
Achaia isthmum peifodere, etc. : the isthmus of Corinth ; see
note on p. 53. 29. Xiph., Ixiii. 16, states that many prodigies,, such
as the sound of lamentation and groaning, blood bursting from the
ground, etc., deterred the workmen who first broke ground. This was
the reason that Nero himself seized a pickaxe and set an example
which others had to follow.

Page 116. 4. ad Caspiaa portaa : the Ciispiae portae was the
narrow pass leading through Mt. Taurus, and was the same as the
modern pass of Dariel, in southeastern Asia Minor.

5. aenum : genitive plural of sent, ' of none less than six feet
tall.'

13. Terpnum : he is subsequently mentioned as receiving rewards
from Vespasian.

16. medltari ezercerlque : study and train himself.

19. cbartam : charta elsewhere has the meaning of ' sheet of
paper,' here it lias the force of the word lamina.

21. blandiente profectu : flattered by his progress. fuscae :
husky.

Page 117] NOTES ON NEEO. 291

24. et prodit Neapoli primum : he chose this because it was a
Greek city and because lie did not dare begin at Rome.

26. nomon: v6fu>!, the ' air' or 'tune.'

28. impatiens secret! : i.e. he could not bear to be out of sight
of the audience even during the intermission. a beUineia : after
bathing. The plural of the word in this sense is post-Augustan.

30. subbibisset : note the force of the prefix, ' to take a drop,'
' to tipple.' Buiferti : equivalent to canori, a partitive genitive with
aliquid. The word is probably a translation of the Greek, irdirvKvov,
irvKvbv in music meaning 'loud.' Render, 'he would ring out a loud
enough tune to suit them.'

31. modulatiB : given in measured cadence.

32. commeatu : from the meaning ' a going and coming,' com-
meatus takes the meaning of the thing that comes and goes, as a
caravan, fleet, train, etc. Render, 'who had flocked to Naples in a
fleet lately arrived.'

Page 117. 5. bombOB : the humming of bees, hence a sound of
applause resembling this. imbriceB : hollow tiles used on the
roofs for the purpose of carrying off the water. Here, a kind of
applause made by holding the hands so as to form hollows, and
striking them together. testas : flat tiles, hence a clapping with
the palms of the hands held flat.

7. pueri nee sine anulo laevis : Roth's reading from the best
manuscripts, pueris sine anulo laviis, gives no meaning. The reading
of the text is that of the fifteenth century manuscript in the Royal
Library at Munich, with the slight change laevis for levis. Render,
' youths distinguished for their thick heads of hair, and wearing rings
on the left hand.' Madvig's conjecture, puris ac sine anulo laevis, is
plausible.

8. quadiingena milia : about $20,000.

9. Neroneum agona : i.e. the Neronia described in Nero, chap.
12. 5 seq.

10. ante praestitutam diem : i.e. not allowing an interval of five
years between the different celebrations of the Neronia.

12. in hortis : probably in his private garden. se copiam
volentibUB iactunim : would accede to their ^oishes.

14. repraesentaturum : that he would perform forthwith.

15. nomen suum in albo, etc.: cf. Xiph. Ixiii. 9, "How could
any one see with equanimity, or even hear of such acts as these on
the part of imperial Caesar.! entering his name on the list of athletes.

292 NOTES ON NEKO. [Page 117

testing his voice, studying his ditties, letting his locks grow long,
plucking the hair from his chin to make it smooth, etc." For meaning
of album, see note on p. 87. 10.

16. aorticula : see Introd. II. § 1, u. The diminutive probably
belongs to colloquial speech and does not differ in meaning from sors.

19. amiconun intimi : a partitive construction much affected by
Tacitus. peracto principio: probably some words to gain the
good will of the audience ; cf. Xiph. Ixi. 20, " 'And now, gentlemen,
listen to me with favor,' said the emperor."

20. Niobam : a poem telling of the woes of Niobe, who lost her
seven sons and seven daughters for having, iu her pride, compared
herself to Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis. Cluviiun Ruiuin :
cf. note on p. 120. 3.

21. in horam fere decimam : till about 4 p.m. ; see note on p.
73. 22.

22. coronam earn : i.e. the prize for that song.

25. dubitavit etiam an : he even had some thought, etc. pii-
vatis spectaculis : that is, those given by the magistrates, as dis-
tinguished from those of the emperor. operam inter scaenicos
daret : of appearing as an actor.

26. quodam praetorum : bis name was Larcius Lydus ; cf.
Xiph. Ixiii. 21. Bestertium decies : about $50,000.

27. personatus : wearing a mask (_ persona).

29. feminae, prout, etc. . of the woman of whom he was enam-
oured.

30. Canacen : daughter of Aeolus and Enarete, and mistress of
Poseidon, to whom she bore several children.

31. OreBten : son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. He slew
his mother to avenge his father, who had been slain by her and her
paramour, Aegisthus. Oedipodem : the unhappy king who,
driven by fate to slay his father and marry his mother, on discov-
ering what he had done, blinded himself.

32. Herculem insanom : in a fit of insanity, Hercules shot down
the three children which Megara, daughter of Creon, king of Thebes,
had borne him. ttruncnlam : a young recruit; Introd. II. § 1, c.

Page 118. 2. Bicut argumentum postnlabat : as the plot re-
quired.

4. equorum Btudio : both Tacitus, Ayin. xiv. 14, and Xiphilin,
Ixi. 6, mention this passion of Nero. The latter goes on to state that
as a result of Nero's favor the charioteers became so insolent, and

Page 119J NOTES ON NERO. 293

demanded such prices, that a praetor, Aulus Fabricius, refused to
have any dealings with them, and had dogs trained to run instead
of horses. vel : intensive.

5. plurimus illi sermo . . . erat: he talked a great deal.
quamquam vetaretur : Introd. II. § 3, b (5) .

6. prasiauin agitatorem : see note on p. 71. 28.

8. Hectore : the Trojan hero slain by Achilles and thrice dragged
around the walls of Troy. The teacher had heai-d Nero speaking of a
charioteer who had been dragged by his horses. Nero, to conceal the
subject of the conversation, falsely said that he had been speaking of
Hector.

10. abaco : gaming table ; the word also means ' counting board,'
and ' sideboard. '

11. e secesBu : from, his place of retreat ; probably from his
villas.

12. eo die utique : on that particular day, i.e. every day when
such games were celebrated.

14. missibus : see note on p. 90. 16.

15. dominis : managers.

16. greges: their companies ; i.e. of drivers.

17. positoque . . . rudimento : abandoning his experiments.
Posito is equivalent to deposito ; cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 14.

18. inter servitia : Introd. II. § 1, d.

20. mittente mappam : this was the signal to start. unde :
i.e. he sat where the magistrates who ordinarily gave the signal
used to sit.

21. contentuB . . . dedisse : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1).

22. Achaiam . . . petit: Xiph. Ixiii. 8 : "He crossed over into
Greece, not as his predecessors, Flaminius, Mummius, Agrippa, and
Augustus, had done, but to drive chariots, play on the harp, act as
herald, and play tragedies."

29. Be : ablative.

30. Cassiopen : Cassiope, a town in the north of Corcyra (Corfu).
Its tutelary divinity was Jupiter Cassius.

Page 119. 2. praeter conBuetudinem : contrary to the usage at
the Olympian games, where there were ordinarily only the gymnastic
contests and chariot races.

5. Helio : Xiph., Ixiii. 12 and 19, states that this freedman had
been left in charge of the city. He had first summoned Nero by let-
ter and then came on in person, and so terrified him with the story of

294 NOTES ON NERO. [Pagb 119

a conspiracy that he immediately set sail. Helius did this in the
hope that Nero might be lost in a storm then raging at sea.

12. taedio audiendi, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 5, states also that
many knights were crushed to death in the crowd packed into the
theatre ; cf. Xiph. Ixiii. 15.

13. oppidorum : the word oppidum, in early Latin, was synony-
mous with career, as a technical term referring to the circus. The
present passage would indicate that the word oppidum was applied to
the theatre as well. The people, in this instance, might have escaped
through the oppida, had not the gates of the same been closed. It
is possible, however, that the word oppidum may also mean some
ordinary exit from the theatre. de moro : murus refers to the
outer wall of the theatre.

14. quam autem trepide, etc.: Tac, Ann. xvi. 4, says that
Nero used to salute the audience and then on bended knee and with
assumed fear, await the decision of the judges.

17. captare : try to entice.

18. ex occursu : on meeting ; cf. note on p. 106. 9.

19. comunpere : hrihe.

23. hortantibus ; sc. iudicibus, ablative absolute.

24. taciturnitatem pro tiistitia, etc. : attributing the silence,
which some maintained because of modesty, to sourness and malignity
of disposition.

27. ezBCreare : to cough and spit ; cf. Tac. Ann. xvi. 4.
32. hypocrita : the actor who accompanied with appropriate ges-
tures the words of the speaker was called hypocrita.

Page 120. 3. praeconio ubique contendit: everywhere entered
into competition with heralds. He did this to make a display of his
clearness of voice and lung power. Praeconio is ablative of means.
According to Xiph. Ixiii. 14, Nero at first made use of Cluvius
Rufus, a man of consular rank, as his herald.

4. hieronicarum : the hieronica (Upovln);) was a victor at the
sacred games.

7. Olympiis : sc. certaminibus, the Olympic games were held every
four years at Olympia.

9. Bed ezcuBBUB curru : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 14, notes that Nero was
almost trampled to death on this occasion.

11. proviDciam : i.e. Achaiam, the official name of Greece as a,
Roman province.

12. Ubertate donavlt : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 11, says that, to be sure,

Page 121] NOTES ON NERO. 295

he left it free, but he had first ravaged It as if he were waging war
against it.

20. veate : Becker regards this word as a gloss.

21. coronam : it is stated by Xiphilin that the Pythian crown was
of laurel, and the Olympian of wild olive.

22. pompa ceteraruin : a procession of those carrying other
crowns ; cf. the expression pompa imaginum.

23. quove iabulanun argumento : in the representation of what
plays.

25. AugustianoB : royal attendants. What these were and what
were their duties may be seen from Tac. Ann. xiv. 15. Cf. also Xiph.
Ixi. 20, " He instituted a special body of about five thousand soldiers,
called Augustani, to sound his praises." He continues with the state-
ment that others were forced to follow the example of the Augustani
even against their will. The cries were, " O beautiful Caesar ! " " O
Apollo!" "0 Augustus!" "0 Seer!" "No one surpasses thee!"
" By thee we swear ! "

27. Velabnun : a district between the Vicus Tuscus and the Forum
Boarium. ApoUinem : i.e. the temple of Apollo on the Palatine.
He went to this temple because his triumph was that of an artist.

29. aves : possibly to symbolize his victory in song. lemnisci :
these were ribbons or streamers attached to the crown given to the
victor in the games. bellaria: sxoeetmeats. According to Gell.
xiii. 11. 7, this is an archaic word.

30. coronas : Xiphilin states that Nero brought crowns into the
Forum to the number of 1808, and hung them upon the obelisk.

31. percoBsit : stamped.

Fase 121. 2. nisi absena aut, etc. : that is, he sent his orders if
not there in person ; but if present, he had another speak for him.

4. phonasco : an instructor in voice culture. Augustus also re-
ceived instruction from a phonascus ; cf. Aug. 84. arteiiis :
organs of the voice. In the singular, arteria means ' windpipe.'

6. simultatem : animosity.

12. ease : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). poat crepuBCulum sta-
tim, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 25, Nero disguised himself
as a slave. Others, following his example, formed bands of their
own and went about rioting.

13. galero : a peruke ; cf. Xiph. Ixi. 9, " When he acted thus, he
thought that he escaped notice, because he had disguised himself in
various costumes and wore false hair."

296 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 121

17. quintana : mart. The word strictly means the market of a
camp, but is used liere in tlie general sense. ubi partae . . . ab-
Bumeretur : that he might there sell off at axtctiun in small lots the
booty he had secured, and then squander the proceeds. The literal ren-
dering is, ' where he might squander the proceeds of the booty secured
and to be sold piecemeal at auction. Note the meaning of divido, ' to
sell in small lots.'

20. a quodam latdclavio : for the latits clavus, see note on
p. 21. 29 ; the man's name was Julius Montanus. He was foolish
enough to show that he recognized Nero and to ask his pardon. For
this he was compelled to die ; Tac. Ann. xiii. 25. attrectaverat :
had taken liberties a-ith.

22. illud horae : i.e. at night. See Bennett, Lat. Gram. 185, 2;
cf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 25.

24. delatuB in theatrum, etc. : see note on p. 115. 10. e parte
proscaenii superiore : see note on p. 112. 22.

25. Bigniier Bimul ac spectator: i.e. he incited tliem to brawls
and then enjoyed the contests he had stirred up.

28. conBauciavit : he icounded severely ; a post-Augustan word,
and very rare at that.

Page 122. 1. pisciniB : swimming pools ; a post- Augustan mean-
ing. The earlier meaning oi piscina is ' fi.sh pond.'

3. naumachia praeclusa : in the nuumachia with the sluices shut.
See Introd. II. § 2, n (2). For naumachia, see note on p. 39. 13.

4. inter . . . miniBteria : i.e. he was served by courtesans and
dancing girls of bad repute.

5. quotienB . . . deflueret : Introd. II. § 3, b (3).

7. insignes ganea : notorious for carousals. For the meaning of
ganea, see note on p. 21. 6.

8. matronarum inatitorio : bartering matrons. copaa imi-
tantium: i.e. they enticed by the arts which hostesses of inns employ
to attract travellers ; cf. the pseudo Virgilian Copa.

9. hinc inde : on this side and that ; i.e. of the river. The old edi-
tions read : insignes ganeae et matronarum, institorias operas imitan-
tium, etc. Ganea is the conjecture of Claude de Saumaise for ganeae
of the manuscripts, and institorio that of Adrien Turnfebe for the mean-
ingless institorlo. The ablative with insignes is, moreover, the con-
struction used elsewhere by Suetonius. indicebat, etc. . i.e. he
invited himself to dine with his intimates, and made them give expen-
sive dinners.

Page 122] NOTES ON NERO. 297

10. mitellita : probably an adjective agreeing with cena, and
meaning a dinner where mitellae (diminutive of mitra), or garlands
made of flowers, ribbons, and costly perfumes, were distributed
among the guests. quadragies sestertimn: 4,000,000 sesterces;
about §200,000. Quadragies is to be considered as an indeclinable
noun in the ablative. Roth's reading, sestertio, is the conjecture of
De Saumaise. For a discussion of the reading and construction, see
note on p. 25. 27.

11. constitit : cost. pluiis aliquanto : pluris is genitive of
price and aliquanto ablative of degree of difference. rosaria : sc.
cena; i.e. a dinner where roses were used in profusion for decoration
and for gifts. The reading of the old editions for this passage is as
follows : mellita . . . absorptio rosaria, ' a drink sweetened with honey
and another flavored with ro.se.' Absorptio does not, however, appear
in the best manuscripts, and is met with nowhere else.

13. deparcos • over sparing ; the word occurs only here. qui-
bus impenBarum ratio constaret : who had regard for expense.
Xiphilin, Ixi. 5, says that Nero had directed the sum of 10,000,000
sesterces paid to Doryphorus, his accountant, and that when Agrip-
pina had the money heaped up, in order that her son, seeing the
amount, might repent of his generosity, Nero ordered the sum
doubled, remarking that he had not been aware that he had given
such a paltry amount.

17. in brevi spatio, etc. ; see Calig. chap. 37. 13.

18. quare nee largiendi, etc. : according to Tacitus, Hist. i. 20,
Nero expended 2,200,000 sesterces on donations.

19. octingena nummum milia : about §40,000.

21. seatertium miUes : about $-5,000,000. Xiphilin, Ixiii. 2, gives
the same figures for the first sum, but doubles the second. Mene-
craten : Nero's instructor on the cithara.

22. mirmiUonem : see note on p. 59. 4.

26. quadringenia aeatertiia : the distributive adjective shows that
sestertiis is the ablative of sestertia, not sestertii; 400,000 sesterces.
in punotum : at each throw ; lit. ' per point.'

27. rete aurato et purpura, etc. : with a golden net drawn by
cords made of purple and scarlet threads. That the funibus does not
refer to the meshes of the net, is seen from Orosius, vii. 7, luxuriae tarn
effrenatae fuit, ut retibus aureis piscaretur, quae pnrpureis funibus,
extrahebantur.

28. aoleia mularum argenteia, etc. ■ his mules shod with
silver, the drivers clothed in fine wool of Canusium, his troops of

298 NOTES ON NEEO. [Page 122

Mazaces and couriers adorned with ornametits on the arms and
breast.

29. canusinatis : Canusium, in Apulia, was famous for its fine
wool.

30. Mazacum : the Mazaces, a tribe of Mauretania, noted for their
skill in horsemanship and their fine steeds.

31. danmosior : squandering more money.

Page 123. 1. JiBqaHiaa neqae: equivalent to usque ad Esquilias;
cf. note on p. 11. 8.

2. transitoTiam : the house of passage, i.e. as connecting the
Palatine with the Esquiline. Before the fire, the domus transitoria
was probably nothing but a long corridor carried over the streets
and connecting the Palatine and Esquiline bills ; cf. Tac. Ann.
XV. 39.

4. Buffecerit: potential subjunctive ; hut cf. Appendix to Bennett' s
Lat. Gram. 360, a.

5. coloasuB : Pliny, N'. H. xxxiv. 45, states that this was the work
of Zenodorus.

6. porticuB triplices miliarias : the simplest form of the portico
or porch would be one row of columns, the roof resting upon these and
upon the outer wall of the building. The portico here mentioned, pre-
sumably surrounding the palace, was a Roman mile in circumference
and had three rows of columns. Each aisle would somewhat resemble
a simple portico ; hence the plural porticns.

7. marlB instar : like a sea.

8. ad urbium speciem : presenting the appearance of cities.
rura inauper, arvia, etc. : stretches of country too, in the different
aspects of tilled fields, vineyards, pasture, and forest land. The archi-
tects and landscape gardeners who had the genius to accomplish this
work were named Sevems and Celer ; cf. Tac. Ann. xv. 42.

11. unionum conchia : mother of pearl.

12. tabulis : these were the panels proper of the laquear or fretted
ceiling. ut florea, etc. : the first ut clause gives the purpose of ver-
satilibus, the second that of flstulatis.

14. cenationum : partitive genitive depending upon the adjective
praecipua. rotunda : predicate adjective ; ' the main dining room
was round.'

16. albulis aquis : i.e. with water brought from tlie Sulphur
Springs (Albulae aqnae) near Tibur.

19. piacinam a Miseno, etc. : a bathing pool extending from

Page 124] NOTES ON NERO. 299

Misenum to Lake Avernus. The distance was something like three
English miles. Baiae was midway between the two points.

20. quo quidquid totis Baiis, etc. : into which all the warm
streams of Baiae might be turned.

22. foBsam : Tacitus, Ayin. xv. 42, speaks of the difficulty of such
an undertaking, and says that traces of the work which finally had to
be abandoned, were to be seen in his time.

23. nee tamen, etc. . and yet not by sea.

24. contrariae . . . commearent : might pass each other.

26. custodiae : see note on p. 34. G.

27. damnari praeceperat : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1).

28. super iiduciam imperii : in addition to his confidence in the
resources of his empire.

30. ex indicio eqmtis Romani : Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 1, states that
the name of this person was Caesellius Bassus, that he was of Phoeni-
cian origin and of unsound mind.

Page 124. 3. exhaustus : impoverished.
4. commoda : cf. note on p. 65. 28.

8. pro semisse deztans : instead of one-half, five-sixths. See
note on p. 15. 30. sine probabili causa : i.e. freedmen whose con-
nection with these families could not be traced.

9. quo: in the same construction as eo nomine. Such names
might be Julius, Octavius, Claudius, Domitius, etc. Roth, with the
mamascripts, reads essent quo fiiissent, a manifest case of transposi-
tion. The reading of the text is the conjecture of Casaubon. Becker,
however, regards fuissent as a gloss, and would strike out the word.

11. fiscvun : see note on p. 96. 24.

14. qulbus modo, etc. : if only an informer brought charges.

15. revocavit: i.e. he again exacted the gifts.

17. summisisset : stealthily sent. As though the merchants were
guilty of disobeying him, he closed their shops and confiscated their
property.

19. praeclnsit negotiatores : a concise expression for ianuas
negotiatorum praeclusit. For Nero's treatment of merchants, cf.
Orosius, vii. 7, negotiatorum omnium suh una die tormentis quoque
adhibitis omnem penitus censum abstersit. inter canendum ; In-
trod. II. § 4, c.

23. ut non adiceret : without adding.

24. hocagamus: let this be our aim.

27. Oalba restituit : cf. Tacitus' cutting words, Agric. 6 : tum

300 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 124

electus (Agricola) a Galba ad dona templorum recognoscenda, dili-
gentissima conquisilione fecit, ne cuius alterius sacrilegium respublica
quam Keronis sensisset.

30. ut qui : Since ; introducing a relative clause of cause.

Page 125. 3. morari : Nero, by lengthening the vowel o of the
verb morari, changed the meaning of the sentence from ' ceased to
tarry among men,' i.e. died, to 'ceased to play the fool among men,'
connecting the word with ^up6s (Plautine morus), 'foolish.'

5. buBtum : the place where the body was burned. His ashes
were deposited in the Mausoleum of Augustus.

6. maceria : a wall ; a generally accepted emendation for materia
of the manuscripts.

7. Britannicum : son of Claudius and Messalina.

10. veneno adgressus est: according to Tacitus, Ann. ziii. 15,
Julius PoUio, a tribune of the praetorian cohort, administered the
poison which Locusta had prepared. Locusta afterward became pro-
verbial; cf. Juv. i. 71.

11. venenorum variorum indice : an inventor of various poison-
ous potions. Roth, with the manuscripts, reads venenariornm indice.
The reading of the text is the conjecture of Ihm and seems preferable
to that of Madvig, venenorum rariorum.

15. invidiam : odium. legem luliam : this law is not mentioned
elsewhere. It was probably one of the provisions of the Lex lulia de
vi publica, and directed against poisoners.

17. deinde in haedo ezpertus : then testing it upon a kid.

20. cenanti secum : for the practice of allowing the princes to
dine in the presence of their elders, see note on p. 98. 6.

22. comitiali morbo : see note on p. 68. 29.

24. tralaticio : ordinary. Tralaticius is applied to anything
handed down ; e.g. decretum tralaticium, ' a decree handed down
from former magistrates,' hence, 'common' or 'ordinary'; ef.Tac.
Ann. xiii. 17. Xiphilin, Ixi. 7, states that the livid spots on the
corpse, caused by the poison administered, were concealed by the use
of chalk. This, however, was washed away by the rain, and the
horror disclosed. pro navata opera : for her distinguished services.

25. et discipulOB : i.e. those whom she was to instruct in her art.
27. ut invidia identidem, etc. : i.e. by repeatedly pretending to

be on the point of giving up the reins of power because of her conduct,
he tried to cast odium upon her.

31. Btatione: guard.

Page 126] NOTES ON NERO. 301

32. neque in divezanda quicquam pens! habuit: he made
no scruples of harri/iny his mother. pensi : predicate genitive of
quality. In the present context tliis seems better than to call pensi
a partitive genitive.

Page 126. 4. perdere statuit : Xiphilin, Ixi. 12, says that it was
asserted on good authority, that Seneca was the prime mover in this
crime. Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 7, simply states that after her death Nero
summoned Seneca and Burrus, either as his confederates or to test
their feelings on what he had done without their knowledge. ter
veneno temptasset : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 3, says nothing about these
three attempts. He states that Nero first decided upon poison, but
did not dare try it at his own table, having already poisoned Britan-
nicus in that way. Furthermore, it would be dangerous to employ
others, since Agrippina would be apt to detect the attempt.

6. lazata machina : on loosening the mechanism; ablative abso-
lute.

7. Bolutilem navem : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 3, states that Anicetus,
admiral of the fleet at Misenum, was the inventor of this scheme.
According to Xiphilin, however, Ixi. 12, this ship was suggested by a,
similar contrivance which Nero and Seneca had seen in the theatre.

8. camarae ruina : by the fall of the cabin.

10. ad BoUcmnia Quinquatruum : the Quinquatrus was cele-
brated in honor of Minerva, during five days in March ; cf. Tac. Ann.
xiv. 4.

13. convivium : Xiphilin, Ixi. 13, probably by mistake, says that
this entertainment took place at Bauli, a small place between the gulf
of Baiae and Cape Misenum. According to Suetonius it took place
at Baiae, whence Agrippina sailed in the treacherous ship to Bauli.
Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 4, says that coming from Antium she was met by
Nero, and conducted to Bauli. Her suspicions aroused, she travelled
by sedan chair to Baiae, where the banquet took place. This does
not contradict Suetonius. in locum . . . illud : the galley in

which she had come had been wrecked purposely. In place of that
(in locum}, the above-mentioned (illud, sc. navigiuni) navis solutilis
was given her.

17. diversa omnia : i.e. from what he had expected. nando-
que evaaisse : she first swam and then was picked up by a skifE and
taken to her villa ; cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 5. L. Agerinum, etc. :
Tacitus' account {Ann. xiv. 7) of this theatrical coup of Nero's tallies
with that of Suetonius.

302 NOTES ON NERO. [Pace 126

20. ut percusBOrem sibi Babomatum : on the ground that he
had been instigated by Agrippina to assassinate him.

21. quasi . . . vitaBset : to make it seem that she had avoided the
consequences of the deed in which she had been detected by committing
suicide.

22. adduntur bis, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 9, some
affirmed these rumors, while others denied them. Xiphilin, Ixi. 14,
asserts that Nero did view the corpse, examine the wounds, and finally
remark, " I did not know that I had such a beautiful mother."

26. quamquam et militum . . . confinnaretur : Burrus was
the one who took the initiative and had the soldiers congratulate
Nero on his escape ; Tac. Ann. xiv. 10 ; Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5).

28. saepe confessus, etc. : the pangs of a guilty conscience com-
pelled him to leave the scene of the murder ; cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 10.

30. MagOB : the maglans were learned men and magicians among
the Persians.

32. et Eleusinis sacris : see note on p. 04. 17. For the force of et,
see Introd. II. § 6, d.

Page 127. 3. amitae : aunt of Nero and sister of Domitia Lepida,
mentioned above, Xero, chap. 7. 25.

6. simul banc ezcepero : as soon as I shall have received this;
as soon as she should have seen Nero shave for the first time and offer
up his beard ; cf. Nero, chap. 12. 16.

8. positunim : equivalent to depositurum.

11. Poppaeam Sabinam : was the daughter of T. Ollius, but had
assumed the name of her grandfather Poppaeus Sabinus, consul in
9 A.D. She was a woman of great beauty but of loose morals. She
was first married to Rufus Crispinus and afterward to Otho, who was
one of Nero's chums. On Nero's becoming enamoured of her, he sent
Otho away to the province of Lusitania, and took Poppaea himself.

13. Statiliam Messalinam : granddaughter of Statilius Taurus,
consul in 11 a.d. She was Nero's third wife, and is not to be con-
fused with Valeria Messalina, third wife of Claudius.

15. in bonore ipso : while still in office.

18. uzoria omamenta : i.e. she should be content with the mere
title of wife ; a pun on triumphalia ornamenta, etc.

21. relegavit : she was sent first to Campania ; after her recall, at
the request of the people, she was again banished, this time to the
island of Pandat«ria.

22. in quaestione : when questioned under torture-

Page 128] NOTES ON NERO. 303

23. Anicetum: seenote on p. 126. 7. Tacitus, .ilnn. xiv. 64, Bpeaks
in pitying terms of Octavia's fate. She was murdered, 62 a. d. qui
dolo stupratam a se fateretur - this is the reading of the Codex
Basiliensis. Roth, with the best manuscripts, reads, qui fingeret dolo,
etc., -which cannot be construed. Medicean I and II read, fingeret
et, etc.

26. ictu calcis occidit : Xiphilin, Ixii. 27, and Tacitus, Ann.
xvi. 0, give the same story. The latter adds that some authors state
that she was poisoned. This, however, he does not believe.

28. ez hac filiam tulit: born at Antium, 62 a.d. ; cf. Tac. Ann.
XV. 23.

31. Antoniam : cf. Claud, chap. 27. 3, where her marriages are
mentioned.

Page 128. l. Bimiliter ceteroB, etc. : Roth, with the best manu-
scripts, reads, similiter inter ceteros. Becker regards the inter as a
mistake of the scribes, who repeated the last part of similiter. More-
over, one manuscript of the thirteenth century in the British Museum
omits inter. Four of the fifteenth century read inleremit.

2. Aulum Plautium : not mentioned elsewhere.

5. iactans dUectum ab ea, etc. : asserting tauntingly that he had
been loved by her and had been led to hope for imperial power.

8. ducatuB : accusative plural. A game was played in which he
was called dux and imperator.

9. TuBCum : Caecina Tuscus, whom Nero wished to make prefect
of the praetorians instead of Burrus ; cf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 20.

12. quamvis saepe commeatum, etc. . explained more fully by
Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 64, in what purports to be Seneca's own words.
Commeatum means permission to retire from active public life. The
story of Seneca's death is given in detail by Tacitus, Ann. iv.
60-6-5.

13. boniBque cedent! : and offering to give up hisproperty. bub-
pectum Be fniatra : i.e. by Seneca.

15. tozicuin misit : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 51, states that it was not
definitely known whether or not Burrus died a natural death, but that
many believed that he was poisoned in the way indicated by Suetonius.

16. libertOB : among these, Tacitus mentions Doryphorus, put to
death for opposing Nero's marriage to Poppaea, and Pallas, killed for
the reason that by living so long he was keeping his vast wealth from
Nero, who would inherit it at his death ; see Tac. Ann. xiv. 65.

20. Btella crinita : two comets are mentioned by Tacitus in the

304 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 128

reign of Nero, one appearing in the year 60 (Ann. xiv. 22), and the
other in the year 64 [Ann. xv. 47).

27. Piaoniana: a plot formed against Nero in the year 65 a.d. by
Cn. Piso and other nobles. Most of those who joined it lost their
lives ; among others, the poet Lucan. Viniciana : nothing further
is known of the conspiracy of Vinicius.

30. imputarent : made a merit of it ," an expression borrowed from
the mart, and really meaning ' to charge.'

31. illi : i.e. Nero ; cf. Tac. Ann. xv. 68.

Page 129. 2. capsariis : slaves who carried a child's books, tab-
lets, etc., in a capsa, or satchel, were termed capsarii.

3. prohibitos quaerere : kept from seeking.

4. dilectua aut modus: distinction or limit; i.e. he killed indis-
criminately.

7. tabernas tres de domo : a domus often had shops and rooms
facing tlie street and not connected with the interior, which the owner,
as in the case mentioned, might rent.

8. ad stationem : as headquarters; i.e. for their ambassadors.
The public static, or place set aside for the ambassadors in the Forum,
where they might listen to the speeches and debates, was called the
Graecostasis. Cassio Longino : he seems to have been merely
exiled to the island of Sardinia. Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 7, says that the
inscription on the bust of Ca-ssius read duci partium.

10. Paeto Thraseae : a famous stoic philosopher and Roman sena-
tor. Nero was provoked with Thrasea because the latter had left the
senate during the reading of Nero's lying letter about his mother's
death. Xiphilin, Ixi. 21, states that Thrasea rose and left the senate
because what he wished to say he could not, and what he could, he
would not. Thrasea was condemned to death in 66 a.d.

12. trium horarum : this is the reading of the Gudianus, and is
probably correct. Roth, with the Memmian and others, gives hora-
rum without a numeral.

15. polyphago : 7ro\v<t>iyos, a freak with a miraculous digestion.

20. iecit : let fall.

22. equitd : collective, 'knights.'

24. OBCulo impertiit : the normal construction with impertio is
dative of the person and accusative of the thing, cuiquam, osculum im-
pertire ; then, as in the present instance, it was construed as the verb
dono is, with the accusative of the person and ablative of the thing.

25. opere Istbmi : see Calig. chap. 21. 29.

AGE 130J NOTES ON NERO. 305

27. dissimulata senatus mentione : omitting to mention the

30. cfiov OavovTOs "yata fiixO^Toi -mipi : when lam dead, let the world
be consumed by fire. This is supposed to be a verse of Euripides. Dio
Cassius, Iviii. 23, says tliat it was often on the lips of Tiberius.

31. 4(i,oO ^uvTos : lohile I live.

Page 130. 1. incendit urbem : the same statement is made by
Xiph. Ixii. 10. Tacitus, however, is not so sure, Ann. xv. 38, sequitur
clades, forte an dolo principis incertum, nam utrumque auctores
prodidere.

6. ut inflammata sint : this clause is in the same construction as
ut attigerint, incendit being used by zeugma with the second ut clause.

7. sez dies, etc. . so Tacitus, Ann. xv. 40 (64 a.d). He says,
however, that it broke out again, and Lipsius cites an inscription
belonging to Christian Rome, to the effect that the conflagration lasted
nine days.

8. monumentormn : public buildings, i.e. erected by individuals
and perpetuating their memory. ad . . . diversoria : for refuge ;
lit. 'to the shelter furnished by public buildings,' etc. ; cf. Tacitus,
Ann. XV. 39, who states that Nero also opened his own gardens for the
homeless people, and erected temporary quarters for them. Provisions
were also brought in hastily and sold at greatly reduced prices.

9. tunc praeter immenBum, etc. : cf. Tacitus' enumeration (Ann.
XV. 41) of the losses. Xiphilin, Ixii. 18, states that two-thirds of the
city was burned and innumerable lives lost ; Tacitus, that but four of
the fourteen wards of the city remained intact, three being utterly laid
vyaste, and seven partially.

10. domus : on the domus and insulae, see note on p. 25. 29 end.
14. e tiirre Maecenatiana, etc. . this structure was probably a

tower in tlie gardens of Maecenas on the Esquiline and connected with
the Palatium by the domus transitoria, mentioned in Nero, chap. 31. 2.
Xiphilin, Ixii. 18, represents Nero as reciting on the top of the palace,
whence he had a fine view of the conflagration. Tacitus, Ann. xv. 39,
states as a rumor what Suetonius and Xiphilin give as facts. Nero
had been at Antium, but returned to Rome as the fire approached the
domus transitoria.

16. Halosin : aXuffix, the sack. The poem was probably written
or improvised by Nero himself. Xiphilin is authority for the state-
ment that Nero wrote a poem entitled Troica ; cf. also Juv. viii. 220.

18. pollicitus . . . egestionem : according to Tacitus, Ann. xv.

306 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 130

43, Nero had the dfibris removed to help along the work of rebuilding the
city. The fact is mentioned in connection with the colonnades which
Nero ordered constructed at his own expense ; see Nero, chap. 16. 29.

20. collationibuB : exacted on the pretence of repairing the losses
caused by fire. Even the gods were compelled to submit to this treat-
ment and their temples pillaged ; cf. Tacitus, Ann. xv. 45.

23. pestilentia : in connection with this, Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 31
(65 A.r>.), mentions violent hurricanes, which destroyed farmhouses,
orchards, and crops throughout Campania.

25. in rationem Libitinae, etc. : were entered on the mortuary
records. In the temple of Venus Libitina, regarded as the goddess of
death, everything requisite for burials was kept, and had to be bought
or borrowed from it. According to an old ordinance, a piece of
money was deposited in the temple for every person who died in
Rome. clades Britannica : 61 a.d. ; see Tac. Ann. xiv. 29 seq.,
where a detailed account of the uprising is given. Xiphilin assigns
as the cause of the uprising the severity of the confiscations resulting
from the calling in of large sums lent the Britons by Claudius and
Seneca. Tacitus gives as the cause the tyranny and severity of the
Roman forces.

26. duo oppida : Camaludunum, the modern Colchester, and
Verulamium. Londinium was also destroyed, having been abandoned
by Suetonius Paulinus, the Roman general, in order to save the other
places.

27. ignominia ad Orientem : particularly in the contests against
Vologeses, king of the Parthians, 62 a.d. ; cf. Tac. Ann. xv. 6 seq.

28. sub iugum missis : Tacitus, Ann. xv. 1 5, mentions this as a
mere rumor.

30. fueiit : for construction, see note on p. 123. 4.

Page 131. 1. ezBtitisBe : showed himself.

3. Nipov Op<<rrns, etc. : Nero, Orestes, and Alcmaeon, all three
slew their mothers. For Orestes, see note on p. 117. 31. Alcmaeon,
at the bidding of his father, slew his mother, Eriphyle.

4. N<o'w|i4>ov N^puv, etc. : Nero slew his own mother and she but
newly wed. 'Se6i'vii,<poi> agrees with liiiripa and refers to the rumors of
Nero's incestuous intercourse with Agrippina.

6. sustulit : a play upon two meanings of tollo, ' to carry ' and
' to kill.' Render, ' carried off.' For the account of Aeneas carrying
his father from burning Troy, see Aen. ii. 707 seq.

7. noster : i.e. Nero. comua ; bow.

Page 132] NOTES ON NERO. 307

8. Paean : Apollo as god of Music. lUe : i. c. Paribus. Heca-
tebeletes : ficaT7;/3cX^T7)i, the far shooter ; an epithet applied to Apollo
in his destructive mood.

10. domus : referring to the Golden Palace, which is hyperbolically
said to take in all Rome ; c/. Nero, chap. 31. 3.

14. Naupli mala : disasters of Nauplius. Nauplius, to avenge his
son's unjust execution at Troy, drew the Greek ships upon the roclis
by kindling false signal fires. Naupli is subjective genitive, meaning
the disasters inflicted by him. Note the play upon the words mala
bene, bona male; it may be rendered, 'sang properly the woes of
Nauplius, but wofully wasted his own property.'

15. Atellanaruzn : sc.fabuldrum, and see note on p. 41. 18. can-
tioo : cantica was the name given to all portions of the comedy that
were accompanied by music. More strictly it means, as here, the
solo accompanied by music and dancing.

16. 'Y-yiaiv€ irdrcp, etc. : farewell father, farewell mother I de-
monstraverat : had acted.

17. bibentem : cf. Claud, chap. 44. 25. nantem : cf. Nero,
chap. 34. 17. faceret : represent.

18. in novissuna clausula: in the closing sentence. Orcus
vobis, etc. : you stand on the brink of the grave.

19. bistiionem et philosophum : viz. Datus and Isidorus.

22. itritaret ingenia, etc. : i.e. incite others who had ability to
write slanderous verses.

23. paulo minuB, etc. : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 29, gives the exact time as
thirteen years and nine months.

25. lulio Vindice : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 22, states that be was descended
from a royal family of Gaul, belonging to the senatorial order at Rome,
possessed great physical strength, was a fine soldier, and bold enough
for any undertaking. He incited the Gauls by telling them the story
of Nero's infamy, extravagance, and incapacity. Vindex urged Galba,
governor of Spain, to lead the movement, and made terms with Ver-
ginius Rufus, who had marched from Germany against him. Vindex
slew himself in despair on learning that Verginius' soldiers had fallen
upon his followers without orders from their general.

26. pro praetore obtlnebat : i.e. he was legatus pro praetore.
See note on p. 20. 16.

Page 132. 1. To T^xvtov r||ids 8i,o6p4<(«i : my loved art will sup-
port me.

5. HieroBolymorum : of Jerusalem.

308 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 132

7. dehinctum Be : that he had passed throuyh.

8. DelphiB : Delphi in Phocis, tlie site of the most famous temple
and oracle of Apollo.

11. Galbae : Nero's successor ; cf. note on p. 131. 25.

14. places eaa, etc. : Nero probably had in mind the story told by
Herodotus. Polycrates of Samos, famous for his prosperity, threw a
much valued ring into the sea, in order to experience some misfortune.
It was soon recovered, being found in the body of a fish.

17. tamquam occasione, etc. : both Xiphilin, Ixiii. 26, and Plu-
tarch, Galha 5, attribute this intention to Nero. For construction,
see Introd. II. § 0, 6 (1).

21. tumultuosioribus litteris : Hy a somewhat disquieting letter.

27. languore faucium : throat trouble.

28. adesset; implied indirect discourse.

29. pro Nerone Aenobarbum : cf. note on p. 110. 15.

30. nomen gentile : Doniitius Aenobarbus.

32. adoptivo: Claudius Nero. non alio argumento ref ellebat,
etc. : he would refute with no other argument than this, namely, that
he was charged with being ignorant of a branch at which he had faith-
fully labored and in which he had perfected himself. This is to say,
the absurdity of the charge of his being ignorant of music proved the
falsity of the other charges.

Page 133. 5. praetrepidus ; a post-Augustan intensive form of
trepidus.

11. partem : accusative of duration of time. According to Xiphilin,
Ixiii. 20, after summoning the most influential of the senatorial and
equestrian orders, as if on important business, he made this announce-
ment : " I have discovered a way to secure a fuller and more harmo-
nious tone from the water organ."

12. per organa bydraulica : examining organs, the bellows of
which were worked by water pressure. These water organs seem to
have been in shape similar to oblong chests, surmounted by pipes.
For a description and cut, consult Harper's Classical Dictionary under
hydraulus. circumduzit : the object is to be supplied from qnos-
dam above.

13. de ratione : about the principle.

14. prolaturum : would exhibit.

15. si per Vindicem, etc. : icenical.

16. Oalbam et Hispanias descivisse, etc. . it was on hearing
this news that Plutarch, Galba 5, states that Nero overturned in rage

Pace 135] NOTES ON NERO. 309

the table at which he was breakfasting. Suetonius (A^ero, chap. 47.
10) attributes this act to Nero's anger at hearing of the disaffection
of tlie rest of tlie armies. Hispanias : see note on p. 26. 2i.
17. animoque vaale iracto : his mind terribly shattered.

19. actum de se : that it was all up with him.

20. nutriculae : Introd. II. § 1 , c. Diminutive of affection.
25. prosperi : partitive genitive.

27. iocularia in defectionis duces : he recited some witty verses,
set to sprightly music, and directed aijainst the leaders of the uprising.

29. spectaculis . . . inlatus : i.e. carried into the auditorium,
not upon the stage ; for spectacula, see note on p. 61. 4.

30. abuti eum occupationibas suis : that he was taking advan-
tage of the fact that he (Nero) was too busy to appear on the stage, and
hence was securing the applause which otherwise Nero would have
gained.

Page 134. l. summittere : the prefix conveys tlie idea of stealth.

4. Gallicanorum : the inhabitants of the Roman province of Gal-
lia, in upper Italy. Nero was afraid that these people would favor
Vindex and their countrymen across the Alps.

7. senatum . . necare, etc. : so Xiphilin, Ixiii. 27, who states that
Nero intended to go to Alexandria, and there support himself on
the proceeds of his art.

9. defenderentuT : be learded off. The subject is ferae, the
thought being that the people occupied with the conflagration could
not well protect themselves against the onslaught of the beasts.

11. consulea: the consuls for the year 68 a.d. : C. Silius Italicus,
the author of the poem on the Punic wars, and M. Galerius Trachalus.

20. epinicia: iirivUia, songs of victory.

23. Bcaenicia organis : probably the water organs mentioned
above, which he stated he would exhibit.

25. Amazonicis : i.e. such as were worn and carried by the Ama-
zons, a mythical warlike race of women dwelling on the Thermodon
River in Asia Minor.

28. dominia . . . indizit : ordered owners to send a stated number.

29. dispensatoribus : stewards.

32. inaularum : see note on p. 2-5. 29.

Page 135. 1. repraeaentare : see note on p. 88. 26.
2. asperum: rough to the touch, i.e. 'newly coined,' and not yet
worn smooth. puatulatum: blistered; i.e. refined.

310 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 135

3. aunim ad obrusBam : lit. ' gold subjected to the test ' ; t. e.
'pure.'

4. delatoiibua, itc. : that he ought rather to exact from the in-
formers all the bounties which they had been paid ; cf. Nero, chap.
32. 13.

6. lucranti : sc. Neroni. Nero enriched himself in some way by
taking advantage of the high price of grain. Lucranti is the conjec-
ture of Oudendorp, for the meaningless lucrantia of the manuscripts.

8. pulverem : by this is meant the fine sand from the Nile, used
to sprinkle over the arena and on the bodies of the athletes when
slippery with perspiration and oil.

11. cirruB appositua est, etc. . curls were placed upon the crown.

12. nunc demum agona esse, etc. : now there was indeed a con-
test ; let him at length give it up. Give up what? Possibly the
cirrus as a sign of efieminacy ; possibly the struggle to retain the
throne.

13. alteriuB collo ascopera deligata : a sack was attached to the
neck of another. Ascopera is the conjecture of Politian for the cor-
rupt ascopa. This is the only instance of the dative with deligare,
the ordinary construction being ad with the accusative. Howard,
Harvard Studies in Classical Phil. Vol. VII., p. 208, conjectures do-zti!
praeligatus.

14. ego quid potui : could I help it f Supposed to be the words
of Nero, and answered by the people, aed tu culleum meruisti, ' well
you have deserved death by the sack,' referring to the death meted
out to parricides, for which see note on p. 98. 25.

15. OalloB : a pun on the word gallus, ' a cock,' and Gallus, ' a
Gaul.' Note also that the word cano, and presumably its frequenta-
tive, canto, means 'to crow' as well as 'to sing.'

17. Vindicem : another pun ; Vindex, the rebel, a, proper name,
and vindex, a legal term meaning 'defender.'

18. somniorum: Suetonius was himself a believer in dreams; cf.
Pliny, Epist. 1. 18.

21. navem Bibi, etc. : the helm wrested from him as he was steer-
ing a ship.

24. a aimulacria gentium, etc. : by the statues representing differ-
ent nations which had been erected around the theatre of Pompey.
Pliny, JV. H. xxxvi. 41, informs us that there were fourteen of these
statues.

26. aBturconem : a. small-sized horse, so called from Asturia, a
district of Spain. Pliny, A''. H. viii. 166, in a difficult passage, gives

Page 137] NOTES ON NEEO. 311

a description of the steed's movements, which seems to indicate that
it was a pacer.

29. MauBoleo : see note on p. 49. 30. sponte lorlbua pateiac-
tis : beside this omen, Xiphilin, Ixiii. 26, mentions a rain of blood on
the Alban mount, and the fact that the sea flowed away from the
coast of Egypt, inundating a large tract of Cilicia.

32. muneri obtulit : for the Roman custom of giving presents on
New Year's ; c/. note on p. 21. 12.

Page 136. l. Proserpinae raptas : Proserpina had been carried
to the lower regions by Pluto ; hence the ill omen. votorum nuncu-
patione : i.e. for the safety of the stat«. The ceremony took place on
the 1st of January ; that for the safety of the emperor, on January 3d.

3. recitaretur : i.e. by Nero's quaestor. See note on p. 114. 27.

5. tu fades: ambiguous. It may mean, ' you will bring this about,'
t". e. their punishment ; or, — and hence the ill omen, — ' you will suffer
this,' i.e. dignum exitum.

7. Oedipodem : see note on p. 117. 31.

9. Savciv |i avu7c, etc. : %t>ife, father, mother, order me to die. The
line as quoted by Xiphilin, Ixiii. 28, is slightly different, " Wife and
father order me to die a miserable death."

11. menBam subvertit : see note on p. 133. 16.

12. giatissimi usub : genitive of quality. See Introd. II. § 2, d.

13. HomerioB a caelatura: i.e. scenes taken from the poems of
Homer were engraved upon them.

14. Locusta : c/. Nero, chap. 33. 11.

15. In hortoB Servilianos : the gardens of Servilius. These
probably lay between the Palatine hill and the porta Ostiensis.

20. uaque adeone mori miseruin est : Aen. xii. 646.

22. pro roBtiis : see note on p. 6. 13.

24. vel Aeg7pti praeiecturam : the most insignificant of the
provincial governorships.

29. Btationem militmn recesBiBse : i.e. from the gardens of Ser-
vilius, a.s would appear from Xiphilin, Ixiii. 27.

32. boBpitia Bingulorum adiit : he sought admittance to the apart-
ments of his intimates, going from one to another. These friends
probably had their apartments in Nero's palace.

Page 137. 3. mirmillonem : see note on p. 59. 4.
5. nemjne reperto : for nemine, see note on p. 9. 14, and cf re-
spondente nullo, line 1 above. ergo ego, etc. . Xiphilin, Ixiii. 29,

312 NOTES ON NEBO. [Page 137

puts these words in Nero's mouth just before his death, at the time he
heard the approaching horsemen, as narrated in Nero, chap. 49. 11.

7. aed revooato, etc.: checking his violent impulse; the re and
rursus together are tautological and used for emphasis. Suetonius'
power of description is seen to the best advantage in the account of
the flight and last moments of Nero. He becomes almost dramatic.
His account of Caesar's assassination is also good.

9. Pbaonte : this freedman is mentioned only in connection with
Nero's death.

10. Salaiiam et Nomentanam viam : the Via Salaria extended
to the northeast from Rome. So named because used by the Sabines
for the transportation of salt from the coast. The Via Nomentana
left Rome by the porta Collina and extended to Nomentum.

14. quattuor solis : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 27, assigns him but three com-
panions, Phaon, Epaphroditus, and Sporus. Josephus, Bell. lud. iv.
9. 2, agrees with Suetonius.

15. Sporus : a favorite freedman of Nero. statimque tre-
more terrae, etc. . Xiphilin, Ixiii. 28, says that the earth was rent
asunder by this earthquake, and it seemed to Nero as if the souls of
those he had slain were issuing therefrom and rushing upon him.
adverao : that flashed in his face.

20. odore : the Memm. manuscript has eodore, for which Roth
reads ex odore. Becker would read odore, which, moreover, has the
authority of one manuscript.

22. miaaicio : retired.

23. per arimdineti semitam: making his way through a thick
growth of reeds.

24. aegre nee niai, etc. : with difficulty and only after spreading
garments, etc.

26. apecum egeatae harenae : a sandpit.

29. ez aubiecta lacuna : from an adjacent pool. poturua :
Introd. II. § 4, a.

30. haec eat, etc. : light is thrown on this by Pliny, N. H. xxxi.
39, who relates that Nero had his water distilled, and cooled by plac-
ing it in a glass vessel in snow.

31. traiectoa surculoa raait : brushed off the twigs that had pierced
his oloak. This appeai-s better than the common rendering, 'he crept
over boughs spread across his path ' ; a poetical use of radere.

32. per anguatias efioasae cavemae : through a narrow opening
made in the wall. projdmam cellam : i.e. the first hut, probably
a slave's lodging-place, that they came to within the grounds.

Page 139] NOTES ON NERO. 313

Page 138. 1. modica culcita : a common mattress.

4. autem tepidae : Nero could usually drink only water that had
been cooled in snow ; see note on p. 137. 30.

5. hinc Inde : on every side.

7. modulum : Introd. II, § 1, c. The diminutive probably belongs
to colloquial Latin.

12. inter moras : while he delayed.

15. nudi hominis, etc. : see note on p. 98. 27.

18. condidit : put them away.

22 vivo deionniter : Roth gives vivo deformiter turpiter.*
Becker seems justified in regarding turpiter as a gloss on deformiter.
The word is, moreover, omitted in two manuscripts.

23. o« irp^iTfi, etc. . it is not becoming, Nero ! It is not becoming.
Thou must keep a clear head in such a crisis. Come I arouse
thyself!

27. Jiriroiv |j.' uKvirdSuv, etc. : the beat of flying hoofs comes to my
ears. 11. x. .535. Note the swing of the Greek line, imitating the
sound of galloping steeds, and cf. Vergil's still more celebrated line,
Aen. viii. 596, quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.

28. iugulo : dative. Epaphrodito a libellis : Epaphroditus, his
clerk in charge of petitions. For construction, see note on p. 96. 18.

32. usque ad hoirorem, etc. : to such an extent as to cause those
who saw it to shudder in horror.

Page 139. 2. ne potestas, etc. : that no one be allowed to have
his head.

6. ducentorum milium : sc. sestertium, about $10,000. stragu-
lis albis, etc. : with the white robes shot with gold, etc. ; ablative of
attendant circumstance.

9. Acte : a freed woman of vrhom Nero was very fond. gentili
. . . monumento : in the family tomb.

11. colliculo Hortulorom : so named from the many gardens found
there. Among these the gardens of Sallust were the most famous.
The hill is now known as the Pincian. from a mediaeval Roman family
of that name. Roth reads colli hortulorum ; the reading of the text
is that of the Gudianus. That this was probably the correct form is
made more certain by the fact that twelve manuscripts, among which
are some of the best, read collo.

12. superstante Lunensi ara : with an altar of marble of Luna
above it. Luna was a town in Etruria. The white marble found in
the vicinity is now known as Carrara.

314 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 139

13. lapide Thaaio : so named from the island of Thasos, one of
the Cyclades.

15. pulchro magis quam venosto : with handsome, rather than
attractive, features.

18. qui . . . GBset : give a concessive force to this characteristic clause.

21. adeo pudendus : so scandalous.

22. ut comam semper, etc. : that he always wore his hair long,
arranged in tiers of curls, and when travelling in Greece even hanging
down behind. in gradus formatam : this refers to that style of
dressing the hair often represented in the statues of women. See
bust of Julia Domna, Baumeister, Bilder aus dem g. und r. Alter-
tum, p. 206 ; also of Nero, p. 203.

24. Bynthesinam : sc. vestem, the loose gown of colored silk worn
at banquets.

29. Seneca praeceptor, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 3, speaks in
somewhat contemptuous terms of Seneca's literary taste, ut fuit illi
viro ingenium amoenum et temporis eius auribus accommodatum. He
remarks that Nero's poetical efforts gave evidence of considerable
application.

Page 14D. 1. pugillareB libelllque : note books and papers.
Becker regards -qxte as a gloss, and would omit it or the whole word
libellique.

3. ezceptOB : taken doion.

4. ezaratos : produced. This meaning of the word belongs to col-
loquial Latin.

9. post scaenicaB coronas : after his victories on the stage.

10. Olympia : the Olympic games, celebrated every four years at
Olympia, a sacred region of Elis ; see note on p. 119. 2.

12. brabeutarum : umpires ; brabeuta is a Greek word ; the Latin
equivalent is designator.

13. paiia: pairs.

16. Herculis facta : i.e. the twelve labors of Hercules.

20. proditurum : would appear ; from prodeo.

21. hydraulam : as a performer upon the hydraulus ; see note on
p. 133. 12. choraulam : the choraules was a flute player who
accompanied the dance.

22. utriculaiium : performer on the bagpipe. saltatanunque
Tumum : Turnum is cognate accusative, i.e. he would represent the
character of Tumus, king of the Rutuli, killed by Aeneas. Cf. Hor.
8erm. i. 6. 63, pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa rogabat.

Page 141] NOTES ON NERO. 315

23. Paiidem : he was once the property of Domitia, Nero's aunt.
Xiphilin, Ixiii. 18, says that Nero killed him because he failed to teach
Nero to dance.

28. Romam Neropolim, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xv. 40, says that this
was apparently Nero's wish. Xiphilin, Ixiii. 7, states that the city of
Artaxata was rechristened Neronia by Tiridates as a mark of honor
to the Roman emperor. He does not mention Rome in this connection.

31. Deae Syriae : the mother of all nature, identified sometimes
with Venus, sometimes with Juno.

Page 141. 1. Biquidem imag^inculam puellarem : Roth reads
icunculam for the meaningless acunculam of the manuscripts. Since
Latin usage would require the form icunculum, while the manuscripts
invariably show the feminine ending, it seems best to accept the reading
of a fifteenth-century manuscript, imaguneulam.

3. conf estim : i.e. immediately after receiving the image.

6. ante paucos quam periret menses: Introd. II. § 3, 6 (1).

8. obiit, etc. : Nero died June 7, 68 a.d. Xiphilin, Ixiii. 29, gives
his exact age as thirty-three years nine months.

10. pilleata : as a sign of having been freed ; cf. note on p. 4. 7.

15. magno . . . malo : for construction, see note on p. 109. 13.
Tacitus, Hist. II. 8, mentions disturbances in Achaia and Asia, caused
by the belief that Nero was alive and would appear.

16. Vologesus : Vologesua I, the Parthian king defeated by Cor-
bulo, the Roman general. He finally agreed to peace on condition that
the throne of Armenia be given his brother Tiridates by the Romans.

22. vtz redditus sit : i.e. the Parthians were reluctant to deliver
him up to the Romans as an impostor.

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