Full text of "Compte rendu du Congrès international d'essais de semences. Discussions at the International Seed Testing Conference. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Konferenz für Samenprüfung à/in Copenhague (Danemark), 6.- 10. VI. 1921"

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7 “VOURNAL D’ESSAIS DE SEMENCES
JOURNAL OF SEED TESTING

ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SAMENPRUFUNG
SS ——— _ NO. ———————

COMPTE RENDU DU CONGRES INTERNATIONAL
D'ESSAIS DE SEMENCES

“¥ DISCUSSIONS AT THE INTERNATIONAL SEED
TESTING CONFERENCE

VERHANDLUNGEN DER INTERNATIONALEN
KONFERENZ FUR SAMENPRUFUNG

A/IN

COPENHAGUE (DANEMARK)
6.—10. VI. 1921.

PAR/ BY / VON

K. DORPH-PETERSEN
COPENHAGUE.

SELBSTVERLAG DES KONGRESSES.
1922.

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NSTION LNOYSYs

Congres international d’essais de semences.

International Seed Testing Internationale Konferenz
Conference. fiir Samenpriifung.

Copenhague, Danemark, 6.-10. VI. 1921.

On Monday, June 6, 1921 at Montag, den 6. Juni 1921, um
10:00 A. M. the Third International 10 Uhr vormittags, trat die Dritte
Seed Testing Conference assembled Internationale Konferenz fiir Samen-
in the library of the Danish State priifung in der Bibliothek von ,,Stats-
Seed Testing Station, Fjords Allé 15. frekontrollen“ (der dinischen Staats-

Samenkontrollanstalt), Fjords Allé 15,
zusammen.
_ Professeur & V'université de Copenhague, Dr. W. Johannsen, Président
de la Commission de contréle des semences,
opened the meeting and bade all erdéffnete die Konferenz und hie die
those present welcome inthefollowing Anwesénden mit folgenden Worten
words: willkommen:

Ladies and Gentlemen!

On behalf of the Royal Ministry of Agriculture and the Danish Seed Control Com-
mission, I have the honour of bidding you a hearty welcome here.

In this country we of course use the Danish language; the most natural thing for
me would be to address you in Danish — but only the delegates from the other Scandi-
navian countries would be able to understand me. In countries where the language does
not belong to those that are wide spread, it is necessary on an occasion like this to use
one of the great languages.

La langue francaise a été depuis bien longtemps la langue des diplomates qui 4
remplacé le latin maintenant hors d’usage, chose bien regrettable; ido, l’esperanto ou
méme le fameux volapuk n’ont pas encore pu remplacer le latin bien aimé, supprimé par
le zéle nationaliste de tous pays. Si j’avais une mission diplomatique, je ferais de mon mieux
pour m’adresser & vous en un frangais pas trop barbare — mais cette conférence n’a rien &

faire avec la diplomatie — au contraire nous sommes réunis dans l’intérét de nos buts communs. __

‘Deutschland hat das Verdienst, die erste Samenkontrollstation vor 52 Jahren er-
richtet zu haben. Insofern ware es mir sehr naheliegend, die deutsche Sprache hier zu
benutzen, eine Sprache, mit welcher man in den skandinavischen Landern, sowie in Holland,
recht vertraut ist. ; ps

’ But the same may be said about the English language; when I have the honour
of addressing you in English, it is not only because English is the language of very great
populations, or because of its relation both to the French, the Scandinavian and German
language, but especially because the idea of this conference emanated from English circles.
Sir Lawrence Weaver, accompanied by several English gentlemen interested in agri-
cultural questions, visited Denmark the twa past summers. Having inspected our Seed
‘Testing Station, Sir Lawrence Weaver proposed to Mr. Dorph-Petersen, the director

of our station, to arrange an international Seed Testing Conference. Mr. Dorph-Petersen
adopted the idea, the Danish Seed Control-Commission“ was also highly interested, and
the Royal Ministry of Agriculture gave the necessary sanction to the plan. In the mean-
while Sir Lawrence visited Germany and discussed the possibility of arranging the
Conference with Professor Dr. A. Voigt in Hamburg who hailed the idea with enthusiasm.
Then invitations were sent to all countries.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen has recently visited several of his colleagues in the different
countries and, based on his experiences, the particulars of the conference are arranged as
you find them indicated in the order of the day.

The following countries were invited to send representatives:

Argentina iciccsacdese iene es 1 delegate | Italy ............eee eee eee 2 delegates
WUStTIAs 25 occ ghee ween sehen ee 2 delegates | Japan ............ 0.00.0 eee 2 :
Belgium ¢ 200s sae aercvevssee 2 43 Lettonis: cseeneeasege tevades 1 delegate
BYOgihy oviteomen dunes «salen nees 1 delegate | New-Zealand ..............-. 1 re
Canada): ckswaneciemsesen sews 1 ‘ Norway sacscxesenk owe onaeee 2 delegates
Denmark........... .....00. 2 delegates | Poland ...............50.00- 1 delegate
Finland esc007acepsecareees ee 1 delegate | Roumania...+...........0005 1 ‘i
a) 11 (= a 5 delegates | Servia-Slovenia-Croatia ....... 1 si
Germany: cxsrstesaer cee nssas 5 ‘ Spain. w«ceuccecedene neces nes 2 delegates
Great Britain and Ireland..... 5 ‘ SWE CEL i. ad waare ert cstenicd, pirate 4 5
“OPOCEO scare rsiae dane wate ahs 1 delegate | Switzerland...... .......... 2 5
OW ANd is eos voracd Bae ty arnormare se 2 delegates | Tschecoslovakia.............. 1 delegate
FLUNG TY’ ine ss aie Pewee ..+. 1 delegate | United States of America..... 5 delegates

Not all countries have sent delegates; we regret especially that we must do without
delegates from Austria, Italy and fromthe United States of America. Mr. Dorph-Petersen
will communicate to you the names of the delegates, whom we have the pleasure of
seeing here. ‘

As- usual in International Conferences in this country the addresses and discussions
may be carried on in’ English, French or German.

I must ask the assembly whether it wishes to elect special chairman for the several
meetings or if it might prefer the proposal made by the Swedish and English delegations
viz. to leave the chairmanship of the whole conference in Danish hands. We are at your
service — as you like it — the question can be settled when Mr. Dorph-Petersen has
given a detailed account of the plan for the conference. ;

I repeat heartily my welcome to you, hoping not only that this little conference
may be fruitful to international cooperation for the benefit of agriculture and trade, but -
that each of you personally may feel at home in this country in which you all are regarded
as our friends. I herewith have the honour to declare the conference opened.

Professor Johannsen introduced Mr. K. Dorph-Petersen, Director
‘State Seed Testing Station, Copenhagen, who made the following speech:

“Honored colleagues and guests!

May I second Professor Johannsens words and bid my esteemed colleagues and
the representatives from the various boards and institutions of agriculture a hearty welcome
to Denmark and our State Seed Testing Station! It is my earnest hope, that the dis-
cussions in which we will take part during the coming week will set fruit that will be
of permanent value in our work and benefit international trade with good seed. :

When Sir Lawrence Weaver about one year ago pn the occasion of his second
visit to the Danish State Seed Testing Station and after visiting the well-known institutions
in Hamburg and Wageningen wrote to me suggesting that I take steps to assemble an
international seed testing conference in Copenhagen, I received the suggestion with great
hesitation. Deamars is a small country whose language is only understood here in the

5
three northern lands, and therefore ill adapted to international discussions. Some years
ago, however, an inofficial suggestion that the third international seed testing conference
be held here had been made. As you all know the first was held in Hamburg in 1906,
and the second in Minster and Wageningen in 1910 on German initiative and in connection
with the meetings of the "Vereinigung fir angewandte Botanik’ in the main on initiative
of Professor Dr. A. Voigt in Hamburg.

However the appeal from England was urgent and was seconded by several of our
well-known colleagues. As Professor Johannsen has stated, Sir Lawrence Weaver
wrote in his. first letter that Professor Dr. A. Voigt in Hamburg had expressed great
enthusiasm for the idea. I discussed the subject with the State Seed Testing Board, which
is appointed by our Ministry of Agriculture and acts as advisory in all matters pertaining
to the State Seed Testing Station.

‘The members of the board agreed with me that the suggestion should be followed,
‘and invitations to a congress of experts comprising a few professionably trained, interested
representatives from each country sent out in the hope of assembling a working congress.
The plan was adopted not only by the originator but by all the colleagues with whom
I have had the privilege of discussing it.

The Ministry of Agriculture gave us its sanction and in the beginning of February
this year invitations were sent through the Foreign Office to the countries mentioned by
Professor Johannsen.

In March a tentative plan of the congress was sent out. Some countries, the United
States for instance, are not allowing themselves to be represented, others accepted the
invitation very promptly, still others waited intil the last moment which has rendered
it difficult to lay final plans.

During April and May I visited the seed testing stations in Germany (Miinchen and
Hamburg), Switzerland (Ziirich), France (Paris), England (London and Cambridge) and
Holland (Wageningen) in order to discuss the congress with the directors of the respective
institutions. May I take this opportunity of thanking them and Sir Lawrence Weaver
for the kind and hospitable reception which was accorded me and for the interesting
hours spent at the institutions. Previous to this, due to press of seasonal work and the
publication of a book on the work done at the Danish State Seed Testing Station during
the past 50 years, I have had but little leisure to devote to the conference. I must therefore
beg leniency for defects in the arrangements. Up to date the following countries have asked to
be represented (they are named alphabetically in French, and the delegates are named in

the order in which their respective governments placed them in the communication to us):
eee ee ET Ty

VAllemagne:
Oberregierungsrat Professor Dr. Hiltner, Direktor der Bayrischen Landesanstalt fiir
Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Miinchen (nicht eingetroffen).
Professor Dr. A. Voigt, Direktor des Staatsinstituts fiir angewandte Botanik,
Hamburg.
VArgentine:
Ingenieur-Agronom Juan Carlos Riera (pas arrivé).
la Belgique:
M. Douven, Directeur de la station d’essais de semences & Louvain.
la Canada:
Mr. George H. Clark, State Seed Commissioner, Ottawa.

le Danemark:
Dr. W. Johannsen, Professeur 4 l’université de Copenhague, Président de la
Commission de contréle de semences.
M. K. Dorph-Petersen, Directeur de la station d’essais de semences de l'état,
Copenhague.

la Finlande:
Dr. G. Grotenfeld, Professeur 4 l’université de Helsingfors (& cause de maladie
pas arrivé).
Dr. phil. E. F. Simola, membre du conseil d'agriculture, le bureau d’agriculture,
Helsingfors.
la France:
Professeur Léon Bussard, Directeur adjoint de la station d’essais de semences
de l'état, Paris.

la Grande Bretagne et l’Irlande:
Sir Lawrence Weaver, Director General Land Department, Ministry of Agri-
culture and Fisheries, London.
Mr. H.L. French, Secretary General Land Department, Ministry of Agriculture

and Fisheries, London. BE os
Mr. C. B. Saunders, Director of the Official Seed Testing Station, London.
Mr. T. Anderson, Director of the Official Seed Testing Station, Dainburgh~
Dr. G. Pethybridge, Director of the Official Seed Testing Station, Dublin (sent
communications, not able to be present personally).
la Suisse:
Dr. A. Volkart, Vorstand der landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsanstalt, Orlikon-Zirich.

la Hongrie:
Hofrat Dr. A. v. Degen, Directeur chef dela station d’essais de semences de l’état,
Budapest.

la Norvége:
Dr. Y. Buchholz, Directeur de la station de chimie agricole et dessais de semences
de l'état, Christiania.
M. G. Tryti, Sous-directeur de la station d’essais de semences de l'état, Christiania.

les Pays Bas:

M.F.F.Bruijning, Directeur de la station d’essais de semences dé l'état, Wageningen.

la Pologne:
Consul Thades Bilinski & Copenhague.

la Roumanie:
M. Jon Enesco, Directeur de la station d’agronomie, Boukharest.

‘Royaume des Serbes et Croates et Slovénes:
Professeur Nikola Ranojevitch, Directeur de la station d’essais de semences,
Belgrade (pas arrivé).
Ingenieur Bogdan Ferline, Assistant a la station d’essais de semences, Belgrade.

la Suéde:
M. M. Insulander, Directeur général du Bureau royal d’agriculture, Stockholm.
M.v. Zweigbergk, Chef du bureau royal d'agriculture, Stockholm.
M. J. Widén, Directeur de la station de chimie agricole et d’essais de semences,
Orebro.
Adjoint A. Vilke, Directeur de la station d’essais de semences, Lund.
M. A. Elofson, Conseiller d’agriculture de l'état, Upsala (Suppléant).
M. Fr. Walldén, Directeur de la station d'essais de semences, Syaldf (comme héte).

la Tchecoslovaque:
M. E. Vitek, Directeur de la station d’essais de semences, Prague.
Dr. Chmelar, Directeur de la station d’essais de semences, Briinn (Suppléant).

‘ 7

Besides the official delegates we have this day with us the chief of a department
ot the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Warum, and the Secretary of the Ministry of
Agriculture, Mr. Stahlschmidt, and some of the members of the State Seed Testing
Board. On this board are two expert scientists, the chairman, Professor Dr. W. Johannsen,
who has been a member the 35 years the board has existed, and the director of the State
Experiment Station in Tystofte, Mr. E. Lindhard, two farmers and one substitute, the
president of the Royal Danish Agricultural Society, Mr. Chr. Sonne, Mr. Hauch, Member
of the Upper House, and Mr. Selchau Hansen, and also two seed-dealers with one
subsitute, Mr. G. Hage, Mr. A. Héffding and the chairman of the Association of the Danish
Seed Dealers, Mr. K. Stallknecht. ,

Mrs. F. Kolpin Ravn and Miss I. Fogh are present to report the English and
German discussions respectively. All we Danes will do everything in our power to assist
our honored guests in every way possible.

After visiting the laboratories and various departments of the State Seed Testing
Station the delegates are invited to take luncheon here, as guests of the institution.

On the following days the meetings will be held in the Assembly Hall of the Agri-
cultural Board, Vester Bouvelard 4, near Raadhusplads, as that locality is more central
and there is better room.

With the permission of Sir Lawrence Weaver and Mr. Saunders the meeting
to-morrow afternoon will-be open to representatives from the Association of the Danish
Seed Dealers, whose guests we are to be’ at supper to-morrow evening at 7 o’clock at
Nimbs. Those who expect to be present will kindly sign their names on this list.

On Wednesday, June 8, at 1:30 sharp,.a large sight-seeing automobile will be waiting
in front of the entrance to the hall, V. Boulevard 4. We will be driven to Lyngby to
see the control field of the Seed Testing Station and the Experiment Station there, the
Agricultural Museum and other matters of interest, and from there to Skodsborg where
the usual table d’héte will be served. Those desiring to participate in this excursion also
are requested to sign their names on the accompanying list. We hope .that all the
delegates will be able to be present at the dinner given June 9, by the Minister of
; Agriculture, Mr. Th. Madsen-Mygdal. We request that each delegate who expects to
attend, will sign his name on the list. Those wishing to participate in the excursion to
the Experiment Station at Tystofte. on June 11., are requested to sign their names on the
same list. The expenses for this excursion will amount to about 40 Kr. per head.

The object of this conference is to become acquainted with each other and with the
methods used at our respective institutions and primarily to attempt to establish cooperation
between seed-testing stations in those countries wishing such cooperation established.
Methods were discussed at the two former congresses, but no positive results were attained.
However we have from the last conference the measure proposed by Professor Schribaux
of Paris and Director v.. Degen of Budapest. This will be taken up for discussion and,
as may be seen from the plan for our meetings, a copy of which has been sent to each
delegate at his hotel, on the last day of the congress, Hofrat v. Degen and Director
Bussard, acting for Professor Schribaux, will again present these measures. I trust
that other delegates will have plans for future cooperation to propose.

In January this year 25 samples of seed of the more important clover, grass and
root varieties were sent to different seed-testing stations with the request that they analyse
the samples and send their results to us. 23 have thus far responded. The figures
showing the purity, the germination-speed and -power and content of pure viable seed,
but not real the value found, are given on the lists sent to each delegate. The names of the
institutions which have made the tests are not given, but each is designated by an initial.
We hope that each of the gentlemen present who is director of an institution which has
sent in results of their tests, has received at his hotel a proof copy of the list in which
the results found by his institution are underscored. These results are worth careful
study. Fortunately they show that as a whole the results found by the seed testing

‘

stations agree within a reasonable latitude. However tie analysis results found by some
seed testing stations, in the case of certain seed varieties which are difficult to analyze,
diverge greatly from those found by others. The last row of figures shows the results
found by the Danish Seed Testing Station.

In seed of oats 3.2 %o grains which were attacked by the Oscinis frit has been sub-
tracted as waste. No other seed testing institution has done this, and as it entails a
great deal of work, in the future we will allow these grains to pass as pure seed. The
germination test will then show how large is the percentage of seed unable to germinate
on account of the above-named attack of the fritfly (Oscinis frit).

In making purity determinations of forest seed, Picea sitkaensis, some of the seeds
tested by us have been submitted to too great a pressure in trying to determine whether
they were pure seed or chaff. Our germination power found is therefore too small.

I hope that other institutions as well will be benefited by studying the results.
It would be of great interest to us all if the leaders of the institutions which have sent
in results would tell us their opinion of the experience gained.

Of course it would be interesting to know from what institutions the various results
come, but I have not felt at liberty to publish other names than that of my own station.

I will now very briefly tell you about the Danish State Seed Testing Station.

However, as a short English summary of the work done by our institution and a copy

of our Rules for Seed Analyses have been distributed to each delegate, and as unfortu-
nately there is no corresponding German translation of the same, I will now use the
German language in making my report.

Die dianische Staats-Samenkontrolle.

‘Uber die Wirksamkeit der Staats-Samenkontrolle ist eine Jubilaumsschrift von
160 Seiten herausgegeben worden, da heuer 50 Jahre verflossen sind, seitdem sie errichtet
wurde. In dieser Jubilaumsschrift werden Sie eine ziemlich ausfiihrliche Beschreibung der
fir die Samenkontrolle geltenden Regeln finden, und zwar a) die Untersuchung der Proben,
“b) die Probeziehung und c) die Vergiitung bei Mindergehalten, und weiter iiber die
Geschichte und die benutzten Methoden und Apparate. Ferner sind die Durchschnitts-
resultate der Reinheit und Keimung angefiihrt sowie der Unkrautgehalt der wichtigeren
Samenarten in den Jahren von 1897 bis 1921. Auferdem werden Sie eine Beschreibung
der selbstwirkenden Kontrolle finden, der Untersuchung des Samens im Felde und ver-
schiedener anderer Verhiltnisse, betreffend die Wirksamkeit der Samenkontrolle, samt einem
Bericht itber die Samenkontrolle im Auslande. Endlich ist darin auch ein Bericht von
Geheimrat Nobbe iiber die Errichtung und die Wirksamkeit der Samenkontrolle in Tharand
‘und ein englischer Auszug des iibrigen Inhalts des Buches enthalten.

Diese Jubilaumsschrift ist den meisten der Anwesenden zugesandt worden. Diejenigen
von meinen geehrten Kollegen, die sie noch nicht erhalten haben, bitte ich, sich an mich
zu wenden, daB ich sie Ihnen ithergeben kann. Ich michte Sie sowohl auf dieses als
auch auf die friiher genannten Publikationen in den drei Hauptsprachen im wesentlichen
verweisen und Ihnen deshalb hier nur einen kurzen Bericht iiber die Wirksamkeit als
Einleitung zu einer Besichtigung der Anstalt und ihrer Wirksamkeit geben.

Infolge des wachsenden Interesses fiir Pflanzen- und Samenbau hat die Arbeit der
Samenkontrolle in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten, wie Sie auf der graphischen Tafel sehen
kénnen, sehr zugenommen. In jedem der beiden letzten Arbeitsjahre sind ca. 28000 Proben
untersucht worden. /

So wie in allen anderen Samenkontrollanstalten wird auch hier die Artechtheit des Samens
durch Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen bestimmt und auferdem, sofern es nach dem Aussehen
und dem Bau des Samens méglich ist, auch die Sortenechtheit und die Herkunft; weiter wird
natiirlich auch die Reinheit, die Keimfahigkeit, der Wassergehalt, das Kornergewicht wu. s. w.
bestimmt. Ich werde nur ganz einzelne Verhialtnisse bei diesen Untersuchungen, die nach
meiner Kenntnis der Samenkontrolle im Auslande fiir uns besonders wichtig sind, hervorheben

Zur Hilfe bei der Echtheitsbestimmung haben wir eine Samensammlung von ca.
3000 Nummern. Wir finden dennoch in einzelnen Fallen Arten, die wir frither hier nicht
gefunden haben. Bei solchen Bestimmungen haben wir oft Hilfe von dem Professor fir
Botanik an der landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule, Dr. Ostenfeld, und von den Kollegen
Dr. Stebler und Volkart in Ziirich und dem Errichter der ersten Samenkontrolle in
Schweden, Bureauchef A. Lyttkens, bekommen. Ubrigens werden solche Samen, um
bestimmt zu werden, in unserem Versuchsgarten bei diesem Gebaude ausgesit. Dieser
Garten ist ganz neu angelegt, weil dieses Gebiude erst vor */4 Jahren bezogen worden ist;
damals war der Garten nach dem Bau noch ganz in Unordnung, und er ist deshalb auch
heute noch bei weitem nicht in Ordnung.

Uber die Frage der Sortenechtheitsbestimmungen und die Untersuchung auf Abwesen-
heit von Krankheiten, die mit dem Saatgut iibertragen werden, werde ich auf der Ver-
sammlung am Mittwoch naher sprechen, *

Die Herkunftsbestimmungen werden hier im wesentlichen nach dem Vorgehen, das
Dr. Stebler an dem ersten Samenkontrollkongref dargelegt hat, und welches wir uns
freuen, Dr. Volkart morgen weiter austiefen zu héren, vorgenommen.

Bei der Reinheitsbestimmung benutzen wir hier verhiltnismafig kleine, genau
gezogene Durchschnittsproben, die doch so gro sind, dafi sie mindestens 1000 Samen
von der- in Frage stehenden Art enthalten. Bei der Bestimmung des Abfalls sind wir
sehr genau. Unser Personal besteht im wesentlichen aus Damen, von denen wir eine mit
einem Examen abschliefende Schulbildung verlangen. Eyrst nach einer mehrjahrigen Arbeit,
wenn die Damen sich als ganz zuverlassig und fiir die Analysenarbeit geeignet erwiesen
haben, werden sie fest angestellt.

Im ganzen ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung fiir die Arbeit einer Samenkontrolle,
dai sowohl die Leitenden, als auch das iibrige Personal, eine passende Ausbildung haben,
und dafi alle ganz zuverlassig sind.. Man muf darum bei der Wahl der Gehilfen, und ehe
man diese fest angestellt, sehr kritisch sein. Um dieses tun zu kénnen, ist es notwendig,
das Personal so entschadigen und auch sonst solche Verhaltnisse bieten zu kénnen, dab
es Lust hat, bei dieser Arbeit zu bleiben. Nachdem wir 1919 ein neues Besoldungsgesetz
und 1920 dieses neue Gebaude bekommen haben, meinen wir, da wir in diesen Richtungen
hier ganz gute Verhaltnisse haben.

Die fremden Samenarten werden genau ausgesucht und bestimmt, und die verschie-
denen Arten werden angegeben. Von den besonders schadlichen Unkrautsamen, die auf
den verteilten Analysenformularen angegeben sind, werden auch die Zahlen in Kilogramm
angegeben. Bei der Bestimmung hiervon werden zwei -Proben, die ca. 10000 Samen der
betreffenden Art enthalten, untersucht. Die Arbeit wird in zwei Reinheitslaboratorien aus-
gefiihrt, einem gréferen, worin 18 Damen die Arbeit unter der Leitung von Fraulein
F. Carstensen, die seit der Zeit Moller-Holst’s seit 46 Jahren hier beschiaftigt ist,
ausfiihren, und einem kleineren Reinheitslaboratorium, wo 6 Damen unter der Leitung von
Fraulein L. Lange arbeiten. Dieses Personal des zweiten Laboratoriums hat jetzt Sommer-
ferien. Sie werden gleich Gelegenheit bekommen, die Arbeit in dem gréBeren Laboratorium,
wo die Hinzelheiten bei der Analysierung genauer gezeigt werden kénnen, zu beobachten;
unter anderem auch ein bei der Analysierung des Grassamens zuerst vorgenommenes
sogenanntes ,,Droftning“ (Stauben).

Bei der Keimungsuntersuchung streben wir danach, dem Samen die bestméglichen
Keimbedingungen zu verschaffen. Die Arbeit wird hier von Fraulein I. Jacobsen geleitet,
der Tochter des Herrn Chr. Jacobsen, der im Herbst 1872 die erste Samenhandlung in
Danemark, die untersuchten Feldsamen verkaufte, errichtet hat. Die meisten kleinkérnigen
Samenarten: Klee, Gras, Kohl, Méhren und die meisten Garten- und Waldsamenarten,
werden auf den Apparaten, die von ihm konstruiert sind, zum Keimen angesetzt. Diese
Apparate werden, nachdem sie die Nacht -hindurch bei einer Zimmertemperatur von 18° C
gehalten worden sind, am Morgen von ca. 9'/2 bis 1 Uhr elektrisch geheizt, bis die Temperatur
im Wasser 36° C und da, wo der Samen liegt, bei den meisten Samenarten, ca. 26° C betragt. ©

Bei einzelnen Arten, zum Beispiel Hopfenklee (Medicago lupulina), wird das Wasser
im Apparat jedoch nur bis 25°C gewarmt, so daB die Temperatur da, wo der Samen
liegt, nur auf ca. 22°C steigt. Bei Garantieuntersuchungen werden 6 mal 100 Korner
zum Keimen gelegt, bei Orientierungsuntersuchungen nur 3 mal 100 Korner.

Samen der Betafamilie werden zum Keimen in feuchtem Filtrierpapier in Portionen
von entweder 12- oder 6mal 50 Kniaulen ausgelept. Sie keimen im Thermostaten bei
einer Temperatur, die 18 Stunden 20° und 6 Stunden 30° C betragt.

Gewéhnlich untersuchen wir nur die Zahl der gekeimten Knaule, wenn es aber verlangt
wird, auch die Zahl der Keime im Kilo der Ware. Soll die Untersuchung Bedeutung
haben, so muf das Herausnehmen der Keime aus den Knaulen allmahlich sehr sorgfaltig
gemacht werden. Wir geben hier immer das Gewicht von 1000 Knaulen von der Beta-
familie an, weil die Keimfahigkeit ja in einem ungefahr gleichen Verhiltnis zu dem
“Kérnergewicht steht. Wenn haufig daritber geklagt wird, daB die Keimungsresultate von
zwei Proben derselben Partie von Beta nicht iibereinstimmen, so ist der Grund in der
Regel darin zu finden, daB diese Proben nicht sorgfiltig genug ausgezogen wurden, was
sich in verschiedenem Kérnergewicht zeigt.

Das Getreide wird zum Keimen in feuchtem Sand in inwendig glasierten Tonschalen
bei Zimmertemperatur (18° C) gelegt. Das Getreide wird nicht mit Sand zugedeckt. Wir
legen nur eine Glasplatte iiber die Schale. Dagegen werden Bohnen, Erbsen, Wicken und
dergleichen mit ca. 15 mm Sand bedeckt. “

Die Zeit der Keimung ist auf den verteilten Abziigen unserer Regeln angegeben.
Die Keimungsenergie, die wir Keimschnelligkeit nennen, wird nach ungefihr einem Drittel
der Zeit der Keimung bestimmt. Bei dieser Bestimmung werden di¢é Samenkorner, die
nicht auf. dem Jacobsenschen Keimapparate gekeimt haben, auf neues Filtrierpapier gelegt,
und es wird festgestellt, ob ihre Zahl mit der Zahl der gekeimten und der Zahl der toten
Korner in jeder Serie 100 gibt. Die Keimungsenergie wird dem Einsender aufgegeben.
Hs hat sich namlich bei gleichzeitigen Untersuchungen der Keimung in der Samenkontrolle
und im Felde gezeigt, daBi die Proben, die im Felde schlecht keimen, so gut wie immer
eine geringe Keimungsenergie haben. Wir raten darum den Verbrauchern immer, vorsichtig
zu sein und nicht Samen mit geringer Keimungsenergie zu brauchen. Wenn es verlangt
wird, untersuchen wir auch die Keimkyraft durch Aussaat in Lehmboden. Der Samen
wird mit. ca. 2 cm Erde bedeckt.

Das Kérnergewicht, d.h. das Gewicht von 1000 Samenkérnern, wird immer von
3 mal 200 respektive 3mal 100 Samenkérnern bestimmt.

Von den Waldsamen haben wir besonders in den Jahren 1905—15 eine bedeutende
Zahl von 60 bis 70 Arten untersucht. Diese Proben sind alle von dem ,,Skovfrekontoret“
eingesandt worden. Der Inhaber dieses Instituts, Herr Johannes Rafn, hat eine grofe
Arbeit geleistet, um guten Waldsamen zu verschaffen, wodurch sein Name in der ganzen
Welt bekannt geworden ist. Wir haben in unserem Jahresbericht 1914—15 die Durchschnitts-
zahlen der wichtigsten Waldsamenarten aufgegeben, und Herr Rafn hat ein groferes Werk
»Untersuchung von Forstsamen 1887—1912“ herausgegeben (auch in englischer Sprache).
Die Leiterin des Keimungslaboratoriums, Fraulein Jacobsen, hat mit den Untersuchungen
dieses Waldsamens eine nicht geringe Arbeit ausgerichtet.

Die Wassergehaltsbestimmungen werden hier bei ca. 98° C vorgenommen, indem wir
zwei parallele Proben 5 Stunden in einem Trockenschrank mit doppelten Wanden, worin
kochendes Wasser sich befindet, trocknen. Von den kleinkérnigen Samen brauchen wir
zu diesen Bestimmungen 2 mal 1 g, von den gréferen Samen (Beta, Getreide, Erbsen
u.s.w.) 2 mal 5g. Die letzteren werden vor dem Trocknen gemahlen.

Dr. Heinrich (Rostock) sollte nach dem fiir den Kongref ausgearbeiteten Plane
ein einleitendes Referat itber das ,Kérnergewicht und den Wassergehalt" halten. Er ist
aber leider verhindert, hierher zu kommen. Es wiirde indessen sehr interessant sein,
nahere Auskiinfte tiber die Wassergehaltsbestimmungen an den verschiedenen Samenkontroll-
anstalten zu horen. Hier untersuchen wir Proben auf Wassergehalt nur dann, wenn diese

uns in einem geschlossenen, luftdichten Behilter zugesandt werden. Die Einsender kinnen
fiir diesen Gebrauch Blechrohre hier leihen.

Von den Untersuchungsergebnissen der verschiedenen Samenarten der Landwirtschaft
werden jedes Jahr Ende der Saison im August oder September, zur Orientierung der
Landwirte und Samenhindler, die Durchschnittszahlen der Keimung von allen wichtigen
Samenarten von dem verflossenen Jahre und von den letzten zehn Jahren versandt. Solche
sind Ihnen verteilt worden. In den letzten Jahren sind auch bedeutende Mengen von
Gartensamen untersucht worden; darum wurden in den letzten Jahren im jahrlichen
Bericht die Durchschnittszahlen von ca. 20 solcher Arten aufgegeben.

Die selbstwirkende (automatische) Kontrolle.

Eine der ersten und fiir die Samenkontrolle sehr wesentliche Aufgabe ist es immer gewesen,

Nachuntersuchungen der Waren, die den Landwirten zur Aussaat geliefert werden, auszufiihren.
Es ist indessen eine Tatsache, daB eine solche Kontrolle sehr zerstreut und zufallig
wird, solange sie allein auf Grund der wenigen Proben, die die einzelnen Landwirte auf
eigene Initiative zur Nachuntersuchung einsenden, ausgefiihrt werden soll.

Bei der sogenannten ,selbstwirkenden Kontrolle“ der danischen Samenkontrolle, die
durch eine freiwillige Ubereinkunft zwischen der Staats-Samenkontrolle und einem Teil der
Samenfirmen organisiert ist, sind die Nachuntersuchungen so eingerichtet, dass etwa 2 Drittel
des Samens, der hier im Lande zur Aussaat beniitzt wird, der Kontrolle unterworfen ist.

Die Arbeitsmethode der selbstwirkenden Koutrolle ist kurz folgende:

Zwischen der Staats-Samenkontrolle und den Firmen, die sich dieser Kontrolle zu
unterwerfen wiinschen, wird ein Vertrag abgeschlossen, nach welchem die Firma sich ver-
pflichtet Garantie fiir Reinheit, Keimfahigkeit und Maximalgehalt von Unkraut in allen
Gras-, Klee- und Riibensamen, die sie an die Landwirte, Kinkaufsvereine und Detailhandler
des Inlandes verkaufen, zu leisten. Die Garantiezahlen miissen sowohl der Staats-‘Samen-
kontrolle als auch den Kaufern so bald wie méglich aufgegeben werden, spitestens bei
der-Lieferung des Samens. Eine jede Samenware soll auf den Preislisten und bei der
Lieferung mit einer Nummer oder auf andere charakteristische Weise bezeichnet werden,
so da es méglich ist, jede einzelne Lieferung auf eine bestimmte Partie zurickzufihren.
Die Firma verpflichtet sich aufRerdem dazu, die Staats-Samenkontrolle von den samtlichen
Adressen ihrer Kunden zu unterrichten und aufzugeben, welches Quantum jeder Kaufer
von den einzelnen Samenpartien bekommen hat. Dieses geschieht gewdhnlich so, daB die
Firma der Staats-Samenkontrolle Kopien der Fakturen sendet, und zwar fortlaufend so, wie
der Samen expediert wird. Die Firma bestitigt endlich in einer Erklarung auf ,,Treu und
Glauben“, daB der Anstalt alle Adressen unmittelbar nach der Expedition der Samen-
partien vorgelegt sind. Zur Kontrolle, dafi jede gegebene Garantie erfillt worden ist, ver-
schafft sich und untersucht die Staats-Samenkontrolle im Laufe der Expeditionszeit
eine passende Zahl (2—6) Proben von jeder Partie. Wenn die Untersuchungsresultate der
Proben in einer oder mehreren Beziehungen nicht der fiir die Partie angegebenen Garantie
entspricht, so ist die Firma verpflichtet, Schadenersatz nach den Regeln der Samenkontrolle
nicht nur an die Kunden, aus deren Lieferung die Proben genommen wurden, sondern auch
an alle iibrigen, die von derselben Partie gekauft haben, zu bezahlen. Die Firmen be-
zahlen die Untersuchungen nach einer etwas reduzierten Taxe; aber sie bezahlen auch
einige andere Ausgaben, die mit der Kontrolle verbunden sind,-Probenentnahme, die Druck-
sachen, das Porto u. s. w., nach Rechnung.

Die Proben zur Kontrolle werden auf zwei verschiedene Weisen verschafft, erstens zum
Teil dadurch, daB die Staats-Samenkontrolle nach den vorgelegten Adressen eine Zuschrift
an einige willkiirlich. gewahlte Kaufer richtet und sie ersucht, Proben von einer bestimmten
Partie, von der sie gekauft haben, einzusenden. In dem Schreiben wird unter anderem
mitgeteilt, daf diese Zuschrift im Hinverstandnis mit der Firma geschickt wird, und daf
die Untersuchung ohne Ausgaben fiir den Einsender vorgenommen wird. Mit der Auf-
forderung folgt eine Papiertiite zur Einsendung der Probe; auf der Tiite ist ein kurzer

Auszug der Regeln fiir die Probenentnahme aufgedruckt. Andere Proben werden verschafit
durch Angestellte der Staats-Samenkontrolle, die auf den Lagern der zu kontrollierenden
Firmen den Lieferungen, die fiir die Kunden abgewogen sind, Proben entnehmen. Nachdem
die Proben genommen sind, wird der Sack, aus dem die Probe genommen ist, mit der
Plombe der Staats-Samenkontrolle plombiert, und der Empfanger wird durch eine Brief-
karte unterrichtet, dai der Lieferung eine Probe entnommen worden ist. Gleichzeitig
wird angefragt, ob die Plombe der Samenkontrolle beim Empfang unverletzt gewesen sei,
und welche Garantiezahlen der Verkaufer ihm aufgegeben habe. Zur Beantwortung dieser
Fragen liegt eine frankierte Karte anbei.

Die Firma wird durch gewohnliche Analysenatteste von den Analysenresultaten nach
und nach, wenn diese vorliegen, unterrichtet.

Fir die Benachrichtigung der Kunden verfertigt die Staats-Samenkontrolle eine
Ubersicht der Analysenresultate jeder kontrollierten Firma mit Angabe der Partien, fir
welche diese ersatzpflichtig ist. Diese Whersicht wird von der Staats-Samenkontrolle
an alle Kaufer, aus deren Lieferungen Proben untersucht wurden, gesandt, und die Firma
ist dazu verpflichtet, sie an alle anderen Kaufer zu schicken. Um zu kontrollieren, ob
die Firma sowohl diese als auch die Verpflichtung, Ersatz an samtliche Kaufer von
ersatzpflichtigen Partien zu leisten, einlést, sendet die Samenkontrolle an einige nach den
Fakturenkopien willkirlich gewahlte Kaufer eine Fragekarte mit bezahlter Antwort.

Auer durch die schon genannten Ubersichten iiber die Analysenresultate wird ein
Resiimee dieser in dem Jahresbericht der Staats-Samenkontrolle veréffentlicht.

Zum Schlufi mu noch betont werden, dai diese Kontrolle von Seiten der Firmen vollig
freiwillig geschieht. Letztes Jahr verkauften 26 Firmen zusammen 5'/2 Millionen Kilogramm
Samen der kontrollierten Arten unter dieser Kontrolle. In Danemark werden im.ganzen ca.
81/2 Millionen Kilogramm Samen der erwahnten Art jahrlich verbraucht. Heuer sind 31 Firmen
und unzweifelhaft auch eine grofere Samenmenge als letztes Jahr unter der Kontrolle.

Es ist eine Higentiimlichkeit bei dieser Kontrolle im Gegensatz zu der gesetzlichen, dafi
die Firmen auf Grund der Konkurrenz sehr interessiert daran sind, daB die Kontrolle so effektiv
wie méglich ist. Die Firmen, die am sichersten in der Qualitat ihrer Lieferungen sind, wiinschen
die Kontrolle immer strenger und umfassender, und die anderen miissen dann nachfolgen.

. Beispielsweise kann ich anfiihren, daB der Ersatz nach den Regeln der Staats-Samen-
kontrolle, die auf Englisch und Deutsch verteilt wurden, fiir Reinheit und Keimfahigkeit

M-P eee ? Are
ral ist, wo M der Minderwert in Reinheit oder Keimfahigkeit bedeutet, G die garantierte

Reinheit oder Keimfahigkeit und P der Preis der Ware. Die Organisation, die den gréSten
We

G
leisten wollte. Diese Formel gibt bei gréferem Minderwert einen viel gréferen Ersatz
als die erstgenannte. Bei einem Fehler von 10 °%o doppelt so viel, bei 20/o viermal so viel
und bei 30% neunmal so viel. Andere Firmen haben aus Konkurrenzgriinden die gleiche
Bestimmung eingefiihrt.

Wir sichern durch diese sogenannte ,,selbstwirkende Kontrolle“ den Landwirten, dab
sie bekommen, was ihnen garantiert ist.

Zur Orientierung dariiber, was sie verlangen kénnen, werden jahrlich im September
von der Staats-Samenkontrolle die friiher erwahnten Durchschnittszahlen der gewdhnlichen
guten Handelswaren ausgesandt. In dem Jahreshericht wird veréffentlicht, wie die Garantie-
zablen der einzelnen Firmen diesen entsprochen haben*). Die Firmen konkurrieren deshalb
darum, die bestméglichen Garantiezahlen zu bekommen. Die Kontrolle aber verhindert
sie daran, diese hdher, als sie den Lieferungen entsprechen, zu setzen, was, bevor die
Kontrolle existierte, oft der Fall war.

Umsatz hatte, fiihrte vor einigen Jahren ein, da sie Ersatz nach der Formel (w+

*) Von 1921/22 an sollen die Firmen auf allen Preis- und Bestellungslisten die Durchschnittszahlen
dey Staats-Samenkontrolle arifiihren.

Wir haben hier im Lande kein Gesetz fiir den Samenhandel, und ich meine, dai wir
auf dem Wege der freiwilligen Konkurrenz weiter gekommen sind, indem wir, wie frither
erwihnt, ungefihr 2 Drittel des Samens, den die Landwirte brauchen, unter Kontrolle
haben. Dies ist mehr, als selbst mit den strengsten Gesetzen erreicht wiirde.

Professor Johannsen then proposed that the question of chairman-
- ship be brought up.

Sir Lawrence Weaver, Director General Land Department, Ministry
of Agriculture and Fisheries, London, and M. M. Insulander, Directeur
général du Bureau royal d’agriculture, Stockholm, Suéde,
moved that Professor Johannsen schlugen Professor Johannsen als
should act as chairman for the entire Prasident und Direktor Dorph-
Conference with Mr. Dorph-Pe- Petersen als Vizeprasident der Kon-
tersen as vice-chairman; this was ferenz vor, was einstimmig ange-
passed unanimously. nommen wurde.

Professor Johannsen thanked and then stated that an opportunity
would be given for the delegates to see the State Seed Testing Station
and at 1:00 they would be the guests of the station at luncheon.

After luncheon the delegates were photographed on the steps of the
State Seed Testing Station.

At 3:00 the meeting re-opened.

Professor Johannsen introduced Mr. F. F. Bruijning, Director of the
State Seed Testing Station, Wageningen, Holland, who expressed the following:
“Mr. Chairman!

The Dutch Government, which I have the honour to represent in this place, has
instructed me to tell you, that they are following this Congress with special interest and
offer you their best wishes for its success.

With the greatest pleasure I now acquit myself of this instruction which affords me
the great privilege of meeting here with you, Mr. Chairman, highly appreciated and
renowned as a geneticus far beyond the limits of your native-country, and with you,
Gentlemen, who are going to take part in our proceedings. There are many among you
with whom bonds of cooperation and mutual appreciation have existed for many years.

May our meeting be characterized by the very special blessing of renewed co-
operation and renewed friendship that will give us the best expectations for the future.

Mr. Bruijning thereafter read a paper on:

» General views concerning the international unification of methods
of testing seeds in the interest of trade, more especially with
regard to the purity of seeds“

Determination of the purity of seeds is, theoretically speaking, so simple that it
would seem that all theory about it is futile. However, an effectual test necessitates some
rules, the neglect of which might make it worthless. In the first place testing the purity
of seeds must be executed with accuracy and practical knowledge. I need hardly state that
these conditions are not always fulfilled. Laboratories are not always well equipped, and
some of them lack a sufficient staff, at least one with ample, many-sided, experience. If
we propose to lay the foundations of a unification of methods, this must be taken into
account. Unification is only practically possible, when it rests on mutual deliberation of
establishments possessing the means of meeting their obligations unreservedly and scrupu-
lously. For this reason I fear that several small establishments must be disregarded the

alternative lies between efficiency and renouncement; institutes not able to complete will
have to abstain, until conditions change for the better. —

Therefore, with the permission of our chairman, I should like to conceive the task
of this congress somewhat more broadly, and to lead you through my short discourse to
a conclusion which I have reached after many years’ experience.

In the first place I must recommend a certain restriction in the selection of establishments
to join in unification’). If not, we are liable to many and various deceptions and con-
sequently the total ruin of our efforts in the interest of international trade. I beg, there-
fore, to submit to the judgment of the present congress, the stipulation that”) in every
state, here represented, at least one establishment shall be designed for what we may call
“International Service”. Said establishment should be completely equipped in order to meet
the highest demands. If this is impossible every make-believe unification should be dis-
carded as worthless, for it would only hurt the interests of the matter in question.

If there is more than one station, the representatives of the States concerned, might
make their choice and tender a proposal to their Government on this subject. But I see,
Gentlemen, that I am already dwelling upon a topic that would perhaps better be con-
sidered in special discussions; yet I should like to make some observations in this connection.

I mention first of all the training of a scientific and technical staff and the somewhat
surprising fact that hardly any attention is paid to said training, a fact partly attributable
to the fact that the number of scientific men required by the stations is relatively small,
so that it is very difficult to induce the Universities to give lectures on seed-testing.
Consequently a man who goes in for our profession can only acquire the indispensable
professional knowledge in the course of a many years’ practice. The question arises:
“Could we not do something in this direction?” I believe the answer might be worded
as follows’): “It is desirable that scientifical co-operators who wish to be appointed later
on, should have been employed, for three consecutive months at least, in two well-reputed
foreign institutes, and that they should be required to produce a testimonial to this effect”.

. By this measure, both universality and uniformity would be greatly enhanced.

/ It is necessary to state that the merely technical members of the staff will always

“xeceive their training in laboratories, i.e. an exclusively practical training, but I have.
always felt that the better endowed, the more highly gifted, among them, should have
the opportunity of going to some foreign stations. Yet another and more important observation

should be made concerning this technical staff. The training of a skilful technical staff
requires a couple years’ practice at least, if satisfactory results are to be obtained. To
this end in Holland the system of female pupils has been adopted, on the understanding
that’the said pupils shall receive a yearly allowance that enables a young lady of good
standing to live on a reasonable footing, in abeyance of her being appointed analyst or
assistant-analyst. 7

In my opinion such a skilful staff ought to be induced to remain on duty with the
same laboratory for many years. Consequently an adequate salary is a matter of course.
The staff must set to work day by day with alacrity and cheerfulness. They must not
be subject to vexing pecuniary troubles which would not only be contrary to the humane
principles of modern times, but would also fail to tally with the fact that a monotonous
task, demanding a high degree of prolonged accuracy, requires some traits of character.
which we appreciate in proportion-as we grow older. Here I feel myself under an obligation
to grateful acknowledge all that. my institution owes to the co-operation of several
efficient technical assistants, and I am convinced that our efforts are sure to benefit by
the acknowledgment of the justice of the claims, I have just brought forward. An efficient
and. beneficial unification of methods:can only be imagined, if there is a sincere co-operation
of institutes established on a sound basis, i.e. possessing an efficient staff and an up-to-
date equipment.

4) Concl. 1. 2) Concl. 2. 3) Conel. 3.

After this digression, which may serve as a short introduction throwing some light
upon my personal view regarding the possibility of unification of methods, I will now
return to a discussion of the several views which may be taken with regard to the
purity-test, and their effects upon International Trade.

Ascertainment of purity is founded upon the sifting of the seed to be tested, into “pure”
and "impure, the latter being either noxious or harmless. The first question that arises
here is: What do the terms “pure” and “impure” imply? In order to obviate confusion
which might become inevitable through the accumulation of data, I have brought together
in Appendix B all that is to be found on that question in the methods in use at
Wageningen, and you will allow me to refer to said Appendix, if necessary. Treating
the matter in general we at once observe two essential differences. Waiving details we
may say that in determining the germinating power and purity of seed, Wageningen
follows the so-called “Continental Method”, in contradistinction to our English colleagues,
who apply the “English Method”, also called the “Irish Method”, as it has always found
a very vigilant champion in our colleague Mr. Pethybridge. The Irish method is really
the older one, and at the start it was used at Wageningen too. 28 years ago I adopted
the Continental method for all species of gyrass-seeds. The apparatus and materials
necessary for this investigation, have gradually acquired a satisfactory degree of perfection
in our institute. All persons present are aware, that according to the Continental method,
many seeds, especially grass-seeds, are at first examined in the usual way by direct light,
and afterwards by translucent light, by which method all empty seeds are detected and
reckoned as impurities. Only the full seeds are admitted to the determination of the
‘germinating power. According to the Irish method the examination by translucent light
is not used and consequently the halfempty and empty seeds are tested for germinating
power. This is an essential difference and seemingly ‘an unsurmountable impediment to an
unification of methods. The Irish “purity” contains seeds having no caryopses at all and
of no‘use whatever for agriculture. Therefore the valuation of this seed with respect to
the purity is too high, but as regards the germinating power the figure is often far too
low. Indeed, the Irish figure stated for purity cannot be called right, no more than any
Trish figure for germinating power. Moreover, when using the Irish method, the germination
beds sometimes presented a far less healthy aspect than the others, which made prudence
quite advisable. So we encountered an impediment that seemed-to shut off from every
approach in the methods of procedure. Indeed I cannot consider an English figure, either for
germinating power or for purity, otherwise than as an unsafe basis for international transactions.

However, Gentlemen, this is not a vital question. The chief object of this congress
I do not take to be an extensive but fruitless discussion of the merits of either method;
for opinions about it may vary. I intend to waive this question altogether and to restrict
myself to considering what we might do to conciliate the two. parties so as to lead to an
~ easy-moving world-traffic, and to protect the Trade from the difficulties hitherto experienced
on account of the stations’ being at variance. , 4

Let us, for the time being, observe the following determination of the Trade-Value
. of grass- and clover-seeds; in the case of these seeds and of most of the others a mediatory
proposal may prove to be possible.

Generally speaking the determination of the value of the seed must be founded on
numerous factors, and especially so the determination of Trade-Value while several factors
are more prominent than in the case of valuing seeds for agriculture. The reverse may
be also the case: some factors are of more weight for trade than they are for agriculture.
But when comparing two samples of the same qualities of colour and smell, and both of
the same variety (approved of, at a field-inspection), the value of the samples will be
found comparable when the figures for the use-value have been found. As a rule the
figures for real-value are calculated from the figures for the germinating power and the

Gp <P

purity, according to the- simple formula: real-value = 00 In Holland a long time

ago we went one step further by deducting the percentage of noxious impurity (weeds
and suchlike) according to the formula: real-value = Sex? — 38> Ni. Consequently
/
at 98% Purity, 86% Germinating power and 2% Noxious impurity the ‘value is:
98 x 86 :
100

it would amount to 84.28, rounded off 84°/). However, when comparing the two methods
(English and Continental), we have to use the more ancient calculation of real-value, as
it is in use in most countries. The methods for determining the germinating power having
changed in the course of time, the desirability of comparing the two procedures becomes
more and more striking. The results mentioned in Appendix A have been obtained from
various samples. Each sample was examined twice: 1% according to the British Method
and 2"4 according to the Wageningen or Continental Method. To secure a correct com-
parison the conditions of germination were made equal in either case; the fundamental
difference between the two determinations (each carried out in quadruple), really consisted
in proceeding respectively from an Irish purity-test and a Continental test one. The figures
stated in Appendix A have been all calculated without a deduction for noxious impurity.
It was to be expected that the higher ‘purity’ according to the Irish method would be
compensated by a lower germinating power, as numerous other comparisons have pointed
in the same direction; but we had not foreseen that the said compensation would be so
complete, of course provided the conditions for germination were equal. The comparative
examination of the first series (55 cases) showed a difference of less than 5 °/u in a little
more than 78% of the cases, and consequently remained within the usual allowance of
5%. In 7'/4%o of the total amount of cases (4 cases) the difference was exactly 5%
and in 14'/.°/) more’than 5°%o. The important deviations however occurred chiefly in case
the final figure was such that on mathematical grounds a greater deviation could be
expected. I must further observe that striking differences in the health-conditions of the
germing seeds did not appear. In either case the fungosity was but slight one; indeed
in our institute it generally did not surpass moderate bounds. In the course of time it
has constantly decreased, exception being made for a few kinds of seed.

—3><2 = 78.28 or rounded off 78%. According to the usual calculation

Before drawing a conclusion from the various data, I will once more briefly state
the principal matter. We all have in view a procedure, that will obviate, if possible, the
divergences of results between the leading stations. This end can never be attained unless
we succeed in finding a fixed standard of value adopted by the several countries and by
trade and agriculture. It is impossible to express by one figure either the sale-value or
the agricultural-value; but it is highly desirable in behalf of a sound trade between foreign
countries, that the trader should have at his disposal an international standard for the

-valuation of some qualities which cannot’ be easily or promptly detected, and are yet of
very great importance. In this respect the purity of the seed is of no use, as in its
determination we are checked by unsurmountable impediments; the same is true of”
germinating power, as that is deduced from material obtained while determining the
purity, and varying accordingly. That's why I will lay no particular stress upon these
two qualities, but I prefer to try and find an expedient. As a first conclusion’) I observe
that it is highly desirable that we should choose as value-measure something like real-
value, i.e. a real-value obtained by a determination of the germinating power of what in
England, according to the Irish method, is called pure seed. If — in the calculation —
the threefold percentage of the amount of ‘noxious impurity” (seed of weeds &c., vide:
Appendix B) be deducted as already being done in Holland for a number of years and in
accordance with the requirements of Trade and Agriculture, we shall obtain a value-
measure, including three value-factors (Germinating power, Purity and Amount of weeds)
and one that is founded on a purity-test, speedy, simple and practical in method and con-

4) Conel. 4.

veniently applied anywhere, and leading to practically comparable results. Before pro-
ceeding, let us consider the name to be given to our value-measure, always of course
bearing its conventional character in mind. In my opinion the name “‘use-value” will not
do. Firstly because it is founded upon a special and more accurate method of purity-test ;
secondly because it is founded upon the erroneous assumption that it really indicates the
agricultural value of the seed, the “real’’ value, the “valeur culturale”, which is by no
means the case, as it does not imply at any rate a guarantee for genuiness of the variety
nor for any other qualities which are not to be detectable by the eye and which are often
much more important for agriculture, than some percentage of Germinating power more
or less. On the other hand, it comprises some combined qualities which — apart from
what is said above — are of great significance, and, are particularly appreciated by trade

‘in that they permit an off-hand examination.

Let us reject the name use-value for our standardizing and choose a simple name,
universally applicable and comprehensible — a factor of a conventional character that does
‘not imply agricultural conceptions which don’t lend themselves to being examined then
-and there. If I may presume for a minute that the present conference is in sympathy with
‘my line of thought, I beg to propose as a name for our value-standard a word that rather
void of meaning in itself but one which once launched into technical use. Let us simply
call it: ‘‘grade’) (gradus,, grade, grade, Grad, Grado, &c.), a word quite intelligible
throughout the whole world. Taking this for granted, in the future transactions in all
kinds of seed, without any .exception, are liable to a guarantee of ‘‘grade”. However
additional guarantees shall not be entirely excluded, for a trader may often require them.
One example. will be sufficient: a merchant seeing that he keeps a stock of grass-seed,
the :grade of which he thinks too low, should like to know whether the low grade is
‘owing to:

an abnormally high percentage of * ‘empty seeds” or to
15 Ss si » “grass- -seeds”

fiat ‘to not agree with the name of the seed. In the former case he will be able to

improve the quality by means of winnowing, centrifuging, &c., whereas he cannot do so

in the latter.
’ What he now wants is a special “Continental” determination of the purity, or one
that gives a direct answer to the question: “What is the percentage of empty seeds?”

Gentlemen, allow me for one minute to suppose that you agree with my proposal.
It is evident that an international grade can only acquire practical significance’), if the
reports are marked. as “international reports”, and if in this special case strict uniformity
is watched by the several stations concerned. The wording of such reports must be as
simple as possible; Appendix C offers a suggestion for a specimen. * The text of, same
should be given not only in the language of the country but also in two other European
languages.

Let us now give a summary of the conclusions reached, before deducing further
consequences:

Concl.1. In designating the establishments, which are to join the proposed unification,
only those institutes shall be deemed admittable, of which the equipment and organization
are able to satisfy the highest demands, so as.to secure the efficiency of the unified
methods, adopted by the Congress.

Concl.2. Each of the countries, attending the. present Congress, is invited to diane at
least one proper station in the ‘International Service”.

In case of denial, it must be well understood, that the congressional decisions
relating the unification of ye will not be applicable to the failing party’).. .

‘) Concl, 5. - ConeL 6. *) It is highly desirable that.a closer and more continuous connection
between the international stations or the leading stations should be aimed at. This result might be
obtained by forming an association or society. Of course, I must abstain from entering into details
just now, as such‘are premature. Yet the subject would deset‘ve ample consideration by this Congress.

Concl.3, After the unification has been enforced, candidates for an appointment. as

' co-operator must produce a documentary evidence stating that they have been employed

in two foreign establishments at least and for no-less than three consecutive months on
either side.

Concl. 4. It is desirable to establish an international value-standard.

Concl. 5. Instead of the term “use-value”, the word “grade” should be adopted to denote

_. the international value-measure.

‘Concl.6. Reports of “international” analyses shall be worded as briefly and simply as
possible, and drawn up in the language of the country as well as in two other European
languages.

In connection with the foregoing the question arises which as to the part the inter-
national or unified analyses and the inferential analyses will assume in international trade
and agriculture. As to international trade, they will soon be of great significance; but
— asI said before — traders cannot always do without a normal ‘‘continental” deter-
mination of purity, nor can the agriculturists, applying themselves to growing seeds for
the trade do so. As far as the usual practice of agriculture is concerned, a mere deter-
‘mination of grade will suffice in the majority of cases. Indeed, the grade can serve
conveniently for all seeds of agriculture, horticulture and sylviculture, even for the seeds of
‘Beta-species. For that purpose the only thing to take into consideration for the factor
of Germinating power, is the percentage of sound seeds or — as the case may be —
‘that of grains, which each will produce at least one germ. At present this is being
done at Paris, Copenhagen and Wageningen, and possibly at other institutes too. From
an agricultural point of view no objections can be raised to this proceeding. Concerning
the determination of the purity the rule will hold that we shall include as purities all
particles which a slit-sieve with a 2 m. M. opening let pass, and moreover all parts being
not beet root seeds, such as little stem, long bractaea, weeds, &c. (See Appendix B.)

If the ideas I have unfolded here should be adhered to, I propose to lay down new
Regulations in which the introduction of the following practicable determinations shall be
aimed at:

1. Determination of the grade of seeds.

This determination will be made whenever the applicant did not state particulars
the nature of the examination, but has simply solicited “a determination”, without any
further qualification.

9, A determination of the purity,

If solicited without any further qualification, the Continental method, as practised
at Wageningen, has to be followed, observing the particulars more fully discussed in
Appendix A. Besides a determination of a more special kind may be solicited by the
applicant, e. g.: a determination of the noxious impurity, of the percentage of certain
seeds of different species, &c., for which I beg to refer again to Appendix A.

8. Special determinations connected with germinative faculties, such as the percentage of
impervious seeds, of the germinating power of seeds having undergone some special
preparation, the germinating power of Beta-seeds. i

4, An examination of several other qualities of the seeds, besides germinating power and

‘, purity, except such as mentioned sub 1—3, qualities, being practically of some importance,
such as an inquiry into the origin of the seeds, the grain-weight, the volume-weight,
the percentage of dodder seeds, &c. &c.

This list is not a complete one, nor need it be. The thing that matters is to lay
stress upon applying the unification-method to the ordinary determinations, on the strength
of considerations having been fully expounded here, observant of the fact that, also in
future, various other determinations hitherto practised, may be executed at the special
request of the: applicant, if the directors of the institutes do not object.

Let us now pay attention to a closer consideration of the methods for determining
the ‘pmrity. As a basis for this I may giye a more detailed description of the procedure

- ‘now practised in Wageningen. As I want to lay the stress of my argument upon unification

of methods in behalf of international trading-transactions — this being the most important

thing at this moment — I should like-to summarize the description of the Wageningen
method in the subjoined Appendix B. :

APPENDIX A. a
‘ F Gp.
. P. oa la oe Germi- [%/oGp.x%oP.
fm] penominaon |Party | Novos orm) auting [100
Power
CO | LL aad L oO} Lt oa].
1 | Smooth-stalkedMeadow-
Grass (Poa pratensis) |92.8/95.6] 2.4 2.8 80 | 80 | 74 | 76.
2 5 86.1) 96.2 0:6 10.1 78 | 65 67 63
3 ‘a 76.2|91.8 3.2 15.6 79 69 60 | 63
4 7s 75.5 (94.7 0.8 19.2 838 | 61 63 | 58,
5 | Fiorin-Grass (Agrostis
alba) i aecdaccenay eal 93.6 | 95.2) 1.0 1.6 88 | 86 | 82 | 82
6 * 95.0} 95.8 0.6 0.8 92 87 87 83
7 9 62.9 | 88.7 2.6 25.8 67 59 42 | 52
8 7 55.2 | 93.2 1.0. 88.0 56 51 31 48
9 | Sheep’s Fescue (Festuca
Ovina) ....-.....4.. 89.7 | 96.8 0.4 7.1 94 | 86 |] 84 | 83
10 , 91.3 | 97.4 0.2 6.1 84 |. 78 | 77 76
11 % 46.0] 92.0 2.7 46.0 71 |. 32 | 33 | 29
12 a 55.1 | 99.3 0.0 44.2 42 | 20 | 23 20
13 | Cock’s-foot (Dactylis a ;
. glomerata) ......... 90.5} 97.6] 0.4 7.1 87 | 81 | 79 | 79
14 a 86.0) 90.1 1.9 4.1 93 86 80 | 77
15 i 90.9|96.5] 0.9 |, 5.6 80 | 70 | 73 | 68
16 i 56.2 | 60.9 0.4 A.7 95 .| 90 | 53 | 55
17 =| Foxtail (Alopecurus pra- .
tensis)...........-. 85.81 95.1 1.9 9.3 64 | 58 | 55 | 55
18 r 83.7/84.9] 1.2 1.2 s2 | 72 | 69 | 61
19 i 81.8/93.5] 1.4 1.7 36 | 26 | 299 | 24
20 . -[59.4/ 87.6] 7.5 98.2 58 | 28 | 34 | 25
21 ” - 165.9 | 96.0 0.3 30.1 76 41 50 | 39
92 | Tall Oat-Grass (Arrhe-
natherum avenaceum) | 95.6 | 98.9 0.1 3.3 86 | 82 | 82 | 81
23 i 72.7 | 82.5 0.1 9.8 _ 85 | 71 62 | 59
24 | Perennial Rye-Grass } : ii
(Lolium perenne) ... | 94.7) 95.6 0.1 0.9 96.| 95.7 91 | 91
25 ; F 99.3/99.5] 0.1 LOLs 83 84 | 82 84
26 f 97.8/98.4| 0.3 0.6 64 | 58 | 63 | 57
97 | i 97.9 | 98.0 0.7 0.1 43 | 42°] 42 | 41
98 |) 2 87.5/92.3] 0.1 4.8 64 | 62 | 56 | 57

The figures for Germinating power of clovers do not include the percentages of
impervious seeds (“hard seeds”).
3 C. =‘ Continental Method.

I. = Irish Method.

9Q*

; oe Gp.
: we [a Hi] Germi- [%/oGp.x°/oP.
. ao : Denomination Purity seer Hanes nating 100
purity | impurity Power y
. Sarr i o1 a | eit
29 Westerwoldic. _ Italian-
Rye-Grass (Lolium
italicum var. Wester- ”
woldicum).......... 98.2/98.5] 0.1 0.8 98 | 98 | 96 | 97
30 ‘ 81.1/91.8] 6.9 10.7 a1 | 16 | 17 | 15
31 ‘ 98.4]98 9] 0.9 0.5 | 51 | 49 | 50 | 48
32 |- . 92.3/95.9] 1.7 3.6 55 | 50 | 51 | 48
33 é 86.1/87.3] 8.6 1.2 51 | 51 | 44) 45
34 | Timothy-Grass (Phleum coi ;
pratense) ..........199.8/99.9] 0.02 0.1 97 | 95 | 97 | 95
385° se , [85.4/85.7] 4.0 0.8 | 95 | 92 | 81 | 79
36 | 93.3193.4] 3.0 0.1 71 | 69 | 66 | 64
37 . 94.5}94.6] 2.7 0.1 65 | 68 | 61 | 64
38 | Serradella (Ornithopus ;
; sativus) ............ 97.7|98.1| 0.6 0.4 95 | 91 | 93 | 89
39 94.8|95.4| 1.8 0.6 49 | 46 | 46° | 44
40 ia 92.3/93.6] 3.4 1.8 53 | 50 | 49 | 47
41 5 99.0}99.3] 0.2 0.3 72 | 67 | 7 | 67
42 ‘ 87.7/87.9] 5.3 0.2 97 | 96 | 85 | 84
‘43 | Red Clover (Trifolium " .
pratense) .......... 98.0/99.5! 0.3 1.5 81 | 81 | 79 | ‘81
44 H 89.2/97.2] 0.1 8.0 95 | 92 | 85 | 89
45 . 97.1|98.5] 0.9 1.4 59 | 58 | 57 | 57
46 _ 83.1|87.5] 5.8 4.4 56 | 63 | 47 | 55
47 F 84.1190.1| 4.9 6.0 50 | 48 | 42 | 48
48 | White Clover (Trifolium
repens) ..........0. 96.6|97.3] 0.5 0.7 98 | 99 | 95 | 96
49 é 88.3|90.9] 6.1 2.6 95 | 92 | 84,/ 84
50 ae 96.7/99.21 0.01 2.5 31 | 32 | 30°] 32
51 : 83.6/85.6] 7.4 2.0 46 | 45 | 38 | 39
52 | Alsike (Trifolium hybri- : ‘
‘}) dum) .:..... ee 98.2/98.4] 0.2 0.2 96 | 92 | 94 | 91
“58 | Se 71.0{73.0] | 5.7 2.0 86 | 77 | 61° | 56
ae » 94.0/94.5] 3.5 0.5 | 60 | 55 | 56 | 52
BB a 87.9|88.8] 7.5 0.9 64 | 60 | 56.| 53

The figures for Germinating power of clovers do not include the percentages of

impervious seeds (“hard seeds’).
C= Continental Method.
I. = Irish Method.

APPENDIX B.

The methods for determining the purity of seeds, now in use at
‘Wageningen, and some observations in connection therewith.
General View of the subject.

The term “Purity” includes all genuine-and full seeds, which are sound or so slightly
damaged that they are likely not to have lost their germinating capacity.

21
The term -“Harmless Impurity” includes:

1. All pure seeds being broken or satin so as to have probably lost their F germinating
capacity’), . :

Seedg of other cultivated plants.

3. sie empty glumes of grass-seeds, straws, glumes, earth, sard, residues of seeds
and fruits, also of weed-seeds and of parasites which are esteemed incapable- of
development, and

4. Seeds surely containing some special kinds of parasites, the quantity of which is how-

ever liable to speedy changes and which are not of a very noxious nature?).

The term “Noxious Impurity” includes: :

1. Seeds of plants being in general or very nearly in general considered as ‘‘weeds”.

2. Seeds of plants which — though cultivated — may become troublesome in some way
or other, or of which the growth is not recommendable, &c., such are f.i.: Aira flexuosa,
Alopecurus agrestis, Anthoxanthum Puelli, Avena fatua, Brassica- and Sinapis-species,
Bromus, small-seeded Vicia-species, &c.

On the contrary the seeds of Daucus, found among grass- and clover seeds, are
reckoned to the Noxious Impurity, while originating from proper weeds, notwithstanding
Daucus is frequently cultivated. ,

3. Sclerotia, seeds of blight and Tylenchus. Here it should be observed that for the
determination of the “purity” of corn and leguminous plants, a special procedure is
practised in case the seeds are infected with some disease. This procedure will be
described below.

4. Insects, larvae and insect-eggs, including what has been mentioned sub 3 and 4 (Noxious
Impurity).

“cc

Details concerning the application of the method.
1. Weighing the quantity to be tested.

The required quantity is to be taken from the sample so as to guarantee that its
properties and blend represent the main sample most accurately. For this purpose the
sample is carefully blended by means of suitable implements as: spatulas, mixing-basins,
&c. The seed after being carefully blended and spread out smoothly must not be
shocked or shaken before being weighed; should this happen, the blending and spreading
out must be done over again. The weighing consists in scooping little quantities off
at least five different places, until the proper quantity has been reached. Its extent
depends on the size of the grain and on a rough estimation of the purity, for very
pure samples as well as very impure ones allow the quantities to diminish. The grain-
size is important, so far as it determines the number of grains, found in the quantity
that is to be sifted and this number must not be too small with a view to unavoidable
errors. Formerly it was assumed as a principle that the quantity to be tested should
contain no less than 5000 or 1000 genuine seeds, but this principle cannot be carried
out into practice because the quantity of the samples might become much too large.
In Wageningen, in the course of time, the experience hay led to the average quantities
stated in Appendix D.

2, Parallel-test.

Each determination of purity is made in duplicate (at the least), The average
results are calculated in tenths of percents. The sifting of the seed must be done as
quickly as possible and possibly without intervals. Loss of material may not occur.
The difference between the sum of weights of the pure seed and the impurities, and
the weight of the commencing quantity, may not exceed the weight figured out for
the loss of water. As the waterpercentage of the seeds will diminish considerably

4) Slight damages f.i. those of Red-Clover seed — as generally known — don’t necessarily cause
the loss of germinating capacity. Small cracks or abrasions or little cracks in the seed-lobes without
loss of tissue, do not make the seed valueless, resp. impure.

a} Notably the seeds of Alopecurus pratensis containing seeds of Oligotrophus Alopecuri.

22.

during the sifting, the several parts must be covered with watch-glasses. The loss of
weight is checked. To this end it is necessary to determine more or less -accurately’
the percentage of water of the sample, observing however the rule laid down here
below sub 3. This will facilitate the determination of losses of weight. If they exceed
certain limits, the test must be repeated. As limits we have adopted: 4 /o for seeds of
which 2 grammes or less are sifted for determination and 2%, if the quantity exceeds
2 grammes. Two parallel-tests are estimated to cover each another, if the results do
not deviate more than 2% in the case of fine grass-seeds and more than 1% in all
other cases, |

Previous drying of seeds with a rather high percentage of water.

In order to keep the percentage of water within reasonable bounds, it is necessary
to previously dry the samples in case-the seeds. prove to be insufficiently dry. When
the quantities are small and not too moist, it will-be sufficient to expose the seed to
the air for one or two hours at room-temperature and spread out thinly. If, however,
the seeds are very moist, they will have to be dried at a temperature, not exceeding
80° C in a current of air and — eventually — afterwards exposed to the air to
become airdry.

Appliance of translucent light.

, All ,seeds“ which admit of recognizing the empty seeds by means of translucent,
light, are examined in this way on the diaphanoscope-tables, in use at my institute.
It must be observed that it will not do to assume for convenience sake certain pro-
portionate figures for the percentage of empty seeds in the coherent parts of grass-ears.
In many cases they will have to be plucked out and examined separately. In order
to secure accurate results, complicated procedures are to be followed, which may be
considered by some parties to be rather doctrinaire. An example of them is to be
found in Appendix E.

Sieves must not be used in examinations by means of translucent light, unless we
are sure that the percentage of empty seeds or impurity will not undergo an alteration.
Examination of seeds demanding a modification of the usual method.

Poa trivialis e.g. may contain Poa compressa, Brassica Napus may be mixed with

_ Brassica oleracea, &c. In these cases the species being not easily separable: are

provisionally reckoned to the pure seed. So the “rough” purity of a mixture of 80%
Poa trivialis and 10% Poa compressa and 10% other impurities, will be 90 %.. Of
this imperfectly homogeneous “rough pure seed’’, 100 seeds are told off and determined
carefully one by one. In the report of the given sample, it is stated that the purity
amounts to about 90%, but that there are 10 seeds of Poa compressa in every 100
pure seeds. In calculating the ‘approximate use-value” in this case, we proceed
from an “approximate” purity-figure of 90°. This way of proceeding does not guarantee
an accurate percentage, but it will prevent differences in the results, which would
otherwise be altogether unavoidable. Only in this manner f. i. is it possible to test
Brassica-mixtures or some Beta-mixtures that might want a complete cultivation on
the field.

An analogous method is to be followed for the valuation of the percentage of
diseased seeds, which is made at our institute chiefly for corn and leguminous plants.
We have now considerable experience in this matter. In many cases we are able to
distinguish at sight diseased seeds from sound ones, and we have used our best
endeavours to obtain sound “pure seed” for the determination of the germinating power.
Much can be done in this respect with a highly trained staff and a good deal of practice.
Just these conditions however are apt to lead to dissimilar results, which we should

wish now to eliminate if possible. Finally I have come to adopt a very radical precept. -. -

In determining the purity of corn or leguminous plants, no attention is paid to the
state of health or to the presumable state of health of the seeds, eyen though they
should be recognizable by a practised expert. All the seeds that — apart from the

state of health — can be reckoned to pure seed, are considered as such. Thereupon,
again 100 specimens are carefully told off and examined mycologically after germinating.
In the report it is stated that the purity is x Vo and that of ‘100 seeds considered as
pure, y/o are infected with Fusarium, or another disease as the’ case may be.

6. Partial germing of seeds. Seeds showing already an initial germination.

Shooting of cereals and other seeds will bring about many difficulties in the’

examination. If you investigate the effect of shooting upon germinating power (and
we did so in a great number of cases) you will often be surprised at the slight damage
caused. Consequently, the assertion that all shot seeds has to be reckoned to the
impurity is untenable. There is no room here for a description of the several methods
for surmounting the difficulties mentioned. Only the observation of a great many‘ cases
and much experience scrupulously verified, can show the right way here. The said
experience, however, is often found wanting; depending upon it would lead us to a
slippery road; learned speculations dre of no practical use, but the thing that matters
is a figure obtained by methods that can be easily put in practice by every one, so
that errors in analyses'and divergent results are out of the question. In this way
only can unification be effectuated. That is why I came to consider shot corn as
purity, except in extreme cases. Whether the seed that contains much shot is really
of inferior quality, yes or no, will yet become evident at the determination of the
germinating’ power. Conséquently it cannot be right to state only the purity, or only’
the germinating power, when determining the quality of corn.

Gentlemen, we now are approaching a limit which I must not cross. I did not
purpose to write a book on determining the purity of seeds, or on the methods adopted
at Wageningen. I only intended to illustrate the latter with some examples. It was an
other desire that made me travel all the way-to fair Copenhagen. I wanted to witness
a cordial hand-shake between the many who have to till the same field; I wanted to find
mutual fresh co-operation. May this congress be a mean for leading to international
collaboration, for opening very widely the international doors.

APPENDIX C.

fi Form for Certificate-for International grading of Seeds.

~b.

Seed Testing Station for ............ cece cece eee eee eens
(Government Station for International grading of Seeds —
Internationale Samenkontrollstation fir die Gradbestimmung von Saimereien —
Station internationale pour la graduation des semences).

Sample: o 0.0... 60. cece Marked: 0.0.6.0 cc cee Sealed sai ceuise meesxies og
Miusterissgvatas enews ses Gemarkt: 00.000... 0 eee GOSIEGELE! ecg ee ee ene
Ecchantillon:......0....55 Marqué: 0.0.0... cee, COCKE? sian aun cameen ies
Registernumber: ....... 0.000000 cee ROGUES si iia gic ua ey wage aia wa se8%
Buchnwmmer: 0.06 eee Fimpfangen: 0.0... eens
Numéro du régistre: ........ Oe Sateen FRECHE ori seb tlle seated antag: Bosco Sees
PCG Pe ice aia su eearunt gS adhe aes SUES GQHOME Fie 2A Gia DR ea tar iy ee hes
Gebuhry 2 agen sane rae eens Grade cccvesgen eiceeeee ee pene RES
BPC eac ase 24se Cit he 4 Oe ew OES GHOSE ove eedanide te yeyeeeceeki es
ee ree nee Seen
Direktor.

Directeur.

APPENDIX D.
The quantities to be weighed and sifted for each single determination of
the purity, as usual in Wageningen, are running as follows:*)

200 Grammes for all large-seeded species or varieties of Lupinus, Phaseolus, Vicia Faba.
and Zea Mais;

100 Grammes for Pisum and less large-seeded species, resp. varieties of Phaseolus
and of Vicia Faba;

50 Grammes for grains of cereals;

25 Grammes for Beta, Cannabis, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Ervum Lens and Polygonum
Fagopyrum; :

15 Grammes for Raphanus, Scorzonera and Spinacia;

10 Grammes for Allium, Camelina, Foeniculum, Linum usitatissimum, Pinus silvestris
and other tree seeds of sais size and Trifolium incarnatum;

5 Grammes for Anthriscus, Anthyllis, Arrhenatherum, Carum, Festuca pratensis,
Lolium, Medicago, Melilotus, Pastinaca and Trifolium pratense;

3 Grammes for Anethum, Brassica, Cichorium, Lactuca sativa, Lotus corniculatus,
Lotus tenuifolius, Petroselinum, Sinapis, Spergula and Valerianella;

2 Grammes for Alopecurus, Cynosurus, Dactylis, Festuca (ovina, duriuscula and
rubra), Holcus lanatus (peeled), Lotus uliginosus, Phleum pratense, Portulaca, Trifolium
hybridum and Trifolium repens; :

4><'/2 Gramme for Anthoxanthum and Holcus (rough);

1 Gramme for Apium, Daucus, Papaver &c.;
0,5 Gramme for Agrostis, Avena flavescens and Poa;
0,25 Gramme for Nicotiana.

APPENDIX E.

Examination of Holeus lanatus (with husk) and of Anthoxanthum
odoratum.

A quantity of 2 grammes is divided into four equal parts. Each part (consisting of
4/2 gramme) is examined by another assistant, the ordinary method being at first employed
(naked caryopses are counted as “pure seed”, and “the seed” afterwards examined by means.
of translucent light from below, empty glumes being counted as harmless impurities)., The
full “seeds”, together with the caryopses which from the outset have formed part of the
“seed”, are classed as pure seed. In order to get a better control in this examination. the
seeds are husked, if the caryopses are full, and at the end of each test the following must
be weighed:
1. Noxious impurities;
2. Harmless impurities;
3. Naked caryopses;
4. Seeds, full at the outset, but husked during the test.

(No. 8 and 4 are classed as pure seed.)

In testing for germination, only the naked caryopses are taken.

APPENDIX F.
Méthode pour Examen des graines de betteraves, actuellement usitée
& la Station des Essais des Semences de l’Etat a Wageningen.

La Prise des Echantillons.

Aprés avoir écarté les graines sur un baquet @ méler et aprés les avoir scrupuleusement-
mélangées, on en prend ci et 1a de petites quantités, jusqu’a un total pesant 25 grammes.

4) Each determination is carried out in duplicate.

‘

E L’Examen de la Pureté.

A cet effet on jette 2><25 grammes obtenus de la fagon décrite ci-dessus sur un
appareil secoueur, actionné par un moteur électrique muni de deux tamis dont les fentes
ont une largeur de 2m.M. On sécoue les graines pendant une demi-minute précise.

Tout ce qui passe aux tamis est ramassé et compté parmi les impuretés. Donec les
graines d’un diamétre au dessous de 2m.M. ne sont plus comptées parmi la »semence
pure. De temps & autre (si les lots n’ont pas été bien nettoyés) on fera bien de les
frotter légérement entre les deux mains, pour détacher au moins une partie des bractées
et des pédoncules adhérents, opération qui n’a de succés qu’avec de la graine bien séche;
dans les échantillons humides les déchets sont résistants et ne se détachent pas aisément;
plus tard, & examen de la pureté, on éloigne tous les pédoncules (et bractées) adhérents
& Vaide d’une pincette. En méme temps on éloigne les graines qui ne contiennent aucune
semence, pour étre comptées parmi les impuretés non nuisibles. En outre, on trie les
semences de mauvaises herbes se trouvant entre les graines et on les compte avec Jes

impuretés nuisibles. ;
L’Examen de la Faculté Germinative.

On part du principe que les 4 >< 100 graines, nécessaires pour la détermination de
la faculté germinative, doivent autant que possible représenter proportionnellement toutes
les graines se trouvant dans l’échantillon. A cet effet on assemble la graine provenant
de deux déterminations de pureté paralléles, et on jette la quantité totale de 45—50 grammes
sur un appareil de tamis dont les fentes ont une largeur successivement de 6, 5, 4'/o, 4,
31/2, 8, 2'/2 et 2m. M. Les tamis sont soumis pendant 5 minutes & un mouvement oscillatoire
compliqué, qui parait faciliter au plus haut degré le passage des graines aux tamis. Aprés
ce tamisage on compte séparément les. graines se trouvant sur chacun des tamis, par con-

. séquent le nombre de toutes les graines qui ont une grosseur de 2 & 2'/o..... 546m.M.
Ensemble elles constituent le nombre total des graines qui forment la »semence purec, dont
on prend les quatre petits échantillons qui doivent servir & Ja détermination de la faculté
germinative. On calcule maintenant au moyen d'un calculateur arithmétique combien de
graines il faut prendre dans chaque tamis pour obtenir pour chaque essai paralléle exactement
100 graines formant une moyenne aussi parfaite que possible. Dans le cas ot le total de
ces graines serait de 99 ou de 101 on ajoute ou on te 1 graine 4 celles qui sont relativement
les plus nombreuses. Avant de mettre les 4 >< 100 graines dans les lits & germer, elles
sont, aprés le pesage, exposées & de l’eau courante. Pendant 3'/s;—4 heures on les lave
en cette eau courante, ayant soin de tenir les lots de 100 graines de chaque essai a l’écart
des autres lots destinés & la germination. A cet effet on fait usage d’un appareil de lavage
et de trempage spécialement construit, lequel permet de laver et de tremper simultanément
56 petites quantités destinées 4 la germination. Il faut que les quatre lots chacun de
100 graines soient pesés séparément avant le lavage; d’abord pour pouvoir calculer le
nombre total des germes par kilo et ensuite, parce que les poids par centaine de graines
ne doivent pas différer de plus de 10°) du poids moyen de 100 graines, qui a été déduit -
du poids total et du nombre total des graines se trouvant dans l'ensemble des tamis.
Dans le cas ott de grandes différences se présenteraient, il faut renouveler la prise des
échantillons. On écarte les graines trempées dans des baquets de germination ouverts en
zinc; on place ces baquets dans les thermostats. Ces baquets, ouverts et & fond perforé,
me donnent plus de satisfaction que les lits 4 germer & couches de sable. La cause en
est probablement que l’apport de l’oxygéne est bien mieux réglé que dans les lits & germer

-& couches de sable, condition & laquelle les graines des betteraves sont trés sensibles.
L’usage de baquets ouverts & fond perforé, placés & leur tour dans de grands baquets
en zinc également pourvus d’un fond perforé, dans des thermostats bien aérés, garantit
le plus haut degré d’apport d’oxygéne. :

Un élément de grande importance pour la germination, c’est le degré d’humidité
du lit & germer. Si d’une part on doit empécher la dessiccation du lit & germer,
d'autre par apport d’uy excédent d’eau, ne fit ce qu’une quantité minime, doit étre

26.

rigoureusement évité. En mettant les grainés dans les baquets, on arrose chaque lit a
germer de la méme quantité d’eau a l'aide de petits gobelets, gradués-spécialement fabriqués
pour l’humectation des lits & germer avec une quantité d’eau déterminée. Lors de V’in-
spection quotidienne le degré d’humidité de chaque baquet est contrélé et chaque baquet
est arrosé, selon le besoin, par des employés expérimentés. La germination a lieu 4 des
températures qui varient réguliérement entre:
18—20° C (pendant 18-heures) et
29—30° C (pendant 6 heures).
L’intermittence des températures se fait de deux maniéres:

a. -Les baquets restent dans leur thermostat; l’intermittence des températures se fait par
la baisse et la hausse de la température, moyennant l’embrayage et le débrayage
automatiques d’un brileur auxiliaire, & V’aide de deux régulateurs et d’un mouvement
Whorlogerie. _

b. Périodiquement les grands baquets, qui renferment. les petits baquets 4 graines, sont
transférés en d’autres thermostats qui ont la température désirée, soit plus haute, soit
plus basse. On inspecte les graines germantes les 3iéme, Hiéme, JQiéme et 16i¢me
jours; on écarte les graines qui ont poussé des germes, Du bien on les tient a l’écart
aprés avoir éliminé les germes, dans le cas ot l'on désire savoir le nombre total des
germes par centaine ou par kilo de graines. Nous satisfaisons encore actuellement aux
demandes spéciales faites & ce sujet. Du reste dans les cas normaux on calcule la
faculté germinative exclusivement comme le pourcentage des graines fécondes, c’est a dire
on la déduit du pourcentage de graines fécondes, produisant chacune en soi un germe
au moins.

Professor Johannsen thanked Director Bruijning, and the subject
was opened for discussion.

Director Bruijning replied that this is a question for international
co-operation. 26

Professor Johannsen suggested that the word “grade” might be
substituted for “agricultural value” used in old times.

Approves of Mr. Bruijning’s definition: :

fae = Purity < Germinating power

100 ;

M. Léon Bussarda, Directeur adjoint de la station d’essais de semences,
Paris, demande qu’on donne une définition du terme »mauvaises-herbes«.
D’aprés la loi americaine les semences peuvent contenir jusqu’é 3 °/o de
»manvaises herbes«.

/Sir Lawrence Weaver expressed pleasure in Mr. Bruijning’s paper,.
and referred to the differences between the so-called -“Continental’”’ and
“Trish” methods. From August 1, 1921 the Irish method will go out of
use in England and Scotland, but will continue in Ireland. New regulations
will be established in England and Scotland.

Sir Lawrence Weaver emphasized a point mentioned in Mr. Bruijning’s
paper, i. e. the desirability of sending members of the staffs of seed testing
stations to foreign stations to learn methods. At present two members from
the English State Seed Testing Station are here in Copenhagen at the
Danish State Seed Testing Station. However financial difficulties are to
be overcome. Is exchange feasible? All countries are suffering from lack of
funds and lack of lodgings. The matter is important and must be kept in mind.

+ 3>< percentage of weeds.

27.

. Mr. Bruijning stated that there is no absolute standard in the different
countries for the term “grade”, but he considered the definition used in
this paper the best.

Suggested that a committee be appointed to discuss the question of
“noxious seed”. ;

Professor Dr. A. Voigt, Direktor des Staatsinstituts fiir angewandte

Botanik, Hamburg:
_ Reinheit < Keim fihigkeit

»Der Einfiihrung eines neutralen Wortes fiir 100
stimme ich zu. Wir sollten ferner den Kampf gegen das Unkraut intensiver
aufnehmen durch Aufhéhung der gefundenen Prozente, wie es in Danemark
bereits geschieht. Fiir jedes Prozent Unkraut mehr als garantiert werden
15 °/o des Preises als Ersatz bezahlt“. ;

Hofrat Dr. Arpad v. Degen, Oberdirektor der k6niglich ungarischen

Samenkontrollstation in Budapest:

Approved Mr. Bruijning’s defini-
tion of the term “grade”. “The intro-
duction of this term is — as it also
was the case with regard to the
designation “intrinsic value’ — a
matter of agreement. The strict
judgment of the weed seeds is an
advantage; the fight against the
weeds is one of the most important
problems of the seed control; but it
is a question wether the weed seeds
are not too strictly judged by the
term “grade”. It is by the purity de-
termination already once subtracted.
According to this proposal it is still
further 3 times subtracted. It is
difficult to introduce the term into
a country where the term is regu-
lated by law (in Hungary for inst.).
New regulations would be necessary,
but these will surely be passed. How
commerce will accept the new term,
is a question. This is a subject for
international dicussion and _ settle-
ment”’.

»lch halte den Vorschlag Direk-
tor Bruijnings beziiglich Einfihrung
der Bezeichnung ,,Grad“ fiir annehm-
bar. Seine Einfiihrung ware — wie
dies ja auch bei der Bezeichnung
»Gebrauchswert“ der Fall war —
Sache des Ubereinkommens, das vor-
erst zustande gebracht werden miiBbte.
Ich erkenne den Vorteil, den die
strenge Beurteilung der Unkraut-
samen mit sich bringt; der Kampf
gegen das Unkraut ist ja eine der.
wichtigsten Aufgaben der Samen-
kontrolle. Es fragt sich aber, ob in
der Formel ,,Grad“ die Unkraut-
samen nicht zu streng beurteilt
werden. Sie werden namlich bei der
Reinheitsbestimmung schon einmal
abgezogen, nun sollen sie dem Vor-,
schlage nach noch dreimal abgezogen:
werden. Kine weitere Frage ist es

‘auch, wie der Handel sich zu dem

Begriff ,,Grad“ stellen wird. Ferner
wirden Schwierigkeiten tberall da
erwachsen, wo — wie z. B. in Un-
garn — alle diese Bezeichnungen
gesetzlich festgelegt sind.

Es miiften also diese gesetz-
lichen Bestimmungen abgedndert

werden, wozu aber. noétigenfalls die
betreffenden Regierungen ihre Zu-
stimmung sicher nicht versagen
werden“,

Mr. George H. Clark, Seed Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada, expressed
his pleasure in Mr. Bruijning’s paper. As president of the Association of
Official Seed Analysts of North America he represented both the United
States of America and Canada. This association holds annual meetings. The
general policy is to test grass seeds according to the Continental method.
The seed-merchants of North America favor this. However it is believed
by many in the United States and Canada who sow by machine (bulk)
that it is better to use the Irish method. Percentage of germinable seeds
is to include all in the bulk. All staple commodities, such as cereal grains,
dairy products, meat &ec., are sold on basis of grade according to a fixed
standard of quality. This does away with many difficulties. The Canadian
Seed Control Act which has been in force for 10 years is very satisfactory.
Grade is fixed as Extra No. 1, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and “rejected”. This includes
the general quality of the seed. When a selection of special seed is
required this name is added to the grade, for inst. Irish No.1 Red clover.
Hoped that Europe will adopt “grade” as basis for quality as it is better
than “germinating power”.

Dr. Y. Buchholz, Directeur chef de la station d’essais de semences
de l’état, Christiania,

did not wish to oppose the term
“orade”, but the word suggested a
mathematical formula. According to
the pure seed it is still easy, but
when also the weed is to be taken
into. consideration it is more difficult,
because the weed not only is
different injurious for the different
species,, but also at the different
times. It seems gratuitous to sub-
tract the figure 3 times the weed
seed. The question is difficult, unless

grade = 100

A more definite formula is difficult
to fix. :

Germinating power >< Purity

»lch will nicht Stellung gegen
das Wort ,,Grad“ nehmen. Man denkt
jedoch bei ,,Grad“ an einen be-
stimmten Teil eines Maes. Einen
passenden Ausdruck zu finden wird
schwierig sein. Mit den reinen
Samen ist es noch einfach; wenn aber
das Unkraut mitberiicksichtigt werden
soll, wird es schwieriger. Das Unkraut
ist nicht allein verschieden schddlich
nach den verschiedenen Arten, sondern
auch zu verschiedenen Zeiten. Die
Zahl 3 (oder irgendeine andere -Zahl)
mal Prozente Unkraut in Abzug zu
bringen, scheint deshalb ganz will-
kiirlich, und ich halte prinzipiell auf
die einfache Formel:

Reinheit < Keimfihigheit

100
auch fiir den Fall, da® der Ausdruck
Grad eingefiihrt wird“.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen stated that the matter should be referred to
a committee, and asked if “grade” means the intrinsic value. Asked further
why the figure stating the percentage of weight of weed-seeds was just
multiplied with 3.

Professor’ Dr. A. Voigt asked Mr. Clark what he meant by “grade”.

My. Clark:

“All seed of red clover, timothy and alsike must be sold under 1st, 2nd,
3rd grade and “rejected”. This is established by a committee.

Tentative Draft of Standard Grades Red Clover Seeds — Canadian.
(Prepared to conform to the British seed control regulations. Statement of percentages,
are only suggestive.)

Extra No. 1. Export Red Clover seed shall be mature, sound, plump, of good colour
dry and sweet, well cleaned and graded, free from the noxious weed seeds prescribed by
the British Ministry of Agriculture and contain not less than 99%/o pure and 95°%o
germinable seeds.

No.1. Export Red Clover seed shall be mature, sound, plump, of good colour, dry
and sweet, well cleaned and graded, free from dodder, contain not less than 98 °/o pure red
clover seed, not more than one tenth of one per cent by number of the other noxious weed
seeds prescribed by the British Ministry of Agriculture, and not less than 93°/o germinable seed.

No. 2. Export Red Clover seed shall be reasonably mature, sound, well cleaned, of
medium colour, dry and sweet, free from dodder, contain not less than 92°/o-pure red:clover
and 97°/) pure red clover, alsike, timothy, and other useful seeds, not more ‘than one-
fifth of one per cent by number of the other noxious weed seeds prescribed by the British
Ministry of Agriculture, and not less than 90°/) germinable seeds,

No. 8. Export Red Clover seed shall be reasonably mature, sound, cleaned, dry and
_ Sweet, contain not less than 87°/o pure red clover and 95°/o pure red clover, alsike, timothy,
“and other useful seeds, free from dodder, not more than one half of one per cent by number
of the other noxious weed seeds prescribed by the British Ministry of Agriculture, and
not less than 85> germinable seeds.

“Red Clover Mixture” shall be the designation of any mixture in which ‘red clover
seed predominates, and any certificate of grade issued therefore shall include a ‘statement
of the kinds and the per cent of each kind of clover and grass seeds which compose more
than 5°%o of the mixture, and shall in all other respects conform to the defined standards
of quality for No.1, No.2, and No.3 grades provided for “Export Red Clover Seed”.

Exporters will conform to any definition of noxious seed passed . by
this congress if only something can be passed”.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen:

“The terms “sound”, “sweet” &c. must be defined accurately. What
are they reduced to figures? The Danish State Seed Testing Station deals
only with such”,

Mr. J. Widén, Directeur de la station de ‘chimie agricole et d’essais
de semences, Orebro; Suéde, ;
agreed with Mr. Bruijning that it is ,lch meine, wie Direktor Bruij-
important to appoint a committee to ning, es ware gut, einen Einheits-
discuss “grade”. However we were _ begriff fiir den Wert des Samens ein-
not yet sufficiently advanced to de- zufiihren. Wir sind nur nicht so weit
cide on the numerical insignia for gekommen, da wir den Wert in einer
the terms used in defining “grade”. Zahl festlegen kénnen. Wenn man

den Prozentsatz des Unkrautes mit 3
multipliziert, so kann dies nicht immer
richtig sein. -Unkraut “ist sehr ver-
schieden schidlich. In einem staats-
plombierten Rotklee darf in Schweden
-bis1°/o unschadliches Unkrautsein;
wenn es aber schadlich ist, dirfen
nicht mehr als héchstens 500 Koérnerim
Kilogramm,der Ware (ca..0,1 °/o) sein“,

Mr. C. B. Saunders, Director Chief Office, Official Seed Testing Station,
London, wished to say a few words in regard to the payment af the staff.
At present the Treasuries of most countries do not appear to look on seed
testing as skilled work. The result is that salaries are too low and the work
tends to become a “blind alley’ occupation. In regard to Appendix A of
Mr. Bruijning’s paper — “purity tests on grasses and clovers” — we have
found that in the British Isles we were wrong in Continental eyes in our
tests of grasses, but we thought our method agreed with the. Continental
method for testing clover. How were the Irish tests on clovers referred
‘to by Mr. Bruijning made? On August 1, 1921 new regulations will come
into effect. In these the percentage of germination in mangolds and beets
will be computed on the percentage of germinated clusters.

On page 5, appendix to Mr. Bruijning’s paper is a discussion of partial
germination of seed, — “sprouted” or “shot” seed. Does a sprouted seed
count as an impurity?:

Sprouted seed was listed as an impurity in the British seed regulations
passed 3 weeks ago.

’ Mr. Dorph-Petersen declared that in Denmark, Sweden and Norway -
sprouted seed is considered dead; also in Germany.

Dr. A. Volkart, Direktor der Samenuntersuchungs- und Versuchs-
anstalt in Oerlikon-Zirich, Schweiz:

“The question of sprouted seed
is a complicated one. It varies for
various seeds. Oak seeds often go
into trade already sprouted. These
however are always of good germi-
nation. This is often true of other
large seeds. In‘small.seeds sprouted
seeds are worthless. In grading
clover and grasses, attention should
also be paid to the provenience of
the seed. The fine Italian Red
Clover for instance would certainly
always be graded first class,
though it is not a good seed

»Dieausgekeimten Samenkénnen
nicht immer zum Unreinen gerechnet
werden. LEKicheln z.B., die in den
Handel kommen, sind fast immer
ausgekeimt und keimen doch noch
ganz gut. Dasselbe ist oft der Fall
mit andern groBkérnigen Samen. Bei
den kleinkérnigen Samen sind dagegen
die ausgekeimten Samen meist wert-
los. Das aterikanische Verfahren
der Gradierung der Saaten ist sehr
beachtenswert; wenn es aber auch
in Europa eingefiihrt werden sollte, .
so miiBten wir unbedingt die Herkunft

“Bl

for the greatest part of Central der Saat mitberiicksichtigen. Italie-
Europe. nischer Rotklee z. B. wiirde wohl fast
immer als ,,1st. Grade“ beurteilt
werden, obschon er fiir den gréBten
‘Teil des mittleren Europas ganz
ungeeignet ist“.

Mr. T. Anderson, Director of the Official Seed Testing Station, Edinburgh,
Scotland, wished to say a few words about grading applied to Scotland.
Rye-grass, timothy and cereals only are grown for seed. The question
of grade must there be considered from the point of view of the buyer.
‘When the general practice of stating the results of analyses was adopted
seeds were tested according to the Continental system. If the purity was
too low it was not stated; germination only was declared. This misled
the buyers. In Great Britain merchants used seed analysis chiefly for
purposes of advertisement. They have now, however, adopted government
seed-control.

It is impossible to go beyond a figure stating pure germinating seed
which has any international significance. The seed control stations in
each country must define the further terms. Noxious seeds vary. Dodder
for inst. is not of importance in Scotland; elsewhere it is common.

Proposal to be put before the Seed Testing Conference at Copenhagen 1921.

The ultimate object of seed analysis is to ensure that the farmer receives a true
and easily understood description of the seed which he purchases.

The present method of describing seeds in terms of the results of analyses of purity
and germination is not intelligible to the general farming public because the percentage
of germination does not refer to the whole sample but only to the portions left after the
impurities have been removed.

Agricultural seeds are generally, sold by weight and the buyer is entitled to know
what percentage of the weight which he buys has the capacity to produce the species of
plant which he desires.

The figure which expresses this information is that. which indicates the percentage
of pure germinating seed viz. - :

purity (> < germination "Jo
° 100

The estimate obtained -by means of this formula is the nearest approximation possible
to the percentage weight which a sample contains of germinating seed of the species
examined. ;

_ Submission is therefore made to the Conference that it should be adopted as a general
practice of Seed Testing Stations to emphasize, in reports of analyses, the percentage of
pure germinating seed, to the ‘suppression of the result of the experiment on the germination
of the pure seed.

Alternatively it is submitted that the percentage of pure germinating seed should be
reported as the sole figure expressing the value of the seed as ascertained by .analysis,
and should be accompanied by separate statements of the percentage of impurity, and of
the percentage of non-germinating seeds or portions of the seed or its accessory parts which
normally occur in samples, the percentage weight of ungerminated seeds being estimated
in the same way asthe percentage of pure germinating seed..

Example..

Present Form of Report.

Pivilyasaiurakawnreare eee en 91.5 %0
Useful seeds..... ...........004. 2.6 Vo
Weed seeds............. Sas doa 0.9 Yo
Sand, broken ‘seeds, foreign matter 5.0%
; 100.0 %o.
Germination............0.0.000e- 61.0 %/o
Hard seeds...........0..0 00000 ee 28.0 °/o
Pure germinating séed ........... 68.6 "fo

Trifolium pratense.

Proposed Form of Report.

Pure germinating seed........... 56.0 %o,
Hard seeds ..........---- seer eee 26.0 %o
Broken and Dead seeds........... 13.5 %p
Impurity (including):...,.......-- 4.5%
Useful seeds.........-. 2.6 %o
Weed seeds ........... 0.9 fo
Sand, foreign matter... 1.0%
100.0 /

There is an objection to be made to conclusion 3, page 8 in Mr.

Bruijning’s article.

It should be altered to read:

“One or more members

of the senior staffs proposing to come into the Seed Testing Union should
come to a foreign station for 3 or 4 months”.

Mr. Bruijning agreed that this is better than nothing
— It was selected to multiply the pontent of weed

his own suggestion.

, but preferred

seed with 3 because this figure seemed reasonable.
Professor Johannsen:

“The meeting is now adjourned
until 9:30 A. M. June 7, when it
will assemble in the Assembly Hall
of the Agricultural Union, Vester
Boulevard 4; where the meetings will
be held hereafter’.

‘in ,,Landbrugsraadets“,
lungssaal, Vester Boulevard 4, wo

» Die Sitzung ist fiir heute ge-
schlossen. Wir werden uns morgen,
Dienstag, den 7. Juni, um 9*/s Uhr
Versamm-

die kinftigen Sitzungen abgehalten
werden, versammeln.“

7. Juin 1921.

Professor Johannsen

called the meeting to order and wel-
comed Mr. Bogdan Ferlince, the
colleague from Servia, Slovenia and
Croatia, after which he gave. the floor
to Dr. Volkart.

eréffnete die Sitzung und hieB Bog-
dan Ferlinc, den Kollegen von
Serbien, Slovenien und Kroatien, will-
kommen, wonach er das Wort Dr.
Volkart erteilte.

Dr. Volkart

read a paper on the following subject:
“The determination of the origin of
agricultural seeds”.

hielt einen Vortrag iiber folgenden
Stoff:

» Die Herkunftbestimmung der Saaten.“
Von
Dr. A. Volkart, Direktor der Samenuntersuchungs- und Versuchsanstalt Oerlikon- Zivvich.
»Mein Amtsvorginger, Herr Dr. Stebler, hat auf der-ersten internationalen Konferenz
von Vorstaénden der Samenuntersuchungsanstalten in Hamburg im September 1906 einen
Vortrag tiber die Herkunftsbestimmungen der Saaten gehalten, Er hat damals Verzeich-
nisse der Unkrautsamen, die fir die Bestimmung der Herkunft eines Saatgutes mahgebend
sind, und die zum gréferen Teil in Zurich bestimmt worden waren, vorgefiihrt und dabei

die besonders hiufigen und charakteristischen hervorgehoben. Sie diirfen nuh von mir

nicht erwarten, daB ich diese Verzeichnisse heute erganze und die einzelnen Arten naher

‘bespreche; ich méchte vielmehr heute zwei Fragen naher untersuchen:

1. ob es nicht notwendig sei, bei den Herkunftsbestimmungen neben den eigentlichen
bestimmenden Arten auch allen tbrigen Unkrautsamen mehr Beachtung zu schenken
als bisher, und

2. ob nicht zu den Herkunftsbestimmungen eines Saatgutes alle seine Merkmale, nicht blo&
die Unkrautsamen, herbeigezogen werden sollten.

Es ist méglich, daB durch die Ausfiithrungen von Herrn Dr. Stebler der Eindruck
erweckt worden ist, daB wir in Ziirich bei den Herkunftsbestimmungen fast ausschlieBlich
auf diejenigen Unkrautsamen abstellen, die nur in einer bestimmten Provenienz vorkommen,
die also fiir diese charakteristisch sind, und die wir hier als Leitarten bezeichnen wollen.
Wir haben aber auch seit jeher bei diesen Untersuchungen den tibrigen Arten, den Begleit-
samen, alle Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt, indem bei jeder Bestimmung alle vorkommenden
Arten notiert wurden. Man kommt so zu einem Gesamtbilde der Unkrautflora einer Saat,
das den gefundenen Leitarten erst den richtigen Rahmen gibt, und das Gewicht dieser
Leitarten und damit die Sicherheit der Herkunftsbestimmung erhéht. Die gleiche Beob-
achtung wird wohl auch an anderen Anstalten gemacht worden sein, und doch wird nicht
geleugnet werden kénnen, daf man bisher diese Begleitarten gegeniiber den eigentlichen
provenienzbestimmenden Arten etwas zu sehr vernachlassigt hat, und daf sie uns die
Herkunftsbestimmungen fihlbar erleichtern kénnten, wenn wir uns durch methodische
Untersuchungen gréfere Klarheit iiber ihr Auftreten verschaffen wiirden, wenn wir nament-
lich versuchen wiirden, einen Hinblick in die Bedingungen zu erhalten, die ihr Auftreten
regeln. Hieriiber wissen wir noch sehr wenig. Wir kénnen nur annehmen, dai es
abhingig ist
vom Zeitpunkt des Reifens der Hauptart,
von ihrer Pflege und Nutzung,
von der Art ihrer Reinigung,
vom Boden des Ursprungsgebietes,
von seinem Klima.

Je spater die in Frage kommende Samenart reift, um so mehr Begleitarten vermégen
mit ihr Schritt zu halten und gleichzeitig mit ihr Samen zu reifen, ein Umstand, der ja
auch zur Bestimmung der Echtheit herangezogen werden kann, z. B. bei der Unterscheidung
von Poa pratensis und Poa compressa nach dem Vorkommen von Timothesamen. Spiater
reifende Sorten und Abarten einer Kulturpflanze werden deshalb stets auch eine etwas
anders zusammengesetzte Unkrautflora besitzen als friiher reifende. Wichtig ist natiirlich
auch, ob die Samengewinnung vom ersten oder zweiten Schnitt erfolgt. Es ist bekannt,
da&B beim Rotklee im mittleren und dstlichen Europa stets der zweite Schnitt zur
Samengewinnung verwendet wird, wahrend andernorts auch vom ersten Schnitt Samen
gewonnen werden.

DaB Nutzung und Pflege der Samenkultur einen grofen Hinfluf auf den Unkraut-
samengehalt eines Saatguts hat, leuchtet ohne weiteres ein. Ebenso wird die Reinigung
eine Verschiebung der beigemengten Unkrautsamen bedingen, wenn diese Veranderung
auch tatsachlich nicht so stark ist, wie man wohl von vornherein annehmen mochte.

Sehr zu beachten ist natiirlich auch der Hinflu& des Bodens. Man darf nie vergessen,
daB Arten wie Medicago sativa und lupulina, Atriplex patulum, Silene inflata, Sinapis arvensis,
Centaurea jacea und Matricaria inodora, Ranunculus acer, Daucus carota, Anagallis arvensis,
Sherardia arvensis kalkhaltigen, absorptiv geséttigten’ Boden bevorzugen, und daf, wenn
diese Arten in starkem Mafe in einem Saatgut auftreten, darin neben dem EHinfluf des
Klimas auch der des Bodens zum Ausdruck kommt: Dagegen sind die meisten Trifolien,
auch Lotus und namentlich Anthyllis, sodann Vicia hirsuta, die beiden Holcusarten, “die
Bumexarten aus den Gruppen der Acetosae und Acetosellae, Brunella, Anthemis’ arvensis
nicht so auspruchsvoll an den Kalkgehalt des Bodens; sié kommen auch auf absorptiv

oom oF bo oe

ungesattigten Bodenarten, auf Boden, der also zur Saurebildung neigt, vor, und wenn wir
daher die erste Gruppe zum Beispiel vorherrschend in franzésischem Rotklee, die zweite
in béhmischer Saat finden, so spricht sich darin nicht allein das Klima, sondern auch der
Hinflu8 des Bodens aus, der in den franzésischen Produktionsgebieten vorherrschend kalk-
reich ist, wahrend er in Bohmen aus kalkarmem Urgestein hervorgegangen ist. In gleicher
Weise kénnen in der Unkrautflora einer Saat Hinfliisse des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes und der
Dispersitat des Bodens, die ja beide miteinander zusammenhangen, zum Ausdruck kommen.
Boden geringer Dispersitat, also Sandboden, nahrt eine ganz andere Unkrautflora als Boden
hoher Dispersitat (schwerer, feuchter Tonboden). Wenn wir z. B. Poa trivialis in einer
Saat finden, so wird das immer ein Fingerzeig sein, daB die betreffende Saat auf schwerem
feuchtem Boden gewachsen ist.

Weitaus am wichtigsten aber ist doch der Einflu& des Klimas auf das Auftreten
der Unkrauter, und damit ist eben die Moglichkeit der Beurteilung der Provenienz auch
aus Unkrautsamen zu geben, die mehr oder weniger kosmopolitisch sind, die also nicht wie
die eigentlichen Leitarten ein engbegrenztes Verbreitungsgebiet besitzen.

Zunichst muB ich nun’ die Frage besprechen, warum die Leitarten, die eigentlichew
Provenienzunkrauter, sich aufierhalb ihres Ursprungslandes in den Kleefeldern und in den
abrigen Kulturen in der Regel nicht entwickeln, und warum sie, verschleppt, meist nur auf
sogenanntem Odland, d.h. auf steinigem, vegetationsarmem Lande, vorkommen. Wir haben
friiher schon (im XXII. Jahresberichte der Schweiz. Samenuntersuchungs- und Versuchsanstalt
1898/99, S. 37) darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dafi sich dies fiir die amerikanischen Arten
sehr leicht daraus erklire, daB diese Arten spit bliihen und spat Samen reifen, und dah
es ihnen daher ganz unméglich sei, bei uns gleichzeitig mit dem Klee oder mit einem
unserer Hauptgraser reife Samen zu entwickeln. Wir ernteten von ihnen in unseren Versuchs- °
feldern erst ausgangs September, meist aber erst im Oktober reife Samen. Zudem handelt
es sich ja in der Regel um einjahrige Gewachse. Werden sie mit dem Klee geschnitten,
so entwickeln sich die meisten nicht mehr. Amerikanische Leitarten wird man daher nur
ausnahmsweise, d.h. nur unter fiir sie besonders giinstigen Bedingungen, in Europa auf
Kleefeldern antreffen. Daf sie bei uns gleichzeitig mit dem Kleesamen reifen, ist héchstens
fir Plantago Rugelii zu erwarten, von den andern eigentlich amerikanischen Arten nicht.
, Etwas anders verhalten sich die siidlichen Arten. Sie treten auch im engern Mittel-
europa in Kleefeldern hie und da auf. Man trifft in trockenen Jahren hie und da Luzerne-
felder, in denen Centaurea solstitialis, Ammi majus und namentlich Helminthia zu finden
sind. Dies ist aber nur dann der Fall, wenn der Bestand lickig ist, wenn also die fremde
Art geniigend Luft und Licht zur Entwicklung findet, und es besteht auch ein Unterschied
insofern, als Helminthia offenbar leichter zur Entwicklung kommt, als die beiden andern.
Fir eine Art mit den Eigenschaften des Arthrolobiums, das ja eine der wichtigsten Leitarten
fir die Erkennung der franzésischen und italienischen Saaten ist, scheint eine Entwicklung
in nérdlichen Gegenden tiberhaupt ausgeschlossen zu sein. Andere siidliche Arten kénnen
sich dagegen, wie gesagt, auch in noérdlichen Breiten in den Kulturen gelegentlich bis zur
Samenreife entwickeln. Gewéhnlich aber tritt dies nicht ein. Die Samen, die mit fremd-
landischem Saatgut zur Aussaat kommen, werden zwar keimen, aber sie kénnen in ihrer
Entwicklung mit dem Klee nicht Schritt halten und werden so von ihm unterdrickt. Es
wiederholt sich hier die gleiche Erscheinung, die wir in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis
so oft beobachten. So schadet ja z. B. der Ackersenf nur im Sommergetreide, aus dem
einzigen Grunde, weil er erst im Frihjahre keimt. Im Wintergetreide keimt er zwar im
Frihjahre auch, vermag aber nicht mehr zur rechten Entwicklung zu ‘kommen, weil er vom
Wintergetreide beschattet und unterdriickt wird. Im Sommergetreide dagegen findet er,
bis dieses zum Schossen kommt, Zeit zur Starkung, soda® er hier bluht und fruchtet.
Gleiches muf auch der Fall sein mit den siidlichen Unkrautern; sie kommen zwar zum Keimen,
entwickeln sich aber infolge ihres Warmebediirfnisses langsamer und werden so von der rascher
wachsenden Hauptart unterdriickt. Nur in liickigen Bestaénden vermégen sie sich zu ent-
wickeln. Deshalb werden sie sich dort nicht weiter ausbreiten; sie bleiben Ephemerophyten.

Was nun die osteuropiischen Unkriuter anbetrifft, so sollte man die leichte Akkli-
matisierung der Silene dichotoma, die sich ja als urspriinglich osteuropaische Pflanze binnen
kurzer Zeit tiber groBe Gebiete Mitteleuropas ausgebreitet hat, nicht verallgemeinern.
Gewohnlich zeichnen sich die Unkrauter kontinentalen Ursprungs dadurch aus, dafi sie
erst bei hoher Bodentemperatur keimen (dies gilt auch fiir nordamerikanische einjahrige

Arten). Die Folge davon ist, dai, wenn sie bei uns zu keimen beginnen, die ibrigen
' Pflanzen und namentlich der Klee sich schon stark entwickelt haben, und es ihnen in der
Folge an Licht und Bodenraum gebricht. Sie werden unterdriickt. Sie sind eben angepafit.
an kontinentale Verhaltnisse, wo der Ubergang von der kalten zu der warmen Jahreszeit
viel rascher erfolgt, und wo deshalb die Vegetation mit einem Male erwacht. Hier ver-
médgen sie sich auch in Kulturen zu halten, in unserm gemifigten Klima dagegen nicht.
Ganz so leicht ist es daher auch den Unkrautern des kontinentalen Klimas nicht, sich in
gemafigtem Klima in Kulturen einzubirgern.

Bei allem ist iibrigens noch eins nicht zu iibersehen: In unserm gemafigten Klima
entwickeln sich Klee und Graser viel starker, als in kontinentalen und warmen Erdstrichen.
Sie werden namentlich umso starker und iippiger, je feuchter das Klima ist. Das erschwert
das Aufkommen einjahriger Arten, die sich jedes Jahr vom Samen zur fruchtenden Pflanze
entwickeln miissen.

In den Rotkleeproben, deren Untersuchungsergebnis spiter zu besprechen sein wird,
fand sich nach der Dauer geordnet folgende Zahl von Unkrautarten:

Rotklee aus

Frankreich der Tschechoslovakei der Schweiz
: Arten % Arten % Arten %y
Einjthrige Unkrauter........... 25 39,1 18 47,3 14 27,4
Uberwinternd einjihrige Unkrauter 7 10,9 5 13,2 8 15,7
Zweijaihrige Unkrauter.......... 7 10,9 5 13,2 3 5,9
Ausdauernde Unkrauter......... 25 39,1 10 26,3 26 51,0
“64 \ 38 51

Von den drei Produktionsgebieten hat die Schweiz das kiihlste und feuchteste Klima und
daher am meisten ausdauernde Arten. Auch das ist ein Grund, der es vielen Unkrautern
kontinentalen oder siidlichen Ursprungs unméglich macht, in gemafigtem Klima in Kulturen
aufzutreten.

Was hier nun aber fiir die eigentlichen provenienzbestimmenden
Leitarten gesagt wurde, giltauch mitHinschrankungen fir die Begleitsamen.
Es zeigt zwar ihr gréferes Verbreitungsgebiet, daf sie an das Klima keine so bestimmten,
scharfumrissenen Anforderungen stellen wie jene, dafi aber doch ausgesprochene Unter-
schiede vorhanden sind, liegt auf der Hand, und diese Unterschiede sollten zugunsten der
Provenienzbestimmungen beachtet werden.

Es gibt unter den Begleitarten bestimmte Arten, die warmebediirftiger sind und des-
halb im kithlen Klima mit andern Gewachsen nicht so gut zu konkurrieren vermégen.
Sie treten deshalb hier nicht so haufig auf, soda sich ein quantitativer Unterschied
feststellen laft. Zu diesen Arten gehért z. B. Verbena officinalis, Teucrium botrys, Mal-
vaarten, Bupleurum rotundifolium, vielleicht auch Lotus und Cichorium. Ebenso gibt es
Arten, die tiberwinternd einjahrig sind und dabei wohl den Winter des gemafigten, nicht

-aber den strengen des kontinentalen Klimas gut auszuhalten vermégen. Das beste Beispiel
dafiir ist Alopecurus agrestis, ein Gras, das zwar auch im Frihjahr ausgesiet zur Bliiten-
‘bildung gelangt (das sich ‘also nicht verhalt wie das Wintergetreide), das aber keine
Keimruhe besitzt und deshalb kurz nach der Reife schon im Herbst keimt. Im Osten fallt
es dem strengen Winter zum Opfer. Alopecurus agrestis ist nach den Angaben von
Celakowsky, Beck von Managetta, Hackel (in Halascy und Braun), Neilreich und andern
schon im Gebiete der ehemaligen dsterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie ein unbestindiges
Gewichs. Etwas anders verhalten sich dagegen die gleichfalls tiberwinternd einjabrigen
Valerianella-Arten, die eine tiefere Keimruhe besitzen, und deshalb oft erst im Frihjahr

keimen, die monocyklischen Geranien und die Bromusarten aus der Gruppe der Zeo- und
Stenobromus.

Ausgesprochene kontinentale Unkrauter sind die Panicumarten aus den Sektionen
Miliaria, Digitaria, Echinochloa und Setaria, die alle spat keimen und deshalb ausgezeichnete
Kennzeichen fir éstliche und amerikanische Herkunft sind, so namentlich Panicum lineare,
sanguinale, crus galli und Setaria glauca.

Ich halte also dafiir, da& eine aufmerksame und eingehende Priifung der Begleitsamen
auf ihre Verbreitung, und zwar unter Beriicksichtigung der Mengenverhaltnisse, in der ‘die
verschiedenen Arten auftreten, sicher viele Tatsachen ans Licht férdern widen, durch die
die Beurteilung nach den eigentlichen Leitsamen erganzt und befestigt wide. Ich werde
spater auf einige kleinere, allerdings in ihren Ergebnissen nicht ganz befriedigende Ver-
suche in dieser Richtung noch zu sprechen kommen. :

Nun zur zweiten der eingangs gestellten Fragen, namlich, ob nicht zur Herkunfts-
bestimmung eines Saatgutes alle seine Merkmale, nicht blof die Unkrautsamen, herbei-
gezogen werden miissen. Als solche Merkmale kommen in Betracht: andere Beimengungen
mineralischen und tierischen Ursprungs, das Tausendkorngewicht, die Farbe, die chemische
Zusammensetzung’ u. s. w.

Die dem Saatgut beigemengten Erde- und Gesteinsteilchen hat man wohl immer zur
Provenienzbestimmung mit herangezogen, so namentlich die Schwarzerde als Kennzeichen
siidrussischer Saaten. Die Schwarzerde- oder Tschernosembéden, bestehend aus absorptiv
gesattigtem, also nicht saurem Humus, haben aber in Kuropa ein gréferes Verbreitungs-
gebiet. Sie treten auch auf der Balkanhalbinsel und in Ungarn, vereinzelt selbst in
Deutschland auf, immerhin nicht so ausgesprochen wie gerade in Siidrufland. Da diese
Schwarzerdebiéden klimatisch bedingt sind (sie entstehen nur in Gebieten mit weniger als
500 mm Niederschligen), so bilden sie ein gutes Kennzeichen fiir Rotklee und andere
Saaten, die auf sehr trockenem Boden gewachsen sind, was sich iibrigens stets auch durch .....
die Unkrautflora ohne weiteres ergeben wird. Einen ahnlichen Fall haben wir mit der
Roterde, einer Ubergangsform zu den tropischen Lateritbéden. Roterde entsteht, wenn
infolge hoher Temperatur und geniigender Niederschlage Kieselsiure und Elektrolyte
ausgewaschen werden, womit eine Anreicherung des Bodens an Aluminium- und Hisen-
hydroxyd und damit Rotfirbung zustande kommt. Roterden haben wir in weiter Aus-
dehnung namentlich in Siidfrankreich, in der Languedoc, und es sollte somit méglich sein,
an der Roterdebeimengung die Luzerne aus der Gegend von Nimes u.s. f. von der echten
Provencer Luzerne, die im Gegensatz dazu Kalksteinchen enthalt, zu unterscheiden. An
manchen Anstalten will man auch den béhmischen Rotklee an der Beimengung kleiner,
glimmerhaltiger Gesteinsstiickchen erkennen.

An Beimengungen tierischen Ursprungs haben wir die Muschelbruchsticke zu
erwahnen, die sich in siidfranzésischer Luzerne vorfinden und von der Diingung der
Luzernefelder mit vom Meere ausgeworfenen Algenmassen herriihren. Sie sind ein Kenn-
zeichen fir Saatgut, das aus der Nahe des Meeres stammt. Gegenwiartig wird diese
Diingung hauptsachlich im Departement Var durchgefiihrt.

Sodann haben wir schon friiher (Beste Futterpflanzen I, 4. Aufl. 1913, 8. 174) darauf
hingewiesen, dai auch die kleinen Schnecken, die sich im Esparsettesamen vorfinden,
gute Provenienzbestimmungsmittel sind. Es liegt uns bei der Esparsette hauptsachlich
daran, die siidfranzésische Herkunft sicher festzustellen, da diese Saat sich dadurch aus-
zeichnet, da® sie zwar schon im ersten Jahr zur Blite kommt, nachher aber sehr rasch
verschwindet. ‘Wir haben dabei als gute Leitart namentlich die Helix acuta ausfindig-
gemacht. Es war uns friher stets moglich, siidfranzésische Saat an dieser Schnecke, die
sich in groBen Proben stets vorfand, sicher zu erkennen. Seither reinigen aber die Samen-
handler die Esparsette viel scharfer und entfernen damit auch die letzten Reste dieser
Helix. Ganz gelingt ihnen die Verwischung der Herkunft allerdings nicht. Man findet
immer noch ‘gewisse Arten vor, allerdings nur in Jugendformen, die schwer zu bestimmen
sind. So scheint Helix ericetorum ein gutes Kennzeichen fiir westeuropiische, Helix obvia

dagegen fiir osteuropiische Esparsette zu sein. Allerdings sagen uns die Conchyliologen,
daB gerade die Helix obvia mit Esparsettesaatgut verschleppt werde, und infolgedessen
sich ihr Verbreitungsgebiet in letzter Zeit stark nach Westen ausgebreitet habe.

Als weiteres zu beriicksichtigendes Merkmal, das zur Feststellung der Herkunft bei-
tragen kann, ist das Tausendkorngewicht zu nennen. Die verschiedenen Provenienzen
haben meist ein sehr verschiedenes Tausendkorngewicht. Europadisches Timothe ist immer
bedeutend schwerer als amerikanisches. Beim Rotklee erwies sich nach unsern Unter-
suchungen die deutsche Provenienz als die schwerste, die nordamerikanische und italienische
als die leichteste Herkunft. Es ist selbstverstindlich, daB die Reinigung einen gewissen
HinfluB auf das Tausendkorngewicht hat. Wir wissen aber vom Getreide, dai dieser Hinflu&
die individuellen Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Artéen nicht verwischen kann.
Jede Reinigung muf ja wirtschaftlich sein; sie darf also nicht zu viel Abfall erzeugen,
und sie kann deshalb die Unterschiede im Korngewicht nicht zum -Verschwinden bringen.
Selbstverstindlich schwankt das Tausendkorngewicht im einzelnen innerhalb einer Provenienz
sehr stark; es wird bei jeder Provenienz einzelne Saaten geben, die sich so stark vom
Mittel entfernen, da sie auch innerhalb der Variationsbreite einer andern Provenienz liegen.
Die Bestimmung des Tausendkorngewichts kann also fiir sich allein nicht ausschlaggebend sein,
wohl aber im Vereine mit andern Merkmalen einen wertvollen Anhaltspunkt zur Bestimmung
der Provenienz geben. Das Tausendkorngewicht wird aber auch bei den verschiedenen
Provenienzen starker oder schwacher schwanken, und es ist deshalb nétig, daB man nicht
bloB die Mittelzahl, sondern auch das Maf. dieser Schwankung, also die mittlere Ab-
weichung, angibt. Das Tausendkorngewicht wird stark vom Klima beeinfluit. Klimate
mit langer, warmer Vegetationszeit bringen héhere Tausendkorngewichte hervor, als solche,
in denen sie durch Sommerdiirre friihzeitig abgeschlossen wird. Deshalb haben ameri-
kanische, Kontinental- und siidliche Saaten im allgemeinen ein kleineres Tausendkorngewicht
als solche aus gemafigtem Klima. Dabei dirfen wir jedoch die Unterschiede nicht allein
auf Rechnung der Standortseinfliisse an sich setzen; sie erweisen sich bis zu einem ge-
wissen Grade als erblich.

Sodann kann bei der Feststellung der Provenienz auch die Samenfarbe Verwendung
finden, besonders beim Rotklee. Die verschiedenen Herkiinfte haben deutlich verschiedene
Farben; sie sind bald mehr gelb, bald mehr violett gefarbt. Wir haben versucht, diese
Unterschiede fiir die verschiedenen Provenienzen zahlenmafig festzustellen, indem wir die
Kémer in gelbe, vorherrschend gelbe, gescheckte, vorherrschend violette und violette
trennten. Dabei stellten wir fest, daf beim italienischen und beim schweizerischen Rotklee
das Gelb am starksten vorherrscht. Sie weisen 41,2 und 40,7 %o gelbe Korner auf (Mittel .
von je 10 Proben), wahrend der franzésische Rotklee am wenigsten, nur 21,2 > gelbe Korner
aufweist. Es bestehen also recht erhebliche Unterschiede, die ganz gut zahlenmabig' erfaBt
werden kénnen. Die Samenfarbe ist beim Rotklee wie bekannt erblich bedingt, hangt
also nicht vom Standorte ab. ’

Auch die chemische Zusammensetzung kann fiir verschiedene Herkiinfte verschieden
sein; so hat Geo. H. Pethybridge kirzlich, gestiitzt auf Untersuchungen von H.E. und
E. F. Amstrong und E. Horton, nachgewiesen, dai wilder englischer Weifklee ein Blau-
saure abspaltendes Glycosid enthalt, das dem gewohnlichen Weifklee. des Handels fehlt.
Es 148t sich hierdurch englischer Weifiklee schon als Keimling von dem gewéhnlichen
WeiBklee des Handels mit leichter Mithe unterscheiden. Ich habe diese Untersuchung fir
schweizerischen WeiBklee nachgeprift und gefunden, daf auch wildwachsender schwei-
zerischer Weifiklee Blausiure entwickelt, und daf in der Tat die osteuropaischen Weifklee-
provenienzen nichts davon abspalten.

Es gibt selbstverstandlich noch weitere Merkmale, die geeignet: sind, bei der Provenienz-
bestimmung aushilfsweise beigezogen zu werden. So wurde schon die Lange und Breite
~ des Kleesamens, die Prazipitinreaktion dazu beniitzt. Ich méchte nun aber zunachst einmal
die Ergebnisse einiger kleinerer Voruntersuchungen, die ich zur Erlauterung des von mir
Gesagten durchgefiithrt habe, besprechen.

Um einen Anhaltspunkt daréiber zu erhalten, ob die Bestimmung der Begleitsamen
einer Samenart-nach Zahl und Art tatsichlich zur Charakterisierung und Erkennung einer
Herkunft beitragen kann, habe ich je acht Proben von Rotklee aus dem mittleren Frankreich,
aus der Tschechoslovakei und aus der Schweiz auf alle in ihnen enthaltenen Samen unter-
sucht. Die Ergebnisse sind nachstehend auszugsweise wiedergegeben. Die Ubersichten
umfassen nicht alle Arten. Unkrautsamen, die, wie Plantago lanceolata, in allen drei
Provenienzen in gleich starkem MaBe vorkommen, und ferner Arten, die nur ganz sporadisch

auftreten, sind weggelassen. Provenienzbestimmende Leitarten sind fettgedruckt:

Zahl und Art der Unkrautsamen in Rotklee aus Mittelfrankreich.
8 Proben von je 100 &.

Art I II Ill IV Vv VI VIE | VII
Lolium italicum.............. 4) 183 16 2 1 15 3 5
Rumex obtusifolius ........... — 1 1 1 1 1 _ 3
si acetosella ..-......... 11 _— 5 4 2 _ 1 3
Polygonum aviculare ......... — 2 — = = oe = =
Chenopodium album.......... —_— — _ — — 1 — _
Silene inflata ................ — 3 23 4 — _ 11 3
Lepidium campestre .......... _ — _ are 1 ams ae =
Ranunculus acer ............. _— _ 1 = = = 1 Sad
Trifolium hybridum........... 23 9 7 — _ 1 _ 9
i repens ............. 12 cl = — = = = —
Medicago sativa.............. _— 11} 270 54 54 60 53 | 340
5 lupulina............ 1 36 29 15 15 6 17 37
Lotus corniculatus............ 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 3
Anthyllis vulneraria ..... febacrute — — — 2 2 7 3 =
Arthrolobium scorpioides...... — —_ 3 — = a 1; 61
Daucus carota ............... 23 | 265 | 279 164 11 117 139 202
Carum segetum .............. — 13 2 = a = — 2
Verbena officinalis............ 5 os 4 = = _ = 8
Brunella vulgaris............. 5 1 3 1 _ i aa 1
Teucrium botrys ............. — _ 7 — 1 = 5 |} i
Sherardia arvensis............ _ 1 3 1 —_ 1 7 2
Cephalaria transilvanica ...... oe ee = 8 — — _ _ 4
Thrincia hirta................ — 3 1 1 — 1 — 1
Cichorium intybus............ — 5 | 124 5 _ 1 2 92
Helminthia echioides.......... _ = 13 = = —_ _ 8
Tausendkorngewicht mg... | 1820 | 1964 | 1610 | 1642 | 1946 | 1750 | 1794 | 1648
Mittel: mg 1772 + 44,87.

Unkrautsamen in Rotklee aus der Tschechoslovakei.
Art I II I IV Vv VI Vil | Vol
Setaria glauca..............., 1 2 — — — -- — _
Rumex obtusifolius ........... 11 2 1 9 1 2 3 2
» acetosella............. 12 — 3 29 60 1 2 1
Polygonum aviculare.......... 1 4 1 1 7 a — 1
Chenopodium album .......... 3 5 1 2 — — 4 1
Silena inflata .......-......., 3 _ — 2 = = Ss 1

Art I II Til IV Vv VI | VI | VIII

Silena dichotoma............. — 13 a4 — = _ _
Lepidium campestre........... 2 — = _— — —_ _ a
Coronilla varia............... —_— es — 1 1 — — =
Trifolium hybridum........... 105 4 4 34 — 21} 154 12
» Yepens............. 6| — 2 1 8) —| 1
Medicago sativa.............. 37 12 —_ = _ _ 2
* lupulina............ 3 2 1 10 4 2 = 5
Lotus corniculatus..:......... -- _ —_ 1 = 1 = —
Anthyllis vulneraria........... 6 4 _ 9 8 _ — 4
Daucus carota................ 4 4 1 10) 124 a 4 _
Myosotis intermedia........... — —|; — —_ 1 _ —_ —_
Galium aparine .............. 7 = = = = 2 7 2
» Mmollugo........... cays 8 — _ — — _ _ =
Sherardia arvensis............ 18 4 3 _ = 1 = 1
: Tausendkorngewicht mg... | 1866 .| 1910 | 1884 | 1924 | 1756 | 1942 | 1904 | 1868

Mittel: mg 1882 + 18,9.

Unkrautsamen in schweizerischem Rotklee.

Art I II III IV Vv VI | VIL | VOI

Lolium italicum .............. 10 = — 34] 185 21 3
Luzula campestris ............ —_ = 1 = = _ cd
Setaria viridis........... rer — — _ —_— _— — 1
Rumex obtusifolius............ 30 4 a 11 68 27 5
» acetosella ............. _— — _ _ 1 —_— 38
Polygonum aviculare.......... 3 — — — _ —_ 1

3
Chenopodium album........... 36 —|c- — 10 =

Silene inflata................. — _

Ranunculus acer.............. —_— _— 3 = = a, =
' Trifolium hybridum ......... feu — — 1 3 3 as =
7 Vepems............. —_— — 3 5 150 _ 9
Medicago sativa .........:.... — = — 9 = = ss
W lupulina ........ ists — as 1 —_ = — oes
Lotus corniculatus............ — _ Gost 1 = 1 =
Daucus carota..... .......... _ _— 1 5 = 2g = 50
Myosotis intermedia........... _— 4 = 3 = = oak
Brunella vulgaris ............. _ 85 _— 4 1 — 12 4
Galium mollugo .............. _ 6 — = 2 = 9
Leucanthemum vulgare........ — — —t 7 — 11 aa my

Tausendkorngewicht mg...] 1748 | 1738 | 1618 | 1860 1940 1916 | 1772 | 1952
Mittel: mg 1818 + 39,4.

Zunichst sei aus den Ergebnissen der Erhebungen hervorgehoben, daB durch die vor-
liegenden Bestimmungen ein Unterschied im Tausendkorngewicht nicht nachgewiesen
worden ist. Denn die Differenzen der Mittelzahlen der drei Herktinfte und ihre mittleren

Fehler betragen in Milligramm: ‘6 i
Franzisisch-tschechoslovakisch mg 110+ 48,4,
Franzésisch-schweizerisch » 862 59,7,

Tschechoslovakisch-schweizerisch , 64 48,4.

40 :

Die Unterschiede sind also im Verhiltnis zu ihrem mittleren Fehler viel zu klein.
Es ist nicht ausgeschlossen, daf eine gréBere Zahl von Bestimmungen einen tatsichlichen
Unterschied zutage férdern wirde. Allein praktische Bedeutung wird ein solcher Unter-
schied kaum je erlangen, namentlich wenn man beriicksichtigt, dai dieses Gewicht auch
von der Jahreswitterung beeinflu8t werden kann. Dagegen kann gegeniiber anderen
Provenienzen ein praktisch verwendbarer Unterschied bestehen, und es ist deshalb notwendig,
bei jeder Provenienz das Tausendkorngewicht, und zwar in verschiedenen Jahrgangen an
einer hinreichend grofen Zahl von Proben zu ermitteln.

Was dagegen die Unkrautsamen anbetrifft, so ist der Ubersicht leicht zu entnehmen,
daf die mittelfranzésischen Saaten, auBer durch verschiedene Leitarten (Arthrolobium,
Carum segetum, Cephalaria; Thrincia, Helminthia) charakterisiert sind durch starkes Auf-
treten von Lolium italicum, Medicago sativa und lupulina, Cichorium intybus und durch
accessorisches von Verbena, Teucrium botrys. Ferner ist die tschechoslovakische Saat
durch Setaria glauca, Silene dichotoma, Coronilla, Galium aparine und stirkeres Auftreten
von Chenopodium album, Rumex acetosella und Trifolium hybridum gekennzeichnet. Der
schweizerische Rotklee 148t sich fast nur erkennen durch die Abwesenheit aller klima-
tisch kennzeichnenden Arten und das haufige Vorkommen von Brunella und Rumex
obtusifolius.

Als Erginzung untersuchte ich in gleicher Weise 7 Proben Timothegras amerikanischer,
6 europdischer und 1 zweifelhafter Herkunft. Auch hier muBten die blofi sporadisch auf-
trétenden Arten weggelassen werden. Auer dem Tausendkorngewicht wurde auch der
Prozentsatz entspelzter Samen bestimmt. (Tab. S. 41.)

Im Gegensatz zum Rotklee ergibt hier sowohl das Tausendkorngewicht als auch der
Prozentsatz entspelzter Samen sicher nachgewiesene Unterschiede. Es betragt im Mittel:

Amerikanische Europaische
Herkunft: Herkunft: Differenz:
Tausendkorngewicht mg: 3867 -+14,12 439 + 8,98 72 + 16,74
Entspelzte Friichte mg: . 39,5+ 5,94 10,6 + 2,41 28,8+ 6,14

Im iibrigen lassen sich mit einer Ausnahme alle Proben sowohl durch Leitarten (von
denen Myosotis intermedia und Valerianella dentata in Nordamerika nicht vorkommen) als
auch durch die Begleitarten erkennen. Die amerikanische Provenienz kennzeichnet sich
auBer durch die eigentlichen Leitarten durch starkes Vorkommen von Poa pratensis und
ferner durch das Vorkommen von Lepidium ruderale, Potentilla norvegica, Anthemis cotula,
die europiische durch folgende in grofer Zahl auftretende Arten: Brunella vulgaris,
Anthemis arvensis, Chrysanthemum inodorum, Lampsana communis und Viola tricolor. |

Die letzte Probe la&t sich leicht als Gemisch beider Provenienzen erkennen. Bei der
dritten Probe sind iiberhaupt keine Leitarten vorhanden, und auch die Begleitsamen
geniigen nicht zur Bestimmung. Dagegen weist sie das Tausendkorngewicht zur
amerikanischen Provenienz. Der Prozentsatz entspelzter Samen nimmt eine Mittelstellung
ein. Hier geniigen die untersuchten Merkmale nicht zur Herkunftsbestimmung.

Wie Sie sehen, ist es jedenfalls méglich auf diesem Wege, durch eine statistische
Behandlung der Unkrautyamen und durch Beiziehung anderer Merkmale uns die Bestimmung
der Herkunft zu erleichtern. Ich bin also der Ansicht, wir sollten fiir jedes Unkraut in
jeder einzelnen Provenienz einen Hanfigkeitsindex feststellen, der gleichzeitig auch die
Schwankung im Auftreten durch Beifigung der mittleren Abweichung oder des Variations-
koeffizienten angibt. Wenn wir dann bei den Herkunftsbestimmungen an Hand der Leit-
arten zu keinem abgeschlossenen Urteil kommen, dann miissen wir auch die tibrigen Begleit-
samen in Betracht ziehen und die Haufigkeit ihres Auftretens, wenn ndétig, zahlenmabig
genau feststellen und mit den Indices vergleichen. Auferdem aber werden das Tausend-
korngewicht zu bestimmen, die Farbe eingehend zu beurteilen und alle andern Beimengungen
mit in Betracht zu ziehen sein. Auf diese Weise werden wir sicher in den meisten Fallen
zu einem zuverlassigen Urteil kommen. Ich meine natiirlich nicht, daf bei jeder Provenienz-
bestimmung in dieser genauen Weise vorgegangen werden sollte, aber es werden doch

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jedem von uns gelegentlich Falle vorliegen, wo alles aufgewendet werden muf, um ein
sicheres Urteil ther die Herkunft einer Saat zu erhalten.

Um aber in dieser Weise vorgehen zu kénnen, miissen wir zuerst die nétige Grundlage
schaffen. Nun lese ich in einer Abhandlung von Oberstein (Landw. Jahrbiicher 51, 1918,
p. 456), daB vor dem Kriege. durch die Pariser Samenkontrollstation gréBere Muster von
Rotkleesaat verschiedener franzésischer Produktionsgebiete in absolut sicherer Originalsaat
an die deutschen Versuchsstationen hatten yersandt werden sollen, zur Vornahme von Anbau-
versuchen in Deutschland und Belgien und namentlich auch zur Durchfiihrung einer genauen
Analyse dieser Provenienzmuster zur Gewinnung ausreichenden, grundlegenden Materials
fir den Ausbau der Herkunftsbestimmungen, namentlich um die Unterscheidung zwischen
nord- und siidfranzésischer Provenienz zu férdern und zu sichern.

Der Krieg wird die Ausfiihrung dieses Planes verhindert haben. Wir sollten
ihn aber wieder aufgreifen. und wenigstens den zweiten Teil, die genaue Untersuchung des
Saatgutes auf etwas breiterer Grundlage durchfiihren. Die Grundlage muf umfassender sein,
“1. weil die Untersuchung sich nicht bloS auf die franzésischen Provenienzen beschranken

sollte, sondern alle Lander umfassen mub, ‘
2. weil aus jedem Produktionsgebiete nicht blof eine Probe, sondern eine grofere Anzahl

untersucht werden sollten, da nur dann die Schwankungen, die in jedem Merkmale

vorkommen kénnen, d. h. seine Variationsbreite, in richtiger Weise erfait wird.

Dabei ist es aber durchaus wiinschenswert, dafi diese Untersuchungen nach einheit-
lichem Plane vorgenommen werden, so dai die Ergebnisse spiter unter sich vergleichbar
sind. Sie hatten sich nur auf diejenigen Merkmale zu erstrecken, die fiir die Erkennung
der Proyenienz wichtig sind.

Am dringlichsten ist die sichere Erkennung der Provenienz beim Rotklee. Die
Untersuchung hatte sich hier zu befassen mit:

1. der genauen Feststellung aller Unkrautsamen nach Zahl und Art in Proben von
bestimmter stets gleicher GréBe,

2. der Feststellung der tibrigen Beimengungen nach bestimmten Vorschlagen,

3. der Ermittlung des Tausendkorngewichtes,

4. der Feststellung der Farbe nach einem bestimmten Schema.

Ich wiirde es von groBem Vorteil halten, wenn unsere Konferenz sich auf die In-
angriffnahme dieser Untersuchung und auf bestimmte Vorschriften fir ihre Durchfiihrung
einigen kénnte. Jede Anstalt hatte die Rotkleeprovenienzen ihres Gebiets allein oder
unter Beiziehung einer weiteren Anstalt zu untersuchen. So kamen wir zu einem Standard-
buch fir die Provenienzen, das uns die Durchfiihrung der Herkunftsbestimmungen ganz
ungemein erleichtern wiirde. Ich bin sicher, daB wir auf diesem Wege auch eine ganze Reihe
neuer Leitarten fiir die Provenienzbestimmung kennen lernten. Dabei méchte ich eines ganz
besonders hervorheben: wie wichtig und notwendig es ist, die Unkrautsamen nicht blof nach
dem Samen zu bestimmen, sondern die Bestimmungen soviel wie méglich durch Kulturversuche
nachzuprifen. Man kann sich bei diesen Bestimmungen auBerordentlich leicht tiuschen.

Ich halte dafiir, daB die Wichtigkeit der Provenienzbestimmungen es rechtfertigt,
daB wir die von mir vorgeschlagernen Untersuchungen vornehmen. Es ist ja nicht zu ver-
kennen, daf mit dem Fortschreiten der Ziichtung der Futterpflanzen die Provenienzbestimmung
etwas an Wert einbiifen muS. Wenn aber sorgfaltig geziichtet werden soll, dann werden
namentlich die Fremdbefruchter, also z. B. Rotklee, jahrelange Bearbeitung erfordern, wenn
von ihnen einigermafen konstante und praktisch wertvolle Stamme erzielt, werden sollen.
Jeder Stamm mu ja in jeder Generation wieder auf seinen Ertrag gepriift werden, weil
er als Heterozygot bestaindig spaltet. Die Ziichtungen werden also nicht sobald die Pro-
venienzen verdrangen. Auch die Plombierungen, die manche Staaten einfiihren, entheben
uns nicht der Notwendigkeit, die Herkiinfte auch ohne Plombe erkennen zu kénnen. Denn
oft ist der Kulturwert der Saaten der verschiedenen Produktionsgebiete innerhalb eines
Landes sehr ungleich, und vor jeder nachtraglichen Vermischung und Fialschung der Her-
kunft schiitzt uns auch die Plombe nicht.

Wenn bisher die Provenienzbestimmungen zu den schwierigeren Aufgaben der Samen-
kontrolle gehérten, so hat das seinen Grund darin, daf uns eben die sichere Grundlage
deren Schaffung ich jetzt vorschlage, dafiir fehlte.. Die Herkunftsbestimmungen sind so
wichtig, dafi es sich wohl lohnt, in gemeinsamer Arbeit die notwendigen Erhebungen zu
machen. Nur durch Zusammenwirken ist es méglich, das notwendige authentische Material
zusammenzubringen. Hine einzelne Anstalt vermag das nicht.

Dabei soll es aber nicht unsere Aufgabe sein, den Kulturwert der verschiedenen
Provenienzen zu bestimmen und zu beurteilen. Dies soll eine Angelegenheit fir sich sein,
und es laBt sich ja tatsachlich ein allgemeines Urteil niemals fallen, weil der Kulturwert
der gleichen Herkunft fiir verschiedene Lander sehr verschieden sein kann. Wir hitten
uns nur auf die Erkennung der Provenienzen zu beschranken. Erst wenn durch unsere
Untersuchungen einmal eine sichere und umfassende Grundlage gelegt ist, wird es méglich
sein, eine Zusammenfassung und Einteilung der Provenienzen vorzunehmen.“

The determination of the origin of agricultural seeds.

Summary.

1. In determining the provenience, the leading species of weed seeds, which have a geo-
graphical distribution limited to one country, will always be of the greatest importance.
Besides these leading species it will be necessary in the future to pay greater attention
to the accessory species which have a wider geographical area; the accuracy of the
determination can be increased, if the number of each of these accessory species, which
is contained in a sample, is noted. The valuation of a weed-seed for determination of
the origin must be based upon an exact knowledge of its habits of life.

2. Furthermore, in order to ascertain its origin, all existing characteristics of the seed
should be noted, such as other admixtures (earth, little stones, shells &c.), the thousand-
grain-weight, colour, chemical composition.

3. It is desirable that every seed-testing-office submits a sufficient number of samples of
the seeds grown in its country to a minute examiration, based on a uniform plan
(statistical determination of the different species of weed-seeds, of the weight of
thousand grain, colour &c.). The identity of each species. of weed-seed should be
determined by a cultivation trial as often as possible.

4. On the strenght of these examinations, and the results of the trials for determining the
agricultural value of the different origins of a given forage plant, it must be possible
to classify and distinguish the seeds according to their provenience in a way which
takes their agricultural value into consideration.

Professor Johannsen:

thanked Dr. Volkart and expressed »ch danke Ihnen sehr fiir diesen
the hope, that his suggestion might ausgezeichneten Vortrag und hoffe,
have good influence. daB die wichtigen Gedanken guten

: Erfolg haben werden.“
M. Bussard:

»Je me plais & rendre hommage a la maitrise avec laquelle M. Volkart a exposé la
question de la détermination de la provenance des semences. Cette question est de premiére
importance pour le commerce et l'utilisation des semences dans les différents pays.

En France, nous sommes placés dans une situation qui nous permet d’en apprécier
toute la valeur. Sous le rapport du climat, notre pays peut étre pratiquement partagé
en deux régions distinctes, l'une. au nord de la Loire, l'autre au sud de ce fleuve. Par
leurs caractéres le Poitou et la Vendée, comme aussi la zone montagneuse du Plateau
Central, se rattachent 4 la région septentrionale. M. Volkart a fait une distinction
légitime entre les semences fourragéres (tréfle des prés, luzerne, esparcette) du nord et
celles du midi de la France. Ces derniéres sont dépréciées pour l’emploi dans les contrées
du nord de l'Europe et dans celles de l'Europe centrale & climat rigoureux.

Mais il faut se montrer trés prudent dans les conclusions & tirer, au sujet de la
provenance, de la présence, dans un échantillon de semences, de telle ou telle graine
étrangére. Les échanges de semences constamment pratiqués d’une région & Vautre, ont
disséminé partout les graines d’espéces spontanées et seules les espéces absolument réfrac-
taires & l'acclimatement dans une région ne s’y rencontrent pas. De plus les semences du
commerce sont souvent des mélanges de différentes provenances.

En 1913, & la suite des difficultés rencontrées par nos marchands grainiers pour
Vexportation des tréfles francais, la station de Paris a réuni et examiné plusieurs centaines
d’échantillons de semence de ces tréfles, de provenance bien authentique, fournis non par le
commerce, qui n’offre pas de garanties certaines & cet égard, mais par des cultivateurs des
divers points du territoire. L’enquéte ainsi faite a démontré que Helminthia echioides, dont
la présence des graines était alors considérée comme indiquant une provenance méridionale,
se rencontre en réalité & peu prés partout en France, aussi bien dans le nord méme que
dans la région parisienne, ot elle croit et miarit trés facilement; elle est, tout le fois, plus
abondante dans le Midi. Dans les tréfles du midi de la France figurent communément
aussi des graines d’Arthrolobium scorpioides, Picris stricta, Torilis nodosa, Rubus sp.
Aucune de ces espéces, rencontrée seule, ne suffit & caractériser la provenance des semences
qui la renferment; ce qu'il faut considérer & cet égard, c’est la présence simultanée de
plusieurs d’entre elles, et aussi leur abondance. Les autres indices, tirés de la nature des
matiéres inertes: pierres, coquillages, etc. et des caractéres mémes de la semence: forme,
dimensions, couleur, et surtout poids relatif, ne sont pas négligeables, mais de moindre valeur.

Il serait désirable que, pour les semences qui font l'objet d’un commerce international
et dont il importe d’établir la provenance, une enquéte ffit faite avec le concours des
stations du pays d'origine, pour déterminer les indices nettement caractéristiques de celle ci.«

Dr. v. Degen:

»Ich habe auf dem ersten Samen-
kontrollkongre8 in Hamburg den An-
trag gestellt, die Ziiricher Samenkon-
trollanstalt als Sammelstelle fiir Pro-
venienzfragen zu bezeichnen. Dieser
Antrag wurde angenommen, leider
aber nicht durchgeftihrt. Ich erlaube
mir im AnschluB an den Vortrag
vorzuschlagen :

1. daB in jedem Lande resp. Gebiete,
das in bezug auf ,,Provenienz“ in

proposed

1. that in each country (resp. parts)
which is taken into consideration
concerning the question of prove-
nance the species and quantity
of the weed-seeds present in the
original seed must be determined
after a certain plan,

2. that the conference should appoint
one seed testing station, Ziirich,
whose duty it will be to study

Ziricher Station anzurufen.

all indications of provenance,

. that the conference should raise

funds to finance the publication
of the results.

Betracht kommt, nach einem be-
stimmten Plan an urspriinglichen
Samen die Art und Menge der
darin vorkommenden Unkraut-
samen festgestellt werden),

. daB eine Station, und zwar die

Ziricher, mit der Sammlung und
Bearbeitung aller die Provenienz

1) Da die Bestimmung aller Unkrautsamen ndétig ist, und dies oft keine leichte Sache
ist, ware auch bei der Bestimmung der Samen in zweifelhaften Fallen die Hilfe der

(Nachtraglicher Zusatz des Antragstellers.)

betreffenden Feststellungen be-
_ auftragt werde,
3. daB® der Kongre8 Mittel und Wege
finden mége, um die Ergebnisse
auch veréffentlichen zu kénnen.

Provenienzen zu unterscheiden ist sehr schwer. In Ungarn wird oft
Jahre hindurch zu wenig Rotkleesamen geerntet; wir miissen dann fremde
Samen importieren und bekommen auf diese Weise fremde Unkrautsamen
in unseren Klee. Dann werden vom Handel, der gréfere Mengen egaii-
sierter Ware braucht, oft verschiedene Provenienzen vermischt. Die
Sammlung der Muster zur Zusammenstellung der Provenienztabellen muf
also in zwei Teile geteilt werden, und zwar 1) in urspriingliche Samen
und 2) in die Handelsware der betreffenden Gebiete. Wir haben zwar
noch Teile in unserem Lande, wo ursprimglicher, von fremder Beimischung
freier Klee gebaut wird; diese Ware kommt aber kaum oder nur in ge-
ringer Menge in den Handel.

In den Zeiten vor dem Kriege wurde bei. uns viel italienischer Klee
angebaut. Die in den warmeren, trockneren Teilen Ungarns geernteten
Kleesamen enthalten mehr oder weniger Grobseide, die nicht vollstandig
aus dem Samen entfernt werden kann; solche Waren wurden dann — um
den strengen Anforderungen der ungarischen Plombe zu geniigen — mit
der reineren auslandischen Saat vermischt, so da8 vor dem Kriege die
ungarische Rotklee-Handelsware zumeist aus ?/s italienischen und 1/3 un-
garischen Kleesamen bestand.

Ein Vorteil des Krieges war nun, daf wir seit 1914 keinen aus-
landischen Kleesamen mehr bekommen haben, soda8 unser Rotklee also
wieder ,rein“ geworden ist. Wahrend des Krieges wurden dann in ein-
zelnen Jahren bedeutende Mengen von Rotkleesamen nach Deutschland
exportiert, die alle durch unsere Hande gegangen sind. Wir haben diese
Gelegenheit beniitzt, um die in den zuverlassig in Ungarn geernteten Samen
vorfindlichen Unkrautsamen der Art und Menge nach festzustellen, sodaB
wir nun iiber eine ungarische Provenienztabelle bereits verfiigen.

Was die Provenienzunkrauter anbetrifft, so mu8 ich bemerken, daB
sich einige charakteristische siidliche Unkrautsamen, z. B. Helminthia
echioides, in einer bemerkenswerten Weise in Siidungarn angesiedelt haben.
Sie kénnen darum_nicht mehr unbedingt fiir die franzésische Herkunft
bestimmend angesehen werden. Diese Arten reifen ihre Samen nérdlich
bis Budapest. Nach dem ungarischen Gesetz sind die Handler verpflichtet,
die Provenienz eines Samens anzugeben, sofern mit dieser gewisse Eigen-
schaften der Samen einhergehen.

Sollte der KongreB meinen Vorschlag betreffend die Zusammenstellung
der Provenienztabellen annehmen, so ware auch die Art und Weise festzu-
stellen, wie diese Tabellen zusammengestellt und veréffentlicht werden sollen.“

Professor Johannsen gave a synopsis of v. Degens speech in English.

Mr. Anderson and Mr. Saunders were in favour of the propositions.
Dr. Buchholz

said that Norway had not given her
delegate the right to bind the state
on economic questions.

bemerkte, daf seine Regierung: ihn
nicht dazu ermichtigt habe, Be-
schliissen zuzustimmen, die finanzielle
Folgen fiir sie haben; er meinte aber,
daf alle Linder mit dem Vorschlage
Dr. v. Degens einverstanden sein
werden.

Dr. Volkart

suggestéd that v. Degen’s second
proposal be amended to read that
a committee consisting of 3 members
be appointed.

wiinschte, daB eine Kommission von
3 Mitgliedern fir die Bearbeitung
der Frage der Herkunftsbestimmungen
gewahlt wird. ;

Professor Dr. A. Voigt

would prefer acommittee of 5 members:
1. Switzerland, 2. Scandinavia,
3. France or England, 4. East (Hun-
gary, Serbien, Czeko - Slovakia)
5. America.

Mr. Saunders preferred no committee.

schlug 5 Mitglieder vor, und dah
darin vertreten sind:
1. Die Schweiz (Ziirich), 2. Skan-
dinavien, 3. Frankreich oder Eng-
land, 4. Ungarn, Serbien oder die
Tschechoslovakei, 5, Amerika.

It was better to let Ziirich

work alone. Spoke in behalf of his colleagues from Scotland and trusted
Dr. Volkart wholly in this question of provenience.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen

agreed with Mr. Saunders.

war einig mit Mr. Saunders.

‘Es ware notwendig, sich grofe
und echte Proben von allen Landern
zu verschaffen. Wir miissen diese
verschaffen, nicht der Handel.

’ Mr. Anderson asked whether if Dr. Volkart is appointed he will be
the central authority on this matter and act as referee in any dispute.

Would his decisions be final?

Professor Johannsen: “It is not a judicial position.

The station at

Ziirich will only gather material. It will be an institution for study.”

Adjunkt A. Vilke,

Direktor der Samenkontrollstation
Schweden: ,Jch bin ganz einverstanden mit dem Vorschlage.

in’ Lund,
Ich habe

konstatiert, da& Mischungen gemacht werden, so daf die Kennzeichen

von einer Saat in einer anderen Saat auftreten.

Man muB6 auch unter-

suchen, ob die Handelswaren mit den originalen Proben iibereinstimmen.“
Mr. Dorph-Petersen stated that Dr. Volkart would have the right
to ask for help from other stations which would be given.

Professor Johannsen:

“v. Degen’s second proposition
is to be voted upon.”

Passed unanimously.

“Hofrat v. Degen’s third
proposition cannot be settled by
the conference, but we hope that
each delegate will make clear to his
respective government, how necessary
financial support in this matter is”.

» Wir stimmen tiber den zweiten
Vorschlag von Hofrat v. Degen ~
ab.” :

Dieser wird angenommen,
und Dr. A. Volkart wird ein-
stimmig mit der Durchfihrung
beauftragt.

»Der dritte Vorschlag von
Hofrat v. Degen kann erst spater,

wenn die Delegierten mit ihren
Regierungen verhandelt haben, er-
ledigt werden“.

Dr. Buchholz: ,,Ich erlaube mir, die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Bedeutung
hinzuleiten, die es hat, daB man auch, so weit es méglich ist, feststellt,
wie Samen, der vom Ausland eingefiihrt wird, sich im Einfubrland ver-
andert, daB man sich nicht allein damit begniigt, die verschiedenen Un-
krauter, die diesen begleiten, zu kennen, sondern daB man auch die Krauter
der geernteten Produkte nach ein, zwei oder mehreren Jahren wieder
untersucht, so dai man zu wissen bekommt, wie das Unkraut sich in
andern Landern einbiirgert. Dieses wird die Sicherheit der Herkunfts-
bestimmung’ stiitzen.“

Dr. Volkart:

»Hs ist sehr erfreulich, vom Kollegen Bussard zu héren, da die Pariser Anstalt.
bereits 400 sicher bestimmte Proben Rotklee aus den verschiedenen franzésischen Produktions-"
gebieten in der von mir vorgeschlagenen Weise untersucht hat, und es wird sehr wertvoll
sein, wenn dieses Material, wie auch dasjenige von Dr. A.v. Degen iiber ungarischen
Rotklee, allen Anstalten zuginglich gemacht wird. Den Einfluf des Wassergehaltes auf
das Tausendkorngewicht schatze ich nicht so hoch ein wie Dr. v. Degen, namentlich wenn
es sich um Proben handelt, die einige Zeit im geheizten Untersuchungslokal gestanden
haben. Es kann sich dann nur um Unterschiede von wenigen Prozenten handeln, die das.
Tausendkorngewicht fiir unseren Zweck nicht erheblich beeinflussen kénnen.

Lassen Sie mich aber Ihnen vor allem aufrichtig danken fiir das Zutrauen, das Sie unserer
Anstalt dadurch. erwiesen haben, dafi Sie sie als Zentralstelle fir Herkunftbestimmungen
bezeichneten. Ich fasse unsere Aufgabe in dieser Richtung selbstverstandlich nicht so auf,
daB wir die Proben von dén verschiedenen Anstalten sammeln und selbst untersuchen
werden, sondern wir werden nur die notwendige Anleitung fiir die Untersuchung nach
einheitlichem Plane geben und die einzelnen Anstalten soviel wie méglich in ihren Unter-
suchungen unterstiitzen. Ferner werden wir dafiir zu sorgen haben, daf sie in einer Art
publiziert werden, daS sie allen Anstalten zuginglich sein werden. Hierfiir sollte aber
ein Publikationsorgan zur Verfiigung stehen, und es ware sehr zu wiinschen, wenn hierfiir,
wie dies jetzt vorgeschlagen wird, die Mitteilungen des internationalen landwirtschaftlichen
Institutes in Rom offenstehen wiirden.“

Professor Dr. A. Voigt: ,,Aus den Ausfiihrungen Dr. v. Degens kénnte
geschlossen werden, daB8 der Beschlu8 des ersten Samenkontrollkongresses
nicht ausgefiihrt worden sei. Ich muf aber erklaren, dafS man von den

Jahren 1906—1921 sieben Jahre abziehen muf, und daB die Grundlagen

eigentlich geschaffen sind.

Zweitens will ich bemerken, dal unsere Floristen mehr zu diesen

Arbeiten zugezogen werden sollten.“

Professor Johannsen

agreed with Professor Voigt. It was
very important that botanists in the
different countries should take up the
question of provenience for further
study. This is being done in Denmark.
Investigations are now being made
on the influence of soil on weeds
especially with regard to the influence
of the concentration of hydrogen-
ions in the soil.

war einig mit Professor Voigt. Es
ist sehr wichtig, daf die Floristen
in den verschiedenen Landern die
Frage der Verbreitung der Pro-
venienzunkrauter fiir weitere Studien
aufnehmen. Dies ist schon der Fall
in Danemark. Untersuchungen werden
jetzt tiber den Einflu8 des Bodens
auf das Vorkommen der Unkrauter
gemacht, besonders mit Riicksicht

auf die Wasserstoff-[onenkonzentra-
tion des Bodens.

Direktor Widén: Ich méchte wissen, ob die Meinung ist, daf
die Samenkontrollstationen die Arbeit selbst machen sollen, in welchem
Falle es wiinschenswert wire, wenn Dr. Volkart den Plan fir die Unter-
suchungen ausarbeitet. Wenn die Untersuchungen Wert haben sollen, muf
man Proben von echten Samen jedes Landes haben, d.h. nachweislich
seit vielen Jahren auf demselben Gute angebaute. In dem Plan miifite
sodann vorgeschrieben werden, daB beim Tausendkorngewicht die Feuchtig-
keit der Ware beriicksichtigt werden muf. Wenn eine Rotkleeware mit
‘einem Wassergehalt von 19 bis 20°/o fiir vier bis fimf Tage auf einen
trockenen Boden ausgebreitet wird, sinkt der Wassergehalt in den vier
bis fimf Tagen auf 8 bis 9°/o.“

Herr E. Vitek, Direktor der Samenkontrollstation in Prag, Tschecho-
slovakei: ,Ich mu darauf aufmerksam machen, dai die Tschechoslovakei
jetzt aus drei Landern .besteht. Setaria glauca ist nicht charakteristisch
fiir bohmischen Rotkleesamen, weil sie in diesem nicht vorkommt, ist aber
typisch fiir die slovakischen Kleesamen. Darum mu8 man in der Tschecho-
slovakeiischen Republik zwischen den Saaten, die aus Béhmen inkl. Mahren
und denjenigen, die aus der Slovakei stammen, und in welchen Grobseide
haufig vorkommt, unterscheiden. Aus diesen Griinden miissen die Rotklee-
samen sowohl von Bohmen inkl. Mahren als auch von der Slovakei plom-
biert und signiert werden, und zwar als echt bohmische, seidefreie Ware
oder merkantile, grobseidefreie Ware. Die Ware, welche aus der Slovakei
stammt, wird als solche bezeichnet, auch dann, wenn sie grobseidefrei ist.“

Professor Johannsen:

“The meeting is adjourned un- »Die Sitaung ist bis um 2 Uhr
til 2:00." | geschlossen. “

P. M. 2: 00. 2 Uhr nachmittags.

Professor Johannsen

opened the meeting. Welcomed the
Italian’ Minister Signor Aloisi and
Consul Thades Bilinski from
*Poland. Communicated that members
of the Danish Seed Dealers Association
were present as guests with the
sanction of Sir Lawrence Weaver.
Welcomed them and thereafter intro-
duced Sir Lawrence Weaver.

Sir Lawrence Weaver:

erdffnete die Sitzung; er hie& den
italienischen Minister, Signor Aloisi,
und Konsul Thades Bilinski von
Polen willkommen und teilte mit, daB
Mitglieder des dianischen Samen-
handlervereins als Gaste, mit Er-
laubnis von Sir Lawrence Weaver,
anwesend waren. Hie diese will-
kommen und erteilte das Wort an
Sir Lawrence Weaver.

“The Seeds Act 1920 and the National Institute of

Agricultural Botany.”
By Sir Lawrence Weaver, K.B.E., F.8. A.
_ Director General, Land Department: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.

“Before I embark on the two subjects with which Mr. Dorph-Petersen has asked me
to deal, I must make an apology to the eminent assembly of agricultural scientists who
form this International Conference on Seed Control. It is hardly too much to say that
I am here under false pretences because I am neither an agriculturist nor a scientist, but
an administrator. Qui s'excuse s’accuse, but my presence here must be excused because
my official position, like my two subjects (a) legal control of the seed industry in Great
Britain, and (b) the new Institute of Agricultural Botany, is a product of the war.

I must also ask your indulgence for enlarging my subject beyond the technique of
seed control and dealing with matters of policy and administration. These questions are,
however, germane to the matters under review, as the-new development of seed testing in
England will be associated with other aspects of seed improvement. This apparent confusion
of function may seem novel to many of you, but it is based on experience gained during the
hard testing time of the last four years. English Institutions are often constructed on lines
which may offend logical instincts but they are generally found to work well in practice.

The tragedy of August 1914 found the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for Eng-
land and Wales (since raised to the rank of a Ministry) a comparatively small department
of the State. The imperative need for a great increase in the area of arable land in the
United Kingdom resulted in the creation of the Food Production Department, linked with
the Board of Agriculture but practically independent of it. Into that Department I was
thrown by the fortunes of war in April 1917, and placed in control of Farmers’ Supplies,
seeds, fertilisers and the like. The new department worked in close connection with the
Board of Agriculture for Scotland and the Department of Agriculture for Ireland, both of
them independent of each other and of the English Board and under the Ministers respon-
sible for Scottish and Irish affairs respectively. I found that whereas the English Board
had not concerned itself with the Agticultural Seed Industry in any official way, the Irish
Department had secured the passing of the Weeds and Agricultural Seeds (Ireland) Act
in 1909, which applied only to that part of the United Kingdom. At the same time an
Official Seed Testing Station was set up in Dublin, now presided over by my brilliant
colleague Dr. Pethybridge. In 1914 the Scottish Board established a Seed Testing Station
in Edinburgh, of which my able friend Mr. Anderson is Director, but it was only for
voluntary use by farmers and seed merchants. No form of legal supervision was established,

until the Testing of seeds Order was issued.
The summer of 1917 saw the creation of a rigid control of British Agricultural

effort in all directions. Orders were issued compelling farmers to plough grassland and to
grow such crops as the local committees decided were best, the prices of fertilisers were
fixed, men unfitted for the fighting line were organized in agricultural battalions, a women’s
Land Army was recruited, and farming generally was controlled in the national interest.

I soon found that an adequate supply of seed was matter for anxiety and measures
were taken to secure it. My scientific colleagues however, were no less anxious to ensure
that in a time of such stress farmers should be furnished only with pure seed of proper
germination and two steps were accordingly taken. An Official Seed Testing Station for
England and Wales was opened under the direction of Mr. Stapledon, since appointed
Professor of Agricultural Botany at the University College of Wales, and a Testing of
Seeds Order was issued under War Emergency Powers. Both the new Station and the
Order date from November 14th 1917, but the Order did not begin to operate until
January 18st 1918. The broad idea of this first Order was not to fix standards of germi-
nation and purity, but to compel the seed merchants to declare the percentages of the seeds
they sold and leave the farmer to satisfy himself that the percentages were satisfactory.

The experience of the working of the Order during the first five months of 1917 led
to a revised Order being put into force on 1st July 1918, in which standard germinations
were sheduled for cereals, peas, beans, and the mgst important vegetables. This Order
applied to Scotland and Ireland as well as to England and Wales, and the results of
control were found to be so eminently beneficial to our agriculture that in 1920 its
general provisions were incorporated in a Real-Bill applying to England, Wales and
Scotland, which became law on August 16th 1920 but will not come into operation until
August 18t 1921, until which date the Emergency Testing of Seeds Order will remain in
force. Owing to political changes in Ireland, that part of the United Kingdom has not
adopted the new Act, but continues to administer their Act of 1909, but all sales of Irish
seed to England and Scotland are governed by the new Act of 1920. The new Act of
Parliament is an exceedingly flexible instrument and has some novel features. It empowers
the Agricultural Departments (a) to prescribe the particulars which a seller of seeds must
deliver to the buyer of them; (b) to compel sellers to test seeds which are for sale either
at one of the three Official Seed Testing Stations (in England, Scotland and Ireland) or
at a private Station licensed by the Government; (c) to forbid altogether the sale of seeds
which contain more than a prescribed percentage of certain injurious weeds.

All details as to the sorts of seeds to be controlled in these ways are the subject
of Regulations issued by the Departments of Agriculture which can be altered and extended
from time to time, but it is provided that all interests concerned shall be consulted by
the Departments. This brings me to one of the most interesting features in the new
system of seed control which we have established.

When in 1917 I began to take steps in this direction the Department set up two
Advisory Committees, one on Cereal Seeds and the other on all other Agricultural Seeds,
on which sat representatives of the three Departments and of all sections of the Seed
Trade. To these Committees were remitted all the Government’s proposals as to control
and it is to their patriotic and large minded deliberations that we owe a system of control
that is at once valuable to agriculture and workable in practice. I should like to add
that when, as has been inevitable, restrictions and regulations were under discussion which
threw burdens upon the trade involving additional work in all branches of their undertakings
and often rendering unsaleable seed of mediocre quality which would readily have been
sold if no control existed, the public spirit of our trade advisers was never on the side of
undue relaxation of the control proposed. I am satisfied that it would have been impossible
in an individualistic country like Great Britain, to have imposed upon the trade a system
which is more far reaching than any in force in the world, if we had not convinced them
by free argument at innumerable meetings that a strict measure of control will be in the
long’ run an advantage rather than a hindrance to well organized and honourably conducted
business undertakings.

Let me here say a word on nomenclature. *When we use the word “control” in
connection with seeds we mean the exercise of the Government’s legal powers to regulate
the sale of seeds. When we refer only to the examination of seeds in order to establish
their qualities of germination and purity we do not speak of “seed control” but simply
of “seed testing”.

My colleague Mr. Saunders will deal with the technical details of the regulations
in force and those about to be issued, the methods employed in the official Testing Stations
and the system of licensing private Testing Stations under the Act, and I will therefore
pass to the other aspects of English Seed policy bound uy with the National Institute of
Agricultural Botany. :

I must remind you that I was in 1917 an ignoramus and am still only an amateur in all
these matters, but my past career as a journalist has given me a lively interest in the
printed word. I therefore, at the time I was busy with the new Official Testing Station
and our first Seeds Order, studied with great interest an article which appeared in the
Journal of the Board of Agriculture in February 1917 on the plant breeding activities of
Professor Biffen, Director of the Plant Breeding Institute of Cambridge University, to whose
achievement and inspiration British Agriculture owes an incalculable debt. This article -
went on to describe the work begun at Svaléf in 1886 which has resulted in the splendid
organisation which we now know. I was fired with the ambition to set up in England
a similar system of improving the plants of the farm. The main difficulty which confronted
me was the special character of the seed industry in Great Britain, which differentiated
it entirely from conditions in Sweden. The British seedsman has deserved well of agriculture
by developing new and improved varieties on commercial lines which yet owe a good deal to
the scientific spirit. Svaléf represents a dual organisation, half purely scientific and half purely
commercial, which would have suited ill our British conditions. The visitor to Svaléf
observes that side by side, working together in perfect harmony, there are a scientific
institute, supported in the main by Government grants, and a commercial undertaking
farming on a very large scale and selling seed direct to the farmer in competition with
other seedsmen. That the General Swedish Seed Company recognizes its obligation to its,
scientific neighbour is clear from the fact that it contributes to the Institute’s funds a
considerable proportion of its profits, but it remains a commercial concern with shareholders
to be considered and trade competitors to be faced.

I felt it would be unjust, if not impossible, to set up a parallel organisation in
England. The Plant Breeding Institute of Cambridge works, like Dr. Nilsson’s Institute
at Svaléf, on purely scientific problems, and had hitherto distributed its products in a
rather haphazard way for lack of a suitable organisation. Incidentally, such financial profits
as might reasonably have accrued on the distribution of such notable new varieties as
“Little Joss” and “Yeoman” went into private rather than public pockets. Any proposal
to hand over the products of a State supported Institute to a purely commercial organisation
which would make them an occasion for private profit, would have caused a not
unjustifiable outory. 2

It seemed to me obvious that the need existed for some new type of organisation
which would distribute new varieties to the farmer after exhaustive trials had been made,
employing any profits made by the undertaking on further work of the same kind. On
the other hand it was most desirable to enlist the sympathies and active co-operation of
the seed trade. I therefore designed the National Institute of Agricultural Botany to meet
the situation.

Shortly after the opening of the Official Seed Testing Station for England and Wales
a memorandum on the new proposals was written by myself and supported by letters from
the then President of the Board of Agriculture, Lord Ernle, and other eminent agriculturists
I received from private friends donations in land and money amountingto over £25,000, and
then laid my memorandum before my Seeds Advisory Committee, and the three Seed Trade
Associations. These Associations answered the appeal nobly, subscribing altogether about

£ 23,000. Before, therefore, the Instithte was formally founded in January 1918, I had
secured in money and land subscriptions amounting to about £ 48,000 and a grant by the
Government of an amount which gave the Institute a total capital of about £ 94,000.

The Institute is therefore a semi-official body of a new type, which owes its being,
and will owe driving power hereafter, to a combination of many interests and many types
of benefactors. This collaboration is represented in the composition of the Council of
twenty one governing the Institute’s affairs, over which I have the honour to preside. Three
members are nominated by the Ministry of Agriculture, two by the University of Cambridge,
one by the University of Oxford, four by Trade Associations, two by Farmers’ Associations,
and others are co-opted from among scientific agriculturists, such as Mr. Beaven the great
barley expert, and Dr. Salaman whose researches in plant genetics have given him a reputation
extending far beyond the English field.

It was arranged that the new Institute should take over from the Ministry of
Agriculture the management of the Official Seed Testing Station for England and Wales.
This will be done so soon as the fine new building we are erecting on a site of about
35 acres at Cambridge is completed, I hope in August next. The plans I now submit
show, I think, that in accommodation and facilities we shall be behind no Station in the
world. Even with the limited facilities hitherto at our disposal at the English Station,
housed temporarily, we-can claim to have achieved something. The operation of the
Testing of Seeds Order has stimulated British agriculturists to a clear perception of the
advantages deriving from seed control. The statistics of tests for the past five seasons
are as follows.

England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland. Total.
TOIG Maxed eves Eas _ 850 6,089 6,939.
TOIT Sistecar alengaisns 7,744 5,382 12,487- 25,613.
TOIB/19 ies ca eee. 4a de ek 23,604 8,554 8,560 40,718.
1919/20) cece ceeaun sess 22,903 9,451 7,403 39,757.
1990/91 o.cscceeevar dees 22,098 9,183 2,767 34,748.

(to end of April only)

During the last four seasons the official stations of the United Kingdom have carried
out in all over 140,000 tests, and the work at the English and Scottish Stations still
increases rapidly and is likely to develop to a greater extent next year.

At the English Station the samples sent in during the current season are 1,200 more
in number than during the same period of last season. Scotland similarly shows an increase
of 276 samples.

An interesting feature of the organisation of the new Station at Cambridge is the
provision made for its staff. A Military Charity of which I am Treasurer is building
fourteen houses adjoining the Institute. These will be occupied by the widows of British
Officers who fell in the war and by permanently disabled Officers. Those who are able,
and in any case their daughters will have an opportunity of employment in the Seed
Testing Station.

' The Chief Executive Officer of the Institute is Mr. Parker lately one of Professor
Biffen’s assistants, who will control what I may call our ‘‘Svaléf” activities, and the technical
charge of the Official Station is in the hands of my colleague Mr. Saunders who succeeded
Professor Stapledon in 1919.

I can only make brief reference to another important function of the Institute which
deals with the danger to the British, potato crop occasioned by the disease synchitrium
endobioticum. This can be met, as far as our present knowledge goes, only by creating
a wide series of varieties of potatoes immune to the disease, and this is being done with
increasing success by our plant breeders. The tests for immunity which have an important
relation to the Ministry’s legal control of the disease, are of great importance and: have
hitherto been carried out directly by the Ministry. This duty, however, like that of Official
Seed Testing has now been devolved on the Institute, which has acquired for the purpose

a farm at Ormskirk in Lancashire, destined to be a Mecca for all who are interested in
combating a serious menace to the potato industry all over the world.

I desire to'make quite clear what are the functions of the Institute. It is designed
to bring into one organisation, I might almost say, under one roof, all activities for the
improvement of agricultural seed legal control only excepted. While closely linked with
the Ministry of Agriculture and looking to it for financial aid in carrying on the important
work entrusted to it, its constitution is semi-official and not purely official. It is not
concerned with the administration of the Seeds Act which remains wholly the duty of the
Ministry. It is not a policeman of agriculturists but their guide, counsellor and friend.
Under its auspices the Official Seed Testing Station whose activities will be supervised by
a Committee consisting of eminent economic botanists and other agricultural scientists,
supported by two leaders of the seed trade and presided over by Sir Daniel Hall, the Chief
Scientific Adviser to the Ministry, will be the impartial arbiter in all technical matters
arising out of the administration of the Seeds Act. In the comprehensive trials leading
up to the distribution of new varieties of plants of the farm which are evolved by the Plant
Breeding Institutes of our Universities and by private research workers, it will have the
advice and co-operation of the Seed Industry which sees in the Institute an Organisation
designed to promote its highest interests.

I hope the Conference will believe that I lay before it the constitution and policy
of the Institute in a spirit of modesty, even if I am optimistic as to its future achievements.
I recognize that its various departments are infants who cannot compare with the manhood
of the great established institutions such as the Seed Control Station of Denmark presided
over so brilliantly by my esteemed friend Mr. Dorph-Petersen, or with the marvellous
organisation of Svaléf to which I pay profound homage.

England has been a late starter in the field where all those whom I address have
achieved successes acclaimed the world over, but I am assured -that our efforts will be
watched with sympathy by all of you. The great science of agriculture, upon which
ultimately depends the prosperity and happiness of all our peoples, knows no frontiers,
and my colleagues and I are assured that we may appeal to you for advice and assistance
in our new enterprise, with the certainty that. your answer will be charged with universal
goodwill.“ '

“The Seeds Act” (Loi des Semences) 1920 et l'Institut National
de Botanique Agricole.

Par Sir Lawrence Weaver, K.B.E., F.S.A.
Director General, Land Department: Ministry of Aernditure and Fisheries.

Avant d’aborder sur les deux sujets que M. le Directeur Dorph-Petersen m’a prié
de traiter, je dois des excuses aux honorables d’agronomes qui font partie de cette
Conférence Internationale sur le contrdle des semences. Je pourrais presque dire que je
me présente ici sous de fausses couleurs, puisque je ne suis ni scientiste ni agriculteur,
mais tout simplement un administrateur. Qui s’excuse s’accuse, mais ma présence ici doit
étre pardonnée, parce que ma position officielle est un produit dela guerre, ainsi que mes
deux sujets; (1) Le contréle légal de l'industrie des graines en Grande Bretagne, et (2)
Le nouvel Institut de Botanique Agricole.

Je dois demander aussi votre indulgence, si j’étends mon sujet au dela de la technique
du contréle des graines et si je touche aux affaires de politique et d’administration. Ces
questions sont cependant alliées directement aux matiares que je vais passer en revue
vu que le nouveau devéloppement de l’épreuve des graines en Angleterre sera associé
& tous les autres aspects du perfectionnement des graines. Ce mélange de fonctionnements
pourrait sembler nouveau 4 quelques uns parmi vous, mais il se base sur l’expérience
gagnée dans les durs temps d’épreuve de ces quatre derniéres années. Les instituts
anglais sont souvent construits d’une facon qui fait offense aux instincts logiques, mais
en général on trouve qu’en pratique ils marchent bien.

La tragédie du mois d’Aofit de 1914 a trouvé le »Board of Agriculture and Fisheries«
de l’Angleterre et du pays de Galles (élevé plus récemment au rang de »Ministry<) un
département de I’Etat assez petit. La nécessité absolue d’une grande augmentation des
terres labourables dans le Royaume Uni a eu pour resultat la création du »Food Production
Department« allié au »Board of Agriculturee mais presque indépendant. C’est a ce service
que je fus conduit au mois d’avril 1917 par les circonstances résultant de la guerre et que
je fus placé & la téte de la section des approvisionnements agricoles des graines, des
engrais, etc.

Le nouveau département a toujours travaillé en liaison avec le »Board of Agriculture
for Scotland« et le »Department of Agriculture for Irelands, tous les deux indépendants
Yun de l'autre et du département anglais, et dirigés par des ministres responsables pour
les affaires écossaises ou irlandaises.

J’ai trouvé que tandis que le département anglais n’avait pris officiellement aucun
intérét aux affaires de l'industrie des graines agricoles, le département irlandais avait
réussi & rendre loi le »>Weeds and Agricultural Seeds (Ireland) Act« en 1909 mais, il
s’appliquait seulement & l’Irlande. :

En méme temps un laboratoire officiel pour l’épreuve des semences fut fondé a Dublin.
Mon collégue illustre Dr. Pethybridge en est maintenant le président. En 1914 un
laboratoire semblable fut établi par le département écossais & Edinburgh; mon habile ami
M. Anderson en est Directeur; mais c’était seulement pour les essais volontaires des
cultivateurs et des marchands. Il n’y existait aucune surveillance légale jusqu’é l’apparition
du »Testing of Seeds Order«.

Pendant été de l’année 1917 on vit se créer un contréle rigoureux sur tous les
efforts agricoles. Des décrets furent émis rendant obligatoire pour les agriculteurs de labourer
les paturages et de faire croitre les récoltes les plus convenables suivant la décision des
comités locaux; les prix des engrais furent fixés; les reformés furent organisés en bataillons
agricoles; une armée agricole de femmes fut créée et agriculture en général fut con-
trélée dans l’intérét de la nation.

Un approvisionnement suffisant en semences devint bientét une cause d’inquiétude
et on prit des mesures pour l’assurer. Mes collégues scientifiques étaient non moins
désireux d’assurer que dans un temps de tel besoin on ne fournirait aux cultivateurs
que des graines pures et de germination compléte, et par consequent nous primes deux
précautions.

Un laboratoire officiel pour l’épreuve des seménces fut établi sous la direction de
M. Stapledon, qui est depuis devenu Professeur de Botanique Agricole 4 University
College du Pays de Galles, et le »Testing of Seeds Ordere fut émis sous les »War
Emergency Powers:.

Tous les deux, le laboratoire et la loi datent du quatorze novembre 1917, mais, le
décret n’a commencé & opérer qu’au premier janvier 1918.

Liidée général du décret n’était pas de fixer un taux de germination et de pureté,
mais d’obliger les marchands de graines 4 déclarer les pourcentages des graines qu’ils
vendaient, et de permettre au cultivateur de déterminer si les pourcentages etaient
satisfaisants.

L’expérience faite pendant les premiers cing mois de 1918 des effets: de ce décrat
amena un nouveau décrét celui du premier juillet 1918, auquel les degrés définitifs de
germination furent annexés pour les céreales, les pois, les haricots, et les légumes les
plus importants.

Cet ordre s’appliqua a ]’Ecosse et & I'Irlande aussi bien qu’é l’Angleterre et au pays de
Galles, et les résultats du contréle se sont montrés tellement salutaires pour notre agriculture

equ’en 1920 les dispositions générales de cet ordre ont servi de base pour un projet de loi
pour l’Angleterre, l’Ecosse et le pays de Galles, lequel projet fut ratifié le seize aoat 1920.
Les conditions pourtant n’en seront mises & exécution qu’au premier aoit 1921, et jusqu’d
cette date le »Emergency Testing of Seeds Order« restera en vigueur. A cause des

changements politiques en Irlande, la nouvelle loi n’a pas été adoptée dans cette partie du
Royaume Uni, qui continue & appliquer la loi de 1909, mais toutes les ventes de graines
irlandaises en Angleterre et en Ecosse sont soumises & la nouvelle loi de 1920. La nouvelle
loi est un agent trés flexible et renferme plusieurs traits nouveaux. Il autorise les départements
d’Agriculture (a) a prescrire les détails qu’un marchand de graines doit donner 4 l’acheteur;
(b) & rendre obligatoire l’épreuve des semences en vente par une des trois Stations officielles
(en Angleterre, en Ecosse ou en Irlande) ou par quelque laboratoire privé autorisé par le
Gouvernement; (c) & interdire absoliment la vente des graines qui contiennent plus qu’un
pourcentage prescrit de certaines herbes nuisibles.

Tous les détails des espéces de graines qui doivent étre contrélées selon ces prévisions
sont le sujet d’ordonnances promulguées par les Départements d’Agriculture, lesquelles
peuvent étre changées et augmentées de temps en temps, mais il est entendu que toutes les
sections intéressées seront consultées par les Departements. Cette consideration me méne
a une des parties les plus intéressantes du nouveau systeme du contréle des semences
que nous avons établi.

‘Lorsque, en l’année 1917, je me suis dirigé vers ce but, le Département a fondé deux
comités de conseil, l’un pour les graines de céréales et l’autre pour toutes les autres graines
agricoles. Ces comités furent composés de représentants des trois départements et de
toutes les sections de l'industrie des graines. A ces comités fut soumis tout ce que le
Gouvernement proposait concernant le contréle, et c’est 4 leurs délibérations patriotiques
et d’esprit large que nous devons un systéme de contrdle qui est théoriquement et pratique-
ment de la plus grande valeur pour l’agriculture.

Je voudrais ajouter que l’esprit public des representants du commerce ne fut jamais
du cété d’un trop grand relachement du contréle proposé méme aux moments inévitables
ou l’on etait foreé de considerer des restrictions aux réglements dont les effets
surchargeraient l'industrie d’un travail additionel qui selferait sentir dans chaque section
de ses affaires, et qui auraient souvent l’effet de rendre invendables les semences de
qualité médiocre dont la vente aurait été facile si le contréle n'avait pas existé.

Quant 4 moi, je suis persuade que dans un pays individualiste comme la Grande
Bretagne il aurait été impossible d’imposer aux membres de l'industrie un systéme, plus
rigoureux qu'il n’en existe au monde, si nous ne les avions pas convaincus, par des dis-
cussions libres & de maintes assemblées, qu’un rigide systéme de contréle serait & la longue
plutét un avantage qu’un empéchement pour une entreprise bien organisée et dirigée d’une
maniére honorable. Permettez moi d’interpoler ici quelques mots pour attirer votre atten-
tion sur deux termes dont je me suis servi. Quand nous employons le mot »contréle<« par
rapport aux semences nous voulons dire l’exercice des pouvoirs légaux du gouverne-
ment A en régler la vente. Quand nous parlons seulement de l’essai des semences pour
etablir le degré de leur germination et de leur pureté nous ne disons pas le »contréle des
semences« mais simplement »l’épreuve des semencese.

Mon collégue, M. Saunders, va vous renseigner sur les détails techniques des réglements
déja en vigueur et sur ceux qui seront émis sous peu, ainsi que sur méthodes employées dans
les Jaboratoires, et les conditions auxquelles les laboratoires privés sont autorisés par le
Département; je vous présenterai done certains autres points de vue du plan pour le
contréle des graines en Angleterre qui font partie des fonctions de l'Institut National de
Botanique Agricole.

Il faut vous rappeler qu’en 1917 j’étais tout 4 fait ignorant de toutes ces affaires
et que, méme & présent, je suis simplement amateur. Mon ancienne carriére de journaliste
a pourtant donné un vif intérét pour tout ce qui est imprimé. C’ést donc avec grand
intérét, au moment ot j’étais occupé du nouveau laboratoire officiel et du premier »Seeds
Order<, que j’ai étudié un article dans le Journal du >Board of Agriculturee de février
1917 sur les travaux de Professeur Biffen, Directeur de |’Institut pour la Propagation
des Plantes & Cambridge, & qui l’agriculture anglaise doit une dette incalculable pour son
inspiration et son achévement. Dans cet article on a décrit aussi l’ouvrage commencé.

& Svaléf en 1886, qui a pour résultat la merveilleuse organisation que nous connaissons 4
présent. Je fus saisi de l’ambition d’établir en Angleterre un pareil systéme pour
Vamélioration des plantes agricoles. Ma plus grande difficulté se trouvait dans le caractére
spécial de l'industrie des graines en Grande Bretagne qui la rendait tout & fait différente des
conditions en Suéde. Le gyainier anglais a de justes titres aux remerciments de l’agriculture
pour avoir développe des variétés nouvelles et perfectionnées d’une maniére commerciale
mais ce développement, cependant, doit beaucoup & un esprit scientifique. Svaldf est une
organisation double, moitié scientifique et moitié commerciale, qui n’aurait guére convenub
aux conditions anglaises. Le visiteur & Svaléf peut remarquer céte a céte, travaillant en
parfaite harmonie, un institut scientifique supporté en grande partie par le gouvernement; °
et une entreprise commerciale faisant la culture en grand et qui vend les graines directement
aux cultivateurs, en concurrence avec d’autres grainiers. Que le >General Swedish Seed
Company<« reconnait ses obligations & son voisin scientifique est démontré par le fait qu'il
attribue aux fonds de l'institut une proportion considérable de ses profits, mais en méme
temps il est, et il reste, une entreprise commerciale, avec des actionnaires qu’il faut con-
sidérer, et avec beaucoup de concurrents.

Je sentis qu'il serait injuste, sinon impossible, d’établir une telle organisation en
Angleterre. Le »Plant Breeding Institute« de Cambridge, comme J’institut du Dr. Nilsson
& Svaldf ne s’occupe que de problémes purement scientifiques; jusqu’é présent la distri-
bution de ses produits s’était.faite-faute d’une organisation-plus ou moins au hasard.

~ Incidemment les bénéfices, qui auraient di s’accroitre par la distribution de nouvelles
variétés aussi notables que »Little Joss« et »Yeoman« sont passés dans des poches
privées plutét que dans les coffres publics.

Aucune proposition de donner les produits d’un Institut dépendant de l’Htat 4 une
organisation purement commerciale, qui s’en serait servi pour ses propres benefices, n’aurait
donné lieu 4 une claméur assez légitime.

Il me semblait tout clair que nous avions besoin d’un nouveau type d’organisation
qui ferait la distribution des nouvelles variétés aux cultivateurs aprés les avoir soumises
aux épreuves les plus complétes; les profits de ce systéme seraient utilisés pour la continuation
de travaux de méme genre. D’un autre cété il fallait gagner les sympathies et la co-
opération active de l'industrie des graines. J’ai donc projeté l'Institut National de Botanique
Agricole, afin d’atteindre ce but.

Bientét aprés l’ouverture du »Official Seed Testing Station< pour l’Angleterre et le
pays de Galles un memoire des nouvelles propositions fut écrit par moi-méme, appuyé
par les recommandations de Lord Ernle, Président du Board of Agriculture, et par beaucoup
d'autres agronomes éminents. J’ai regu de sources privées des dons d’argent et de terrain
qui montaient & plus de £ 25,000, et ensuite j’ai soumis mon memoire aux »Seeds Advisory
Committee« et aux trois associations de l’industrie des graines. Ces associations ont répondu
noblement 4 l’appel en souscrivant une somme de presque £ 23,000. Ainsi avant que l’institut-
ne fut formellement fondé en janvier 1918, j’avais recu en-argent et en terrain des
souscriptions montant & environs £ 48,000 et une subvention du gouvernement d’une somme
qui donna 4 l’institut un capital total de £ 94,000.

L’institut est par conséquent un établissement demi-officiel d’un type nouveau dont
Yavenir est assuré par Vunion de beaucoup d’intéréts et de beaucoup de bienfaiteurs.
Cette collaboration est representée dans la composition du Conseil de vingt et un membres
qui gouvernent les affaires de l’institut et duquel j’ai l’honneur d’étre le Président. Trois des
délégués sont nommés par le >Ministry of Agriculture«, deux par l’université de Cambridge, un
par l’université d’Oxford, quatre par des Associations Industrielles, deux par des Associations
de Cultivateurs et les autres sont choisi parmi des agronomes tels que M. Beaven, l’expert
sur la question de l’orge, et M.le Docteur Salaman auquel ses recherches sur la genétique
des plantes ont fait une réputation qui s’étend bien au dela des cétes d’Angleterre.

Tl fut convenu que le nouvel Institut se chargerait, la place du > Ministry of Agricultures,
du contréle des Laboratoires Officiels d’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles. Ce sera fait aussitét

-que le nouveau batiment que nous faisons construire sur un terrain de 35 acres & Cambridge
sera fini nous espérons vers le mois d’aofit prochain. Les plans que je soumets montrent — j’ose
le dire — qu’en fait d’aménagement et de facilités nous ne serons inférieur & aucun des
autres laboratoires du Monde. Méme avec les facilités bornées que nous avons eues jusqu’
a présent au laboratoire Anglais temporairement logé, nous avons achévé obtenu notre part
de succés.

L’opération du »Testing of Seeds Order« a amené les agriculteurs britaniques & une
perception trés claire des avantages du contréle des graines. Les statistiques pour les
épreuves des graines pendant les cing derniers saisons sont les suivantes.

suede, Ecosse. Trlands. Totale.
pays de Galles.

iC) i een = 850 6,089 6,939
POD GS eee ced ce emcee 7,744 5,382 12,487 25,618
HOGS count scywaeedvews 23,604 8,554 8,560 40,718
POLD/OO oc cccsewusenn aucuve 22,908 9,451 7,403 89,757
1920/21...... Bixee cay 22,098 9,183 2,767 34,748

Gusqu’ 4 la fin d’avril).

Pendant les quatre derniéres saisons les laboratoires officiels du Royaume Uni ont
effectué, en tout, plus de 140,000 épreuves, et les travaux des laboratoires anglais et
écossais s’accroissent rapidement et on a tout lieu de s’attendre a ce qu’elles se developperont
encore bien davantage pendant l’année prochaine. Au laboratoire anglais les échantillons
soumis pendant la saison courante sont de 1,200 de plus que pendant la méme periode de la
saison derniére. Aussi en Ecosse il y a une augmentation de 276 échantillons.

Un trait intéressant de l’organisation du nouveau laboratoire & Cambridge est la
provision qu’on a fait pour le personnel. Une »Military Charity« (fonds pour améliorer les
conditions des militaires) dont je suis le Trésorier est en train de construire quatorze maisons
avoisinant Vinstitut. Elles seront“occupées par les veuves des officiers anglais morts
en guerre et par les officiers mutilés. Ceux qui sont capables de le remplir, et en tout cas
leurs filles, trouveront l’occasion d’obtenir un emploi dans le laboratoire.

Le chef de l’institut est M. Parker, jadis assistant de M. le Professeur Biffen, qui aura
le contréle de ce que je puis appeler nos travaux Svaléf; et le cété technique du laboratoire
est dirigé par mon collégue M. Saunders, qui a succédé & M. le Professeur Stapledon
en 1919.

Je ne puis faire qu’une allusion trés bréve & une autre fonction trés importante de
l'institut, celle qui s’occupe du danger pour les récoltes de pommes de terre résultant
de la maladie de ‘synchitrium endobioticum! La seule solution 4 cette difficulté
d’aprés" notre connaissance actuelle est de créer une grande série de variétés de pommes
de terre qui ne sont pas sujettes” a la maladie,- et nos éleveurs de plantes y obtiennent
un succes toujours croissant. Les épreuves pour Vimmunité, qui sont alliées d’une-maniére
importante au contréle légal de la maladie par le Ministére, sont d’une grande importance
et elles sont faites par le Ministére. Ce devoir, cependant comme celui des épreuves
" officielles des graines, est confié & l’institut qui a acquis dans ce but une ferme a Ormskirk

en Lancashire, laquelle est destinée a étre le La Mecque tous ceux qui sont interessés 4 lutter
contre une maladie qui présente une menace serieuse pour l'industrie des pommes de terre
dans le monde entier. Je voudrais rendre tout & fait clair ce que sont les fonctions de l’institut.
Il a le dessein de ramener & une seule organisation, je pourrais dire 4 placer dans un seul
batiment, toutes les activites pour l’amélioration des graines agricoles sauf seulement le
contréle légal. Quand méme il est relié directement au »Ministry of Agriculture« et s’attende
-a en recevoir d’elle quelque assistance financiére pour continuer le travail important qui lui
est confié, sa constitution est en partie —- mais non entiérement — officielle.
Il ne s’interesse pas A l’administration de la »Seeds Act« qui reste entiérement le
devoir du Ministére. Il n’est pas. le gendarme des agriculteurs, mais plutét leur conseiller,
leur directeur et leur ami. Sous son aspect de laboratoire officiel pour les épreuves

. 58

des semences, dont les travaux seront surveillés par un comité composé de botanistes.
éminents et d’agronomes, assistés par deux chefs de l'industrie des graines sous la présidence
de Sir Daniel Hall, conseiller scientifique en chef du Ministére, il sera l'arbitre impartial
dans toutes les questions techniques qui pourraient étre soulevées au sujet du »Seeds Act«.
En faisant les épreuves extensives menant a la distribution de nouvelles variétés de plantes
de grande culture découvertes par les Universités et par les recherches des personnes
privées, il aura le conseil et la co-opération cordiale de l'industrie des graines qui voit
dans cet Institut une organisation destinée & avancer ses plus grands interéts.

.J’espére que la Conférence voudra bien croire que je lui ai soumis la constitution et
la politique de l'Institut en toute modestie, méme si je suis optimiste, quant 4 ses
resultats dans l'avenir. Je reconnais bien que ses differéntes sections sont des
enfants qu’on ne peut nullement comparer a l’age mar des grandes institutions déja établies,
telles que le Seed Control Station de Danemark présidé d’une maniére si distinguée par
mon ami si estimé M. le Directeur Dorph- Petersen, ou avec l’organisation merveilleuse de
Svaléf 4 laquelle je rends mes hommages les plus sincéres. L’Angleterre est entrée tard
sur le champ ot tous ceux auxquels je m’adresse ont remporté des succés acclamés par le
monde entier, mais je suis assuré que vous tous suivrez nos efforts avec sympathie. La grande
science agricole de laquelle dépend en fin de compte la prospérité et le bonheur
de tous les peuples, ne reconnait pas de frontiéres, et mes collégues, ainsi que moi-méme,
sont assurés que nous pouvons vous faire appel pour tout conseil et aide dans notre nouvelle
entreprise avec l’assurance que votre réponse ne nous apportera qu'une bDienveillance
universelle.

Professor Johannsen thanked Sir Lawrence Weaver. Summarized
in German and introduced Mr. Saunders.

Mr. Saunders:

“Seed Testing in the United Kingdom.”

By Mr. C. B. Saunders, Director of the Official Seed Testing Station, Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries, London.

“At the outset I feel that I ought to express on behalf of myself and of my colleagues
at the other official Seed Testing Stations our appreciation of the honour conferred on
us in being asked to describe the methods of Seed Testing in the United Kingdom. At
the same time I do not quite understand why our methods in particular should be of
greater interest than those of any other country. The only suggestion that enters my
mind is that our Stations are of more recent date than those of most other countries
represented here, and that, therefore, it might be supposed that our methods might be
more up-to-date and novel. If that suggestion is correct I would hasten to assure you
that our methods are largely based upon the result of the work of many years at Copen-
hagen, Zurich and the various other Continental Stations, and in this connection I would
like to place on record our appreciation of the value of the Official Regulations for Seed
Testing published from time to time by the German Association of Experiment Stations.

As the general question of making purity and germination tests is subsequently to
be raised by gentlemen more competent to do so than myself, I do not propose to discuss
the British methods in any detail. I think it would be of greater interest if I were briefly

to describe the requirements of our Seeds Act which has been referred to by Sir Lawrence

Weaver in an earlier paper. I will then touch upon one or two details of routine Seed
Testing where our practice differs from the usual Continental practice, and I hope I may
be able to offer one or two suggestions which may be of interest.

Sir Lawrence Weaver has already told you that a Seeds Act has been passed which
comes into force on the 1th August next. At present we are working under a temporary
Order called “The Testing of Seeds Order”, but the differences between the Act and the
Order are not great. I will, therefore, refer to the Act all through. The Act itself does

not contain the whole of the legislation affecting the sale of seeds, but it empowers the
Ministry of Agriculture to make Regulations for the sale of the seed. The Act is part
of the Law of the Realm, but the Regulations can be varied from time to time provided
that all such Regulations “are submitted to the approval of the Houses of Parliament.
For the purpose of this paper I will consider the Act and the Regulations together, since
this will make an explanation more simple.

The Seeds Act requires the seller of practically all kinds of farm seeds and of the
principal garden vegetable and forest tree seeds and of seed potatoes to make at the time
.of sale a declaration giving certain specified particulars regarding such seed. As these
particulars vary with the nature of the seed, I will consider them under several headings.

In the case of Grasses and Clovers the main particulars to be declared are the
country of origin, the percentage of purity, the percentage of germination and, in the
case of Clovers, of hard seed and the percentage of Injurious Weed Seeds if over 1%
are present. In the case of Clovers the presence of Dodder has to be notified if it occurs
to an extent exceeding 1 seed in 4 ounces of the larger Clovers, and in excess of 1 seed
in 2 ounces of the smaller Clovers. The Injurious Weeds for the purposes of the Seed
Act are Docks and Sorrels (Rumex sp.), Cranesbills (Geranium sp.), Wild Carrot (Daucus
Carota), Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus) and Soft Brome Grass (Bromus mollis et sp.).

In the case of Root and Vegetable seeds it is necessary to declare the percentage
of purity and the percentage of germination provided that the purity need not be specifically
stated if it is over 97%) and that the germination need not be specifically stated if it is
above a certain figure called the “Minimum percentage of germination”. The Regulations
contain a list of these minimum percentages of germination for the different kinds of seeds
covered by the Act, and if the growth of the sample is above this figure it is sufficient
for the seller to state that this is the case provided that at the same time he states for the
benefit of the buyer what this minimum percentage is.

In the case of Cereals the purity is not required, but it is necessary to declare the
percentage of germination subject to the use of a minimum percentage figure similar to
that referred to in the case of Root and Vegetable seed. In the case of Forest Trée seeds,
in addition to purity and germination, the date of collection and the country of origin
has to be stated, and in the case of seed Potatoes a statement as to the size and dressing
as well as to the country of origin.

A declaration of this nature is only required in cases where the seed is being sold
for purposes of sowing, and, to facilitate trade, a seed merchant is allowed to sell to
another seed merchant without a declaration provided that the buyer gives a written
statement that he will not sell the seed without having it tested or without getting a
similar statement from his buyer. This means that the seed must be tested before it gets
into the hands of the man who is actually going to sow it.

The above declarations required in the case of the sale of seed must be based upon
tests made at one of the three Government Stations or at a Licensed Station. A Licensed
Station is one maintained by a seed firm for purposes of its own Trade, and is only
Hcensed after inspection by officials of the Ministry and upon giving an undertaking to
comply with certain rules. It may be of interest to know that the conditions to be observed
by a Licensed Station specify the amount of seed to be taken for Purity and Germination
tests and also require the license to hold for three months all samples on which tests have
been made, so that check tests can be made, if desired, by the Official Station. At present
seed firms that have applied for licences are being inspected to see how far they are fit
to receive licences. It is hoped by these means to improve the standard of Trade Seed
Testing which at present is none too high.

A further provision of the Seed Act empowers representatives of the Ministry to enter
shops and warehouses and to take samples of seed held or exposed for sale. These samples
are submitted to one of the Official Seed Testing Stations, and if the result of the test
there made shows that the seller’s declaration is incorrect, subject to the usual scales of

latitude and subject to certain other clauses for the protection of the seller, then the Ministry
can take action against the seller. Suitable penalties are imposed by the Act for cases
of this sort. You will observe that this form of seed “control”, as we call it, differs from
the voluntary control existing in some of the Continental countries. Without arguing the
merits of the two systems, I think that the Continental system would be impossible in
Great Britain owing to the fact that the trade in seeds is not confined to a relatively few
firms, but is in the hands of thousands of traders and firms of all sizes some of whom
only deal in seeds as a side line. I think that the advantage of our Seeds Act is that it
enables the supervision of these smaller traders, since they undoubtedly are the people who
handle the seed of low quality. These people would probably remain outside any scheme
of voluntary control and there would be nothing to prevent them selling inferior seed to
the farmer.

The Seeds Act contains no special regulations with regard to imported seed, such
seed as soon as it reaches this country becoming subject to the ordinary requirements of
the Seeds Act. The only entirely prohibitory clause in the Act is one which forbids the
sale of any seed for sowing which. contains more than 5°/o of Injurious Weeds.

“I think that is all I need say about the requirements of the Seeds Act, and before turning
to our actual methods of testing there are one or two points regarding the administrative
side of a Seed Testing Station to which I would like to refer. From my knowledge of
the other Stations in the United Kingdom, and the principal Continental Stations, I am
inclined to think that the English Station goes further than do other Stations in dividing
the work into sections which are more or less self contained. Most Stations I know keep
Purity and Germination rooms separate, and my impression is that the personnel of the
Purity room is usually ‘distinct from the Germination staff. There may be a certain amount
of division of the work in the Purity or in the Germination rooms, but each staff deals
more or less with all classes of seed. Our method i in England is rather different. The work
is divided into four sections according to the kind of seed tested (Grasses, Clovers, Cereals,
Roots and Vegetables), and there is a separate staff for each section who are responsible
both for Purity and Germination. Thus the staff of the Clover section deals with Clover -
samples from beginning to end and does not handle Grass or Cereals at all. This appears
to me to be a better plan, particularly where large numbers of samples have to be dealt
with, for a single person or batch of persons can more quickly handle one hundred Clover
samples than they can deal with one hundred samples of assorted species. I think moreover

that it makes supervision more easy, and the head of each section in time becomes a specialist ioc

in her kind of seed. The junior assistants in each section are, of course, from time to time
~ changed so that they get a chance of passing through all sections.

Another point to which I should like to refer is the method we adopt for recording
samples on their receipt. Most Stations adopt what I will call the method of consecutive
numbering. Thus a merchant sends three samples, one each of Reed Clover, Cocksfoot and
Beet; these will be numbered perhaps 4067, 4068 and 4069. This method probably works
sutisfudtorily where all samples go to the same room for Purity test, but where they go
to different rooms, as they do with us, it might lead to samples being mislaid, since the
numbers would not run consecutively in each section. Our, method is to give a letter to
each group of seeds and a further letter to designate the species, thus Red Clover is Aa,
Alsike Ab, Perennial Ryegrass Ba, Italian Ryegrass Bb and so forth. Our ledgers are ruled
accordingly and each species under its letter is numbered consecutively. Thus we might
refer to the above samples as Aa 267, Be 103 and Eb 182. Each section, therefore, gets
its samples numbered consecutively under its own letters, and if a number is missing, the
fact is at once obvious. It also enables report forms to be numbered and bound into books
which need pass only from the office to the special section concerned. To make this
description more clear I will pass round for inspection a page from one of our ledgers.

Our methods for making the actual tests of seeds are naturally based upon the
requirements of the Seeds Act, thus for example we do not make quantitative Purity tests

of Cereals because the Purity of Cereals does not have to be declared. The method of
making Purity tests does not differ materially from that adopted in other Stations, but
there is one important exception. At present and until 1st August when -the Seeds Act
comes into force, Purity tests on Grasses are made on what we call the Irish Method.

Light seeds are called pure seeds or in the words of the Testing of Seeds Order, a Grass

seed shall be considered to be pure “if it consists at least of the two united pales,
regardless of the state of development or even the. entire absence of the
caryopsis or kernel within the pales”. This is contrary to all Continental practice,
though this method is adopted in some of the British colonies. I am aware that Con-
tinental analysts despise this method and my friend, Professor Voigt, described it to me
last year as a method only fit for use by chemists! It may, therefore, be of interest to
consider the reasons for adopting this method. When the Irish Station was started twenty
years ago, the technical advisors of the Department were confronted with the problem of
the occurrence of large quantities of Ryegrass seed containing much of this light seed. It
appeared that the best way to encourage the cleaners to remove this would be to penalise
it by bringing the light seeds into the Germination test where their inability to grow
would reduce the percentage of Germination by a greater amount than their inclusion in
the Impurities would reduce the Purity of the sample. It is unnecessary perhaps to
elaborate this argument to an audience like this, but I will take, to show what I mean,
an extreme case of a sample of Ryegrass, containing by number 50° good plump germi-
nating seeds and 50°) light seeds. This sample would show by an Irish test 100°/o purity

-and 50%» germination, by a Continental test 75% to 80% purity and 100% germination.

The Irish method gives the lower figures aud more particularly shows a low germination
for the sample. Since the farmer as a rule pays more attention to germination figures
than to purity figures it is obvious that the cleaner will be encouraged to blow out the
light seed. The adoption of this method proved very satisfactory in Ireland, and when
the Scottish Station was opened they adopted the same method. The English Station was
started in 1917, and though the Seed Trade asked for the adoption of the Continental
method, it was thought inadvisable to have two methods in use in the same country.
The Irish method was, therefore, adopted, and the matter left for reconsideration when
the Seeds Act came into force. In framing the Regulations under the Seeds Act this -
wish of the Trade for the Continental method has been granted and after 1st August next
we shall adopt, in England and Scotland at least, the Continental method of Grass Seed
Testing. The reason stated by the Seed Trade for desiring the latter method is that
the Irish method interferes with their Continental Trade. I sometimes wonder how far
this is the real reason. Personally I hold no brief for either method. The Irish method
as practised by us is illogical since we treat a Grass seed without any caryopsis and
which, therefore, cannot grow as a pure seed, and at the same time we call broken
Clover seeds or empty Mangel clusters impurities. On the other hand I really believe
the adoption of a universal method for all seeds based on the Irish method of grass
testing would result in improved seed. You may argue that the Irish method leads to
absurdities in extreme cases, but so does the Continental method. I will not discuss the
pros and cons of the two methods any further, since the matter will probably be brought
up again before the end of this Conference.

I do not think that our methods of making Purity tests differ in other respects from
those in common use elsewhere. I might perhaps mention that for Dodder examinations
we use a home made machine with an endless velyet band which passes the whole of the
sample before the eye of the analyst. Also I would like to draw the attention to those
who do not use them to the torsion-balances made by the Torsion Balance Company of
New York. I find that in weighing small unknown quantities of impurities three to five
weighings can be made on this balance, while one weighing is being made on an

ordinary chemical balance.
I might add that at present no field trials are being conducted by the English

Station, but it is hoped that it will be possible to start these next season. Special exa-
minations of seed with a view to its being discased are not made, but in the case of
Cereals where Burnt, Smut and Ergot are visible to the naked eye, this fact would be
noted on the report.

Our methods of making: Germination tests are largely based on the established
practice of the older Stations, but the three Stations in the United Kingdom do not
necessarily adopt identical methods. For Grass both Scotland and England rely mainly
on the Jacobsen Tanks, but Ireland prefers the Rodewald Incubator. In England a cabinet
type of Germinator is used for Cocksfoot mainly owing to the difficulty of fluctuating the
temperature of a Jacobsen Tank with any accuracy. As a matter of fact our Tanks are
at present situated in a conservatory and they are subject to uncontrolled fluctuations of

temperature which we look upon as being not undesirable. Clovers are usually germinated -

on filter paper in petri dishes placed in cabinet Incubators. The petri dish is covered
with a flat glass plate containing a hole for ventilation. ~An alternative method which
IT have not seen in use anywhere else gives better results for some Clovers. The seed is
placed upon filter paper lying on the surface of about 1 inch of moist sand contained in
metal trays about 18 inches by 12 inches. The trays are placed in racks in a room main- ,
tained at 20 degrees centigrade. This method is usually preferable for all Clover samples
which are likely to show a large percentage of burst and abnormal growths. Cereals and
the larger seeds, such as Peas and Beans, are grown in sand, and sand is also used for
Mangel and Beet germinations. In the latter case we use aluminium dishes 6 inches in
diameter, each of which would contain a hundred clusters pressed into about half an inch_
of moist sand. We get much better results for Mangel and Beet by this method than we
do by growing the seed between folded blotting paper, and in fact this latter method is
not used in England for any kind of seed. At present the percentage of Mangel and Beet
is expressed in terms of the number of sprouts per hundred clusters, but after the 1st August
next it will be expressed in terms of germinating clusters instead.

In view of the fact that Purity and Germination questions.are being dealt with in
other papers, I would not be justified in taking up more of your time. As the represen-
tative of the youngest of the Seed Testing Stations, I think I can justly claim the indul-
gence granted to children, and I hope you will not be unduly critical of this paper. At
the same time it is with a certain amount of pride that I can state that though not yet
four years old the English Station is handling more samples than is any other Official
Station with one exception. This venerable institution whose jubilee we are now cele-
brating is at present leading the field, but we are pressing closely behind it. As to the
future, I will not venture to prophesy, but would prefer to be considered, in the words
of Sir Walter Scott, one of our British authors, as one of “The better informed Philomats
who, instead of loading their almanacs with vain predictions of. political events — — —
pretended to know what seeds would grow and what would not”.

Professor Johannsen thanked Mr. Saunders and stated that as there
unfortunately was no delegate present from the United States of America,

Mrs. Kolpin Ravn would read a paper on “Seed Testing in the United
States of America‘ by Dr. Brown, Botanist in charge, Washington D. C.

“Seed Testing in the United States of America.”

“Mr. President, Your Eacellency, Ladies and Gentlemen!

In the United States of America the importance of seed testing as an aid to
agriculture was first brought to attention in 1876, when the State Agricultural Ex-
periment Station of Connecticut included in its annual report an outline of seed testing
as then carried on in Europe, based on the observations of two young American chemists,

Jenkins and Wernicke, who had visited Dr. Nobbe’s laboratory at Tharand, and
had become familiar with the work he was carrying on there.

In the succeeding years, Dr. Le Doux in North Carolina and Dr. Wm. J. Beal
in Michigan pointed out the importance of seed testing. Dr. Chas. E. Bessey at the
University of Nebraska, appreciating the importance of this practical application of botanical
training, directed the attention of his students to this field. Through the personal influence
of Dr. Bessey and Dr. Beal, more students of the University of Nebraska and of the
Michigan Agricultural College than of all other institutions in the United States have
become trained workers in this field. The work of these two men laid the foundation
for seed testing in this country and kept it before the public during the next fifteen
or twenty years.

A student and assistant to Dr. Beal, the late Gilbert H. Hicks, in 1896 organized
seed testing as a definite line of investigations in the United States Department of
Agriculture. Through publications, addresses and the preparation and distribution of
authentic sets of seeds, as well as through testing seeds for farmers and seedsmen,
Hicks carried on a vigorous campaign of education. From this time, seed testing was
taken up by more and more of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations and Agricultural
Colleges. They undertook the testing of seeds for farmers and seed dealers, issued bulletins
of information as to the quality of agricultural seeds on sale and pointed out the abuses
in the seed trade which were detrimental to agriculture. The work started by Hicks has.
been carried on by the United States Department of Agriculture, where not only seeds
passing in domestic trade have been analyzed, but the quality of our imports has been
carefully studied.

In 1906, approximately one million pounds of imported low-grade red clover seed.
examined, contained only forty-three per cent of pure live seed, and'two hundred and
seventy-five thousand pounds of imported low-grade alfalfa seed contained only forty-four
per cent of pure live seed.

The Constitution of the United States distinguishes sharply between the powers of
the Federal Government and of the individual States in regulating commerce, the Federal
Government being given control over trade between individual States and trade with
foreign countries, while the individual States may regulate trade within each State. This
division of authority permits wide variation between laws governing the same line of trade
in different States without reference to what regulations the Federal Government may
establish governing interstate traffic.

In 1897, Maine was the first State to enact a law regulating the sale of agricultural
seeds. ‘This early law, however, did not take into account the important question of
germination. Other States followed slowly with laws differing radically from each other;
one requiring only a statement of the year of growth, and another prohibiting the sale
of seed containing the seeds of a particularly noxious weed.

The value of greater uniformity in State laws was soon apparent, as was the
necessity for restricting the quality of seeds brought into the United States from
foreign countries.

At a conference of State and Federal Agricultural officials in November 1896, a
committee was appointed to formulate uniform regulations for seed testing in the United
States. These have since been revised and reissued from time to time.

The United States Department of Agriculture in 1904 was authorized to purchase
forage-plant seeds to examine them and to publish the names of the dealers with the
analyses when such seeds were found to be adulterated or misbranded. The result of
this informational service has been to greatly reduce the sale of adulterated and misbranded
forage-crop (grasses and clovers) seeds in the United States. This informational service,
together with the State laws, has been largely responsible for the establishment by al
of the large seed dealers of their own seed testing laboratories where they make tests
of the seeds they are handling.

On December 31, 1908, a meeting of the State and Federal seed analysts was called
for the purpose of uniting them in an organization in support of uniform state legislation,
and for revising the regulations for seed testing. This was the beginning of the
Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America, which has met in annual convention
since that time. (At the second annual meeting, a bill was formulated as a basis for
uniform Staté legislation governing the trade in agricultural seeds. This was discussed
with the Seed Trade Associations of the United States and revised from year to year as
the result of suggestions and criticisms of both the seed analysts and the seed trade. é
This co-operation resulted in turning the opposition to State legislation on the part of the
seed trade to endorsement of it until thirty-seven States now have laws regulating
the sale of agricultural seeds, the later ones following closely the uniform bill. These
State laws are. primarily labeling Jaws, requiring a statement of the name and
address of the seller, the kind of seed and the percentages of pure seed, weed seeds,
and germination.

One of the most helpful lines of activity of the Association of Official Seed Analysts
of North America has been the work of the referees on ‘methods of testing seeds. Hach
year a set of samples has been distributed to official analysts, Federal and State. These
have been tested and the results reported and discussed at the meetings. In this way,
the practices followed in the different seed testing laboratories have been compared and
any discrepancies brought to light. Out of the reports of the referees, have developed
modifications of the regulations for seed testing.

In the determination of the pure seed of grasses, only their caryopses containing
embryos are considered as pure seed, and those without embryos are considered as
inert matter.

Tn 1912, the Seed Importation Act became a law, restricting the quality of specified
seeds imported into the United States. This Act establishes standards of pure live seed
and of freedom from adulterants and weed seeds which must be reached by all seeds before
they are permitted entry into the United States. The Act provides, however, that seeds may
be recleaned under government supervision for the purpose of making them comply with
the Act, the refuse removed in such cleaning to be destroyed and not exported.

All lots of seed subject to this Act are sampled by the United States Customs Service, '
the samples being submitted to the United States Department of Agriculture for examination
as to quality. Samples are required from twenty per cent of the sacks of each lot. If
the first test shows the seed to fall below the requirements of this Act, retests are made
and second samples are drawn and tested whenever the interested parties so desire. The
final action in the case of each shipment is based on tests made by the United States
Department of Agriculture.

The volume of the international trade of the United States in agricultural seeds for
the years 1914—1919 is shown in the following table, as reported by the Department
of Commerce.

Imports
Forage-Plants 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
Pounds Pounds, Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
Clover, red........ 6 764000| 8749 000.| 33 476000| 3966000 931 000| 7025000
Clover, other...... 23 343 000} 15 406 000) 8363000) 7914000! 8588000} 18016 000

Grass, other forage | 31 937 000 | 34 690000] 8790000) 6277000] 6076000] 15 609 000

Total forage...... 72 337 000 | 74 727 000 | 59 671 000 | 33 579 000 | 19 892 000 | 50 480 000

Sugar Beet....... 10 293 000 | 15 882 000) 9042000 | 15 422000} 4297000; 9830000

Exports
Forage- Plants 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
Pounds Pounds |- Pounds Pounds | Pounds Pounds

Clover............ 4640000] 9750000] 7116000! 8738000] 5985000] 7 943 000
Timothy....... .. 12 480 000 | 17 333 000 | 13 610 000 | 18 880000} 8564000} 13 346 000
Other forage...... 5 156 000} 4342000} 3613000] 5426000| 2952000| 4440000
Total forage beaters 22 276 000 | 31 425 000 | 24 339 000 | 28 044 000 17 501 000 | 25 729 000
Imports Excess over

Exports ........ 50 061 000 | 43 302 000 | 85 332 000 |- 5535000 | 23891000] 24 751 000

Summary of conditions in the United States.

. Seed testing is recognized as one of the essential factors in agriculture.
. Thirty-seven States have laws regulating the quality of agricultural seeds which

may be sold within the State, and maintain seed testing laboratories.

. Most seed dealers have their own seed testing laboratories.
. Practically all of the field seeds sold in the United States are tested for quality

either in official laboratories or privately by seed dealers.

. The Association of Official Seed ‘Analysts of North America and the Seed Trade

Associations are co-operating to improve the quality of agricultural seeds in the
United States.

. The Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America, including in its member-

ship all official analysts in the United States and Canada, while without authority
to enforce its decisions, formulates and suggests: remedial legislation and studies and
recommends technical methods for seed testing.

. Many of the States having seed laws, specify that tests be made according to the

methods recommended by the Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America.

. In testing grasses, caryopses without embryos are considered as inert matter.
..The sale of adulterated and misbranded agricultural seed has been very greatly

reduced in the United States:

. The Seed Importation Act prevents the importation into the United States of
‘low-grade field seeds.

The United States is a large factor in the international trade in agricultural seeds.
In view of the present conditions in the United ea our. international needs

appear to be as follows:

We should know the methods of testing seeds in all countries with which we have
reciprocal trade.

The greatest possible uniformity in such methods, but more particularly uniformity
in results should be obtained.

Both the analysts and the seed trade should be familiar with trade customs as well
as with. import restrictions of each country. !

As it is uneconomic to ship to a country seeds of such low quality that they are
of little or no agricultural value, or will be prohibited from going into trade on
arrival, some means should be found for preventing the export of such valueless
material.

-5. At, present, there is no sound basis for the determination of quality in the case of

disagreement arising out of international commerce in seeds. Following the adoption
of uniform methods by analysts, an agreement among international merchants to rest
arbitration as to quality on official analyses made in the country of arrival would
stabilize trade and largely eliminate the shipment of low grade seed.“

Professor Johannsen thanked Mrs. Kolpin Ravn and introduced
Mr. Clark.

Mr. Clark read a paper on:

“Seed Testing and Seed Control in Canada.”

“Seed Laboratories in Canada follow primarily the methods for seed testing prescribed
by the Association of Seed Analysts of North America and in addition, whenever occasion
should require, duplicate and triplicate tests are made by following such other methods
ag experience may have shown to be good. The problems entailed in making dependable
germination tests of some kinds of seeds that have matured in our northern climates with
occasional slight frost before being fully matured; are not common to most countries. The
prescribed method for testing seed oats if applied to oats that have suffered two or three
degrees of frost before harvest commonly will give results much below the actual value
of the oats for seeding purposes. Six months after harvest the same oats will give a
decidedly higher percentage germination and with stronger vital energy. When freshly
harvested they may be kiln dried at proper temperature, or for laboratory purposes, ex-
posed to the sun under glass for a few days and then duplicate tests in good ‘natural
soil may give fair results in 6 and 14 days under temperatures ranging from 18°C to
20° C. Much depends on the judgement of the analyst, and for germination tests with
frosted seeds he ought to have good training in botany and considerable experience in
seed testing. With a very few exceptions, however, we do not find it necessary to depart
from the prescribed methods of our Association.

Our seed testing staff consists of a Chief Analyst, one supervising analyst for each control
district, a senior analyst for each division of seed testing work, and a larger number of analysts. _

We have three district laboratories and now find it necessary to increase their
number. It is our experience that a supervising seed analyst should not be expected to
assume responsibility for seed test record certificates in excess of an average of one hundred
and fifty per day. In addition to directing the work, his personal attention is needed to
a considerable percentage of the samples in the hands of less expert workers. The chief
analyst divides his time among all the laboratories under his direction. He has some
time, with special assistants, for research work.

The purpose of our laboratories for seed analyses, is to provide a proper basis on
which to establish our system of seed control, which form a separate division of service.
The responsibility of the analyst does not extend beyond the issue of seed test records
and operating the laboratory on the basis of service at cost. We have never succeeded
in making our laboratories pay their operating expenses. It would seem to be the natural
inclination of most seed analysts who possess superior technical training, to do very careful
work requiring much time to make fine determinations by weight, the utility, value of
which unfortunately neither the Canadian farmers nor the seedsmen appreciate or are
willing to pay for. The aim has been to obtain the easiest and most effective seed control
regulations-with the simplest and shortest possible process of analytical work. The nature
of the work to be done by the analyst is therefore prescribed in effect by the seed control
regulations, which are designed by the staff of seed inspectors.

Our seed control staff of inspectors forms a separate division of the service. They
have only a general knowledge of botany but are required to have a special training in
the practices of commerce and agriculture. They are organized into six control districts and
in addition to seed control have to administer other agricultural laws pertaining to feeding
stuffs and fertilizers. 2

Seed inspectors also encourage the production of good seed among private growers, assist
them to obtain pure stock seed that may have been bred and selected at federal or
provincial government experiment stations, inspect their seed crops and certify the registration
of same and finally inspect and seal the registered seed in the sacks ready for commerce.

When sold for seeding timothy, alsike, red clover and alfalfa seed must be graded

to conform to the seed control regulations. Seed merchants or farmers draw and send
to the district seed control station a sample of the seed held for sale. This sample is
known as the control sample and is kept for one year. After the sample is analyzed in
the seed laboratory, to determine the number of noxious weed seeds and the number of
other weed seeds per ounce of the control sample, the seed inspector who is expert in the
judging of general quality as to vitality, colour, cleanliness and other factors, determines
the grade of the seed, and a certificate of grade is issued accordingly; when shipping the
seed in commerce the number of the certificate is quoted on the invoice or elsewhere, as
a reference to the authority for the grade. It is the privilege of any purchaser to send
a sample of the seed so obtained, together with the certificate number for comparison
with the control sample on which the certificate was issued. Severe punishment is ad-
ministered to any who attempt frandulent practices under this system.

In addition to the principal grass and clover seeds used in Canada, this system of
grading based on control samples is extended to most kinds of field seeds when requested
by the seedsmen or farmers. This system is rapidly increasing in general practice because
most farmers who buy prefer to pay a higher price and obtain seeds that are graded
under the seed control system.

Because of the requirements of commerce the certificates of grade are issued on the
day-the sample is received and without waiting for the results of germination test for
those ‘kinds of seed as. timothy, red clover, alsike, alfalfa, and cereal grains that may be
judged as to vitality from careful examination to be not less than 90% and probably
95% germinable seeds. With all of the finer grass seeds and when any seeds appear to
be of doubtful vitality the certificate is not issued until germination test is made.

In addition to control sample certificates, more important certificates are issued for
wholesale quantities when official samples are drawn by control seed inspectors. When
these certificates are issued at the request of seedsmen or producers, it is the common
practice to seal the seeds in the sack and stencil the sacks with the origin of the seed,
the special variety if any, the kind of seed, the grade and the number of the certificate.

It is understood that when the seal is broken the assurance of the quality of the
seed contained in the sack may not be continued.

The following are the provisional definitions of grades that may be applied to Canadian
Alsike seed for export to Europe. The percentages of weed seed content may have to be changed
to apply to Europe in general if and when this seed control conference of Europe prescribe
what may be included as “noxious weeds” and also what may be included as “other weeds”.

Tentative Draft of Standard Grades Alsike Seed-Canadian.
(Prepared to confirm to the British seed control regulations. Statements of percentages
are only suggestive.)

Extra No. § Export Alsike Seed shall be mature, sound, plump, of good colour, dry
and sweet, well cleaned and graded, free from the noxious weed seeds prescribed by British
Ministry of Agriculture, and contain not less than 99% pure and 95/0 germinable seeds.

No. 1 Export Alsike Seed shall be mature, sound, plump, of good colour, dry and
sweet, well cleaned and graded, free from dodder, contain not less than 98 % pure alsike
seed, not. more than one tenth of one per cent by number of the other noxious weed seeds
prescribed by British Ministry of Agriculture, and not less than 93 %o germinable seeds.

No. 2 Export Alsike Seed shall be reasonably mature, sound, of medium colour, dry
and sweet, well cleaned, free from dodder, contain not less than 92> pure alsike and
97% pure alsike, white clover, timothy, and other useful seeds, not more. than one-fifth
of one per cent ‘by number of the other noxious weed seeds prescribed by the British
Ministry of Agriculture and not less than 90 °/o germinable seeds.

No.:3 Export Alsike Seed shall be reasonably mature, sound, cleaned, dry and sweet,
free from dodder, contain not less than 87 %o pure alsike and 95.0 pure alsike, white
clover, timothy, and other useful seeds, not more than one half of one per cent by number

‘ 5*

of the other noxious weed seeds prescribed by the British Ministry of Agriculture and
not less than 85% germinable seeds.

“Alsike Mixture” shall be the designation of any mixture in which alsike seed
predominates, and any certificate of grade issued therefore shall include a statement of
the kinds and the percent of each kind of clover and grass seeds which compose more
than five per cent of the mixture, and shall in all other respects conform to the defined
standards of quality for No. 1, No. 2, or No. 3 grades provided for “Export Alsike Seed”.”

Professor Johannsen thanked Mr. Clark and introduced Mr. Nissen
and Mr. Frandsen, who invited the congress to Amagergaard and Mtofte-
gaard to see the experiment farms respéctively of the seed firm “Trifolium
Ltd.” and “Danske Landboforeningers Freforsyning” (Danish Farmers
Association of Cooperative Wholesale of Seed).

Dr. Buchholz asked Mr. Saunders how long samples are kept.
3 months?

Mr. Saunders: “No. To the end of the season i. e. July 31. Some
are kept a full year, others a shorter period. The average is 9 months”.

Professor Johannsen: “In Denmark samples are kept the working
year plus one entire additional year’.

Mr. Falkentorp, Seed-merchant: “How is dodder (Cuscuta sp.)
treated in England?”

Mr. Saunders: “The treatment is based on the legal requirements |
of the Seeds Act. |

It is allowed present to the extent of

1 seed in 4 oz, in the case of large seeded clovers, |
1 n ” 2 5) ee J ” ” ” small ” ”

Seedsmen are, on request, given more information asvording to the
following scale:

Dodder present not exceeding 5 in 4 oz (115 gms)

20 ” 4 ”
100 , 4 y
more than 100 ,, 4 ,,.”

Mr. Falkentorp: “If a lot contains more than 2000 seeds of dodder
would it be excluded from the country?”

Mr. Saunders: “No, it may be imported. The only pra nihttony clause
is seek seed shall not contain more than 5°/o of seed of noxious weedslist

given”.
Professor Johannsen

asked if there were further remarks schloB die Sitzung bis Mittwoeh,
to be made. The meeting was adjourn- den 8. Juni um 9'/2 Uhr.
ed until the next day, June 8, at

9:30 A. M.
8. Juin 1921.

Professor Johannsen
opened the meeting and introduced erdffnete die Sitzung und erteilte das
the first speaker. Wort dem ersten Redner.

‘Mr. Dorph-Petersen:
“Remarks on the Investigations of the Purity of Strain and

Freedom from Disease of Seed.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen!

T greatly regret that I am called upon to present this subject. I was only prepared
to append a few remarks on the investigations we have made on the purity of strain
and freedom from disease of seed, while we had requested Oberregierungsrat Professor
Dr. Hiltner to tell us about the comprehensive investigations made by the ,,Bayrische
Landesanstalt fiir Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz“ on attacks of disease (especially Fusarium)
on seed. ‘

When I visited my very able colleague Oberregierungsrat Professor Dr. Hiltuer in
April I found him full of interest in this congress and of anticipations of being present
and introducing this subject if his government so desired.

Unfortunately Germany was late in deciding to participate. Not until May 30th
was I apprised that that nation would be represented by Oberregierungsrat Hiltner and
Professor Voigt. I telegraphed at once to Professor Hiltner bidding him welcome and
dsking him wether he would present this subject as we had requested. Unfortunately
enough, Professor Hiltner is not with us after all, and I have not received any answer
from him. We are therefore forced, to do without a very important contribution to this very
important question. I hope however, that many of the gentlemen here to day have
interesting observations to add to the comparatively meagre remarks I will make about
our investigations.

I hope that Professor Voigt will tell us something about the investigations in Miinich.
Besides what I saw and heard on this matter in Miinich I know that there is much
of interest on this subject to be reported from Ziirich and Wageningen. I hope that my
honoured colleagues Dr. Volkart and Director Bruijning will take part in the discussion
and tell us of the investigations they have made.

At both places germinated diseased grains and non-germinated diseased grains are
examined in order to diagnose the diseases by which they are attacked. This is a matter
of the very greatest importance.

However the examination must be supplemented by field tests and before stating on
the analysis certificates that the sample is attacked by a disease, proof must be found
that it is a variety of said disease which is transmitted through the seed to the
growing plant — as stripe disease and smut —. We have therefore confined ourselves
to those varieties about which our knowledge is exact.

Ladies and Gentlemen!

After these few remarks in English I will repeat, what has been said in German
and then tell you about our own investigations.

In the report of the subject*) which has been distributed, you will find a short
English summary and as there is no corresponding German summary, I will now use
that language.

Mitteilungen iiber die Untersuchungen der Sortenechtheit und des Freiseins
von Pflanzenkrankheiten der Samenwaren.

Meine Damen und Herren!

Ich bedaure im héchsten Grade, daf ich es heute bin, der die Verhandlungen ein-
leitet, indem ich mich nur darauf vorbereitet hatte, einen kurzen Bericht tiber die Unter-
suchungen auf dem Gebiet der Sorten- und Stammechtheit und des Freiseins von Krank-

*) J. Holmgaard : ‘‘Undersagelser vedrerende Saaseds Sortsegthed og Frihed for Brand og Stribesyge,
1917—1920"’ (Investigations on the Purity of Strain and Freedom from Burnt and Stripe Disease of Seed,

1917—1920) with an English Summary.

heiten hinguzufiigen zu den Mitteilungen, die wir Oberregierungsrat Professor Dr. Hiltner
aufgefordert hatten, iiber die umfassenden Untersuchungen, die von der ,,Bayrischen Landes-
anstalt fiir Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz“ namentlich betreffend der Krankheitsangriffe
speziell von Fusariumarten ausgefiihrt werden, zu geben.

Ich besuchte im April meinen geehrten Kollegen Hiltner; er war damals an dem
Kongref sehr interessiert und wollte sehr gern kommen und die erwahnte Frage einleiten,
wenn er von seiner Regierung dazu aufgefordert wiirde. Leider hat Deutschland verhiltnis-
maBig spat eine endliche Zusage gegeben, an dem Kongref teilnehmen zu wollen, indem
erst am 30. Mai mitgeteilt wurde, daf Deutschland sich von Oberregierungsrat Professor
Dr. Hiltner und Professor Dr. Voigt repriasentieren lassen wollte. Ich telegraphierte
sofort an Kollegen Hiltner und hief ihn herzlich willkommen und bat ihn zu bestatigen,
dab er die erwihnte Frage einleiten wolle. Prof.Hiltner ist aber leider nicht gekommen und
ich habe keine Antwort von ihm bekommen. Ich beklage dieses im hichsten Grade, weil
uns dadurch eine wichtige Hinlage in dieser bedeutenden Frage fehlen wird. Ich hoffe
jedoch, da viele der anwesenden Herren Mitteilungen, die sie zu den verhaltnismaBig kurzen
Auskiinften, die hier tiber unsere Untersuchungen gegeben werden sollen, hinzufiigen wollen.

Aufer in Miinchen habe ich auch in Ziirich und Wageningen interessante Untersuchungen
auf diesem Gebiete gesehen und davon gehért, so da ich hoffe, daf jedenfalls die geehrten
Kollegen Volkart und Bruijning tiber diese Mitteilungen geben wollen.

Auf diesen beiden Anstalten werden bei der Beendigung des Keimens zuriickgebliebene
kranke Keime und die nicht gekeimten von Krankheit angegriffenen Samenkérner einer
Untersuchung unterworfen. Ohne Zweifel ist dieses eine Sache von groBer Bedeutung.
Diese Untersuchungen miissen aber notwendigerweise mit Felduntersuchungen gepaart
werden, weil man, bevor man auf einem Analysenbeweis anfiihrt, daB eine Probe von der
betreffenden Krankheit angegriffen ist, sich erst versichern muf, daf diese von einer solchen
Art ist, daf sie von dem Samen zu der aufwachsenden Pflanze, wie z. B. Streifenkrankheit
und Brand, tiberfiihrt wird. Wir haben uns deshalb an die Untersuchung dieser Arten,
von denen wir in dieser Hinsicht sicheren Bescheid wissen, gehalten.

Wir haben in den letzten Tagen viel iiber eine Ersetzung der unzutreffenden Bezeichnung
»Gebrauchswert“ der reinen und keimfaihigen.Samen gesprochen. Fiir die meisten Samen-
arten und eine Reihe Getreidearten spielt die Sorten- und Stammechheit und fir andere
die Provenienz eine auSerordentlich grofe Rolle. Daher ist es notwendig, da® man in der
Samenkontrolle die Kontrolle auch auf diese Verhaltnisse ausdehnt, und dies kann nur
mit Sicherheit durch sorgfaltige Felduntersuchungen, wie die erwahnten, getan werden.
Auch die Frage der Krankheitsarten spielt namentlich beim Getreide, bei Riibensamen,
Erbsen, Bohnen und anderen eine entscheidende Rolle fiir den Gebrauchswert. Diese
Untersuchungen im Laboratorium und im Felde sind darum Aufgaben fiir die Zukunft,
die notwendigerweise aufgenommen werden miissen, wenn die Samenkontrolle ihren Platz
vollig ausfiillen soll.

Wie ich am Montag angefiihrt habe, hat die Staats-Samenkontrolle bis 1917 nur
Laboratorienuntersuchungen durchgefihrt.

Diese Untersuchungen sind indessen nicht gentigend, um erschépfenden Bescheid tiber
den Wert des Samens zu geben. Durch die Versuche der Staatsversuchsstationen ist fest-
gestellt worden, mit welchen Sorten und Stammen die besten Ertrage erzielt. werden.
Samen von diesen erstklassigen Stammen ist deshalb von wesentlich gréBerem Wert als
von anderen Sorten. Auf eine Kontrolle der Sortenechtheit hatte sich die Samenkontrolle bis
vor wenigen Jahren nicht eingelassen. Obwoh! man sehr gut wubte, daB eine solche Kontrolle
von sehr groBer Bedeutung sein wiirde, um den Verbrauchern echten Samen zu sichern,
und daf man hierdurch die soliden Firmen, die einen unter sicherer Kontrolle gebauten
Samen liefern, unterstiitzen witirde, unterlieS man es dennoch, weil diese Kontrolle in den
wenigsten Fallen im Laboratorium ausgefiihrt werden konnte. Der vor kurzem verstorbene
Versuchsleiter Helweg hatte versuchsweise eine solche Feldkontrolle mit Rtibensorten
und Ribenstimmen bewerkstelligt. Is hat sich dabei gezeigt, daB man, obwohl man nicht

immer mit Sicherheit die Pflanzen der verschiedenen erstklassigen Stimme voneinander
unterscheiden kann, doch stets die gréberen Fehler in der Echtheit des Samens (Mischung,
Kreuzung) feststellen kann sowie auch in vielen Fallen die Stimme als Ganzes vonein-
ander scheiden konnte.

Was das Getreide angeht, so fing die Staats-Samenkontrolle im Jahre 1917 gemein-
schaftlich mit der Kontyrolle fiir ansteckende Pflanzenkrankheiten des Landwirtschafts-
Ministeriums (dem- jetzt verstorbenen Professor Dr. Kelpin Ravn) versuchsweise eine
Feldkontrolle an, ob die Lieferungen einer griéferen Getreidefirma sortenecht und frei seien
von Krankheiten wie Brand (Ustilago) und Streifenkrankheiten (Pleospora graminea), die
mit dem Saatgut tibertragen werden. Die betreffende Firma, die das Getreide als ,,sorten-
echt und gebeizt“ verkaufte, bat nimlich darum, eine solche Kontrolle ausgefithrt zu be-
kommen, nachdem Professor Ravn und ich mitgeteilt hatten, daB man nicht sagen kénne,
inwiefern diese Bezeichnung korrekt sei, wenn sie nicht auf dem Felde kontrolliert werde.

Der jetzige Versuchsleiter, Herr Holmgaard, der als Assistent fiir diese Arbeit
angestellt wurde, hat in den vergangenen Jahren mit grofer Energie und Initiative sich

-mit dieser Arbeit befait und nachgewiesen, dafi es in einigen Fallen méglich ist, an den
Kérnern und so gut wie in allen Fallen an den Pflanzen die Sortenechtheit fiir alles
Getreide, das wir hier im Lande gewéhnlich benutzen, zu bestimmen. Die friiher genannten
Institutionen fiihren jetzt diese Kontrolle unter dem Namen _ ,Staatliche Aussaats-
inspektion* durch, und zwar in bedeutendem Umfang iiber das Saatgetreide, das von hier
exportiert wird, wie auch nach Verabredung mit den landwirtschaftlichen Organisationen
entsprechende orientierende Untersuchungen tiber das Getreide zur Benutzung hier im
Lande. — Herr Holmgaard, der seit dem 1. Juli 1920 als Versuchsleiter an der Samen-
kontrolle angestellt ist, hat als Leiter dieser sehr wichtigen Arbeit bei eingehenden Studien
eine Reihe botanischer Kennzeichen gefunden, wodurch die verschiedenen Getreidevarietiten
sicher voneinander getrennt werden kénnen; entsprechende Untersuchungen sind, so weit
wir wissen, von keiner andéren Samenkontrollanstalt bewerkstelligt worden; auch vom
Auslande haben wir deshalb Proben zur Untersuchung in dieser Richtung erhalten.

Uber die Untersuchungen selbst werde ich nur wenige Mitteilungen geben, indem
ich Sie auf den verteilten Bericht verweise*).

In den vier Jahren sind 499 Gersten-, 317 Hafer-, 17 Weizen- und 2 Roggenproben
untersucht worden.

Vor den Felduntersuchungen sind die Proben in allen Fallen-in den Laboratorien auf
Reinheit, Gehalt an fremden Samen und Keimfabigkeit untersucht worden. Bei diesen
Untersuchungen ist besonders wichtig, das Vorkommen von fremden Samen festzustellen,
weshalb 1000 oder 500 g in dieser Hinsicht untersucht werden. Weil der garantierte
Maximalgehalt in der Regel 0,1 /o ist, ist es notwendig, so grofe Mengen zu untersuchen,
um mit Sicherheit sagen zu kénnen, daS die Garantie eingehalten ist. Wir haben von
hier festgesetzt, daB guter Samen nicht itber 0,1 /o fremden Samen enthalten dirfe. Diese
Forderung erscheint vielleicht sehr streng; ist aber der genannte Gehalt von 0,1 / im
wesentlichen Gerste in Hafer oder umgekehrt, so ergibt dies bei.gewéhnlicher Aussaat
4—5000 fremde Samen per Hektar, das heiBt 1 Korn auf jeden 2weiten Quadratmeter und
besteht der Gehalt im wesentlichen aus Unkraut, so kénnen 100000 Unkrautsamen oder
noch mehr in der Aussaatmenge auf 1 ha kommen. Fiir die Feldkontrolle mit der er-
wahnten Aussaatsmenge miissen von jeder Partie, fir die garantiert werden soll, ca. 30000
und zum Zweck der Orientierung ca. 15000 Pflanzen benutzt werden.

Die Felduntersuchung.
Um sich dagegen zu sichern, daB Pilzsporen von einer Probe auf eine andere itiber-
gehen, wird die Aussaat ohne Benutzung der Siemaschine vorgenommen. Nach der
a ee Hotngeard? “Undersegelser yedrérende Saaseds Sortsegthed og Frihed for Brand og.

Stribesyge. 1917-1920.” (Untersuchungen betreffend der Sortenechtheit des Getreides und dessen Frei-
sein von Krankheiten wie Brand und Streifenkrankheit, 1917-1920) 27. Band in “Tidsskrift for Planteavl”

(Zeitschrift fiir Pflanzenbau). (Englisches Resumé.) ;

Markierung eines Reihenabstandes von 25 cm,-und nachdem die Reihen mit einem Handpflug
gezogen und die einzelnen Parzellen mit einem geniigenden Schutzstreifen versehen sind,
werden die Proben gesat, indem die Kémer, die in Portionen in Papiertiiten abgewogen
sind, von den Papiertiiten in die Reihen gestreut und hierauf gleichmahig zugedeckt werden.
Jede.einzelne Probe wird im ganzen auf 4 Parzellen gesit, d.h. auf zwei Versuchsstellen
(die eine auf leichtem und die andere auf schwerem Boden), und zu zwei verschiedenen
Saezeiten (so friih wie praktisch méglich und 8—14 Tage spater). Von Garantieproben
werden 4><500g auf 4 Parzellen zu 40 qm gesat, von Orientierungsuntersuchungen die
halbe Menge des Gewichts auf das halbe Areal.

Unmittelbar vor der Bestockung wird der Pflanzenbestand der einzelnen Parzellen
durch Zahlung der Pflanzen auf genau ein Fiinftel des beséten Areals berechnet. Man
hat dadurch eine genaue Vergleichung der Keimfaihigkeit im Felde im Verhaltnis zur Zahl
der ausgesiten Korner und im Verhaltnis zur Keimfaihigkeit im Laboratorium vornehmen
kénnen. Die Keimfihigkeit im Felde fiir normal keimenden Samen hat in den verschiedenen
Jahren zwischen 60 und 75% variiert; von Proben, wo die Keimfahigkeit im Laboratorium
unter der Norm liegt, bekommt man eine wesentlich geringere Keimfahigkeit im Felde.
War die Keimfahigkeit im Laboratorium z. B. 50%, so ist die Keimung im Felde
héchstens 10 %o.

Die Untersuchung auf Streifenkrankheit (Pleospora graminea) wird kurz nach der
Bestockung begonnen und bis kurz vor der Ernte fortgesetzt, sodaf die einzelnen Parzellen
in der Zeit des Wachstums dreimal genau nachgesehen worden sind. Der Augenblick, wo
die ersten Krankheitsangriffe: sich zeigen, ist etwas wechselnd in den verschiedenen Proben.
Unsere Erfahrung deutet darauf hin, dai der Angriff — wenn alle anderen Verhiltnisse
gleich sind — sich um so friiher zeigen wird, je starker die Probe angesteckt ist.

Die Untersuchung: auf die verschiedenen Arten von Brand (Ustilago) beginnt gleich
nach dem Ahrenschieben und wird bis unmittelbar vor der Ernte fortgesetzt, so daB die
Parzellen zweimal nachgesehen werden. Auch bei dem Erscheinen dieser Krankheit kann
der Zeitpunkt etwas wechselnd sein.

. Bei den Untersuchungen auf Beimengung Hemaee Sorten wird die Besichtigung bei
ites verschiedenen Sorten zu verschiedenen Zeiten vorgenommen.

“, Von den Parzellen, auf denen man bei der Untersuchung nennenswerte Krankheits-
angriffe oder fremde Sortenbeimischung gefunden hat, wird zur Ausrechnung der Prozent-
zahlen die Pflanzenzahl bestimmt, indem man unmittelbar vor der Erte die Pflanzen auf
genau éin Fiinftel des besaten Areals auszieht und zihlt.

Die Streifenkrankheit (Pleospora graminea) tritt sehr verschieden bei den ein-
zelnen Sorten auf; einige sind alle 4 Jahre hindurch sozusagen frei von dieser Krankheit
geblieben, bei anderen ist sie so stark aufgetreten, daB die Prozentzahl kranker Pflanzen
bis 50, ja sogar in einzelnen Fallen dariber betrug. Zu der erstgenannten Gruppe der
widerstandsfahigen Arten kann z. B. ,,Tystofte Korsbyg“ gerechnet werden, . wahrend
»Karlsbyg“ zu den am meisten angegriffenen Sorten gehért. Die Prenticeformen nelmen
im Verhaltnis zu diesen zwei Sorten eine Zwischenstelle ein; die Angriffe kénnen aber hier
sehr bosartig sein, indem ein Angriff von 20°/) vorkommen kann. Bei ,Svalof Guldbyg“
sind, ein einzelnes Jahr ausgenommen, nur verhiltnismafig kleinere Angriffe, und bei
»Abed Binderbyg“ sind stets nur kleinere Angriffe vorgekommen. Im ganzen haben die
Untersuchungen bestatigt, dai die Empfanglichkeit fir diese Krankheit in ziemlich hohem
Grade eine Sorteneigentiimlichkeit ist. ,

Die zwei Gersten-Brandarten (Ustilago hordei und Ustilago nuda) haben sich wie die
Streifenkrankheit bei den verschiedenen Sorten in verschiedenem Grade gezeigt. Fir Ustilago
nuda sind die Durchschnittszahlen bedeutend héher fir ,Svalef Guldbyg“ und ,,Abed
Binderbyg“ als fiir die Prenticeformen, wahrend das Umgekehrte der Fall ist bei dem
Ustilago’ hordei. Im ganzen sind die Brandangriffe jedoch von viel geringerer Bedeutung
als die Streifenkrankheitsangriffe gewesen.

‘Bei den am haufigsten untersuchten Hafersorten deuten die Durchschnittszahlen fir

Ustilago avena auf eine ungleich starke Empfanglichkeit bei den verschiedenen Sorten hin.
Ustilago levis ist nur in ganz einzelnen Fallen gefunden worden. Von 17 untersuchten
Weizenproben sind 6 bei der Einsendung als mit warmem Wasser gebeizt angegeben
worden, der Rest als ungebeizt. Die letzteren sind teils im urspriinglichen Zustand, teils
nach Beizung mit einer 0,5%%o Kupfervitriollisung ausgesit worden. Die Durchschnitts-
zahlen des Stinkbrandes (Tilletia caries) sind: ,

warmwassergebeizte Proben................... 0,5 pro mille.
kupfervitriolgebeizte Proben .................. 02 , 4»
ungebeizte- Proben .............0.065. Sian DOB ee ge

Der Flugbrand des Weizens (Ustilago tritici) ist nur in einem Fall bemerkt worden.

Ca. 40°o der untersuchten Proben sind sortenecht gewesen, ca. 56% haben 0,1—10
pro mille fremde Sorten enthalten, wahrend die Beimischung der tibrigen 4°) zwischen
1% und‘ 35% variiert hat, und endlich sind 13 Proben unter ganz unrichtiger Sorten-
bezeichnung eingesandt worden. Besonders bésartig war eine Verwechslung von Sommer-
und Winterroggen.

In den Fallen, wo man, wie bei einigen Gerstensorten, sichere botanische Kennzeichen
an den Kérnern hat, kann die Sortenbestimmung zum Teil schon im Laboratorium statt-
finden. Eine solche Untersuchung ist mit allen Proben von den im Winter 1920 exportierten
Partien sowie auch mit einzelnen der iibrigen Proben unternommen worden.

Bei der Felduntersuchung ist es méglich gewesen, die meisten von unseren am
haufigsten angebauten Sorten von Weizen, Gerste und Hafer zu unterscheiden. Die Kenn-
zeichen, wonach sie unterschieden werden, sind teils an die Korner, teils an die Pflanze
gekniipft. -

Was die erwibnten von Herrn Helweg angefangenen Ritbenuntersuchungen auf
diesem Gebiete angeht, so behaupten Vertreter des Samenhandlerstandes hier im Lande,
daS es fiir den gesunden Samenhandel notwendig sei, dai Gelegenheit fiir solche Feld-
untersuchungen vorhanden ist, und da diese grofen praktischen und moralischen Hinfluf£
haben. Die Fortsetzung dieser Arbeit ist vom Landwirtschaftsministerium der Staats-Samen-
kontrolle ibergeben worden. Wenn wir aber diese Untersuchungen fir immer itbernehmen
sollen, wird es notwendig, Verfiigung iiber ein Areal von 10 bis 12 ha mit passendem, gleich-
maBigem, ebenem und gutartigem Boden fiir diese Untersuchungen zu haben. Auch bei
Gras- und Kleesamen wird versuchsweise eine Untersuchung der Sortenechtheit bewerk-
stelligt werden.“

Direktor Bruijning: , Wir setzen 600 Kérner zum Keimen an. Beob-
achtet man dabei etwas Abnormes, wird noch eine Serie von 300 Kérnern’
mykologisch von einem Fachmann untersucht. In dieser Weise kann man
in einigen Fallen die Ursachée der Krankheit feststellen. Dies ist aber
nur ein Anfang. Professor Hiltners Methode scheint mir nicht gut, weil
er die Samenkérner zu tief legt, sie also in eine zu schwierige Lage versetzt.
Die Methode sollte deshalb revidiert werden, und es fragt. sich, ob dies
nicht eine Frage fiir internationale Verhandlungen ist.“

Professor Dr. A. Voigt: ,,Direktor Dorph-Petersen hat mich gebeten,
etwas tiber Hiltners Methode zu sagen. Vorerst méchte ich bemerken,
daB es sehr zu begriifen ist, wenn die Kopenhagener Anstalt dazu iiber-
gehen: will, auch an den nicht gekeimten Samen die Ursache des Absterbens
festzustellen. Wir missen dankbar sein, da& Direktor Dorph-Petersen
diesen Weg gezeigt hat. Bei der Hiltnerschen Methode werden
200 Samenkérner in ZinkgefafBen in Ziegelgrus von bestimmter Korngré£e,
der 60°/o feucht ist, ausgelegt. Die Samenkérner werden 3 cm hoch zu-

gedeckt. In anderen Stationen wird Sand von gréferer oder geringerer
Feuchtigkeit an Stelle des Ziegelgruses genommen. Das Verfahren hat den
Zweck, festzustellen, ob die Keimlinge die Kraft besitzen, die Decke aus
Ziegelgrus oder Sand zu durchbrechen. Dabei lassen sich ferner Fusarium-
befall und andere Infektionen feststellen. Diese Methode ist bisher nur
fir Saatgetreide im Gebrauche, zeigt aber den Weg des Ubergangs von
quantitativer zu qualitativer Keimprifung.“

Professor Johannsen: ,Wenn wir hier verschiedene Gesichtspunkte
haben, ist es nur die alte Frage, ob man seinen Kindern bei der Erziehung
leichte oder schwierige Lebensbedingungen geben soll. Professor Hiltner
hat fiir seine Pflanzen die schwierige Methode vorgezogen, wodurch er
nachweisen kann, welche Samen imstande sind, eine gesunde und kraftige
Pflanze zu entwickeln.“

Dr. Volkart: ,In der Schweiz wird Streifenkrankheit der Gerste und
Flugbrand bei der Feldbesichtigung festgestellt; die Fusariose des Roggens
untersuchen wir dagegen wie in Deutschland. Dabei hat sich ergeben,
daB der Roggen in den meisten Jahren sehr stark von dieser Krankheit
befallen ist. Bei Feldversuchen mit verschiedenen Beizmitteln hat sich
aber ergeben, daf die Krankheit eigentlich nur einigen deutschen Roggen-
ziichtungen (Petkuser und Professor Heinrichsroggen) gefahrlich wird. Bei
schweizerischem Landroggen, der bei der Untersuchung sich als stark
fusariumkrank erwies, niitzte das Beizen nichts, weil auch die ungebeizten
Parzellen einen ganz normalen Bestand aufwiesen. Die Beschaffung von
Sublimat zum Beizen ist den schweizerischen Landwirten iibrigens schwer,
weil die Abgabe von solchem sehr strengen Vorschriften unterliegt.“

Prof. Dr. A. Voigt ‘
asked whether Hiltner’s method fragte, ob in Ziirich die Methode
was employed in Ziirich. Hiltners benutzt wird.

Dr. Volkart: ,Gewif, aber nur zur Bestimmung des Befalles des
‘Roggens mit Fusarium, nicht zur Ermittlung seiner Triebkraft. Da wir
iibrigens in der Schweiz vorherrschend Kleinbesitz haben, kénnen nicht
alle Proben von Feldern besichtigten Saatgutes untersucht werden. Wir be-
stimmen nur bei einer gewissen Zahl alljahrlich den Befall und schliefen daraus -
allgemein auf die Starke des Auftretens der Fusariose im betreffenden Jahre.“

Staatskonsulent A. Elofson, Upsala, Schweden: ,,In Schweden spielt
die Fusariumkrankheit eine grofe Rolle. Wir glauben, da8 kleine Kérner
nach Untersuchungen von Henning am meisten angesteckt sind, und es ist
deshalb eine Frage, ob man nicht durch Sortierung des Getreides die fusarium-
kranken Korner annahernd ausscheiden kann. Ich wollte fragen, ob andere
solche Versuche vorgenommen haben. Ich halte dafir, da fusariumkranke
Korner auch mit bloBem Auge als solche erkannt werden kénnen.“

Direktor Widén: ,,Ich selbst habe keine Erfahrung in dieser Frage, aber
Professor Henning an der schwedischen agrikultur-botanischen Versuchs-
station bei Stockholm hat sich damit beschaftigt und Untersuchungen

LILLE

' 15

dariiber gemacht, ob es méglich sei, mit den bloBen Augen oder mit der
Lupe zu erkennen, ob die Kérner von Fusarium angesteckt sind. Man kann
tatsichlich oft sehen, daf die Kérner krank sind, aber diese Untersuchung
ist nicht zuverlassig genug; es miissen noch Keimversuche gemacht werden.
Manche Proben erscheinen wenig angesteckt, sind aber doch bis zu 40°/o
befallen. Hiltners Methode wird bei uns nicht mit Ziegelmehl, sondern
mit lehmiger Erde ausgefiihrt. Wir bekommen auf diese Weise Resultate,
die mehr praktischen Wert haben.“

Mr. Dorph-Petersen asked Mr. E. Gram, leader of the botanical
department of the State Experiment Station in Plant Diseases, Lyngby,
what measures have been taken against Fusarium in Denmark.

Mr. E. Gram: “Fusarium on grain is not very prevalent here. A series
of experiments are being made now, but the results are not yet published.
Nothing has been published since Mr. L. Mortensen’s report. The develop-
ment of the seed depends on the infection. If the infection occurs early, ©
the grains are small. If late they are large, but still infected. A report
in the Journal of Agricultural Research on. investigations made in
‘the United States of America shows the same conclusions.”

Direktor Widén: ,.Kleine Korner sind sehr unzuverlassig, wir haben
aber nicht viele Versuche damit gemacht.“

Mr. Clark stated that Mr. Gussow reported from Canada that
Fusarium gives trouble in coast climates (Atlantic and Pacific). Inland and
in elevated districts it was less difficult. A moist climate seemed to favour
the disease. Had this been observed by others?

In what I may call the maritime province along the Atlantic only
a narrow range of varieties can be grown. The variety of grain giving
the best results in Manitoba and Sascatchewan cannot be grown along the
coast on account of this disease. The only thing to do is to choose
varieties immune to the disease.“

M. Fr. Walldén, Directeur de la Station d’essais de semences,
Svaléf, Suéde:

wished to say a few words on
another subject. It had been his
experience that the inspection method
is uncertain. Therefore he used the

following device: Seeds of rye are.

placed in a glass box with water in
the bottom. This is then placed in
a Jacobsen Germinator. After 3 or
4 days mycelium develops. By this
method it is, however, impossible to
fix the exact percentage of attacked
grains, but it is possible to see if
many or a few are attacked.

»Anden Kérnern kann man durch
Besichtigung allein nicht mit Sicher-
heit bestimmen, ob sie krank-: sind -
oder nicht. Wenn man aber einige
Kérner in eine Glasschale legt, etwas
Wasser zufiigt und sie 3 bis 4 Tage in
dem Jacobsenschen Keimapparat
warm stellt, so ist das Fusarium
ausgewachsen. Man kann damit nicht
den genauen Prozentsatz der be-
fallenen Korner ermitteln, aber man
kann doch sehen, ob viele oder wenige
Samen angegriffen sind.“

Mr. Dorph-Petersen: “What is known as “Fusarium” abroad is
most prevalent here as Stripe disease. There is an account of the attacks
on page 579 of the report by.Mr. Holmgaard. Too strong a treatment
with ‘hot water must be avoided. That method is a two-edged sword.”

‘Dr. Volkart: ,In der Schweiz haben wir die Streifenkrankheit haupt-
sachlich bei der Wintergerste, die sie oft sehr bésartig befallt, seltener bei der
Sommergerste. Die verschiedenen Sorten sind verschieden widerstandsfahig,
Sommergerste leidet im Gebirge oft sehr stark an der Helminthosporiosis,
Streifenkrankheit konnte ich bisher noch nicht finden.“

Professor Johannsen:

“Tf there is no further discussion »Die Sitzmg ist bis morgen ge-
the meeting is adjourned for to-day. schlossen.“

At 2:00 automobiles will be waiting to conduct all those desiring to
Lyngby, where an opportunity will be given of seeing:

1. One of the two fields belonging to the Danish State Seed Testing Station
for investigating the purity of variety and strain of cereal seeds, and
their freedom from those diseases which are transmitted through the seed.

2. State Experiment Station in Plant Culture.

3. Some of the fields belonging to the State Experiment Station in Plant
Diseases.

4, Agricultural Museum and the “Old Danish farm-houses.”

9, Juin 1921.

Professor Johannsen opened the meeting. “The first matter to be
decided is whether the different stations are willing to disclose their identity.
in the report of the results of the seed analyses made (see page 77—83).
The roll will be called and the name can be given if wished.”

Where the names of the stations Wo die Namen der Stationen
are given in the following table it angefiihrt’ sind, geschieht es mit Er-
is done with the sanction of the laubnis der betreffenden Vorsteher.
respective leaders.

Professor Johannsen erteilte das Wort an Professor Dr. A. Voigt:

»Der heutige Standpunkt der Keimpriifungsmethoden.

Herr Président! Meine Damen und Herren!

Gestatten Sie, vordem ich mich dem Gegenstande meines Referats zuwende, ein
kurzes allgemeines Wort.

In der Eréffnungssitzung unseres Kongresses wurde aufer mir auch noch der Herr
Kollege Hiltner aus Miinchen erwartet, und ich habe deshalb zuriickgestanden, um ihm
die offiziellen Worte fiir die deutschen Teilnehmer zu iiberlassen. Da nunmehr feststeht,
da6B Herr Hiltner nicht erscheinen wird, darf ich wohl das Versiumte nachholen.

Der danischen Regierung und dem Herrn Kollegen Dorph-Petersen spreche ich
zunachst im Namen des deutschen Ministeriums fiir Ernahrung und Landwirtschaft und
weiter fiir meine beteiligten Kollegen den herzlichsten Dank fiir die freundliche Kinladung-
zu diesen Beratungen sowie fiir die sorgfiltige Vorbereitung dieser Tagung aus.

Wie Ihnen bekannt sein diirfte, liegen in Deutschland die Verhialtnisse fiir die Samen-

prifang wesentlich anders wie in den meisten tibrigen Landern. Wahrend diese fast
ausnahmslos nur eine zentrale Samenpriifungsanstalt besitzen und im héchsten Falle einige

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“S[UPSOALIS SNUG

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“eyeuljood saiqy

o “ORL

84 ;

wenige, ist in Deutschland die landwirtschaftliche Versuchstitigkeit und mit ihr die Samen-
kontrolle auf die einzelnen Bundesstaaten und in Preufen auf die einzelnen Provinzen
dezentralisiert. Das hat dazu gefiihrt, daB die EHinfiihrung einheitlicher Normen bald
ein Bediirfnis wurde. Was wir hier jetzt international anstreben, ist in Deutschland fiir

die vielen einzelnen Stationen seit Jahren eine zwingende Notwendigkeit. Der Verband:

landwirtschaftlicher Versuchsstationen besitzt daher umfangreiche technische Vorschriften

fiir die Priifung von Saatwaren, die gerade im Jahre 1916 eine Neubearbeitung und damit

eine wesentliche Erweiterung und Vertiefung ertahren haben. Sie werden dauernd von
einem besonderen Ausschuf unter der bewahrten Fiihrung Hiltners aut ihre Brauchbarkeit
tiberwacht und gepriift.

Durch die besondere Lage Hamburgs, dessen Samenkontrollstation in erster Linie
die Untersuchungen fiir den internationalen Handel ausfiihrt, trat bald nach ihrer Griindung
im Jahre 1891 das Bediirfnis zu einer Verstaindigung mit den auslandischen Stationen
hervor und fiihrte bereits 1906 zu dem ersten internationalen Kougref fir Samenpriifungen
in Hamburg, an dem die meisten auch hier beteiligten Nationen teilnahmen, und der die
Bildung eines sténdigen internationalen Ausschusses brachte. 1910 wurde dann der
2. internationale Kongre6 in Miinster in Westfalen abgehalten und mit einer Besichtigung
Wageningens in Holland verbunden. Etwa 1914 war dann ein weiterer KongreB in Aus-'
sicht genommen, an den sich eine Besichtigung von Kopenhagen und Svaléf anschliefen sollte.

Sie verstehen, meine Damen und Herren, daf Deutschland ein besonderes Interesse
an dieser dritten internationalen Beratung hat, und ich verbinde daher mit dem noch-
maligen Dank fiir die freundliche Einladung den aufrichtigen Wunsch fiir eine erfolgreiche
Tagung hier in Kopenhagen.

Und nun zu meinem eigentlichen Thema.

Wie’ bereits Herr Kollege v. Degen vorhin erwihnte, gehéren die Keimpriifungen :

wohl zu dem schwierigsten Gebiet der Samenuntersuchungen. Wahrend fir die Herkunfts-
bestimmungen, wie es durch die sachkundigen Austiihrungen des Herrn Kollegen Volk art
am -gestrigen Tage wiederum bestatigt wurde, greifbare und wissenschaftlich begriindete
Anhaltspunkte und auch fiir die Reinheitsbestimmungen feste Unterlagen vorhanden sind,
fehlen sie uns fiir die Keimpriifungen fast noch iiberall. [er Keimversuch ist eben ein
physiologisches Experiment und keine mechanische oder chemische ‘Analyse. Die Natur
lést jeden Augenblick das Problem der Keimung ohne Schwierigkeiten. Aber die ainfBeren
und inneren Ursachen des Keimungsprozesxes sind trotz vieler verdienstvoller Arbeiten
bei weitem noch nicht hinreichend geklart. Einen Beweis dafiir liefern uns ja auch
wieder die vergleichenden Versuche der verschiedenen Stationen, unter denen sich viele
mit langjéhriger, griindlicher Erfahrung befinden. Sie haben fiir viele der untersuchten
Samenarten recht gute und befriedigende Ubereinstimmungen gebracht. Aber bei manchen,

gerade als besonders einfach geltenden Versuchen sind zum Teil zunichst noch unauf-

klirbare Abweichungen festgestellt.

Es ist daher nach meinem Dafiirhalten nicht angingig, fiir die Keimpriifung so feste
und die Bewegungsfreiheit einengende Vorschriften oder. Regeln aufzustellen, wie ex fiir
die anderen Untersuchungszweige der Priifung von Kultursamen méglich ist. Es kann
sich im wesentlichen nur um Richtlinien handeln. Am leichtesten la&t sich die rechnerische
Seite der Sache festlegen. Sie wird immer ein Kompromi6& zwischen Arbeitsleistung, Arbeits-
moglichkeit und Genauigkeit sein. Wahrend im Anfang z. B. die Zahl der einzukeimenden
Samen anf Grund empirischer Erfahrung festgestellt wurde, hat Rodewald- Kiel diese an-
genommenen Werte von dreimal: 200 Samen auf Grund theoretischer Erwagungen bhestatigt.
Man ist heute wohl allgemein*der Meinung, daB man bei der Verwendung von viermal
100 Samen ein brauchbares, dety wahren Werte niherkommendes Durchschnittsergebnis
erhalt, und daB bei Verwendung, weiterer 100 Samen und mehr die Genauigkeit: nur noch
langsam waclist. Es ist zweifellos gin grofes Verdienst Rodewalis, daB er die Wahrschein-
lichkeitsrechnung in die Beurteilung der Fehlergrenzen und Fehlerquellen der Samen-
kontrolle eingefiihrt hat. Leider sind diese elementaren Grundlagen bei einer groBen

Anzahl von wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen tiber die Keimbedingungen nicht oder nicht ge-
niigend beriicksichtigt worden, indem aus Abweichungen einzelner Versuche Schliisse gezogen
wurden, die durchaus noch innerhalb der Fehler- und Wahrscheinlichkeitsgrenzen lagen. Hs
ist dies ein sehr bedauerlicher Mangel, der einen groBen Teil der Arbeiten wertlos macht.

Was dann ferner den K eimversuch selbst betrifft, so ging man fast allgemein kritiklos
von dem vorhandenen Saatgut aus, ohne sich um den niaheren Umstand der Ernte- und
der Lagerungsverhialtnisse zu bekitimmern. Das war bei den zur Keimpriifung eingesandten
Handelsproben meist ja auch nicht anders méglich. Bei wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen
mu6 aber eine derartige Beurteilung des Saatgutes unbedingt gefordert werden. Neuere
Arbeiten, wie von Kinzel, Hollrung und manchen anderen tragen anerkennenswerter-
weise diesen Forderungen Rechnung.

In Deutschland, wo wegen der vielen Stationen wohl zuerst das Bediirfnis nach ein-
heitlichen Vorschriften entstanden war, glaubte man durch méglichst scharf gefaBte Be-
dingungen, am sichersten iibereinstimmende Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Man schrieb eine
konstante Temperatur von 20 Grad und den Feuchtigkeitsgehalt vor und setzte fest, daB
alle Keimversuche im Dunkeln vorzunehmen seien. Man glaubte damit einmal wohl den
natiirlichen Verhaltnissen am nachsten zu kommen, und andererseits Bedingungen fest-
gesetzt zu haben, die leicht ausgefiihrt werden kénnten.

Fir eine bestimmte Anzahl von Simereien ergaben sich nach diesen Vorschriften
auch gut tibereinstimmende Resultate. Aber mit der Zunahme der verwendeten Samen-
arten, /namentlich der Griaser, stellten sich bald recht erhebliche Differenzen ein, und auch
bei den im allgemeinen gleichmafig ausfallenden Untersuchungen blieben die Abweichungen
nicht aus. Die empirisch festgelegten Keimbedingungen lieBen sich nicht verallgemeinern.
Es zeigte sich mehr und mehr, daf es eine ganze Reihe innerer Faktoren gibt, die den
KeimprozeB beeinflussen, und die man auch heute noch nicht hinreichend kennt.

Ziirich trug wohl zuerst diesen Verhiltnissen Rechnung, indem es sowohl die Tem-
peratur-als auch die Beleuchtung und Feuchtigkeit je nach den Samenarten variierte. ©
In Kopenhagen bot schon der bekannte Jacobsensche Keimapparat die Méglichkeit, diese
Keimfaktoren zu variieren, und man ist auch in Deutschland, zum Teil nach schweren Kampfen,
ziemlich allgemein zur Variation dieser Faktoren je nach den Samenarten .tibergegangen.

Man kommt ja mit dieser Anordnung fiir die Keimversuche zweifellos den natiirlichen
Verhiltnissen niher. In unseren Breiten, in denen die meisten Samer in der Natur
entweder im Herbst oder im Friihjahr keimen, ist das natiirliche Keimbett in der Regel
feucht und kihl. Die Erwirmung erfolgt unregelmaBig durch laingere oder ktrzere
Sonnenblicke am Tage und zwar meist auch direkt, da die meisten kleinen Simereien
auf dem Boden liegen und nicht von Erde bedeckt sind.

Man erkannte dann ferner, daB dies Intermittieren von Feuchtigkeit, Warme und
Licht nicht wieder wie friher als allgemeine Regel fiir alle Samenarten nach festen Vor-
schriften durchgefiihrt werden konnte, sond-rn daf dieses fiir die verschiedenen Gruppen
von Samenarten verschieden sein miifte, und dafs damit die Frage auch noch nicht geldst
war, sondern daf auch der jeweiligen Beschaffenheit des Saatgutes Reclnung getragen
werden muf. Es sei hier nur u.a. auf die bekannten Arbeiten Atterbergs verwiesen,
nach denen frisch geerntetes Getreide bei niedriger Temperatur besser keimt.

Der Fortschritt, den die praktische Keimpriifung auf diesem Wege gemacht hat, laBt sich
kurz wohl als Ubergang von einer rein analytischen zu einer biologischen Methode bezeichnen.

Wenn so die praktische Samenpriifung grofe Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiete gemacht
hat, die sich in einer stetig steigenden Ubereinstimmung der Untersuchungen bei den
verschiedenen Stationen zeigen, so ist sie doch dabei nicht stehen geblieben. Das Ergebnis
auch der biologisch gestiitzten Samenpriifung ist im wesentlichen immer nur ein zahlen-
mifiges. Man erfahrt den Prozentgehalt der unter den geeigneten dnBeren Bedingungen
keimfahigen Samen, aber nichts oder nur wenig tiber die inneren Kigenschaften.

Es ist wohl in-erster Linie das Verdienst Hiltners, da er in die Keimpriifung
den Ihnen allen bekannten Triebkraftversuch eingefiihrt hat. Bei ihm wird nicht nur die

Keimfahigkeit, sondem auch die Keimkraft ermittelt, hauptaichlich allerdings nur fir
Getreide. Er ist aber auch bei anderen Simereien anwendbar. Damit tritt an die Stelle der
quantitativen Keimpriifung die qualitative, und es eréffnet. sich der praktischen Samen-
kontrolle ein weites Gebiet neuer Forschungen, In erster Linie vertieft sich das Verstiindnis
fiir. die inneren Ursachen, auf die die Abweichungen der Keimkraft zuriickzuftihren sind.
Auch hier sind. anerkennenswerte Vorarbeiten vorhanden. Ich verweise nur auf die Arbeiten
Kinzels tiber die keimhemmende oder. keimférdernde Wirkung von Licht und Frost, die
Studien Hollrungs iiber die pathologische Beeinflussung des Saatgutes, die Versuche Zades,
die Keimfahigkeit verschiedener Bastarde und Linien zu ermitteln usw. Aus der praktischen
Samenkontrolle liegen weitere Effahrungen vor, die darauf hinzuweisen: scheinen, daB
manche Samen Saisonkeimer sind, d. h. daB zu bestimmten.Zeiten die Neigung dieser
Samenarten zu keimen grifer ist wie zu anderen, daB die onc ian lde der Saaten je
nach den Jahreszeiten schwankt, usf. : ;

In Hamburg bemiihen wir uns, Hinblicke in einen. Teil itieser Verhiltnisse didnt
zu gewinnen, daB wir zu Beginn der Hauptuntersuchungszeit, also im Herbst, die neu
eingehenden Sdmeréien nach verschiedenen Methoden einkeimen, teils trocken, teils feuchit,
teils kalt, teils warm, teils im Dunkeln, teils im Licht, und haben auf diesem Wege
manche Erfahrungen gesammelt. Bei ‘einigen Saaten setzen wir diese Parallelunter-
suchungen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen sogar wahrend der ganzen Saison fort, So-
bald geniigend Material waihrend mehrerer Jahre gesammelt ist, wird voraussichtlich’ die
Bearbeitung der Ergebnisse manche wichtigen Anhaltspunkte geben. .

Sie sehen, meine Damen und Herren, daS hier noch ein groBes, weites Feld der
Forschung vor uns liegt, das’ geeignet ist, unsere praktischen Keimpriifungen immer
genauer und iibereinstimmender zu gestalten. Der Weg fiihrt uns aber immer mehr auf
das schwierige Gebiet der Erforschung der LebensduSerung und der Lebenserscheinungen,
und ‘dazu kiénnen wir mit, unseren. praktisthen Untersichungen Erhebliches beitragen,

“and zwar durch griindliches Studium. der abweichenden Falle bei unseren laufenden Unter-
suchungen, durch Mitteilung der Abweichungen in unseren Jahresberichten und allgemein
durch allseitige jihrliche Zusammenstellungen der Untersuchungsergebnisse. Wir. kénnen
dadurch ein Material zusammenbringen, wie es die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung. des
‘Einzelnen nicht schaffen kann. Wenn. wir bei der tiglichen Kontrollarbeit stets bemiht
bleiben, die inneren Zusammenhinge fiir die Entwicklung des Keimlings nicht aus den
‘Auge zu. lassen, sie stéindig zu beobachten: und unsere Erfahrungen auszutauschén . und
zu besprechen, so wird es uns zweifellos gelingen, wenn auch langsam, die praktische
Samenpriifung immer mehr zu vervollkommnen. Wir werden so auch mehr und mehr in
den Stand gesetzt, die jeweiligen’Grenzen unserer. Leistungsfahigkeit zu: erkennen. Dann
braucht anch die praktische Samenkontrolle bei gelégentlichen Abweichungen und Unstimmig-
keiten die Kritik nicht zu fiirchten und kann die Keimpriifung ebenbiirtig neben-die bereits
fester begriindeten anderen Untersuchungsgebiete ‘stellen.

Meine Damen und Herren, ich habe mir nun erlaubt, die wichtigsten Richtlinien fir
_alie Keimpriifung nach Riicksprache ‘mit einer Reihe von Kollegén zusammenzustellen und
“werde sie einzeln zur Besprachungs bringen: . : |

Richtlinien fir Keimprifungen.
General directions for germination tests.
Directions pour la détermination du pouvoir germinatif*).. -

1.'Alle Keimpriifungen werden mit der reinen | Saat im Sinne der sog. ,,kontinentalen‘
Methode’ ‘angestellt. ‘eer
All germination tests shall be made upon pure seed (continental method).

Tous les essais: de germination sont faits avec les semences pures (méthode continentale).

*). Wie ‘teh’ eingangs meines Referats ausfithrte, werden wir mit festen Normen und Regeln nicht
weiter ‘kommen. Dagegen diirften allgemeine Richtlinien das Gegebene sein. po

Durch diese allgemeinen Bestimmungen soll die sog. Gewichtsmethode,
wie sie in England und Amerika tiblich ist, endgiiltig beseitigt werden, wie wir
es in Hamburg bereits 1906 fiir Deutschland beschlossen haben. Der Keimversuch
ist ein physiologisches Experiment und darf nicht’ durch Unsauberkeiten —
Spreu, taube Samen usw. — belastet werden.

Ferner ist die bekimpfte Methode eine’ Pramie auf kleinkérniges Saatgut.
Hin Ausgleich kann nur durch das Korngewicht der keimfahigen Saat geschaffen
werden. Eine Feststellung, die auf gleichen Gesichtspunkten beruht wie die
Reinheitsanalyse nach der kontinentalen Methode.

2. Es ist’ zweckmaBiger, 4 mal 100 bzw. 6 mal 100 Samen zu nehmen als 2 mal 200
bzw. 3 mal 200.

The result -will be more correct by taking 4 or 6 times 100 seeds than 2 or 3 times 200.
Le résultat est plus précis quand les essais portent sur 4 ou 6 fois 100 graines, que
lorsqu’ils ont lieu avec 2 ou 4 fois 200 graines.

Nach den theoretischen Ermittlungen steht allgemein fest, daB eine gréfere
Anzahl Versuche mit kleinen Mengen der Wirklichkeit entsprechendere Durch-
schnitte gibt als zwei Versuche mit grofen Mengen. Auch werden bei Ver-
suchen mit je 100 Kérnern die Umrechnung erspart und Rechenfehler eher
vermieden. ,

3. Es ist stets das Gewicht der einzukeimenden Samen je 100 festzustellen.

It is necessary to test the weight of each 100 seeds put to germinate.
Il est nécessaire de fixer le poids des 100 semences mises & l’essai.

Durch diese Feststellung wird ein engerer Zusammenhang zwischen der
Reinheit und dem Keimversuch geschaffen und die Méglichkeit gegeben, bei
Differenzen zwischen zwei Versuchsstationen durch Vergleichung der Gewichte
die Gleichmifigkeit der eingekeimten Proben festzustellen.

4. Die Art des Keimbettes kann gern verschieden sein. Es miissen nur alle Bedingungen
erfiillt sein, um die Temperatur, die Feuchtigkeit und das Licht zu regeln und zu
intermittieren.

The nature of the germinator and seedbed is optional, but it must be possible to
regulate or vary the conditions of moisture, temperature and light.

L’appareil et les germoirs pour les essais de germination sont facultatifs, mais il faut
que toutes les conditions soient réalisées pour obtenir des degrés de température,
@humidité et d’éclairement constants et pour les varier.

Wenn wir die Keimeinrichtungen der gréferen Stationen der Welt mit-
einander vergleichen, so sind sie zum Teil recht wesentlich verschieden. Trotz-
dem haben die Versuche unserer Enquéte recht gut tibereingestimmt. Es kann
daher entsprechend der allgemeinen Begriindung in meinem Referat von be-
stimmten Vorschriften fiir den Bau und die Hinrichtung der Apparatur abgesehen
werden. Die jeweilig benutzten Apparate mtissen aber die Méglichkeit zur
Variation der drei wichtigsten Keimfaktoren, Licht, Warme und Feuchtigkeit,

miglichst unabhangig voneinander, in geniigender Ausweitung bieten, so daf von
Fall.zu Fall die theoretisch ermittelten giinstigen Keimbedingungen den Saaten
auch geboten werden kénnen. Ob dies mit einem Universalapparat moéglich ist
oder gemacht wird, ist gleichgiiltig. Der Zweck kann auch mit verschiedenen
‘Apparaten erreicht werden.

-5, Einheitliche Zeiten fiir Keimenergie und Keimdauer sind festzusetzen.

Period of. tests for estimating Beene energy and total germination should be
standardized.

Il convient de fixer uniformement la durée des essais:pour la détermination de l’énergie
et de la faculté germinative. ;

Fiir Deutschland sind die Zeiten fiir die Keimung einheitlich festgelegt.
International bestehen aber noch Verschiedenheiten. Dinemark schlieft z. B.

88,

Knaulgrasversuche nach 18 Tagen ab, Deutschland nach 21. Rispengriser werden
hiufig sehr lange im Keimbett gehalten.
6. Vorquellen. Soaking. Trempage.

Die deutschen Vorschriften lehnen jede Vorquellung ab. In Dinemark
werden Riibensamen 10 Minuten in Wasser gelegt, bevor sie ins Keimbett kommen.
In Hamburg haben- wir durch Jahre vergleichende Versuche mit vorgequollenen
und trocken angesetzten Samev gemacht und wechselnde Ergebnisse erzielt.
Es erscheint wahrscheinlich, daB je nach der Ernte das Bediirfnis der Samen
fir das Vorquellen verschieden ist. Man sollte daher hier keine besonderen
Vorschriften machen, wohl aber weitere Versuche anstellen, zur Ermittlung der-
jenigen Fille; wo das Vorqnellen zweckmafig erscheint,

7. Hartschaligkeit. Hard seeds. Graines dures.

Die Bewertung der hartschaligen Samen ist in den einzelnen Lindern ver-
schieden. Osterreich und die Schweiz rechnen die Hialfte der hartschaligen
Kérner zu den gekeimten, Danemark bringt einen bestimmten Prozentsatz in

’ Anrechnung, fiir den die durchschnittliche Hartschaligkeit als Unterlage dient.
8. Ritzbruch. Broken seeds. Graines brisées au battage.

Es ist wohl allgemein iiblich, diejenigen Kérner, die sich erst im Keimbett
als verletzt erweisen und keine normalen Keimlinge bilden, als nicht gekeimt
anzusehen. Das letztere ist nicht immer eindeutig festzustellen. Es sind hier-
fiir weitere Anhaltspunkte erwiinscht.

9, Fir Gebrauchswert wird von jetzt an ,reine keimfahige Samen“ gesagt.
Instead of intrinsic Value use in future “pure germinating seeds”.
Au lieu de valeur culturale on dira désormais »semences pures en état de germiners.

Das Wort Gebrauchswert ist zu weitgehend und kann leicht als Urteil
iiber den Kulturwert aufgefaBt werden. Die Bezeichnung ,reine keimfihige
Samen“ entspricht genau der ausgefiihrten Analyse.

10. Jedes Jahr miissen die Durchschnittswerte festgestellt und unter den einzelnen Stationen
verglichen werden. :
Every year the average of all analyses ought to be taken and compared with the results
of the other stations.
Chaque année les moyennes obtenues devront étre communiquées aux différentes stations.

Ich habe vorher bereits angefiihrt, welchen Wert und welche Bedeutung
fiir das Studium der Keimbedingungen die Erfassung des gesamten untersuchten
Materials hat. Aus diesem Grunde ist die allseitige Veréffentlichung der Unter-
suchungsergebnisse und der Laboratoriumserfahrungen dringend erwtinscht.

Direktor Widén:
»Die Keimung des Getreides.

Herr Président, meine Damen und Herren!

Es ware wohl zu vermuten, da die Frage, wie man die Keimungsuntersuchung von
Getreide am besten ausfihren soll, schon lingst ihre endgiiltige Beantwortung gefunden
hatte, weil die Bestimmung der Keimfihigkeit hier im allgemeinen viel leichter ist als
bei den meisten iibrigen Saatwaren.

In vielen Landern sind die Warme- und Witterungsverhiltnisse fast ausnahmslos
derartig, daf das Getreide vollreif und fast sofort keimfahig wird, und in besonders guten
Jahren ist dies in allen Landern, wo Getreide iiberhaupt reif werden kann, der Fall.

Unter solchen Umstinden spielt es keine Rolle, nach welcher Methode man die
Keimungsuntersuchung ausfiihrt, wenn bloB die zur Keimung gelegten Kérner in Bezug
auf Feuchtigkeit und Warme nicht zu stiefmiitterlich behandelt werden. Aber in nérdlicheren
oder héher liegenden Gegenden mit rauhem Klima erreicht das Getreide infolge unginstiger
Witterung oder mangels an Warme wihrend der Reife- und Erntezeit oft nicht die schnelle

und volle Keimfahigkeit. Das Getreide wird unter solchen Vegetationsbedingungen nicht
sofort keimreif. ,

Bei der Keimungsuntersuchung eines solchen Getreides in der friiher gewéhnlichen
Weise im Papierbett bei 20°C findet man, da® auch nach Ablauf der normalen Keimzeit
von 10 bis 12 Tagen oft eine betrachtliche Anzahl von Kérnern itiberhaupt nicht keimt.
Von diesen sind viele gequollen und kénnen wochen-, ja monatelang in diesem Zustande
verharren, ohne weder zu verfaulen noch zu keimen, keimen aber schnell, wenn, wie ich
glaube, Regierungsrat Hiltner zuerst nachgewiesen hat, die Samenschale angestochen oder an-
geschnitten wird, z. B. wenn das dem Embryo entgegengesetzte Ende abgeschnitten wird.
Die vielen Versuche, die sowohl iiber die Erzielung der besten Resultate bei der Keimung
im allgemeinen wie zur Erklarung des Wesens der Keimunreife ausgefiihrt worden sind,
haben iiber die Ursachen vieler vorher nicht klargelegter Verhaltnisse bei der Keimung
Licht gebracht, weshalb wir jetzt viel besser als vor etwa 20 Jahren imstande sind zu
beurteilen, wie ein einwandfreier Keimversuch angesetzt werden soll. ;

Von den vielen und vielenorts angestellten Versuchen méchte ich bei dieser Gelegen-
heit nur einige von Dr. J.N. Walldén, Vorsteher der Kontrollabteilung des Saatzucht-
vereins in Svalof in Siidschweden*), ausgefiihrten hervorheben, teils weil das Versuchs-
material aus den besonders schlechten Jahrgingen 1907 und 1908 stammt, teils weil sehr
viele Sorten, darunter auch unter verschiedenen Breiten — Svaléf bei 56° n. Br. und Upsala
bei 60° n. Br. — geerntete, gepriift wurden und nicht nur fiir die Verhaltnisse der nérdlichen
Lander, sondern auch fiir die GroSbritanniens und Irlands, der Niederlande, Belgiens, des
noérdlichen Teiles von Deutschland und Rufiland sowie Canadas und des. nérdlichen Teils
der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika Geltung beanspruchen kénnen.

Tab. 1.

Keimungsversuche im Papierbett mit unverletzten und
angeschnittenen Kérnern. Temp. 18 bis 20° C.

‘ ‘ Keimzahl nach 12 Tagen %/o
orrenieart an aa Unverletzte Angeschnittene
Korner Korner

Wintergetreide:

Squareheadweizen, Svaléfs............ 30./9. 07 78,0 99,5
Grenadierweizen .......... pagum ra wey 17./10, 08 56,0 100,0
Petkuser Roggen ............0.0se eee 4/8. 08° 48,0 100,0
Schlanstedter Roggen ..... Pousad sialeaamayh § 1./9. 08 90,0 95,0
Sommergetreide:

Perlweizen.... 0... cee eee eee cee e eee 23./10. 08 35,0 93,0
Brauner Schlanstedter Weizen......... 21./4. 09 - 18,0 97,0
Chevaliergerste ........--...00 ss eeeee 10./9. 08 16,0 100,0
Primusgerste .......-..00cceeee eee ees 15./8. 08 6,0 98,0
Probsteier Hafer .....:........00006, 11,/10. 07 45,5 98,0
Segerhafe®: s-csa42scscae ewig see 13./1. 68,0 100,0

Die Versuche zeigen, wie wenig von der in dem Samen enthaltenen Lebenskraft bei
der in gewohnter Weise ausgefiihrten Papierkeimung bei 18 bis 20°C, wenn die Samen
noch keimunreif sind, bei dem Keimversuche zum Vorschein kommt.

*) Walldén: Eftermognad hos spanmalsvaror, Sveriges Utsidesférenings Tidskrift 1910. Seite 88.

90 -

Aus den Zahlen ist auch ersichtlich, da6 Schlanstedter Roggen schon am 1: September ~
fast keimreif war, daB der Segerhafer dagegen noch nicht Mitte Januar und Brauner
Schlanstedter Sommerweizen sogar spat im Frihjahr noch nicht keimreif war, also, daf
die Ernteprodukte solcher Jahrgange sehr verschiedene Zeit gebrauchen, um keimreif zu
werden. Bei giinstiger Witterung zur Reife- und Erntezeit dagegen wird das Winter-
getreide nach einigen Tagen, héchstens nach ein paar Wochen keimreif, das Sommergetreide
nach einem bis zwei Monaten.

Tah. 2.

Gerste gekeimt im Papierbett bei verschiedener Nasse
und verschiedenen Temperaturen.

Kalte Keimung si Warme Keimung :
Temp. + 10 bis + 15° © Temp. + 18 bis + 20° C
mahig feuchtes sehr feuchtes- mabig feuchtes sehr feuchtes
Keimbett Keimbett Keimbett Keimbett
fy fy O/g Of
- 69,0 61,0 63,0 52,0

86,0 74,5 80,0 32,0
99,5 47,0 59.5 18,5
86,0 61,0 69,0 50,5
98,0 11,0 93,0 32,0
90,5 63,0 98,0 32,0
100,0 98,0 100,0 94,0
100,0 87,0 100,0 92,0
90,0 " 635 90,5 66,0
93,0 93,0 : 86,0 83,0
85,5 91,0 83,5 81,5
97,0 98,5 87,0 86,5
100,0 98,0 ; 100,0 95,0
99,0 50,0. . F $2,0 42.0
96,0 45,0 55,0 31,0
98,0 | 50,0 93,0 38,0

» 97,0 96,0 76,0 30,0
99,0 92,0 : 92,0 59,0
980 74,0 96,0 3 32,0
~ 100,0 83,0 98,0 35,0
68,0 16,0 6,0 5,0
100.0, 72,0 16,0 10,0
+960, 90,0 95,0 66,0
~ 97,0 83,0 91,0 69,0
Im Mittel 93,5 ; 70,7 796 51,2

Tabelle 2 zeigt die keimungshemmende Einwirkung hoherer Temperatur und zu
grofer Feuchtigkeit des Papierkeimbettes. Das Mittel der 24 bei +10 bis + 15° C aus-
gefiihrten Keimversuche zeigte fir Gerste in maBig feuchtem Papierbett 93,5 /o Keimfahig-
keit, bei grober Feuchtigkéit nur 70,7°/o, bei 18 bis 20° C und in mabig feuchtem Bett
79,6 °%o und bei sehr teuchtem nur 51,2 °/) Keimfahigkeit.

Die Zahlen zeigen, wie wichtig es ist, beim Keimen von keimunreifem Getreide im
Papierbett: niedrige Temperatur und mafige Feuchtigkeit innezuhalten.

Tab. 3.
Keimungsversuche mit Gerste im Papier- und Sandbett bei verschiedener Nasse
und verschiedenen Temperaturen.

Papierbett . Sandbett
sehr feucht, etwa.| mibig feucht, etwa FI
_ | 100% der wasser- | 50%) der wasser-- ey
Gerstensorten +20°C : sae haltenden Kraft haltenden Kraft 5 g
12 bis + 12 bis| &
+ 20°C} + 20° C |
415° | T +15° C|<
%y Oy fo %Fo Og %
Gullkorn (Goldgerste) 8,0 35,0 6,0 16,0 5,0 68,0 99,0
ae i 3,0 80,0 16,0 72,0 10,0 100,0
Hannchengerste....| 13,0 39,0 — 34,0 89,0 50,0 98,0
Gullkorn.......... 92,0 97,0 32,0 74,0 96,0 98,0 |
Gerste 0232....... 96,0 99,0 35,0 83,0 98,0 100,0 |’
Hannchengerste....] 83,0 99,0 © 38,0 55,0 93,0 98,0
Gerste 0125 ...... 69,0 98,0 59,0 92,0 920 | 990
Landgerste........ 57,0 90,0: 42,0 50,0 82,0 99,0
Gerste 0123....... 56,0 95,0 30,0 90,0 76,0 99,0
PrinzeBgerste...... 34,0 78,0 31,0 45,0 55,0 96,0.
Im Mittel......... 511 81,6 32,8 66,6 65,7 95,5 °

,.: Tabelle 3 zeigt die oft sehr bedeutenden Unterschiede der Keimungsuntersuchungs-
ergebnisse, wenn bei keimunreifem Getreide verschiedene Methoden, in dem einen Falle
Papierbett, in einem anderen Sandbett benutzt werden, sowie dafi hohere Temperatur und
ibermaBige Nasse auch beim Sandkeimbett sehr keimungshemmend einwirken kénnen.

Aus den hier ausgefiihrten Versuchen ist ersichtlich, wie leicht bei nicht keimreifem
Getreide groBe Unterschiede entstehen kénnen, nicht nur zwischen verschiedenen Anstalten,
sondern an ein und derselben Samenkontrollanstalt bei Wiederholung der Keimung an
derselben Probe nach kurzer Aufbewahrung im warmen Zimmer, wenn nicht solche
Keimungsweise innegehalten wird, die auch bei keimunreifem Getreide befahigt ist, nahezu
volle Keimfahigkeit hervorzulocken.

Auch verschiedene andere Umstinde, wie angefangene Keimung in der Ahre (Vor-
keimen), Organismenbefall infolge schlechten Erntewetters und schlechter Aufbewabrung,
wirken schidigend und herabsetzend auf die Keimfahigkeit, machen die Ware ungleich-
maBig und geben deshalb auch Veranlassung zu bedeutenden Differenzen der Keimungs-
bestimmungen. Auch in solchen Fallen hat es sich gezeigt, daS beim Keimen in nicht zu
nassen Sandbetten bei nicht zu hoher Temperatur die am besten iiber-
einstimmenden Resultate erhalten werden. =

Vielleicht werden bei viel und anhaltender Nasse im Boden gleich nach der Saat
von keimunreifem Getreide bedeutend weniger Kérner keimen, als. bei ‘den giinstigeren
Verhaltnissen im Sandbett; doch scheint es mir nicht richtig, daB die Samenkontrolle mit
der Einwirkung solcher zufalliger Faktoren rechnet. Dagegen kann es unter Umstanden
winschenswert sein, die der Keimlinge innewohnende Triebkraft zu bestimmen.

Weil wir im Norden sehr oft mit keimunreifem Getreide zu tun haben, ist in der
vereinbarten ‘und offiziell festgestellten Methode der drei nordischen Lander, Danemark,
Norwegen und Schweden, vorgeschrieben, dab wenigstens 200 Korner ins Sandkeimbett
gelegt werden miissen, und daf beim Keimen im Papierbett eine Temperatur von + 10°
bis + 15°-C innegehalten werden soll. Die danische und einige schwedische Samenkontroll-
anstalten haben die Papierkeimung bei Getreide jetzt ganz aufgegeben. :

92 me

Wie aus dem hervorgeht, was ich hier die Ehre gehabt habe anzufihren, hoffe ich
dargetan zu haben, daf wir fir die Keimung des Getreides (und der grofkérnigen Leguminosen-
samen) bei Anwendung des mafig feuchten Sandbettes und Innehaltung einer Temperatur
von 18° bis héchstens 20° C eine Methode haben, die allen anderen bisher benutzten an
Zuverlassigkeit ibertrifft, und ich méchte deshalb den Antrag stellen, dai der dritte
internationale SamenkontrollkongreB sich dahin aussprechen wollte, daS in den Landern,
wo keine offiziellen Bestimmungen im Wege stehen, die Keimung des Getreides und der
groBkérnigen Leguminosensamen stets im Sandbett mit einem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt von
héchstens 60%) der auf das Gewicht bezogenen wasserhaltenden Kraft. auszufiihren . und
bei einer Temperatur von 18° bis héchstens 20° C und als Minimum 300 Korner in
3 Serien oder 400 Kérner in 2 Serien verteilt anzusetzen.

Wiinschenswert, doch nicht obligatorisch, ware es auferdem, bei Jahreszeiten, wo
das Vorkommen keimunreifen Getreides zu vermuten ist, auch einen Versuch im Papier
bei 20° C auszufiihren, um zu erfahren, ob das Getreide nicht keimreif ist, um den Ein-
sender darauf aufmerksam zu machen, wie die Ware am zweckmafigsten behandelt
werden soll.

Resumé en francais.

i resulte de la communication que j’ai eu l’honneur de vous faire, init en employant.
pour la germination des semences de céréales et des grosses semences de ]égumineuses le
sable modérément humide 4 la température de 18° 2 20° C, au maximum, nous aurons la
une méthode surpassant toutes les autres comme donnant des résultats certains.

Conséquemment je voudrais proposer que le 3. congrés international pour le contréle
des semences décide que dans les pays ot il n’y- a pas d’obstacles légaux, l’essais germinatif
des semences de céréales et des légumineuses & gros grains se fasse dans du sable contenant
une quantité d’eau égale a tout au plus 60°/o de la quantité Maximum que peut absorber
la matiére employée. La température & observer serait de 18° C, au maximum 20°C. On
mettrait en germination 300 graines en 8 séries de 100, ou 400 graines en 2 séries
de 200. Il sérait désirable, mais pas obligatoire, de faire en plus un essai dans le papier
& la température de 20° & certaines époques de l’année ou pendant certaines années ou l'on
peut prévoir l’obtention de semences imparfaitement mures, on expérinienterait de la sorte
si les céréales ne sont pas mures et aptes & germer. On pourrait ainsi en avertir l’expé-
diteur et l’on pourrait étudier aussi de quelle fagon la marchandise devrait étre traitée.

Professor Dr. A. Voigt referierte tiber folgenden Bericht:

»Untersuchung und Bewertung des Riibensamens.“

; Berichterstatter: Ing. Karl Komers,
Regierungsrat an der Staatsanstalt fiir Pflanzenbau und Samenpriifung in Wien.

»Die eigenartige Beschaffenheit des Riibensamens bringt es mit sich, daf bei
dieser Samenart die Untersuchung auf griBere Schwierigkeiten stéBt, als dies sonst
bei Samereien der Fall ist. Dieser Umstand, im Verein mit dem Mangel einer ein-
heitlichen Untersuchungsmethode, gibt mitunter zu solchen Abweichungen in den
Priifungsergebnissen und im Kaufpreise ein und derselben Ware Anlaf, daB eine
Hinigung zwischen Kaufer und Verkiéufer oft bei bestem’ Willen nicht méglich ist.
Diese Verhdltnisse wirken ungemein hemmend auf die glatte Abwickelung des
Riibensamenhandels und bediirfen dringlich einer Verbesserung. Die Untersuchung
und Bewertung des Riibensamens war im Hinblicke auf diesen Sachverhalt begreif-
licherweise schon wiederholt Gegenstand von Verhandlungen verschiedener fach-
wissenschaftlicher Kongresse. Wenn es gleichwohl zu einem einheitlichen, all-
gemein giiltigen Verfahren bisher nicht gekommen ist, so kann dies zweifellos
nicht dem Mangel an Gelegenheit und gutem Willen zugeschrieben werden. Der
Grund diirfte vielmehr der sein, da die Zeit, die einem Verhandlungsgegenstande

auf einem Kongresse zugewiesen werden kann, nicht ausreicht, um die unterschied-
lichen Ansichten der Fachgenossen erst hier einander naher zu bringen und den
gewichtigeren Griinden erst im Wege der kurzen, miindlichen Verhandlungen die
allgemeine Anerkennung zu verschaffen. Es diirfte daher zweckmafiger sein, wenn
von allen beteiligten Versuchsanstalten tiber die strittigen Fragen und Methoden,
unter Vermittlung einer hierfiir auserlesenen Stelle, Versuche nach einem. einheit-
lichen Plane angestellt wiirden. Jeder Fachmann, der sich fiir die Frage inter
essiert, hatte Gelegenheit, die Vor- und Nachteile auch der an anderen Anstalten
gebraéuchlichen Verfahren aus eigener Anschauung kennen zu lernen, ein Umstand,
der geeignet ware, schlieBlich eine Einigung der Interessenten in allen sachlich
wichtigen Fragen herbeizufiihren. Dem nachsten Kongresse fiele dann nur die Auf-
gabe zu, die endgiiltige Fassung der von den Fachgenossen vereinbarten Grund-
sitze offiziell zum Beschlusse zu erheben und zu verlautbaren. Dies ist gewif ein
langwieriger, umstindlicher Weg, doch kénnen wir uns der Ansicht nicht ver-
schlieBen, da& er immerhin noch friiher zum Ziele fiihren werde, als der bisher
iibliche. <

Wenn wir uns im nachstehenden mit der Untersuchung und Bewertung des
Riibensamens befassen, so geschieht dids nicht in der Absicht, eine bestimmte
Methode*) eingehend darzulegen und als einheitliches Untersuchungs- und Be-
wertungsverfahren in Vorschlag zu bringen, da dies erfahrungsgem&Q ein ziemlich
aussichtsloses Unternehmen ware, sondern wir beschranken uns darauf, die Ver-
haltnisse, die bei der Bewertung im allgemeinen in Betracht kommen, zu_be-
sprechen, anschlieend daran die gebrauchlichsten Verfahren zur Feststellung der
einzelnen wertbestimmenden Eigenschaften sowie die Umstinde, die vor allem die
Genauigkeit der Priifungsergebnisse beeinflussen, kurz zu erwihnen, um daran
den Vorschlag zu kniipfen, da8 unter diesen Gesichtspunkten Versuche seitens der
Fachgenossen zur Erzielung eines einheitlichen Untersuchungsverfahrens angestellt
werden mégen.

Untersuchung.

Die Klagen iiber grofe Differenzen bei Riibensamenuntersuchungen haben
wohl zum Teil ihren Grund auch darin, daf man iiber den Genauigkeitsgrad, der
von Samenuntersuchungen gefordert werden kann, nicht immer zutreffend unter-
richtet ist, und man daher verleitet wird, die von der chemischen Untersuchung
her gewohnte Ubereinstimmung der Untersuchungsbefunde annihernd auch bei
Samenuntersuchungen vorauszusetzen. Zwischen beiden Arten von Untersuchungen
-besteht jedoch, abgesehen von allen sonstigen Umstinden, schon deshalb ein grund-
sditzlicher Unterschied, als-die Behandlung der Proben, die der eigentlichen Unter-
suchung vorausgeht, in beiden Fallen eine ganz andere sein mu. Eine Samen-
probe z. B. wird bei der chemischen Untersuchung auf das feinste pulverisiert und
kann daher so innig durchgemischt werden, da alle daraus entnommenen Teil-
proben fiir die Untersuchung in ihrer prozentischen Zusammensetzung nahezu voll-
standig iibereinstimmen. Eine Saatgutprobe hingegen ist, je nach der Samenart, ein
mehr oder weniger grobes, mechanisches Gemenge, in welchem zum Zwecke der
Ermittlung des Gebrauchswertes die Samenindividuen erhalten bleiben miissen.

Bedenkt man weiter, daf die einzelnen Samenkérner ein und derselben Art
nur unwesentlich in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung voneinander abweichen,
der Samen aber als Saatkorn entweder keimfaihig oder nichtkeimfahig ist, also ent-
weder nur den Wert 0 oder 100 haben kann, so sieht man sofort ein, da% hier dem
Zufall ein weit gréferer Spielraum gelassen ist, als bei der chemischen Unter-
suchung. Trotz sorgfaltigen Durchmischens werden daher die entnommenen,

*) Beziiglich der an der Staatsanstalt in Wien gebriuchlichen Methode ist dies. durch den ehe-
maligen Direktor dieser Anstalt, Hofrat Dr, v.Weinzierl, auf dem Internationalen Kongresse fiir
Samenpriifung in Hamburg im Jahre 1906 bereits geschehen.

engeren Untersuchungsproben merklich verschiedene Ergebnisse aufweisen. Diese
durch den Zufall bedingten Abweichungen kénnen durch keine wie immer geartete
Untersuchungsmethode ganz ausgeschaltet werden. Da sich die ausschlieBlich durch
den Zufall bedingten positiven und negativen Abweichungen aber nach Zahl und
GréBe ziemlich gleichmafig um den Mittelwert gruppieren und ihre Summe sich
in dem Make dem Werte 0 ndhert, als die Zahl der Beobachtungen wachst, so ware
ihnen hichstens durch eine Steigerung der Zahl der Einzelversuche beizukommen,
ein Mittel, dessen Anwendbarkeit in der Praxis der Handelsanalyse begreiflicher-
weise enge Grenzen gezogen sind. Was die Gréfe der durch den Zufall bedingten
unvermeidlichen Fehler betrifft, so kommen wir darauf an geeigneter Stelle
spiter zuriick.

Probenahme. Soll eine Samenpriifung ihren Zweck erfiillen, so miissen
nicht nur die fiir die verschiedenen Priifungsstellen bestimmten Samenmuster in
ihren Eigenschaften untereinander tibereinstimmen, sondern sie miissen auch vor
allem dem Durchschnittscharakter der Ware, aus der sie entnommen worden sind,
entsprechen. Nun sind aber die einzelnen Ballen einer Riibensamenlieferung zu-
meist unterschiedlicher beschaffen, als man gemeiniglich annimmt. Es fallt' zwar
nicht besonders schwer, aus einem kleineren Warenposten anndhernd richtige
Durchschnittsmuster zu entnehmen; der Erfolg wird jedoch in dem Mafe unsicherer,
als die Ballenzahl wiachst. Soll die Ermittlung des Durchschnittswertes einer
Riibensamenlieferung nicht von Haus aus in Frage gestellt werden, so muff daher
bei der Musterziehung stets der gleiche Vorgang eingehalten werden,

“Wir unterscheiden eine Probeziehung zur Gewinnung der fiir die Unter-
suchungsstellen bestimmten Samenmuster und eine solche zur Entnahme der eigent-
lichen, engeren Untersuchungsprobe: a

Zu ersterem Zwecke werden die Ballen in leicht zuganglichen Reihen auf-
gestellt. Es empfiehlt sich, bei jedem Warenposten stets die gleiche Menge Riiben-
samen pro Ballen zu entnehmen und stets die gleiche Anzahl von Ballen anzu-
stechen, z. B. je 5 Ballen. Besteht die Lieferung also aus 5 oder weniger Ballen,
so ware jeder einzelne anzustechen. Bei 10, 15, 20 beziehungsweise 50 Ballen
jeder 2., 3. 4. beziehungsweise 10. Ballen. Die entnommenen Proben werden in
einem geeigneten Gefafe gesammelt, durchgemischt und daraus Samenmuster yon
etwa 250 Gramm in der erforderlichen Anzahl entnommen. Soll in diesen Mustern
auch der Wassergehalt ermittelt werden, so sind die Proben sofort in gut
schlieRenden Blechbiichsen oder Glisern zu verpacken. Im Interesse einer besseren
Ubereinstimmung der Proben sollte sich eine Untersuchung auf nicht mehr als
50 Ballen erstrecken.

Die engeren Proben fiir die Untersuchung im Gewichte von 20—25 Gramm
werden am sichersten auf automatischem Wege mittels eines Probeziehers ent-
nommen, bei welchem gleichzeitig auch ein griindliches Vermischen des Samen-
musters erfolgt. Der an der Staatsanstalt in Wien seit mehr als fiinfzehn Jahren
in Verwendung stehende Probezieher hat sich bisher gut bew&hrt und den an ihn
gestellten Anforderungen vollauf entsprochen.

Bestimmung der Reinheit und des Knauelgewichtes., Trotz
sorgfaltiger Probeentnahme werden die einzelnen Untersuchungsproben aus bereits
erwihnten Griinden immer noch merkliche Unterschiede in ihrer Zusammensetzung
aufweisen. Zur Kontrolle und zur Verringerung des hierdurch bedingten Fehlers
ist es ratsam, die Reinheitsbestimmungen stets doppelt auszufiihren. Der Vorgang
bei der Reinheitsbestimmung besteht im wesentlichen darin, daf& die Probe mittels
Handauslese, unter Zuhilfenahme eines Siebes, in Fremdbestandteile und Riiben-
knéule getrennt wird. Da taube und leere Kniaule fiiglich nicht zu den Fremd-
bestandteilen gerechnet werden kénnen, ihre Belassung bei den reinen Kniulen
aber die Ubereinstimmung der Keimergebnisse beeintrichtigt, so ist es zweck-

miBRig, neben dem Gehalte an Fremdbestandteilen und reinen Knaulen auch den
an Abfallknaulen gesondert anzugeben. Aus gleichem Grunde wird man auch gut
tun, Knaule unter einem bestimmten Querschnitte z. B. 2 mm mittels eines Siebes
abzuscheiden und den Abfallkniulen zuzuzihlen. Wenn auch nicht vollends un-
keimfahig und daher nicht véllig wertlos, so liefern solche Kna&ule doch nur
wenige*) und schwichliche Keime. Zudem benutzt man in der Praxis der Riiben-
samenputzerei gewohnlich Siebe mit einer Schlitzweite von 3 mm; es wiirden dem-
nach durch die Abscheidung unter 2 mm nur die nicht einwandfrei geputzten
Saatwaren getroffen werden, was kein Grund. sein kann, diese kleinen minder-
wertigen Knaule von der reinen Probe nicht abzuscheiden, Auf Grund viel-
jahriger Erfahrung kénnen wir feststellen, da bei den bisher untersuchten Riiben-
samenproben der Gehalt an Abfallknaulen, bis auf wenige Ausnahmen, meist weit
unter der zulaissigen Grenze von 2% zuriickgeblieben ist; er betrigt im grofen
Durchschnitte nicht mehr als 05%.

Nach der Trennung der Probe in reine Knaule, Abfallknéule und Fremd-
bestandteile werden dann noch die reinen Knaule abgezihit, das Gewicht dieser
drei Produkte festgestellt und ihr prozentischer Gehalt berechnet. Aus Kniuel-
zahl und Gewicht der Knaule ergibt sich die Zahl der Knéule pro 1 Gramm. Wir
wollen es nicht versiiumen, hier auf eine Fehlerquelle hinzuweisen, die oft nicht
beachtet wird. Die Untersuchungsprobe verliert durch Austrocknung bei der Auf-
arbeitung, namentlich dann, wenn die Samenprobe einen hohen Feuchtigkeitsgehalt
besitzt und der Versuch etwa erst am nichsten Tage zum Auswigen kommt, mehr
oder weniger Wasser, infolgedessen sich die gefundenen Werte auf einen andern
als den tatsaichlichen Wassergehalt der Probe beziehen. Damit sind nicht nur
Fehler in der Reinheit und Knauelzahl, sondern auch in der Anzahl] der Keime
und keimfahigen Kniule pro 1 Gramm (infolge der Umrechnung auf eine un-
richtige Kna&uelzahl pro 1 Gramm) verbunden. Diese Fehler kénnen nur durch
Berechnung der Ergebnisse auf den urspriinglichen Wassergehalt der Samenprobe
vermieden werden.

Sind Samenmuster staérker verunreinigt oder sind darin auch nur vereinzelt
gréBere Erdkliimpchen, Steinchen oder gréfere Unkrautsimereien vorhanden, so
kann es vorkommen, dai von diesen Fremdbestandteilen zufallig ein bei weitem
gréBerer Anteil in die Untersuchungsprobe gerat, als es der durchschnittlichen
Reinheit des ganzen Samenmusters entspricht. Bei der Umrechnung des Gehaltes
an Fremdbestandteilen von der verhdltnismaéBig kleinen Untersuchungsprobe
(20—25 Gramm) ergeben sich dann mitunter zwischen den Parallelbestimmungen
solche Differenzen, dai eine Wiederholung der Reinheitshestimmung notwendig
wird. Sicherer geht man, wenn man die Reinheitsbestimmung in zwei Operationen
zerlegt. Die eine besteht in der rohen Reinigung des ganzen Samenmusters.
Zu diesem Behufe wird dieses iiber éin Sieb von etwa 1 mm ‘Schlitzweite ab-
gesiebt; hierdurch wird Staub, Sand und Erde entfernt. Das abgesiebte Samen-
muster breitet man dann auf einem steifen, schwarzen Papier aus, so dai die
Samen nur in einer Schichte zu liegen kommen. Mittels einer Pinzette entnimmt
man daraus alle gréberen Fremdbestandteile, soweit sie dem Auge sofort auf-
fallen, und vereinigt sie mit dem Siebabfall. Zur Ermittlung des Gewichtes dieser
nur fliichtig gereinigten Samenprobe sowie der dazu gehérigen Verunreinigungen
bedient man sich vorteilhafterweise einer Bogenwage, die auf etwa 0,1 Gramm
genau ist und die Erhebung des Gewichtes ohne Gewichtsauflage durch Ablesen
an der Bogenskala gestattet. Aus den erhaltenen Zahlen berechnet man den vor-

*) So ergab der Durchschnitt aus 10 verschiedenen Riibensamenproben fiir Knaule mit einem
Querschnitt von 2.0-2.5 mm 205 Samen fiir je 100 Knéule; von 100 Samen keimten 26%. Bei Kniulen
von der Gréfe 5—6 mm waren 386 Samen in je 100 Knaulen enthalten mit einer Keimfaihigkeit von 75%.
Bei Kniulen unter 2 mm ist das Verhiltnis natiirlich noch ungtinstiger als im zuerst erwahnten Falle.

liufigen prozentischen ‘Gehalt an Fremdbestandteilen, soweit sie bisher ab-
geschieden worden sind. Die so vorbereitete Samenprobe ist nunmehr viel reiner
und gleichmaRiger geworden; fiihrt man die bereits geschilderte Reinheits-
bestimmung in dieser Probe aus, so werden die Ergebnisse stets in befriedigender
Weise iibereinstimmen. Die Befunde der zweiten Reinheitsbestimmung sind dann
natiirlich noch auf das urspriingliche Samenmuster umzurechnen, z. B.:

Ergebnis der rohen Reinheitsbestimmung im ganzen Samenmuster:
Reinheit............ 96,5 /o
: Fremdbestandteile... 3,5°/9
Ergebnis der zweiten Reinheitsbestimmung in der Teilprobe von 20 bis 25 g:
Reine Kniaule....... 98,4 %/y .
Abfallkniule ....... 0,7 %/o
Fremdbestandteile... 0,9%/
Umrechnung auf das urspriingliche Samenmuster:

‘

98,4 < 0,965 ........ 95,0%/) Reinheit
0,7 >< 0,965°........ 0,79 Abfallknaule
0,9 < 0,965 + 3,5... 4,3°/) Fremdbestandteile
100,0 %/5

Die Trennung der Reinheitsbestimmung in zwei Operationen erfordert nur
einen geringen Mehraufwand, sichert aber dafiir das Reinheitsergebnis in erheb-
lichem Mafe.

Bestimmung der Keimfahigkeit. Der Schwerpunkt der Unter--
suchung des Riibensamens liegt ebenso wie bei jeder anderen Saatware in der
Bestimmung der Keimfahigkeit. Wahrend die Abweichungen der Ergebnisse fiir
die iibrigen Eigenschaften sich in verhdltnismafig engen Grenzen bewegen, be-
tragen jedoch die Differenzen in den Keimresultaten nicht selten 10 und mehr
Prozent. Die von verschiedenen Seiten unternommenen Versuche, durch Aus-
gestaltung der Untersuchungsmethode den Keimpriifungen mehr Sicherheit zu
geben, haben den Finflu8 mancher Fehlerquellen zwar verringert, doch sind die
Abweichungen trotzdem immer noch recht empfindliche. Wollen wir Aufschlu8
dariiber erhalten, ob und wieweit eine bessere Ubereinstimmung noch méglich
ware, so ist es notwendig, die Fehlerquellen genauer zu untersuchen.

Die Abweichungen bei Keimpriifungen sind zum Teil durch zufillige, zum
‘Teil durch systematische Fehler verursacht. Es ist klar, dai eine Behebung der
Differenzen auf methodischem Wege nur soweit erwartet werden kann, als diese
durch systematische Einfliisse veranlaft sind, denn nur diese, nicht aber die zu-
falligen Fehler’ kénnen durch das Untersuchungsverfahren eingeschrinkt werden.
Um nun den zufalligen Fehler bei Keimpriifungen von den systematischen Fehlern
reinlich scheiden zu kénnen, haben wir folgenden Versuch ausgefihrt:

3000 Weizenkérner von einer Keimfahigkeit von 100% wurden mit 1000 durch-
wegs unkeimfaihigen Weizenkérnern vermischt. Dieses Gemenge hatte somit eine tat-
sachliche Keimfahigkeit von genau 75%. Umjeden systematischen Fehler aus-
zuscheiden und die Keimfahigkeit in den aus diesem Gemenge entnommenen Keim-
proben nicht erst jeweils durch einen Keimversuch feststellen zu miissen, haben
wir die 1000 nichtkeimfahigen Kérner durch eine schwarze Beize kenntlich
gemacht. Nach griindlichem Durchmischen wurden diesem Gemenge mittels eines
kleinen SchépigeféBRes ann&hernd 100 Kérner entnommen, die darin enthaltenen
keimfahigen (ungefarbten) und nichtkeimfahigen (schwarzen) Samen gezihit und
die Keimfahigkeit auf 100 Kérner berechnet. Nach Erledigung des Versuches
wurden die entnommenen Kérner verlustlos wieder mit der. restlichen Weizen-
probe vereinigt, so daB diese, wie zu Beginn des Versuches, wieder aus 4000 Kérnern
bestand. Bei der 48maligen Wiederholung des Versuches wurden folgende

Ergebnisse erzielt: 73, 75, 74, 78, 70, 70, 84, 78, 71, 76, 74, 81, 74, 76, 77,
72, 76, 78, 83, 78, 73, 75, 77, 68, 82, 78, 73, 74, 76, 69, 72, 80, 80,
79, 78,. 74, 84, 82, 72, 73, 79, 74, 80, 67, 70, 77, 73, 74.

Dieser Versuch ist sehr lehrreich; er liefert uns den Beweis, da8 wir selbst
bei Verwendung einer véllig einwandfreien Keimmethode, d. h. bei Verwendung
eines Verfahrens, bei welchem jeder keimfihige Samen auch tats&chlich immer
einen Keim liefert, mitunter mit ziemlich grofen Fehlern zu rechnen haben, je
nachdem in die Keimprobe von 100 Kérnern durch Zufall einmal mehr, einmal
weniger von den nichtkeimfihigen Samen hineingeraten. Wir haben kein Mittel in
der Hand, diesen Zufall auszuschalten, d. h. die Keimprobe stets so auszuwihlen,
da ihre Zusammensetzung immer dem Durchschnittsverhaltnis der keimfihigen
und nichtkeimfahigen .Samen im Samenmuster beziehungsweise in der Ware
genau entspricht. Bis auf zwei Ergebnisse (je 75°%) sind alle gefundenen Werte
mit einem mehr oder weniger groBen Fehler behaftet. Die gré8ten Abweichungen
waren + 9 und — 8 Keime. Die iibrigen Differenzen stufen sich von diesen
Werten bis 0 ab. Die Abweichungen von der tatsichlichen Keimfihigkeit von 75 %
werden in dem Mafe kleiner, je mehr Einzelversuche in die Bildung des Mittel-
wertes (Endergebnis) einbezogen werden. Als durchschnittliche Streuung fiir den
Einzelversuch ergab sich auf ganze Einheiten abgerundet: s = + 3. Die
Variationsbreite (Abstand des hiéchsten und niedrigsten Wertes) betrigt nach
der summarischen Regel Vi. = 68 = 18; tats&chlich beobachtet wurde
Vw =9+8=17. Fat man je drei Einzelversuche zusammen, so betragen die
gréften Differenzen der hierbei erhaltenen Mittelwerte gegen den wahren Wert
von 75 nur‘ mehr:.-+ 4 und. — 2. Bei der Zusammenfassung von je 6 Hinzel-
versuchen: ++ 2 und — 2, bei 12 Einzelversuchen: -+-1 und — 1. Das Mittel
aus simtlichen 48 Versuchen war 75,6, rund 76, zeigt also schon eine starke An-
niherung an den wirklichen Wert 75.

Im Riibensamen kommt es aber nicht nur auf die keimfahigen und nichtkeim-
fahigen Knaule, sondern auch auf die Zahl der Keime in 100 Knaulen oder in der
Gewichtseinheit an. Da nun die einzelnen Kniaule jeweils eine verschiedene Anzahl
von Keimen liefern, so ist bei der Bestimmung der Zahl der Keime pro 100 Knaule
durch diesen Umstand dem Zufalle ein noch gréSerer Spielraum erdffnet, als- bei
der Bestimmung der keimfahigen Kniaule.

Um auch hier die GréBe des zufalligen Fehlers kennen zu lernen, haben wir
einen Versuch mit gefarbten Riibensamen in dhnlicher Weise wie vorhin ausgefiihrt:
Hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung der Samenprobe wurden annahernd die Ver-
hidltnisse nachgeahmt, wie sie bei Riibensamen vorkommen. Da der zufiallige Fehler
bei Keimversuchen am gréSten ausfallt, wenn das Mischungsverhaltnis von keim-
fahigen und nichtkeimfaéhigen Knaulen 50:50% betrigt, haben wir dieses .Ver-
haltnis auch dem fiir diesen Versuch verwendeten Riibensamen zugrunde gelegt.
Dieser Riibensamen bestand aus 2000 schwarz gefarbten Knaulen (unkeimfihig),
410 roten (mit je 1 Keim), 1040 ungefairbten (mit je 2 Keimen), 360 griinen
(je 3 Keime), 160 gelben (je 4 Keime) und 30 blauen (je 5 Keime). Die Rolle,
J, 2, 3, 4 und 5 Keime zu liefern, war natiirlich jenen Knaduelgré8en zugewiesen,
bei denen diese Zahl der Keime pro Kniéuel erfahrungsgemif—§’ am haufigsten vor-
kommt. Im iibrigen war der Vorgang der gleiche wie bei dem vorher erw&hnten Ver-
suche. Die durchschnittliche Keimfahigkeit dieses Riibensamens betrug tatsachlich
109 Keime und 50 keimfahige Kniiule pro 100 Knaule. Die bei unserem Versuche ge-
fundenen Werte waren hingegen: 97 (47), 119 (52), 116 (49), 102 (46), 126 (58),
97 (47), 90 (45), 101 (49), 112 (51), 109 (48), 102 (45), 102 (48), 120 (54),
85 (39), 102 (43), 114 (56), 109 (49), 120 (58), 121 (51), 188 (55), 115 (50),
124 (58), 91 (44), 108 (47), 108 (49), 110 (48), 98 (52), 103 (49), 125 (55), 122 (53),

98 =

116 (46), 97 (51), 114 (57), 102 (45), 97 (49), 112 (51), 95 (45), 130 (68),
123 (54), 123 (52), 99 (47), 107 (53), 108 (54), 91 (46), 105 (46), 105 (48), 98 (48),
116- (53), 112 (51), 116 (54) Keime (keimfahige Kniule).

Fir die keimfaihigen Knaule ergab sich als héchste Abweichung vom wahren
Werte + 13 und — 11 (entsprechend dem héchsten und niedersten Wert 63 und 39) ;
das Gesamtmittel war 50, die Streuung fiir den Einzelversuch s = +4*), Vp = 24,Vw 24.

Bei der Bestimmung der Keime hingegen erhielten wir als héchsten und-
niedersten Wert 138 und 85 Keime und daher als griéfite Differenz gegeniiber der
wirklichen Keimzahl von 109 die Werte +29 und —24. Das Mittel aus simtlichen
Versuchen war 109**) Keime; die Streuung fiir den Einzelversuch s = + 9,
Vo = 54, Vw = 53. Die durchschnittliche Abweichung bei der Bestimmung
der Zahl der Keime beim Riibensamen ist somit etwa zwei- bis dreimal so grof8
als beim Keimversuch mit einer beliebigen anderen Samenart oder bei der
Ermittlung der keimfahigen Kniule im Riibensamen. Nach dem Ergebnisse unseres
Versuches miissen wir also mit folgenden durchschnittlichen zufalligen Fehlern
fiir den Einzelyersuch rechnen:

Keime pro 100 Kniule = M; + s: = Mi + 9

keimfahige Knaiule 100 ,, = Me + se = Me + 4
Doch fallen bekanntlich innerhalb dieser Grenzen der Zahl nach nur etwa zwei
Drittel der Einzelergebnisse; die iibrigen zeigen gréBere Abweichungen. Wollen
wir somit die Grenzwerte erfahren, iiber welche hinaus erst der entfallende Anteil
der Abweichung mit ziemlicher Sicherheit auf Rechnung anderer LEjinfliisse als
dem zufilligen Fehler zu setzen ist, so miissen wir nach dem Gesetze der grofen

Zahlen als Grenzen die Werte annehmen: .

Keime pro 100 Kniule = M: + 3s = M = 27

keimfahige Kniule , 100 , =Me + 3s = M2 + 12.
Da nicht das Ergebnis eines einzelnen Versuches, sondern stets der Mittel-
wert mehrerer Keimpriifungen als Endergebnis hinausgegeben wird, die Streuung
aber fiir das Mittel aus mehreren LEinzelversuchen, gem&S der Forme

Ss -
Sa SE Ve geringer ist, als fiir den Einzelversuch, so stellen sich obige

Grenzwerte fiir das Mittel aus drei Parallelversuchen rund auf:
Keime pro 100 Kniule = M. + 16
-keimfaihige Knaiule , 100 s§ =M+ %.

Also erst bei Befunden, die um mehr als rund 16 Keime oder 7 keimfihige
Knaule iiber den tatsachlichen Wert hinausgehen oder untereinander abweichen,
kénnte man mit ziemlicher Sicherheit annehmen, daf neben dem Zufalle auch
andere Einfliisse (Probeziehung, Auswahl der Keimprobe, Keimbett, Wassermangel,
mangelhafte Liiftung u. a. m.) am Werke waren, diese Befunde also einer Uber-
priifung bediirfen. Systematisch beeinflu&t kénnen natiirlich auch Resultate sein
mit kleineren als den angegebenen Differenzen, doch ist in solchen Fallen eine
Abgrenzung zwischen beiden Fehlerquellen nicht méglich. Eine Verringerung des
unvermeidlichen, zufalligen Fehlers ware nur durch Ausfiihrung des Einzelver.
suches in gréferer Zahl erreichbar, ein Mittel, dessen Anwendbarkeit bei der
Handelsanalyse naturgeméf enge Schranken gesetzt sind, da der Fehler mit der
ansteigenden Zahl der Versuche nur langsam zuriickgeht. Er betrigt fiir das
Mittel aus den Einzelversuchen: oa :

*) Dieser Wert gilt fitr die Auswahl der Knaule nach der sogenannten Abzihlmethode.

**) Also trotz der groBen Einzelschwankungen bereits absolute Ubereinstimmung mit den
wirklichen Werten 109 Keime und 50 keimfihige Kniiule pro 100 Knaule; allerdings nur zufilligerweise,
da selbst bei 50 Versuchen noch eine Abweichung (des Mittelwertes vom wirklichen Werte) von
+ 4 Keimen oder + 2 keimfaihigen Kniulen méglich ist.

Anzahl der Einzelversuche: n=1 n=3 n=6 n=12 n=24 n=50
fiir Keime: s=+27 s=+16 s=+11 s=+8 s=+6 s=2t4
fiir keimfahige Knaule: s=+12 s=+ 7 s=+ 5 s=+3 s=+2 s=+2
Der von uns bei diesen Versuchen eingeschlagene Weg hat somit zu Ergeb-
nissen geftihrt, die fiir unsere Zwecke gut verwendbar sind, denn sie zeigen uns:
1. mit welchen Werten fiir die zufaélligen Schwankungen der Untersuchungs-
ergebnisse man in der Praxis der Samenpriifung und des Riibensamenhandels
wird rechnen miissen, wenn auch fallweise bessere Ubereinstimmungen als
Zufallserfolge haufig vorkommen;

2. da es unbeschadet aller durch den Zufall bedingten Abweichungen der [inzel-
versuche bei Untersuchungen zu wissenschaftlichen Zwecken, wie z.B.
zum Ausbau der Untersuchungsmethoden, dennoch gelingt, den zufalligen
Fehler durch entsprechende Vermehrung der Zahl der Einzelversuche fast voll-
sténdig auszuschalten*). Hierdurch ist die Méglichkeit geboten, den Unter-
schied in den systematischen Fehlern, mit denen die verschiedenen Ver-
fahren behaftet sind, durch Vergleich untereinander dem Umfange nach genau
kennen zu lernen und zu iiberpriifen, ob die zu deren Behebung unternommenen
Schritte von Erfolg begleitet waren oder nicht.

Ein wertvolles, von verschiedenen Seiten erhirtetes Urteil iiber die einzelnen
heute gebrauchlichen Untersuchungsmethoden sowie den ihnen anhaftenden
systematischen Fehlern kénnte erzielt werden, wenn von allen Anstalten, die sich
fiir diese Frage interessieren, dieselben Riibensamen nach den gebrduchlichsten
Verfahren — jede Samenprobe sowie jedes Verfahren in einer ausreichenden Zahl
von Kinzelversuchen — untersucht wiirden. Jenes Verfahren, welches bei ein-
wandfreier Auswahl der Kniule im grofZen Durchschnitte merklich héhere Mittel |
werte ergibt, wire zweifellos mit den geringsten systematischen Fehlern behaftet
und zur Einheitsmethode am geeignetsten. Doch darf hierbei niemals das Ziel
aus den Augen verloren werden, da die erreichte Verbesserung den Mehraufwand
an Arbeit wirklich lohne. Bei der Vereinheitlichung der Untersuchungsmethode
fiir Handelszwecke kommt es vor allem auf die Sicherheit und Handlichkeit des
Verfahrens und erst in zweiter Linie auf geringe Gradunterschiede in der An-
niherung an die tatsichliche Keimfahigkeit an. :

Nachdem wir diese allgemeinen Erlauterungen iiber die beiden in Betracht
kommenden Fehlerquellen in aller Kiirze erledigt haben, wollen wir nunmehr mit
einigen Worten die wichtigsten Grunds&tze und gebrauchlichsten Verfahren der
Keimpriifung erértern.

Auswahl der Keimprobe. Fir die richtige Auslese der Keimprobe ist
die genaue Kenntnis der Beziehungen zwischen der GréSe der Knaule und der
Zahl sowie der Keimkraft der darin enthaltenen Samen yon grundlegender Be-
deutung. Um diese Beziehungen naher kennen zu lernen, haben wir seinerzeit eine
Reihe Riibensamenproben mittels eines Siebsatzes in verschiedene Knauelgréfen
zerlegt und in je 100 Knaulen die Anzahl der Samen sowie deren prozentische
Keimfahigkeit festgestellt. Im Durchschnitt hat sich ergeben:

1 2 3 4 5 6

Siebprodukt .amig samig samig samig samig samig
2.0—2.5 mm 5 85 36 1 = =
2.5—3.0 , ae 63 58 3 — _
3.0—3.5 » — 38 71 10 _ =
40-45 , = 19 58 29 4 mn
4.5—5.0 , — 8 34 54 8 1
tiber5.0 , = 3 24 61 13 _

*) Die oben angegebenen Abweichungen wie z. B. + 4 Keime und + 2 keimfihige Kniule
fiir n = 50 sind nur Grenzwerte; die meisten Serienergebnisse werden daher eine gréBere Aundherung
an den wirklichen Wert zeigen, als dies bei obigen Grenzwerten der Fall ist.

by 7

100 —

Die Knaule verschiedener Grohe enthalten jedoch nicht
nur eine verschiedene, mit der Kna&uelgrifle ansteigende
Samenzahl, sondern es steigt, auch gleichzeitig damit die prozentische
Keimfahigkeit der Samen. Diese betrug, von den Knaueln mit dem kleinsten Quer-
schnitte ansteigend, im Durchschnitt (von 3 Proben): 26, 47, 47, 54, 62,74 und 75%.
Wie bereits erwahnt, ist es nicht médglich, eine Keimprobe von z. B. 100 Rotklee-
samen so auszuwihlen, daf das Mischungsverhiltnis der keimfahigen und nicht-
keimfahigen Samen stets genau das gleiche ist wie im Samenmuster. Beim Riiben-
samen kommt nun noch die weitere Fehlerquelle dadurch hinzu, da man hier als
Keimprobe nicht 100 Samen, sondern 100 Knaule auswahlt und daher die aus einer
verschiedenen Anzahl von Samen erhaltenen Keime stets auf die gleiche Zahl
(100) der Knaule bezieht.

Bei der eben dargelegten Verschiedenwertigkeit gréferer und kleinerer
Knaule kann eine starkere einseitige Bevorzugung der einen oder anderen Kniuel-
gré8e zu empfindlichen Differenzen Anla& geben. Kommen solche Fehler auch
nur bei geringerer Erfahrung in der Auswahl der Keimproben vor, so bietet doch
auch jahrelange Ubung keine sichere Gewahr dafiir, daf die Zusammensetzung
der Keimprobe nach Knauelgréfen dem Durchschnitt des Samenmusters tatsachlich
entspricht. 7

Zahiprozentmethode. An derStaatsanstalt in Wien werden daher die
reinen Knaule der Untersuchungsprobe durch einen Siebsatz in verschiedene
Knauelgréfen zerlegt, die Zahl der Knaule in jedem Siebprodukt ermittelt und in
Zihlprozenten berechnet. Man entnimmt jedem Siebprodukte so viele Kniiule, als
auf dieses Zihlprozente entfallen. Die so zustande gekommenen Keimproben von
100 Knaulen zeigen eine weitgehende Ann&herung an das Samenmuster in der Zu-
sammensetzung nach KnauelgréfRen. Da die Gewichte solcher Keimproben nicht
nur untereinander, sondern auch mit dem Durchschnittsgewichte von 100 Knaulen
des zugehérigen Samenmusters innerhalb der zulissigen Grenzen tibereinstimmen,
so ist bei dieser Art der Auslese der Keimprobe allen Umstinden, die fiir die
Untersuchung zu Handelszwecken in Betracht kommen kénnen, soweit als méglich_
Rechnung getragen. In Anbetracht der Unsicherheit des Ergebnisses des Einzel-
versuches werden stets mehrere Parallelversuche (zumindest drei) ausgefiihrt.

Gewichtsmethode. Nach den technischen Vorschriften des Verbandes
der deutschen landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsstationen ‘vom 13. September 1912 fiir
die Wertbestimmung des Riibensamens will man einer Bevorzugung einer -Kniuel-
gréBe dadurch vorbeugen, daB man die Keimprobe nach dem Abziahlen wagt; falls
ihr Gewicht um 10% oder mehr vom Durchschnittsgewichte fiir 100 Knaule der
Probe abweicht, stellt man das Gewicht dieser Keimprobe durch Auswechseln der
Kniaule richtig. Neben dieser Methode (Ziahlgewichtsmethode) ist auch die von
der Staatsanstalt in Wien im Jahre 1906 vorgeschlagene*) und daselbst seither
gebréuchliche Z&hlprozentmethode zulissig. Durch die Zahlgewichtsmethode ist
zweifellos einer weitgehenden Willkiir bei der Auslese der Keimprobe ein Riegel
vorgeschoben. Eine genaue Ubereinstimmung der Keimprobe mit dem Samenmuster
ist jedoch hierdurch keineswegs gesichert, da man 100 Knaule von bestimmtem
Durchschnittsgewichte einmal, unter Ausschlu&8 der groBen und kleinen Kniule,
nur aus mittleren (d. h. aus Knaulen mit dem durchschnittlichen Kniuelgewichte
der Samenprobe), dann wieder, unter Ausschlu8 der mittleren, nur aus kleinen
und grofen Knaulen und unter allmihlicher Einbeziehung der mittleren, ent-
sprechend allen méglichen Zwischenstufen zwischen diesen beiden Gegensitzen,
auswahlen kann: Eine Keimprobe kann somit ein dem Samenmuster entsprechendes
Gewicht besitzen und doch in bezug auf die Zahl der darin vertretenen Kniule

*) Siehe: K. Komers und E, Freudl, ,Die Wertbestimmung des Riibensamens*. Osterr. - ung.
Zeitschrift fiir Zuckerindustrie und Landwirtschaft. 1906, Heft 5.

101

verschiedener Gréfe eine vom Samenmuster ganz verschiedene Zusammen-
setzung aufweisen. Eine Uberpriifung der Genauigkeitsverhdltnisse beider
Methoden im Hinblicke auf die eben erwdhnten Umstinde wire jedenfalls
wiinschenswert, Ergibt sich hierbei die gleiche Zuverlassigkeit fir beide
Methoden, so ware der, wenn auch nur geringe Mehraufwand, der mit der Zahl-
prozentmethode jedenfalls verbunden ist, ein iiberfliissiger und daher die Gewichts-
methode entschieden vorzuziehen. Sind beide Verfahren hingegen nicht gleich-
wertig, so ist die Ausschaltung der minder zuverlissigen Methode eine selbstver-
stindliche Sache. Die Ubereinstimmung verschiedener Untersuchungsbefunde kann
durch die Zulassung nur einer Methode zweifellos gewinnen.
Abzaéhlmethode. Bei diesem Verfahren werden 100 Knaule in der Reihen-
folge, wie sie zu liegen kommen, einfach abgezihlt. Von dieser Art der Auslese
wird heute wohl nur mehr in Ausnahmefillen Gebrauch gemacht. Als Einheits-
methode zur Erzielung einer besseren Ubereinstimmung in den Priifungs-
ergebnissen verschiedener Versuchsanstalten bei ein und demselben Riibensamen
diirfte sie sich nach den bisherigen Darlegungen schwerlich eignen.
Vorquellen der Keimprobe. Statt die Keimproben unmittelbar ins
Keimbett einzulegen, quillt man sie vorher im Wasser ein, wodurch das Auskeimen
rascher und gleichmafiger vor sich geht. Nach unseren Erfahrungen ist ein
sechsstiindiges Vorquellen vollkommen ausreichend. Jede Keimprobe
wird in einer kleinen Kristallisierschale mit einer ausreichenden Menge Wasser
von Zimmertemperatur iibergossen, wobei die oben aufschwimmenden Kniaule
untergetaucht werden. Nach Ablauf der Quellzeit gieft man das Wasser iiber
einem kleinen Sieb ab, lift abtropfen und iibertrigt die Knaule’ins Keimbett.
Das Keimbett und seine Behandlung. Als Keimbettmaterial
kommt beim Riibensamen vor allem Sand, daneben vereinzelt auch FlieBpapier in
Betracht. Das von Marker eingefiihrte Sandkeimbett hat sich bei. Keimpriifungen
von Riibensamen vorziiglich bewahrt und ist daher auch heute an den meisten Ver-
suchsanstalten in Gebrauch. Man verwendet hierfiir feinen, staubfreien Sand, der
frei von organischen Beimengungen ist. Durch Vermengen mit Wasser wird aus
dem Sande ein steifer Brei hergestellt. Von groBer Wichtigkeit hierbei ist, daB
das Verhaltnis von Wasser und Sand richtig getroffen wird. Bestimmte Vor-
schriften dariiber lassen sich schwer geben, da dies ausschlieSlich von der Be-
schaffenheit des Sandes-abhingt. Sehr feiner Sand hat eine gréfere Benetzungs-
oberflache und nimmt daher mehr Wasser auf als grober Sand. Es ist daher not-
wendig, die richtige Wassermenge fiir die in Verwendung stehende Sandqualitat
jeweils durch Keimversuche erst auszuprobieren. Das Mischungsverhiltnis von
Wasser und Sand wird dann richtig getroffen sein, wenn die Keimlinge ein ge-
sundes, strotzendes Aussehen zeigen und wenn im Keimbette keine Neigung zur
Schimmelbildung zu beobachten ist. Fiir die GréBe des Keimbettes ist einerseits
dessen Handlichkeit und andererseits der Umstand mafgebend, dai das Keimhett
umso leichter austrocknet, je kleiner die Keimbettmasse ist. Man wird daher gut
tun, nicht unter eine Sandmenge von 350 Gramm herabzugehen. An manchen
Untersuchungsanstalten zieht man das Keimbett aus Flie8papier dem Sandkeimbette
vor. So hat unseres Wissens nach die staatliche Samenkontrollstation in Kopenhagen
mit dem Papierkeimbette bisher gute Erfahrungen gemacht. Auch der Verein fiir
Zuckerindustrie in Prag hat in seinem Berichte 260 vom November. 1913 ,,Uber
Riibenanalysen fiir Handelszwecke* die Verwendung des Papierkeimbettes befiir-
wortet und zumindest zur Kontrolle neben dem Sandkeimbette empfohlen. Nach
dem Ergebnisse der vom Kuratorium der Versuchsstation fiir Zuckerindustrie in
Prag durchgefiihrten Versuche hatte die Keimung auf Papier héhere Werte er-
geben als im Sandkeimbette. Da diese Versuche aber nur mit einem Riibensamen
durchgefiibrt wurden und aus dem Berichte auch nicht zu entnehmen ist, aus wie-

102

viel Einzelversuchen die zugunsten des Papierkeimbettes beobachteten Differenzen
von 19 Keimen und 8 keimfahigen Knaulen abgeleitet wurden, so 148t sich nicht
beurteilen, inwieweit dieses Ergebnis dem Zufalle oder der besseren Eignung des
Papierkeimbettes zu danken ist. Bei der verhadltnismafig grofen Schwankung der
Einzelversuche lieBe sich diese Frage nur durch Serienversuche lésen, da, wie im
vorangegangenen, des ndheren dargetan wurde, nur die Mittelwerte gréferer Ver-
suchsreihen sichere und den wahren Wert hinreichend nahe kommende Ergebnisse
liefern. Auch hier werden hoffentlich weitere Versuche klarend wirken und zu dem
Ziele fiihren, daf fiir Riibensamenuntersuchungen zu Handelszwecken nur eine
Art von Keimbetten als zulassig erklirt werde. ,

Um die Keimversuche stéts unter gleichen Temperaturverhaltnissen vor-
nehmen zu kénnen,’ ist es notwendig, die Keimbette nach ihrer Beschickung mit
den Keimproben in Keimschranken unterzubringen, die eine genaue Einhaltung
eines bestimmten Wa&rmegrades ermiglichen. Die fiir den Verlauf des Keimver-
suches gtinstigste Temperatur ist bekanntlich je nach der Samenart verschieden;
auch geben manche Arten bei wechselnder Temperatur giinstigere Ergebnisse als
bei gleichbleibender*) Hinsichtlich des Einflusses des Temperaturwechsels auf
den Keimungsverlauf beim Riibensamen sind die Meinungen zur Zeit noch geteilt.
Wihrend die Verbandsmethode der Gsterreichischen Versuchsstationen einen
Wechsel zwischen den Temperaturen 28° und 18° C vorschreiben, geniigt es nach
den technischen Vorschriften (des Verbandes der landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs-
stationen im Deutschen Reiche) fiir die Priifung von Saatgut, wenn der Keim-
prozeS tagsiiber bei einer bestaéndigen Temperatur von 20° C vor sich geht. Ob
ein derartiger Unterschied in der Warmefiihrung des Keimversuches den Befund
tatsichlich nicht merklich beeinfluft, sollte doch einer nochmaligen Uberpriifung
durch Versuche von iiberzeugender Beweiskraft unterzogen werden. Bei der
starken Schwankung der einzelnen ‘Keimresultate kénnen Versuchsergebnisse, die
sich nur auf eine unzulingliche Zahl von Einzelversuchen stiitzen, nur zu leicht
zu Trugschliissen fiihren. Die Keimbetten miissen wiihrend des Keimverlaufes
zur Erneuerung der Luft haufig geliiftet werden. Das Auszihlen der Keime wird
in zwei Abschnitten vorgenommen; die Termine hierfiir sind verschieden. Die
erste Auszahlung erfolgt nach 6 oder 7 Tagen, die zweite (Abschlu8 des Keim-
versuches) nach 12 oder 14 Tagen.

Kranke Keime. Da die Hinfliisse, die erfahrungsgemif das Auftreten des
Wurzelbrandes im freien Lande hervorrufen kénnen, verschiedener Art sind, ist man
berechtigterweise schon lange davon abgekommen, ausschlieflich den Samen fiir
die im Keimlingsstadium auftretenden Krankheiten verantwortlich zu machen. An-
gaben iiber Krankheiten der Keimpflanze sollten daher nur dann gemacht werden,
wenn dies seitens des Einsenders ausdriicklich gewiinscht wird.

Wasserbestimmung. Nach der Osterreichischen Verbandsmethode
werden 10 Gramm Riibensamen bei 70° C vorgetrocknet und dann durch 8 Stunden
bei 100° C weitergetrocknet. Bei starkemehlreichen Samen, wie z. B. Getreide,
ist ein Vertrocknen der Probé unter der Verkleisterungstemperatur der Stirke,
zweifellos am Platze. Diese VorsichtsmaBregel halten wir jedoch beim Riiben-
samen, wo- der eigentliche Same nur einen geringen Bruchteil der Kniuelmake
ausmacht und die Hauptmenge des Wassers nicht im Samen, sondern im Kniauel-
gewebe ihren Sitz hat, fiir tiberfliissig. Sie kénnte daher, ohne Differenzen ‘im
Wassergehalte befiirchten zu miissen, unterlassen werden.

*) Siche: G. Pammer, ,,Versuche tiber den EinfluS intermittierender Erwaérmung und des Keim-
bettes auf die Keimung des Zuckerriibensamens“. Osterr.-ung. Zeitschrift fiir Zuckerindustrie und
Landwirtschaft. 1892, Heft 4, und J. Vanha, ,Versuche tiber die intermittierende Erwirmung auf die
Keimung von Samen.“ Mitteilung des Vereines zur Forderung des landw. Versuchswesens in Osterreich.
1898, Heft 2.

103

Wertbeurteilung.

Die. Wertbeurteilung der landwirtschaftlichen S&mereien zu Saatzwecken
erfolgt gewéhnlich in der Weise, daB man den jeweils ermittelten Gebrauchswert
mit dem durchschnittlichen, der sich im Laufe der Jahre fiir die betreffende Samen-
art ergeben hat, in Vergleich zieht: In dem MaBe, als er héher oder niedriger ist
als dieser, wird die betreffende Ware zu Saatzwecken mehr oder weniger gut
geeignet eingeschitzt. Beim Riibensamen hat man damit jedoch nicht das Aus-
Jangen gefunden, weshalb fiir diese Samenart eigene Normen, die den fallweise
verschiedenen Verhaltnissen des Riibensamens besser Rechnung tragen, aufstellen
mute. Diesem Bediirfnisse ist mtn von verschiedenen Seiten entgegengekommen,
so da8 wir heute ebenso wie tiber verschiedene Untersuchungsmethoden auch tiber
mehrere Normen fiir Riibensamen verfiigen, zwei Umstiinde, die sich jedoch nicht
gegenseitig bedingen; die Beurteilung des Riibensamens nach den derzeit
gebrauchlichen Normen ist vielmehr, wenn man von den Terminen fiir die Aus-
ziblung des Keimversuches absicht, dem Wortlaute nach nirgends eigentlich an
eine bestimmte Methode gebunden; denn die Normen enthalten nur Anhaltspunkte
zur Beurteilung der Saat auf Grund der Untersuchungsergebnisse, nicht aber Vor-
schriften tiber die Untersuchungsmethodé selbst. Der haufig seitens der Parteien.
gelegentlich der Ubermittlung des Samenmusters geaiuferte Wunsch, den itiber-
sandten Riibensamen nach diesen oder jenen Normen zu untersuchen, ist daher
eigentlich gegenstandslos. Es kann nicht behauptet werden, da8 die Schwierig-
keiten, die dem Riibensamenhandel aus dem Mangel an einer einheitlichen Unter-
suchungsmethode erwachsen, durch die Aufstellung mehrerer Normen verringert
worden sind. Es wiirde daher unserer Sache ein guter Dienst erwiesen werden,
‘wenn neben Vereinheitlichung des Untersuchungsverfahrens auch die der Normen
angestrebt wiirde.

Die _Abweichungen der Normen in manchen Belangen, wie z. B. in den Durch-
schnittswerten fiir Wassergehalt, Reinheit, ferner in den Zeitraugnen fiir die Aus-
zihlung der Keimversuche, sind geringfiigige, formelle Differenzen, deren Be-
seitigung sachlich auf keine Schwierigkeiten stofen kann. Anders liegt die Sache
hinsichtlich einer Ann&herung in verschiedenen anderen Festsetzungen. Um die
unserem Berichte zugemessenen Grenzen nicht zu tiberschreiten, kénnen wir hier
nicht auf alle in Betracht kommenden Umstinde naher eingehen und erw&hnen
daher in Kiirze nur einige Grundsitze, tiber welche vor allem eine Einigung
dringlich geboten wire.

Sortenechtheit. Die haufigsten Anstinde im Riibensamenhandel er-
geben sich aus den Differenzen der Untersuchungsbefunde iiber die Keimfahigkeit.
Handelt es sich in solchen Fallen oft um recht namhafte Betrige, so ist dieser
Umstand, so lastig er auch empfunden wird, immerhin noch ertraglich, da eine
Klarung des wirklichen Sachverhaltes meist noch vor Verwendung der Saat méglich
ist. Viel schwerer fallt es ins Gewicht, da die Sortenechtheit bei der Unter-
suchung des Samens nicht festgestellt werden kann. Dies war zweifellos der
Grund, daS bis zum Jahre 1913 diese wichtige Eigenschaft des Riibensamens in
den Normen keine Beriicksichtigung gefunden hatte. Da dieser Umstand von den
‘unlauteren Mitlaufern des Samenhandels redlich ausgenutzt wurde, hatten die
gerichtlichen Streitfille tiber nichtgarantiegeméfe Riibensamenlieferungen fast
ausschlieBlich nur die Sortenechtheit zum Gegenstande. Durch die vollstindige
‘Nichtberticksichtigung der Sortenechtheit in den Normen, wegen der Unméglich-
‘keit, diese Eigenschaften am Samen feststellen zu kénnen, ist zweifellos die Sach-
lage nicht besser geworden. Diese Liicke in den Normen veranlafte den Bericht-
erstatter im Jahre 1913 in Vorschlag zu bringen*), die Satzungen der Normen in

*) Siehe: K. Komers, ,Uber Sortenechtheit Von Riibensamenlieferungen“. Blatter fiir Zucker-
riibenbau. 1918, Nr. 5.

104

dem Sinne zu erginzen, dai eine etwa notwendig werdende, nachtraigliche
Uberpriifung der Sortenechtheit durch einen Anbauversuch an der Hand eines
authentischen Samenmusters erméglicht werde. Diese Anregung hat zuerst bei
den Wiener Normen und spiter auch bei anderen Normen Beriicksichtigung ge-
funden. Bei den Magdeburger Normen ist dies leider noch nicht der Fall, was
insofeyn zu bedauern ist, als vielé Kaufe nach diesen Normen abgeschlossen
werden und im Falle einer nichtsortenechten Lieferung daher jede Handhabe zur
Austragung des Streitfalles fehlt.

Abstufung der zu fordernden Keimfahigkeit nach der
durchschnittlichen Knaiuelgréhe des Riitbensamens. Mit m-
nehmender Knauelgréfe steigt das Gewicht der Kniule starker an, als dies bei der
Zahl der darin enthaltenen Samen sowie der daraus hervorgehenden Keime der
Fall ist. Die Zahl der auf die Gewichtseinheit entfallenden Anzahl der Keime
sinkt daher mit der zunehmenden Knéuelgréfe. Eine sachgeméfle Beurteilung des
Riibensamens ist somit ohne Beachtung dieser Umstiinde ausgeschlossen. Folge-
richtig haben diese Verhiltnisse auch bei allen heute giiltigen Normen durch Ab-
stufung der zu fordernden Keimzahlen Ausdruck gefunden, wenn auch in sehr ver-
schiedenem Ausmafe. So unterscheiden die Magdeburger Normen nur kleine und
grofe, die Deutschen Normen 1914 bei Zuckerriibensamen grofe, mittlere und
kleine, bei Futterriibensamen hingegen wieder nur grofe und kleine Kniaule. Diese
zur Vereinfachung der Normen gewiahlte Abstufung ist nicht einwandfrei. Es gibt
hier nur zwei Standpunkte. Entweder ist die Abstufung sachlich . gerechtfertigt
oder sie ist es nicht; im ersteren Falle muf dies in hinlanglichem Mafe geschehen,
Durch halbe Mafregeln erreicht man schlieBlich seinen Zweck doch nicht und ver-
wickelt sich in Widerspriiche. So stufen beispielsweise die ,,.Deutschen Normen 1914“
die Forderungen fiir grof-, mittel- und kleinknéuligen Zuckerriibensamen auf
60, 65, 70 Keime pro 1 Gramm ab. Bestimmt wird die Keimfahigkeit in 100 Knéulen.
Bei der Umrechgung der Keimfahigkeiten pro 100 Kniulen auf 1 Gramm Kniule
ergibt sich dann selbstverstaindlich der Widerspruch, daf& z. B. ein mittel-
knauliger Zuckerriibensamen mit der Kniuelzahl von 41 Knéulen pro 1 Gramm
und einer Keimfahigkeit von 157 Keimen pro 100 Kniaule diesen Normen nicht ent-
spricht, wahrend ein groiknauliger Zuckerriibensamen mit 40 Knaulen pro 1 Gramm
nur 150 Keime pro 100 Kniule zu liefern braucht, um diesen Normen gerecht zu
werden. In ahnlicher Weise ist fiir einen mittelknéuligen Zuckerriibensamen mit.
einer Knauelzahl von 50 Knéulen pro 1 Gramm eine Keimfihigkeit von 130 Keimen
pro 100 Knaéule ausreichend, wahrend ein kleinkniuliger Zuckerriibensamen mit
51 Kniulen pro 1 Gramm bei einer Keimfahigkeit von 136 Keimen pro 100 Knaulen
nicht lieferbar ist. Die Magdeburger Normen entgehen diesen Widerspriichen nur
dadurch, dai sie fiir die zu fordernden Keime pro Gewichtseinheit nur einen
unteren Grenzwert aufstellen, ansonsten aber die hinsichtlich der Keimfahigkeit zu
erfiillenden Bedingungen nur fiir je 100 Kniule festsetzen, ein Nachteil, auf den
wir im na&chsten Absatze noch zurtickkommen werden. Um die Forderungen hin-
sichtlich der Keimfahigkeit sachgem&é8 und widerspruchslos der KnauelgréSe des
Riibensamens anzupassen, sind daher in den Wiener Normen die von der Gewichts-
einheit zu liefernde Anzahl der Keime und keimfahigen Kniule fiir alle vor-
kommenden Kniauelgréfen von Kniauel zu Kniuel abgestuft. Die Anzahl der Keime
sowie keimfahigen Knaule nach 12 Tagen lat sich ohne Umstinde nach folgenden
einfachen Formeln*) berechnen:

Keime ..... ..... pro 1 g (nach 12 Tagen) = Knz (pro 1 g) mal 0.528 + 45.4

keimfahige Knaule pro-1 g (nach 12 Tagen) = Knz(pro1g) mal 0.647+ 5.3

*) Die Ableitung dieser Formeln sowie der Formeln fiir die Keimfahigkeit nach sechs Tagen
kann aus der Abhandlung ,Wertbestimmung des Riibensamens* von K. Komers und E. Freud) (Zeit-
schrift fiir Zuckerindustrie in der dsterr.-ung. Monarchie, 1906, Heft 5) entnommen werden.

105

Will man sich diese einfache Rechnung ersparen, so kann man sich einer.
Tabelle bedienen, in der die Werte fiir alle KnauelgréRen ein fiir allemal
berechnet sind.

Wir glauben hiermit dargetan zu haben, daf die Normen kaum umstandlicher
als sonst ausfallen, wenn alle Knauelgré8en vollauf beriicksichtigt werden. Nur
auf diesem Wege gelingt ‘es, die Folgen zu vermeiden, die mit der Ein-
azwingung der Riibensamen verschiedener KniauelgrifRe in eine unzulingliche
Schablone verbunden sind und die Erreichung des hierbei beabsichtigten Zweckes
wieder zum grofen Teile vereiteln. ‘

Angabe der Keimfahigkeit fiir die Gewichtseinheit des
Riibensamens, Um eine etwaige Vergiitung im Falle ‘einer Minderwerts-
leistung in der Keimfahigkeit einwandfrei berechnen zu kénnen, empfiehlt es sich,
in den Normen die Keimfahigkeitswerte fiir die Gewichtseinheit festzusetzen, da
auch der Kaufpreis auf das Gewicht bezogen wird. Mit Riicksicht auf die un-
vermeidlichen Schwankungen der Untersuchungsergebnisse. bei ein und demselber
Riibensamen ist es sachlich nicht gerechtfertigt, da® durch die Normen ein Riiben-
samen als nicht lieferbar bezeichnet wird, wenn das Untersuchungsergebnis auch
nur um einen Keim oder einen keimfahigen Kniuel unter dem vorgeschriebenen
Grenzwert ergeben hat. Solche starren Grenzwerte sind, vom unparteiischen
Standpunkte aus betrachtet, praktisch ohne Nutzen, nur bieten sie dem Kaufer,
der jeden Mehrwert bei Riibensamenlieferungen ohne Aufzahlung ruhig in die
- Tasche steckt, auch noch den weiteren einseitigen Vorteil, aus dem Kaufvertrag
ausspringen zu kénnen, falls ihm dieses zufallig in den Kram pat. Wenn wir auch
den Grundsatz, nur hochwertigen Riibensamen zur Saat zu verwenden, vollauf an-
erkennen, so finden wir doch, es sei weder im Interesse des Kiéufers noch Ver-
kaufers gelegen, da selbst bei ganz geringfiigigen und daher sachlich fast gegen-
standslosen Minderwerten die Lieferung abgelehnt und von der Vergiitung eines
etwaigen Minderwertes Abstand genommen werden kann. Fiir eine Vergiitung
sollte wenigstens in solchen Fallen vorgesehen sein, wo der Minderwert noch
innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen der Untersuchungsergebnisse zu liegen kommt, da
sonst der Riibensamen fiir etwas verantwortlich gemacht wird, was etwa nur durch
die Unzulanglichkeit der Untersuchungsmethode verschuldet worden ist. Die Ab-
lehnung der Vergiitung jedweder Minderwertsleistung in der Keimfahigkeit oder
besser gesagt die Ablehnung der Lieferung, wie sie nach den Deutschen
Normen 1914 dem Kaufer zugebilligt wird, kann daher nicht als sachlich gerecht-
fertigt bezeichnet werden. Die Magdeburger Normen nehmen zur Lieferbarkeit
oder Vergiitung im Falle von Minderwertsleistungen iiberhaupt nicht Stellung.
Eine etwa zwischen Kaufer und Verkaéufer dennoch vereinbarte Vergiitung des
Minderwertes einer Lieferung 148t sich hier aber nicht einwandfrei berechnen, weil
die fiir die Gewichtseinheit und fiir je 100 Knaule vorgeschriebenen Keimfahigkeits-
werte einander nicht entsprechen, wie aus folgendem Beispiel ersehen werden kann:

Ein grofkniduliger Riibensamen, z. B. mit 45 Knaulen pro 1 Gramm, soll nach
den Magdeburger Normen mindestens 150 Keime pro 100 Kniaule ergeben. Hatte
nun die gelieferte Ware bei der gleichen Knauelgréfe (45 Knaule pro 1 Gramm)
nur 115 Keime pro 100 Kniule, und soll der aus dieser Minderleistung von 35 Keimen
pro 100 Knaulen sich ergebende Preisabzug festgestellt werden, so muf diese
Minderleistung pro 100 Knaule auf die Gewichtseinheit umgerechnet werden, da
sich auch der Preis der Ware nicht auf eine bestimmte Zahl von Kn&ulen, sondern
auf die Gewichtseinheit bezieht. Hierbei ergibt sich, da8 in 1 Gramm dieses Riiben-
samens nur 52 Keime vorhanden sind, wahrend, entsprechend der Forderung
150 Keime pro-100 Kniule, 68 Keime in 1 Gramm vorhanden sein sollten. Nun
entspricht aber jeder Riibensamen, gleichgiiltig, ob gro8- oder kleinkniéulig, den

106

Magdeburger Normen, wenn er zumindest 50 Keime pro 1 Gramm liefert. Der ge-
lieferte Riibensamen hatte 52 Keime pro 1 Gramm. Wir stehen also vor dem
Dilemma, daQ der Riibensamen nach den Magdeburger Normen eine Minderleistung
von 35 Keimen pro 100 Knaule aufweist, eine Vergiitung dieses Minderwertes aber
entfallt, da er der Forderung derselben Normen: 50 Keime pro 1 Gramm Riiben-
samen, vollauf entspricht. Wollte man somit auf eine Vergiitung des nach dem
Wortlaute der Magdeburger Normen im vorliegenden Falle tatsichlich vorhandenen
Minderwertes nicht verzichten, so mtiSte der Berechnung direkt das Ver-
haltnis 150:115 zugrunde gelegt werden. Dieser Vorgang gibt aber nur unter der
Voraussetzung ein brauchbares Resultat, da bei allen grofknauligen Riibensamen
(45 und weniger Knaule pro 1 Gramm) das Gewicht von je 100 Knaulen immer
gleich sei, oder mit anderen Worten, da auf die Gewichtseinheit stets die gleiche
Anzahl von Knaulen entfalle. Dies trifft aber nicht zu, da die Zahl der Knaule
pro 1 Gramm bei den im Handel vorkommenden grofknauligen Riibensamen um
100 und mehr Prozent voneinander abweichen. ~

Wenn wir im vorstehenden auf einzelne, nicht zu leugnende Mangel von
manchen der heute gebriuchlichen Normen hingewiesen haben, so geschah dies
lediglich in der Absicht, zu zeigen, daf8 der ebenso einfache als natiirliche Weg
der Abstufung der Keimfahigkeitswerte von Kniuel zu Kniuel auch der einzige
ist, der zu einer einwandfreien und widerspruchslosen Wertbeurteilung des Riiben-
samens fiihrt.
: In unseren bisherigen Erérterungen glauben wir alle wichtigen Umstinde,
die bei der Untersuchung und Bewertung des Riibensamens eine Rolle spielen, in
Kiirze erwihnt zu haben und unterlassen es daher, auf weitere Einzelheiten ein-
gugehen. Bei der groRen Zahl der Fragen, die noch einer Klarung und Einigung
bediirfen, ist eine baldige Erledigung des vorliegenden Gegenstandes kaum zu er-
hoffen, wenn nicht durch schriftliche Verhandlungen zwischen den Interessenten
und durch Versuche seitens der beteiligten Versuchsanstalten dem Zustande-
kommen einer einheitlichen Untersuchungs- und Bewertungsmethode fiir Riiben-
samen bis zum nachsten Kongresse vorgearbeitet wird. Es wire daher sehr 2u
begriifen, wenn ein aus den Kongrefteilnchmern zu wahlender Ausschu8 die
hierzu notwendigen Mafnahmen in die Wege leiten wiirde.-

Dr. Vitek: :

»Die Kleeseidebestimmung:

Der Herr Direktor Dorph-Petersen war so liebenswiirdig, in die Ver-
handlungen des dritten internationalen Kongresses fiir Samenkontrolle auch ein
Referat iiber Kleeseidebestimmung aufzunehmen und hat mich aufgefordert, tiber
diese Frage zu referieren. Wenn ich dieser Aufforderung entsprochen habe, so
bemerke ich von vornherein, daf% ich mich nur auf eine ganz kurze Mitteilung
beschranken werde, welche sich vielleicht nicht zur Ginze mit dem Thema, welches
fiir diese Verhandlung projektiert war, decken wird. Den Grund kann ich gleich
mitteilen. Die Kleeseidefrage wurde anlaiSlich des ersten internationalen Kon-
gresses fiir Samenkontrolle im Jahre 1906 in Hamburg ausfiihrlich behandelt, wo
Herr Direktor Arpad von Degen von der Samenkontrollstation in Budapest
ein eingehendes Referat erstattete, welches eine umfangreiche meritorische Ver-
handlung hervorrief, die wohl alle die Kleeseidefrage betreffenden und in Betracht
kommenden Momente erschépfte. Es wurde die Frage der Kleeseidevernichtung auf
dem Felde gelést, ebenso wie die Frage, betreffend die Aufsicht tiber den Verkehbr
mit Kleeausreuter, was als eines der wichtigsten Probleme bezeichnet werden kann,

107

mit denen die Samenkontrollstation auf die Unterdriickung und Ausrottung der
Kleeseide einzuwirken sich bemiihen.

Es wurden Bestimmungen von Normen fiir die héchst zulassige Anzahl von
Kleeseidekérnern in Kleesaaten erwogen, eine technische Methodik fiir die Unter-
suchung der Kleesamenproben auf Kleeseide, eventuell unter Benutzung normali-
sierter Siebe, beantragt, das niedrigste Gewicht der Kleesaatenproben fiir die Klee-
seidefeststellung bestimmt und eine Resolution, betreffend die Zulissigkeit einer
Latitude bei der Probeuntersuchung auf Kleeseide, angenommen.

Mit all diesen, speziell die Samenkontrollstationen tangierenden Fragen sollte
sich eine spezielle Kommission befassen, iiber deren Zusammensetzung resp. Konsti-
tuierung nichts bekannt wurde, ohne da’ auch am zweiten internationalen Kon-
gresse der Samenkontrollstationen daritiber Bericht erstattet wurde, welche von
dem am ersten Kongresse behandelten Fragen ihre praktische Liésung gefunden
haben. Diese Umstiinde, welche in bedeutendem Ma8e Interesse fiir die Samen-
kontrollstationen, speziell jener Produktionslinder, haben, aus denen Kleesaaten
exportiert werden, bewogen mich dazu, die Frage der Kleeseidebestimmung von
einem erweiterten Gesichtspunkte aufzufassen und zu versuchen, dieselbe bei den
Verhandlungen des dritten internationalen Kongresses der Samenkontrollstationen
wieder aufzufrischen.

Ich beabsichtige nicht, durch meine Mitteilungen in das Meritum der Angelegen-
heit einzugehen, indem ich wiederholt auf die umfangreichen Debatten bei der Ver- -
handlung dieser Frage auf dem ersten internationalen Kongresse hinweise. Es wiirde
sich eher darum handeln, da% eine aus dem Plenum des dritten internationalen
Kongresses hervorgegangene Kommission sich neuerdings mit dem Programm der
Kleeseidefrage des ersten internationalen Kongresses befasse, indem sie allerdings
in ergter Reihe die Fragen, welche die Samenkontrollstationen beriihren, beriick-
sichtigt, und zwar vor allem ihre technischen Methoden bei der Feststellung speziell
von Grobseide in Rotkleesaaten und Luzerne, wofiir sich die Einfiithrung norma-
lisierter Siebe nach Gréfe der Probe und solchen, welche nach dem unterschiedenen
Durchmesser der Kleeseidekérner dimensiert sind, empfehlen wiirde (1mm 1,25 mm).

Es mége die Frage der Kleesaatenplombierung speziell in jenen Produktions-
gegenden gelést werden, aus denen Kleesaaten, speziell Rotklee und Luzerne, aus-
gefiihrt werden, nicht nur mit Riicksicht auf eine eventuelle Konstatierung von Klee-
seide, sondern auch, da dadurch gleichzeitig die Provenienz der Kleesaat bezeichnet
werde, welche Verfiigung in den letzten zwei Jahren die tschecho-slowakische Re-
publik, und zwar mit gutem Erfolge, eingefiihrt hat, indem sie die fremdlaéndischen
Markte direkt informieren wollte, aus welchen Produktionsdistrikten Rotkleesamen
und Luzerne verschieden rein und auch im Hinblick auf Grobseide stammen.

Es wé&ren prazise diejenigen Gebiete festzustellen, denen eine Infektion
speziell mit Grobseide, nicht droht, in welche infolgedessen der Import von grob-
seidehaltigen Kleesaaten méglich war, ohne daselbst die Kleesaatenproduktion zu
bedrohen. Auf Grund dessen wire es méglich, auch die Frage der Normen iiber die
maximale Zulaissigkeit der Kleeseidekérner in den exportierten Kleesaaten zu lésen.

Formell wird beantragt, die Kommission mége in erster Reihe aus Vertretern
der Kleesaaten produzierenden und exportierenden Lander zusammengesetzt
werden, zu denen auch Vertreter der konsumierenden Linder zuzuziehen waren.
‘Die derart zusammengesetzte Kommission mige sich mit allen die Kleeseide be-
treffenden und bereits wibrend des ersten internationalen Kongresses fiir Samen-
kontrolle verhandelten Fragen befassen, dieselben in bestimmte Antrige zusammen-
gefaft dem nachsten kiinftigen internationalen Kongresse fiir Samenkontrolle vor-
legen, damit dieser tiber solche rechtsgiiltig beschlieBen und sie zur Sanktionierung
den zustindigen Regierungen vorlegen kénne.“

108

Professor Johannsen:

“Meeting is adjourned until after »Die Sitzung ist bis um 2 Uhr
luncheon.” geschlossen. “

Professor Johannsen
opened the meeting and introduced erdffnete die Sitzung und erteilte das
the first speaker, Dr. v. Degen. Wort an Hofrat v. Degen.

Dr. v. Degen:

“With regard to the determination of the limits of the damages caused by dodders I must
refer again to what I reported on the occasion of the Hamburg Congress*). I then proposed
— perhaps in other words — that investigations should be instituted, to determine, where
this limit should be fixed in Europe, for a knowledge of this limit will be of highest.
importance in establishing the dodderlatitude. According to my experience this line should
be drawn approximately across Europe from East to West starting perhaps near Samara
passing probably through Kiew-Krakau, omitting the Carpathians and the Austrian Alps
and turning southwards from Vienna to Carniolia and from here across North Italy, runs
then along the Mediterranean, then it crosses France, avoiding perhaps the Central Plateau,
westwards to the Atlantic. South of this line the dodder ripens its seeds, and therefore
is to be judged quite differently in the marketed seed, than when found North of this line.

This limit must be regarded as a more or less broad band or zone within which the
dodder can mature its seeds or not, according to the climatic conditions during the different.
years of-observation; that is to say, a zone in which the naturalisation of dodder is doubtful.

But also North of this line there exist certain districts in which the Dodder can
inflict damage; these are districts, the more favourable climatic conditions of which are
characterized by the occurrence of southern wild plants. ;

I again urge the importance of fixing this limit in Europe and believe that in America
also there should be made a similar determination, for in America surely Dodder has also
a polar limit, which lies further south than the clover-culture.

’ I therefore propose that a resolution shall be adopted, according to which the Seed-
Testing Stations-shall be invited, to include in their programme the investigation of this
line. In this respect the work of those Stations in the countries through which this line
probably passes, would be of special importance. _

I shall perhaps from the part of the English meet with the objection, that the most
widely. spread Dodder (Cuscuta Trifolii) was first known and first described precisely in
England by Babington, one of the keenest of observers. But if we read the original
text of the first description, we find that it treated of an introduction at that time, with
seed — if I am not mistaken — from Flanders. °

The Budapest Station has thoroughly investigated several questions relating to the
‘Dodder. ‘Thus an experiment was made to determine the influence of the seeding - depth
on the occurrence of the Dodder and on the damage, which this parasite causes in the
open field; and an experiment to determine the proportion of the occurrence of Dodder
to the number of the sowed Dodder- grains. Both experiments are finished and: the results
published**),

Since then we have been occupied with the question as to the manner in which way
the Dodder-seeds can be most surely and with the least possible loss removed from the
clover or alfalfa-seeds. For this purpose generally sieves are employed. ~ In the case of
Cuscuta Trifolii this method is satisfactory, but not so for removing the Dodders of
larger seeds introduced into Europe from America in recent years, such as Cuscuta
arvensis, C. suaveolens (,C. racemosa“). For the removal of these seeds indeed
sieves are also employed, but yet we have no specially constructed sieves at our disposal

*) Jahresbericht der Ver. f. angew. Bot. IV. 1906: 298.
**) Landwirtschaftliche Versuchs -Stationen, LXXVII 1912 p. 67—128.

109

adapted for this purpose. The different sieves to be found on the market have been tried
with more or less, generally less satisfactory results. In some places also Trieurs have
been employed. Experiments have also been made in separating Dodder seeds by the
different specific weight in liquids, but these could not lead to any satisfactory result,
because the limits of the specific weight of the two seeds overlapped.

We early recognized the importance of having a standard-sieve for large Dodder-
seeds, and to construct this we took many thousands of measurings for the purpose of
getting average of the largest diameters oft he seed, on the basis of which the standard-
sieve should be constructed.

In the course of these experiments we struck by chance on a device which is
calculated to lead the matter in quite another direction.

An employé of our Station whose name — Louis Naday — deserves to be mentioned
here, made the discovery, that clover and Dodder seeds, when dropped from a certain
height on a porcelain- plate, rebound in a different manner. Whereas the clover seeds —
so far as they are normally developed and uninjured, rebound, without exception, out of
the plate, the Dodder seeds, which are of quite different elasticity, remain on it. In
virtue of this quality, which — so far as I know — has never yet been employed for the
separation of seeds, we have found a new method of cleaning seeds. The process has been
patented and now attempts are beeing made to construct a suitable machine. Some difficulties .
have appeared to its application in practice, which, however, will surely be overcome by
technical devices. I should here only point out, that an exact separation of the seeds of
flifferent elasticity can only be obtained if the seeds are dropped one by one on the hard
surface, otherwise they collide and spoil the result. I show you here this very -simple
experiment and you can convince yourselves that the separation succeeds immediately, if
the seeds are dropped one by one.

I believe the principle has a great future, for all the difficulties which are still
connected with the construction. of a suitable machine are outweighed by the advantage
that the separation of the seed (other seeds, for instance broken seeds can be also separated
by this method) can be effected without the necessity of using continous motive power.

Of this I wished to inform you as the most important of the results obtained at
the Budapest Testing Station.”

M. Bussard:

»Les mesures prises en France pour combattre la cuscute.

La cuscute est, en France, un fléau pour les prairies artificielles. Pour la combattre,
plusieurs mesures légales ont été prises.

La loi générale du 1 Aoait 1905, sur les fraudes en matiéres commerciales, trouve son
application & ce sujet. Considéront que la présence de la cuscute dans une semence con-
stitue un vice caché, qu’elle est de nature & causer 4 l’agriculteur un préjudice contre
lequel il importe de la prémunir, le Service de la Répression des Fraudes interpréte ainsi -
cette loi: :

>La vente & la culture des semences cuscutées est tolérée, au moins jusqu’a présent,
mais la condition expresse de fixer aux sacs une étiquette renseignant l’acheteur, portant
en caractéres bien apparents, la mention: »Non Décuscutéec, mention qui doit figurer
également sur Jes factures de livraison.

A détaut d’indication sur le sac et sur la facture, la marchandise est considérée
comme »décuscutéer, et alors elle ne doit pas renfermer plus de 10 graines de cuscute par
kilogramme de la marchandise, s'il s’agit de tréfle des prés, de luzerne, d’anthyllide, de
minette ou de tréfle incarnat. La toléraice est de 20 graines pour le tréfle blanc, le
tréfle hybride, les lotiers et la fléole« (Le commerce des semences et la loi du 1 Aoat 1905,
par E. Schribaux, Directeur de la Station d’Essais de Semences).

Il n’est pas inutile de faire remarquer que la tolérance dont il est ici question, tolérance
qui peut paraitre excessive lorsqu’on ne prend pas la peine de réfiéchir, trouve sa justification

110.

& la fois dans la difficulté, sinon dans l'impossibilité, de réaliser pratiquement, ave¢
certitude, l’élimination absolue de la cuscute dans les lots du commerce, et dans
les écarts entre plusieurs analyses d’un méme lot que le défaut @’homogénité de la matiére
rend inévitables.

A Vinterprétation provisoire que nous venons de signaler, un Réglement d’Administration
publique, actuellement en préparation, substituera Vindication nieeue des obligations imposées.
par la loi en matiére de semences. On peut prévoir qu'il ne s’en tiendra pas aux exigences
énoncées plus haut. La commission chargée d’élaborer le projet du futur Réglement,
commission ou figuraient les représentants les plus autorisés du commerce des graines,
s'est, ‘en effet, prononcée pour l’adoption des principes suivants:

1. Décuscuté signifie »sans cuscutee sous réserve de la tolérance prévue par le
réglement (tolérance & fixer, mais certainement voisine de celle actuellement admise).

Soulignons, en passant, le sens attribué au terme »Décuscuté« a la fois par la Commission
et par le Service des Fraudes; il n’a plus ici limprécision de celui de »passé au décuscuteure
qu’on lui a si longtemps donné dans le commerce.

2. La vente & la culture des semences non décuscutées est interdite. Cette vente
reste libre entre commercants et de producteur 4 négociant.

C’est la prohibition définitive de la vente des graines cuscutées comme semences.
La commission reconnait implicitement que le -réle du marchand grainier ne saurait se
borner & recevoir la graine d’une main pour la revendre & l’autre; qu’a la fois plus élevé,
plus difficile et d’une utilité moins contestable, il consiste & transformer, par une épuration
appropriée, les graines dites »de culture« en semences dignes de ce nom. Cette mission
incombe au moins a l'un des intermédiaires placés entre producteur et consommateur,
et le fournisseur direct de ce dernier doit s’assurer, quelle a été remplie, car c’est sur lui
que pésent les responsabilités immediates.

Ajoutons qu’a l’égard de la cuscute, la réglementation projetée s’applique aussi bien
au cultivateur qui-vend, comme semences, les graines de sa récolte qu’au négociant.
lui-meme; au point de vue des résultats comme & celui de la stricte on Vassimilation
s'impose:

Les pouvoirs publics ne se sont pas bornés aux mesures permettant estheinivs la
cuscute sur le territoire francais: par un décret en date du 21 Février 1908, limportation
en France de la cuscute et des semences cuscutées est interdite; l’arréte du 10 Mars de
la méme année organise, 4 cet effet, le contréle des semences provenant de l’étranger. Les
espéces suivantes ne sont admises & pénétrer en France qu’a la condition d’étre reconnues.
exemptées de cuscute 4 l’analyse; luzerne, minette, tréfle des prés, tréfle blanc, tréfle
hybride, tréfle jaune des sables, lotier corniculé, lotier velu, fiéole, ainsi que tout mélange
de graines dans lequel figure l'une de ces espéces.

Dans un avenir prochain, le cultivateur se trouvera donc dans la mesure oi la loi peut
intervenir, protégé par elle contre le danger d’introduire dans ses terres des graines de cuscute
avec les semences qu'il se procure hors de son exploitation; actuellement, il est averti
déja que ce danger le menace, quand les graines des tréfles ou de luzerne qui lui sont.
offertes portent la mention »non décuscutées« obligatoire pour tous les lots n’ayant pas
subi d’épuration suffisante; a lui de profiter de l’avertissement.

Mais la cuscute a d’autres modes de propagation que l’ensemencement des terres
avec des légumineuses souillées de ses germes. Ses graines peuvent étre véhiculées dans
les champs par les fumiers, les composts ou autres engrais organiques, les eaux, les
animaux, etc.; elles conservent dans le sol, pendant de longues années, la faculté de donner
naissance 4 des plantes viables, de telle sorte que celles-ci peuvent apparaitre et se dé-
velopper dans les cultures de légumineuses aprés une interruption prolongée de ces
cultures sur les terrains contaminés. Et puis, la graine n’est pas seule en état de
multiplier le végétal parasite. Ses filaments se bouturent avec une extréme facilité, d’ot
le danger de leur dissémination par le ratelage, le transport des fourrages, le passage
méme des hommes et des animaux.

111

Par suite de cette remarquable faculté de se reproduire, la cuscute ne menace pas
seulement le champ méme ow ses taches apparaissent, mais encore tous les champs voisins.
Aussi tient-elle l'une des premiéres places, sinon la premiére méme, parmi les végétaux
nuisibles auxquels s’applique la loi dy 24 Décembre 1888. Aux termes de cette loi, les
préfets sont autorisés & prendre des arrétés rendant la destruction de la cuscute obligatoire
dans leurs départements respectifs. Nombreux ont été les arrétés de ce genre. L’appli-
cation rigoureusexde la loi de Décembre 1888 est le corollaire des mesures sévéres prises
a Végard des fournisseurs de semences cuscutées; ces mesures ne s’expliqueraient pas si
le cultivateur négligent conservait la liberté de laisser le parasite envahir ses cultures et
se répandre ensuite dans celles de ses voisins, au grand détriment de leurs récoltes
fourragéer es.&

Professor Dr. A. Voigt: ,JIch halte es fiir dringend erforderlich, daB
ein bestimmtes Verhaltnis zwischen der eingesandten Probe und der Menge
der Ware eingefiihrt wird; es ist nach meiner Meinung nicht gleich, wenn
man von einer Ware, die nur 1 Zentner ausmacht, 100 g auf Seide unter-
sucht’ und von einer Ware von 100 Zentner ebenfalls nur 100g. Man
koénnte z. B. festsetzen, da fiir je 10 Zentner der Ware eine Probe von
100 g zu untersuchen ist. So wird z. B. fir die groBen in Hamburg zu
analysierenden Getreideladungen fiir je 50 t eine Probe genommen, fir
2000 t gibt es somit 40 ps die einzeln untersucht werden. Aus
ihnen wird das Mittel genommen. “

Dr. v. Degen disagreed and expressed surprise at the method used
in Hamburg, preferred another method using two kinds of certificates:
1) a simple certificate on the sample, not on the quantity of the seed,
2) a certificate on a more expert test- in which the amount tested bears
a definite relation to the amount of the lot.

Professor Dr. A. Voigt replied that the whole lot was not judged on
the test of a few seeds.

Dr. Buchholz: ,,Professor Voigt hat uns auf eine Sache von grofer
Wichtigkeit aufmerksam gemacht. Eine Probe, die untersucht wird, ist
nicht immer eine -Durchschnittsprobe. Wenn eine Durchschnittsprobe von
einer groBen ungleichen Partie genommen wird, ist diese eine Mischung.
Auf dem Gebiete der Samenkontrolle ist es sehr wichtig, daB das, was
untersucht wird, auch richtig gezogene Proben sind. Man muf nicht nur
Durchschnittsproben untersuchen, sondern eventuell auch einzelne Proben,
‘und wenn diese nicht iibereinstimmen, mu8 es auf dem Analysenattest
bemerkt werden. Es ist wiinschenswert, dai die Frage der Probenahme
auf diesem KongreB behandelt wird.“

Professor Johannsen:

“What Dr. Buchholz has said teilte mit, dai diese Sache sehr
is important and interesting, but we wichtig ware, daf aber erst die
must continue the discussion con- Frage der Seide diskutiert werden
cerning dodder.” miBbte.

112

Mr. Dorph-Petersen:

Dr. Buchholz’s question should »Die Frage von Dr. Buchholz
be referred to’ a committee. muB an ein Komitee verwiesen
werden. “

Adjunkt Vilke méchte den Vorstand Vitek fragen, was unter
béhmischem Rotklee zu verstehen ist. In Schweden verkaufte man viel
bohmischen Rotklee; dieser ist aber sehr verschieden. Welche Erfahrung
hatte Vitek mit dem Vorkommen von grof- und kleinkérnigen Seiden-
k6rnern in dieser Herkunft?

Vorstand Vitek: ,,In der tschecho-slovakeiischen Republik mu8 man
zwischen den Saaten, die aus Bohmen und Mahren stammen, und denjenigen,
die aus der Slovakei stammen, in welcher Grobseide vorkommt, unter-
scheiden. Aus diesen Griinden miissen die Rotkleesamen, sowohl von
Bohmen und Mahren als auch von der Slovakei, verschieden plombiert und
signiert werden, und zwar als echt béhmisch, entweder als seidefreie oder
als merkantile Ware, diejenige aber, welche aus der Slovakei stammt, wird
als solche bezeichnet, ob sie schon grobseidefrei oder grobseidehaltig ist.
Die staatliche Verordnung tiber die Kleesamenplombierung bleibt auch fiir
~1920--21 in Giiltigkeit.“

Dr. v. Degen: ,Jch méchte beantragen, dai die Stationen, die mit
der Seidenfrage beschiaftigt sind, beauftragt werden, die Nordgrenze des
Reifens der Seidesamen festzustellen und diese auf dem nachsten KongreB
vorzulegen. Sollten wir nicht einen Beschluf betreffend dieser Fragen fassen?“

Direktor Dorph-Petersen: ,,Diese Frage mu8 auf morgen verschoben
werden. “

Mr. Clark: “Since 1902 and the establishment of seed laboratories in
Canada we have never failed to determine the provenience of the seeds
in which Cuscuta sp. are found. Red clover and alsike of Canadian
growth has never shown Cuscuta. The line north of which Cuscuta will
not grow is far south of the Canadian boundary except on the Pacific coast.
A Cuscuta sp. has been found on alfalfa. It is very noxious; the exact
species has not been determined. There is a possibility of obtaining
a machine for cleaning Cuscuta. One is in use in Canada. It was put
on the market for the first time in 1920, but has not been thoroughly
tested yet. It is based on the principle of a cream separator. Red clover
and weed seed are placed in a test tube with water and nitrate of soda
(different °/o strength) just as cream and milk are placed in a centrifugal.
If there is a difference in the specific gravity of weed seeds and clover,
many weeds can be detected by this method. The machine can handle
7 bushels per hour. After treatment the seed is dried. It is not expensive.”

M. Douven, Directeur de Ja station d’essais de semences 4 Louvain,
Belgique: “What kind of salpeter is preferred?”

Mr. Clark: “Chili Salpeter”.

Discussion on germination.

113

Die Diskussion
tiber Keimfahigkeit.

Adjoint Vilke:

“In making investigations of the
germinating power of cereals ordinary
soil is. used. A higher percentage
is obtained than when filter paper

»lch habe wahrend 30 Jahren
mit der Keimung der Getreidesamen
in Papier, Sand und Gartenerde ge-
arbeitet und kann, was Herr Widén

is used. For 30 years garden soil,
sand and filter paper has been used
in these tests, and the results are
similar to these found by Mr. Widén.”

mitgeteilt hat, bestaitigen. Wenn
Getreide gut geerntet ist, wird es
immer gut keimen. Das nicht gut
geerntete Getreide macht dagegen
Schwierigkeiten. In Schweden sind
spit im Herbst geerntete Gerste- und Haferpartien oft noch unreif. Wenn
man sie dann in Papier keimen 148t, bekommt man schlechte Ergebnisse.
Man kann ja die Keimenergie: verbessern, wie es Herr Widén ausgefiihrt
hat. Man soll dies aber nicht tun; man darf nicht kimsteln, Das An-
schneiden ist schlecht. Wenn man anstatt Papier Sand gebraucht, bekommt _
man bessere Resultate; wenn aber Gartenerde gebraucht wird, bekommt
man noch viel bessere Resultatg. Die Humussdure hat dieselbe Hin-
wirkung wie die Natur. Ich gebrauche dieselben Schalen wie Herr Widén,
aber gesiebte Gartenerde statt Sand. Die Samen werden mit 1 bis 1’/2 cm
Erde zugedeckt. Man bekommt allgemein ca. 5-bis 10 °/o bessere Resultate
als mit Sand. Die Untersuchung einer Probe Hordeum im Herbst ergab
in Papier 40°/o, in Sand 85 °%o und in Gartenerde 98 °/o Keimlinge. Ich
habe auch mit Triticum und Secale Versuch gemacht und habe dieselben
Resultate, aber nicht so groBe Unterschiede bekommen. Es ware wiinschens-
wert, da® die verschiedenen Anstalten diese Versuche wiederholen und
ihre Erfahrungen veréffentlichen wiirden.“

Direktor D orph- Petersen: ,,In Danemark haben wir Papier aufgegeben.
Wir brauchen nun immer Sand. Wir haben mit dem im Herbst unreifen
Getreide Versuche gemacht. Es hat oft schlecht gekeimt; wir haben dann
eine Nebenuntersuchung mit 100 angeschnittenen Samen gemacht. Dadurch
kénnen wir beurteilen, ob die Ware spater, wenn sie keimreif wird, besser
keimen will. Es wird dann in dem Analysenattest angegeben, daf die
Ware besser keimt, wenn sie keimreif wird.“

Direktor Walldén: »Hs ist sehr oft vorgekommen, da8 Getreidesamen
yon den nordischen Landern nicht immer richtig beurteilt wurden. Ich
mochte deshalb bitten, daB die Vertreter der Lander, wo die Sandmethode
nicht benutzt wird, fiir Getreide aus Danemark, Norwegen und Schweden
in Zukunft stets Sand verwenden. Die Art des Sandes ist nicht die Haupt-
sache, sondern daf man das Material gut kennt, weil die absolute Wasser-
aufnahme bei verschiedenen Arten verschieden ist. Feiner Sand nimmt
mehr Wasser auf als grober. Die Wasserzufuhr mu8 gut reguliert werden.
Wenig oder mehr Wasser gibt verschiedene Resultate.“

114 | —

Mr. Clark: “In our laboratories, in making tests for the germinating
power of cereal grains we restricted ourselves to the use of sand in all
cases in which preliminary tests indicated that germination was below the
requirement for good seed. There has been painful past experience in
crop loss due to poor germinating power. Oats for instance could .not
resist frost. We have found germinating tests to be more reliable when
made on good soil with a limited degree of moisture than on- sand and
blotting paper. In frosted samples in sand we have used 1—2—3 °/o sugar
solution to feed the germ whose enzyme was out of commission. The
germination results were almost as good as when planted in soil. Check
tests were made on good soil (unsterilized) in which no cereals had been
grown. hitherto.”

Direktor. Bruijning: ,Die Frage ist: Wie soll man unreifen Samen
untersuchen? Wir sind nicht unzufrieden mit Papier und haben keine
Schwierigkeiten damit. Wenn Weizen im Keimbette liegt, sieht man bald,
ob er unreif ist oder nicht. Erweist er sich als unreif, so wird eine neue
Analyse gemacht; der Samen wird dann aber erst kiinstlich auf 30° erwarmt,
und dann keimt er gut. Wir sind der Frage weiter nachgegangen dadurch,
da6 wir auf verschiedenen Boden kiinstlich ausgereiften und nicht kiinstlich
ausgereiften Samen ausgesdet haben. Der erste keimte gut. Wir benutzen
einen grofen Thermostat, worin wir die Samen 48 Stunden liegen lassen.
Der Luftstrom darf héchstens 30° sein. Das Sandkeimbett ist nicht immer
gut. Manche Samen keimen besser in Papier, weil der Sand die Luft
ausschlieBt. “

Dr. Buchholz: ,Ich will nur bestatigen, daB wir auch in Norwegen
groBe Schwierigkeiten mit dem unreifen Getreide haben. Das Schneiden
ist aber nicht empfehlenswert. Demnach mu8 man oft in so kurzer Zeit
wie méglich die Proben untersuchen, um die Resultate abgeben zu kénnen.
Die Behandlung der Proben mit einer Temperatur unter 0, wie es in Un-
garn iiblich zu sein scheint, ist kimstlich. Die Keimung in Erde ist> viel
natiirlicher. Ob es aber die Humussiuren sind, die den Unterschied aus-
machen, kann nicht gesagt werden. Bohnen keimen oft besser in Sand als
in Rapier, weil sie in Papier leicht schimmelig werden.“

Dr. E. F. Simola, Helsingfors, Finnland:

»Die verschiedenen Jahre tiben einen merkbar verschiedenen HinfluS auf die Reifezeit
des Saatgutes aus. Es kénnen Jahre vorkommen, in welchen das Saatgut nicht vollstandig
reifen kann, sondern ungleichmafig bleibt. In solchen Jahren ist es sehr wichtig, dai
das Saatgut auf dem Lager nachreifen kann oder getrocknet: wird. In nérdlichen Landern
gebraucht man Darren; diese haben ohne Zweifel einen sehr grofen Einfluf® auf die Keim-
fahigkeit der unreifen Korner. In Finnland gibt es viele solcher Darreeinrichtungen. Wenn
aber das Darren die Keimfahigkeit der Korner kinstlich beeinfluft, so soll man wissen,
wie hoch die Temperatur sein darf, und wie lange man das Getreide trocknen kann;
z. B. darf man nicht alle Hafersorten gleich stark trocknen. Einige Hafersorten verloren:
ihre Keimfahigkeit bei 62°C nicht, andere Sorten verlieren sie schon bei 60°C. Beim
Darren ist es wichtig, dab die Samenproben nicht kurz nach dem Darren gezogen werden,
sondern erst nach 10 bis 15 Tagen, oder noch besser nach einem Monat, wenn das Saatgut

115

wieder ein wenig Feuchtigkeit aufgenommen hat. Wenn man Proben von gut getrocknetem
Hafer nach ein oder zwei Tagen nimmt, keimt er schlecht, spaiter aber sehr gut.“

Dr. Volkart: ,,Es wird besser,sein, wenn wir nicht von Humussauren
sprechen, da wir noch nicht sicher sind, ob es solche tiberhaupt gibt. In
der Schweiz haben wir hauptsachlich beim Weizen mit mangelnder Keim-
reife zu tun, und zwar immer bei deutschen und auch skandinavischen
Squareheadziichtungen, nie bei Landweizen. Sind die Wassergehaltsprozente
des Sandes als Gewichtsprozente oder als Prozente der wasserhaltenden
Kraft des Sandes zu verstehen?“

Direktor Widén: ,,Mit 50°/o Wasser meine ich die halbe Gewichts-
menge Wasser, welche der betreffende Sand tiberhaupt aufnehmen kann
(= 50°/o der wasserhaltenden Kraft).

Direktor Bruijning: ,Wir brauchen einen Thermostat mit einem
schnellen, trockenen, starken Luftstrom von 30°. Die Luft mu8 rein sein.
Dieses ist auch zweckmafig fiir feuchte Saat.“

Mr. Anderson: ,Oats is the most important cereal in Scotland. The
seed is subject to various troubles, frost, weathering (climatic changes)
and heating (in the stack). Good oats will always germinate but conditions
in the seed bed must suit the worst type. In making an experiment the
temperature should not be too high. The seed bed should not be moist,
but scarcely damp. In order that oat seeds secure enough water each
seed is planted separately with the embryo pushed down into the sand,

The same trouble has been found with the new varieties of oats as
Dr. Volkart spoke of for wheat in Switzerland.

Gartons new variety “Record”, for example, shows difficulty in
germination as do the Tartarian types. “Bosom pickles” (inner corns)
frequently do not germinate. It is inexplicable why so large a percentage
of “Bosom pickles” fail to germinate in an artificial seed bed, for when
sown in soil in the open, they commonly germinate to the extent of 100 °/o.
On the seed bed the amount of moisture should be equivalent-to the amount
of moisture the farmer allows as a perfect seed bed in good field soil.“

Direktor Dorph-Petersen: ,Dieses Jahr haben wir Schwierig-
keiten mit Hafer gehabt. Dieser ist allgemein keimreif im Oktober; dieses
Jahr wurde er erst im Februar-Marz keimreif. Die inneren Korner keimen
gewohnlich besser im Boden als im Sand, aber nicht so gut wie die
auBeren Korner." 2

Fraulein Jacobsen, Vorsteherin des Keimlaboratoriums der Samen-
kontrollanstalt in Kopenhagen: ,In den Fallen, wo man im Feld (Versuchs-
feld) bessere Resultate bekommt, kriegen wir zur selben Zeit mit. denselben
Proben auch bessere Resultate im Laboratorium, wenn die Keimreife ein-

getreten ist.“
. Direktor Walldén:

»Die Frage von Dr. Volkart, ob nicht die Landeortien von Weizen schneller keim-
reif menién als die veredelten Sorten, muf bejaht werden. Da die spate Keimreife bei
Winterweizen eine unvorteilhafte Eigenschaft ist, sucht man nun in Svalef Sorten zu

116 ee

zichten, die in dieser Beziehung sich besser verhalten. Die Keimreifefrage ist also eine
ziichterische Frage geworden.

Betreffend der Keimung der Innenkérner des Hafers mu ich bemerken, daB sie
schon seit mehreren Jahren in Svalef beobachtet worden ist, und daf die beim Abschlug
der Keimversuche gesunden, aber nicht gekeimten im Keimbett liegenden Kérner haupt-
sichlich Innenkérner sind. Dieses kommt davon, daB diese Korner spater nachreifen als
die AuBenkérney.“

Direktor Widén: ,Ich schlage vor, daB bei noch nicht keimreifem
Getreide auf dem Analysenattest angegeben werden soll, wie das Getreide

sowohl mit als auch ohne Keimreiz gekeimt hat.“ :

Professor Johannsen:
“Meeting is adjourned until schlieBt die Sitzung.
to morrow.”

10, Juin 1921.

Professor Johannsen
opened the meeting. The question erdffnete die Sitzung. Die Frage
for discussion was Professor Voigts der Diskussion war Professor Voigts
proposal from Juni 9 (page 86—88) Vorschlag vom 9. Juni (Seite 86-—88),

Dr. Volkart: ,Ich bin mit den meisten Vorschlagen von Professor
Voigt einverstanden und méchte nur bemerken, da® es ja sicher besser
ist, 6>< 100 statt 2>< 200 Kérner fiir den Keimversuch zu verwenden.
Nur finde ich, da8 es fir ein Laboratorium mit vielen Untersuchungen
etwas schwierig ware, stets 6 Parallelbestimmungen anstatt nur 2 zu machen.
Ich weif sodann nicht, ob der Auftrag, stets das Gewicht der einzukeimenden
Samen festzustellen, nicht zu weit geht. Ich “méchte vorschlagen, diesen
Punkt nur als Wunsch, nicht als Vorschrift, aufzustellen.

Ferner ist wohl die Bezeichnung: , Ritzbruch“ nicht immer ganz richtig,
da es sich meistens um Druschbruch handelt. Mit der Einfiihrung der
Bezeichnung ,,reine keimfaihige Samen“ an Stelle von ,,Gebrauchswert“ bin
ich sehr einverstanden. “

Dr. v. Degen:

“1, With reference to the so-called “Continental Method” I should like to observe
that in germination experiments we obtain results of quite inequal value according as we
germinate naked seeds, or certain fruits, as in the case of Beta, Coniferous, Umbelli-
ferae, hamp- and forest seedings. Where as we, in the case of the former and in case of
almost all grass-seeds, examine the grains destined for the germination-bed by all the
methods at our disposal (handling, transparency test etc.), so that all grains recognized as
unsuited to the germination experiments, are separated in advance and added to the foreign
matters, we do not pursue this method in the case of the second category, and consequently
the results are not of equal value. :

It was precisely this circumstance which induced our colleague Mr. Pethybridge
to employ the so-called “Irish” method, which, however, is much older, since it was applied
many years ago by Hiltner at Nobbe’s Station and in other German Institutes, where
it was formerly styled the ‘“Weight-Method”.

The cutting-test, that is to say, the cutting of the fruits after the germination test,
or the drying and weighing of the empty seeds (except in the case of forest seedings,

117

where the cutting method is in general use), is a process much too cumbersome as to be
employed for all the fruits of the second category.

I am unfortunately unable to propose a better process, than the so-called ‘Continental
method”; I must, however, again point out, that the results obtained are not at all of like
equivalence, for instance the result which we obtain in the case of French Raygrass does
not signify the same as that which we obtain in the case of hamp-seed, where the empty
seeds which get into the germinating bed diminish the percentage of germination, whereas
in the case of the Raygrass we removed the empty seeds beforehand.

We have made numerous experiments at the Budapest Station for the purpose of
separating out the empty seeds by floating the seeds in different liquids. But all fluids
which separate with certainty the empty seeds from the full ones (for instance Sulphuric
Aether) are inapplicable in practice, as they have an injurious chemical effect on the seeds
themselves.

In my opinion therefore, in the absence of a better, the Continental or Counting
Method should be accepted, at the same time taking into account, that the results are
not of equal value.

2. With reference to the proposition II, I should like to point out, that contrary
to the probability, that more reliable results are to be obtained with 4 >< 100 or 6 >< 100
seeds, it depends, in reality, on what method is employed in the Station under consideration.

In our germination experiments with 4 >< 100 or 6 >< 100 seeds we have obtained in
the greater number of experiments worse results, than when we employed our usual method,
which consists in germinating 2 >< 100 seeds. :

I believe that the cause of this paradoxical result is to be found in the Gevuuienes
that everything which disturbs the method practised through long years by the manipulating
staff, is detrimental to the result.

In germination experiments long practice which leads to a certain perfection, plays
the most important role.

Although long practice is liable to produce systematic errors, these errors are yet
not so serious as those, which arise from want of practice.

3. With reference to proposition HI, I will remark, that the 100 grain weight without
examination for moisture-contents has no real purpose, and this is confirmed by the great
discrepancies in the results, presented by the Copenhagen-Station. Also I am of opinion,
that the 100 grain weight determination is not at all necessary for all seeds.

4, With regard to proposition VI, I will observe, that at the Budapest-Station and
at many others, all procedures, also soaking, are used, which are-suitable for accelerating
the germinating process. I see no reason, why such procedures should not be employed.

5. With reference to proposition VII, -I observe, that the Budapest-Station and also
the Vienna-Station reckon all the hard seeds, which are almost all sure to be capable of
germination, among the germinating seeds, and enters in a separate column the percentage
of hard seeds. Through the addition of the hard seeds to the germinating seeds disappear,
so to speak, at one blow all the differences which appear in the results obtained at the
different stations. On the other hand, however, the buyer is adequately protected by the
indication of the percentage of hard seeds.”

Mr. Anderson asked whether the conference in relegating certain
matters to committees, intended to make rules for determining the purity
and germinating power of each species of seed.

Professor Dr. A. Voigt: “Yes, eventually”.

Mr. Saunders approved Professor Voigt’s memorandum. We should
‘learn to walk before beginning to run. Detail should be avoided at first.
All are agreed that these are merely suggestions, not rules. The wording
should be discussed, in regard to

118

Par. 3 “desirable” not “necessary”.

Par. 6 agreed with Hofrat v. Degen. ° ;

Par. 9 “intrinsic value’ = pure seed able to germinate. Should “in-
trinsic value” include hard seeds? This is not included in England
at present, butit is possibly desirable. The seed trade would wishit.

In the case of beet, forest tree seed and some Umbelliferae a true
“Continental method” is impossible.

In beet and mangold seeds there are kinds of empty seed.

1. Cluster in which the seeds are undeveloped.
2. Cluster in which the seed is developed but removed by mice or other
animals before or after threshing.

The latter (2) should be considered an impurity. The former (1) is
more difficult to classify. Chaff? Perhaps it is not correct to call it a
cluster. It’ will pass through 2 mm sieve in nearly all cases.

In pars. 8—9 a further point should be considered, namely the question
of sprouting. Dr. Bruijning has dealt with this question. His suggestion,
however, is contrary to the rules of German seed testing stations. The
matter is a difficult one, but it should be discussed in a committee appointed
for the purpose. Par. 9 (see page 88).

: Professor Dr. A. Voigt: ,Mr. Saunders meint, daB8 wir nicht fir
alle Samen die kontinentale Methode brauchen (spez. Riibensamen) und
meint, da8 wir Regeln fiir jede einzelne Samenart bekommen sollen. Es ist
richtig, wir*kénnen nie alles mit den Regeln“greifen. Keine Regel ohne
Ausnahme. Ich will ja nur die Richtlinie angeben.

Bei dem Auszahlen geht die Ubung iiber die Regel. Ohne Ubung keine
Laboratorien. Es ist eine selbstverstandliche Bedingung, daB es
immer reiner Samen, welchen wir zum Keimen legen, ist. Ich will
bemerken, da8 wir schon durch unsere Reinheit gleichartige Unterlagen
fir die Keimuntersuchung bekommen. Bei den Koniferensamen, welche von
Deutschland nach Schweden exportiert werden, haben die Kaufleute ab-
gemacht, daB drei Anstalten diese untersuchen sollen. Diese muSten iiber-
einstimmen, sonst wurde die Ware nicht angenommen.

Bei 6, 7, 8 habe ich nur das Stichwort gegeben. In Nr. 6 ist es in
die Hand gelegt, ob man das Vorquellen brauchen will oder nicht. Der
Satz kénnte so lauten: ,Vorquellen kann gebraucht werden, wenn
es nétig erscheint*.

Bei 7 gilt dasselbe. Uber die Hartschaligkeit sind wir einig.
Mr. Saunders hat hingewiesen, da8 in Nr. 9 zwei Meinungen vorkommen,
wenn wir nicht wissen, ob wir die hartschaligen Kérner mitrechnen
oder nicht.

Wir schreiben das Resultat der Analyse so auf:

gequollene
gekeimte nicht gekeimte harte gefaulte

88 4 4 4

119

Dann kann jeder sehen, was es bedeutet. Jetzt miissen wir festsetzen,
was wir als gekeimt rechnen sollen. In Deutschland miissen wir frische
nicht gequollene Samen als gekeimte aufgeben. Es ist eine Frage, ob wir
die harten Korner ganz oder zum Teil mitrechnen sollen, wie es z. B. in
der Schweiz und in Osterreich geschieht. Wie macht man es in Kopenhagen ?“

Direktor Dorph-Petersen: ,,Die Frage der harten Kérner ist immer
diskutiert worden. Die Frage ist: Haben sie praktischen Wert oder nicht?
Die harten Korner sind die best reifen und entwickelten und enthalten ver-
haltnismaBig wenig Wasser. Bei Lotus corniculatus kénnen oft 60—70 °/o
harte Korner vorkommen. In einem solchen Fall miissen wir notwendiger-
weise ritzen; sonst ist Ritzen aber ein zweischneidiges Schwert, weil hier-
durch: oft viele Samen verletzt werden. Die harten Kérner werden zu dem
Wert der gekeimten berechnet, wenn er nicht mehr als das Doppelte der
Durchschnittszahlen der betreffenden Samensorte aus dem vorigen J ahr-
zebnt fiir Gehalt an ,Harten Koérnern“ ausmacht. Ist der Gehalt an
»Harten Kérnern“ gréfer, wird der Uberschu8 zum Drittel als gekeimte
Samen gerechnet (siehe die verteilten Exemplare unserer Entschadigungs-
regeln, wo auch die Latituden angegeben sind). Wir geben auch — wie
in Hamburg — das wirkliche Keimresultat an.“

Professor Dr. A. Voigt: , Wir sehen, da8 die Beurteilung der harten
Samen sehr verschieden ist. Ich glaube, wir kommen nicht weiter, wenn
wir nicht auf jedem Attest das wirkliche Keimresultat angeben. In der
Schweiz rechnet man die halben harten Korner mit, die gequollenen, nicht
gekeimten Korner gar nicht. In Deutschland sagen wir nichts bestimmtes.
Die deutschen Kaufleute haben sich selbst Regeln gemacht und rechnen
die Halfte der harten Korner als gekeimt.

Proposed resolution: Mein Vorschlag ist:
Every certificate should Auf jedem Attest muB das
give the true figure ofthe ger- wirkliche Keimresultat an-
mination test.“ gegeben werden. Jedes Land

kann dann die harten Samen in An-
rechnung bringen, wie es zweckmabig
erscheint.“

Professor Johannsen: :
“We are all agreing and each »lch glaube, daB wir damit ein-
country can carry out the matter verstanden sein kénnen.”
as it wishes.”

Professor Dr. A. Voigt bemerkte als Antwort der Frage, betreffend
Ritzbruch, da8, wenn die gebrochenen Keime keine Pflanzen entwickeln,
sie als tot aufgegeben werden miissen.

Professor Johannsen referred the matter to a committee and gave
the floor to Professor Bussard.

120

M. Bussard

au nom de M. M. v. Degen, Budapest, et Professeur Schribaux, Paris.

Proposition

concernant les mesures permettant de déterminer les causes d’erreurs
dans les essais de semences et de réunir des matériaux en vue d’établir

une table des latitudes & admettre.

Une station, choisie par le Congrés, par exemple la station de Copenhague, divisera,
chaque année, un gros échantillon en échantillons plus petits, d'un poids convenable,
aussi uniformes que possible. Elle adressera ces échantillons, aux fins d’analyse, aux
stations qui se déclareront prétes a les exécuter. e

Les arialyses porteront sur un petit nombre d’espéces agricoles importantes; en premiére
ligne, celles dont les essais donnent communément lieu aux écarts les plus élevés et
auxquelles s’attache un interét spécial.

Les échantillons seront l'objet d’essais de pureté et de germination. Les résultats,
adressés & la station centrale, seront communiqués, & titre rigoureusement confidentiel,
a chaque station. ,

Les stations qui auront obtenu des résultats extrémes échangeront entre elles les
échantillons leur restant, en méme temps qu’elles indiqueront, d’une facon aussi cir-
constanciée que possible, la méthode d’analyse employée. Llles feront également
échange d’une partie de l’échantillon avec une deuxiéme station ayant obtenu un
résultat se rapprochant de la moyenne de la majorité des résultats.

Les résultats du deuxiéme essai seront, comme ceux du premier, adressés 4 la station
centrale.

Les expériences, répétées chaque année, permettront & la station centrale de réunir les
matériaux d’une table internationale des latitudes; cette table sera présentée au pro-
chain congrés.

La station qui acceptera d’étre choisie comme station centrale, s’obligera, par cela
méme, & exécuter le travail nécessaire.

Antrag

von den Herren v. Degen und Professor Schribaux, Paris, betreffend
Mafnahmen, welche es erméglichen sollen, die Fehlerquellen der Samen-
priifungen zu ermitteln und Material zu einer Fehlerlatitude-Tabelle zu sammeln.

Eine vom Kongref zu wahlende Station, z. B. die Station Kopenhagen, mége alljahrlich
ein gréferes Muster in miéglichst gleichférmige kleinere Muster jedoch von ent-
sprechender GréBe zerteilen und die einzelnen Muster an alle jene Stationen behufs
Untersuchung einsenden, welche sich bereit erklaren, die Untersuchung der Muster
durchzufiihren.

Es sollen méglich wenige, aber landwirtschaftlich wichtige Arten untersucht werden,
in erster Linie solche, deren Untersuchung erfahrungsgemif die gréften Differenzen
aufweisen, und solche, an welche spezielle Interessen gekniipft sind.

Die Muster waren auf Reinheit und Keimfahigkeit zu untersuchen und das Resultat

der Zentrale zu melden, welche das Gesamtergebnis streng vertraulich den einzelnen
Stationen mitteilen wiirde.

Die Stationen, deren Ergebnisse die entgegengesetzten Extreme aufweisen, tauschen
die ttbriggebliebenen Muster miteinander aus, wobei sie sich die bei der Untersuchung
angewandte Untersuchungsmethode méglichst ausfiihrlich mitteilen.

121

Zugleich tauschen sie auch einen Teil des Musters mit einer zweiten Station
aus, die ein Ergebnis erreicht hat, welches dem Durchschnittsergebnis der Mehrzahl
nahe kommt.

5. Die Resultate der zweiten Untersuchung waren wieder der Zentrale anzumelden.

6. Die jedes Jahr wiederholten Versuche wiirden die Zentrale auch in die Lage versetzen,
das Material zu einer internationalen Fehlerlatitude-Tabelle zu sammeln und dieses
dem nachsten Kongref vorlegen zu konnen.

7. Mit der Annahme der Wahl zur Zentrale wire auch diese Verpflichtung zu ibernehmen.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen: “It is to be hoped that each country will
participate with regard to those species that have interest for the
particular country.”

Sir Lawrence Weaver: “The suggestions made are so obviously good
that they should be accepted as a whole, whereas the details should be
discussed and settled in a committee’.

Dr. v. Degen:

Qu’il me soit permis d’ajouter encore quelques mots a notre motion, qui est basée
sur la supposition, que 1) ’échange des échantillons est 1a seule méthode & relever les
différences, qui se trouvent — par hasard -- dans la composition de l’échantillon, 2) la
communication détaillée des méthodes est le seul moyen de relever les différences causées par
Vemploi de méthodes différentes. J’ai lieu de croire, qu’un échange systematique des
échantillons et des communications conséquentes diminuera les différences quelquefois assez
saillantes, et qu’en suivant cette méthode nous arriverons peu & peu au but, de fixer
les latitudes internationales.

Il s’agit, en premier lieu, de fixer ces latitudes entre les stations en ce qui concerne
les graines, qui sont l’objet d’un trafic commun entre les pays interessées; p.e. il serait.
de plus grande importance d’employer les mémes méthodes et de s’entendre sur les
mémes latitudes entre les stations de la Hongrie, de l’Allemagne, de la France et de I’Italie
sur les graines de tréfle, de luzerne, de certaines graminées, que nous importons réci-
proquement. Il ne s’agit donc, en premier lieu, que d’un assez petit répertoire, qui pourrait
étre élargi au fur et & mesure.

Quant au travail méme, les résultats que nous venons de recevoir de la station de
Copenhague, qui s’est chargée de distribuer précédemment une série de semences entre
17 stations et qui nous a communiqué les résultats obtenus, nous donnent tout de suite
une base pour commencer les échanges; la moitié du travail étant fait, il reste que
jes Stations qui ont obtenu les résultats les plus divergents commencent 4 suivre la voie
indiquée. Pour le futur, je propose que la distribution se porte en premier lieu sur les
semences qui ont la méme importance pour les stations intéressées; il suffirait donc de
commencer avec un petit nombre d’espaces.

Professor Johannsen
suggested a discussion of the publi- erdffnet die Diskussion iiber die Ver-
cation of the report of the conference. 6ffentlichung des Berichts. _,,Dieser
“Tt is international and if the report ist international und wird, wenn es
is comprehensive it will be too ein umfassender Bericht werden soll,
expensive for Denmark alone. Ifthe zu teuer fiir Danemark allein. Wir
report is brief, thatisanother matter”. haben nur Geld fiir einen ganz kurzen

ie Bericht.“

Mr. Dorph-Petersen: s
“Tt is possible to print just so »Hs ist méglich, so viele

122

many reports as each country wishes
and will pay for; the government in
each case being bound. Mr. Clark
has said that Canada wishes 100 copies.
Perhaps the delegates are not empo-
wered to bind their governments
financially; we are willing to wait
a month.”

Exemplare wie jedes Land wiinscht
und bezahlen will, zu drucken. Die
Regierung verpflichtet sich aber in
jedem Falle dazu. Mr. Clark hat
gesagt, da8 Canada 100 Exemplare
wiinscht. Die Delegierten haben
vielleicht aber nicht das Recht, ihre
Regierung finanziell zu binden; wir
koénnen jedoch einen Monat auf
Antwort warten.“

Sir Lawrence Weaver: “Great Britain will take £25 worth”.

Mr. Bruijning: “Holland will take 50 copies.”

Sir Lawrence Weaver suggested that the order be given on a
monetary not a numerical basis. Each country will pay so and so much
and the number of copies sent out will depend on that.

Mr. Anderson asked if the “seed trade” could obtain copies and

share the expense.

‘

Mr. Bruijning: “Not all seed-dealers can be trusted.”
Mr. Dorph-Petersen asked Professor Voigt and Professor Jo-
hannsen to help with proof reading and hoped the report would be ready

by January next.

Dr. Buchholz

asked if “after” copies can be ob-
tained.

fragte, ob es moglich wire, spater
Nachbestellungen zu machen.

Professor Johannsen:

“Tf the supply is large enough.“

»Ja, wenn die Auflage groB
genug’ ist.“

Dr. v. Degen: “The papers should be printed in the language of

the speaker.

Also the discussions. All shall be as brief as possible.”

Professor Johannsen

suggested that exchange be reckoned
at normal pari rate.

Approval from all.

Adjourned the meeting until
after luncheon.

schlug vor, daB der Bericht nach dem
alten Pari Kurs bezahlt werden
sollte.

Der Vorschlag wurde einstimmig
angenommen.

Schlieft die Sitzung bis um 2 Uhr.

Professor Johannsen:

“The first matter to be considered
this afternoon is the place of meeting
of the next conference. SirLawrence
Weaver has extended the ho-
spitality of England. Is this official ?”’

»Die erste Frage, die wir heute
Nachmittag diskutieren sollen, ist,
wo wir den nachsten Kongref ab-
halten sollen. Sir Lawrence Weaver
hat angedeutet, daS England uns
einladen will. Diirfen wir diese
Einladung als offiziell betrachten ?“

123

Sir Lawrence Weaver

stated that he has been empowered by
his Government to invite the delegates
~ to a Seed Testing Conference to meet
in 1924, partly in London and partly
in Cambridge.

Approval.

The English delegates would
consider it a compliment if the in-
vitation is accepted, and they will
do all in their power to make the
conference in 1924 a success. The
end of June or beginning of July
would be the best time.

bestatigte, da8 die Einladung offiziell
ist, und ladet zu einem KongreB teils
in. London teils in Cambridge im
Jahre 1924 ein.

Beifall.

Ende Juni oder Anfang Juli
wird am zweckmafigsten sein.

Professor Johannsen

thanked in the namé of all present
for the invitation. All were agreed
that the next conference is to be held
at end of June 1924 in London and
Cambridge.

dankte im Namen der Anwesenden
fiir die Einladung; alle waren einig,
den KongreB Ende Juni 1924 teils in
London, teils in Cambridge abzu-
halten. j

Sir Lawrence Weaver: “In co-operation with Professor Johannsen
and others, I have drawn up two resolutions each in 2 parts to form the
basis for the afternoons discussion. It is important to have closer relation-

ship than a meeting every 3 years.

I propose:

1. That an association of official seed-analysts and seed control organisations

of Europe be formed.

2. That a committee consisting of Dr. Volkart, Mr. Bruijning and Mr.
Dorph-Petersen consider the constitution of the association, rules of
its membership and work, and circulate their recommendations to the

members of this conference.

Mr. Clark has suggested that an international society be formed now,

but I think this cannot be decided at once.

It is better to appoint a

committee to bring up points to lay before the various stations. There
are many questions for discussion, such as membership. What language

shall be used &c.?

This European Association can eventually join up with the American
Association forming a world-wide association.” ,

Professor Johannsen

asked Dr. Volkart, Mr. Bruijning
and Mr. Dorph-Petersen whether
they are willing to act in this com-
mittee.

fragte, ob Dr. Volkart, Direktor
Bruijning und Direktor Dorph-

Petersen: einwilligen, und ob sie

diese Arbeit iibernehmen wollen.

124

Dr. Volkart:
expressed appreciation and willing- »ich danke fiir den mich sehr
ness, ehrenden Vorschlag bestens, und
wenn Sie finden, da8 ich helfen kann,’
die vom Kongresse beschlossenen Ar-
beiten zu fordern, werde ich mich
gern zur Verfiigung stellen.“
Mr. Dorph- Petersen:
expressed appreciation and willing- »lch danke auch und will mein
ness. Mr. Bruijning was not Bestes tun. Direktor Bruijning ist
present at the meeting, but he was nicht anwesend; man weif aber, daf

known to be willing. er einwilligt.“
Professor Johannsen:
“Discussion on Proposition 1 is »Die Diskussion des 1. Vor-
now in order.” schlages ist jetzt erdffnet.“

Mr. Dorph-Petersen requested Mr. Clark to work in America for
the same results as those for which Europe is working so that the ultimate
result will be a world association. =

Mr. Clark thanked the delegates for their trust in him and stated
that America had learned seed-testing from Europe. Young as yet, she
hoped to continue to learn. Canada and the United States of America
had individual problems and would make individual researches. The work
is not in all cases proceeding as rapidly as is desirable. Hoped that the
results of this conference would be published in time that they may be
presented at the annual meeting of American Seed Analysts to be held in
Toronto next December, so that they may revise their regulations in
accordance with the opinions of the experts expressed here.

Professor Johannsen:

“Tf there is no further discussion » Wenn nichts weiteres zu dis-
Proposition 1 is to be put to vote kutieren ist, kénnen wir vielleicht
by roll-call.” ‘iiber den ersten Antrag abstimmen. —

The following will join into the Zur Mitarbeit sind folgende
common work: Herren bereit:

Professor Dr. A. Voigt, Mr. Douven, Mr. Clark, Dr. Simola,
Professor Bussard, Mr. French, Mr. Saunders, Mr. Anderson, Hofrat
v. Degen, Dr. Buchholz, Frekontroller Tryti, Direktor Bruijning,
Konsul Bilinski, Direktor Enesco, Ingenieur Bogdan Ferlinc, General-
direktor Insulander, Bureauchef v. Zweigbergh, Direktor Widén,
Adjunkt Vilke, Staatskonsulent Elofson, Vorstand Vitek, Dr. Chmelar,
Direktor Volkart und Direktor Dorph-Petersen.

Sir Lawrence Weaver wished to bring his second proposition before
the meeting.

Proposition 2. To appoint a committee consisting of Mr. Dorph-
Petersen, Mr. Bruijning and Dr. Volkart to consider

125

a) the unification of seed-testing methods in Europe keeping in view
the possibility of ultimate unification with North America,

b) the method of expressing the results of analysis and the quality of
the seeds analyzed and to present a report at the next international
conference. :

The good work begun here in Copenhagen must not be dropped during
the next 3 years. A machine is under construction, and by the skill of
the 3 colleagues, from Denmark, Holland and Switzerland, it should soon
begin to function. Methods should be codified with a view to having them
considered in London in.1924; it is therefore formally proposed that the

same committee consider the 2 points of the second proposition.
Dr. Volkart tibersetzte den 2. Vorschlag von Sir Lawrence Weaver:
Sir Lawrence Weaver schlagt vor, ein Komitee zu ernennen, bestehend aus
den Herren Dorph-Petersen, Bruijning und Volkart, um zu beraten iiber:
a) Die Vereinheitlichung der Samenuntersuchungsmethoden in Europa unter Beriick-
sichtigung der Moglichkeit einer spater herbeizufihrenden UWbereinstimmung auch

mit Nordamerika.

b) Die Art der Begutachtung der Qualitét des untersuchten Saatgutes und der Dar-
stellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse, und dem nachsten Kongrefi einen Bericht

hieriiber zu erstatten.‘

Professor Johannsen

The second proposal voted upon.

Passed unanimously.

The question of dodder is now
opened for discussion.

Dodder committee appointed
consisting of Dr. v. Degen, Director
Vitek, Professor Bussard, Pro-
fessor Voigt and Director Enesco,
from countries where dodder appears
in a considerable degree.

fragte, ob die Herren mit dem zwei-
ten Vorschlag von Sir Lawrence
Weaver einverstanden wiren.

Der Vorschlag wurde ein-
stimmig angenommen.

»Dann haben wir noch die
Frage der Kleeseide zu_ beriick-
sichtigen. Hinsichtlich dieser Frage
miissen wir ein kleines Komitee, das
freie Hand hat, wahlen. In dieses
Komitee sollen nur Mitglieder von den
Landern, wo die Kleeseide eine Rolle
spielt, gewahlt werden. Ich schlage
vor, daB dieses Komitee aus dem
Dr. v. Degen, Vorstand Vitek, Pro-
fessor Bussard, Professor Voigt
und Direktor Enesco bestehen soll.“

Das Komitee wurde aufgefordert, einen Bericht auf dem Kongref 1924

abzugeben.

Anfrage an die Herren, ob sie die Wahl annehmen.
Alle vorgeschlagenen Herren waren anwesend und erklarten sich bereit,

die Wahl anzunehmen.

Professor Johannsen fragte, ob die Delegierten mit der Wahl ein-

verstanden waren.

126

Einstimmig angenommen.

Sodann wurde beschlossen, da8 jedes Komitee seinen Vorsitzenden

selbst zu wahlen habe.

Adjunkt Vilke: ,,Es ist nur noch eine Frage, die ich gerne zur Sprache

bringen méchte.

Diese fallt zusamrfien mit dem Punkt 6 und 7 des Vor-

schlages Professor Voigts. Wenn man eine Probe von Trifolium hybridum
auf Keimkraft untersucht, bekommt man z. B. folgende Resultate:

z Gequollene
Gekeimte nicht gekeimte
70 24

Harte Gefaulte
4 2

Wenn man aber die Probe in einem Magazin, das sehr trocken ist,
lagert, bekommt man vielleicht bei der nach einer Zeit wiederholten

Keimung ein anderes Resultat:

. Gequollene
Gekeinite nicht gekeimte
70 2

Harte Gefaulte
20 8

Wie soll man den Ersatz berechnen? Es ist eine Frage von gro8er
Bedeutung. Es kommt auch bei Trifolium pratense vor, aber nicht mit

so groBem Unterschied.“ +
Professor Johannsen:
Komitee behandelt werden soll.“

»Hs ist dies eine Frage, die von dem gewahlten

Mr. Dorph-Petersen

made announcements in regards to
the excursions to Tystofte June 11
and to Amagergaard June 13.

machte einige Bemerkungen betreffend

die Exkursion nach Tystofte und

Amagergaard.

Professor Johannsen:

“The program for the meetings
is now completed. Are there any
questions 2”

»Das Programm der Sitzung ist
jetzt beendigt. Hat jemand noch
etwas zu bemerken ?“

Dr. Buchholz fragte, ob jemand beobachtet hatte, ob das niedrige
K6érnergewicht Hinflu8 auf die Keimfahigkeit hat.
Direktor Douven fragte, ob es a sei, die Magdeburger

Normen zu erbreueiel.

Professor Johannsen:

These questions should be refer-
red to the elected committee. A motion
to adjourn was now in order, but
before it is made wished to express his
appreciation of the courteous form in
which the discussions had been carried
‘on and hoped that the conference
had not been held in vain. Wished to
thank each delegate for coming and
to extend a special thank to Mr. Clark
for coming “d’outre mer”.

»Dies sind spezielle Fragen, deren
Behandlung nun dem _ gewdhlten
Komitee zufallt. Ich muf jetzt diese
Sitzung und damit den Kongref
schlieBen, und ich tue das mit groBer
Befriedigung. Herzlichen Dank allen
fiir die Teilnahme und das kollegiale
Zusammenwirken. Ich hoffe, daB der
Kongre8 nicht umsonst gewesen ist.“

127

Professor Dr. A Voigt:

“International conference is like
a germination test with sprouted seed.
The seed sprouted in 1906 and in
1910 and then began to dry up. Had
it not been for the energy and
initiative of ‘Professor Johannsen,
Mr. Dorph- Petersen
Lawrence Weaver it would never
have come to live again. Hearty
thanks must be expressed to these

and Sir.

»Die internationale Verstandi-
gung iiber die Bewertung landwirt-
schaftlicher Samereien entspricht
einem allgemeinen Bediirfnis. Der
Dank fiir diesen 3. Kongref gebiihrt
Sir Lawrence Weaver. Das Ge-
lingen des Kongresses verdanken

‘wir aber in erster Linie und itber-
haupt der vorbereitenden Tatigkeit
unseres lieben Freundes Dorph-

three by a 3 fold Hurrah!” Petersen, dessen mustergiiltige
Anstalt und dessen segensreiches
Wirken fiir die danische Landwirt-
schaft und den danischen Saathande}
hierfiir die besten Garantien boten,
und der ebenso sachkundigen wie
liebenswiirdigen Geschaftsfiithrung
unseres allverehrtesten Prasidenten,
_ Professor Johannsen. Ich spreche
hiermit beiden den Dank des Kon-
gresses aus und bitte Sie, meine
Herren, dies durch ein dreifaches
Hoch zu bestatigen. “

Sir Lawrence Weaver wished to claim a father’s privilege of speaking
to his children and could not leave the room without thanking Professor
Johannsen and Mr. Dorph-Petersen. Professor Johannsen combined
the charm of a patriotic Dane with that of a citizen of the world and
his sweetness of temper is apparent in both roles. Would return to
England and try to emulate Johannsen’s skill and tact and Dorph-
Petersen’s energy and modesty.’ Expressed his thanks to the staff of
assistents. \ \ :

Mr. Insulander wished to express his thanks to Professor Johannsen
and Mr. Dorph-Petersen and added the thanks of his government to
what had been said before. :

Professeur Bussard s’est associé & ces déclarations.

_ Professor Johannsen io
expressed his appreciation of the dankte fir alle die freundlichen Worte
friendly words that had been said. und schlo®B den Kongref.
The meeting was now adjourned.

: Index.
Page
Professor Dr. W. Johannsen, Copenhagen: Opening of the Congress......... 38—4
Director Dorph-Petersen, Copenhagen: Adresses the Congress ............ 4—13
(Delegates of the different countries, the Danish State Seed Testing Station,
“the automatic control”).
Election of the President......... 0... cece cece cette eee eee amyl 13
Meeting’ June 6 v2 csssisyscswwesssuncseerienswtauneaae shtadywss 18—32
Director Bruijning, Wageningen: “General views concerning the international
unification of methods of testing seeds in the interest of trade, more especially
with regard to the purity of seeds” ..................0. side's Chain wrere ans Sidi 13—26 -
TYISCUSS1OM sce tient ig Ne asia th oad Wicdecle wn a a haste banesaee Ue YE lato aedan Gepnden ea en aria teense a 26—32
Meeting Je 7 casacqcacinayugg gam, Sid ces Senmnewanen Sign Gens 82—68
Dr. Volkart, Ziirich: “The determination of the origin of agricultural seeds”. 32—43
DiSGUSSI00 ai ca ee chk sare cate ne ule ome aman On EN aaa eae eer rere een 438—48
Sir Lawrence Weaver, London: “The Seeds Act 1920 and the National ;
Institute of Agricultural Botany” .......0 0... ccc cece eee eee eee ase 49—58
Director Saunders, London: “Seed Testing in the United Kingdom”......... 58—62
Dr. Brown, Washington: “Seed Testing in the United States of America” (Read
by Mrs. Kelpin Rayn)............. aces apn alas ass acatrepd acsea sake boniose Sapa tidnyar tts soni dete 62—65
Mr. Clark, Canada: “Seed Testing and Seed Control in Canada” se aieeah ct uy 66—68"
Discussion ........ hese Sota acts ibs eatin RR eee! Sie OP in SHON Orb A DIG Be SOR Bes ae 68
EXursi0ns.ccsc0ct.abeacravateg etna ease sacs ome ane see te wm fame ee Qa RS 4 68
Mba tiie] Une Bias cea linntice si greet tastes cere ates 68—76
Director Dorph-Petersen, Copenhagen: “Remarks on the Investigations, of ,
the Purity of Strain and Freedom from Disease of Seed”..............0.4. 69—73
DiscUssiOn 4c tesa tewn Ses oe At a le bead ae eee ee ees Oe taleee 73—76
BXCUTSIONS 6 oijeci dues csde beds os aes aS ee eee ee eee 76
Meeting June 9 oc ccie sear vercenss PAW naiG Rasa ea eee aea es 76—116
Report of the Results of the seed analyses carried out by 22—24 stations in
order to investigate the conformity of the results of seed analyses ......... 77—83
Professor Dr. A. Voigt, Hamburg: “The Present State of Methods of Germinating
MOSte sis & 4 sccdsiseasvsns toe acces oles $A OR acne ORES SERA RnR CARER Ae LO KEE Esai s Aw 76—86
Professor Dr. A. Voigt, Hamburg: “General directions for germination tests” . 86—88
Director Widén, @rebro: “The Germination of Cereals”..... Meas be Cie Sea 88—92
Ing. Komers, Wien: “The Testing and Valuation of Beet Seeds” (read by
Professor Voigt) ......+..-- MacsTacuestesat seo Wenn SRUgaG GOSS UAH sap eh Made aes as 92—106
Dr. Vitek, Prag: “The Testing of Dodder Seeds”...................-.. +++ 106—107
Dr. v. Degen, Budapest: ‘Remarks on Dodder Seeds”.............. da tieearass 108—109-
Director Bussard, Paris: “The Measures Taken in France to exterminate a
Dodder Plants 2s vave oe sac saccade cepa se eke eee ke ae eee A he ck abcess 109-111
Discussion on Dodder..........0ccceee cece eect tee ee eee eeeneres ee pda 111-112 _
Discussion on the Germination of Cereals ............ 0. eee ee cece eens 113—116
Meeting June 10............+++-. ee er 116—127
Discussion on Professor Dr. A. Voigt’s “General directions for germination tests”
(Page 86-—88)..... cc cece cece eee e eee nee e eee eee enna teen ences 116—119
Dr. v. Degen, Budapest, and Professor Schribaux, Paris: ‘Proposition con-
cerning the methods allowed for determining the errors in seed testing for
collecting the material to fix the latitudes to be allowed”................. 120—121
Discussion on the Issue of the Report........... - (Mee ce PER SE MENT RUSS ORS 121—122
Determination of the next meeting of the Congress (London 1924).... .... .. 122—123
Discussion on International Collaboration ................. eee. pauiilyatneatanonses 123—126
"Hix curslONS sas cecacd-< bec: aed Lae SORTER SEs Ohad Y Loo Pee Rae Re ' 1296

Close of the Congress....... A He he tcc cc orn Desc ae gl tia neh pte th AE fetus 127

130

Résumé.

, - Page
Professeur Dr. W. Johannsen, Copenhague: L’Inauguration du congrés ...... 3-4
Directeur Dorph-Petersen, Copenhague: L’Adresse au congrés............. 4—13

(les Délégués des différents pays, la station d’essai de semences de l'état danois,
la contréle autonome).
LSC HOD: CW PRESIM SME. aj. cn ges wines ca cctornys aosaun hosted ivan nari ae gnaser FUR Nog: eeiceug. 8 Nada Rwpuee ga a 18.
Assemblée le 6. Juin .......... 0c cece cece cece eee ee ee eees wees 18-39
Directeur Bruijning, Wageningen: »Vue~ général concernant 1l’unification
internationale des méthodes des essais de semences dans l’intérét du commerce, ;
+ spécialement concernant la pureté des semencest...........0e eee eee eeeeee 138—26
DiscUssiOn ss sinapeiiek dane adiow anes davies eked yah ero a Ree 26—32
Assemblée le 7, Juin ............ cece eee eect eect een n eens 82—68
Dr. Volkart, Ziirich: »Détermination d'origine des semences«...... ictutvvbeasnscs 32—43
DiS CUSsi On eraser sara nace sonnenewn ane Heures eae Seen ROIS ee roe 43—48
Sit Lawrence Weaver, Londres: »Loi des semences (»The Seeds Act«) 1920

et l'Institut National de Botanique Agricole«.......... 0... cece cee eee aes 49—58
Directeur Saunders, Londres: »L’Essais des semences au Royaume Uni«c..... 58—62
Dr. Brown, Washington: >L’Essais des semences aux Etats Unis de l’Amérique

a Nord (donné par Mrs. Kolpin Ravn) ..........-. cea c cece e eect eee eens 62—65

. Clark, la Canada: »L’Essais de semences et la contréle en Canadac ..... 66—68
euadinn BUS BNE aetna atin Gamdete neues Ayden g hows gaan ae une Grins gjintiia madara ace 23 68
RX CUTSION ic do scan aoneyereeins mare @MecnR eee tated salen 68

Assemblée le 8. Juin 00.0.0... ccc cece cece cent cece eee e ree eee 68—76
Directeur Dorph-Petersen, Copenhague: »Communications sur les études de

la pureté des sortes et liberté des maladies des plantes des céreales« ....... 69—73
AES CUSS VO Ts sic bcc cel ecse cara anaes 9 aa ds vnc yn eweapayavardaleds F aublpautaramouaoanasltdaaiua aS 73—76
Excursion............... ed S Ag TAR OE ee oked SEE TE eRe ae ape eee 76

Assémblée: le: 92 Jui: scssecsetnxsweevenaseucdenevenrsamsaaes ss 76—116
Compte rendu des résultats des essais de semences faits aux 22—24 stations d’essais .
pour éprouver la conformité des méthodes d’analyses des semences.......... 71-83

Professeur Dr. A. Voigt, Hambourg: >L’état présent des essais de germinatione 76—86.
’ Professeur Dr. A. Voigt, Hambourg: »Directions pour la détermination du pouvoir

MCTMINALIES wines sae domed dene waenrmten Rae amine ean Baa Paes Gale eave onsen 86—88
Directeur Widén, Orebro: »La germination des cérealese ................005 88—92
Ing. Komers, Wien: »L’Examination et.l’estimation des semences de siumiuaes

(donné par 'Professeur Vo LOC) nati cpp qro ner tuo teh athe Gonden Takin Gime utes d -92—106
Dr. Vitek, Prague: »La question de la cuscutec...... sic ieaghien delaesaseyew meen aes iaanaty 106—107
Dr. v. Degen, Budapest: »>Remarques sur le méme sujete ..............0055 108—109
Professeur Bussard, Paris: »Les mesures prises en France pour combattre la

CUSCULCR ia warewaleninsiine vegas eed wie teed Rieadardiareadis bane sae yawioteak aehers Meera 109—111
Disewsaion: Suit la CUstitteicn scseg. c-ossce severe needa ese dace senate arate vauias sigan ln whautlol) atinanapeh te 111—112
Discussion sur la germination des céreales ....... 0.0... cece cece eee e ees 113—116

Assembléé le 10) SUN secisecvee ceevaewvi passe ed arteawnaaeat 116—127
Discussion sur »Les directions pour la détermination an pouvoir germinatif«
CD BGO ABB) asounis season c sarees uae eis sae ia oad dem areal eaneshee aco srodaneper ddeave tba lea aS 116—119

Dr. v. Degen, Budapest et Professeur Schribaux, Pariee »Proposition con-
cernant les mesures permettant de déterminer les causes d’erreurs dans les
essais de semences et de réunir des matériaux en vue d’établir une table des

latitudes: 8: SdMCttre€ sites sosiccscisace scasve: sieve suave bain ede i Sapie p ReteaeeaNeane apoE S 120—121
Discussion sur la publication du compte rendu du congrés................... 121—122
Prochain congrés & Londres 1924 .........0c.cc. cece cecccceeeeceveeceves 122—123
Discussion sur la collaboration internationale ............ 0. .cceceeeeccucuves 128—126
UX CUESION vw sssicd ovina -tuernce, cud. waieee wal Stet eine ani ea 2a Stade dgarkanpes exes ERS 126

Vin, du, congress. scanseas sarin coins sms Sea A Oc mae Cheah Gia aieaneondss Sarees 127

q Inhaltsiibersicht.
Seite
Eréffnung des Kongresses durch Prof. Dr. W. Johannsen-Kopenhagen........ 3—4
Ansprache von Direktor Dorph-Petersen-Kopenhagen...............0..005 4—13
(Vertretung der einzelnen Lander, Die danische Staatssamenkontrolle, Die selbst-
wirkende (automatische) Kontrolle).
Wahl des Prasidenten...27.. 0.000... ccc ccc cc eect eee n eee eerie 13
: y
Verhandlungen am 6, Juni ......... 0.0 ccc e eee c eee eae 13—382
Direktor Bruijning-Wageningen iiber ,Allgemeine Gesichtspunkte betreffend
die internationale Vereinheitlichung der Samenpriifungsmethoden im Interesse
des Handels, besonders in Hinsicht auf die Reinheit der Saaten“’........... 13—26
DISKUSSION soc. oh kes spin ti ava dow taal eared. dee eRe Parad oH PARR RANKS RARE Mees Os 26—82
Verhandlungen am 7. Juni..... Serene Sie eee . 82—68
Dr. Volkart-Ziirich tiber ,Die Herkunftsbestimmung der Saaten“......... ... 382—43
Diskussion sexi sei Seve teas Resa aye Sea eae ee aod aba ete ee a bana ened da es 43—48
Sir Lawrence Weaver-London iiber ,Das Saaten-Gesetz von 1920 und das
Nationale Institut fiir Landwirtschaftliche Botanik“ .....................0- 49—58
Direktor Saunders-London iiber ,,Samenpriifung in Grof-Britannien“ ........ 58—62
Mrs. Kolpin Ravn tiber ,Samenpriifung in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika“
von Dr. Brown- Washington ......... 0.0 cece cece e eee ene een eens 62—65 |
Mr. Clark-Canada iiber ,Samenpriifung und Samenkontrolle in Canada*....... 66-68
Diskussion: ae vs-geios ins sate wee acoale saa ee Rg ey A awacnasaeboed wera d a dew acs’ 68
BeSichtipUigen sche kite Ah nee ae NEW anes SE eee ee Lan eae Beate sags 68
Verhandlungen am 8. Juni...... pheGueaee a seis asthe tyre eh eee esas 68—76

‘Direktor Do rph-Petersen-Kopenhagen: Mitteilungen iiber die Untersuchungen
der Sortenechtheit und des Freiseins von Pflanzenkrankheiten der Samenwaren“ 69—73

DISKUSSION § cick ary Saw eS TMS Oo Wed Hada Gal Keb RR OwIR aes TeRG Oe 73—76
Ausfliige und Besichtigungen .................0.-0.00 eee eras ck iaiee onc 76
Verhandlungen am 9. Juni .............. 2... cae eee 76—116

Ergebnisse der vergleichenden Keimpriifungen an 22—24 verschiedenen Samenkon-
trollstationen, veranstaltet von Statsfrekontrollen” als Unterlagen zum KongreiB 77—83

Prof. Dr. A. Voigt-Hamburg: ,,Uber den heutigen Stand der Keimpriifungen“. 76—86

Prof. Dr. A. Voigt-Hamburg: ,Richtlinien fiir Keimpriifungen“ apiblage UNL eae esas 86—88
Direktor Widén-@rebro iiber ,,Die Keimung des Getreides“...............4. 88—92
Prof. Dr. A. Voigt-Hamburg tiber ,,Untersuchung und Bewertung des Riiben-
samens“ von Ing. Komers- Wien........--. 02-020 ce cece eects 92—106
Dr. Vitek-Prag iiber ,,Die Kleeseidebestimmung”.................... fs Sac ai 106—107
Ausfiihrungen von Dr. v. Degen-Budapest hinsichtlich der Kleeseide.......... 108—109
M. Bussard-Paris tiber ,, Die in Frankreich getroffenen Mainahmen zur Bekampfung :
Mer Kleeserdes jus: scaters-dssgi eve iae ate pas sein asa poasaisenets lode-or Saeplcy pones Wamwsees when als 109—111
Diskussion iiber die Kleeseide...... ...... 2... ec eee ees 111—112
Diskussion iiber die Keimfahigkeit des Getreides.................. 0.0000 113—116
Verhandlungen am 10. Juni ........... 0c eee eee e eee . 116—127

Diskussion iiber Prof. Dr. A. Voigts ,,Richtlinien fir Keimprifungen‘ (s. 86—88) 116—11®

‘ Antrag von den Herren y. Degen- Budapest und Prof. Schribaux- Paris, betreffend
Mafnahmen zur Ermittlung der Fehlerquellen der Samenpriifungen und zur

Sammlung von Material zu einer Feblerlatitude-Tabelle.................... 120—121
Diskussion tiber die Veréffentlichung des Berichtes......................0004 121—122 .
Nachste Tagung des Kongresses im Jahre 1924 in London.............. 2... 122—123
Diskussion iiber das internationale Zusammenarbeiten......... Cee ieneyerRees 123—126
Besichtigungen ........... 0. ese e eee e een eee ees SONS CER OR EN 126

Beendigung des Kongresses............ 0.0 e eee e cence nee eee n net nes 127

“

132

Abies pectinata.................000. 83
Accessory weed seeds ..............5 35
Acide cyanhydrique...... kere teens 37
Agrostis alba ............0.. eee eee 19
VAllemasne: os camcriaeta a cedaweciets 5
Alopecurus agrestris ................ 35
Alopecurus pratensis ................ 80
AMM ‘Wa] US) e.clsiaie «Hits cqued eae 34
AMMOYSOD «Soci wishes wither daca aouia notes 6, 31
Anthoxanthum odoratum............. 24
Anthyllis vulneraria................. 78
Appareil de Jacobsen................ 9
AT PONTING vais cies Yield errsice eioinane wom wa 5
Arrhenaterum avenaceum ............ 19
Arthrolobium ................000 000, 34
Ausfuhr — Amerikanische von Futter-
Pflanzensaat ...... 66. eee 65
‘Ausgewachsene Samen..............- 30
AVENA SAtIVAn cance see sakG eee ds 82
Avoine de Probstei.................. 89
Barley cantaduwud aus cae Gone 90, 91
Barley Chevalier.................0.. 89
Beans — Germination of ............ 114
Beet seeds ..................00- 92—106
Begleitsamen ............. Po uae eae 385
BeiZ iia o aed esaws hers caciadananand . 4
la Belgique, Belgien, Belgium........ 5
Besichtigungen .............. 68, 76, 126
Betais saw vases once indy yaealereadahs 10
Beta vulgaris hortensis.............. 81
Beta vulgaris saccharifera ........... 81
IBULIN SEDs sass cnt a ries arg oes eed 6
Po LAUS AUTO aod ce ache oie ay att es tema cine nn wo 37
Blés sisi ced ass 10, 71—73, 85, 1183—116
Blé brun de Schlanstedt............. 89
Blé Grenadier ...................005 89
Bl Perle 3 visenrccaneregecaderais . 89
Blé Squarehead .................05. 89
Bohnenkeimung.................000- 114
Brassica campestris rapifera.......... 82
| oleracea capitata alba....... 82
rauner Schlanstedter Weizen........ 89
Broken seeds............0000-0ee 88, 116
BBO WT cis wisen aatiniecs Guinn Aaumis oyasiy Sale wees 62
Brown Wheat of Schlanstedt......... 89
BRAIDING o. 6. eei ccc cena ge 6, 13, 73
Buchholy was ccaseecasensicnecscnes 6, 28
Bupleurum rotundifolium ............ 35
Bussard.............. 6, 26, 43, 109, 120

Calcul des probabilités.............. 84
Calculus of probality................ 84
Canada, .cicccwas vase reek waevesreae 5
Canadische Qualititsvorschriften fiir die
Ausfuhr von Rotklee..... (a ewmnat 29
Causes d’erreurs dans les essais de
SOMO COS e eiiad ceded enenr cua date anc 120
Centaurea solstitialis........ ....... “84
Céréales d'été ... 0... ee eee 34, 89
Céréales @hiver .................. 34, 89
Charbon .............. ennai 72—73
Chevaliergerste .........0.....00000, 89
CHM AR as seach cedanacrnieeadsen aaa aiisena 6
GIChOTIOM ss efoto u ae eaten 385
Clark’ ocscgcme twa vamen Reid 5, 28, 29, 66
Collaboration internationale... 120, 123—125
Colour of seeds *.............. 37, 43, 44

Compensation for inferior qualities.... 12
Compensation pour les qualitésinférieures 12

Congrés & Londres.............. setae, E23
Continentale Methode ........ 15, 86, 116
Contréle des plantes aux champs.. 70—73
Coquillages.............0...00. 36, 43, 44°
OOM ssiaasucey este 10, 71—738, 85, 118—116
Couleur des semences ......... 87, 48, 44
Cusecuta, Cuscute ...... 68, 106—112, 125
Czeko-Slovakia ..............0 ...05. 6
Dactylis glomerata ............... 19, 80
le Danemarkicicias sas euea seek sesso nd 5
Danish State Seed Testing Station.. 8—11
Danische Staats-Samenkontrolle..... 8—11
Daal. .c circa tenets Pontes 5
Daeus): osicvanteasaseeecveywes somes 9
v. Degen ........ 6, 27, 44, 108, 116, 120
DEE QUES 6:8 pasa rcrcisn ei ecda Guns Baird f 5-6
Denmark! wena vs iawvimasengnaas ees 5
Détermination de Vhumidité.......... 10
Determination of moisture ........... 10
Deutschland ............. 0... eee e eee 5
Digitarlacscscccevcsay eins inea vanes s ». 86
Directions pour la détermination d
pouvoir germinatif ................ 86
Directions for germination test General 86
Dodder .............0. 68, 106—112, 125
Dorph-Petersen ..............0005- 4, 69
DOU ED cocci dace her eoarsorameacs 5
Durée des essais.................04. 87
Echinochloa............... 0000 eee 36

Hinfuhr — Amerikanische von Futter-

pflanzensaat.................0000. 64
BOSOM) oi siace 5 sie 8 soca ta cae ae eee eed 6
Energie germinative .............. 10, 87
DMCS CO) oiissosse cnae evita sw caaieey wind caadees ci 6
Errors in seed testing .............. 120
Ersatz fiir minderwertige Qualititen.. 12
Hs parsetté: «000 ucesed ten tama gees 36

Examination des semences des foréts 9, 10
Excursions 68, 76, 126
Exportation des Plantes Fourragéres

des Etats Unis................... 65
Exports of Forage-Plants from the United
DUAtOS i.e aus ces pete eo 65
Fehlerlatitude-Tabelle ............... 120
Fehlerquellen....... eee eeG AMR 120
Feldkontrolle.................... 70—73
Herlines ss ceenavn water oawar bane aes 6
Hester Oval cgudhscdelsykecswuseae's 19
Festuca pratensis .................-. 19
Feuchtigkeit ...... a aes e peess 85, 90—91
Field control of plants ........... 10—73
la Finlande .................-0 020 6
Hann aNd 3:5: ene wacec eases send wees 6
Flugbrand ...................... 72—73
Foreign seeds ............ 0... eee 71
Forstsamen-Untersuchung ........... 9, 10
Mee ran CO see a areca ead ow od Bee weeeeaG aey 6
Frankreich. ccahelse ewes Oedaaeer eens 6
Fremde Samen ................ waees OL
French, ss0¥s ees cose ebe se sewees eas ._ 6
WUSaTWM: acon dae Pea ae Sas aan 74, 15
Garden-mould ............0..-00005- 113
Garden seeds............ee eee e eae 9
Gartenerde.......... 2. cee eee eee eee 113
Gartensamen ................-- radea tis 9
Gebrauchswert .............0005. 88, 116
General directions for germination tests 86
Germany........ 0s eee eee eee eens 5
Germination confined to special seasons 86
Germination energy.............:. 10, 87
Germination power of the com.. 113—116
Germination restreinte aux saisons
spéciales........ 0c eee eee eee eens 86
Germination tests — General directionsfor 86
Gernot sr eia gece eegre oseas 87, 1183—115
Germoir de papier............... 91, 118
Gerste...... ee re sere ere 90, 91
Getreide ....... 10, 71—73, 85, 113-116
Gradbestimmung fiir Samereien — Inter-
fationale...c. 55 ccseu ee wee te ee cess 23
Grade, Grad ........-...00e0ee 2. 26—28

133
Graduation des semences internationale 23
Graduation du tréfle rouge potr l’ex-

portation du Canada .............. 29
Graines brisées au battage........ 88, 116
Graines d’autres plantes............. 71
Graines dures................... 88, 118
Graines intérieures ............. 115, 116
Graines potagéres.............000055 9
la Grande Bretagne et l’Irlande...... 6
Grass, Gras ............ 55 hist ohdeand us eke 9
Great Britain and Ireland ........... 6
Grenadierweizen ........0..0..eee eee 89
Grenadier Wheat............ 000 eee 89
Gro8-Britannien und Irland.......... 6
Grotenfeld. «2.5 :..65 caens seasercsaes 6
Hard seeds..........- paki vcoagad 88, 118
Haricots — Germination des......... 114
Hartschaligkeit .................. 88, 118
Heinrich.j.c.7esaa ues an se serra eds 10
Helix acuta, H. ericetorum, H. obvia.. 36
Helminthia....................4.. 34, 44
Herbes...... FE ese ct Sia tae 9
Herkunftsbestimmung der Saaten .. 32—43
AiUltner sie ows swine s cise eee eeneyen eeu 5
Hiltner’s Method........... 73, 74, 75, 85
Holeus lanatus ...........00..0eeuee 24
la Hongrie ................ Sage egos 6
BUmMidite;.:6i0 2b cert eee 85, 90—91
Humus — Acides de....... processes 114
Humus acids ....4....-.....000 0000, 114
Humusséuren ......... 6... cee eee eee 114
FNgary «ade edeteue ye eeeens 6
Importation des plantes fourragéres aux

Ktats Unis vactveen yee iowa eae 64
Imports of Forage Plants to the United

States sisi sana halter tts eae 64
Inner corns...........00.0000: . 115, 116
TInnenkérner...........0 eee ee eee 115, 116°
Tngulaiider® vcs.c su ae ce og and eet aee 6
International Collaboration. . 120, 123—125
International grading of seeds........ 23
International unification of methods of

testing seeds ................004. 8
Internationale Vereinheitlichung der

Samenkontrolle ................... 13
Internationales Zusammen-

arbeiten.............005 120, 128—125
Intrinsic value................005 88, 116
Irische Methode .................... 15
Jacobsen Germinator................. 9
JONAMNSEN oe pc siae oe wes ae eee 3,5

134

Kalksteinchen ...............000005 . 86
Keimapparat von Jacobsen........... 9
Keimbett: civaccasmaceesssas 87, 1183—115
ReMWMdAWE? avis fs core ce peg duim vanny 87
Keimenergie ............0e0 eee 10, 87
Keimfahigkeit des Getreides .... 113—116
Keimpriifungen — Richtlinien fiir ..... 86
Kelmrcite oa vcccacees cummings eenwe eth 115
Keimresultat ...............0-2 0000 119
Kleeseide ............. 68, 106—112, 125
ROMOIS S65 acto. yajae grad dan naiaice-apeatnars 92
KongreB in London................. ‘123
TRE OBUIOR ssa do soyarotteandiatrasciecen, tarasiess Sereda 6
Lichtkeimung ...................005 85
Light for genmination Test? sssisceaden 85
DGLIMAG OMS? 5 ccsedaey ahs uses amdieanpiee eave cay 36
Little stones ................. 36, 48, 44
Lolium italicum ..............00.. 20, 79
Lolium perenne ................... 19
i B16 Cee eae ee 35
Lotus corniculatus ...............-.. 78
SM al Vaiseningescpnacgae eee weak veto ee 35
Maturité dessemences pourlagermination 115
Mauvaises herbes ............ 26, 38—41
Mauvaises herbes accessoires......... 35 .
Medicago lupulina ............ 10, 77, 78
Méthode Continentale ........ 15, 86, 116
Méthode d’Irlande................... 15
Méthode Hiltner........... 78, 74, 75, 85
Methoden in Wageningen............ 20
.Méthodes & Wageningen........ .... 20
Methods in Wageningen ............. 20
Miliaria........ Tee eee eee Tree 36
MGTEUP Er wraamd ealenainnecicke veut 85, 90—91
Mortifiér, mortify ......... i gcd athe Sea 73
Muschelbruchstiicke ........... 36, 43, 44
Netherlands ................-..005. 6
Niederlande:. » cc:.cn2caene neneveress 6
FAS NOT VERE iss asla non ian aidareecie eae: 6
Norway escg is segadaveae ys deke see vee 6
NOTWEBEH sai csieis cdiawsccalene sane eearen 6
Oats of Probstei..............0.0005 89
Onobrychis sativa.........--....000- 36
OPPO ts cws surat en Gi dest aces Gishosincetapeg 90, 91
Orge Chevalier ile esede | Glupasacaiiate sabe 89
Orge Primus........ Ph iab iu Riroaieees: Oo.
Origin of agricultural seeds — The
determination of the........... 32—43
Ornithopus sativus........ ee 20
Panicum crus galli ................. 36
Panicum lineare .................0.. 36

Panicum sanguinale ..............-- 36
Paper seed bed............0000ee 91, 113
Papierkeimbett ...... errr 91, 113
N68: Pays Bas: soe concerns acre onnneasy 6
Pearl Wheaticcnuqevans scan ceaeewasys 89
Percentage of moisture.............. 115,
Perlweizen «sc 2s..20a0ta cna aemmeemens 89
Pethybridge isi: swisies wigee ¢ onie nee ony ae 6
Petkuser Roggen .............-... + 89
Phieum pratense.............. 20, 37, 41
Picea sitkaénsis ................000. 83
Pierres} oct sewers eee viens 36, 43, 44
Pinus silvestris .............-.-0000 83
Pleospora graminea ............... 72, 74
Poa pratensis...............200005 19, 80
Poids 4 mille graines ...... 10, 37, 40, 48
Poland ass craps owes vanes Gattis mate seuials 6
Ol tie ies. cade Gaswe: Stactecw nacaun nacaues arent 6
Ta, Pologne: scse'sxux vasex cee ex ag sexe 6
Pour-cent de Vhumidité ............. 115
Pouvoir germinatif — Directions pour
la détermination du............... 86.
Pouvoir germinatif du blé...... 118—116
PYBSIGENE ¢<..ceg ieee gape seagagen 13
Primus Barley.................0.... 89
Primusgerste ..........0-. 0.2 eee ee < 89
Probsteier Hafer.........../..... weer “89
Provenance des semences — La déter-
mination de la ......... seit 8 en 32—43
Prussic acids sina < eae vsmwns.w rawness 37
Publication du compte rendu.... 121—122
Publication of the Discussions... 121—122
Pure germinating seeds........... 88, 116
Ranojevitch .............00 cece ees 6
Red clover of France, Czeko- Slovakia
and Switzerland ............. maaan 35
Red clover of Hungary ............. 45
Redis0il ecco srs way senor emake hae . 386
Reine keimfahige Samen.......... 88, 116
Representatives ............0.eeeeee 5—6
Résultat de la germination ........... 119
Results of germination test .......... 119
Richtlinien fir Keimpriifungen ....... 86
RAGPE d:es btn Sheen cae on nie EAS 5
Ripeness for germinating ............ 115
Ritzbruch .............0.. 00005 .. 88, 116
ROME WEL Ae ssseo. Sstncia siden toocatea wows sale 84
Roterde 00.0... cee ee eee eg eee eaes 36
Rotklee aus Frankreich, der Tschecho-
Slovakei und der Schweiz ........ . 85
Rotklee in Ungam............. ‘peas "45

la Roumanie ..........0.. i raelhehrsawanis 6

Roumania............0 00... . ee eee ° 6
Riibensamen .................... 92—106
RuUMANiIeD. sco0cs ca eee ea be ee alee 6
Rye of Petkus .................000. 89
Rye of Schlanstedt.................. 89
Saisonkeimung ..................... 86
Samenfarbe........... 0.00. cee eee 37
Saunders ............ Qactiess 6, 30, 58
Schlanstedter Roggen ............... . 89
Schneckens oy ccc 4660846 ead ihe Ses 36
Schribaux sax ne pevhGeveavddag ess 120
Schwarzerde............... 00005 ee WG
Schweden ise sdiccsauus oe suas eee ees 6
Schweiz as.se. ce tee aay Se we 5 awe 6
Seed: Wed ies Gara sietui wares 87, 113—115
Seigle de Petkus ........... ....00. 89
Seigle de Schlanstedt ............... 89
Semences de betteraves ......... 92—106
Semences pouss€es.........-.+--00ee 80
Semences pures en état de germiner 88, 116
la. Serbie: ciciacsnreisyiaws sacar eves 6
SOrbiétivv eis ciao sn ea ewaias ee ea ee aed © 6
SOrvidins deka edie hore ese ce ay 6
Setaria glauca ............ cece eee 36
Shells..... SR ADE ak pote Bara cond uats .. 36, 43, 44
Silene dichotoma..............0-005- 35
SIMOlA. Woes pei een tees coe ete hdes ad 6
Sinapis arvensis .................05- 34
Slovenéns dees oe edness bee ways 6
STU aseix h oaele ym oene aden Regine sedis 72—73
Snails; vy ¢sh2 Sere es Se PRR OR ES ee 36
Soak ig sc gsten ts es< cai s ania neees 88, 118
Sommergetreide...............005- 34, 89
Sprouted seed ........... eee eee eee 30
Squareheadweizen ................5. 89
Squarehead Wheat ...............04. 89
Standard Grades of Export Red Clover
Seeds-Canadian .........-.....0005 29
Station d’essais de semences de l'état
Ganois ... 2.6.0 eee e eee eee 8—11
lt SUCRE penance dan ceesrewe ee eadese 6
Jat Suissée vse dicidiewieisws oecese eee . 6
Summer com..... pithin Uae ak eave 34, 89
Sweden .....-- see seeee rete eee 6
Switzerland ........-. cess eeeeveeee 6
Table des latitudes .............-.-. 120
Table of Jatitudes...... 0 ...e-eeeeee 120
Tausendkorngewicht ....... 10, 37, 40, 48
Terre franche .......-..-seeeeeeeeee 113
Terre rOUgE ©... eee eee ee eee e eee 36

Testing forest seeds................ 9, 10
Teucrium botrys............-.ee eee 35
Thermostat...... 0.0.0.0 cscs seen eens 114
Thernosjems is sciscs cicssieseawns as 6
Thousand grains — Weight of 10, 37, 40, 48
Total germination .................. 87

Tréfle des prés de la France, de la
Tschechoslovaque et de la Suisse... 35

Tréfle de prés de la Hongrie ........ 45
TOM Pape oie dees Seg eae os 88, 118
Triebkraftmethode nach Hiltner 73, 74, 75, 85
Trifolium hybridum .............. 20, 126
Trifolium pratense .: 20, 29, 37, 45, 48, 77
Trifolium repens.................--, 20
THY tl ssssad hess aan oe thee ees ase 6
Tschecho-Slovakei................... 6
la Tschecoslovaque ................. 6
Ungam............. P oeaer oe wasps ashaess 6
Unification internationale des méthodes

des essais de semences............ 13
Unkrautsamen ................ 26, 38—41
Ustilagonis. w.etedyaedeeeinaating 72—113
Valerianella ............ 0... c eee eee 35
Valeur culturale ..............-.. 88, 116
Verbena officinalis .................. 35

Veréffentlichung der Verhandlungen 121—122

Vertretung der einzelnen Linder .... 5—6
VWAKGy wgecnd seta ce ae hie iE ROSA Oty 6, 113
Vitek. cevexeratitionedkeetss 6, 48, 106
Vizeprasident .............22. 02 eee 13
VOL bie. sheisia sessce adh busveesie ewe 5, 27, 73, 76
Volkart: us iceanves ais a 6, 30, 32, 74, 116
Vorquellen ................0eeeee 88, 118
Wabrscheinlichkeitsrechnung ......... 84
Walldén o..scesivesserevws coe seece. 6
Wassergehaltsbestimmung............ 10
Wassergehaltsprozente............... 115
Weaver’ wei cuaseamy ie 6, 26, 49, 122, 123
Weed seeds.................. 26, 38—41
Widens wi iede retin ante ees 6, 48, 88
Winter COM. oi cies eee eee ae 34, 89
Wintergetreide ................... 34, 89
Zirich als Sammelstelle fiir Provenienz-
FALCON so raese nets tec eua dh cae 44—47
Ziirich determined to study all indi-
cations of provenance .......... 44—47
Zurich point de ralliement pour les
problémes de provenance ....... 44—47
Zweigbergk ............ 0.0. cece eae 6

& :

Druck von Liitcke & Wulff, Hamburg.

REPORT

OF THE

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SEED TESTING CONGRESS.

COMPTE RENDU DU 4me. CONGRES INTERNATIONAL
D’ESSAIS DE SEMENCES.

BERICHT UBER DEN IV. INTERNATIONALEN
KONGRESS FUR SAMENPRUFUNG.

IN/A
CAMBRIDGE (ENGLAND).

7-12. VII. 1924.

LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE.

To be purchased directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses :
Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C. 2; 28, Abingdon Street, London, §.W. 1;
York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew’s Crescent, Cardiff; +
or 120, George Street, Edinburgh;
or through any Bookseller.

1925.
Price 11s. 6d. Net.

a 23301

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a 23301

FOREWORD.

The First International Seed-Testing Congress was held in
Hamburg from the 10th to 14th September, 1906, and the
Second took place in Munster and Wageningen from the 13th to
15th May, 1910.

Professor A. Voigt of Hamburg was the leading spirit of both
these Conferences, and the papers were read and the discussions
were held in German. The object of these congresses was,
amongst others, to obtain uniform rules of analysis for the
various seed-testing stations, but no Association was formed and
no co-operative investigations or research took place during the
period between the Conferences. Reports of the proceedings will
be found in “ Jahresbericht fiir angewandte Botanik,”’ viz., in
Vierter Jahrgang 1906, pp. 211-347, and in Achter Jahrgang
1910, pp. 209-273, respectively.

As a result of suggestions emanating from the English Ministry
of Agriculture and Fisheries, the Third Congress was held in
Copenhagen in June, 1921. Delegates from sixteen countries took
part in that Conference, at which many seed-testing questions
of international importance were discussed. The Congress
resulted in the formation of the European Seed Testing Associa-
tion, the principal aim of which was to obtain greater uniformity
than had hitherto been the case in respect of analysis results at
the various seed-testing stations. The report of the Conference
in question, ‘‘ Discussions at the International Seed Testing
Conference in Copenhagen, 6-10 June, 1921,” may be obtained
upon application to the Director of the Danish State Seed Testing
Station at Copenhagen, price 3s. 9d. a copy. At that Conference
an invitation from the British Government that the Fourth
International Seed Testing Congress should be held in England
in 1924 was accepted.

The following is a report of the proceedings of that Congress,
held at Cambridge from the 7th to the 12th July, 1924, at which
twenty-six countries were represented. In addition to the dis-
cussion of many important matters relating to seed testing, it
was decided to enlarge the scope of the European Seed Testing
Association formed at the Copenhagen Congress, to extend its
activities to all the countries of the world in which the testing
of seeds is practised, and to re-constitute it under the name of
the International Seed Testing Association.

a (5)28801(22499) Wt 16600—351/1119 750 6/25 (T.S. Ps. 892.) AZ

The object of this new Association is that of “ advancing all
questions connected with the testing and judgment of seeds,”
which is to be attained by comparative tests and research at the
various seed-testing establishments throughout the world, by
standardising the methods and terms used in connection with
seed testing, and by the organisation of Congresses, publication
of technical papers, &c. Full particulars of its methods of
procedure will be seen in the Constitution of the Association
which is printed in English, German and French in this Report
(see pp. 115-117, pp. 217-220, and pp. 171-174, respectively).

Ministry oF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES,
Lonpon,
March, 1925.

INDEX.

English.
Page.
Monday, 7th July.

Sir. LawRENcE WEAVER, London: Welcomes the
Delegates, opens the Congress and speaks of its
organisation and programme - - - 9-12

Mr. A. Eastraam, Cambridge: ‘‘ The Work of the
Official Seed Testing Station for England and
Wales ” 12-14

Mr. K. Dorra- PETERSEN, ‘Copenhagen : “ The
Work of the elias aici Seed Testing Association,
1921-24 ” 15-37

Tuesday, 8th July.
Dr. A. VotKart, Zurich: Introduces discussion
regarding regulations for the cape Seed Teputig

Association. 39
Mr. T. ANDERSON, Bdinburgh : ss Uniformity in

Seed Testing Reports” - 41-47
Dr. Y. BucHHo1z, Christiania: ie The Dstsenines

ition of Moisture in Seeds ” - - - - - 47-51

Professor L. Bussarp, Paris: ‘‘ Should not the
reports on the purity of seeds indicate expressly the
percentage by weight of weed seeds and the names
of those most plentiful in the samples analysed ; and

what species are to be described as weeds?” - 52-54
Dr. A. v. DEGEN, Budapest + Report of the Dodder
Committee - - - 55-57
Wednesday, 9th July.
Professor A. Vorer, ee : ‘ Germination
Methods ” - - 58
Dr. W. J. FRANCK, Wageningen : “* Germination,
Tests at Low Temperature, with particular reference
to Seeds which are not fully after-ripened ” - 59-75

Mr. K. Dorpu-Prrrersen, Copenhagen: “ Germin-
ation Tests in the Laboratory and in Soil of Cereal

Seed which is not ‘ Germinating-Ripe’” - 76-82
Dr. A. Votxart, Zurich: Report on the Deter-

mination of Provenance of Clover and Grass Seeds - 83-97
Mr. G. TryTI, Christiania: ‘“‘ New Methods for the

Determination of the Origin of Seeds ” 97-98
Mr. E. Brown, a ** The Evaluation of

Hard Seeds” - - - 99-100

Messrs. G. PAMMER and J. SCHINDLER, Vienna:
**On the questions of Hard Husks in Clover Seed
and of Broken Seeds” - - - - 102-105

Thursday, 10th July.
Dr. Fr. Cumetak, Briimn : ‘‘ Determination of the
Botanic Identity of Varieties in Laboratories and in

Experimental Fields ” : - 107-108
Professor M. T. Munn, Geneva, N.Y.: ‘‘ The

Work of the Association of Official Seed Analysts of

North America, 1921-24” . - - 110-112
Dr. G. GentNER, Munich: ‘“ The ebernination

of Plant Diseases Transmitted by Seed” - - - 113-114
The International Seed Testing Association (Con-

stitution) - - - 115-117
Appointment of various Committees - - - 118-120
Next International Seed Testing Congress - 120

a 23301

Section.

French. German.
Page. Page.

147 176
147-149 176-177

— 178-184

152-153 187-188
— 189-191

154-158 _
159-161 —_

161-162 192-194
162 —_—

= 195-£97
163-164 197-198

164-166 _

— 200-203

168-169 204-215

170-171 —_
_ 216-217
171-174 217-220
174 220
A 3

English.
Page.
Supplementary Papers.
Dr. M. Konno, Kurashiki: “‘ Investigations of
Agricultural Seeds with special reference to Condi-
tions in Japan ” - 121-124
Mr. K. Dorpx- PETERSEN, Copenhagen : es Exam-
inations of the occurrence and vitality of various
weed seed species under different conditions, made
at the Danish State Seed Testing Station during the

years 1896-1923 ” : - 124-138
Dr. A. v. EGER, -Badapests ea The Longevity of
Seeds ” - 139-143
Excursions + : : : - 145-146
5 RESUME.

Section.

French. German.
Page. Page.

—_ 221-226.

Section.

Anglaise. Frangaise. Alle-

Page.
Lundi 7 Juillet.
Sir Lawrence Weaver, Londres: L’Inauguration
du congrés - - 9-12
M. A. EastHam, Cambridge : “ Cuvre de la Station
officielle d’Essais de Semences de l’Angleterre et

du Pays de Galles ” - : 12-14
M. K. Dorrs-PErersen, Wopenhannes “* Les

travaux de_ 1|’Association Européenne d’Essais

de Semences de 1921 a 1924 ” - 15-37

Mardi 8 Juillet.
Dr. A. VotKart, Zurich : Proposition de Statuts

de l’gssociation Européenne d’Essais de Semences 39
M. T. AnpEeRson, Idimbourg: ‘‘ Uniformité des

rapports sur les essais de semences ” - - 41-47
Dr. Y. Bucuno.z, Christiania : “ Détermination

du taux d’humidité des semences” - - 47-51
Professeur L. Bussarp, Paris: ‘“‘ Dans Y énonce de

la pureté des semences, ne convient-il pas d’indiquer
expressément le pourcentage en poids des graines
de mauvaises herbes et le nom de celles qui
dominent dans l’échantillon d’analyse? Quelles
sont les espéces a Bignelbe comme mauvaises

herbes ? ” 52-54
Dr. A. v. DEGEN, Budapest: Sa du Comite

de la Cuscute - - 55-57

Mercredi 9 Juillet.
Professeur A. Voict, Hambourg: “Sur des

méthodes d’essais de germination’ - - 58
Dr. W. Franck, Wageningen: ‘ Recherches sur

les germinations 4 basse température ”’ = 59-75
M. K. DorprH-PETERSEN, Copenhague : “ _ Recher-

ches sur les céreales incomplétement mires ” 76-82
Dr. A. Vorxart, Zurich : Rapport sur la ee

nation des provenances établie par l’Association 83-97

mande.
Page Page.
147 176

147-149 176-177

— 178-184

150 185
152-153 187-188.
— 189-191.

154-158 =
159-161 -_

161-162 192-194
162 —-
—_ 195-197

163-164 197-198.

Section. .

Anglaise. Frangaise. Alle-

mande.
Page. Page. Page.

M. G. Taya Christiania : ‘‘ La détermination des

provenances ’ - - - 97-98 —_ _
M. E. Brown, Washington : “ Evaluation des- :

graines dures ” - - - - 99-100 164-166 —_—
M.M. PamMER et SCHINDLER, Vienne: Rapport

sur les semences dures et les graines brisées - 102-105 — 200-203

JSeudi 10 Juillet.
Dr. Fr. Cumetak, Brinn: ‘‘ Détermination de

Videntité botanique des varidétés dans les labora-

stoires et les champs d’expériences ”” - - - 107-108 168-169 204-215
Professeur M. T. Munn, Geneva, New York: “ Les

travaux de LAssociation des analyses officiels de

YAmérique du Nord” - 110-112 170-171 —
Dr. G. GENTNER, Munich: “ te détemninntion des

maladies des plantes transmette par les semences ”” - 113-114 — 216-217
L’ Association Internationale d’Essais de Semences

{Statuts) 115-117 171-174 217-220
Etablissement de différents comités 118-120 _ —_
Prochain Congrés international d’essais de semences 120 174 220

Rapports supplémentaires :
Dr. M. Konpo, Kurashiki: ‘‘ Examinations de

semences d’agriculture surtout quant au Japon ” 121-124 — —_
M. K. Dorru-PEeTERSEN, Copenhague : ‘‘ Quelques

examinations quant a l’occurrence et la vitalité de

plusieurs espéces de mauvaises herbes sous de

différentes conditions, faites a la Station d’Essais

de Semences de I’Etat danois pendant les années

1896-1923 ” - - 124-138 — 221-226
Dr. A. v. Degen, Budapest: “ La vitalité des

semences ”’ - 139-143 = —
Des excursions - 145-146 — —

INHALTSUBERSICHT.
Abteilung.
Franzés-

Englische ische. Deutsche.
Seite. Seite. Seite.
Montag den 7. Juli.
Sir LawRence WeAvVER, London: Eréfinung des
Kongresses - 9-12 147 176
Herr A. Eastuam, Cambridge: ‘‘ Die Arbeit der
Amtlichen Samenuntersuchungsanstalt (S.U.A.) fir

England und Wales ” - 12-14 147-149 176-177
Herr K. Dorru-PETERSEN, Kopenhagen: “ Die

Arbeit der Europaischen Vereinigung fiir Samen-

kontrolle in den Jahren 1921 bis 1924 ” 15-37 _— 178-184

Diensiag den 8. Juli.
Dr. A. Votkart, Ziirich: Antrag betreffend
Statuten der Vereinigung der ounopaischen Samen-

kontrollanstalten i - 39 150 185
Herr T. ANDERSON, Edinburg h: ‘* Ubereinstim-
anung in der Angabe der ‘Analyaotioivebiiens a: - 41-47 152-153 187-188

Dr. Y. BucHuorz, Kristiania :
keitsbestimmung bei Saatwaren ”

Professor L. Byssarp, Paris:
Reinheitsbestimmung die Gewichtsprozente
Namen der am haufigsten vorkommenden Unkraut-
samenarten nicht angegeben werden, und welche
Arten sind stets als Unkraut zu betrachten?”

Dr. A. v. Decrn, Budapest: Bericht iiber die
Arbeit des Seidekomitees, welches bei dem Kongress
in Kopenhagen gewahlt wurde

Mitiwoch den 9. Juli.

“ Uber Feuchtig-

“Sollen bei jeder
und

Professor Dr. A. Vorer, Hamburg: ‘“ Uber
Keimpriifungsmethoden”’ - =

Dr. W. Franck, Wageningen : : “* Keimversuche
bei niedriger Temperatur ” - :

Herr K. Dorpu-PETERSEN, Kopenhagen : “ Keim-

untersuchungen im Laboratorium und in Erde von
nicht keimreifem Getreide ”

Dr. A. VotKanrt, Zurich: Bericht tiber die an der
Vereinigung bewerkstelligten Herkunftsbestimmungen

Herr G. Trytt, Kristiania: ‘* Neue Methoden fir
die Bestimmung der Herkunft der Saaten ””

Herr E. Brown, Washington :
der hartschaligen Samen ”

Herren G. Pammer und J. ScHINDLER, Wien:

« Zur Frage der Hartschaligkeit der Kleesamen und
des Bruches ”’

“Die Bewertung

Donnerstag den 10. Juli.

Dr. Fr. CoHMELAR, Briinn :
Sortenechtheit
bestande ”

Professor M. Tv. Monn, enewa, ‘Now York :
Arbeit der Vereinigung der
Analytikker in Nordamerika ” :

Dr. G. GENTNER, Miinchen : “ Die Feststellung von
Pflanzenkrankheiten, die vom Saatgut ausgehen ”

Internationale Vereinigung fir Samenkontrolle
(Statuten)

Einsetzung verschiedener Ausschisse

Nachster internationale Samenkontrollkongress

“Die Bestimmung der
im Laboratorium und im Feld-
“Die
offiziellen Samen-

Supplementarische Berichte :

Dr. M. Konpo, Kurashiki: ‘‘ Untersuchungen von
Samen der Landwirtschaft, besonders mit Bezug auf
die Verhaltnisse in Japan ”

Herr K. Dorpx-PEeTEerRsEN, Kopenhagen: “ Einige
Untersuchungen tiber das Vorkommen und die
Lebensfahigkeit mehrerer Unkrautsamenarten unter
verschiedenen Verhaltnissen, unternommen an der

Abteilung.
Franzés-
Englische. ische. Deutsche.
Seite. Seite. Seite.
47-51 —_ 189-191
52-54 154-158 —_
55-57 159-161 —_—

58 161-162 192-194
59-75 162 —
76-82 —- 195-197
83-97 163-164 197-198
97-98 =A —
99-100 164-166 --
102-105 — 200-203
107-108 168-169 204-215
110-112 170-171 _

113-114 —< 216-217
115-117 171-174 217-220
118-120 —_ —

120 174 220

121-124 — —

Danischen Staatssamenkontrolle in den Jahren

1896-1923” - - - 124-138 — 221-226.
Dr. A. v. DrGen, Budapest : “Die Lebens-

fahigkeit der Samen ” - » 139-143 — =

Exkursionen - . =

+ 145-146

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SEED
TESTING CONGRESS.

CAMBRIDGE, 7rH-12TH JULY, 1924.
Monday, 7th July.

Morning Session.

On Monday, 7th July, 1924, at 11.30 am., the Fourth
International Seed Testing Congress assembled in the Council
Room of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany,
‘Cambridge.

Sir Lawrence Weaver (Chairman of the Council of the
Tnstitute), on behalf of the British Government, the Minister of
Agriculture and Fisheries and the Council of the Institute,
welcomed the Delegates, and expressed the great pleasure it
gave him to renew the very pleasing friendships which had
commenced in Copenhagen on the ocoasion of the 3rd Inter-
national Congress held in 1921. He expressed sorrow at the
‘death of Mr. Bruijning, referred in glowing terms to his services
in connection with seed testing, and welcomed Dr. Franck who
had succeeded Mr. Bruijning as Director of the State Seed
‘Testing Station at Wageningen.

He thought that the venue of the Congress was appropriate,
and that there was some advantage in being able to carry out
their deliberations in the atmosphere of a University town.
‘The fact that parties of the Delegates were housed together
would enable them to exchange ideas and to discuss together
the business done at the meetings.

Sir Lawrence Weaver then proceeded to read the names of the
Official Delegates, as follows, and asked each Delegate to make
himself known to the Conference by rising :—

Country. Name of Delegate. * Particulars.
Argentina Sr. Don Franco Devoto - Buenos Aires.
Belgium - - Mr. M. Douven - Director, Seed Testing Sta-
tion, Louvain.
Brazil - - Sr. Francisco de Assis Rio de Janeiro.
Iglesias (unable to
attend).
‘Canada - - Mr.G.H. Clark - - Seed Conimissioner, -Depart- -
. ment of Agriculture, Otta-
wa.
Chile - Sr. Don Charles Videla Head of Chilean Ethnological
Lastra (unable to attend). Laboratories, Santiago.
Czecho-Slovakia Dr. F. Pavlasek - Consul, Czecho-Slovak Re-
public, London.
Dr. F. Chmelat a Director, Seed Testing Sta-

tion, Brinn.

Country.

Denmark -

Egypt - -

10:

Name of Delegate.

Mr. K. Dorph-Petersen -

Professor W. Johannsen

Prof. Mohammed Showky
Bakir Effendi.

England & Wales Sir Lawrence Weaver -

Esthonia :

Finland -
France - -

Germany -

Greece - -

Holland - -

Hunga

Trish Free State

Treland (North)

Italy
Latvia -
Lithuania -

Norway -

Poland - -

Roumania

Mr. A. Eastham - -

Prof. R. G. Stapledon’ -

Mr. J. Juhans (unable to
attend).

Mr. E. Kirotar (attended
on the 10th July only).

Dr. Emil Kitunen

Prof. Leon Bussard -

Prof. A. Voigt

Dr. G. Gentner : -

Mr. 8. X. Constantinidi
(attended on the 7th
July only).

Dr. W. J. Franck -

Mr. G. Wieringa’-
Dr. Arpad von Degen

Mr. H. A. Lafferty

Mr. 8. P. Mercer -

Prof, Nazareno Stram-
pelli (unable to attend).

Prof. Varsberg (unable to
attend),
Prof. 8. Nacevitch - .

Dr. Yngve Buchholz -

Prof. Ed. Zaleski - 3

Dr. D. I. Androneseu

Particulars.

Director, State Seed Testing
Station, Copenhagen.
Professor, University of
Copenhagen, President of
the Seed Testing Board,.
Copenhagen.
Professor, Higher School of
Agriculture, Giza.
Chairman of Council,N.I.A.B.
Cambridge.
Chief Officer, Official Seed:
Testing Station, Cambridge.
Director, Welsh Plant Breed-
ing Station, Aberystwyth.
Director, State Seed Testing
Station, Tallinn (Reval).
Secretary to the Esthonian
Legation, London.
Director, State Seed Testing
Institution, Helsingfors.
Assistant Director, Seed Test-
ing Station, Paris.
Director, Institute of Applied’
Botany, Hamburg.
Director, Official Seed Testing:
Station, Munich.
Consul General, Greek Lega-
tion, London.

Director, State Seed Testing
Station, Wageningen.

Botanist, Chief of Division,
State Seed Testing Station,.
Wageningen.

Director, Royal Hungarian. ;
Seed Control Station, Buda-
pest.

Head of the Seed Testing and
Economic Botany Division.
of the Department of Agri-.
culture, Dublin.

Chief Officer, Official Seed
Testing Station, Govt. of
Northern Ireland, Belfast.

Director, Royal Station of
Grain Culture, Risti.

Riga.

Professor,
Dotnava,

Director, State Agricultural
Chemieal Control Station
and Seed Control Institu-
tion of Christiania.

‘Director, Agricultural Experi-
mental Institute, Jagello-
nian University, Cracow.

Ministry of Agriculture,,
Bucarest.

Agrarian School,.

Country. Name of Delegate. Particulars.
: :
Russia - - Prof. B. Issatchenko Director, Seed Testing Sta-
tion, Botanical Garden,
‘ Leningrad. :
Scotland - Mr. T. Anderson Director, Seed Testing Sta-

tion, Board of Agriculture
for Scotland, Edinburgh.

Mr. A. Main Chief Inspector, Board of
Agriculture for Scotland,
Edinburgh.

Spain - Don Antonio Garcia Director, Central Seed Testing
Romero (unable to Station, La Moncloa, Ma-
attend). drid.

Sweden - Mr. P. E. G. Insulander - Director General and Chief of

the Swedish Directorate
General of Agriculture,

Stockholm.
Mr. ‘M. de Wachenfelt Agricultural Adviser, Swedish
(Supplementary). Legation, London.
Switzerland Dr. A. Volkart Director, Institute for Agri-

cultural Experiments, Oer-
likon-Ziirich.

‘Ukraine - Prof. N. Kuleschoff Director, Kharkow Seed Test-
ing and Control Station.
International Sir A. Daniel Hall Chief Scientific Adviser,
Agricultural Ministry of Agriculture,
Institute, Rome. London.

Secretary to the Congress. Mr. H. Chambers (Ministry of Agriculture
and Fisheries).

Sir Lawrence Weaver expressed regret that, for administrative
‘reasons, the Government of the United States of America had
not appointed official delegates, but stated that the Congress had
the advantage of the presence of Professor M. T. Munn, President
-of the Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America.

(At a subsequent stage in the proceedings the Congress also
welcomed Mr. Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge, United States
Department of Agriculture, Washington.)

Sir Lawrence Weaver also welcomed the following additional
observers :—

Mr. Peter Krosby

Miss Astri Frisak _f NO*W9Y-

Miss M. L. Yeo - Representing the International Agri-
cultural Institute, Rome.

Miss K. Sjelby Who had assisted Mr. Dorph-Petersen

with the great burden of work which
had fallen upon him since the 3rd
International Congress met in Copen-
hagen in 1921.
(Dr. J. M. Saulnier, Chief of the French Phytopathological
Service, Paris, also attended as an observer during the last
days of the Congress.)

Continuing, Sir Lawrence Weaver said that all those present
were immensely indebted to the European Seed Testing Associa-

tion, which was.formed at the 1921 Congress. That Association
and Mr. Dorph-Petersen were one, and but for him there would
have been no Association and no Congress. Both Mr. Dorph-
Petersen and Dr. Volkart had done extremely valuable work.
Those present would look forward with the greatest possible
interest to Mr. Dorph-Petersen’s report on the past activities of
the Association, and to his proposals for continuing its admirable
work. There was, he thought, a feeling in the minds of some
delegates that the Association should be made international.
Whether that could be achieved, or whether contact could be
established between Europe and America, would be discussed
later. The keynote of the work of the Association during the
past three years had been “ efficiency and uniformity,” and he
thought that the closer they got to the goal of uniformity in
seed testing methods the better it would be, both for those
working at seed testing stations and for the seed trade, which
was looking to that goal for the smooth working of the industry.

Sir Lawrence Weaver then formally declared the Congress
open, and the meeting proceeded to elect a Chairman.

Mr, Dorph-Petersen thanked Sir Lawrence Weaver for his
kindly words to him as Chairman of the European Seed Testing
Association, and on behalf of the delegates present he thanked
Sir Lawrence, as representative of the British Government, and
Mr. Chambers, Organising Secretary, for the admirable arrange-
ments which they had made for the holding of the Congress.
He said that the delegates who attended the 3rd International
Congress at Copenhagen regarded Sir Lawrence as the “ father ”
of that Congress, and he proposed that he be elected Chairman.

This proposal having been received with acclamation,
Sir Lawrence Weaver intimated that he was proud to accept
the office of Chairman, but he suggested that Professor Johannsen
should act as Joint-Chairman. This proposal was unanimously
accepted.

It should be stated that throughout the meetings Professor
Johannsen rendered admirable and invaluable service to the
Congress by his brilliant renderings, in English, French and
German, of summaries of the speeches made by the delegates.

The programme of business (which had previously been circu-
lated to the delegates) and particulars of various excursions and
functions having been announced, Mr. A. Hastham read the
following paper :—

The Work of the Official Seed Testing Station for England and Wales.

BY
A. EASTHAM,
Chief Officer.

The work of the Official Seed Testing Station for England and Wales
may be divided broadly into four main divisions, namely :—

1, Testing for Trade purposes,

13]

2. Testing of samples taken from Licensed Private Stations,

3. Testing of Control samples taken by Inspectors in accordance
with the regulations issued under the Seeds Act, 1920.

4. Investigational work.

Testing for Trade Purposes.

Under this heading may be included all tests made on samples from
merchants, farmers or other interested parties, either for theit own
information or for the purposes of declarations under the provisions of the
Seeds Act. Such samples are classified into four main groups or sections,
namely, Clovers, Grasses, Cereals and Pulses, Roots and Vegetables, each
group being handled separately in the laboratories set aside for that
purpose, Furthermore, the whole of the record system of the Official
Station is based upon this grouping, which will be explained in detail
during the inspection of the Station.

Although the staff of the Station is divided into sections, each dealing
with one of the four groups mentioned, yet each individual analyst is
trained in the work of all sections, so that analysts can be transferred
from one section to another as occasion demands. In addition to being
so trained, each analyst, before having her permanent appointment
confirmed, is required to qualify in all branches of seed testing at one of
the examinations annually held by the Station.

The methods employed at Cambridge follow very closely those in use
at the Continental stations, with some minor. exceptions. Statements
as to the methods employed for each kind of seed have been prepared
and placed in each laboratory for the information of the delegates. Some
idea of the number of trade samples dealt with may be gathered from the
following figures for the years 1921-23. The figures for the past season
are not yet available, but in all probability will be somewhat less than those
quoted below for the two previous seasons.

1922~23. 1921-22.

19,829 » 23,865

Testing of Samples taken from Licensed Private Stations.

As, no doubt, most of you are aware, many of the seed firms in this
country are licensed to test seeds in their own private stations. Such
licenses are granted by the Ministry of Agriculture and may be granted
for one or more classes of seeds. Licenses are granted only to such firms
as the Ministry are satisfied will carry out tests in a satisfactory manner
and provided that an analyst approved by the Ministry is placed in charge.
Furthermore, suitable apparatus is required to be installed and the methods
of testing prescribed by the Ministry must be followed. Each licensed
station is required to keep a complete record of all tests made, and the
samples tested must be preserved for at least three months. Periodically,
inspectors visit such stations and take samples of the seeds that have been
tested. These samples, or ‘‘ licensed station reserve portions” as they
are called, are then forwarded to the Official Station where tests are made
and the results obtained by the licensed stations checked. Just as it is
the aim of the Official Analysts’ Associations to promote greater uniformity
of methods and results amongst official stations, so it is the endeavour
of the Ofticial Station to develop greater uniformity between the Official
Station and the licensed stations of England and Wales. With a view
to increasing such uniformity, a series of “referee samples”? has been
sent to the various licensed stations during the past season, the results of
which are proving of much interest. Each year also the Official Station
conducts a seed-testing course of about one month’s duration for the train-
ing of commercial analysts. In this way they become familiar with the
methods employed at the Official Station. At the end of this course
examinations are held and certificates in seed testing issued to the success-
ful candidates. Each year also it is proposed to hold, at the close of the
course, a conference to which will be invited, not only analysts from the

Official Stations of Great Britain and Ireland, but also those in charge of
licensed stations throughout the country. The first of such conferences
was held last year with satisfactory results. The holding of such an
annual conference is in our opinion very desirable as it brings the analysts
together for the discussion of common problems. At the same time the
analysts become acquainted with each other and familiarise themselves
with the work of the Official Station. The development of uniformity
is very much in the interests both of the trade and of the official stations,
and it is the intention of the Official Station to develop it in every possible
way. It is hoped to bring the Official Station and the licensed stations
still closer together by the means of a news-letter which will be issued at
regular intervals to such stations. This will make known the results of
investigations conducted at the Official Station and will also supply such
other information as may be of interest to the trade analysts.

Testing of Control samples taken by Inspectors in accordance with the
Regulations issued under the Seeds Act, 1920.

These are samples which are taken by Inspectors in the manner
prescribed under the Seeds Act. Such samples are forwarded to the
Official Station by the Inspectors. Upon the completion of the tests
the results are reported to the Ministry of Agriculture, by whom the
results are then communicated to the person or firm concerned. In this
way a check is kept upon the sale of seed throughout the country, and
infringement of the provisions of the Seeds Act detected. The sole function
of the Official Station in connection with Control samples is the furnishing
of an official report as to the purity and germination of such samples for
the information of the officials charged with the administration of the Seeds
Act. In the case of legal action being taken, the necessary proceedings
are undertaken by the Ministry. Such proceedings, of course, are in
most cases based upon the report issued by the Official Station.

Investigational Work.

Since its establishment a considerable amount of investigational work
has been carried out by the Official Station, and it is hoped to extend such
work in the future.

Amongst the more important problems which are under investigation
at the present time may be mentioned the following :—

Very extensive experiments in respect to loss of vitality in seeds stored
under varying conditions.

Study of delayed germination with special reference to cereals.

Hard seeds and the determination of their real value when present in
leguminous seeds.

The relation between the germination of peas in the laboratory and
the germination in the field.

The germination of Sainfoin with special reference to Broken Growths.

A study of the plumular growths in grasses. ;

The delegates then visited the laboratories and other parts
of the Official Seed Testing Station, and were subsequently
entertained at lunch by the Council of the Institute.

Afternoon Session.
The Congress resumed at 3 p.m.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen referred with emotion to the regretted
death of their admirable and revered colleague Mr. Bruijning,
and the delegates stood in silence as a tribute to his memory.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen then read his report on the activities of
the European Seed Testing Association which was inaugurated
at the Copenhagen Congress

The Work of the European Seed Testing Association 1921-24.
BY
K. DORPH-PETERSEN,
Director of the Danish State Seed Testing Station.

After the European Seed Testing Association was formed at the Inter-
national Seed Testing Congress at Copenhagen in 1921, a Committee,
consisting of Director F. F. Bruijning, Wageningen, Director Dr. A.
Volkart, Ziirich, and myself, was elected to direct the work of the Associa-
tion. Unfortunately, Dr. Bruijning passed away very shortly after this,
and the Association lost thereby a valuable supporter. Dr. Bruijning
carried out a very remarkable and self-dependent work of organisation
at the Seed Testing Station in Wageningen, a work with which I have
several times had the opportunity of familiarising myself. We will
remember him and his work on this occasiun. At a meeting held in
Prague in September, 1921, the remaining members constituted them-
selves a committee of the whole, with Dr. Volkart as secretary. At
the urgent request of Dr. Volkart I assumed the chairmanship. We
agreed to endeavour to carry on the work until the Conference in
England in 1924, and to leave it to this Conference to elect a new
Committee.

Planning of the Work.

At the meeting in Prague the Committee agreed on the object of the
work, its lines of direction and its division. In the proposition submitted
by Sir Lawrence Weaver at the Congress in 1921 it is laid down that the
object of the Association should be a unification of the seed testing methods
in Europe and of the methods of expressing the results of analysis and the
quality of the seed analysed. Dr. Volkart and I agreed not to go too far
in the first-mentioned direction, as specially binding instructions would
scarcely be maintained, and also as it would be necessary to take into
consideration local conditions and the available power and means. It
might suffice to give the lines of direction for future work, supposing these
to be followed, the principal object being the attainment of uniform
results. The steps to be taken to obtain this should be left to the various.
heads to choose; the Committee should confine itself to giving information
when desired. In order to limit the work, this should comprise,
provisionally, only official seed testing stations.

It was decided to divide the work so that Dr. Volkart should undertake
the execution of comparative investigations of provenance, whereas I
should undertake comparative purity and germination tests, &c., and carry
on the correspondence with those Institutions which were, or intended to
be, members of the’European Seed Testing Association.

Provenance Determinations.

These are the lines mainly followed since the meeting in Prague. Being
most experienced in respect to the question of provenance, Dr. Volkart—
whose station has for a number of years played an important part in
respect to the determination of the origin of seed—has carried into effect
comparative provenance determinations. This question is recognised as
being one of the most difficult in connection with seed testing and is one
that requires considerable study and intense co-operation if positive
results are to be obtained. Dr. Volkart will read a paper on these
determinations on Wednesday, 9th July.

Comparative Tests.
Even before the Congress at Copenhagen, a series of ‘‘ Referee” seed
samples (25) was distributed for analysis. In the report of this Congress,

a summary is given of the results received from 19 stations in Europe,
4 in America and 1 in Japan.*

Immediately after the Congress I wrote to these stations and drew
attention to those of their results which differed by more than a reasonable
latitude from the average figures of the results obtained at the large
stations, and which results agree generally within the latitudes fixed in the
Rules of the Danish State Seed Testing Station.

After the Congress, a new series of samples was sent out, consisting of
24 seed samples, and a correspondence, similar to that mentioned above,
was carried on with the 43 stations (37 European, 4 American, 1 New
Zealand and 1 Japan), which sent in results. From Table 1 (see pp. 21-26)
it will be seen that these results agree, as a rule, within reasonable lati-
tudes, as far as a series of stations is concerned. Many of those stations
which arrived at similar results have rules for seed testing which differ in
many particulars; some have very brief rules and others have no official
rules at all. On the other hand, one cannot help noticing that results
from stations which have somewhat detailed common rules for seed
testing are,in many cases, rather different.

The main points are that the lines of direction for seed testing are
similar and that the staffs are well-trained and experienced. It is, there-
fore, unfortunate when the seed testing work in a country is divided up
between many small stations, as, for instance, in Germany and Sweden,
where the seed testing stations are frequently offshoots of chemical insti-
tutions. A centralisation of the work, with one, or a few, well equipped
seed testing stations, would undoubtedly be the best way to attain more
uniform results.

A comprehensive correspondence has been carried on with the stations
partaking in the enquiry and also with others. I have endeavoured to
point out the main causes of the greatest discrepancies and have found that,
for instance, seeds attacked by larve, or poorly developed seeds, shrivelled
and injured seeds in the leguminous species, “‘ hard seeds,”’ and especially
“broken seedlings,” &c., have been subject to very different valuations.
The drawing of pure seed for the germination test, differences in tempera-
ture and moisture, and, possibly in one case only, conditions of light,
&c., are all factors that have occasioned discrepancies. It must, however,
be noticed that the samples in question were difficult to test; for
example, they contained many “doubtful”? seeds, which have been
judged very differently. In one case the samples were not considered
satisfactory because of this; but, in my opinion, it is best to send
samples of this kind for comparative analysis, as it is easy enough to
obtain corresponding results with samples which do not present any
difficulties in testing. Most of these and other questions will be
referred to in other papers read at this Conference, and an opportunity
will be given for discussing them. All seed testing stations have adopted
the so-called ‘‘ Continental method,”’ with the exception of the station
in Dublin, where the so-called “Irish method” is still used for grass
species. The Dublin station has made the comparative analysis according
to both methods.

In November, 1923, new ‘“‘ Referee”’ seed samples (21 samples cf 19
species) were sent out to 54 stations. The results obtained at 45 stations
(38 European, 6 American and 1 Japan) appear in Table 2 (see pp. 27-32).
It is a pleasure to see that they agree, generally, better than was the case
with the two former series, although the last series of samples was the
most difficult to test. Great differences still exist, however, between
the results of some of the stations.

“‘ Other Crop Seeds’? and Weed Seeds.

In earlier comparative investigations the contents of ‘‘ other crop seed ”’
and weed seed have not been quoted in percentage by weight. Many

* See pp. 76-83, ‘‘ Discussions at the International Seed Testing Conference
in Copenhagen, 6-10 June 1921,” by K. Dorph-Petersen.

stations have not specified at all the species found in the tests. In Table 4
(see pp. 34-37) asummary is given containing the percentages by weight of
“other crop seed’ and weed seed found at the various stations together
with the quantity of seed examined. Some of the results agree very well,
but, in the case of several seed testing stations, considerable differences
exist. One of the reasons for this is that species such as Bromus mollis,
Setaria sp. and Melilotus sp. are at some stations considered crop seed,
at others weed seeds. As an opportunity of discussing the question of
weed seeds will be given later, I will not enter into it now at greater length.

Another source of different results 1s that the quantity tested for
content of ‘‘ other crop seed’ and of weed seed has in many cases been
too: small. At the Copenhagen Station the average samples used for
this purpose, when maximum figures are guaranteed for contents of ‘‘ other
crop seed’ or weed seed, are ten times as large as those which are usually
examined for purity.

In a few cases the discrepancies are due to the stations not having
separated, or only partly separated, certain seed species from the pure
seed. This is, for instance, true as to the content of Lolium sp. in the
sample of Festuca pratensis No. 73 (see p. 36).

Besides the examinations of the samples of agricultural seed, a few
stations have made comparative tests of forest seed samples. As Table 3
shows (see p. 33), some results agree rather well, whereas others are
very different. As it is desirable to continue these examinations, I ask
those heads of seed testing stations interested in the matter to agree
to participate in new tests.

With regard to garden seeds, comparative tests have been made at
the stations at Ziirich, Wageningen and Copenhagen. I have requested
Dr. Franck at Wageningen, to execute new comparative tests on garden
seeds at Stations which are interested in such examinations.

In respect to agricultural seeds, I consider it advisable in the future
to omit some of the species tested in the earlier enquiries and admit others.
T ask that proposals with regard to this be made during the discussion.

Although there is good reason to say much more about this principle
work of the Association during the three years, I dare not tire my
colleagues, but must leave the matter for subsequent discussion at the
meeting, or, if it is preferred, later on between ourselves. I have welcomed
the arrangement by which we are accommodated at Colleges, because
I consider it a great advantage to live together in this nice, quiet
University town, rather than to be scattered, as would have been the case
in London.

At the Conference in Copenhagen it was agreed that the European
Seed Testing Association should keep in view the possibility of a
union with North America. Correspondence with the leading seed testing
authorities in North America, where a similar referee work is carried out,
has therefore been active during the last three years. The heads of the
seed testing stations in America, with whom we have corresponded, have
‘shown great interest in the matter. I was invited to attend the annual
meeting of the North American Association of Official Seed Analysts held
on 27th December, 1923, in Cincinatti, to read a paper on our common
work. I was unable to go myself, but I sent a report of the work of the
European Seed Testing Association to be read at the Conference.

In connection with the comparative tests, I beg to draw attention
to the suggestions submitted by Professor Schribaux and Dr. von Degen
at the two former Seed Testing Conferences (see pp. 120-121 in the
Report of the Congress at Copenhagen in 1921). Comparative tests,
as suggested in paragraphs 1 to 5 of that Report, have been carried
out. Before tabulating the results, I asked the various stations whether
they objected to their names being published in connection with the
results received from them, but no one has objected to such publication.

lt has been impossible for me, on the basis of the results obtained, to
suggest anything with regard to international latitudes for all the stations
which have participated in the work, as the results obtained are too

variable for this purpose. If it were possible to select the results from
certain stations, there would probably be no difficulty in proposing
suitable latitudes.

It was also desired that suggestions for common rules for seed testing, based
on the various existing rules, should be submitted to this Conference. It
has, however, been impossible for me to work these out on account of the
present conditions. I consider it desirable that a Committee be appointed,
consisting of the heads of the most important seed testing stations, to
draw up a suggested scale of international latitudes and eventually of
common rules of analysis. The proposals should be circulated to
members of the Association for their observations, final decisions being
made at the next international seed testing conference.

Dodder Committee.

At the Congress in Copenhagen it was emphasised that it would be of
significance, in connection with the stipulation of a dodder latitude, if
those areas within which dodder ripens and is able to do damage could
be definitely fixed. The matter was referred to a Committee consisting
of five members from those European countries where dodder is
prevalent. For several reasons, particulars of which Dr. von Degen will
give to-morrow, the work of this Committee is not yet accomplished.

Correspondence with, and Visits to, Foreign Seed Testing Stations.

The work of the Committee has occasioned an extensive correspondence
which has resulted in our getting into touch with numerous colleagues,
some outside Europe, many of whom proposed subjects for discussion
at the Congress. Several of these subjects will be discussed in the course
of the following days, but, as the time is strictly limited, it has been
necessary to omit some of them.

I have made a few journeys in order to discuss the work of the Associa-
tion with several colleagues. This forms an important link in the work of
the Association as it contributes to the understanding of the significance
of co-operation. In Copenhagen, in 1921, it was proposed that principals
and assistants at the various stations should have the opportunity of seeing
and participating in the work for short periods at the large, well-equipped
seed testing stations. Preliminary steps have been taken in that direction.
Two assistants and later on the head of the English Official Seed Testing
Station, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, paid a
visit of several days to the Danish State Seed Testing Station.
Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish visitors have also been to the Copen-
hagen Station in order to familiarise themselves with our methods and
short visits have been paid by heads of seed testing stations all over
the world. Two of our lady assistants, who have carried out useful work
at the Danish State Seed Testing Station during periods of eighteen and
thirteen years respectively, were selected two years ago to take charge
one of the purity and the other of the germination laboratories when the
present elderly assistants resign their positions. After having studied
systematic botany, plant physiology, heredity and microbiology, the two
assistants passed an examination in these subjects at the Royal Danish
Agricultural High School, They have further shown that they are able
to use the German and English languages in connection with seed testing.
They must, moreover, have read the most important literature on seed
testing in these languages. These two assistants, Miss Lassen and Miss
Suell, have now commenced a journey to some of the principal European
seed testing stations and are at present working here, at Cambridge.
I hope they will get the opportunity of making themselves familiar with
the work in the purity and germination laboratories of the various
stations. In my opinion the best way to attain uniform results is to
be personally acquainted with the seed testing methods. This is more
valuable than getting the information merely from printed rules, where
details, which often seem unessential but are, nevertheless, of the greatest
significance to the work, cannot be described. If it is so desired, these |

two assistants will give information with regard to the work of the Danish
State Seed Testing Station. I am hopeful that they, as well as the
‘stations they visit, will derive advantage from this arrangement.

Common Journal.

Since 1921 the question of publishing a common organ for the members
of the Association has been under consideration. Articles on seed testing
and related subjects have hitherto been scattered in a great many
periodicals all over the world. The common organ would contain partly
original articles, and partly short summaries of articles appearing elsewhere.
The main reason why the idea of this journal has not yet materialised is
lack of funds, as no station has yet contributed pecuniary assistance to the
work of the Association. One of the main objects of a journey I made
abroad in the autumn of 1923 was to discuss with the International Insti-
tute of Agriculture in Rome the possibility of obtaining support from that
Institute for this Journal. The Secretary General, Dr. Dragoni, and the
Chief of the Information Office for Agriculture, Dr. Saulnier, agreed to
suggest to the permanent Committee of the Institute that the Institute’s
Bulletin should take articles on seed testing, &c., provisionally up to
100 pages annually. The Bulletin is printed in four languages: English,
French, Italian and Spanish. It was at one time also printed in German, but
as those countries where the German language is used are not at present
‘contributing to the Bulletin, this language is now omitted. It is to be
hoped that the countries concerned will soon again be able to contribute,
because the German language is used by many who are interested in seed
testing. Reprints of the articles, in whichever of the four languages is
desired, will be distributed to members of the Association, which will
only have to pay the cost of postage. This proposition has been passed
by the permanent Committee, provisionally for a year. In my opinion
the Association has thus obtained a common organ on favourable con-
ditions. The article ‘‘How long do the various seed species retain
their germinating capacity ?’’ distributed to all those present, will be
embodied in the Bulletin which is published in July.

At the Congress in Copenhagen it was expressed by Sir Lawrence
Weaver that a machine was under construction and should soon begin to
function. It can now be said that a commencement is made but the end
is still far off. It is hoped that a new impulse will be given here in
‘Cambridge.

Means for the Work.

Whether it will be possible to continue the work depends among other
things on economic conditions. Since 1921, Denmark has met most of
the not unimportant expenses (above £400) connected with the work of
the European Seed Testing Association. The State Seed Testing Station
is empowered by our Ministry of Agriculture to meet the expenses caused
by this work, but this cannot be continued indefinitely. I am, therefore,
hopeful that many of the delegates at this Congress have come empowered
+o bind their Governments to contribute in the future to the funds of the
Association.

Statutes.

In September, 1923, Dr. Volkart and I met in Ziirich and discussed a
draft of statutes of the Association, which had been compiled by
Dr. Volkart. The draft—copies of which are distributed—contain clauses
as to the object, membership, means, meetings, course of business, election
.of committee members, voting, &c. These draft statutes will be submitted
to the Conference by Dr. Volkart to-morrow for consideration.

Seed Dealers’ Congress.

The desirability of holding a seed dealers’ congress simultaneously with
the seed testing congress has been expressed by Seed Trade Associations
in several countries. A joint meeting has therefore been arranged for

Wednesday afternoon at which matters of interest to both parties will
be brought up for discussion.

It is to be hoped that the present conditions will not hinder the co-
operation which—in order to be really international and of real signi-
ficance—must take place between experts in all countries where official
seed testing stations exist or are planned.

You are now welcome to make any remarks you wish as to my paper,
and I earnestly request you to criticise anything with which you disagree.
Dr. Volkart and I have carried out the work alone during the past three
years; we are aware that much more ought to have been done, but the
conditions have been difficult. Each of us has been very busy with our
official duties. We have, therefore, not been able to devote as much time
to the co-operative work as we should have wished, nor have we had the
means for obtaining the necessary assistance.

I thank the English Government for having invited us to this Con-
ference, and also those gentlemen, especially Sir Lawrence Weaver and
Mr. Chambers, who have had the trouble of making the necessary arrange-
ments. My best thanks also to those who have agreed to read papers, and
to those colleagues who have contributed to the work during the past three
years. ,

As Chairman of the Association I beg to extend to all those present a
hearty welcome to the Congress. Especially I address this welcome to
those colleagues who did not take part in the Conference at Copenhagen.
I was very sorry when Professor Munn and Dr. Brown wrote me that the
United States of America would not be officially represented at the Con-
ference, as I had hitherto derived so much benefit from the co-operation
of our American colleagues and had. consequently, looked forward with much
pleasure to meeting them here. I telegraphed at once to both Professor
Munn and Dr. Brown inviting them to attend the Congress in an unofficial
capacity, and to my great pleasure Professor Munn has been able to come.
We bid him, as President of the Association of Official Seed Analysts of
North America, special welcome. We also thank Mr. Clark, from Canada,
very much for taking such a long journey in order to take part in the
Congress. We take it as an indication that our colleagues on the other
side of the Atlantic Ocean desire to co-operate with us. To this co-operation
I extend a hand on behalf of the European Seed Testing Association.

I am hopeful that we shall now have some very instructive and
successful days together.

“UtettIgy Wayey IIT (s)
“TUN ervey euyo (:)

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“PONS YRS (+)

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az 233801

TABLE 4,

tested and content of “ other crop seed”’ and weed seed found in the tests recorded

Table 2.

Number of g.
f. untersucht und Gehalt an fremde

den in Tabelle 2angefithrien Untersuchungen

gefunden.

rautsamen bet

Kultursamen samt Unk

Anzahl von ¢

i
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TaBLE 4—continued.
Number of g. tested and content of “‘ other crop seed”? and weed seed found in the tests recorded in Table 2—cont:

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0-11 1-0 T G0-0 G3-0 I 0-0 7-0 z Ge-9 G8-2 z £-0 ¢-0 z = = - (uand) uyeno WY
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1-8 £0 | #F sooelL T-0 F 1-0 3-0 7 1-9 6-2 y 1-0 £-0 P : z 7 - - aspyiqurep
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0 0 +g 02-0 0 XOT OF-0 G3o-0 xg 06-0 0 xg 0 saovlg, | +11 OT-0 9-0 +6 = - YIOX MON ‘SF
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saoely, - 0 g GE-0 92-0 ot. g3-0 99-0 g 08-0 08-0 g T-0 0-0 Ot OT-0 0 or . + AYONIUTT “OF
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0 0 F PF-0 0 9 ST-0 | $0-0 3 91-0 | 69-0 Zz S10 0 OL | FT-0 | 88-0 | OT - = -BUYSITY “FZ
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i 9 °OXZ : 2X@Ebo. a : . : AG : : : 3 i 2 oe :
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_ _ GXZ = _ oxZ | %3-0 80-0 | xa 0 €-0 | Xa fF &T-0 = goxa} 80-0 Ge-0 |G3xs = (uunig) QuIg “ZT
— | 0-0 | (oz €-0 | 0-0 | oz $0 | F-0 |] OT 60] 8-0] 0 — | st-o | oF } St-0 | St-0 | 92 - = qsadepng ‘oT
0 0 8I‘°9 | 32-0 0 gto 0 0 OT “9 0 64-0 8° 0 0 SPO 0 0 FE ‘9 2 = - ZBI “CT
0 0 ar) 3-0 T-O | 819 T-0 §-0 | O19 6-0 4-0 | 879 = aa FTO a = ais - - - WIM “PL
0 0 g T-0 T-0 S €-0 T-0 z 3-0 0-T & 0-0 3-0 0g T-0 6-0 0g. # - —-Y90ysoW “ST
—_— _ € — — g — a € ae — g = i FP a ae ee - -wIeyusyoR “ZT
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0 0 GxZ fq 83-0 0 @xz |seowry | 46-0 | xs] 41-0 08-0 | XZ 0 0 OLXS 0 0 OLxs = Gs - S18H “OL
$90] ei, GxZ T-0 |sa0vig, | ¢xZ ¢-0 0-0 | 1XZ s00/@LL TX@ 0-0 0:0 |0¢xz 0-0 0-0 |SLxz : - smMquvyA ‘6
0 0 g‘o ¥-0 0 g‘oxg F-0 G-0 |2°Oxa GS-0 G-0 |°ox@ T-0 0 0g °9 6-0 €-0 | 1o°9 : - usTpOUnAL *g
0 0 gS £0-0 | 00-0 g 98-0 | SP-0 3 06-0 | $8-0 rd GT-0 | 62-0 | 02 20:0 | ¥2-0 | 02 (aand) ayehO UW “LZ
0 nan 3 B-0 = 8 ¢-0 _ a 6-0 = ¥ = 0 aa) T-0 $-0 | && - = YSINQUIDT *9.
0 0 ¥ 0 ee + = _ P 0 = 5 0 0 0 = — 0% - =: aBpquIeD -¢
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0 0 9 $-0 0 9 9-0 — & i-8 oT & 1-0 a G- PF 3-0 poe G-ZE - uosuTuese M.S
10-0 _ ZXP | 92-0 20-0 | &XF | &F-0 #I-0 | TX# ] &3-0 12-0 | TXF Ff 80-0 GZ-0 {ST xXPF 40-0 ST-0 |STXF a uAeyuaqey °S -
pais ae oo mae pe = $-10 _ 6:10 = = 2:10 — > YOUNG GoxyIEO *T
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In commenting on his report, Mr. Dorph-Petersen thanked
Professor Munn warmly for the assistance which North
America had given him. He laid stress on the necessity for
close study of the tables embodied in his report and, with
reference to the paragraph relating to the Dodder Committee,
he expressed the view that there was now a prospect of the work
of this Committee proving successful.

Professor Johannsen described the Report as very interesting
and laid stress on the fact that whereas stations whose methods
were similar often obtained different results, those whose methods
differed sometimes arrived at the same results.

Professor Zaleski expressed the view that stations which were
not fully equipped with modern apparatus should also be allowed
to take part in the work of conducting comparative tests. Those
stations whose staffs were efficient could do the work even if the
apparatus were not modern. In this connection he referred to
the Paris Station. He also suggested that some stations should
be asked to specialise; for instance, Egypt, which was mainly
concerned with cotton, should not be expected to test seeds in
which they were not specially interested.

Professor Bussard intimated that the staff at the Paris Station
had been trained for many years and that in his opinion tradition
counted for something, as did also the esprit de corps which
animated the staff. Dr. von Degen concurred in the opinion
expressed by Professor Bussard. At his station apparatus was
used as little as possible as he considered that hands and eyes
were more dependable than apparatus.

Professor Showky Bakir appealed to the Association to take
up the question of testing cotton seeds, pointing out that the
annual value of the Egyptian cotton crop was as much as
£80,000,000.

Dr. Andronescu stated that the differences in results shown
in the tables embodied in Mr. Dorph-Petersen’s report were to
be expected. The seed was a living organism, and as such was
affected by all external agents. They could not expect the
results obtained in countries where the circumstances—atmos-
pheric pressure, humidity of the air, and methods of testing—
were different, to be the same as those obtained in Denmark.
He accepted the differences with equanimity.

Dr. Buchholz was of the opinion that apparatus and human
skill were equally important and that the importance of apparatus
increased when the work was heavy.

Dr. Chmelaf suggested that the differences shown in the
tables might be due to the fact that the preparation of samples
was not an easy matter; that samples were sometimes too small;
and that the various stations held different views as to the value
of seeds, for instance, broken seeds, which in Czecho-Slovakia
were regarded very seriously. He suggested that stations should

specialise in various questions, ¢.g., what constituted weed seeds,
pure seeds, &c.

Mr. Devoto attached much importance to the size and number
of seeds in a sample and also to the temperature to which the
seeds are subjected during analysis.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen, in summing up the discussion, emphasised
the importance of remembering that in dealing with seeds they
were dealing with living organisms. It was to be expected,
therefore, that differing results would be obtained. He suggested,
with regard to Dr. Chmelai’s remarks, that all those who were
interested in comparative analyses should meet at 9 0 ’elock on
Wednesday morning, when his assistants would demonstrate
how the samples distributed for comparative tests were drawn
at the Copenhagen Station.

In conclusion, Mr. Dorph-Petersen asked that Seed Testing
Stations would inform the new Executive Committee, which
would be appointed on Thursday, what varieties of seeds were of
particular interest to them, e.g., cotton to Egypt.

In the evening a number of the delegates were conducted
round Emmanuel College and its grounds by the Bursar.

Tuesday, 8th July.

Morning Session.
The Congress assembled at 9.30 a.m.

Dr. Volkart submitted for consideration the draft Cnoacnition
of the European Seed Testing Association, copies of which had
previously been circulated to the delegates, and made explanatory
comments. (The approved Constitution appears in the report
of Thursday afternoon session.) He suggested that a special
provisional committee should be appointed to consider his draft
and any suggestions made by the delegates, and to place the
results of their deliberations before the Congress at a later session.

Dr. Chmela# expressed the view that the title of the Association
should be identical in the three languages, viz., English, French
and German. He further suggested the desirability of appointing
a vice-president, which was not provided for in the draft Con-
stitution. He enquired what would happen to the assets of the
Association in the event of its dissolution, and suggested that in
such an eventuality they might be handed over to the Inter-
national Agricultural Institute, Rome.

Mr. Clark enquired whether the question of extending the
Association so as to make it international had been considered,
and if so whether the basis for admitting members from North
America had been provisionally settled. Sir Lawrence Weaver
stated that when the proposal was made at Copenhagen for the
formation of an Association they had no cognisance of any definite
desire on the part of American Governments to participate, but,
in view of the apparent demand for an Association of a truly

international nature, the admission as members not only of the
United States of America and Canada, but also of other parts of
the world, would be heartily welcomed. Mr. Dorph-Petersen
expressed pleasure at Sir Lawrence Weaver’s remarks, especially
in view of the fact that the seed trade was truly international.

Mr. Devoto intimated that not only did the Argentine Govern-
ment desire to become a member of an International Association,
but they had already decided to contribute whatever might be
fixed as their subscription to the funds of the Association.

Mr. Insulander pointed out that the proposed constitution
of the Association admitted as members only official seed testing
stations and corporations managing such stations under Govern-
ment control. If this were so, no scientific man, even if he had
made researches of greatest value to the seed-testing work,
could be a member of the Association unless he was connected
with such a station; nor could a Government which pays an
annual contribution to the Association nominate a special delegate
to the Congresses with power to control the way in which the means
are used and to propose improvements in the work of the Associa-
tion if there seems eventually to be room for such. He. con-
sidered that such rules could not, in the long run, be useful for
the work of the new Association. Mr. Dorph-Petersen replied
that where the Government of a country itself contributed to
the Association, it would, of course, be entitled to representation
at Congresses, but not otherwise. He proposed that this should
be made clear in the Constitution.

Mr. Devoto thought that there should be close relationship
between the Association and the International Agricultural
Institute, Rome, and that arrangements should be made for the
issue of reports regarding the activities of the Association through
the medium of the Institute

Mr. Main enquired whether it was the intention to make the
new Association an integral part of the International Agricultural
Institute. He pointed out that several Governments were already
contributing to the Institute and might object to further expendi-
ture. He suggested that a committee should be appointed to
settle as soon as possible the basis of contributions and other
necessary details, so that delegates would be in a position to
obtain a decision from their Governments and thus enable the
International Association to become a fait accompli with the
least possible delay.

Sir Lawrence Weaver, after intimating that he thought he
was correctly interpreting the views of Mr. Dorph-Petersen and
Dr. Volkart, stated that it was the intention that the Association
should affiliate with, but not form an integral part of, the Inter-
national Agricultural Institute. The association with the Insti-
tute would not, however, be so close that there would be
any confusion regarding contributions. He agreed that it was
necessary that a committee should be appointed immediately

to consider the elaboration of the proposals made by Dr. Volkart.
When definite agreement had been reached regarding these
proposals, the delegates could then go back to their Governments
to ascertain whether or not they were prepared to become
members. The subscription to the Association would probably
be so modest that it was unlikely that any Government would
refuse to join.

Professor Johannsen then submitted to the Congress the names
of the following Delegates to serve on a Provisional Committee,
whose duty it should be to consider Dr. Volkart’s draft
Constitution and the foregoing suggestions, and to submit the
results of their deliberations to the full Congress on Thursday
afternoon.

Provisional Committee.—Professor Mohammed Showky Bakir
Effendi, Professor Bussard, Mr. Clark, Mr. Devoto,
Mr. Dorph-Petersen, Professor Munn, Professor Voigt,
Dr. Volkart, Sir Lawrence Weaver.

The Congress unanimously approved Professor Johannsen’s
proposal.

At the Chairman’s invitation, Miss Yeo then addressed the
Congress regarding the International Agricultural Institute, Rome.
She stated that in view of the recent collaboration between the
Institute and the European Seed Testing Association, and of the
fact that the Institute had undertaken to reserve at least 100 pages
per annum in its Quarterly Review for reports on seed testing work,
the Institute had sent to the Congress copies of the latest mono-
graphs and reviews which it had published. It was hoped more
and more to centralise all information bearing on agricultural
subjects at. the Institute and to use the Review as a common
organ for the Association.

Mr. Anderson then read the following paper :—

Uniformity in Seed Testing Reports.
BY
T. ANDERSON.
Director, Seed Testing Station, Board of Agriculture for Scotland.

The need for a uniform method of expressing results of analyses: of
seed samples which would be valid for international trade, and which
would, at the same time, indicate the relative intrinsic value of any parcel
of seed to the cultivator more truly than does the present conventional
form of report, has doubtless presented itself at some time or another to
all those engaged in the profession of Seed Testing.

The late Dr. Bruijning, at the International Seed Testing Congress at
Copenhagen in 1921, made a proposal to meet this. need by applying an
arbitrary factor or factors to the ascertained percentage of injurious
ingredients in a sample for the purpose of arriving at a figure by which
the ascertained percentage of pure germinating seed (EA Gs a =) should be
reduced to make it represent the intrinsic or use value.

The objections to an artificial method of determining the value of a
parcel of seed are as follows :—

(1) Noxious or objectionable impurities cannot be arbitrarily
evaluated in terms of their degree of noxiousness as this varies from
country to country; e.g., Cuscuta, Salsola Kali, Plantago lance-
olata, Medicago lupulina. The introduction of a factor for depre-
ciating value relatively to the content of specified weed seeds would
have a local rather than an international significance.

(2) It has not been determined how far seed supplies are respon-
sible in distributing weed impurities to the detriment of agriculture.
Weeds do not grow on soil which does not suit them; on soil which
suits them, they are in abundance in any case.

The operations of a Seed Testing Station are largely concerned
with grass and clover seeds whose ultimate use is the production of
hay crop and animal pasture, frequently in combination.

The success of these crops depends practically entirely on
efficient cultivation, manuring and management.

If land is covered with vigorous growing crops no heed need be
taken of weeds.

On the other hand, where there is negligent cultivation and
management, no amount of propaganda or control of seeds will
prevent the land from becoming infested with weeds.

(3) The ultimate profit arising out of sowing seed depends so
much on the efficacy of soil cultivation and on seasonal influences
that it appears gratuitous to attempt to estimate the detrimental
effect of weed seeds.

(4) Account must also be taken of the fact that origin and strain
are frequently of so great importance that, provided samples are
tolerably pure, the fact that impurities (even so-called noxious
impurities) are present may count for little or nothing in
comparison.

The use of an arbitrary formula for estimating the cultural
value of a sample is only applicable, even if it were valid in other
respects, when applied to differentiate between varietal stocks from
the same district of origin.

One may cite the example of Wild White Clover, the market
value of which has been seven times and is still three times as
great as that of ordinary White Clover seed, notwithstanding the
fact that it frequently contains 15 per cent. to 20 per cent. of
impurity, and 20 per cent. to 30 per cent. of hard seeds.

One may also cite the fact of the much greater cultural value.
for pastoral purposes under British conditions—established by ex-
periment by Professors Gilchrist, Stapledon and others—of New
Zealand quasi-indigenous Cocksfoot as against that of Danish
Olsgaard, notwithstanding that the former contains considerable
quantities of Holcus lanatus, commonly regarded as a noxious weed.

The operations of Seed Testing and Seed Control Stations have brought
the trade in seeds to a very high level, and the continuance of their labours.
is necessary to maintain the present standard.

For international trade purposes, however, their effective operations
cannot very well be extended beyond the limit of providing a report on
the quantity of pure germinating seed in any parcel.

The method generally adopted by Seed Testing Stations of reporting
results of tests might, however, be modified with advantage in such a
way as to meet the requirements of the grower of the seed product, the
cultivator of pasture and the trade intermediaries.

The conventional method is useful for the trade, and suits those
handling seeds, probably mainly because they have become accustomed
to it by use and wont.

The weakness of the conventional method is that the percentage of
germination stated in the report does not denote the actual weight of living:

seed of the species of which the parcel purports to consist, in terms of a
percentage of the total weight, and it is this figure which the consumer is
entitled to know. Members of the seed trade are perfectly aware of the
‘significance of the terms of the conventional report, but there is widespread
ignorance amongst consumers as to the actual meaning of the figures
therein provided.

There is little virtue in the adoption of the pedantic attitude that
reports are only reports of experiments and should be understood as
such. Especially when a Station is a ‘Control’? Station, it must be
prepared to substantiate its findings as facts.

It is, therefore, here proposed that reports should be framed with
a view to suppressing the figure for germination,—which, being based
on an experiment carried out on the selected pure seed means nothing
in itself and is only of significance when considered with the ascertained
purity,—and introducing a form of report in terms of percentage of pure
germinating seed and percentage of impurities.

I. One advantage of such a procedure is that the report would show
at first glance the actual percentage weight, as nearly as can be calculated,
of the live seed of the kind supplied, in contra-distinction to the figure for
germination which has a certain falsity.

Individual seeds of the same species in the same sample differ in size,
weight and condition.

The selection of seeds of different weight and germinating values in
their due proportions from any sample is assumed to be subject only to
the limits of mathematical variation. This has been examined by
Rodewald and by Stevens, who have shown that the probable error in
selection is not, in general, large.

But, if a sample consists of seeds which can be graded into different
weight sizes, and if there is any difference in the capacity for germination
of the various portions of the sample thus graded, then the proposition
that the estimate of the percentage of pure germinating seed is a true
weight percentage is not truly valid.

Critical examples which might seem to invalidate the proposition fall
into two classes :—

(1) ‘Seeds,’ which are normally at Seed Testing Stations
excluded from the germination test, 2.e. —
Broken seeds of leguminosz.
Damaged seeds.
‘‘ Deaf ” or “‘ light ’’ seeds of grasses,
Seedless clusters of Beta.

(2) ‘‘ Seeds,” the germination value of which can oe a satis -
factorily established by reference to a germinal” test, 7.¢e.
Small mature seeds.
Shrivelled or unripe seeds.
Shelled caryopses.
Weakly germinating seeds.

Broken and damaged Seeds.—The difference in weight between 1,000
broken seeds of Red Clover as usually excluded in analysis and 1,000 whole
seeds varies greatly in different samples—from 2 per cent. to 20 per cent.
of the weight of whole seeds. But some of the broken seeds, as defined
in Seed Testing literature and as customarily excluded from the germina-
tion test, are capable of germination if germination , ‘be determined
according to accepted rules, viz., that all seedlings which possess two
cotyledons attached and which have, at the end of 10 days, thrown a
secondary or an adventitious rootlet, are to be reckoned as germinated.

Broken seeds should, however, only be considered as equivalent to
inert matter when it is absolutely certain that the cotyledons arg separated
and that the plumule has been lost.

As a general rule, it is waste time on the part of Seed Testing Station
assistants to try to identify ‘‘ broken ” seeds, unless the term be reserved
for chips which can be segregated without special examinations. In

44
actual practice a difference of opinion as to the percentage of broken
seeds, even to the extent of 10 per cent. in a sample, would not affect
uniformity of result if expressed in terms of pure germinating seed only,
and if, in the report, broken: seeds and broken seedlings are classified
together, as they ought to be.

Small Seeds.—The ratio of the weight of seeds of Red Clover sieved
through a mesh of 1-25 mm. to those retained over this mesh varies with
the sample from 50 to 70: 100.

Small seeds of Red Clover contain a larger proportion of hard seeds
than do large seeds, but the proportion is not such as, in actual practice,
to make any great difference to the result, whether taken by weight or
numerically.

Shrivelled (dead) seeds and immature seeds may be conveniently
considered together, as in general it is quite impossible to separate these
with any accuracy into germinable and ungerminable without reference
to a germination test. In Red Clover, the weight of a definite number
of shrivelled seeds is, approximately, 20 per cent. less than the weight
of the same number of good seeds.

Eimpty glumes—deaf seeds—shelled caryopses.—In samples of Cocks-
foot, the weight of a definite number of deaf seeds may vary from } to 4
of the same number of full seeds, and in samples of Lolium from } to 3.

For the purpose of obtaining a true estimate of pure germinating seed,
which shall be a sufficient approximation to a weight percentage of live
seed, it is imperative that the “‘ light seed ” ‘of grasses should be excluded
from the germination test.

This is the more so because it is quite possible that a sample of
Cocksfoot, for example, may contain both the shelled. kernels and the
husks from which they have fallen, and it is absurd to test both of these
for germination. :

The division of spikelets may, however, be carried to an unnecessary
degree of exactness, and it is here suggested that the conventional method
of treating a species such as Cocksfoot should, in order to reduce the
work per sample, be modified to the extent of leaving intact the ultimate
deaf seed where it occurs along with a full seed.

The difference between the percentage of pure germinating seed calcu-
lated by weight, and the percentage of pure germinating seed calculated
by number (presuming that the first mentioned calculation could in effect
be accurately made) reaches 5 per cent. only when either 20 per cent. of
the sample is ungerminable and the average ungerminable seed is 30 per
cent. less in weight than the average germinable one, or when 30 per cent.
of the sample is ungerminable and the weight of the average unZerminable
seed is 20 per cent. less than that of the average germinable one.

This difference only exceeds the usual latitudes for germination when
the germination is less than 70 per cent. and, at the same time, the
average weight of an ungerminable seed is less than 60 per cent. of a
germinable one. ;

In actual practice, samples which would show a difference of 5 per cent.
between a determination by weight and a determination by number are
never met with except where the so-called Irish method is practised on
samples of species such as Dactylis, Lolium, Poa and Alopecurus.

'« The following is an account of calculations applied to a fairly normal
sample of Red Clover which had an ascertained purity of 99-3 per cent.
(broken seeds being reckoned pure seeds). The sample contained :—

By Weight. Numerically.

Broken seeds - - 3 3-3% 37%
Small seeds - : ‘ 4:7% 8-6%
Large sound seeds’ - - - 91:3% 87-0%
99-3% 99-3%

Impurities : - 2 0-7%

100-0

The broken seeds when tested for germination, germinated 12-5 per
cent. The small seeds contained 11:5 per cent. hard seeds, as against
@ content of 4-5 per cent. hard seeds in the large grained seeds. —

The percentage of pure germinating seed, if taken according to number,
was :— ;

Broken seeds” - - - - - 0°45%
Small seeds : - : - 17-60% and 1% hard.
Large seeds - - 83-00% and 4% hard.

91-00% and 6% hard.

and calculated according to weight—assuming each seed in any of the
three grades to have equal average weight—

Broken seeds’ - Z - - - 040%
Small seeds - - - - 4:°16% and 0:54% hard.
Large seeds - : - 87-09% and 4-21% hard.

91-29% and 4:75% hard.

When germination was taken according to number, and broken seeds
according to weight, as is customary, the percentage of pure germinating
seed was— .

96% x (95% + 5% hard) = 91:2% + 4:°8% hard seeds.

The following account of determinations made on the sample of Red
Clover circulated by Dorph-Petersen in 1923 (No. 64a) is also pertinent.
Portions of this sample after purity determination (which was
92% + 0-75%) were divided into brown shrivelled seeds and full round
seeds in a ratio of 33% + 3% brown seeds to 67% + 3% round seed
by weight, the numerical ratio for the same sample or any portion of it
taken for the germination test being approximately 37% + 4% and
63% + 4% respectively. The numerical ratio of the germinating capa-
cities of the two portions was 42% + 0%: 80% + 1%. The difference
between the weight of the same number of shrivelled seeds and of full
seeds was 17 per cent. of the weight of the full seeds. If it be assumed
that the individual seeds in either of the two portions were equal in weight,
then these percentages of germination may be taken as equivalent to
weight percentages.

Thus, the pure germinating seed, neglecting hard seeds—the ascer-
tained purity being 92% + 0-75%,—would be:—

J (83% + 8%) x (42% + 0%) 16%) = ,

161% 390) x (80% a Lag ne ER al Oe Oy
weight and, numerically,

J (387% 4 4%) X (42% + 0%) 15%) = 60-79 “5°

(638% + 4%) x (80% 1%) X (92% + 0° 75%) = 60-7% + 2°5°/,.
Were it possible to separate this sample accurately into germinable and
ungerminable seed, the difference in the average weight of the germinable
and ungerminable would be found to be less than 10 per cent., and, by
calculation, the difference between pure germinating seed by weight and
pure germinating seed by number would be less than 2-5 per cent.

II. The adoption of the proposal here suggested would lead to greater
uniformity in reports.

Evidence of this is provided by reference to the results reported by
various Stations on samples circulated by Dorph-Petersen in 1921 and
1922, and by M. T. Munn in 1923.

If certain European Stations which are obviously, from the nature
of results reported, working according to a fairly uniform routine be
selected and results of the three complete series compared, it will be
found that the variation in the determination of the percentage of pure
germinating seed is smaller than that in the percentage of germination in
the case of over 60 per cent. of the samples. It, therefore, follows that
the latitude of variation in germination at present in use could be adopted
for the pure germinating seed.

‘III. Another advantage of the form of report suggested is that the
purity report would afford a fairer index of foreign ingredients.

Conventional impurities are not in accordance with the real meaning
of the term,

Seeds should be taken in their commercial sense to designate that
which is sold as representing the portion of the plant which is utilised
for sowing to reproduce the species. The term should be accepted as
descriptive of the whole or any portion of a seed of any species as com-
mercially understood and as commonly collected and marketed. Thus,
broken seeds, shrivelled seeds, deaf seeds, immature seeds, seedless clusters
of Beta should not be regarded as impurities. They are of the species
they presume to represent and, moreover, they are the commercial article
which they are represented to be, and; consequently, should not be
designated impurities. °

Conversely the “‘ purity” of a sample which is determined by sub-
tracting these from the total is somewhat misleading.

It is to be deprecated that any special or arbitrary significance should
attach to a word which has a commonly accepted meaning.

The issue of partial reports, whether of purity only or germination
only, is to be deprecated and certainly a report on germination only
should never be issued.

SuGcEsTED Form or REPORT.
%
Pure Germinating Seed - :
Hard Seeds - - -
Broken seeds, broken eecdlines :
Dead seeds - - - :
Empty glumes’ - - : - - - - :
Impurities (Foreign ingredients) -
including—
Chaff, inert matter - - :
Weed seeds : : :
Useful seeds : - - - :

Adapted for a purity Reparaaor only.
Pure seed

excluding—
Broken seed ‘
Shrivelled seeds é : F
Empty glumes” - ‘ és
Impurities (Foreign ierediomiah :

including—
Chaff, inert matter, &c. - : -
Weed seeds - - :
Useful seeds - - - : - -

HI]

In commenting on his paper, Mr. Anderson stated that his
point of view represented that of the consumer who was engaged
in the production of pastures and whose interests, he thought,
had been insufficiently considered by Seed Testing Stations. His
“proposal, which should be regarded as tentative because the
evidence was incomplete, might conflict with established regula-
tions, and did, in fact, conflict with the official regulations in force
in Great Britain. He suggested, however, that the proposal
might be useful to any Committee which might be appointed to
draw up a scale of international latitudes and common rules of
analysis. If the main general principle embodied in his proposal
were accepted, he was prepared to collect complete evidence

regarding its application to all species individually and to furnish
such evidence to any Committee that might be appointed.

An interesting discussion followed and finally Mr. Dorph-
Petersen intimated that he considered it desirable that on Thursday
afternoon the Congress should appoint a Committee to consider
Mr. Anderson’s proposal and the views expressed by the various
delegates. He thought that it was not essential that all the
members of the Committee should meet together, as they might
carry out the work by correspondence.

The Congress accepted Mr. Dorph-Petersen’s suggestion and
proceeded to the next business.

Dr. Buchholz then read the following paper :—

The Determination of Moisture in Seeds.
BY
Dr. YNGVE BUCHHOLZ, CurisTIAnia.

The determination of moisture in seeds often has great value both in
order to gain knowledge of the water content in the sample, and also
with regard to the ‘‘ 1,000 grain”? weight of the dry seed.

The determination of moisture—as is probably known—is carried out by
estimating the loss of weight in a known quantity of the substance through
heating to a certain temperature for a fixed time. Purely technically,
this analysis is so simple that it is commonly one of the first tests a beginner
is given to carry out in the chemical laboratory. —

In practice, however, it is anything but easy to determine the actual
moisture content in organic substances, e.g., seeds, because the result
is largely dependent upon the conditions under which the analysis is carried.
out. This is accounted for by the fact that it is not easy to remove all.
water through heating without other processes taking place simultaneously,.
both those causing a loss of weight and also those causing an increase in.
weight (e.g., certain processes of oxidation). The first will lead to too
high and the latter to too low analysis figures for the moisture.

Purely theoretically we may say that in an analysis of the loss of weight
it is impossible to decide the moisture content absolutely correctly, and
the methods that satisfy the purely theoretical claims more closely are so
difficult that to tackle this problem must be excluded from practical seed
testing. 3

The only way would be to work so that the effect of the extraneous
processes is made as small as possible, provided that, at the same time, one
takes care to expel all water as quantitatively as possible. The conditions
that have a special influence here are :—

(1) The preparation of the sample (the degree of grinding).
(2) The temperature at which the estimation takes place.
(3) The time, i.e., the duration of the drying process.

These conditions must be chosen so that one gets—as far as possible—
corresponding results through parallel determinations, whilst permitting
the easiest possible methods of working.

At the seed-testing stations of Scandinavia, and probably also in most
other countries, the preparation for this estimation is simple; large-seeded
samples (such as cereals, etc.) are coarsely ground, and all small-seeded
samples are used whole. 24 gr. of the coarsely ground, or 1 gr. of the whole
small seed is used.

The material is heated for 5 hours at about 98° C. (steam drying oven).

It must be noted that coarse grinding or the use of whole seeds hinders
the escape of steam evolved ; this is also the case when using a temperature
of 98° C., which is under boiling point.

For this reason a slightly higher temperature, viz., 103° C. to 105° C.
(electric drying oven) is being adopted in chemical laboratories in the
estimation of moisture in organic substances.

A more thorough preparation of the sample, namely, grinding until
the whole sample passes through a sieve with a mesh of 1 mm. has
previously been used in these laboratories. A drawback to this more
thorough preparation is that it takes more time, which may allow the
moisture of the sample to alter during the work.

In order to get an appreciable basis for the discussion of these questions
I have carried out several tests as to the influence on the results of the
analysis of various methods of preparation, temperature and time. Owing
to lack of time, I have been compelled to limit the analysis material, and
have consequently selected some of the most important kinds of seed, viz.,
two of oats (avena sativa), two of barley (hordeum vulgare), two of rye
(secale cereale), two of timothy (phleum pratense), one of red clover
(trifolium pratense), one of alsike clover (trifolium hybridum), two of
turnip (brassica camp. rap.) and two of meadow foxtail (alopecurus
pratensis).

These 14 samples were prepared in two different ways, namely, (1) as
usual in seed testing, by rough grinding the large seeds, and leaving whole
seeds of the small kinds, and (2) in the same way as for chemical analysis,
by grinding and sifting the large seeds and crushing the small seeds in a
mortar. These 28 samples were dried at 98° C. and at 103° C., and in both
cases the drying was done first for 4 hours and then for an additional
hour. The parallel determination was carried out as far as possible, and
in each case 5 gr. of the substance was used. The results are shown
together in Table I (see page 50). In Table I, are shown the differences
between the parallel determinations. In Table IT (see page 51) is given
the difference in the results for various methods of procedure.

From Table I it will be seen that the conformity: between two parallel
analyses is, generally speaking, good in all methods, but it is decidedly
better at 103° C. than it is at 98° C.; further that the more careful pre-
paration also gives rather more closely corresponding results; and that it
does not make much difference when one dries for the additional hour.

From Table II it will be seen that the more careful preparation gives
about 4 per cent. more moisture than the usual method. Alopecurus is
an exception, giving a lower result from the careful preparation, 4 fact
that is probably due to a displacement of the moisture content during
the preparation. Further, drying at 103° C. gives about ? per cent. higher
result than drying at 98 °C. Drying for the additional hour, after four
hours, varies the result only by a small fraction of one per cent.

The main point is the utilisation of a method that permits of different
stations getting the same result. Having regard to the above experimental
results and to my experience as a scientific chemist and considering the
importance of making the method as practical and simple as possible for
different kinds of seed, I beg to propose that the following method be
adopted as international, and that it be used in all cases of international
transactions in seeds.

The estimation of moisture in seeds should be carried out as follows :—

(a) For cereals and other large seeds (dry weight of 1,000 grains more than
10 gr.) 5 gr. of roughly ground substance is heated for from 4 to 5 hours
in a drying oven to 103° C.

Parallel determination must be carried out.

(6) For small seeds (dry weight of 1,000 grains less than 10 gr.) 24 gr.
whole seeds are heated for from 4 to 5 hours to 103° C. Parallel determi-
nation as above.

| Remarks.—It is evident that the sample—when the estimation of
moisture is to be carried out with the object of a guarantee (and preferably

also with all samples)—must be forwarded in an air-tight glass container
or in @ close fitting tin box. The sample selected must be a good average
sample and must weigh at least 100 gr. for large seeds and 50 gr. for small
seeds. The sample must be well mixed before grinding and before weighing
off for analysis. When using 103° C. instead of 98° C., it must be
remembered that the moisture content obtained at 103° C. will be from
4 per cent. to 1 per cent. higher than that obtained at the lower temperature.

Mr. Devoto stated that the paper would be of great interest to
farmers in the Argentine who lose a large sum of money annually
because of the moisture content of maize. The Brown-Duval
apparatus for the estimation of moisture was introduced into his
country five years ago. The machine saved time but the results
obtained were not very exact. Mr. Brown stated that this
apparatus (which bears his name) was first developed with the view
of its application to the grain trade, especially corn. The apparatus
was simple and the test took only 15 minutes. It was necessary
to vary the times and temperatures according to the different
seeds to be tested, and provided this was done the results obtained
were satisfactory and tallied with those obtained by chemical
methods. He claimed that in using the machine errors of grinding
and weighing were eliminated.

Professor Voigt said that in Germany two different methods
were employed—for certain seeds a temperature of 98° C. was
used, and for others 103°C. The seeds were put in a cold oven
and heated to the required temperature. The period of heating
was counted from the time that temperature was reached.

Dr. Volkart stated that at the Ziirich Station they refused to
make determinations of moisture unless the samples were sent in
air-tight containers. Mr. Dorph-Petersen intimated that the same
condition applied in Denmark. The method used at his station
was to dry the samples in a copper apparatus surrounded by water
jackets containing water kept at boiling point. The temperature
in the apparatus was then about 98°C. Investigations showed
that the moisture content of samples stored in heated rooms
decreased.

Further discussion followed regarding the different degrees of
temperature employed in the determination of the moisture
content of various seeds and the danger of oxidation during the
process. The Argentine Delegate laid stress on the necessity for
tests to be made from the commercial as well as the scientific
standpoint.

(It will be observed from the report of the session on Thursday
afternoon that a Committee was appointed to deal with the
question of moisture content.)

Afternoon Session.

The Congress resumed at 2 p.m.

Professor Bussard read a paper on the subject of weed seeds,
a summary of which is given on page 52.

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ENGLISH SUMMARY.

Should not the reports on the purity of seeds indicate expressly the per-
centage by weight of weed seeds and the names of those most plentiful in
the samples analysed; and what species are to be described as weeds P

BY
Pror. L&on Bussarp,
Assistant Director, Seed-Testing Station, Paris.

Three years ago, at the Copenhagen Congress, Director Bruijning, of
the Wageningen station, after demanding that the term ‘‘ grade ”’ should
be substituted for “cultural value” or ‘real value,’’ suggested the
following formula :

Purity x Germinating power
Grade = 100
taking as a base the incontrovertible fact that the presence of weeds in
@ parcel of seeds is more harmful than that of inert matter, because crops
become contaminated through their introduction into the soil.

The result of the discussion on Director Bruijning’s proposal showed
that most of those present were not in agreement with it. There are, in
fact, several objections to be made.

The co-efficient 3 for weeds is arbitrary.

In deducting the percentage of weeds from the

Purity < Germinating power
100
this percentage is reckoned twice, coming, as it also does, into the test for
purity. ,

Harmless and noxious weeds cannot be given the same importance in
the calculations.

The discrepancy between the figures under the old method and under
the new grade one, appears excessive when due to the presence of harmless
weeds.

The latter is difficult of comprehension for growers and seedsmen, and
might give rise to mistaken interpretations.

To avoid confusion, stations should keep to the simple formula: -

nade Purity x Germinating power

100

Director Bruijning was, however, quite justified in stating that it is
necessary to let the growers and seedsmen know the quantities and kinds
of weeds in the analysed samples.

What rules are to be applied ?

If only a few weeds are in the samples it would be easy and useful to
enumerate them. If they are numerous it is useless to name them
separately, and no notice need be taken of those of which only 1-2 seeds are
found.

The percentage of weed seeds can be determined by taking the total
of all kinds when the percentage of each kind is less than 0-30 per cent. of
small seeds and 0-50 per cent. of large seeds, and by taking the separate
percentage of each when in excess of these figures.

An important question with regard to these rules is: What are to be
considered as weeds ?

In our opinion every extraneous plant in a crop is a weed, such as barley
among oats, etc. But the term ‘ weeds” can be restricted to meaning
only plants of no cultural value, distinguishing between useful and noxious
seeds, this being the interpretation we shall adopt, and the most generally
admitted one.

The limits between useful seeds and noxious seeds is not always strictly
defined, for in the U.S. Seed Importation Act of 1912, forage plants such af
Medicago lupulina and Anthyllis vulneraria are counted as weeds.

— Percentage of weeds x 3.

What kind of seeds must be given as weeds in the reports of the testing
stations ? : :

‘To enable this question to be answered, Mr. Dorph-Petersen initiated
an enquiry by sending to the various European and American stations a
questionnaire including the names of 206 wild plants,’ belonging to
40 families, requesting them to strike out those not met with at each
station, to add those not named, underlining the noxious plants and to
number the species 1-5, No. 1 to include the most frequent kinds.

Thirty stations returned the questionnaire duly annotated.

These stations, in their replies, added species peculiar to their
regions, so that, besides the elucidation of the question of weeds, we have
information as to the determination of the origin of seeds.

From the reports sent in, it can be seen that very few kinds of weeds
are to be met with equally frequently at the different points of the temperate
zone, which is, for us, the most important one.

The following species were most frequently and abundantly found in
North and Central Europe (including 8. France and N. Italy) and even in
America :—

Sinapis arvensis
Chenopodium album.
Plantago lanceolata.
Rumex acetosella.
Specially in Europe, but less uniformly :—
Daucus carota.
Sherardia arvensis.
Centaurea cyanus.
Stellaria media.
Brunella vulgaris.
and variable in different countries :—
Ranunculus.
Vicia.
Galium.

It would, therefore, appear that these weeds should always be named in
the reports, and perhaps their quantities given also.

As for the other species, even when a more restricted geographical area
is in question, there are such great discrepancies in their respective frequency
that it would be impossible to require all stations to include them in their
reports. But, nevertheless, such weeds may have special importance for
some one region or other, and it would be requisite in such cases, in the
interest of the growers, to name these weeds in the reports. For example,
the large-seeded Dodder, so unimportant for Northern lands and so noxious
for leguminous forage plants in Central and Southern Europe.

Is it possible to state precisely what categories of weed seeds should be
pointed out by the testing stations ?

Every country with a distinct climate has its own noxious plants.
Their propagation can only be avoided if the grower is made aware, by
analysis, of their presence in the seed tobe employed. In France, Bromus
mollis in Gramineae and Melilotus officinalis among leguminous seeds must
always be notified.

The names of certain weeds which are specially prescribed are given in
some Acts, as in the regulations attached to the U.S. Seed Importation
Act of August 24th, 1912, where 105 species are given.

In the explanatory regulations of the Canadian Seed Act of 1923, four
categories of extraneous plants are grouped as under :—

(1) Primary noxious weeds - - - “ - 8 species.
. (2) Secondary noxious weeds - - 7 F - 22 ”
(3) Useless weeds - : ie : Z - 8 i

(4) Harmful weeds, include all species not named above,

These species clearly specially concern Canada. The national stations,
and perhaps foreign ones, must pay them the greatest attention.

Finally, when any one kind of weed seed is present in appreciable quan-
tities in a sample of seed it should figure in the report with its name and
weight. As the proportion of extraneous useful seeds is of interest, it is
advisable to give the results of analysis as follows, a complicated example
having been selected purposely :

Pure Seeds’ - - : - 95-54 per cent.
Extraneous Seeds—
(Useful seeds)
a ae 0-60
b - - 0-36

—— 0-96 per cent.
(Weed seeds)

c - : 1-10
d 0:40
e - - - - 0:32
various” - - - 0-18

— __ 2-00 per cent.
Inert Matter—

Earth and stones - 0-80
Vegetable débris (leaves, stems, beoieai 0-70
seeds, etc.). —— __ 1-50 per cent.

100-00

lf wished, a and b, or c, d and e can come under one weight. In
the case of seeds of parasitic plants like Dodder, the number and not the
weight should be stated.

This method will not be new to some stations, which for a long time
have given a more or less complete list of the impurities contained in
the samples tested.

(A full copy of this paper in French will be found on
pp. 154-158.)

Mr. Dorph-Petersen called attention to a paper, “ Examinations
of the occurrence and vitality of various weed seed species under
different conditions, made at the Danish State Seed Testing
Station during the years 1896-1923,” copies of which were
circulated. These examinations confirm fully the truth of the old
saying : ‘‘ Evil weeds never wither,” as many species of weed seed
have proved able to retain their germinating capacity in the soil
for many years. They pass partly uninjured through the digestive
system of animals as well as through the mill. This shows the
necessity of recording on the analysis certificates the percentage of
weed seed and the number per kg. of noxious weed seeds occurring
in the samples sent in for testing (see paper on pp. 124-138).

The Delegates from Egypt, the Argentine, Hungary, and the
Ukraine, took part in the discussion which followed. The sugges-
tion was made that each country should submit to the European
Seed Testing Association (now the International Seed Testing
Association—see later) a list of the noxious weeds in which it is
specially interested. It was agreed that this and similar questions
discussed should be considered by the appropriate Committee
of the Association to be appointed on Thursday afternoon.

Dr. von Degen presented, but did not read his Report (copy of
which is appended) on the work of the Dodder Committee, of which
he was appointed Chairman at the Copenhagen Conference i in 1921,

Report of the Dodder Committee.
BY

Dr. A. von DEGEN,
Director, Royal Hungarian Seed Control Station, Budapest.

On the occasion of the Copenhagen Congress a Committee was appointed
to study the question of dodder. As members of this Committee were
elected Director Vitek, Professors Bussard and Voigt, Director Enescu
and myself, who are all representatives of European countries where the
cultivation of clover and alfalfais of very great importance. The Congress
having decided that the Committee should choose its own Chairman, I
accepted this position in accordance with the wishes of my colleagues, and
I have since taken all those initial steps necessary for approaching the
solution of the main problem assigned for the Committee’s investigation.

This problem was to determine, at least approximately, and for the
present only for Europe, the bounds within which the dodder plant produces
its noxious effects, distinguishing, so far as possible, the scope of the so-
called large-seeded dodder and that of the common dodder.

Experience had already taught us that certain parts of Europe—for
instance, the northern regions and such parts as are situated at a greater
height above the sea-level—are immune, or almost immune, against
dodder infection, since the plant, when introduced to these parts, fails to
‘become acclimatised and disappears after a brief period.

On the other hand, we knew, also from experience, that there were
certain regions in Europe where acclimatisation of the dodder was indeed
possible, but was neither certain nor constant; regions in which the plant
might or might not develop and produce ripe seed according as the weather,
during the period of vegetation, was warm and dry, or cool and wet;
therefore regions which, under certain circumstances, could become
infected, and would, at all events, be exposed to danger by the importa-
tion of seeds infected with dodder.

It was clear from the outset that here the climatic influences were of
primary effect.

Even the use to which the red clover and alfalfa are applied—whether
these plants are cultivated only for the purpose of obtaining fodder
or also for the purpose of procuring seed—is of some importance in the
development of the dodder, in so far as in the case of plants cultivated
exclusively for the production of fodder, the more frequent mowing
unfavourably affects the development of the dodder and, indeed, often
renders seed formation impossible, while in districts where clover seeds are
also harvested, the clover plants have a longer period of rest during which
the dodder has also time for develgppment. Still, the use to which the plants
are applied is also closely connected with climatic factors, for in the dis-
tricts which are warm and dry there is also invariably a harvest of clover
seeds, while, in cooler districts with a more abundant rainfall, the clover
serves only as a fodder crop. Thus the question here also is one of climatic
limits.

Now, while the countries which only produce fodder are constantly
obliged to import seed, the seed-producing countries export from year to
year a certain quantity which is, to some extent, infected with dodder
seeds. ; :

In addition to the influence exercised by the use to which the plants are
applied, another influence on the propagation of dodder is found in the
eonditions of cultivation in the different countries, notably in the more or
less strict adherence to the regulations designed to combat the evil. How-
ever, as these regulations are by rio means strictly enforced in Europe, we
may well leave them out of consideration. The methods of extirpation
involve great expense, and therefore the different countries much prefer
to confine themselves to regulations for the prevention of the importation

of dodder—that is, they prescribe certain grades of purity for imported
seed; and precisely for this reason, it would be of the greatest importance
to know the limits within which dodder exercises its damaging effect.

Thus, the growers of fodder, the merchants and the Seed Control Stations
have a common interest in determining these limits. I believe I do not
err in assuming that a similar interest in this question also exists in America
and that interest in it will also arise in Asia.

In view of the importance of the question, I must regret how relatively
small is the interest evinced in the work of the Dodder Committee.
This may perhaps be due to the fact that the solution of the question
is sought during a period when the political and financial confusion in East
and Middle Europe has greatly increased the difficulties of such work.

With Russia, a country which, in respect to dodder, is of peculiar
interest and has, according to supposition, a limit of noxious effect
stretching across the country from West to East, we were unable to estab-
lish contact.

From Germany, with its mosaic of districts differing in climatic
character, we could obtain no positive information, obviously in consequence
of the political confusion which has prevailed there in recent years. All
the efforts which Professor Voigt devoted to investigation were unavailing.

In France, according to Professor Bussard’s report, there is no limit
for the common dodder (Cuscuta Trifolii), this weed being met with in
all parts of the country; on the other hand, the large-seeded dodder
(Cuscuta racemosa or suaveolens) is limited to certain districts which are
greater or smaller in number according to the climatic conditions pre-
vailing in any particular year, and as these districts are distributed
irregularly, it is very difficult to determine their boundaries. According
to Professor Bussard, more extensive research would be required to
establish the limits of dodder growth in France.

From Roumania I have received no data. I have informed Director
Enescu of our system of question sheets for ascertaining the limits of
dodder effects, but hitherto I have received no reply.

From Czecho-Slovakia also there are no data, for I have not succeeded
in establishing correspondence with Director Vitek.

The most important details I have received exhibiting the correct method
of procedure in this question, came from Dr. A. Volkart, of Switzerland. In
Switzerland, on the north side of the Alps, only the common dodder (C.
Trifolii) plays any sort of réle, and here also, according to the observations
made, the growth appears with injurious effect only within the rainfall
curve of 1,000 mm. In districts with a greater rainfall, the growth is not
injurious. In warm, dry years the dodder does more damage and also
develops many ripe seeds, which again infect the soil for a series of years:
in wet years the damage is of small extent.

Nevertheless, there are to be found everywhere spots of dodder
infection, even in the districts where the rotation system of crops prevails,
where pastures of mixed clovers and grasses are made to last for 4-6 years ;
but the damage from dodder is nowhere very great. In Switzerland
the clover plant grows very luxuriantly, and this impedes the development
of the dodder. In the Cantons of Vaud and Geneva, and also in Wallis
(Valais) dodder is undoubtedly more injurious than in the other cantons;
in Canton Tessin the more abundant rainfall promotes the growth of
the fodder, and this prevents the extension of dodder. In Tessin there
is no zone which has a lower rainfall than 1,000 mm. The large-seeded
dodder, C. racemosa, appears only spasmodically in Switzerland, and
C. arvensis Beyr. is not known to have appeared at all.

In this isohyete of 1,000 mm. we should, therefore, have a line of great
importance, since it denotes, in all probability, a boundary line of dodder
growth.

Another boundary line is the isohypse of 800 m. This boundary
line was first mentioned by Dr. J. v. Szyszylowicz, of Lemberg, on the
occasion of the Hamburg Conference for Seed-Testing (Jahresb. der Ver.
f. angew. Bot. W. 1906: 298). Without a doubt this also is connected

with the climatic conditions prevailing at this height. This is corroborated
by our experiences before the war in the North-East of Great Hungary,
in the Carpathian Forest district, with a plentiful rainfall. Although large
quantities of dodder-infected clover were seeded, the crop ot clover seed
harvested was relatively pure.

Towards the end of the war, considerable quantities of clover seed
heavily infected with large-seeded dodder were exported from Hungary to ,
Bavaria. So far as my experience extends, the large-seeded dodder has not
become assimilated to the soil of Bavaria, no doubt because the districts
in which this clover seed was planted lie above the boundary line of the
noxious effect of dodder. The conditions in present day Austria are
probably similar to those in Switzerland and Bavaria.

As for the limits of dodder effect within the contracted boundaries of
present day Hungary, the whole territory must be regarded as being
infected. The whole territory lies within the limits of dodder growth, so
that this noxious weed may appear in any part of the country, and if it
does not actually appear in all parts this is to be attributed to the efficiency
of the preventive measures and the methods of extirpation.

Within this territory there are, indeed, districts, in West Hungary near
to the frontier of Styria and Austria, which, in contrast with the 500 mm.
rainfall of the Lowlands, have an average annual rainfall of 800 mm., and
here also the clover fields are less infected. ‘The region east of these dis-
tricts, as far as the Danube, has a rainfall of 700 mm., and still farther east
the rainfall decreases to 600 mm. and 500 mm. All these districts lie
within the general dodder limit, and also within the limit of the large-
seeded dodder.

Consequently, if I summarise the experiences collected in Hungary, I
must say that here the limit of dodder seems to be somewhat below the
1,000 mm. rainfall line.

With regard to the limit of dodder in England, the Journal of the Ministry
of Agriculture, Vol. 30, 1923: 38-41, contains the important information,
that C. Trifolii is not found in Scotland, and its appearance in England
north of the Trent up to the boundary of Scotland is of little importance,
but becomes more frequent in the more southern and eastern counties.

Here also, it is impossible not to recognise the connection between the
extension of dodder-growth and the condition of the rainfall. The south
and east of England have large areas with a rainfall of 7-800 mm.,
the more western parts have a rainfall of 8-900-1,000, while north of the
‘Trent there are districts with a still higher annual rainfall. The large-
seeded dodder appears to have become nowhere acclimatised to the soil
in Great Britain.

All in all, what I can report to you of the operations of the Committee
is but little, and that, unfortunately, is lacking in precision. Yet I
believe that the question can be brought nearer to a solution by the deter-
mination of the climatic boundary-lines, and that even this boundary
line, reported to-day as conjectural, may afford us a handle in estimating
the danger of dodder, until we shall have determined a more precise
instrument.

{ beg to conclude my report with the following proposals :—

(1) The Congress shall renew the appointment of the Dodder
Committee ;

(2) In the first place the Committee shall be recommended to
undertake further investigation of the above-mentioned Climatic
Lines, the isohyetes, isohypses and, so far as possible, also the isothers ;

(3) The Committee should also be recommended to approach the
question of the limit of dodder havoc from the experimental side.

It would be of the greatest interest to observe the behaviour of the
plant by way of experiment, first in the districts which are believed to be
immune and then in the districts which are almost immune.

The three proposals embodied in Dr. von Degen’s Report were
unanimously agreed to by the Congress.

Professor Johannsen proposed, and the Congress unanimously
agreed, that Messrs. Brown, Devoto and Kuleschoff should be
appointed additional members of the Dodder Committee. He
intimated that it was not essential that these three gentlemen
should travel to meetings of the Committee, but that they might
act as consulting members.

The business for the day having concluded, the Delegates
then travelled to St. Ives in order to inspect Sir Fred Hiam’s
farm, where some fine wheat, especially Professor Biffen’s
“ Yeoman II” Wheat, is grown.

Wednesday, 9th July.
Morning Session. ©
The Congress assembled at 10 a.m.

Professor Voigt read a paper on “‘ Germination methods,” a
summary of which is given below.

English Summary.

Since our meeting at Copenhagen in 1921 remarkable work has been
done concerning the physiology of the germination of seeds, especially on
chemical and physico-chemical influences retarding or accelerating germi-
nation. Mr. Popoff has carried out experiments on similar lines and has
had good results in getting higher yield from grain by soaking it in MgCl,;
similar results have also been obtained by the use of the fungicides
Germisan and Uspulun.

Nevertheless I am of opinion that it is not yet time to introduce these
matters into practical seed testing. It is necessary to study the whole
material for a longer time. ;

The two enquiries made under the direction of the Copenhagen Station
have given, for the main stations, such consistent results that it does not
seem useful to change the methods to-day.

On the other hand good work has been done on special questions by
Ziirich in collaboration with Hohenheim (Pinus Strobus), Copenhagen
(Pinus Strobus), Hamburg (Anthoxanthum Puélii, Festuca ovina, Aira
flexuosa, Cynosurus cristatus) and others, which are directly useful for
practical seed testing.

(A full copy of this paper in German will be found on
pp. 192-194.)

Professor Voigt sumiited for discussion and adoption the
“General Directions for Germinating Tests ”’ which he proposed
at the Copenhagen Congress in 1921.*

After a prolonged discussion Professor Johannsen intimated
that all outstanding matters connected with these “ Directions ”

would be dealt with by the appropriate Committee of the
Association to be appointed on Thursday afternoon.

* See pp. 86-88 of ‘Discussions at the International Seed Testing
Conference, Copenhagen, 1921.”

Dr. Franck then read the following paper :

Germination Tests at Low Temperature, with particular reference to
Seeds which are not fully after-ripened.

Dr. W. J. FRANCK,
Director, State Seed Testing Station, Wageningen.

When, last winter, one of the members of the Committee asked me
to deliver a lecture on germination tests at low temperature, I felt that
I had to comply with that request, though our investigations into this
subject cannot certainly be considered at present as being complete; on
the contrary, they are still in their early stages.

However, I felt that it would be useful if I were to give you a
brief survey—as well of the positive as of the negative results—attained at
Wageningen by germination tests at lower temperatures than are, to
my knowledge, in general use in the various seed testing stations, and
also with regard to the manner in which we conduct these experiments
at lower temperatures.

I should have hked to experiment a great deal more in order to be
able to give you a more complete outline of this subject, but neither
time nor room could be put at my disposal for such a purpose, owing to a
great rush during the winter and spring campaign and a continued decrease
of staff as a necessary result of the difficult economic conditions existing
at present.

So I beg beforehand the clemency of the meeting if that which I shall
read to you here does not contain much news for some of you who
have also made a study of this subject.

When we come to the treatment of the subject of germination at
low temperatures, a division must immediately be made into two chief
groups, %.e., physiologically unripe seeds, and seeds which are fully
after-ripened. :

It is especially the first of these groups mentioned in which appears
the phenomenon of delayed germination which has formed a subject of
study for various investigators, but so far the essential point has not
been revealed.

In consideration of the great importance that this phenomenon of
delayed germination possesses in the practice of seed control, I may,
perhaps, be allowed to give as short an explanation as possible of the
diverse theories and opinions of the chief investigators who have
studied this subject. An additional list of literature will, perhaps, be of
convenience to those of you who may desire to increase their know-
ledge. A short description, following upon this, of the methods of
quickening the after-ripening process practised at Wageningen may
give you an idea of our work there.

By after-ripening is understood the complex of changes, either metabolic,
chemical or mechanical, which are able to bring about germination in
seeds that are dormant, 7.e., in a condition in which they are unable to
germinate under usual germination conditions. This state of dormancy
is shown by the circumstance that the seeds, though swollen, do not
germinate and still remain undecayed. During the period of after-
ripening, certain changes, preceding the growing processes, must occur.
Seeds, showing the phenomenon of dormancy, lose this property in the
course of a longer or shorter period of time and become fit to germinate
under quite the same conditions as those under which, a short’ time
before, none, or only a very small percentage of them, would germinate
readily. It is well known everywhere that this phenomenon of delayed

germination occurs in freshly harvested or newly: threshed seeds,
especially after cold and moist summers.

From the inquiries made by various investigators on this subject,
it has become clear that the seeds showing this phenomenon of dormancy
can be arranged into two groups :—

(1) Seeds in which the delayed germination is due to characters
of the embryo. Harrington (1) defines it as follows :—‘‘ Embryos
which, though morphologically mature, are physiologically incapable
of germination, even when freed from all external restrictions, until
fundamental changes have taken place in the embryos themselves.”

(2) Seeds in which the delayed germination is not inherent in
the embryos, but is due to seed coat characters, ‘‘to partial or com-
plete coat restrictions to embryos in themselves germinable,” as
Harrington describes it.

In regard to the cases in which delayed germination is due to characters
of the embryo, which must go through fundamental changes preceding
growth, such changes generally require considerable time, and different
conceptions of them exist, due to the various kinds of seeds which
the different investigators have made their particular study. Some
express themselves vaguely; for instance, Davis and Rose (2) who write
“the term after-ripening may be made to include the necessary proto-
plasmic changes, antecedent to germination, changes involving the release
of digestive and respiratory enzymes, this leading to rapid metabolism,
to embryonic changes, whether protoplasmic or metabolic.”

Others have more defined conceptions about the chief factors which
take part in the phenomenon of after-ripening.

Fischer (3), Zaleski (4), Lehmann and Ottenwalder (5), Eckerson (6),
Harrington (7) and others bring the chemical side of the problem more
to the foreground. They consider embryonic after-ripening as a chemical
process, in which divers purely chemical changes take place, as, for
example, hydrolysis of the proteins, alterationsin the acidity and water-
holding power of the embryo, metabolism of the fats, fluctuations in the
sugars and amide nitrogen compounds, increase of oxygen, the rendering
active of dormant embryonic protoplasm by (H) and (OH) ions, &c.
Becker (8) believes that oxygen exercises a chemical stimulus which
causes germination. Eckerson compares the after-ripening process with
common germination and states that the chemical changes during
the 90 days of after-ripening of Crataegus are the same as those of
the first eight days of germination of Ricinus. Other investigators, as
Detmer (9), Brown and Morris (10), Green (11), Hotter (12), Mazé (13),
Abderhalden and Dammhahn (14), Appleman (15) and Crocker and
Harrington (16), consider it more as a process of ferments; for instance,
by the presence of peptolytic ferments, by the liberation of enzymes, by
the development of acidity, by increased catalase, oxydase and peroxidase-
activity, by increased diastatic contents, &c. The germination studies
dealing with chemical and enzymatical relations include a large number
of researches, the enumeration of which would lead me too far.

Some ascribe the after-ripening to chemical as well as to enzymatical
processes. Pack (17) expresses it as follows ‘‘ the changes accompanying
the after-ripening in Juniper seeds are represented by the accumulation
of cell building materials, acids, phosphatides, active reducing substances,
soluble sugars, pentoses, aminoacids, soluble proteins and other nitro-
genous coinpounds, the accumulation of enzymes, the dispersion of
materials and the transformation of storage materials. This accumu-
lation of cell-building and cell active materials, together with the
culmination of enzymes, probably leads to the after-ripening of dormant
organs.”

Kinzel (18), Heinricher (19) and Gassner (20) have shown that light
can be a factor in the protoplasm changes in delayed germination, whilst
Shull (21) has suggested that the character of the ovule, the origin,

character and age of the fertilizing pollen; the nutrition of the parent
plant, accidents of sun and shade, moisture and dryness of soil, high and
low altitude, weather conditions during ripening, the time of harvesting
and subsequent handling of seeds, are influential factors.

Various other investigators attribute delayed germination in seeds,
tested by them, to characters of the embryo, but they leave further
details about the essential point out of account.

We may mention Nobbe and Haenlein (22,23), Kienitz (24), Wiesner
(25), Lakon (26), Piichner (27), Crocker and Harrington (28, 29).

The conception that delayed germination is a result of seed coat
characters has also many advocates. The following cases are dis-
tinguished by them :—

(1) Seeds in which delayed germination is due to the imper-
meability of the seed coat to water. Nobbe and Haenlein (22)
assume that the cause of the resistance of clover seeds to water
must be considered to originate in the outer cell layer, the palisade
layer. Hiltner (30) suggests: ‘‘ Nicht der hohe Wassergehalt der
Nachreife bediirftige Getreide, sondern im Gegenteil deren Unfahig-
keit das zum Auslo6sung des Keimungsactes notwendiges Wasser in
sich aufzunehmen, bedingt ihre Tragheit in der Keimung.”

(2) Seeds in which the non-germination is simply due to the
fact that only a subminimal quantity of oxygen can reach the
embryo. Crocker (31) found that in the seeds of various water
plants the protoplasm is not dormant but that the delay is caused
by: the seed coats. He readily found germination if the coats were
broken or removed.

Jrocker asserts that delayed germination, or failure to germinate,
is more generally due to seed coat effect (limiting or entirely excluding
water or oxygen supply) than to embryo characters as has generally
been assumed. Kieszling (32), Shull (33), Atwood (34) and Hoft-
mann (35) have the same conception about this aspect of
delayed germination. According to Atwood, it is possible to accept
either that the embryo in the course of after-ripening decreases
its demands for oxygen, whereby the seeds become able to grow
in gases poor in oxygen, or that there is no decrease in oxygen
demands but rather an increased permeability of the coat to
oxygen. ;

(3) Seeds in which an inhibitory partial pressure of carbon dioxide
in the tissues of the embryo is the cause of delayed germination.
Kidd (36) considers the resting condition of the seed in apparently
suitable conditions of temperature, moisture and oxygen supply,
as a phase of auto-narcosis under the action of the carbon dioxide
produced by the seed itself. Kidd and West (37) interpret the
phenomenon of secondary dormancy as a decreased power of the
enabryo, during the primary period of inhibition in the presence of
carbon dioxide, to respond to growth conditions and to germinate
under the limitation of the seed-coat.

(4) Seeds in which the presence of acetic aldehyde inhibits
the germination, as is demonstrated by Mazé (38).

(5) Seeds in which the expanding embryo meets at the seed coat
a mechanical resistance greater than the growing force of the embryo.
Crocker and Harrington (28) mention the case that an initial rapid
water absorption ceases, before the imbibitional and osmotic forces
of the embryo are satisfied, because the swelling of the seed contents
is not sufficient to break the seed-coats.

(6) Seeds in which the coat may exclude chemical compounds
necessary for germination, as is supposed by Croker (31lc). Brown (39)
has found in this connection that the grains of cereals are inclosed
within a semi-permeable or selective covering, which permits the
passage of water to the interior of the grain, but which prevents the
passage of various acids and salts of metals, when they are in aqueous
solutions.

As I did not try any experiments regarding the nature of the after-
ripening or the changes during that period, I must refrain from giving
an opinion of my own about it. The delayed germination of cereals, though,
seems to be caused not by changes in the embryo itself, but by checking
influences of the seed-coat. The independence of ferments as to ripeness
has indeed been shown already at Wageningen by my predecessor, the late
Mr. F. F. Bruijning (40), who concluded that the favourable influence of
artificial after-ripening on the germinative power was not accompanied
by a rising of the fermental capacity. Wieringa, too, having done some
provisional tests, arrives, for the present, at the conclusion that the
catalase-figure of barley need not rise in consequence of the after-ripening.
Through want of after-ripened material these tests could not be continued.
_ Literature recommends different methods to quicken the delayed
germination, such as—

(1) Cutting the seeds or clipping them off. Hiltner (30), Crocker
(31a), Griiss (41), Keiszling (32), Atwood (34), and others.

(2) Hot water treatment. Kieszling (42), Lakon (43).

(3) Soaking the seeds in solutions of various enzymes. Crocker
(31a).

(4) Addition of (H) and (OH) ions. Fischer (3).

(5) Addition of dilute acids. Eckerson (6), Harrington (44).

(6) Effects of light. Kinzel (18), Heinricher (19), Gassner (20).

I shall not dwell on the above-mentioned expedients, because they are
hardly ever or never employed at Wageningen. I may, however, specially
mention two other ways which are regularly employed with us :—

(1) Artificial after-ripening by intensive drying.
(2) Germination at a low temperature.

Artificial after-ripening at a raised temperature has already very often
been recommended, approved, and accordingly rather generally used.
Hiltner (30, 45), Hoffmann (35), Atterberg (46), Kieszling (32), Mazé (38),
Giimbel (47), Kidd (37), Harrington (44) and Hile (48) showed the favour-
able. effect of drying. Mostly temperatures of 35—40° were recommended.
Hoffman supposes that the high water percentage of freshly harvested
seed hinders the penetration of oxygen and, because of this, at the same
time, the after-ripening process. When drying, canals and clefts are
formed in the seeds by their shrivelling up and the oxygen out of the air
is easily admitted. Hoffmann, too, considers this drying a checking of the
counteracting influences, which the absorption of oxygen suffers, caused
by the internal forming of carbon dioxide, as the respiration and carbonic
acid production are both decreased by drying. Kolkwitz (49) and Mazé
regard the transformation, occurring when the seeds are dried, as an
evaporation of volatile stuffs, the presence of which hinders the evolution
of the embryo. The aldehyde, which accumulate in seeds that are not
after-ripened, does not, according to Mazé, kill the embryo, but it prevents
diastase activity and, with it, germination. According-to Kidd “ redrying
of fully swollen seeds, which are in secondary dormancy, breaks up this
dormant condition and also causes acceleration of germination.”’

This artificial after-ripening method by means of drying was applied
regularly at Wageningen until some years ago. It takes place there in a
double-walled drying stove (Figure I), specially made for that purpose.
The space between the two walls is heated by gas, till the temperature in
the drying space proper is 35 degrees Centigrade. A warm air-current also
passes through this space, previously heated by burners, causing and keep-
ing the right temperature. By this combination of heating and conducting
warm dry air all through the seed, a very intensive drying is obtained
which often has its effect in a few days, but, as a rule, in from six to eight
days.

This method was always found best for rye, wheat and oats, and for
barley also, except in a few cases in which the time of drying had to be
somewhat lengthened. Under these conditions the after-ripening process
in barley does not apparently take place so soon, perhaps in consequence
of the glumes and the seed coat being tightly joined to the seed. This

method, however, has one important drawback; it takes more time than
can often be allowed for the germination test, especially in the case of winter
rye, wheat and barley. Some experts therefore advise that after-ripening
should be done at a low temperature. This can be brought about by putting
the seed, previous to germination, in an ice-box at a temperature of 3° to 6°
Centigrade, and by germination at a temperature varying between 8° and
15°; see Whitcomb (50), Toole (51), Harrington (7), Rose (52). Whitcomb
observes, ¢.g., “‘ this method is especially well adapted to testing newly
threshed grains; a germination test by the ice-chest method of winter
wheat and other grains immediately after threshing will indicate the
percentage of seeds, in a given lot, which will produce healthy plants under

Figure 1.

normal field conditions.” Toole advises: ‘“‘ When a sample has failed to
give a good germination, the remainder may be transferred to the cold for
five days; if the poor results have been due to dormancy, germination will
be completed after they are returned to the warm germinator.’? Atterberg
(46) and Qvam (53) recommend a germination temperature of 10° to 15°;
the ‘“Technische Vorschriften fiir die Priifung von Saatgut”’ (54) recommend
one of 8° to 12°. Hiltner (45) thinks a temperature of 13° to 15° best and,
if it fails to cause speedy germination, previous drying at 40°. Heinrich (56)
observes that low temperatures quicken the germination of poorly after-
ripened seeds, but have a delaying influence when full ripeness has been
obtained. Harrington states the same thing and so recommends removing
any seed remaining ungerminated at the end of some days at a low tem-
perature into germinating chambers at a higher temperature. In the new
“* Rules for seed testing of the New York State Agricultural Experiment
Station ” (58) we read: ‘‘in the case of cereals and timothy grown under
such conditions that they are frosted or exposed to cold weather before
harvest, the germination tests should be made at lower temperatures,

oe 20° Centigrade, and continued for longer periods than for normal
seed.”

At Wageningen the best means for the germination of newly harvested
or newly threshed prains was a temperature of 10° C. during five days and
afterwards a higher one of 20°C. A large series of comparative tests was
made during the last three years and extraordinarily favourable results
were obtained by the use of this method with poorly after-ripened wheat,
rye and oats. The following tables I, II and III, each consisting of ten
examples, will give an idea of this. Practically a delayed germination did
not occur in the case of the three above-mentioned kinds. With barley
samples, however, it was somewhat different. The results in most cases
were satisfactory (table IV), but cases occur in which the favourable
influence, while obvious, is not quite complete (table V). In such cases,
however, the highest figure for the germinative power could be reached
by an artificial after-ripening at a raised temperature. In the case of
barley, the success of the W4) method, as we call it at Wageningen, depends
apparently on the degree of after-ripening; some years there will be more
difficulties than in others. Last winter, for example, when delayed ger-
mination did not often occur, the Wj) method turned out absolutely
satisfactory for barley.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seems to show an analogous phenomenon.
Considerably better results are often obtained with a low temperature than
with one of 20°C. In many other cases, however, the Wy.) method yields
higher germination figures.

Although I have not yet arrived at any definite conclusion, I believe
this difference of behaviour to be caused by different degrees of ripeness,
so that for insufficiently ripencd lettuce-seeds the low temperature 18
recommended, but for the well-ripened ones the We, method is the best.
The figures in table VI, demonstrating the behaviour of some six samples
of seed not fully after-ripened, support this opinion. Probably a method
exposing the after-ripened seed to a regular temperature, alternating
between 10° C. and 20° C, will give better results than a constant one of
10°C. The data, which I have at my disposal at present are, however, not
sufficient to enable me to give a definite judgment on this question.

The same is the case with corn salad (Valerianella olitoria) which,
being after-ripened, germinates well at an even temperature, but, until it is
after-ripened, prefers a low alternating germination temperature.

Comparative tests. Methods W,) and Wap.

I.—Wheat. II.—Rye. III.—Oats.
Energy, Power, Energy, Power, Energy, Power,
5 days. 9 days. 5 days. 9 days. 7 days. 11 days.

Wao. | Wio- | Wao- | Wio- | Weo- | Wio- | Wao- | Wao: | Wao. | Wao- | Weo- | Wio-

53 76 88 96 67 92 88 | 100 | 40 76 69 91
72 91 88 99 73 97 91 | 100 | 82 98 93 99
55 38 84 | 97 74 95 89 99 | 69 81 82 94
44 98 56 99 66 92 84 99 | 78 95 86 97

6 27 70 94 82 98 89 99 | 74 74 87 96
53 96 88 99 75 79 83 94] 31 72 60 76
55 38 84 97 83 99 92 99 | 67 51 73 86
44 98 56 99 82 98 94 / 100 | 80 69 85 89
56 86 89 95 62 97 91 99} 70 | — 84 94
63 76 88 94 81 | 98 90 99 | 79 91 93 98

IV.—Barley. V.—Barley.
Energy, Power, Energy, Power, After-ripened
5 days. 9 days. 5 days. 9 days. Power, 9 days.

Wao: | Wao- | Wao. | Wio- | Wao- | Wao | Wao. | Wao: | Wao- Wo

6 20 10 93 9 40 16 50 100 100
32 76 49 93 22 52 33 58 100 —_—
69 89 88 99 43 84 56 87 99 99
54 86 63 90 44 77 63 85 100 =
58 95 66 97 62 89 70 90 98 94

53 89 59 93 59 81 717 85 97 _—
76 93 81 99 81 92 82 92 96 —

55 92 58 96 8 93 10 93 100 100
74 91 80 95 78 95 84 97 100 100
35 83 79 97 vi 17 16 50 100 100
VI.—Lettuce.
Original seeds not _After-ripened seeds
after-ripened. after some months.
Woo- Was:- Weo Wi
66 85 93 90
80 94 90 90
83 93 91 86
88 96 94 94
68 91 95 91
78 91 93 91

I will now pass on and describe to you briefly the manner in which
the low temperature, required in the incubators, is obtained. This cool-
ing is caused by a pickle-dilution, which, in its turn, is cooled in a
refrigerator (Figure 2) and is led through insulated pipes to four well
insulated incubators, after which it flows into special chambers of a
measurement of about three-tenths of a cubic metre placed within these
cupboards. By means of a tap the supply can be regulated. In addition
to this process there is also a formation of iceblocks, which are placed
nightly in special basins in the incubators, to retain an approximately
constant temperature during the hours of the night, during which time the
machine is at a stand-still and consequently does not produce cold.

The cooling machine used at Wageningen consists of two absolutely
closed bronzed spheres, connected by a hollow steel shaft, which shaft is
resting on two bearings and is provided with a driving pulley. By
revolving this machine, cold or ice can be immediately obtained. By this
means a chemical process is set up within the spheres, of which one
attracts warmth from its surroundings (the brine) and thus causes the
desired cooling, while the other one imparts the attracted warmth to the
supplied cooling water, which flows from the main tap.

w 23801 Cc

__ The principle upon which this cooling is based is the repeated evapora-
tion of a dilution of sulphurous acid and its renewed condensation.

The diagram shows in transverse section the construction of the
machine. Round the hollow axle are fixed two balls C and R of bronze
material. The axle is supported by two bearings S. The ball C turns
in a cooling water basin D, the ball & in a reservoir H, which is filled with
a pickle dilution. In the ball C a compressor is built in, which, when the
shaft is turning, is kept in a vertical position by a counterweight B, whilst
the piston is moved to and fro by means of eccentrics on the shaft. The
compressor-cylinder is revolvable round two taps, and so it can follow the
oscillating motion of the piston. The machine is filled in the factory with
sulphur dioxide as a cold medium and after this it is closed hermetically.
When the machine is brought into revolutionary motion the compressor
exhausts the sulphur dioxide pas out of the ball R and presses it in the
condenser C, whdse wall is cooled by the water from the main tap, so that
the sulphur dioxide condenses.

fe :

FIGURE 2.

By the difference in pressure that exists between the contents of the
balls, the liquid is forced back through a little pipe, within the hollow
shaft to the sphere R, the evaporator, and is quickly evaporated there.
The expansion of the gas cools the evaporator, which in its turn cools
the brine in which it revolves.

The compressor is built within a chamber in the centre of C, which
chamber is filled with oil, so that the moving parts are excellently lubri-
cated. The oil is gathered at the bottom of the condenser and is taken up
by the turning movement of the ball, in order to be brought back into
the compressor chamber by a receptacle. In this manner a very good
lubrication takes place, whilst the oil, in consequence of the closed con-
struction of the machine, cannot come into contact with the air, so that
oxidation of the oil by the oxygen in the air is prevented, and the oil
continually preserves its good qualities.

The incubators used for germinations at low temperatures consist
of spacious zinc double-walled cupboards, which are screened against
temperature changes by an insulation of two layers of air, one layer of
cement-asbestos, and finally a wooden covering (Figure 3). The inner
chamber of each of the two compartments of such an incubator is
about three-tenths of a cubic metre and contains 24 loose perforated zinc
trays on which seed beds are placed. It also holds a zine basin at the

top for taking up the blocks of ice during the night. Between the two
chambers is placed the cooling cell which causes the required cold in the
cupboard. ,

The system described above has satisfied us that it is relatively ‘simple
to keep the temperature constant at about 10° Centigrade, and that great
temperature fluctuations cannot take place.

Now we come to the discussion of the second principal group, that of
the thoroughly ripe seeds. According to their reaction when germinating
at a reduced temperature they can be divided into two sub-sections —

Firstly, seeds germinating better when subjected to an alternating.
temperature than to a constantly low one.

eee

FIGuRE 3.

Secondly, seeds requiring a constant low temperature.

Consulting the existing literature, we generally find suggested an
alternation between 20° and 30° Centigrade. This is likewise used for many
seeds at Wageningen because it really seems to us the best method for their
germinating, for instance for the seeds of Anethum graveolens, Agrostis’
stolonifera, Brassica oleracea and Rapa, Carum Carvi, Festuca pratensis,
Phleum pratense, Raphanus sativus and other kinds. For 18 hours a
temperature of 20° C. is maintained, which is raised during the remaining six.

It appeared, however, to us, that instead of an upward alternation,
a lower one is advantageous for various seeds, and that this alternation
yields the best results when using Jacobsen’s method. Consequently our
method, ‘‘ Copenhagen alternating,” came into use with us, in which the
seeds are brought to, and kept for four hours at,the temperature df 25-28°C.,
by heating the apparatus, after which the warm water at 32° C. is quickly
substituted by cold water, from the main tap, at 11-14° C. According to
Dorph Petersen’s (55) description, an alternating temperature of 18-26° C.
on the Jacobsen’s incubator is also used at Copenhagen. Moreover, I will

draw your attention to the fact of Hiltner’s (45) pointing out in 1906, that
lowering the temperature in alternating might be preferable to raising it.
Heinrich (56) also recommends temperatures between 5° C. and 20° C, for
Anthoxanthum odoratum. Honcamp (57) exceeds them, suggesting, for
that special grass, a constant temperature of 5°C. Harrington likewise
applies lower temperatures than are generally used, but not, however,
lower than 15° C.

Without unnecessarily wearying you with long lists of the results of
comparative germination tests carried out at Wageningen, I may mention
this method as a very suitable one, especially for the following seeds :—
“ Alopecurus pratensis, Apium graveolens, Arrhenatherum elatior (husked,)

Avena flavescens, Cichorium Endivia, Dactylis glomerata, Lepidium
sativum, Nasturtium officinale, Poa species (Poa: compressa excepted),
Solanum Lycopersicum, &c. Very suitable, too, though not yelding
specially higher results, is this method for Agrostis‘ stolonifera, Cichorium
Intybus, Petroselinum sativum, Daucus Carota and Festuca pratensis.
It may be observed besides, that (with the ‘‘ Copenhagen alternating ”
method) the germinating seeds are always exposed to the diffuse light of
a northern room. Comparative tests, exposed to direct sunlight, did not
offer any better results, even for the Poas (with the exception of Poa
compressa).

To those of the audience who have not yet tried the alternation of
temperature between 11° C. and 25-28° C., I may strongly recommend the
comparative testing on the Jacobsen incubator. In many cases, better
results will be obtained than with other germination methods in use.

I shall dwell a little longer on the second subsection, the seeds requiring
a constant low temperature as the best means for a most favourable
germination, because a temperature of 10° C. for normally ripened seeds,
so far as I am aware, is not yet recommended as a normal germinating
method. Here the seeds remain during the first five days at a temperature
of 10°C. in the incubators already mentioned (cooled by brine). After that
time they can be placed in a 20° C. incubator. One word as to why a tempera-
ture of 10° C., has been chosen. In this choice, on the one hand, it was
necessary to reckon with the evident inclination of some seeds for germina-
ting at a low temperature; on the other hand, it had to be kept in mind
that the germinating temperature should not be chosen so low as to lose
all the advantage obtained from it, on account of too great a slowness in
the course of the germinating process. It was for these reasons, after
some preliminary experiments, that the temperature of 10° C. was chosen.
For various kinds of seed this method, compared with other methods, was
not always successful, as undoubtedly it was not the best method for Allium
Cepa, Phaseolus pratensis and Pastinaca sativa, though all these are seeds
which germinate well at 20° and are badly influenced by higher tempera-
tures. Ornithopus sativus and Lepidium sativum did not show any differ-
ence. With some kinds, however, the new germinating temperature
proved to yield a considerable and almost constant rising of the germination
percentage. Spinach may be taken as first and principal among them.
For the greater part of the comparative tests, the temperature of 10° C.
proved to be better for this seed than that of 20° C. used up till now.

In view of the great importance that the. testing of spinach seed
possesses for us (at Wageningen some hundreds of samples of spinach
seed are investigated yearly), the comparative experiment between 10 and
20°C, was continued with a great number of samples. 293, or 94 per cent. of
the 310 samples tested, showed better or equal results, 17, or 6 per cent.,
were only slightly lower. In this last case the difference only amounted to
one or two per cent., some cases excepted, and so the result was not much
inferior to the one obtained by the 20° method. The differences in
favour of the 10° method were of much more importance as the following
list: will show.

GERMINATION TEstT, SPINACH.
Comparison Method Wy, and W29.—310 samples.

Woo higher resulis than W yo.
6 % in 1 sample

7 2 ” ; ”
pet. (th
2% ,, 3 samples
1 % ey 0 >

Way same results as Wp.
In 14 samples, 4%.

Wo lower results than Wyo.

1 % in 33 samples
2 % ” 35 39
3% », 32 ”

9% ,, 14 - >90 %.

16% ,, 2 samples
19% ,, lsample )

The better results obtained by the 10° method are, in the case of
spinach seed, clearly evident.

The question then arose whether these results with spinach seeds
originated in their being not. quite ripe. Considering the advanced
season, this was a priort improbable, but, notwithstanding, a number
of samples was controlled by us in order to obtain information on this
point.

A set of 30 samples was tested in three different ways at both 10° C.
and 20° Centigrade :—

1, the test was begun immediately.
2s 885 » after an artificial ripening during one week.
Bs gg ys ay 53 », natural ripening for some months.

With equally conditioned seed, W 1) nearly always offered higher results
than W,,. Artificial and natural drying had about the same results, and
so one could arrive at the conclusion that it is one of the qualities of nor-
mally ripened seed to germinate better at a low temperature. A second
question had to be answered, namely, whether an alternating tem-
perature of 10 to 20° C. would be preferable, even, to a constant one of
10 degrees. Consequently, a series of tests was begun, some seeds germ-
inating at 10° C., and others at an alternating temperature. We concluded
that the 10 degrees method always offered better germination results (at an
average of 4 per cent. higher) than those obtained by alternating tem-
perature, whose only advantage is that of giving, after 7 days, a higher
percentage for the energy (about 5 per cent. on anaverage). The constant
10° method, however, regularly overtakes and surpasses it in most cases
between the 7th and 21st day.

Therefore, we draw the conclusion that for spinach seeds a constant
temperature of 10° C. is preferable to a constant one of 20°C. or to an
alternating one between 10 and 20° Centigrade.

Further examples of the good influence exercised by the 10° temperature
are Allium Porrum, Papaver somniferum and various flower seeds.

% 23301 C3

Comparative tests were carried out last year with various flower
seeds. Four to six different germinating methods were tried at the same
time. The 10 degrees method proved to be the best method for several
sorts, but for several others, on the contrary, it appeared useless. By
after-ripening these seeds for some months, and then repeating the
germination tests, we learned that it was not a question of insufficient
after-ripening, but that it is a characteristic of some flower seeds to germi-
nate better at a lower temperature. Here can also be distinguished seeds
which prefer a constant low temperature of 10°, such as Chrysanthemum
carinatum, Delphinium ajacis, Eschscholtzia spp., Matthiola incana, and
Nemophila, and seeds with which an alternating low temperature between
10 and 20 degrees gives the best results. To this last category belong,
e.g.: Clarkia elegans and pulchella, Lobelia erinus, Nigella damascena,
Viola tricolor, etc.

Ladies and gentlemen, I have come to the end of my paper, and will
conclude by giving a short summary of the results obtained :—

Firstly.—An alternating method between 11 and 26° C. tested on a
Jacobsen incubator, placed in a northern room, gave, in comparison
with the ordinary alternating one between 20 and 30° C. and with
other methods, higher and more constant germination figures for
various kinds of seeds;

Secondly.—A temperature of about 10 degrees Centigrade is a per-
fect one and nearly always sufficient to get the highest germination
results possible for Dutch-grown cereals (barley excepted) which
are not fully ripe, and for some other kinds of seed.

It occurs but seldom, relatively, that the germination is delayed,
notwithstanding the low temperature applied, but, where it does
occur, an intensive desiccation at about 35° C. for 5 to 7 days always
proves sufficient (barley excepted) to cancel the phenomenon of
delayed germination.

Thirdly.—A low temperature either constant at 10° C. or alterna-
ting between 10 and 20°C. is most favourable for the germination of.
various agricultural, horticultural and flower seeds. By means of an
A.S. refrigerating machine, well insulated thermostats can keep a
sufficiently constant temperature of 10 degrees Centigrade.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.

l. Eine intermittierende Methode zwischen 11 und 26° C. ausgefiihrt
auf einem Jacobsen Keimapparat, aufgestellt in einem gegen Norden
gelegenen Raum, ergibt, im Vergleich mit der iiblichen Intermittierung
zwischen 20 und 30° C. und mit anderen Methoden verschiedener Samen-
sorten bessere und mehr konstante Keimresultate.

2. Eine Temperatur von 10° C. ist ausgezeichnet und fast immer
hinreichend zum Erhalten der méglichst hohen Keimergebnisse fiir noch
nicht ganz nachgereifte niederlaindische Getreidearten und fiir einige
andere Samensorten.

Eine verzégerte Keimung kommt bei dieser niedrigen Temperatur
verhaltnismassig nur selten vor; in diesem letzten Falle war eine intensive’
Trocknung bei 35° C. waéhrend 5—7 Tage immer geniigend (ausnahms-
weise bei Gerste) um eine normale Keimung zu Stande zu bringen.

3. Eine niedrige Temperatur von entweder 10° C. konstant oder
intermittierend zwischen 10 und 20° C. hat sich als sehr giinstig fiir die
Keimung verschiedener landwirtschaftlichen-, Gartenbau- und Blumen-
samen erwiesen. Mittels einer A.S. Kiithlmaschine kénnen richtig isolierte
Keimthermostaten auf diese Temperatur gebracht und gentigend konstant
gehalten werden.

& LITERATURE CITED.

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Astudy of methods in making germination tests. Proc. Assn. Off.
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58. M.7. Munn. 1924.

Rules for seed-testing. Circular 73 of the New York State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Geneva. N. 4, p. 9.

Dr. von Degen expressed the view that Dr. Franck’s methods
would not be suitable for grains grown in countries where the
climatic conditions were different from those obtaining in Holland.
In Hungary, for instance, fully matured seeds were obtained
because of the dry weather experienced during the period of
ripening. The method of alternating temperatures was, however,
necessary in the case of Beta seeds obtained from Germany.

Professor Bussard pointed out that humidity was a factor to be
borne in mind in the case of seeds from northern countries. Tests
of grain from these countries which had a low germinating power
gave excellent results when the seed had been dried.

Mr. Anderson was of the opinion that the term “ after-ripened ”’
(or “incomplete maturation”) did not adequately cover the
condition, as it appeared to be a characteristic of certain varieties
of seeds that they did not germinate well under artificial condi-
tions. At his Station (Edinburgh) they had adopted, chiefly for
commercial reasons, the practice of “ shelling ”’ those seeds in oat
samples which did not germinate well in a sterile medium (sand).
This practice generally induced rapid germination and gave a result
more in accordance with that obtained when a natural medium
(soil) was utilised as a seed bed. He congratulated Dr. Franck on
his excellent paper, both as regards material and the manner in
which it was presented. The information contained in the paper
would be of great assistance to those who had a considerable
number of cereals to germinate and who experienced difficulty in
obtaining good results.

Mr. Clark also expressed appreciation of the excellence of the
paper which entered into some of the most difficult problems
experienced in Canada. They had frequently to deal with grain
which had “ frosted ” before it matured, and had found it useful
under certain conditions to dry the seed under glass exposed to the
sun for as long as 10 days.

In order to test whether the seed is or is not viable they plant
it in rich soil of the prairies which has been carefully sterilised.
In some cases in order to ascertain whether the seed has been
killed by the frost they feed it with a 1 per cent. solution of cane
sugar during the first few days when germination is due to
commence.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen referred to his paper on the subject of seeds
which are not “‘ germinating-ripe,” which had previously been
circulated to the Delegates, and which was due to be read on
Thursday, the 10th July. Time did not, however, permit of the
reading of this paper, which is appended.

Germination Tests in the Laboratory and in Soil of Cereal Seed
which is not ‘‘ Germinating-Ripe.”’

K. DorpH-PETERSEN.

When, last Autumn, Dr. Volkart and I prepared the draft Agenda
for the Congress, it was decided that the head of the Seed Testing Station
at Orebro, Sweden, Director J. Widén, and I should read papers on
“ Investigations of seeds which are not ‘ germinating-ripe’ and deter-
mination of the germinating power of such seeds in the soil.” My
respected colleague Mr. Widén informed me, however, at the beginning
of the winter, that he would not be able to attend the Congress as he
was unwell, and unfortunately he died a little more than a month ago.
I have known Mr. Widén and co-operated with him for more than 20 years.
We were both members of the Committee which, in 1912, revised the
common rules for seed testing in force for the three northern countries.
Mr. Widén was a very fine, sympathetic and clever personality with
whom it was a pleasure to co-operate. Those among you who were
present at the Seed Testing Conference in Copenhagen in 1921 will
recollect his courtesy and kindness. We shall remember him as an
excellent colleague.

Mr. Widén would certainly have been able to have given interesting,
information regarding the matter which is to be considered now, as that
part of Sweden where his station is situated suffers greatly because cereal
seed cannot be ‘‘ germinating-ripe,” but germinates, therefore, slowly and
poorly. We agreed that Mr. Widén should undertake experiments in
regard to the matter, and that similar tests should be made simultaneously
at the Danish State Seed Testing Station. Illness, however, prevented
Widén from beginning this work. As Dr. Franck touched on the matter
yesterday, and gave a long, very interesting list of the detailed literature
on the subject in question, I shall confine myself to mentioning some
Swedish experiments on the same lines and to give an account of the
experimental work at the Danish State Seed Testing Station.

The question is of special interest to Sweden, Scotland, Norway and
Finland, where numbers of examinations of cereal seed which is not
“ perminating-ripe’ have likewise been made. Particulars of some
Swedish experiments are published in ‘‘ Eftermognad hos Spanmalsvaror ”’
(“ After-ripening of Cereal Seed’’)* by ,Mr. Wailldén, the head of
** Svalofs Utsadesforening’s”’? Seed Testing Station. He has described

in this work the phenomena associated with seed which is not “‘ germinating-

* «Sveriges Utsadesf6renings Tidskrift,” 1910, No. 2, 3 and 6.

ripe,”’ phenomena that are now widely known through existing literature.
As has been recognised for some time, cereal seeds that have been to
some extent damaged, germinate, as a rule, better than do the other seeds
in a bulk which is not ‘‘ germinating-ripe.”” Purchasers of malting barley,
who wished to ascertain whether those seeds which did not germinate
under normal conditions could be made to do so, shook the seeds so
vigorously in a bottle that they became damaged. Mr. Walldén utilised
this experience. He cut off that end of the cereal seeds which is opposite
the embryo, and then placed the seeds in test. After this treatment,
many of them germinated normally during the usual number of days
(10-12).

In addition to the normal tests of the germinating capacity of cereal
seeds (in damp sand in earthenware bowls), tests of small numbers of
grains (50 or 100) which were cut as described above, have been carried
out at the Danish State Seed Testing Station. When it appeared that
those seeds which were not treated in this way germinated slowly and
poorly, whereas the cut seeds germinated normally, the following state-
ment was made on the analysis certificates: ‘‘ The low germinating
capacity suggests that the sample is not ‘germinating-ripe’; if it be
stored for a period in a dry place it will probably attain a higher germina-
ting capacity.’’ The senders of the samples thus knew that there was
no reason to reject the goods for seed purpose.

In our rules for seed testing it is laid down that the seeds shall not be
subjectod to any physical or chemical treatment before the test. It has,
therefore, been possible to use the method of cutting the ends of the seeds
only for the purpose of obtaining information as to whether or not seeds
would attain a greater germinating capacity later on; the method is, for
this reason, used only where the seed is not ‘‘ germinating-ripe.’’ Under
normal conditions, barley and oats generally become “‘ germinating-ripe ”’
in Denmark in October or November. Recent summers have, however,
been comparatively moist and cool, and this has prevented cereal seed
generally from becoming ‘‘ germinating-ripe’’ until towards the sowing
season, while oats were frequently not ‘‘ germinating-ripe’’’ even at that
time. In the Report of the Danish State Seed Testing Station for 1922/23,*
the results of a series of examinations of cereal seeds which were not
“‘ germinating-ripe”’ are recorded.

-In order to ascertain whether a sample of cereal seed has sufficient
germinating energy (the term ‘‘ germinating speed ” is used in this paper
when speaking of germination in the laboratory during about one-third of
the whole time fixed for germination tests of the species in question,
whereas the term “ germinating energy’ is employed when speaking of
germination in soil, where the seeds have resistance to overcome), we
make a special examination when it is desired. The cereal seed is then
sown in mould in flower-pots and covered to the'normal depth of about
24 cm. The results shown in Table 1 (see page 81) indicate how important
it is that seed which is about to be sown should have a high “‘ germinating
speed’ and a large capacity for germination.

A series of comparative germination tests, at temperatures of from
17 to 20° C., as hitherto used in tests of cereal seed, and 11-14° C.,
respectively, have been carried out on samples of cereal seed received
at the Danish State Seed Testing Station during the latter part of 1922
and the early months of 1923. Some of the results arrived at are recorded
in Table 2 (see page 81).

It appears from this Table that in each case the largest germinating
capacity and, in seven out of the eight samples, the highest ‘‘ germinating
speed” also, was found at the low temperature. Only in the case of
sample ‘‘h.”? was the highest germinating speed found at.the high
temperature. For a few other samples which germinated normally,
something similar was found to hold good; but, in consideration of the
small number of samples for which a better germinating speed was

* Tidskrift for Planteavl, vol. 30, pp. 329-337.

obtained at the high temperature, it was decided to test cereal seed, in
future, at a temperature of 11-14° C. When 9-10° C. was used, the
germination of the “‘ germinating ripe” cereal seed went on more slowly
than when 11-14° C. was used, whereas the seed which was not “‘ germin-
ating-ripe’’ germinated more rapidly at the lower temperature. Low
temperatures, however, may possibly also favour germination of “‘ germ-
inating-ripe”’ seeds if the samples are exposed to them at periodic
intervals. The examinations will be continued during the coming year.

At the end of the germination test there was, in the case of almost
all the samples of barley and oats, a remainder of swollen and fresh, but
ungerminated, grains. When the cereal seed had been stored for some
time in our heated rooms, and was thereafter retested, more seeds germi-
nated, as a rule, than in the first test. As the object was, as previously
mentioned, to give the senders of the samples information as to whether
the samples of. cereal seed sent in for testing might be expected to
germinate better later on, the examination of the cut seeds, described
on page 77, was made in addition to the usual test. Corresponding
examinations had been made in the preceding years. The figures quoted
in Table 3 (see page 82) show that, in the case of samples of cereal seed
which germinated slowly, a considerably larger germinating capacity was
found in the cut seeds than in those untreated.

The examinations conducted in 1922-23 showed that the wheat
samples did not reach their normal germinating capacity until November ;

.six-rowed barley not until February or March; two-rowed barley in
April or May; and that oat samples, even at the sowing season, germinated,
on an average, only 90 per cent. In ordinary circumstances, oats become

“ germinating-ripe ’’ later than other species of cereal seeds. In 1920-21,
many of the oat samples tested had not become “ germinating- ripe”
even by the spring. Especially the inner-grains germinated slowly; in
the examination later in the summer they germinated normally.

It was, of course, of interest to see how the samples of cereal seed,
which had generally germinated slowly in the laboratory, behaved in the
field. In the spring of 1920 an incrustation formed on many clayey fields
following very heavy showers. It became apparent that cereal seed with
a comparatively low ‘‘ germinating speed’’ germinated poorly and
irregularly in such fields. There was, therefore, considerable anxiety as
to the consequences that might ensue if something similar happened in
the spring of 1923, as much more seed sown that year had a low germinating
power than was the case in 1920. As the spring, however, came early,
most of the seed was sown at the end of March or the beginning of April.
The following period was so cool that the seed did not germinate until
the end of April or the beginning of May. During this cold period, after-
ripening took place and the cereal seed germinated slowly, but regularly,
at the low temperature. As incrustations were not common, the seed
had comparatively few difficulties to overcome when germinating.

On account of the slow germination of the seed in the laboratory,
many farmers sowed 20-30 per cent. more than usual. From the field-
trials conducted by the Danish State Seed Testing Station, however, it
appeared that cereal seed germinated, in general, normally, and the
additional seed sown was, therefore, under the favourable conditions for
germination, as a rule, superfluous. On account of the cool spring, too,
barley tillered in 1923 better than usual. Germination in the field and
the further development of the plants were thus unusually vigorous in
the said year; but if the conditions for germination had been as in 1920,
it would certainly have proved necessary to give the farmers a warning
with regard to the germination of the cereal seed from the 1922 crop.
The results prove the truth of the old Danish proverb: ‘‘ A Seedsman
never becomes wise.”’

The summer of 1923 was again cold and moist, and many samples of
cereal seed grown that year were no more “ germinating-ripe’’ than the
crop of the preceding year had been, although they improved considerably

more rapidly. Further, in 1923 oats were again the last to become
“ germinating-ripe,”’ and some samples had not attained that state by
the sowing season. In 1924, however, conditions for germination were
again especially good, so that the number of plants is, in general,
abundant.

’ In order to learn the relationship between the germinating capacity
of the cut seeds and the germinating energy, in the field, of corresponding
untreated seeds, 20 samples of oats, the germinating capacity of which
had been ascertained earlier in the season, were, on the 24th May, placed
in test under usual conditions at a temperature of 11-14° C.; simulta-
neously, cut seeds were put in test, and six lots of 100 seeds of each sample
were sown the same day in our trial field and covered with a layer of soil
24 cm. in depth. The soil was very suitable and sufficiently moist. The
germination results originally obtained in the laboratory and those
obtained for the samples placed in test on the 24th May in the laboratory,
and also the results of the tests carried out in the field, are to be found
in Table 4 (see page 82).

On comparing the results of the first and the second laboratory tests
it will be seen that the ‘‘ germinating speed ” as well as the capacity for
germination, as regards almost all the samples, is larger in the second test,
and that the differences are most marked where the germinating capacity
was small at the time of the first test. The sample numbered 17, which
germinated very poorly, had, however, a smaller germinating capacity at
the second than at the first examination which shows that the sample in
question does not lack ‘‘ germinating-ripeness’’ but that the non-
germinated seeds were dead.

The germination results for the cut seeds are almost identical with
those for the last test of the untreated seeds, and by that time it may
reasonably be supposed all seeds would have been “‘ germinating-ripe.”’
This shows that the first test of the cut seeds affords an immediate
general indication of the germinating capacity which may be expected of
the samples when they become ‘“ germinating-ripe.”’

The results of the field experiments show that, in most cases, the
germination in the field was high in proportion to the germinating power .
found in the laboratory. Numerous examinations in our control fields
have shown that, on an average, about two-thirds of the seed which would
have germinated in the laboratory will germinate in the field under
normal conditions. The germination in the field last spring was, however,
better than usual, as almost four-fifths of the number of seeds germinable
in the laboratory germinated in the field. It appears, moreover, that the
germination results obtained in the field are proportionate to those
obtained for the cut seeds in the first and second laboratory tests, as well
as to the germinating capacity of the untreated seeds in the second
laboratory test. It is thus possible, immediately after the first examination
of the cut seeds, to decide whether or not the bulk is suitable for sowing
in the field. ae

The Danish State Seed Testing Station intends, therefore, to continue,
in future, to make examinations of cut seeds in addition to the usual
tests, and to state on the analysis certificates, in cases where the usual
test shows that the bulk is not “ germinating-ripe,” that, after having
been stored, or, if necessary, dried or stirred, the seed will probably reach
a germinating capacity corresponding to that found in the cut seeds.

In order to obtain some information as to when cereal seeds become
“ perminating-ripe,” and how the matter is affected by the degree of
ripeness reached by the crop at the time of harvesting, some tests have
been carried out on samples of cereals harvested at varying stages of
maturity. The samples were taken from two varieties of wheat, three of
barley (two two-rowed and one six-rowed) and two of oats, all of which
are commonly grown in Denmark, and represented each of these varieties
at three different stages of maturity, viz., ‘‘ green-ripe’”’ (the glumes and
pales still greenish, the albumen at the transitional stage from milky to
tough), ‘‘ yellow-ripe ’’ (the glumes and pales almost yellow, albumen of a

tough consistence), and *‘ fully ripe’ (the glumes and pales quite yellow,
albumen almost firm). The samples, which had been harvested on three
different experimental plots, were placed in test immediately after
harvesting, during the period 10-22 August, and again about 10th Sep-
tember and the 10th October. Further, portions of some of the samples
were again put in test at the beginning of November, and some few at the
end of November. They were tested at three different temperatures,
viz., 18-22° C., 14-16° C., and 10-14° C. The “‘ germinating speed ” was
determined after 5 days for all three species, and the germinating capacity
after 10 days for wheat and barley, and 12 days for oats. At the beginning
of each germination test, the moisture content was determined. The
weight of 1,000 seeds of those tested was determined the first and second
time. The germinating capacity of cut grains was also ascertained at
the time of the first and second tests.

The mass of figures obtained from these experiments is too extensive
to record here, but it is, of course, at the disposal of those interested in the
matter. The main results, however, may be summarised as follows:
With the exception of two ‘fully ripe’? samples of barley, none of the
samples had obtained normal speed and capacity for germination when
placed to test immediately after harvesting. The “ green-ripe’’? and
“‘ yellow-ripe ’’ samples attained a germinating speed of only a few per
cent., and the “fully ripe” a little more. The highest results were
obtained at the lowest temperature.

The moisture content of the samples when they were put in test for the
first time was much higher than the normal (13-15 per cent.). That of the
‘* green-ripe ’’ samples was 35—50 per ceat., that of the “‘ yellow-ripe ’’ 25-40
per cent. and that of the “fully ripe ” 18-28 per cent. When the samples
were tested for germination for the second time, after they had been
stored in the laboratories, their water content was almost normal. The
drying had had the same effect on most of the samples as if an after-
ripening had taken place. At the second test the samples still had a
comparatively low germinating speed, though most samples of wheat and
barley showed a normal germinating capacity; but, in the case of the
oats, the ‘‘ green-ripe ’’ seeds obtained, as a rule, the largest germinating
capacity, and those “‘fully ripe”’ the smallest. The “fully ripe’’ seeds
of one of the oat varieties were, at the third examination, still not
“ germinating ripe,’ whereas both the “ green-ripe’’ and the “‘ yellow-
ripe”’ seeds had reached that condition. At the fourth test, all the
samples were fully ‘‘ germinating-ripe.”

The results of the examinations show that cereal seed which is not
‘“* germinating-ripe ’’ germinates best at the lowest of the three temperatures
used, whereas ‘“‘ germinating-ripe’”’ seeds germinate almost equally at all
three temperatures, but generally most rapidly at the highest.

With regard to the cut seeds, those tested directly after harvesting
in some cases also germinated more slowly than normally. Nevertheless,
with a few exceptions, they attained a germinating capacity within the
usual time equal to the highest reached by the ‘‘ germinating-ripe ”’
seeds. In the examination conducted one month after harvesting, the
germinating capacity of the cut seeds was, allowing a little latitude, as
good as the largest germinating capacity arrived at in later experiments of
the untreated, ‘“‘ germinating-ripe’’ seeds. As tests of cereal seed are
never, in practice, made just after it has been harvested, but after it has
been dried on the field, threshed and cleaned, these investigations confirm
those previously mentioned in respect of cut seeds.

The experiments have shown—

(1) That the fact of cereal seed not being “ germinating-ripe ~’
is not due to the seed having been harvested before it was fully
matured.

(2) That germination results obtained for cereal seeds, which are
not “ germinating-ripe,” but of which that end opposite the embryo

is cut off, give reliable information as to the germinating capacity
which is to be expected of the bulk when it becomes ‘‘ germinating-

ripe.”

As the cutting of the seeds does not touch the embryo, the lack of
“‘ germinating-ripeness ”? can scarcely be due to a latent condition of the
embryo, but may be the result of a condition of the seed-coat in which,
probably, oxygen, carbonic acid and other products are unable, or only
partially able, to force their way through the seed coat.

Table 1.—Tabelle 1.

‘ Sown in soil (covered 24 cm.).
Barley sown in sand (uncovered). =
Gerste in Sand ausgesiet (unbedeckt). BE sane eiey cm.
Bes Germinating . Germinating Germinating energy in
speed. capacity. Keimkraft in
Keimschnelligkeit. | Keimfahigkeit.
4 days. 10 days. 7 days. 12 days.
4 Tage. 10 Tage. 7 Tage. 12 Tage.
% % % Zo
1 99 100 70 95
2 85 95 50 72
3 52 59 0 9
Table 2.—Tabelle 2.
Germination at
Keimung bei
Species. 17-20° C. 11-14° C.
Art.
4 days 10 days. 4 days. 10 days
4 Tage 10 Tage. | 4 Tage. 10 Tage.
% % Zo %
a ae 46 55 68 81
b | Two-rowed harley 45 78 55 95
c ( Zweizeilige Gerste 62 78 92 95
d : 82 88 94 97
5 days 12 days. | 5 days. 12 days.
5 Tage 12 Tage. | 5 Tage. | 12 Tage.
Zo %o % %
e 20 33 23 63
Ff (Oats - - - 26 39 28 63
g(Hafer - - 54 63 61 90
h 70 93 64 98

82
Table 3.—Tabelle 3.

Untreated. Cut.
: Unbehandelte. Angeschnittene.
Species.
sea 4-6 days. | 10 days. | 4-6 days. | 10 days.
4-6 Tage. | 10 Tage. | 4-6 Tage. | 10 Tage.
Yo % % %
@)\ wheat - = 7 51 32 96
b Wintec 33 77 82 98
¢ 62 87 100 100
Two-rowed. barley Se a
f Zweizeilige Gerste_ - 65 79 86 98
5 days. 12 days. 5 days. 12 days.
5 Tage. 12 Tage. | 5 Tage. 12 Tage.
% % % %
g). Er 19 59 56 96
h | Oats - 57 87 92 98
i (Hafer - - - 29 62 60 100
: 2 67 86 86 100

Table 4.—Germinating capacity in the Laboratory and in the Field of Oats.
Tabdelle 4.—Keimfahigkeit im Laboratorium und im Felde von Hafer.

a ene ; Germinating
Gi ti the Laboratory. i
Keimung i dent Eatcratewo eae
Keimfahigkeit
iat ates 2. Test, put to test the im Felde. —
1. Test. /5 1924. Sown 24/5, ’24,
1. Priifung. 2. g, zum Keimen Ausgesiet 24/5,
é am 24/5 1924 gelegt. 24,
| 4 qd
ia P ag 824 & eB
aa. |agee| sfee| sees] 22 | $8 [fee] sf | ss
| S68 |BSES|assel wseal PE | oP | eeeal Fe | 3s
Se |Seael wees webs] 22 | wa | ees) 32
ARS POE Grr Era peices a4 3% S38 an aa
gg ete°| dee" |2582| a2] fs [dees] ae | 2
ag lg 2 los [ene | §8 | ES /E°Sy
Ai ee ae
L% | % | &% | % % % % %
1 | 9/4" |" 64 777 | 92 85 89 92 64 67-5
2 4/4 | 79 89 100 |. 96 96 94 76-5 | 78
3 1/4 |.78 84 96 |. 96 96 94 68 73
4 27/3 | 38 78 100 96 99 100 75 80
5 To 93-5 | 965 | 94 96 97 98 77 81
6 22/3 | 79 97 96 94 96 96 79 83
7 18/3 | 94 97-5 —_— 98 99 100 79-5 | 82
8 7/5 | 87 95 96 98 99 96 76 81
9 6/5 | 85-5 | 90 82 87 89 88 71 76
10 » | 82-5 | 90 98 92 93 98 | 71-5] 79
11 » | 84 92 100 93 95 94 | 80-5 | 84-5
12 7/5 | 84 92 98 91 95 96 72 78
13 eile 80 92 85 87 92 | 64 69
14 53 82 92 94 94 96 96 80-5 | 85
15 3/5 | 68 71 80 71 74 80 55 61
16 72-5 | 81 76 79 83 90 65 69
17 22/4 | 48 50-5 50 44 48 52 33 36
18 rp 76 80 80 81 83 76 62 64
19 5 63-5 | 66 72 66 68 66 48 50
20 Me 8 93 90 93 95 | 100 | 78 82

Afternoon Session.

The Delegates assembled at 2.30 p.m. in the University Séhioal
of Agriculture, where they were joined by Delegates to the First
International Seed Trade Conference which was being held in
London concurrently with the Fourth International Seed Testing
Congress.

Sir Lawrence Weaver said that, as Chairman of the Fourth
International Seed Testing Congress, it gave him great pleasure
to welcome Mr. E. G. Bell (President of the: Agricultural Seed.
Trade Association of the United Kingdom and also President of the
First International Seed Trade Conference) and the other visitors
from the Seed Trade Conference. He, and those associated with
him, realised that there must necessarily be the closest possible
contact between those concerned with seed testing and the great
seed trade, and he welcomed, therefore, the opportunity of a joint
meeting, believing that they would derive much benefit from
listening to the papers to be read by Dr. Volkart and Mr. Edgar
Brown.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen, as Chairman of the European Seed
Testing Association, also welcomed the visitors very heartily.
He intimated that all those engaged in seed testing were delighted
to have this opportunity of meeting the seed dealers and em-
phasised the great significance of a reciprocal understanding
between the seed trade and those institutions testing seeds. It
was probable that at their meeting on the following day the Seed
Testing Congress would approve the formation of an International
Seed Testing Association. He expressed the hope that the seed
traders would form a similar international association and that the
two associations would co-operate.

Mr. E. G. Bell on behalf of the Seed Trade Conference and his
own Association (The Seed Trade Association of the United
Kingdom) thanked Sir Lawrence Weaver and Mr. Dorph-Petersen
very much for their welcoming words. It gave him and his
colleagues great pleasure to meet the Delegates to the Seed
Testing Congress and he was sure they would glean information
which would be of importance to their trade.

Dr. Volkart then read the following report :—

Report on the Determination of Provenance of Clover and
Grass Seeds.

Dr. A. VouKart, Ziirich.

The Third International Seed Testing Congress at Copenhagen asked.
me to make proposals for a uniform enquiry into the different origins of
commercial clover and grass seeds, and to inaugurate joint investigations
into this subject. The proposals for these investigations were submitted
to the representatives of the different countries taking part in the
Congress, iri the spring of 1922. I had proposed at Copenhagen, that in

these investigations into origin stress should be laid, not exclusively on
the so-called ‘‘ determining species” among the weed seeds mixed with
the seed,—that is to say, not only on species which occur only in a given
provenance and are characteristic thereof,—but regard should also be paid
to all ‘‘ secondary species,” ¢.e., the other less characteristic species. In
fact all the characteristics of a seed should be taken into consideration,
as these may materially help us in the definition of origin. I, therefore,
proposed a comprehensive and thorough examination of the different
provenances, based on authentic specimen samples, and intended that
the investigation should be confined in the first place to the most
important of the seeds, namely, red clover.
The investigation should extend to :—

(a) The seeds of weeds.—It was laid down as essential, that all
the different kinds thereof should be accurately ascertained numeri-
cally, since indications like “‘ common,” “‘ very frequent,” “‘ frequent ”’
cannot suffice for the determination of the finer distinctions in the
weed-flora of the seeds of the different countries. To facilitate this
work, I proposed a special system for the examinations, whereby
it is made possible to count the more frequent species in only a
small part of the sample. —

(b) The other impurities.—It was recommended that special
attention should be paid to the remaining impurities in seeds, since,
as was pointed out in the lecture at Copenhagen, it is also possible
to arrive at conclusions as to the origin of a seed from the mineral
impurities found therein, and it is often possible, as was shown
by G. Tryti in particular, to determine the origin by fragments of
leaves found in seed.

(c) The colour.—Here, too, we find differences. We proposed to
fix these into five different grades :—violet, predominating violet,
mixed, predominating yellow and yellow. Thus, only the dis-
tribution of the colour was considered, not the tone. To determine
the tone of violet and yellow it would have been necessary to use
colour standards. The French ‘‘ Code des couleurs ’’ by Klinksieck
and Valette is out of print, and the American ‘‘ Color Standards ”’
by Ridgway is too little known, besides being out of reach of many
stations owing to the present monetary conditions.

(d) The ‘“‘ Thousand grain weight.’”’-—This weight-test by itself
will never suffice to determine origin of red clover, but, together with
other tests, it may strengthen an opinion as to the origin of a seed.

Special stress was laid upon the necessity of using absolutely authentic
seed for the purposes of the investigation. The specimen samples should
be obtained exclusively from absolutely reliable sources, and comprise
samples already commercially cleaned. In the investigations also those
countries should take part which produce red clover for their own
consumption only—1.e., those which do not export such seed—as the result
of such investigation may help to supplement conclusions as to the
geographical distribution of weeds.

Within a country the different producing districts should be kept
separate, if, on examination, appreciable marks of distinction should be
found. It was also recommended that records of the different sub-species
of red clover (as for instance, common and late flowering red clover)
should be kept separately.

. The publication of the results was left to the option of each participant,
but it was recommended that a uniform method of report should be
adopted. By this procedure, results become comparable and their
utilisation is much facilitated. It was also contemplated that statistics
as to the size of the crops of red clover seed in each country and their
variations from year to year should be collected. In addition, we should
have particulars as to exports and also as to the approximate distribution
of the red clover seed crops in the different growing districts within each
country. It was assumed that such information might be obtained by

enquiries from trustworthy seed merchants and agricultural associations.
Several countries already possess such statistics, and as such information
is very valuable in many ways, it is much to be regretted that replies
were received from several quarters to the effect that it was impossible to
collect reliable data in this connection. Generally speaking, however,
we may say that the proposals adopted by the Congress at Copenhagen
have been favourably received.

To my regret, soon after the conclusion of the Congress, I was
prevented by other urgent work from devoting myself fully to the further-
ance of these investigations, and thus the material which is presented
to-day is chiefly the result of the labour of the following gentlemen :—

1. Dir. K. Dorph-Petersen, Copenhagen, for Denmark.
2. Dir. A. W. Franck, Wageningen, for Holland.

3. Dir. Jon Enescu, Bucarest, for Roumania.

4, Gustav Wiksell, Stockholm, for Stockholms-Lan.

My special thanks are due to these four gentlemen for putting at
my disposal the results of their researches for use in the preparation of
my report presented to-day.

I am glad to say that in several other countries similar investigations
have been initiated, so that in time further information on this subject
may be expected. ;

Thus I received only some days ago interesting results of further
examinations by Mr. Edgar Brown of Washington (red clover of the
United States), Dr. F. Wahlen of Ottawa (red clover of the province
of Ontario) and a very valuable paper on the distribution of some weeds
which are “ determining ”’ for red clover of Southern France by Dr. Louis
Francois, presented by Prof. Bussard. I am sorry it is not possible to
make use of these papers in my lecture.

In condensing the results it was found desirable to distinguish the
nature of the occurrence of seeds of other species both in regard to their
frequency and number. It is a different thing, whether a species occurs
constantly, but only in small numbers, in ali samples, or only in few
samples in very great numbers, t.e., in dominating numbers. In this
respect and in accordance with the terms used in botanical geography,
the frequency might be called constancy, and the numbers in which the
species occurs dominancy. As regards the frequency, it was considered
suitable to differentiate between :—

very frequent, 7.¢., those occurring in 75- 1—100 per cent. of
frequent * » 60°-1— 75 per cent. | samples
less frequent 5 » 25-1— 50 per cent. exa-
unimportant ry) ” 0+ 1— 25 per cent. mined.

In the condensed statements that follow, the frequency (constancy)
s expressed by stating the number of samples in which each species
was found. In addition, the four above-mentioned sub-categories are
given separately. The number (dominancy) is expressed by the as-
certained highest number in 1,000 gr. and by the average number of samples
in which the species was found at all. Perhaps it would have been more
correct to calculate the average and the standard deviation, as in this
way it could also be ascertained whether a difference in the number of a
species from two separate sources, arrived at by investigation, may be
considered as reliable. As, however, it may be confidently asserted
that the result would not have justified the great amount of necessary
calculations, we abstained from this method of deduction. It will
always be possible, later on, to determine the reliability of a difference
by referring to the original tables.

I have condensed the results of the investigations by the four gentlemen
mentioned above into short summaries, which are added as appendices
to my report. In discussing the results of these summaries, I would
point out that their bearing on the practice of investigations into country
of origin must be kept separate from the deductions to be drawn as to the

best methods of an enquiry, should the proposed Association decide on
their continuation. I shall take the liberty of submitting to you m
recommendations in this respect at the end of my report.

A.—Oonclusions for the practice of Hxaminations into Origin.

(a) Weed seeds.—The number of new characteristic species, so-called
determining species, which occur in these four investigations is very
small. We are struck by the frequent occurrence of Trifolium striatum L.
in Danish red clover. This is a xerophytic species which needs considerable
heat; and which one would hardly expect to thrive and produce ripe
seeds in fields of clover, especially in Denmark. A typical Northern
species is the Rumex domesticus L. which was found in Swedish seed,
but the seed of which can hardly be distinguished from other Rumex
species. From the examinations of: Roumanian red clover, we further
find that in it occurs Centaurea micrantha Gmel, a sub-species of
C. maculosa Lam., which is confined to the Crimea, Bessarabia and
Transylvania. It might be profitable to investigate at some time the group
of the Centaurea paniculata L. as to species proving provenance.
Centaurea pannonica Heuf. is a sub-species of C. Jacea, and will hardly
ever be distinguishable, in its seed, from the main species. Similarly,
it will prove difficult to recognize Rumex difformis Menyhardt, a good
Eastern species. In fact, the examinations of Roumanian red clover
have proved the occurrence of a number of species which, up to now,
were unknown to us as weeds in red clover; for instance, Falcaria
vulgaris and Passerina annua. It is true, however, that neither of these
can be looked upon as characteristic of seeds of Roumanian origin. More
important is the result of the establishment of the secondary seeds.

1. The Danish seed.—The whole weed flora bears the stamp of the
cool and rather moist climate, which is indicated by the predominance of
the two Trifolium species and of the grasses (Dactylis, Lolium, Phleum,
Agropyron) and the absence of all species indicating a warmer climate,
like Medicago sativa, Verbena officinalis, Thrincia hirta, and also of the
Panicum and Setaria species. Certainly there occur such species as
Lotus, Daucus and Crepis tectorum, which indicate a locally somewhat
warmer climate, but they are not important. The same applies to
Cicvhorium; moreover, it is striking that Plantago lanceolata occurs not
nearly as frequently (dominancy) as in seed which comes from more
southern districts. The occurrence of Matricaria inodora and Sherardia
arvensis would merit further investigation. They are both found in
Danish seed, but are missing in Roumanian.

2. The Dutch seed.—Here too the Panicum and Setaria species, which
are so frequent in East European seeds, recede into the background,
both as regards constancy and dominancy. On the other hand, species
which occur in Eastern Europe, but more rarely than in Western Europe,
like Alopecurus agrestis, Rumex acetosa, Geranium spp., Stachys
arvensis, Centaurea Jacea and Arnoseris, are frequently found. A
somewhat warmer climate than the Danish is indicated by Teucrium
botrys and Thrincia hirta. But, here: too, Medicago sativa and
Cichorium Intybus are totally missing and Daucus occurs very rarely.
Compared with Danish seed, Plantago lanceolata stands out strongly
(dominancy) and species missing in the Danish seed, Rumex acetosa
and Polygonum convolvulus are frequent in Dutch red clover. The
absence of Lampsana and the receding of Sherardia are striking factors.
In the seeds from the three Dutch fields of production it was found im-
possible to arrive at even moderately accurate marks of distinction,
even by most careful comparison. However, the complete absence of
the small Gerania (Geranium molle L. and pusillum L.) in the six samples
from the Meuse districts, and the rareness of Daucus in the Roosendaal
clover, is striking. These three Dutch fields are presented as one in the
appendix.

3. The Roumanian red clover.—It is well-known that it is
not always easy to separate the seeds from the Last, especially
those from the environs of the Black Sea, from the provenances of
the Mediterranean field. The warm and dry summer is responsible for
many common species in the two areas. Thus we come across in Rou-
manian red clover, in addition to species which indicate exclusively a warm
climate, like Medicago sativa, Coronilla varia, Galega officinalis,
Cuscuta suaveolens, Galeopsis ladanum and angustifolium, Marrubium
vulgare, Chaiturus marrubiastrum, Cichorium intybus and Lactuca
seariola, also species which must be considered predominantly Continental,
and others which we know chiefly as seeds of the Mediterranean territory.
As predominantly Continental species we consider, apart from Panicum
and Setaria species (which are not rare in Mediterranean seeds either)
Melandrium album, Delphinium consolida, Nigella arvensis, Berteroa
incana, Lathyrus hirsutus, Hibiscus trionum, Conium maculatum, Cerinthe
minor, Ballota nigra, Centaurea spp. ex sectione Paniculatarum,
Carduus acanthoides and Cirsium canum; whilst Torilis nodosa and
Linaria elatine are more frequent in West Mediterranean and Atlantic
seeds. The cccurrence of Petroselinum (Carum) segetum, however,
requires confirmation, as, up to the present, we have looked upon this
as typically West European (England, Flanders, North and Central
France and Portugal). Further, other pronouncedly West Mediterranean
and Atlantic species frequently found there in red clover, such 4s
Sanguisorba minor, Malva crispa, Arthrolobium scorpioides, Verbena
officinalis, Helminthia, Xeranthemum cylindraceum, are missing in
the Roumanian clover. The absence of Matricaria inodora and Sherardia
arvensis is striking, as is also the unimportance of the grasses (Lolium,
Dactylis, Arrhenatherum, Alopecurus agrestis) which are represented
strongly in French red clover.

4. The Roumanian Lucerne.—In its weed flora. this so nearly
resembles the Roumanian red clover that it is not necessary to refer
to it here.

5. Swedish red clover from Stockholms Lain.—The composition
of the weed flora resembles very closely that of the Danish. Plantago
lanceolata occurs even more rarely, and the weeds of a somewhat warmer
local climate, which we found in Danish clover (Lotus, Daucus, Crepis
tectorum) are totally absent. The perennial species predominate strongly,
as would be expected in the Northern climate, where a pronounced summer
drought is absent.

(b) Other impurities.—The mineral impurities do not, give us much
clue in the four provenances we have before us. Nevertheless, distinct
differences show themselves,

(c) Colour.—Danish, Dutch and Swedish clovers show a pronounced
predominance of the yellow colour, and in this they differ from the German,
Austrian, French and American provenances.

(d) Thousand-grain weights.—The Swedish red clover shows a small,
the Danish a medium, and the Dutch red clover @ fairly large thousand-
grain. weight.

B. Methodical Results.

It is very desirable that in future all weed seeds which cannot be
identified should be grown on for this purpose. It is absolutely necessary
to obtain a complete picture of the whole of the weed flora of a sample.
The investigations made up to now have proved conclusively that the
seed control station of the country of origin is best able to conduct
these analyses, as the flora of the clover fields of its country is
better known to it than to a foreign station. These investigations
should, therefore, be left to the local station in future. In cases where
the local station does not find time to conduct the investigations
itself, it should confine itself to collecting authentic samples, and leave
the examination to a central station to be selected by the Association.
The designation of the species should in future be uniform, and for this

purpose the resolutions of the International Botanical Congress of
Vienna should be followed. I refer to the publication: ‘ Régles
internationales de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le congrés
international de Botanique.” Jena. Gustav Fischer, 1912.

The method of examination which we proposed (i.c., division of
the sample into tenths) has apparently proved sound, and should,
therefore, be followed in future. It is important that the actual number
of all species of weed seeds should always be ascertained.

The method of examination of the mineral and organic impurities
of seeds should be further developed. For the present, however, this
question must be relegated to the background, and every endeavour
should be made to obtain as comprehensive a definition of the weed seeds
as possible.

The definition of colour is clearly unsatisfactory. Although specimen
samples graded as to colour were sent out, the separation into the
five classes is still too much subject to the individual judgment of
the analyst. Exact instructions in this respect must be issued with
the samples.

As regards the examination of the thousand-grain weight, the
Swedish definitions have shown that it is necessary, at any rate for the
Northern countries, to leave the samples for a sufficiently long time in
a dry room before they are examined, so that they may lose their excess
mcisture.

A method will have to be found for condensing the results which
will obviate particular samples containing an abnormal quantity of a
single given species of weed too strongly influencing the average of that
particular species.

The speaker very much regrets that he is unable to continue to conduct
these investigations. However, he recommends to you the acceptance of
the following conclusions and proposals :—

1. The results so far obtained of the examination of red clover seed
of different origin, conducted according to the uniform method decided
on by the conference at Copenhagen, show that, in this manner, exact and
reliable descriptions of individual sources of origin can be obtained. These
investigations are, therefore, to be continued.

2. It is of the utmost importance that the examinations shall continue
to be conducted in a uniform manner, and that the results of examinations
shall be published in such a manner that they are comparable one with
another, and can be made use of easily.

3. The particular examinations are to be left in the hands of the
Institutes of the different countries, as hitherto. These Institutes
collect the samples and examine them according to uniform regulations.
The detailed results are to be published by the respective Institutes.

4. The 4th Seed Testing Congress nominates as the Central Station
for this purpose a station which has distinguished itself in connection with
these examinations. The duties of this Central Station are :—

(a) The further improvement and standardisation of the methods
of examination.

(b) Instruction and assistance for the Institutes taking part in
the inquiry.

(c) The preparation of short summaries of the results of the
examinations, their interpretation and circulation to the members
of the Association.

(d) The carrying out of the inquiry for countries which are
unable to do it themselves.

(e) Examination of particular groups of species which are of
special importance in the definition of origin and publication of
the distinctive marks of their seeds. Distribution of genuine
samples of seeds of these species to the different stations.

(f) Creation of a record-office where the results of every single
examination are to be entered.

_ 5. The Association votes a fixed sum to be paid annually to the Central
Station as remuneration for the work done by it. The Committee of
the Association also grants sufficient subsidies for such special examination
as may prove necessary.

APPENDIX I.

Danish Red Clover.
Examinations by Dir. K. Dorph-Petersen.

Number of seeds found
Wregnensy (dominancy).
(con-
Greatest | Average
staney) number in | number in.
1000 gr. | 1000 gr.
Very frequent species -
1. Trifolium hybridum L. - 14 17,080 1,470
2. Trifolium repens L. - 14 2,020 361
3. Dactylis glomerata L. - : 13 4,720 781
4. Lolium ‘perenne L. & italicum
A. Br. - - - - : 13 236 76
-5. Chenopodium album L. - - 13 2,120 219
6. Medicago lupulina L. - 13 7,520 742
7. Plantago lanceolata L. - 13 416 67
8. Rumex spec. - - 12 1,840 618
9. Geranium dissectum L. - 12 424 90
10. Anthemis arvensis L. - 12 6,960 723
11. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 12 337 65
12. Phleum pratense L. - ll 107 22
13. Sinapis arvensis L. - - 11 1,380 258
14, Matricaria inodora L. - - 11 880 131
Frequent species
15. Rumex Acetosella L. - 10 12,720 1,366
16. Brunella vulgaris L. : 10 100 38
17. Agropyron repens (L.) P.B. 8 213 55
Less frequent species :
18. Polygonum lapathifolium L. 5 323 303
19. Geranium molle L. - - 8 488 118
20. Daucus Carota L. - - 7 144 45
21. Sherardia arvensis L. - - 7 133 47
22. Poa spec. - - : - 6 1,220 208
23. Ranunculus repens L. - - 6 184 45
24, Trifolium striatum L. - - 6 84 29
25. Stellaria media Cyrillo - - 5 250 63
26. Geranium pusillum L. - 5 32 6
27. Festuca pratensis Huds. - 4 4 4
28. Atriplex spec. - - - 4 16 8
29. Spergula arvensis L. - 4 440 153
30. Lotus corniculatus L. - 4 26 14
31. Viola tricolor L. - - 4 22 12
32. Galium spec. - - : 4 52 17
33. Lampsana communis L. - 4 32 11

Unimportant species Moreover there were found in three instances
Agrostis alba L. (17,388), Secale cereale L. (4), Polygonum aviculare L. (8),
Lychnis spec. (37), Silene vulgaris (Ménch) Garcke (19), Medicago sativa L.
(78), Plantago major L. (4), Centaurea cyanus L.(4).

Twice: Alopecurus geniculatus L. (11), Agrostis spica venti L. (60),
Bromus arvensis L. (94) Carex spec. (552), Scleranthus annuus L. (26),

Melilotus spec.'(14), Trifolium procumbens L. (6), Trifolium arvense
L. (6), Myosotis spec. (300), Veronica spec. (282), Chrysanthemum
Leucanthemium L. (7), Cichorium Intybus L: (4), Cirsium lanceolatum (L.)
Scop. (6), Crepis tectorum L. (4).

Once: Setaria spec. (4), Alopecurus pratensis L. (8), Deschampsia
caespitosa (L.) P.B. (13), Airopsis spec. (1), Festuca ovina L. duriuscula
Koch. (4), Lolium italicum A.Br. (8), Holcus lanatus L. (22), Triticum
vulgare Vill. (4), Rumex Acetosa L. (4), Polygonum lapathifolium L. (4),
Urtica dioica L. (8), Reseda spec. (4), Arenaria spec. (8), Sinapis alba L. (35),
Thlaspi arvense L. (4), Capsella Bursa pastoris (L.) Medikus (496),
Trifolium dubium Sibth. (8), Alchemilla spec. (71), Potentilla spec. (4),
Rubus --spec. (4), Anagallis arvensis L. (18), Echium vulgare L. (8),
Anchusa officinalis L. (16), Euphrasia odontites L. (4), Lamium spec. (4),
Lamium amplexicaule L. (4), Galium aparine L. (8), Stachys silvaticus L,
(36), Bellis perennis L. (4), Chrysanthemum segetum L. (8), Achillea
spec. (373), Senecio. spec. (360), Sonchus spec. (4), Taraxacum officinale
Web. (8), Leontodon autumnalis L. (13).

(b) Other impurities—The samples contain :—

0- 068—1- 396 on average 0-383 % earthy matter.

0-132-2-308 on average - 0:414 % small stones.

0- 064-5: 224 on average 0-548 % particles of leaves and stalks.

0-011—1- 266 on average 0-321 % other matter (broken and undefin-

able seeds, and animal matter).

In addition the following impurities were found in the samples, in

each of four cases—Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. (average 45) and Typhula

trifolii Rostr. (average 10) and in 3 cases Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erickss.

(ec) Colour.—The colour is, on an average, distributed as follows :—

violet - - - - - - - - - 140
predominating violet - - 313
mixed - - - 112
predominating yellow - - - - - 179
yellow - - - - 256

The figures show such great fluctuations in each case, that it would serve
no purpose to give maxima and minima.

(d) 1,000 grain weiyhts.—These alternate between 1-422 and 1-911,
and the average is 1-733.

Of the 14 samples examined, one each came from Bornholm, South-
Jutland, and from the island of Méen. All the rest came from Sealand,
i.e., three from East Sealand, two from Middle Sealand, two from North
Sealand, one from West Sealand, and two from Southeast Sealand.

AppENDIX IT.
Dutch Red Clover.
Examinations by Dir. A. W. Franck.

Number of seeds found
(dominancy).
Frequency
— (con-
stancy). | Greatest | Average
number number
in 1,000gr.] in 1,000gr.
Very frequent species :
1. Plantago lanceolata L. - - 29 72,100 5,199
2. Trifolium repens L. 26 16,972 1,134
3. Rumex acetosa L. - - 26 2,080 249
4. Rumex acetosella L. : 23 4,252 820
5.’ Chenopodium album L. 22 721 63

Frequency |.

(con-
» stancy).

Number of seeds found’

Frequent species .
6. Polygonum aviculare L.

7. Polygonum convolvulus L.

8. Spergula arvensis L.
9. Lolium italicum A.Br.
perenne L. - -
10. Viola tricolor L. -

and

1]. Geranium molle L. and pusil-

lum L.- <

Less frequent species :
12. Stellaria media Cyrillo -
13. Polygonum Hydropiper L.
14, Trifolium hybridum L..
15. Agrostis spica venti L. -
16. Polygonum Persicaria L. .
17. Brunella vulgaris L.

18. Polygonum lapathifolium L. -

19. ,Sinapis arvensis L. - -
20. Holcus lanatus L. - -
21. Vicia spec. . -
22. Poa spec. - - -

23. Cerastium caespitosum Gilib -

24. Ornithopus sativus Brot.
25. Plantago major L.

26. Trifolium dubium Sibth. -
27. Geranium dissectum L.
28. Scleranthus annuus L.

29. Medicago sativa L. -
30. Daucus Carota L. -
31. Galium Aparine L. -

Unimportant species :

32. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. -

33. Agrostis alba L. - -
34. Atriplex patulum L. -

35. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit

36. Myosotis micrantha Pall
37. Panicum Crus galli L.
38. Phleum pratense L.

39. Arnoseris minima (L.) Schw.

and Kort. -
40. Centaurea Jacea L.

41. Chrysanthemum segetum L.

42, Hypochoeris radicata L. -

IAIN IwAMDHOODO

CLT OV OL OUD AA HM

(dominancy).
Greatest | Average
number number.

in 1,060 gr.| in 1,000 gr.

108 | | 24
360 33
1,750 | 170
7,580 563
260 34
130,000 8,821
248 42
649 ‘96
1,032 166
84 20
185 28

308 67,

88 20

60 14
1,632 195: :

150 -} 7-725

24 12

64 16

40 15

976 146

i 10. 7

382 58

18 5

1,298 217

5,614 | 847

8 3

28 8

147. 28

10 5

6 2

20 8

67 16

2,290 487

14 8

4 3

169 41

21 7

Moreover there were found in four instances: Setaria viridis (L.)
P.B. (8)*, Alopecurus agrestis Huds. (21), Avena sativa L. (6), Silene
spec. (2), Medicago lupulina L. (21), Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr (48),

Crepis virens L. (16).

* Average of the seeds found in the 4 samples.

In three instances: Secale cereale L. (18), Carex spec. (8), Saponaria
officinalis L. (2), Thlaspi arvense L. (5), Capsella bursa pastoris (L.) Ménch
(10), Trifolium procumbens L. (3), Anthemis arvensis L. (83).

Twice: Aira praecox L, (7), Urtica urens L. (3), Cerastium arvense L.
(10), Ranunculus repens L. (28), Papaver somniferum L. (116), Galeopsis
tetrahit L. (1), Stachys arvensis L. (135), Veronica arvensis L. (6), Veronica
hederaefolia L. (3), Rhinanthus major Ehrh., Sherardia arvensis L. (3),
Achillea millefolium L. (3), Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. (11), Centaurea
Cyanus L. (15), Lampsana communis L. (5), Thrincia hirta Roth (2),
Leontodon autumnalis L. (2).

Once: Phalaris canariensis L. (4), Panicum sanguinale L. (2), Alopecurus
pratensis L. (4), Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P.B. (4), Avena elatior L.
(4), Dactylis glomerata L. (4), Bromus hordeaceus L. (7), Triticum aestivum
L. (8), Luzula campestris (L.) D.C. (5), Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (3), Ranun-
culus acer L. (4), R. spec. (1), Glaucium spec. (4), Raphanus sativus L.
radicula Pers, (1), Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (7), Camelina sativa
(L.) Crtz. (5), Lepidium sativum L. (1), Melilotus spec. (2), Lotus cornicu-
latus L. (4), Geranium columbinum L, (76), Petroselinum sativum (L.)
Hoffm. (4), Chaerophyllum temulum L. (3), Anagallis arvensis L. (4),
Solanum Dulcamara, L. (1), Teucrium botrys L. (8), Lamium amplexicaule
L, (2), Galium Mollugo L. (10), Campanula spec. (7), Calendula officinalis
L. (93).

(b) Other impurities —The mineral impurities correspond with the
nature of the soil, ¢.e., they are sandy for the Roosendaal clovers, and
consist of brown earth in the samples from Gréningen and the districts of
the Meuse.

(ce) Colour.—The colour-test, made with 1,000 grains of each sample,
gave the following average results :—

Per cent.
Groningen, 1921 - 10 120 184 212 474 18-1
Meuse districts, 1921 2 190 140 201 467 5-3
Roosendaal, 1921 12 186 183 212 407 15-1
es 1922-|- 11 193 162 200 434 22-4
5 1923 - 3 224 335 384 54 26-7
Average of the 8 182 201 242 367 17°5

whole.

(d) 1,000 grain-weights.—The samples gave the following weights :—

oo Year. | Samples. | Minima. | Maxima. | Average.

Gréningen - - | 1921 3 1-44 1-85 1-64
Meuse districts 1921 6 1-64 1:95 1-82
Roosendaal 1921 6 1-66 2-12 1:97
93 - | 1922 8 1-45 2-25 1-93
35 - - | 1923 6 2-06 2-34 2°15

From the above it would appear that the Roosendaal clover is the
heaviest in grain; the collective average is 1:87 grammes.

(e) Purity and Ability to Germinate.—This test gave the following
average figures :—

; Forei Ability Grains
—— Purity. Ses — to remained

: germinate.| hard.
Groningen, 1921 97-73 0- 8 83 13
Meuse districts, 1921 - | 91-25 1-30 83-8 13

Roosendaal, 1921 - 93-63 3°15 81-7 14-5

*° 1922 - | 96-25 0-40 87-5 4:5

is 1923 -| 95-51 0-41 82-5 21:6

Production of Red Clover Seed in Holland.—In Holland we have three
districts for the production of red clover seed : Roosendaal and surrounding
district (Province of North Brabant), districts of the Meuse (Province
of Limburg) and Gréningen. The Roosendaal or Brabant clover is so
much in demand that practically all the seed remains in the country and
none is exported. On the other hand, much red clover seed went formerly
from the Meuse districts to Germany. Whilst the Roosendaal clover
comes from good sandy soil, the Meuse clover and that from Gréningen is
produced on clay soil. Exact figures for the production of red clover seed,
which fluctuates considerably in different years, cannot be given.

The samples, the results of examination of which form the basis for
the table given above, come from the Province of Gréningen (3 of the year
1921), from the Meuse districts (6 of 1921) and from Roosendaal (6 of
1921, 8 of 1922 and 6 of 1923).

Apprenprix III.
Roumanian Red Clover.
Examinations by Dir. Jon Enescu.

Number of seeds found
(dominancy).
Frequency

—— (con-

stancy). | Greatest | Average

number in | number in
1,000 gr. | 1,000 gr.

Very frequent species :-—

1. Chenopodium album L. 18 45,200 3,620

2. Daucus Carota L. - - 18 7,800 1,842

3. Plantago lanceolata L. - 18 62,200 12,941

4. Cichorium Intybus L. 18 8,600 1,352

5. Setaria viridis (L.) P.B. 17 4,960 986

6. Anagallis arvensis L. - 17 3,200 277

7. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 17 787 90

8. Polygonum aviculare L. - 15 1,540 146

Frequent species :—

9. Setaria glauca (L.) P.B. - 13 1,540 134
10. Cuscuta Trifolii Bbgt. 13 667 230
11. » suaveolens Sér. (syn. 12 3,600 589

racemosa Mart.)
12. Atriplex patulum L. & 12 7,600 810
13. Medicago lupulina L. - ll 240 76
14 + sativa L. ll 103,200 9,382

15. Brunella vulgaris L. 11 309 74

Number of seeds found
(dominancy).
Frequency
_ (con-
stancy). | Greatest | Average
number in | number in
1,000 gr. | 1,000 gr.
Less frequent species :—
16.-Panicum Crus galli L. - 9 60 13
17. Melandrium album Garcke ~~ - 9 760 115
18. Trifolium hybridum L. - - 9 1,540 265
19. Anthemis arvensis L. - - 9 520 81
20. Echium vulgare L., 8 20 9
21. Delphinium Consolida L. 7 52 7
22. Stachys annuus L. - - - 7 40 18
23. Veronica polita Fr. - 7 76 19
24. Panicum humifusum Kunth. 6 76° 31
25. Lolium perenne L. - 6 40 13
26. Sinapis arvensis L. - - 6 224 73
27. Thlaspi arvense L. - - 6 76 31
28. Valerianella dentata Poll. - 6 250 85
29. Panicum sanguinale L. - - 5 16 8
30. Trifolium repens L. - 5 827 185
31. Coronilla varia L. - - - 5 164 39
32. Galeopsis angustifolia Ehrh. - 5 244 58
33. Linaria Elatine L. 5 8 5
34. Galium infestum W.K. - 5 60 16
35. Picris hieracioides L. - 5 100 23
Onimportant species :—
36. Rumex acetosella L. - 4 48 33
37. Polygonum persicaria L. 4 84 28
38. Melilotus alba Desv. 4 2,080 560
39. Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. 4 456 123
40. Centaurea pannonica Heuf. 4 32 17

Moreover, there were found in three instances : Polygonum lapathifolium
L. (6), Nigella arvensis L. (14), Lotus corniculatus L. (32), Vicia tetrasperma
(L.) Ménch. (15), Euphorbia exigua L. (4), Convolvulus arvensis L. (8),
Lactuca scariola L. (12), Centaurea micranthus Gmel. (24).

Twice : Phleum pratense L. (20), Festuca pratensis L. (14), Ranunculus
repens L. (6), Rubus caesius L. (20), Galega officinalis L. (30), Geranium
dissectum L. (8), Barbarea vulgaris Rbr. (6), Hibiscus trionum L. (16),
Passerina annua Wekstr. (11), Petroselinum segetum Koch. (50), Echino-
spermum lappula Lehm., (16), Salvia verticillata L. (16), Galeopsis ladanum
L. (10), Lampsana communis L. (18), Carduus acanthoides L. (86).

Once : Panicum miliaceum L. (4), Setaria italica (L.) P.B. (4), Rumex
crispus L. (40), Polygonum hydropiper L. (8), Polygonum Convolvulus L.
(4), Amarantus retroflexus L. (16), Papaver somniferum L. (56), Stellaria
media Cyr. (4), Spergula arvensis L. (24), Scleranthus annuus L. (28),
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. (8), Lepidium campestre R. Br. (4), Lepidium
Draba L. (196), Berteroa incana De. (1020), Reseda lutea L. (4), Vicia
hirsuta (L.) 8. F. Gray (4), Lathyrus hirsutus L. (4), Viola arvensis
Murr. (8), Torilis nodosa (L.) Gartner (8), Conium maculatum L. (4),
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill., Chaiturus Marrubiastrum (L.), Reichb. (8),
Ballota nigra L. (4), Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. (4), Cerinthe minor L.
(4), Galium mollugo L. (40), Cirsium canum (L.) M. B. (36), Cirsium
j2nceolatum (L.) Scop. (4), Arctium Lappa L. (4), Centaurea jacea L. (4)

APPENDIX IV.
Roumanian Lucerne.

Examinations by Dir. Jon Enescu.

Number of seeds found
(dominancy).
Frequency
: Sa (con-
stancy.) | Greatest | Average
: number in | number in
1,000 gr. | 1,000 gr.
Very frequent species .
J. Chenopodium album L. - 8 8,800 1,739
2. Trifolium pratense L.~ - - 8 35,200 5,329
3. Setaria viridis (L.) P.B. - - 7 6,800 1,413
Frequent species °
4. Setaria glauca (L.) P.B. 6 4,400 7172
5. Polygonum aviculare L. - - 6 1,000 225
6. Daucus carota L. 6 2,120 362
7. Plantago lanceolata L. - 6 1,320 551
8. Cichorium Intybus L. 6 3,840 728
9. Medicago lupulina L. - 5 100 45
Less frequent species :
10. Atriplex patulum L. 4 24 18
11. Sinapis arvensis L. - 4 12 8
12. Panicum Crus galli LL. - - 3 369 129
13. Melandrium album Garcke 3 2,560 857
14. Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. - 3 96 57
15. Stachys annuus L. 3 128 47
16. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. - 3 8 7

Unimportant species: Twice: Setaria italica (L.) P.B. (74), Panicum
sanguinale L. (26), Festuca pratensis Huds. (16), Delphinium Consolida L.
(4), Lepidium Draba L. (774), Lotus corniculatus L. (163), Torilis nodosa
(L.) Gartn. (14), Anagallis arvensis L. (16), Cuscuta suaveolens Sér. (74),
Brunella vulgaris L. (98), Galeopsis angustifolia Ehrh. (8), Galium Mollugo
L. (4), Galium infestum W.K. (6), Carduus acanthoides L. (20).

Once : Panicum miliaceum L. (400), Lolium perenne L. (393), Dactylis
glomerata L. (8), Bromus arvensis L. (12), Sorghum halepense P.B. (4)
Rumex biformis Menyh. (4), Rumex crispus L. (4), Polygonum persicaria L.
(4), Polygonum lapathifolium L. (20), Amarantus retroflexus L. (72).
Ranunculus acer L. (4), Nigella arvensis L. (12), Glaucium corniculatum
Curt. (4), Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. (16), Brassica campestris L. (128),
Coronilla varia L. (8), Geranium dissectum L. (4), Euphorbia platyphyllos L.
(12), Passerina annua Wikstr. (8), Cuscuta Trifolii Babgt. (Capsules) (6,000),
Echium vulgare L. (4), Veronica polita Fr. (4), Valerianella dentata Poll.
(12), Centaurea Cyanus L. (8), Centaurea micranthos Gmel. (4), Centaurea
pannonica Heuf. (16), Carduus nutans L. (4), Lampsana communis L. (16).

APPENDIX V.
Swedish Red Clover from Stockholms Lin.

Examination by Dir. Gustaf Wiksell.

Number of seeds found
(dominancy).
Frequency
= (con-

stancy). | Greatest | Average
number in | number in
1,000 gr. 1,000 gr.

Very frequent species .

1. Phleum pratense - - 5 34,800 8,149

2. Rumex crispus - 5 164 17

3. Chenopodium album .- 5 148 58

4. Sinapis arvensis - 5 616 202

5. Trifolium hybridum 5 8,440 1,785

Frequent species

6. Thlaspi arvense - 3 20 17

7. Anthriscus silvestris 3 8 5

8. Lampsana communis 3 1,192 408

Less frequent species :

9. Triticum repens - : - 2 64 42
10. Rumex Acetosella - - 2 72 46
11. Stellaria graminea 2. 152 V7
12. Stellaria media 2 12 8
13. Medicago lupulina 2 48 46
14, Galium Vaillantii - - - 2 16 19
15. Matricaria inodora - 2 124 64

Unimportant species.— (One found): Bromus secalinus (44), Rumex
domesticus (12), Polygonum aviculare (36), Polygonum lapathifolium (4),
Spergula arvensis (68), Ranunculus repens (264), Trif. repens (8),
Pimpinella saxifrage (32), Myosotis arvensis (52), Brunella vulgaris (12),
Stachys palustris (344), Plantago lanceolata (68), Achillea millefolium (4),
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (192), Anthemis tinctoria (28), Anthemis
arvensis (152), Cirsium arvense (2,000), Leontodon autumnale (88).

(b) Other impurities.—In all samples brown earth (clay) and particles
of quartz were found, and in some cases also felspar.

(ec) Colour.—The separation of grains according to colour resulted on
the average of the 5 samples :—

violet - - - - - = 2 2 2 - il
predominating violet - - - - . - 153
mixed - - - : - - - 336
predominating yellow - < « “ - 242
yellow : - - - 2 “ < s - 258

(d) 1,000 grain weights.—The 1,000 grain-weights of 20 samples each
of red-clover from Stockholms Lan harvested in 1921 and 1922 showed :—

Year. Weight, fresh. Weight, dried.
1921 - - - 1-87 1-66
1922 - 1-78 1-56
Average 1-83 1-61
Maxima - - 2-27 1-99
Minima 1-57 1-36

The 5 samples examined as to accessory species gave a fresh-weight
of 1-71-2-07, average 1-87, and a dried-weight of 1:52-1-79, average
1-61.

Sir Lawrence Weaver said he felt sure the meeting would be
impressed by the skill with which Dr. Volkart had prepared his
report and that they would be distressed to learn that he felt
unable to undertake the development of his enquiry. It would
be necessary at to-morrow’s meeting of the Seed Testing Congress
to make arrangements for carrying on this work.

Dr. Volkart then brought to the notice of the meeting the
following paper by Mr. Tryti (Norway) :—
New Methods for the Determination of the Origin of Seed.
BY
G. TRyYTI,

State Seed Control Institution, Christiania (Oslo).

Introduction.

About 30 years ago Professor Bastian Larsen, the founder of the
Norwegian experimental stations for plant cultivation and official seed
control, showed by his experiments that Norwegian and northern-grown
seed of clover, timothy and other species produces a considerably more
abundant crop than seed from southern countries. The same thing
had previously been demonstrated in Denmark by Mr. P. Nielsen, the
founder of the Danish Government’s experiments in plant culture. It is,
consequently, of the greatest importance to determine the origin of seed,
and it is regrettable that so little has been done in Norway in this matter.
I will endeavour to explain briefly some new methods which, according
to my view, we ought to follow if we are to make any progress in solving
the problems that arise. é

1. Characteristic Seed.

To specialists this method is so familiar that I shall only touch on the
subject lightly. The so-called characteristic seed (leading species) is
seed peculiar to certain countries. One gets, for instance, seed with
characteristics of its Russian or American origin, &c. The characteristic
seed spreads, however, through the channels of commerce and com-
munication, and will, in this way, soon become an uncertain and unreliable
criterion in the determination of origin. If, moreover, a sample is
devoid of characteristic seed, testing by this means can tell nothing
as to its origin. I should like, however, to suggest that by identifying
parts of the stalks or leaves of characteristic plants, an expedient
might be used to reinforce the old method. For mstance, in samples

® 28301 D

of seed from the United States of North America I have noticed
that splinters of bark, leaves, and parts of stalk, all with a hairy surface,
are characteristic. These plant particles, according to Konservator Dahl,
of the Botanical Museum, University of Christiania, come from a
species of Solanum, probably Solanum carolinense L. (the horse nettle).
From statements made by the Public Mycologist, Mr. Jérstad, it appears
that it may be possible to determine the origin of the seed fairly accurately
if only one can identify the hairy plant particles contained in the sample.
Some splinters have stellated hairs and thorns, others have single hairs.
The splinters with stellated hairs are found particularly in poa and
agrostis seed, and splinters with single: hairs especially in phleum and
festuca seed. The portions of the plants in question are an unusually sure
sign of identification of seed from the United States of America, but it is
in the first place necessary to be able to recognise the splinters.

2. The Weed Flora.

In co-operation with Mr. P. A. Gyen, the Glacial Geologist, I have
found that, even if a sample does not contain characteristic seed, in the
old sense of the word, the weed flora as a whole will give a good idea
as to the origin of the seed. In short, Norwegian seeds give one “ floral
picture,” seeds of the southern part of Sweden (Scania) give another,
German seeds give yet another, and so on. I am sure that this method
will be of the greatest importance. The weed flora is like the species of
animals, biologically localised. By this method it is not only possible
to say if the seed is Norwegian, but also from which part of Norway
it comes.

3. The Mineral Impurities in a Sample.

In the autumn of 1922, Mr. P. A. Oyen, the Glacial Geologist of the
University of Christiania, delivered a course of lectures on the deposits
of the Glacial period in Northern Europe, and in these lectures he main-
tained that Norwegian arenaceous quartz is different from that of Central
Europe. Later on Mr. Heggenhougen, the Public Chemist, said that
Central European quartzose has eolian marks and that the sand in Central
Europe was eolian-drift sand. I have since carried out work in the same
direction. The quartzose sand-grains in the German Loess soil, in the
sand from the Luneburger heath, in the Danish sand, and even in the
sand from the Sahara, are rounded with a wind-worn surface, dotted,
scarred, carved, and with a dull lustre. Norwegian sand, the sand of
North Sweden and of Finland, and Canadian sand has a sharp-edged
grain, and is a deposit of rivers and seas. About 30 years ago Professor
Bastian Larsen pointed out that seed containing silurian sand must be
regarded as seed grown in the district about Lake Mjgsen. Norwegian and
Scandinavian Seed Control Stations, however, had no idea that quartz
sand might be of importance in deciding as to the origin of seed until
Mr. @yen, in his lectures, brought this truth home to us. By ascertaining
the type of sand, its appearance, colour and surface, and by examining the
particles of earth in the sample, one gets the ‘“‘ mineral picture ’’ of the
sample; and, just as the flora varies in different arable lands, so also the
soilis variable. J am of the same opinion on this matter as Mr. P. A. Oyen,
and I am most grateful to him for all he has done to help Norwegian seed
control and Norwegian agriculture. Finally, I should like to add that
in seed of American origin, as, for instance, timothy, a quantity of excre-
ments is sometimes found which, among others mentioned above,
especially characterise American seed. I am unable to suggest by what
animals these black bodies are excreted.

Myr. Dorph-Petersen referred to the fact that his station at
Copenhagen had taken part in these provenance investigations,
and stated that he also had found plant and mineralogical

particles in seed samples which afforded useful information as to
the origin of the seed. Great difficulty was experienced in con-
nection with these investigations when, as was often the case,
seed bulks contained mixtures of seeds of different origin.
During the past year he had, on several occasions, found that
bulks which were stated to be of Polish, Bohemian or Hungarian
origin, contained seed characteristic of the southern part of
Europe.

(Time would not permit of any further discussion on this
subject, and the Chairman called on Mr. Edgar Brown.)

Mr. Brown then read the following paper (a French trans-
lation being communicated to the meeting by one of the official
reporters).

The Evaluation of Hard Seeds.
BY
EDGAR BROWN, Washington.

Hard Seeds are those, particularly of Leguminosae, which do not take
up water readily under normal conditions for germination. The most
striking examples among our commonly cultivated crops are Melilotus,
Vicia, Medicago and Trifolium.

The crop-producing value of hard seeds depends on the conditions
under which seeding is done. Crocker seeded hard seed of Melilotus in
December and in April. In the following June the December seedings
showed 72 per cent. germination and the April seeding 2 per cent. The
Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station reports similar results when
Melilotus seeds are exposed to alternate freezing and thawing.

Harrington reported only a small proportion of hard Trifolium and
Melilotus seeds as germinating promptly when sown in warm weather,
and a relatively high germination when seeded in freezing weather.

There is a rather definite line between the hard seeds and those not
hard in the case of Trifolium pratense and Melilotus, while there is not
such a definite line in the case of Medicago sativa and Vicia villosa.

Our knowledge of the proper evaluation of hard seeds is incomplete,
and there is need for further investigation.

I am very glad to say that, no doubt inspired by the example of the
British seed trade in making possible the establishment of your splendid
Institute of Agricultural Botany, the American Seed Trade, through the
medium of our National Research Council, has established a fellowship for
the investigation of the agricultural value of hard seeds and we expect
that most valuable practical informaticn will result.

In America what is the present practice as to the evaluation of hard
seeds ?

This question does not arise in the administration of the Seed Importa-
tion Act, as the requirements of that Act are not specified in terms of
germination but of live seed.

With few exceptions the laws in the several States regulating the sale
of agricultural seeds require labelling with certain information including
the percentage of germination. In some States this percentage of germina-
tion has been construed to include all hard seeds, in some States a portion
only of the hard seeds and in other States none of the hard seeds.

In order that there might be a uniform basis for labelling in all States,
the Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America adopted the
following rule: ‘‘In reporting the germination of samples of leguminous
seeds, a portion of which usually remain hard at the end of the test, the
actual percentage of germination should be reported and also the
percentage of seed remaining hard.”

100

In view of the state of our knowledge relative to the crop-producing
value of hard seed, it is believed that this form of statement is more useful
to the ultimate consumer, the farmer, than is the assigning of any
arbitrary value.

With certain kinds of seeds it is, no doubt, important to scarify them
so that they will germinate promptly under normal field conditions.
Harrington has shown that this can be done most effectively and with
least injury to the seeds themselves at the time of threshing through the
use of proper machinery carefully adjusted.

Little attention has been given in America to the determination of
broken seedlings except in the case of T'rifolium incarnatum. Weare, in
this case, governed by the rule of the Association of Official Seed Analysts
of North America, which is: ‘‘Seeds of legumincsae should not be
considered germinated when both cotyledons break off.”

In closing, I want to stress the importance of research. To you seed
merchants of all countries: your business is dependent on agriculture,
and on agriculture alone. Your business serves agriculture, and to agri-
culture you owe everything. Do not give grudgingly, but follow the lead
of your associates of the British seed trade in promoting research in
agriculture. To you directors of seed control stations and seed analysts :
too great a proportion of our energy has been spent on the routine of
our work and too little has been given to the investigation of those funda-
mental biological principles on which seed testing and agriculture in
general is based. At the same time that we are applying our present
empirical knowledge of how to do, let us earnestly devote ourselves to
that research which alone will tell us why.

Mr. David Bell (of the Scottish Seed Trade Association)
intimated that he was both a seed merchant and a farmer, and
that while, as a merchant, he was obliged to scarify hard seed
for the sake of his business, he had never sown scarified seed on
his farm. He was very glad that Mr. Brown was investigating
the question of hard seed. Mr. Bell stated that he had sown
wild white clover which contained over 30 per cent. of hard seed
and that a beautiful crop resulted.

Mr. Lafferty referred to experiments conducted by Dr. G. H.
Pethybridge (late Director of the Seed Testing Station, Dublin),
on the germination of the hard seeds of some clovers. These
trials which extended over a period of 10 years showed that,
under the conditions obtaining in the laboratory germinators,
approximately 50 per cent. of the hard seeds of red clover germi-
nated within a period of three years. After this time germination
became very much slower with the result that not all the hard
seeds had germinated when the trials were concluded after 10
years. When, however, the remaining ungerminated seeds were
searified and immediately replaced in the germinators, normal
germination took place in the majority of cases within a few days.
When parallel trials on the germination of the hard seeds of
clovers were conducted in the laboratory germinators and in
pots of soil in an unheated greenhouse it was found that during
the period of the test, which continued for approximately
18 months, a higher percentage of germination was obtained
where the seeds were planted in the soil than was the case of the
seed in the germinators. Mr. Lafferty expressed the view that

101

certificates should merely state the percentage of hard seeds
contained in a sample, and that it should be left to the farmer
to place his own valuation on the seeds.

Mr. Brown intimated that experiments in the U.S.A. had
shown that seeds which had been buried in the soil for 20 years
germinated immediately on being scarified.

Mr, Devoto stated that in the Argentine they were of the opinion
that 50 per cent. of hard seeds were capable of germination.

Professor Bussard and Dr. von Degen intimated that their
stations considered that all hard seeds were capable of germination
‘sooner or later.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen distributed to the meeting copies of a
mimeographed paper containing remarks on Mr. Brown’s paper,
and also a printed pamphlet entitled ‘‘ How long do the various
seed species retain their germination power?’’ The paper
detailed the results of tests made on samples stored under varying
conditions of moisture and temperature. These results showed
that in some cases the percentage of hard seeds in samples of
red clover, yellow trefoil, and of bird’s foot trefoil stored in a
warm, dry place (central heated, about 18° C.), was considerably
greater than when the samples were stored under cool, moist
conditions such as in ordinary storerooms. It was presumed,
however, that these results were exceptional; but as such excep-
tions must be taken into consideration, the Copenhagen Station
proposed to make a considerable number of experiments in the
future in connection with leguminous seeds with the view of
ascertaining definitely how the content of hard seeds is influenced
by the conditions of storage. Mr. Dorph-Petersen further
intimated in his paper that, in view of the fact that the scarification
of seeds often causes wounds which result in broken seedlings,
hard seeds ought, in his opinion, to be regarded as capable of
germination when the percentage of such seeds in a sample is
not greater than is normal for the species concerned. In his
view agriculturists who purchased field seeds which give one
crop a year ought to require that the seed must not contain more
hard seeds than is normal for the species. In referring to the
printed pamphlet mentioned above, Mr. Dorph-Petersen’s paper
stated that examinations showed that lucerne seed retains its
germinating power for the longest period, and that when
scarified the hard seeds were almost always capable of germination.

Mr. Brown expressed the view that all present were agreed
that hard seeds were “live”’ seeds and capable of germination
at some time. The investigations carried out in his country
were always directed to the determination of the agricultural
value of hard seeds.

When the meeting resumed, after a short interval for tea,
a paper on the subject of hard seeds of clover and broken seedlings,
which had been prepared by Messrs. G. Pammer and J. Schindler,
of Vienna, was considered. The paper, which is appended, was

% 23801 Ds

102

not read: because. of lack of time, but copies had previously beers
distributed to the meeting.

On the questions of Hard Husk in Clover Seed and of Broken Seeds.
BY.
G. PAMMER anv J. SCHINDLER, VIENNA.

The estimation of hard husked seeds of clovers is arrived at according
to the technical standards for seed testing laid down by the Union of
Agricultural Experimental Stations in Germany (in force since 13th
September, 1912). It is provided that the percentage of hard-husked seeds
shall be indicated as such in the investigational report, and it is added
that ‘a small undetermined proportion would presumably germinate in
due course.”

.The text-book of the Austrian Union of Agricultural Experimental
‘Stations (in use as from Ist January, 1913) prescribes that, ‘“‘ in the case of
lucerne, one half of the quantity of hard-husked seeds be added to figutes.
indicating seed which has actually germinated, and one third in the case of
other clover seeds. The corresponding results are, however, to be specified
as well.”

In connection with these two divergent sets of instructions, we would.
draw attention to the fact that, for the last 40 years, there has been an
extraordinarily heavy increase in Austria in the use of clover seed for fields
to be laid down for forage supply. This is chiefly due to the enlightened
labours of F. G. Stebler in Switzerland and T. von Weinzierl in Austria.
The cultivation of clover (red clover in particular), either pure, or mixed
solely with one variety of grass, no longer accounts entirely for the demand
for clover seed. Large quantities are used for fields to be laid down for
from three to six years’ ley, and thus it is made clear that the necessity
arises to take up the question of the value of hard-husked clover seed.

The area of pastures and meadows laid down to an even longer ley
(10 to 12 years), either freshly or artificially sown with clover and grass
seed, increases year by year, and annually absorbs large quantities of seed.
In view of these circumstances, it is important to settle the question
whether the hard-husked clover seed which does not grow in the year of
sowing is really to be regarded as useless.

When clover is planted alone for a one to two years’ ley it springs up.
quickly and develops regularly—-which means avoiding, as much as
possible, seed showing a high percentage of hard husk. The state of affairs
is different in the case of fields laid down for several years. Storage of
the clover seed at a moist, low temperature during the first and second
winters, or some other determining factor, is capable of mitigating hard
husk. As the clover seed, germinating by degrees, would gradually add
its quota to the whole stock sown, the existence of hard-husked seed should
not, therefore, be regarded as a drawback in the case of clovers principally
sown when laying down fields for several years—such as white clover,
alsike, bird’s foot trefoil, marsh bird’s foot trefoil, and hop clover.

It is a well-known fact that clover growths in a meadow undergo
continual renewal by later germination. But, so far as we are aware, no
experiments which might have solved this question have been carried out.
Steglich* made and supervised his experiments for a period of not more
than 17 months—.e., from 15.4.08 to 15.9.09. It was not ascertained,
therefore, whether any appreciable percentage of the remaining hard seed

* B. Steglich: “ Investigations re Hard Husk and Broken Seeds during
Germination of Clover Seed.” Vols. 79 and 80 of “ Agricultural Experimental
Stations”; pp. 611 to 620 (Berlin, 1913). :

103

germinated in the two succeeding spring seasons, after wintering. By
experiments which have been made with fruit kernels and kernels of the
Weymouth pine,* or Pinus cembra, we know that fairly prolonged storage
(from one month to several months) at a moist, low, temperature, either
facilitates the germination of seed normally germinating with difficulty,
or is the only factor rendering germination possible.

Even Hojesky’s experiments{. only extended over one germination
period, although he lays stress on the necessity for extending these experi-
ments over a fairly considerable length of time.

From Hojesky’s articles quoted above we learn that hard-husked
clover seed in the soil is subject to most varied influences which mitigate
the hard husk. Hojesky has more particularly established that the hard
husk of lucerne seed in dry soil during the warm summer months decreases
to a very considerable extent. In a small wooden box filled with earth,
the dry earth reached a temperature of between 40° and 50° Celsius on five
consecutive days during the month of June, between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m.
In as short a period as two days, samples of hard-husked lucerne removed
from this earth and planted out germinated to the extent of 87 per cent.,
and to the extent of 100 per cent. if not removed for five days. During
this period the hard husk in kidney vetch decreased by 50 per cent., whilst
red clover showed 15 per cent. of germination after five days. The other
varieties showed hardly any traces of germination.

We therefore see that it is only in the case of lucerne that hard husk
is entirely eliminated by warming in the soil, kidney vetch improving by
50 per cent. This does not mean to say that, by means of some other
determining factor, hard husk would not be eliminated in those varieties
of seed uninfluenced or only slightly affected by mere warming in the soil.
Such a factor could be, for instance, keeping the seed at a moist, low tem-
perature in the soil during the winter season. This problem remains
unsolved, and the nature of hard husk in lucerne seed and the factors
influencing it must first be determined.

Before proceeding to judge hard husk of other clover varieties, we
must know what factors tend to eliminate hard husk in each variety and
to what extent they doso. Only then will it be possible to assume that the
vexed question can be definitely answered. The*question of time is also
extremely important in the matter of hard-husked clover seed.

A mere indication of the presence of hard-husked seed after conclusion
of the germination test, with no inclusion of a fixed proportion in the figure
for germinative power, is quite an insufficient method of procedure. Even
in the case of vegetable seed and seed for trade purposes the quantity of
sound seed remaining after conclusion of the germination test is indicated.
There is, however, a great difference between clover seed remaining sound
in a field laid down for many years, and similar seed of a plant whose
seeds, germinating later, may only come to maturity after the clover
crop generally has been taken from the field. Furthermore, it should not
be forgotten that in some years a very high percentage of hard husk
regularly makes its appearance, especially in lucerne seed, attaining
from 40 per cent. to 50 per cent. In such cases it would be quite absurd
to compare this seed—of which only from 40 per cent. to 50 per cent.
could germinate within the prescribed. period owing to the existence of
a large proportion of hard husk—with seed which is several years old and
only germinates to the extent of from 40 per cent. to 50 per cent. on
account of its age.

* A, Grisch and G. Lakon; “‘ Experiments regarding Germination of Kernels
of the Weymouth pine.” Swiss Agricultural Year-Book, 1923.

‘“* How Seeds adapt Themselves to Climatic Conditions (even as far as entire
Reversion of Germination Period).” By W. Kinzel; No. I. of 1924 of the
practical text-books published by the Bavarian Agricultural Institute for the
Cultivation and Protection of Plants.

+ ““Hard Husk Clover Seeds.” By J. Hojesky. Journal of Austrian
Experimental Stations : Nos. 7-12 of 1921.

104

It is, therefore, justifiable to require that a certain well defined propor-
tion of hard husked seeds be included in the germination total. Revision
is required of the principles governing this calculation in regard to each
particular variety. The statement can, however, already be considered
proved that, according to experiments made to date, the figure of 50 per
cent. is approximately correct for hard husk in the case of lucerne, and that
of one third in the case of red clover. Experimental proof is still required
as to the percentages of hard husk existing in the case of white clover,
alsike, kidney vetch, bird’s foot trefoil, and marsh bird’s foot trefoil.

Broken SEEDS.

The Union of Agricultural Experimental Stations in Germany lays
down, in its technical regulations, that “‘ perceptibly broken and/or
entirely spoilt seeds, in so far as they are clearly incapable of germinating,
moust be excluded when determining purity and germinative power.”

According to the text-book of the Austrian Union of Agricultural
Stations, “injured and/or greatly shrivelled seeds of the variety to be
tested, in so far as they are clearly incapable of germinating,” must be
taken out.

It frequently happens, especially with regard to red clover and kidney
vetch (but less often in lucerne and hop clover), that the seed examined.
contains a very high percentage of grains showing very slight threshing.
damage. ‘If these—i.e., grains of which, say, part of the husk or the tip
of one cotyledon is missing—are taken out and grown on, it will be seen
that they give healthy shoots. If the latter are planted out in clay dishes.
containing earth (according to gardeners’ methods), they mostly develop
into normal plants. One can even go further, and handle in the same way
seeds showing considerably greater threshing damage, i.e., those with the
entire upper half of both cotyledons missing. A considerable percentage
of these shoots can also be brought to production.

In addition to broken seed, the existence of which is perceptible before-
hand, there exist injuries which can only develop in the germination bed
(so-called ‘“‘ internal break,’’?) and by which the germ is affected. In this
respect the technical instructions lay down the following standard :—

‘All broken shoots should be held not to have germinated
if both cotyledons fall off in germination bed. The loss of one coty-
ledon shall not be considered important. Shoots with broken
rootlets shall be held to have germinated if one or more adventitious
roots develop by the final day.”

These instructions may be considered applicable in regard to seed in
which injury through breaking only becomes perceptible in the germination
bed. But, in respect of seeds with perceptible outer injury, it must be
stated that their exclusion from sowing would be wrong; for they could
also give a germ capable of healthy development, with seedlings of which
only a small proportion would have one or both cotyledons missing.

It is, however, extremely difficult to draw a definite line between those
broken seeds whose injuries do not affect the germ, and those which only
give weak plants which develop tardily and finally fail. For this reason, it
appears that it should be unequivocally laid down as standard that all clover
seed which shows any outwardly perceptible injury should be excluded both
in the purity and the germination tests, although we know that a portion thereof
can give a germ capable of development.

We may, therefore, accept what is laid down in the text-book, i.o.,
that “shoots with broken rootlets are held to have germinated, if one
or more adventitious roots develop by the final day.” But what is laid
down regarding the exclusion of clover seed with an outwardly perceptible
injury should be more clearly defined. Instead of the wording which

105

reads :—‘‘ Perceptibly broken and/or entirely spoilt seed,” etc., the phrase
might read as follows :—-

‘“‘Perceptibly broken seeds should be taken out without exception,
ny and entirely spoilt seeds only so far as they are clearly incapable of
germinating.”

Judging from investigational work to date, we can, therefore, only say
that, so far as B. Steglich’s experiments are concerned, an indefinite amount
of hard husked red clover seed germinates within a measurable space of
time (in Steglich’s experiments, 17 months at the most), and a still smaller
-amount thereof can yield useful plants. Analogous results were obtained
from Hojesky’s similar field experiments.

The most important positive result of general scientific and practical
importance in this question is Hojesky’s ascertainment that, by a five days’
warming of hard husked lucerne seed in dry soil during the summer, at
40° to 50° Celsius, hard husk entirely disappeared, and 50 per cent. dis-
appeared among kidney vetch.

Investigation still remains to be carried out as to how various factors
.affect the other varieties of clover, more especially prolonged storage at
& moist, low temperature, and the bad influence of varying temperature
and moisture on the seed, as also of organisms found in the soil.

What Hojesky writes as to the influence of the warmth of the soil on
hard husked lucerne and kidney vetch seed, goes to prove that other factors
‘persisting over a lengthy period would also influence the seed. No experi-
aents on these lines have as yet been made.

As, according to Hojesky’s experiments, one quarter to one third of hard
husked red clover seed will eventually germinate, as also will 50 per cent. of
lucerne, there is justification for the Vienna station’s decision to consider
these proportions of hard husked seed as capable of germination. Special
‘experiments must establish how far this should be the case with other
lovers, but, in any event, the question of this hard husked seed must not,
be neglected or so treated that dealers in seeds should be allowed to settle
it in their own way.

As regards broken seeds, it appears necessary to take out all par-
ticularly noticeable broken seed. Though this does not quite meet the case,
the phrase is not liable to misconstruction. Broken germs in the germina-
tion bed should only be considered as having germinated if not more than
one cotyledon is missing, or if the broken rootlet is replaced by adventitious
roots by the final day.

Professor Voigt (who was to have read the paper) gave a
summary, and made interesting comments upon it in English,
French and German.

Mr. Lafferty took exception to the statement made in the
last paragraph of the paper to the effect that, if both cotyledons
are broken, the seed from which such a seedling arose should not
be considered as having germinated. At his station it had been
proved that even if both cotyledons were missing, provided the
bud was not broken, the seedling could produce a plant in a few
cases. Dr. Voigt drew diagrams on a blackboard to illustrate
his point of view that germination in such cases depended on
the point of breakage. Both the last-named gentleman and
Mr. Dorph-Petersen were of the opinion that, where both cotyledons

106

were missing, seedlings were of no use to the agriculturist. In
Denmark such broken seedlings were always counted as “ dead.”

Mr. Anderson stated that at his station 195 portions of seedlings,
of red clover consisting of root and plumule only were planted
and only 3 portions produced leaves. Mr. Lafferty agreed that
the percentage of such seedlings which were capable of producing
plants would be very small. Mr. Anderson was of the opinion
that the percentage was negligible and concurred in the views.
expressed by Mr. Dorph-Petersen and Professor Voigt.

Mr. Fleischner (Czecho-Slovakian delegate to Ist International
Seed Trade Conference) and Dr. Chmela? intimated that the seed
trade would not be satisfied unless more than 50 per cent. of
hard seeds were regarded as capable of germination. It was very
desirable, from the point of view of the trade, that seed testing
stations should state precisely what percentage of hard seeds
is capable of germination and what percentage represents really
“hard’”’ seeds, and that there should be uniformity in this
matter.

Reference was also made to the cause of breakage in the case
of broken seedlings. Mr. Devoto was of the opinion that breakage
is caused by excess of moisture in the embryo, and Mr. Lafferty
described the cause as internal strain (super-pressure) during the
actual process of germination.

In summing up the discussions on the papers by Mr. Brown
and Messrs. Pammer and Schindler, Dr. Voigt referred to the
wide differences of opinion existing in regard to the question of
hard seeds, and said that the more the matter was studied the
more difficult it became. It was very desirable, therefore, that
efforts should be made to devise an international standard of
value. Broken seedlings (or “ cripples ’’) would be of little use
in Europe. He agreed with Mr. Devoto that excess of moisture
caused breakage.

It will be observed from the report of the Thursday afternoon
session that a committee was appointed to deal with the questions
of hard seeds and broken seedlings.

The business of the session having concluded, Dr. Woodman,
of the University School of Agriculture, gave the meeting a short.
but interesting sketch of the manifold activities of the school,
and thereafter conducted the Delegates and visitors on a tour of
inspection. ,

In the evening the committee of nine, which was appointed
on Tuesday to consider Dr. Volkart’s draft Constitution of the
International Seed Testing Association and to settle other
important matters, met and continued in session until a late
hour. A number of the other delegates were conducted round
Christ’s College and grounds by the Master, Sir A. E. Shipley.

107

Thursday, 10th Juiy.
Morning Session.
The Congress assembled at 9.30 a.m.

Dr. Chmela# read a paper of which the following is an English
summary :— ,

Determination of the Botanic Identity of Varieties in Laboratories
and in Experimental Fields.

Dr. F. CHMELAR, BRUNN.

The more the intensity of plant cultivation develops and the utility of
selected strains realized, the greater the necessity for guarantees of the
genuineness and purity of seed becomes, as well as that of determining all
the signs of identity in the laboratory and in the field. The testing of
seeds and the determination of identity of common varieties ina number
of European States requires the establishment of the authenticity and
purity of varieties in field growths and also in the samples of seeds and
bulbs, &c., sent to different institutes. A

In addition, this determination is required when the identity or origin
of selected varieties intended for exportation has to be established.

The methods which are used to establish the botanical identity of
varieties are not yet fully studied, inasmuch as it is mainly the most
striking signs giving a guarantee of a good crop and quality which attract
the attention of selectors, while it is often important to observe also
practically insignificant factors. :

A good method for the determination of varieties of the sugar
beet and the mangold is observation of the colour of the shoots which
develop in a temperature of 15° C. under diffused light in the course
of two weeks (Pieper). Determination of the colour of the shoots,
particularly of the intermediate forms, is facilitated by the use of chromatic
filters (Vitek). To establish the saccharine richness of the root it is
necessary to analyse, at least three times in succession, 40 beets developed
in a normal culture and to make use of a quantity of mash-four times
larger than normally if the saccharine richness is to be established to a
‘O'1 per cent. exactness. (Method of the Sugar Research Station at Prague.)
In Denmark an analogous method (Hallquist’s method) is followed to
determine the colour of the root according to the colour of shoots of
cruciferous plants.

An excellent means for determining the different varieties of potatoes
is the observation of the colouring of the cymes of shoots sprouted in
diffused light (Snell) or indeed observation of the colour of shoots developed
in obscurity (Vilmorin). Recently it has been ascertained that the size
of starch grains (Parow), established by the Lindner method, is the sign
of such and such a variety. If the variety must be established on the
fields, it is necessary to ascertain not only the qualities of the tubers but
also of the plant in its entirety. As regards the tubers, it is most
important to observe: the shape, the colour of the skin and that of the
flesh and the eyes; as to the plant, the height, thickness and colour of the
stem; as regards the leaves, the shape, the colour of the folioles, the
position of the terminal foliole, the shape of the point, the colour of the
petiole, the coalescence of the leaflet; as to the inflorescence, the quantity
‘of flowers, the bractea, the shape and length of points of the sepals of
the calyx, the size and colour of the corolla, as well as flowers with double
corolla, and, finally the position of stamens and pistil.

108

The determination of varieties of corn is the most difficult as they
are very numerous; and it is necessary, very often, to distinguish varieties:
of which the difference is but slight, or rather where it is only biological.
The determination of the varieties of wheat is carried out by the observa-
tion of different degrees of colouring of grains (pericarp) produced after
six hours by the preparation oxybenzine-mercury-chloride (mercurial
chlorophenol) No. 778 in a 1 per cent. solution after having previously
been steeped for 24 hours (Pieper method). I have followed this method
in establishing the difference of 61 varieties, mainly of Czecho-Slovak origin,
and I have been able to ascertain that the differences were considerable.
Steeping in distilled water showed itself to be the best. I have also.
ascertained that the colouring of coleoptiles of shoots of wheat is a very
valuable method in laboratory work.

; Of these 61 varieties that I have observed, the coleoptile was as
ollows :—

Coloured brown-red - - - il
Without colour” - - - - - 33
Some grains only coloured 17

As regards wheat grain it is as well to know also the length of the hairs
of the grains and the number of rows of thick membrane cellules similar:
to the epidermie cellules of the central layer of the pericarp (Kondo).

If it is desired to discern the “‘a” and ‘“‘c” types of leaning barley
(H. dist. nutans) it is necessary to ascertain microscopically if the hairs.
are of one (type ‘‘a’’) or rather of two or even several cellules (type
““e@’’). Tf barley is concerned it is also wise to ascertain the contours
of the grain in the lateral position, and when 6-row varieties of barley
are concerned it is desirable to establish the greatest width of graim
(Holmgaard). The best determination of oats is made on the exterior
of the grain and what aids us here is also the colouring of the first leaves
of the shoots (Holmgaard).

I have only enumerated some of the more remarkable and more’
frequently used signs. If varieties have to be determined on the field,
all characteristics must be ascertained and a detailed description of them
compiled.

To facilitate determination still niore, it is not only necessary to have
collections of seed, ears, tubercles, roots and collections of leaves and
inflorescences, but also to establish trial gardens of varieties. The
material to be observed must be taken, it is true, directly from the plant
breeders, and it is necessary to cultivate the plants normally with a view
to their having a normal appearance. To know thoroughly the biological
qualities of plants, trials should be made several years in succession.

It is desirable that the European Seed Testing Association should
extend the unification and studies of methods and usual standards
to the determination of identity and purity and, eventually, to the quality
of varieties.

It would consequently be necessary that exchange of matters observed
in the variety trial gardens should be reciprocal among the various
institutes, and that there should exist among them a sort of mutual’
communication of descriptions of different varieties, as is already the
case among the administrations of botanical gardens.

(The full paper in German will be found on pp. 204-215.)

A discussion followed on the various methods of identification:
of different species and varieties, viz., biological, biometrical,
morphological, pathological, physico- chemical, and what the.
Polish delegate aptly said might be described as the Bertillon.
method.

109

Professor Showky Bakir referred to the usefulness of the
pathological method for purposes of identification.

Professor Kuleschoff then demonstrated how the staff at his
station distinguish between winter wheat and spring wheat.
He stated that, after a number of experiments, they established
the fact that spring wheat in their district is characterised by a
hairy growth appearing on the first leaf sprouted, whereas in the
case of winter wheat the growth is absent or very much less
developed.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen gave detailed information with regard
to the comprehensive work of the Danish State Seed Testing
Station in the above connection, and distributed for the informa-
tion of the delegates two pamphlets entitled “‘ Danish experiments
in Plant Culture and Details about the Trade in Controlled
Danish Seed,” and ‘‘ Some Prominent Danish Varieties and
Strains of Agricultural Plants.”

He especially emphasised the necessity of having a sufficiently
large number of plants grown in at least two control fields on
which to form a judgment. The plants must be examined very
carefully several times during their growth (the cereals 5-6 times
during the summer) in order to determine whether or not they
are true to variety and free from disease.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen did not consider the praecipitin method
reliable’ enough, whereas the Hallquist method, by which the
yellow and white-fleshed crucifers can be separated, seemed
reliable.

In summing up the discussion, Mr. Dorph-Petersen proposed
the appointment of a committee to consider the matters raised
in Dr. Chmelar’s paper. The names of the persons whom Mr.
Dorph-Petersen suggested should constitute the committee are
set out in the report of the Thursday afternoon session.

The Congress unanimously concurred in Mr. Dorph-Petersen’s
proposal.

Professor Kuleschoff then exhibited and explained tables and
a graph bearing on the question of seed standards, and asked that
international regulations might be framed for dealing with this
matter.

(Two papers submitted by Professor Kuleschoff, viz., ‘‘ Pro-
gramme and Organisation of, and Results obtained by, the
Kharkow Seed Testing and Control Station,” and “A brief
sketch of the Development and present conditions of Seed
Control in the Ukraine”’ and one by Professor Issatchenko,
“ Seed Testing in Russia,’’ have been published in the International
Review of the Science and Practice of Agriculture, Rome.)

Mr. Brown hoped that the present Congress would formulate
international rules as to uniformity of tests on which could be
devised a form of contract which would involve a standard method.
of arbitration. The proper person to act as arbitrator should be
the head of the Official Seed Testing Station of the country of

110
importation. If this could be done it would be of the greatest
possible use to the international seed trade.
Professor Munn then read the following paper :—

The Work of the Association of Official Seed Analysts of
North America, 1921-1924.

By
M. T. MUNN, Geneva, New York.
President of Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America.

It is a great pleasure and an honour which I have of attending the
sessions of this Congress, and while I cannot appear before you as a
delegate from the United States of America, I do have, with your kind
permission, the honour, as their President, of representing the Association
of Official Seed Analysts of North America and to bring to you their
greetings and best wishes in this work of seed testing. I wish to take this
opportunity to express on behalf of our Association a most sincere
appreciation of the very hearty welcome and generous reception which
you have accorded me here as their representative, and also I wish to
emphasize the fact that the seed analysts of my country are vitally and
keenly interested in the things for which this Congress stands and is
trying to do. The analysts of North America are to-day watching with
the utmost interest the deliberations of this Congress and what it may mean
in international collaboration.

In response to your kind invitation to tell of the work of our
Association in America I can only begin this brief story at the point
where it was discontinued four years ago at the Third International
Congress, when members of the North American Association, among
other things, told you of the organization of our Association in 1908
and of its work since that time. Since the time of the last Congress in
Copenhagen the seed work in America in its various phases in the thirty-
eight or more States and in the several provinces of Canada has progressed
most rapidly. To speak briefly, perhaps one of the most important
advances made has been the certification of those seed laboratories
which have attained a certain degree of excellence or qualification,
according to rather definite yet flexible standards adopted by the
Association. The certification work is based upon at least four points,
namely :—training and experience of the analyst, equipment of the
laboratory sufficient to carry out satisfactorily the suggested rules for
seed testing, the quality of the work done as shown by the results of tests
made upon referee seed samples, and the application of the entire time
of the analyst to seed testing in its various phases. It has stimulated
greater activity, precision of work, and a keener interest upon the part
of both analysts and officials connected therewith. This work of
certification of the laboratories, though still preliminary, being based
upon but three years of work, has provided a list of some twenty or more
laboratories where dependable results can be expected. We plan to
continue and add to this work from year to year, possibly making more
exacting standards of excellence to be attained.

: Since the certification of the seed laboratories has such a close con-
nection with and is partly dependent upon the results of comparative
tests upon replication seed samples or the referee work, I should speak
of our work along this lme which has now been pushed continuously for
some nine or more years. This referee testing work, while it has its
limitations, has yielded at least two very definite results of value. It
has put the analysts in touch with the best-known methods of seed testing

111

by their actually using them in practice, thus tending toward uniformity ;
also, it has shown us rather definitely the limitations or variations which
may be expected with some kinds of seeds and the mixtures of seeds.
Out of this work there has also come two increasingly distinct conclusions
or deductions, namely, that with a variable, truly biological product:
such as seeds, apparatus and laboratory equipment or facilities are not:
the prime essentials, and, on tho other hand, great knowledge or skill
are not necessarily the things of greatest importance. It is very plain
that there must be a happy medium of these two essentials or prime
requisites. We are trying to bring all the analysts to realize most fully
that there is no piece of work which requires more skill and thorough
knowledge of conditions than viability testing of seeds, and certainly no
work which requires greater good judgment or mental acumen than seed
purity analysis. In other words, carelessness, poor judgment, lack of
skill or training on the part of the analyst at any point in the process
of securing the sample or its analysis, inadequate equipment, working
conditions or facilities, most unmistakably show in the final results. On
the other hand, our years of referee testing work have shown most con-
clusively, we believe, that laboratories adequately equipped and properly
manned do produce consistent, characteristic, and wholly dependable
results.

As to the methods of testing, we urge that all the analysts in the
Association use the suggested ‘‘ Rules for Seed Testing ’”’ as recommended
by the Association. These rules are revised from time to time under
the guidance of a special research committee as new and better knowledge
is gained through research and experience. Our rules for testing have .
always provided for the use of the so-called ‘‘ continental’’ method of
purity analysis ot grasses. We feel that, in connection with purity analysis,
a result is not complete unless it shows the percentage of the four com-
ponent parts of commercial seed :—namely, pure seed, weed seed, inert
matter, and other crop seed, if any, or all of such as are present. The
grouping ot weed seeds and other crop seeds or incidental seeds into
one component does not supply the information which both the vendor
and the ultimate user should have. There may be some instances where
it is economically impossible to classify a plant as a weed or as a crop
plant, but such are the exception rather than the rule. In reporting
upon the viability of a given lot of seed, we feel that the best, interests of
all are met when the percentage of germination in terms of normal sprouts
is given, and, in addition, the percentage of hard seeds or impermeable seeds
when testing Leguminosae. The matter of. seed-borne plant diseases is
most important and many of our analysts are now making reports upon
this matter in all cases where indicated.

It is rather difficult to state definitely just what is being done in the
seed testing laboratories in America in the way of pure research upon
seed problems, since the line between research and routine testing is not
very marked: in fact, some of our most valuable facts have come out
of routine testing work, and we feel that it is a sad mistake to discard,
or leave untabulated, any data which may, at any point, yield information
as to weed dispersal or population increase, provenance or origin, seed
longevity, hard seededness, spread of plant diseases through seed-borne
parasites, or any of a number of such indications which the mass of seed
material may present. Our Association has an active committee on
research and methods of testing through which the research work is being
pressed forward, attacking the hard-seed problem, vegetable and flower
seed germination, longevity, seed-borne diseases, effects of frost or
freezing, seed disinfection, and, among other things, the fundamental
germination studies upon which we can base present testing practice.
Analysts are encouraged to attack their tasks with the research spirit,
and, to this end, the most successful supervising analysts or officers have
arranged the work of the laboratory, so that competent and qualified
workers may take advantage of every opportunity afforded to add some-
thing to the sum total of knowledge.

112

The matters of commerce in seeds and seed testing are inseparable.
Seed laws designed to control the sale of seeds must be enforced, and
upon a practical basis, An unenforced seed law is often worse than
no law at all, since it often handicaps good intentions and puts a premium
upon falsity. In this connection it seems to be quite generally conceded
that the best interests of all are met when the technical, analytical
work of seed analysis is quite apart or separated from the control or law-
enforcement phase. We strive to insist that seeds be sold in a manner
satisfactory to both buyer and seller. Purity, viability and weed-seed
content must be given in intelligible terms. Provenance, or origin,
are all-important in the case of clover and alfalfa, and some other kinds of
seed—and this information must be insisted upon. The person who, either
through negligence, carelessness or intent, loses or disguises the facts
regarding origin or provenance in the essential cases is a great menace to
agricultural welfare and should be most promptly exposed. To speak
of the sale of seeds of known variety, high purity and viability, and of
known origin, one at once thinks of the trade in seed or the seedsmen.
The seed trade has unlimited opportunities to render a great service to
agricultural welfare, and if, therefore, there are unethical practices or
abuses in the sale of seeds which have sprung up under the pressure of
competition or habit, and which have brought about the need of drastic
seed laws, they can be corrected if the trade itself will but apply the
Golden Rule in its own conduct and correct the wrong within itself.
Character in the commerce in seeds cannot be built by laws. It will
come as the sum total of the moral fibre of the individuals engaged
therein.

Seed-testing work in America apparently has its handicaps, as has
proved to be the case elsewhere. In altogether too many cases, the
salary offered is not sufficient to attract and hold competent trained workers
and, as a result, there is a lack of analysts of the type which seed analysis
and testing required. There is also in some cases a lack of appreciation
or realization of the great importance of this work. These and other
circumstances are to be regretted, since the seed-testing staff should be a
well-trained one, sufficiently remunerated to ensure its permanency,
and it should be unhampered in the working out and pushing vigorously
forward of a policy based upon the agricultural needs of the country which
it serves. We believe that seed testing as a profession and as a great
public service project is rapidly becoming established upon a more or less
uniform basis and is taking the large place it is destined to fill.

While I may have the opportunity later during our pleasant visits
to tell you personally of some of the things which the North American
analysts are doing, I wish to tell you collectively that it was another
desire which caused me to travel all the way to fair England. I wanted
to exchange greetings with you who have so kindly co-operated with us
in the past in so many ways and bespeak a new and fresh mutual under-
standing and co-operation for the future, for it is only upon international
friendship and good-will that our efforts will be enhanced and co-operation
permanently built.

Dr. Geniner submitted the following paper on Plant Diseases
and followed this with a lecture in German on the same subject,
illustrated by lantern slides. In introducing his subject Dr.
Gentner mentioned that in 1841 Professor Henslow lectured in
Cambridge on the various diseases by which seeds are attacked,
and that he regarded it as an honour to be able to speak in the
same town and on the same theme. .

113

The Determination of Plant Diseases Transmitted by Seed.
BY
G. GENTNER, MUNICH.

Besides the testing for purity and germinating capacity, it is a very
important task of the seed testing stations to investigate the state of
health of the seed. In many cases the pests and the causal organisms can
be detected in the purity and germination test or by means of special
methods.

In the purity test it is possible to find Aplanobacter Rathayi on Dactylis,
Ustilago laevis in Avena, Ustilago Jensenii in Hordeum, Tilletia tritici in
Triticum, Ustilago perennans in Arrhenatherum, Ustilago bromivora in
Bromus, Tilletia Holci in Holeus, sclerotia of Claviceps in Secale, Phleum,
Holecus, Poa, Agrostis, T'yphula trifolii in Trifolium and Lotus species,
sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum, and of Botrytis cinerea and indeter-
minable species in Trifolium, Anthyllis and Medicago.

The examination of the state of health of the seed in the germination
bed is made as follows :—The seeds are placed in the bed some distance
from each other, and are not removed when the germination has finished.
The fungi mycelium are then able to continue their development, and
‘conidia, pyknidia or perithecia can be formed, by which it is possible to
identify the fungi. The most simple way is to place the seeds in Petri
dishes on moist filter paper or in cardboard dishes. The development of
the fungi is favoured when the seeds are kept as moist, warm and dark
as possible. It is necessary to keep under observation the decayed seeds
in the germination bed, as these often show the causal organisms particularly
well developed. Inspections on from 5 to 10 days suffice in most cases.

When the attacks by fungi, especially by Fusarium, are to be determined
in figures, Director Hiltner’s ‘‘ brick dust ’’ method in which the seeds are
placed in large grained sterile brick dust (size of grain 2 mm.) should
be used. In this way the mycelium partly develops on the surface
around the seedlings, and partly on the sheaths, giving them a brown colour.
As Helminthosporium and Cephalosporium Acremonium may cause a
similar colouring, it is recommended, in cases of doubt, to place the seedlings
taken from the brick dust on to moist filter paper in glass dishes for several
days. Botrytis diseases in the seed are easy to determine in percentage
by this method.

Phoma oleracea in Brassica species and Phoma lini in Linum are
easy to recognise by means of the attacked cotyledons when the seeds
are placed to germinate in soil.

By these means I have been able to determine the following causal
-organisms on the seed :—

Bacteria.—Bacillus cerealium on Hordeum, Triticum, Secale, Zea,
Pisum, other bacteria species on Avena, Cucumis, Vicia Faba, Brassica,
Solanum Lycopersicum.

Helminthosporium on Hordeum, Avena, Lolium, Agrostis.

Macrosporium and Pleospora on Avena, Hordeum, Medicago sativa,
‘Trifolium pratense, Lotus, Onobrychis, Ornithopus, Glycyrrhiza, Galega,
Pisum, Brassica, Spinacia, Cannabis, Daucus, Apium, Petroselinum,
Lactuca, Cichorium.

Alternaria on Triticum vulgare, Phleum, Spinacia, Brassica, Sinapis
alba, Onobrychis, Vicia Faba, Daucus, Petroselinum, Cucumis, Lactuca,
Scorzonera, Cichorium.

Fusarium on Secale, Hordeum, Triticum, Avena, Zea Mais, Medicago,
‘Trifolium, Lotus, Ornithopus, Lupinus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Atriplex
-hortense, Brassica, Linum, Daucus, Nicotiana, Borrago, Cucumis, Lactuca,
Scorzonera, Cichorium,

114

Botrytis cinerea on Secale, Avena, Trifolium pratense, Lotus cornicu-
latus, Ornithopus, Lupinus, Vicia sativa, Pisum, Spinacia, Cannabis,
Brassica, Daucus, Nicotiana, Cucumis, Lactuca, Scorzonera, Cichorium.

Diplodia Maydis on Zea Mais.

Mycosphaerella hordei on Hordeum.

Phoma on Brassica, Linum, Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa,
Lupinus, Apium.

Gleosporium Lindemuthianum on Phaseolus.

Gleosporium lint on Linum.

Ascochyta Pisi on Pisum sativum.

Ascochyta graminicola on Secale.

Septoria graminum on Hordeum.

Cephalosporium Acremonium with Melanospora damnosa on Triticum,
Hordeum, Avena.

Professor Mohammed Showky Bakir then gave a short but
interesting account of the pink boll worm (a pest of South Asiatic
origin), which attacks the most important Egyptian crop—
cotton—with disastrous effects. He stated that this pest had
been introduced into his country since 1890 through the importa-
tion of Indian cotton, and that it spread rapidly because conditions
were favourable. The delegate stated that both chemical and
mechanical means had been tried in order to combat this pest,
and that finally the hot-air method had been adopted. Three
hot-air machines were tried and ultimately one, known as the
“ Auto-regulator,” was found to be effective. The Professor
displayed to the meeting various pictures and exhibits illustrating
his remarks and also diagrams of the various machines which
he mentioned. In conclusion he asked that the other countries
represented at the Congress—especially the United States of
America—would assist Egypt in her difficult work of fighting this
pest.

At the conclusion of the morning session the foreign Delegates
were entertained at lunch at Magdalene College by the Master,
Dr. Arthur C. Benson, C.V.O., LL.D., and the Fellows of the
College.*

Afternoon Session.
The Congress resumed at 2.30 p.m.

Sir Lawrence Weaver announced the attendance of Mr. Elmar
Kirotar, Secretary to the Esthonian Legation in London, who
had been empowered by the Esthonian Government to represent
them.

Dr. Volkart’s Draft Constitution, as amended by the .Pro-
visional Committee appointed on Tuesday, was then considered,
copies having been distributed to the Delegates. Sir Lawrence
Weaver read the clauses one by one, making explanatory
comments; the clauses and comments being subsequently given
in French and German respectively. Each clause was submitted
in turn to the Congress and unanimously approved, subject to
one or two minor verbal amendments.

* The speech delivered by Dr. Benson on this occasion is given on
pp. 143-144,

115

Dr. Andronescu stated that, while he personally was prepared
to approve the Constitution, he could not bind his Government
to accept it. Mr. Kirotar (Esthonian Legation) and Mr. Devoto
expressed similar views. Sir Lawrence Weaver stated that it
was well recognised that all those present were subject to the
Governments who sent them and that the various Governments
could not be bound by the decisions that had been reached.
It would be the duty of the Delegates to make. strong representa-
tions to their Governments with the view of securing the adoption
of the Constitution.

The Constitution which is appended was then unanimously
approved by the Congress.

THE INTERNATIONAL SEED TESTING ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

1. Name and Object.—Under the name of the International Seed
Testing Association, a union of Official Seed Testing Stations with legal
domicile at the residence of its President exists for the purpose of
advancing all questions connected with the testing and judgment of
seeds. The Association seeks to attain this object through :—

(a) Comparative tests and other researches directed to achieving
more accurate and uniform results than hitherto obtained.

(b) The formulation of uniform methods and uniform terms in
the analysis of seeds in international trade.

(c) The organisation of international congresses attended by
representatives of Official Seed Testing Stations for the purpose
of mutual deliberation and information, the publication of treatises
and reports on seed testing and mutual assistance in the training
of technical officers.

2. Membership.—tThe following may be members of the Association :—

(a) Official Stations which deal entirely, or to a considerable
extent, with seed investigations and are directly controlled by
Governments.

(6) Similar Official Stations managed by Institutes or Corpora-
tions and effectively controlled by Governments.

Each member engages to take active part in the work of the Association
and each subscribing member receives a free copy of the Association’s
publications.

3. Finance.—The income of the Association is derived from :—

(a) Ordinary annual contributions from its members.
(6) Extraordinary revenues.

The amounts of the annual contributions will be approved at each general
assembly of the Association for at least the ensuing three years. They
will be paid either by :—
.(c) A Government on behalf of all the official Stations in that
country, the sum not to exceed fifty pounds sterling per annum.
(d) An Official Station or an Institute.
(e) An Association of Official Seed Analysts.

When the contribution is in accordance with clause 3 (c) all Official
Stations in the contributing country have the right of membership and
voting subject to provisions of clause 8. The amounts of the contributions

116

will be so fixed that they are sufficient to cover the cost (a) of the publica-
tions of the Association, (b) of comparative tests and other researches,
(¢) of stationery and clerical assistance.

4. Meetings, Committees and Administration—A Congress will be
summoned by the Association approximately every third year and at
the same time the general assembly of the Association will meet. At this
assembly the following Executive Committee and officers will be
elected :—

(a) The President.
(6) The Vice-President.
(c) Not less than 3 nor more than 5 ordinary members of the

" Executive Committee.

(d) Two substitute members of that Committee.
(e) Two honorary auditors and one substitute who shall not
be members of that Committee.

All the foregoing must be technical officers in direct charge of Official
Seed Testing Stations.

The General Assembly shall also elect such further Committees as
may be necessary for the better ordering of finance, research, publications,
&c. All such Committees and officers shall hold office until the next
General Assembly of the Association. *

The General Assembly will decide as to place and date of future
Congresses, will approve the amount of the contributions and will
nominate as honorary members men who have, by reason of their seed
testing work or their labours on behalf of the Association, especially
deserved this distinction.

By resolution of the Executive Committee a General Assembly may
be summoned at other times than that of the triennial Congress.

The General Assembly forms a quorum when 20 members with the
right of voting are present.

5. Despatch of Business —The Executive Committee will consist of
the President, the Vice-President and its ordinary members. When, by
reason of death or prolonged inability to serve, an ordinary member
is unable to assist in the despatch of business, the President may call
upon the services of either or both of the substitute members. The
accounts of the Association shall be audited in each year by the two
auditors and the audited accounts shall be circulated annually to all
members with the Executive Committee’s report on the year’s work.

The Executive Committee will make decisions as to expenditure, will
elect sub-committees and approve the business of the Congress. When
the General Assembly is not a quorum the Committee has power to make
final decisions on finance and the next place of meeting for the Congress.
In case of equal voting on the Committee the President shall have a casting
vote.

6. The President.—The President will preside over the General Seeaniite
and the Executive Committee and at those sessions of the Congress at
which important technical resolutions are passed.

He will, as Chairman of the Executive Committee and with the
Committee’s knowledge and approval, take the initiative in conducting
the business of the Association, in intercourse with Governments and other
Associations whether of Official Stations and seed analysts or of members
of the seed trade. He will arrange, in consultation with representatives
of the country where a Congress is to be held, (a) the programme of the
Congress, (0) the proposal for the chairmanship of the Congress, (c) the
admission to the Congress of observers and guests. He will summon
the meetings of the Executive Committee, will be an ex-officio member of
all other committees and sub-committees of the Association and will
supervise the publication of the Association’s reports.

The President shall have power to appoint a Secretary-Treasurer
to assist him, at such remuneration as may be approved by the Executive

L17

Committee, and will be responsible for (a) the safe custody of the property
of the Association, (6) the proper disbursement of its funds, (c) submitting:
to the auditors proper accounts.

7. The Vice-President.—In the absence of the President from meetings.
of the General Assembly or the Executive Committee the Vice-President
shall take his place.

8. Assemblies and Congresses : Delegates and Voting.—Every member
of the Association will be entitled to attend the General Assemblies and
Congresses. The Executive Committee will, before each Congress, take into.
account (a) the contributions of the various countries and members and
(b) the importance of the work of the Official Stations which they represent,
and will determine the number of votes, not exceeding five, to be exer-
cised by the delegates from each country, in voting on the reports and
proposals of the Committees of the Association or on the proposals:
of the delegates. Voting will be by secret ballot, if so demanded,
otherwise by show of hands. Resolutions will be carried by a majority
of those present and voting. In case of equal voting the President shall
have a casting vote.

9. Voting by Correspondence.—In the event of any important question
arising between meetings of the General Assembly, the Executive Com-
mittee may refer it on a voting letter to the members of the Association
having the right to vote, and may act on the decision of the majority
of the members who signify their wishes by such written vote.

10. Withdrawal, Dissolution, etc. — Withdrawal of countries and!
members can only take place at the end of the calendar year and the
President must be advised at least three months beforehand of the intention
to withdraw.

Dissolution of the Association can only take place when a General.
Assembly, summoned for this purpose, shall have voted for it by a three-
fourths majority of those present and voting,

Any proposed alterations in this Constitution are to be prepared by
the Executive-Committee and communicated in writing to the members at
least two months before a General Assembly at which they are to be moved.
Resolutions effecting such alterations must be carried by a two-thirds.
majority of those present and voting.

1l. Relations with International Institute of Agriculture-—The Asso-
ciation will, in respect of publications and in such other ways as the
Executive Committee may find convenient, work in co-operation with
the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome. In the event of the
dissolution of the Association, any assets held by the Association shall be
handed over to the International Institute.

12. Interpretation.—In cases where the interpretation of Clauses of
the Constitution is in doubt, the English text shall govern.

The following Resolutions were also unanimously passed :—

(1) That the Executive Committee are at liberty, before
printing the Constitution as adopted by the Congress, to.
make such minor verbal amendments as will make their
intention more clear.

(2) That, as the Congress has not available time to
consider fully in plenary session the amounts of the annual
contributions to be made in accordance with Clause 3 of
the Constitution, this question is hereby remitted to the
Executive Committee for decision with the instruction that
the Committee shall communicate a note of the amounts
required to the appropriate Governments, Stations and
Associations.

118

Mr. Kirotar (Esthonian Legation) stated, with reference to
Clause 3, that in his opinion the contributions to be made by
Governments should be fixed in accordance with the financial
position of the various countries. Sir Lawrence Weaver replied
that it was well-recognised by the Executive Committee that the
basis for fixing the amount of the contributions would be the
capacity of a country to pay.

Sir Lawrence Weaver also referred to the title of the Associa-
tion which he said should appear at the head of the Constitution
in French and German as well as in English. It was desirable
that the translation should be as literal as possible. He suggested,
and the Congress agreed, that this matter should be left to the
Executive Committee to settle.

Sir Lawrence Weaver then proposed “that the following
Executive Committee and officers be, and they are hereby
elected ”” :-—

President Mr. K. Dorph-Petersen.
Vice President --— - Dr. W. J. Franck.
Mr. A. Eastham.
Three Ordinary Members of] Prof. M. T. Munn.
Executive Committee -) Mr. W. v. Petery (Argen-
tina).

Two Substitute Members of gence aa Showky
Pomme “= Mr. Edgar Brown.
Not members of Executive Committee :—
; Professor Bussard.
Honorary Auditors - - =) Beaten Voigt.
Substitute Honorary Auditor - Mr. E. Kitunen.
The above were unanimously elected en bloc.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen thanked the Congress for electing him
President, and asked that all those present would help him
to carry out the work. He expressed deep regret that Dr.
Volkart, who had assisted him so much during the past three
years, was unable, because of his official duties, to continue the
work. He therefore hesitated to assume the task as he had
neither the necessary ability nor sufficient time. He hoped to
obtain support especially from the Executive. Committee and
more particularly from the Vice-President.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen then proposed that Dr. Volkart and
Sir’ Lawrence Weaver, whose organising ability was mainly
responsible for the presentation of a Constitution which had
been so readily accepted by the Congress, should be elected as the
first two Honorary Members of the Association in accordance with
Clause 4 of the Constitution.

.This proposal having been approved with acclamation,
Dr. Volkart and Sir Lawrence Weaver thanked the Congress.

Mr. Dorph-Petersen then submitted a list of the special
Committees proposed to be appointed, and their personnel, for
the approval of the Congress.

lig

After one or two alterations in personnel had been made,
the Congress approved the appointment of the Committees and
the personnel shown in the following list :—

Research Committee for Coun- Dr. Franck, Professor Voigt,
tries with Temperate Climate. Professor Munn, Mr. Clark,
Professor Bussard, Mr. An-
derson, Dr. von Degen,

Dr. Chmelar.

Research Committee for Coun- Mr. Devoto, Professor Moham-
tries with Warm Climate. med Showky Bakir Effendi,
Director A. Garcia Romero
(Spain), Professor Todaro
(Italy), Mr. Francisco de

Assis Iglesias (Brazil).

Provenance Determinations - Dr. von Degen, Dr. Franck,
Dr. Volkart, Dr. Gentner,
Professor Bussard, Dr.
Chmelat, Mr. Eastham, Mr.
Devoto, Mr. Brown.

Hard seeds and broken seedlings - Professor Voigt, Dr. Chmelat,
Dr. Pammer (Austria), Mr.
Brown, Dr. Grisch (Swit-
zerland), Dr. Andronescu,
Mr. Anderson.

Moisture Content and Drying - Dr. Buchholz, Professor Zales-
ki, Mr. Brown, Mr. Hammer
(Sweden), Professor Issat-
chenko.

Investigations of Genuineness Dr. Chmela?, Dr. Gentner,
of Variety and of Plant Dr. Franck, Professor Nils-
Diseases. son-Ehle (Sweden), Pro-

fessor Kuleschoff, Mr.
Holmgaard (Denmark),
Professor Munn.

Dodder Committee - - - Dr. von Degen, Professor Bus-
sard, Professor Voigt,
Director Vitek (Czecho-
Slovakia), Director Enescu,
(Roumania), Mr. Brown,
Mr. Devoto, Professor
Kuleschoff.

Publications and Registration - Dr. Franck, Dr. Chmelat,
Professor Munn, Professor
Voigt; Professor Bussard,
Mr. Anderson, Miss Yeo
(Secretary,— representative
of the International Agri-
cultural Institute, Rome).

120

Beet Sub-Committee - - Professor Miller (Germany),
Dr. von Degen, Professor
Bussard, Professor Zaleski,
Professor Kuleschoff, Dr.
Chmela¢, Mr. Wieringa.

Those whose names are in italics were requested to take
charge of the constitution of the respective committees and to
start the work, so far as this was possible, before the close of the
Congress.

Professor Showky Bakir asked that copies of the above list
might be circulated to all the Delegates at an early date;
Mr. Dorph-Petersen promised that this should be done. He
then raised the question of the method of expressing the results
of comparative tests carried out at the request of the Association,
and the Congress agreed that the method used during the last
three years should continue to be employed.

The question of the venue of the next Congress having been
reached, Miss Yeo proposed, in view of the collaboration
between the Association and the International Agricultural
Institute, Rome, that the next Cangress should be held in Rome.
Mr. Dorph-Petersen intimated that, during his recent visit to
Rome, the Secretary-General of the I.A.I., Dr. Dragoni, had
suggested that the next Congress should be held in Rome, and
that Sir Daniel Hall, who attended the Congress on the first
day as a representative of the [.A.I., had promised that an official
letter would be sent in due course inviting the Congress to meet
in that city.

The Delegates unanimously agreed that the invitation of the
I.A.I. should be accepted with thanks; and after some discussion
it was agreed that the next Congress should be held in Rome during
the first half of May, 1927, the precise date to be fixed later by
the Executive Committee.

On behalf of himself, Professor Munn and Mr. Brown,
Mr. Clark thanked the Association for permitting North America
to take part in the deliberations of the Congress.

The Congress agreed that a letter of thanks should be sent
to the Council of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany
for permitting the Congress to meet in such pleasant surroundings,
and in recognition of the services rendered by Mr. W. H. Parker
(Director), Mr. F. C. Hawkes (Assistant Director), and Mr. A.
Eastham (Officer in Charge, Official Seed Testing Station).

A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the following for
their services :—

Mr. H. Chambers (Organising. Secretary)
and his Assistants—
Dr. Gray,
Miss Grierson,
Mr. L. E. Cook,
Mr. A. W. Knee,
Mr. A. R. Whyte.

121

On the proposition of Professor Johannsen, who characterised.
him as an ideal chairman, the delegates agreed that a hearty vote
of thanks should be accorded to Sir Lawrence Weaver for his
services in organising and presiding over the deliberations of the
Congress.

The business meetings of the Congress then concluded.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS PRESENTED TO THE
CONGRESS, BUT NOT READ.

Investigations of Agricultural Seeds with special reference to
Conditions in Japan.

BY
Dr. M. KONDO,

Director of the Ohara Institute for Agricultural Research, Kurashiki,
Japan.

It is hardly necessary to state that seed testing is very important
in reference to the problem ofecrop improvement. Properly executed,
seed testing affords the means of avoiding much expense and annoyance
if this work be done before seeds are purchased in large quantities. During
the past fifty years seed testing has become an established practice in
most countries of Europe and in America. I regret to state, however,
that seed-testing on a large scale has not become a generally established
practice in Japan, for the following reasons :—

In Japan, animal industry has remained undeveloped, and farm
animals are relatively few in number; they are, moreover, largely fed on
rice straw and on grass from the fields and slopes. Forage crops, as such, are
grown only on a very small scale, or in some regions not at all, and, not being
in demand, seeds of forage crops are rarely offered for sale. In Europe
and in America the testing of forage crop seeds forms the larger part of
the seed testing industry. However, in Japan the growing of vegetables
forms a large part of the agricultural industry, and, consequently, the
demand for vegetable seeds is great. The testing of vegetable seeds
should, therefore, be an important matter, but each individual farmer’s.
need for vegetable seeds is always small, and it is impracticable to test
an indefinite number of small lots of seeds. Thus, it has so happened that
seed testing has not as yet been developed in Japan. It is evident, how-
ever, that in the future, through associations of farmers and gardeners,
seeds will be purchased on a co-operative: basis. This system of pur-
chasing, which is already carried on to some extent, will enable the
co-operative societies to have their seeds properly tested.

An International Seed Testing Conference was held in Copenhagen,
Denmark, in July, 1921, which was attended by specialists from many
countries of Europe and America. Although invited to attend this Con-
ference, I was unable to accept the invitation. A second conference is
to be held in London in 1924. While I am personally much interested
in the seed testing conferences, I am as yet scarcely in a position to con-
tribute materially to the meetings, for, as explained above, seed testing
is yet in its infancy in Japan.

In view of the facts that agricultural and garden seeds offered for sale
in Japan are frequently not true to name, are often impure, and fre-
quently present a very low percentage of germination, it is evident that
seed testing will, in the near future, occupy an important place in Japanese.

122

agriculture. Under present conditions, farmers and gardeners are fre-
quently disappointed in finding that their crops, as they approach maturity,
are not what they expected from the seeds purchased, and frequently
suffer much inconvenience and even severe losses. I suppose in Europe
and in America similar results are not infrequent occurrences when seeds
other than those of standard brands are purchased.

In Northern Japan and in Korea sugar-beet cultivation has been
established, and the areas devoted to this crop are constantly being in-
creased. To supply the demands of the sugar-beet planters, large quan-
tities of seeds must be imported from foreign countries. It frequently
happens that farmers receive seeds of the field beet rather than seeds of
the sugar beet. The seeds of both varieties are very similar in appearance,
and, naturally, the average farmer is unable to distinguish between them.

Many tests made by me show that frequently the percentage of ger-
mination of the seeds is very low. The chief difficulty is, however, that
the seeds on sale are often not true to name. Mixed strains are often sold
as pure strains. The loss to the farmer may be very great, if, for example,
he finds that, as his crop approaches maturity, his beets are of the field
variety rather than of the sugar variety. It thus becomes as important
to determine the correctness of the varietal name as it does to determine
the percentage of germination, purity, etc.

In agriculture, horticulture and general gardening, the correct identifi-
cation of the seeds to the genus and the species must be supplemented by
further accurate identifications as to the variety, form, or sort, because, even
though seeds may be correctly identified as to the genus and species, they
may have no value as seeds for agricultural purposes when the identification
as to the particular variety or form is incorrect.

It is, of course, a very difficult and exacting matter to determine
purity of sort and correctness of varietal identification from seeds alone—
at least, in very numerous cases. As a pre-requisite we must have a most
thorough knowledge of the seed characters of all standard varieties and
forms of every species of agricultural or horticultural importance. For
instance,:in Japan among the cultivated brassicas, variously classified as
Brassica campestris, B. japonica, B. nigra, B. juncea and B. oleracea, about
fifty varieties or forms are commonly cultivated. The seeds of all these
varieties closely resemble each other, and it is, therefore, a very difficult
matter to distinguish them properly. We also find, in cultivation in
Japan, about thirty garden varieties of the common radish, Raphanus
sativus. As with the cultivated brassicas, while the growing plants of the
different varieties are readily distinguishable, it is exceedingly difficult
to distinguish these radish varieties from the seeds alone, or, I might say,
for the ordinary farmer or untrained observer it is practically impossible
to distinguish them. Farmers and gardeners are therefore often puzzled
by incorrectly-named seeds and by mixed seeds which are not infrequently
offered for sale by unscrupulous merchants. The matter of the correct
identification and certification of garden varieties of seeds thus assumes
an important position, and we are forced to an intensive macroscopic and
microscopic examination of the numerous varieties of seeds in order to
determine just what the varietal differences, as presented by the seeds,
may be.

In general practice in Europe and in America seed testing is carried
on chiefly with a view to determining the percentage of germination and
the relative number of weed seeds present, and determination as to the
correctness of identification of the variety or form is not usually attempted.
I believe, however, that the latter should form an important part of seed
testing.

Since 1908, I have carried on an intensive investigation of the Japanese
agricultural seeds which are more commonly offered for sale with a view
to correlating the seed characters of the numerous species, varieties, and
forms, with the distinctive specific, varietal, and form characters of the
plants themselves. The results of my investigations are in part recorded
in the ‘“‘ Berichte des Ohara-Instituts fiir landwirtschaftliche Forschungen.”’

123

So long as seeds are offered for sale, I am firmly of the opinion that similar
investigations to those reported in the, above publication must be carried
on, and that it is also important that similar investigations be made in every
country where agricultural seeds are produced.

Some kinds of seeds, of course, present distinctive differences, even
among the numerous horticultural forms and varieties of the same species,
while, in other cases, the resemblances are so great that it is exceedingly
difficult properly to distinguish the various strains. Up to the present
time I have investigated intensively the seeds of the following species,
and have published my results :—

Brassica campestris var. chinensis Ito.
Brassica campestris var. rapifera, Metzg.
Brassica japonica Thunb.

Brassica nigra Koch.

Brassica juncea Coss.

Brassica oleracea capitata Linn.

Brassica oleracea botrytis Linn.

Brassica oleracea caulocarpa Linn.
Raphanus sativus Linn. ®
Solanum melongena, Linn. i
Cucurbita moschata Duch. var. Toonas Makino.
Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.

Benincasa cerifera Savie

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.

Luffa cylindrica Roem.

Momordica charantia, Linn.

Cucumis melo Linn.

Cucumis melo Linn. var Conomon Makino.
Cucumis sativus Linn.

Allium fistulosum Linn.

Allium odorum Linn.

Allium cepa Linn.

Allium porrum Linn.

Daucus carota Linn.

Cryptotaenia canadensis DC. var. japonica Makino.
Apium graveolens Linn.

Petroselinum sativum Hoff.

Arctium lappa Linn.

Lactuca sativa Linn.

Chrysanthemum coronarium Linn.
Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium Boce.
Chrysanthemum roseum Web.

Spinacia spinosa Moench.

Spinacia glabra Miller.

Beta vulgaris Linn.

Capsicum annuum Linn.

Nicotiana tabacum Linn.

Cannabis sativa Linn.

In initiating the work, I first secured as many samples as I could by
purchase, by exchange, and by gathering the seeds from plants cultivated
in the garden of the Institute. The characters of each individual seed
studied were recorded under the following general heads :—

(a) External characters, such as shape, colour, markings, the
presence or absence of spots, foveolae, wrinkles, hairs, ribs, projections,
etc. .
(b) Size, weight per thousand, and the specific gravity of seeds or
fruits.

124

(d) Characteristics of the seedlings as to colour, presence or
absence of hairs or other types of indumentum, shape and size of
the cotyledons, hypocotyl, and the first leaves of the seedlings.

Under the above items some kinds of seeds and fruits can be very
easily distinguished. Thus, in Brassica, Raphanus, Daucus, Allium,
‘Capsicum, Lactuca, Spinacia, Beta, etc., varietal and form characters can
be distinguished fairly well from the seeds or fruits alone. It is scarcely
necessary to mention here that the.various cereal and leguminous crops
present a great wealth of varieties, but with these, as with representatives
of those genera mentioned above, varieties can be easily distinguished
from the seed characters alone. A prime essential, however, for the
accurate identification of garden varieties of seeds is an intimate knowledge
of the different forms, a knowledge that can only be gained through inten-
sive study and long experience.

In Japan, as elsewhere, agricultural seeds have been but slightly
investigated. This is all the more curious when we reflect that agriculture
is the absolute basis of our civilisation, and anything that will forward
agriculture will, of course, have its effect, direct or indirect, on modern
civilisation. My experience leads me to believe that scientific investiga-
teons, such as those that I have carried on for a number of years on the
identification and standardization of agricultural and garden seeds, are not
only of very great interest and usefulness, but are definitely practicable.
One by one the various economic species are being taken up and their many
varieties and forms are being intensively studied. Since Harz’s book,
published in 1885, very little has appeared on this subject in the scientific
and agricultural literature of Europe and America.

Summarizing, I would state that in seed testing, the question of the
percentage of germination and the question of contamination by weed seeds
are by no means the most important considerations, for strains must be
tested as to nomenclature ; that is, that the seeds are true to the type of the
variety or form under which they are sold. Until very recently, no investi-
gations on this important subject have been made; it is, however, clearly a
most important part of seed testing. Such investigations should be greatly
extended and adequately supported as a vitally important branch of
agricultural science. Research should not be confined to the seeds
themselves, but should be extended to the seedlings both from the botanic
and agronomic viewpoint. The major subjects for observation and
‘comparison should be :—

(a) External characters.

(b) Size, weight, specific gravity.
(c) Anatomical structure.

(d) Seedling characters.

Examinations of the occurrence and vitality of various weed seed species
under different conditions, made at the Danish State Seed Testing Station
during the years 1896-1923.*

BY
K. DORPH-PETERSEN,
Director of the Danish State Seed Testing Station.

The Danish journal “ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets Planteavl” (Journal
of Agricultural Plant Culture, vol. 17, 1910) contains a report, ‘‘ Nogle
Undersegelser over Ukrudsfros Forekomst og Levedygtighed, udferte
ved Statsanstalten Dansk Frekontro] 1896-1910” ‘(Investigations of the

Copies of this paper were circulated to the delegates in connection with,
Professor Bussard’s lecture on weed seeds (see pp. 52-54).

125

occurrence of weed seeds and their vitality, made at the Danish State Seed
Testing Station during the years 1896-1910).

That report contains partly a summary of the results of experiments
published in earlier volumes of the journal and partly a supplement to these
—viz., results of later examinations and, finally, results of investigations
not previously published.

This article is in all essentials a summary of the above report, the
division of which is, therefore, kept here. Those sections likely to be of
interest to foreign readers are mentioned somewhat in detail, whereas
those of particularly local interest are only reported briefly. In some cases
information is given which is not contained in the report, but is to be found
in an earlier volume of ‘ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets Planteavl.’’ The
reference to some of the series of experiments is further supplemented
with results obtained since 1910, several of the investigations not being
finished at that time.

I.—How many weed seeds do clover and grass seed contain ?

In this section attention is drawn to the fact that the apparently
small quantities by weight (most frequently 0-1-1-0 per cent.) of weed
seeds which the samples of grass and clover seed in general contain, repre-
sent a considerable number of seeds per kilogramme of the bulk, so that even
in the case of a good bulk, when using 25 kg. per ha., 13-25 weed seeds are
often sown per square metre. ‘‘ Uncontrolled seed ’’—i.e., seed tested
without the seller’s knowledge or consent and sold by firms, the deliveries
of which have not been under aregular control of the Danish State Seed
Testing Station—frequently contains very large quantities of weed seeds.

In three of the annual reports of the Danish State Seed Testing Station
(‘ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets Planteavl,”’ vol. 7, pp. 23-42; vol. 8, pp. 23-25
and vol. 10, pp. 22-23), Mag. sc. O. Rostrup has given an account of seeds
of uncultivated species which were found in the samples of clover, grass,
root and other seed tested at the State Seed Testing Station up to 1902. A
corresponding account of the occurrence of weed seed species in the samples
tested of late years at this station will, presumably, be published in the near
future, possibly in the Review of the International Agricultural Institute.

Ii.—The progress of germination and the germinating capacity of seeds of
some indigenous plants.

The examinations of the ability of seeds of indigenous plants to
germinate were, to a great extent, made by O. Rostrup during the
years 1896-1902, and thereafter by the writer. The results of these
tests are to be found in “ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets Planteavl,” vol. 6,
pp. 158-169; vol. 8, pp. 27-30; vol. 9, pp. 26-29; vol. 10, pp. 24-28; vol. 11,
pp. 172-175; vol. 12, pp. 43-49; and vol. 13, pp. 38-41.

Fully matured seed was used in the tests and placed to germinate
shortly after it had been harvested. It has thereafter been on the ger-
mination apparatus until all the seeds were either germinated or decayed.
For most species the Jacobsen tank was used*; only the seeds of
aquatic plants were tested for germination in water. The germination
apparatus stood on an unheated glass verandah. The seed was in this
way exposed to a temperature that did not differ much from that in the
open air.

The progress of germination was very different for the various
species. O. Rostrup has set up the groups in the lists on pp. 130-133, in
which all the species tested, with a few exceptions, can be placed.

The figure stated after the name of the species is the entire germinating
capacity, which is high for most of thesamples. This is, without doubt, due
to the fact that the tests were made at temperatures similar to those to
which the seed is exposed in nature. A comparison of the results for
germination of some species placed on heated apparatus similar to that used

* See pp. 32-33 in “ Statsfrékontrollen 1871—1896-1921.”" (The Danish State
Seed Testing Station, 1871-1896-1921) by K. Dorph-Petersen.

126

by the State Seed-Testing Station for crop seed, and germination results
obtained upon an unheated apparatus placed in an open verandah, shows
that all the species tested, with a single exception, germinate most rapidly
and best under the circumstances last mentioned. O. Rostrup suggests
that when Nobbe and Haenlein, in examinations similar to those men-
tioned, found very low germination results, it is probably due to the fact
that they used too high a temperature (see ‘‘ Die landwirtschaftlichen
Versuchs-Stationen,”’ vol. xx., p. 74, and vol. xxv., p. 465, Berlin).

In the case of a small number of the species in question several samples.
were tested. The progress of germination of the various samples of the same
species was not in all cases alike. Probably the germination is influenced
by the crop, degree of maturity, provenance, and, perhaps, the strain or
racial characteristics. In future examinations of this kind it would be
desirable to use samples harvested from single plants. Even with this
precaution as to the material used for the test, it is impossible always to.
be sure that the seed germinates equally. Professor Correns has thus
pointed out that, among other things, the germination is, in some cases,
influenced by the position of the seed in the fruit or in the inflorescence ;
the seeds from the ray florets of many of the composite have proved thus.
to germinate otherwise than seeds from the dise florets (see ‘‘ Jahreshbericht
der Vereinigung fiir angewandte Botanik,” 8th annual publication,
1910, p. 258).

III.—The influence of the degree of maturity on the germinating capacity of
weed seeds and the permanence of the germinating capacity.

In order to throw light upon this matter, the writer has carried out
the investigations mentioned below. In 1904 “‘ ripe ”’ as well as ‘“‘ unripe ””
seeds of the species stated in Table 1 (see p. 133) were collected. The
unripe seeds were still greenish, had a tough albumen, and were so firmly
attached to the mother-plant that they had to be picked off. The ripe
seeds were by a slight touch easily removed from the plant, and the seed-
shell or seed-vessel had the appearance typical of maturity. Ripe and
unripe seeds were harvested from the same piece of ground, but not abso-
lutely from the same plant. The seeds were stored in paper bags in drawers.
situated in rooms which were heated during the winter, so that the
moisture content, being greatest in the unripe seeds at the time of harvest,
became comparatively rapidly almost alike in ripe and unripe seeds.
Shortly after the harvesting and each following autumn, 100 ripe and
unripe seeds respectively of each species were placed to germinate upon a
Jacobsen tank in an open verandah, as described on p. 125. Table 1 shows
the main results of these examinations.

Under. the conditions given, the ripe seeds retained their germinating
capacity for the longer time; the unripe seeds of most of the species
germinated more rapidly than did the mature, especially in the first years
after the harvesting of the seed.

In Table 2 (see p. 134) an account is given of how several other species
have retained their germinating power during a series of years. The con-
ditions of storing and the method of germination have been the same as
indicated above (dry storing and germination on unheated apparatus).

IV.—How many weed seeds are found in the soil ?

(Some information as to the number of seeds which various weed plants.
are able to give is stated hereunder.)

The seeds of some plants of various indigenous species were occasionally
counted (‘‘ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets Planteavl,” vol. 13, pp. 35-37). Of
the results, mention should be made of the following :—

Daucus carota.—A plant standing isolated gave 110,000 seeds, while
seven plants in a grass field gave on an average about 4,000 seeds per plant.

Plantago lanceolata.—A vigorous plant in a grass field gave about
15,000 seeds; six smaller specimens in the same field gave on an average
about 2,500 seeds. ; :

127

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.—A. vigorous plant in a grass field gave
about 26,000 seeds; six smaller plants at the same place gave from 1,300 to
4,000 seeds per plant.

Sonchus arvensis.—Six plants in an oat-field were found to average
3,000 seeds per plant. On about four square metres 70 similar plants
were found.

Matricaria inodora.—A specially vigorous, isolated specimen gave about
310,000 ripe seeds, which in six days germinated 97 per cent. The plant
gave thus about 300,000 germinable seeds. Another isolated plant gave
-about 130,000 seeds. In later examinations the present writer has twice
found specimens giving each about 300,000 germinable seeds.

Cirsium arvense.—In a plant colony of this species, 25 powerful stems
-were found per 0-4 of a square metre; some of these (the male plants)
gave no seeds, whereas the female plants on an average gave about 4,500
seeds per stem.

In order to throw light upon how many weed seeds can be found in arable
soil, samples of soil were drawn in 1907 from four fields in Jutland.
This was done by means of a four-sided iron frame 15 cm. high, so
that the samples comprised a layer of earth 15 cm. thick which corresponds
to the layer which in the selected district was subject to direct treatment
with plough and harrow.

As the fields in question were supposed to contain many weed seeds,
one dare not take the results as an expression.of how many weed seeds
Danish fields generally contain.

The samples were washed out in sieves with meshes so small that all
weed seeds were retained. By an examination of carefully drawn average
samples of the content of the sieves, the species and the amount of weed
seeds in the samples of soil were determined. Seed of the following genera
and species occurred in greatest amount :—Chenopodium sp., Scleranthus
sp., Spergula sp., Polygonum lapathifolium and Rumex acetosella. From
the results of the investigations, it was calculated that the fields contained
in the 15 cm. top layer of the soil 193,600, 116,600, 88,200 and 141,900
weed seeds respectively per square metre. The seed of Chenopodium
found in one of the samples germinated 70 per cent., but the main part of
those species which were tested for germinating capacity germinated
between 20 and 30 per cent. Supposing the average germinating capacity
to be 25 per cent., and that the seed was evenly dispersed in the entire
layer of soil, the 2-5 cm. top layer in the four fields contained, according
to the calculation of the figures stated, the following numbers of germinable
-weed seeds per square metre: Number 1—8,066; No. 2—4,855; No. 3—
8,674 and No. 4—5,913.

V.—How do the weed seeds retain their germinating capacity in the soil ?

The procedure in these experiments has, in all cases, been that small
flower-pots, in the middle of which 100 seeds mixed with soil were placed,
were buried at the beginning of the experiment. Each spring, a number
of these pots were dug up and the seeds from them tested for germinating
capacity. The contents of the flower-pots were spread in earthen bowls
which were, beforehand, almost filled with garden mould from a place where
the weed species under test had not grown in the memory of man. For
comparison 100 seeds of the same original sample—which was, in the
interval, stored dry in the rooms of the State Seed Testing Station—were
sown each year in a similar way as the above-mentioned. The main
results of the first series of experiments of this kind are to be found in
Table 3 (see page 135).

In the experiments mentioned in this table, seeds were buried at 30 cm.
only. As it is of considerable interest to see how the seed retains its ger-
aminating capacity at those depths of the soil which are generally cultivated,

128

and if the vitality of the seed is different at different depths, experiments
were commenced in 1903, similar in principle to those mentioned above,
except that portions of 100 seeds of every species were buried at depths.
of 8, 20 and 30cm. A portion from each depth was examined every spring
together with a sample stored under dry conditions at the seed testing
station. The main results are recorded in Table 4 (see p. 136).

The rather considerable variations in the germinating capacity of the
Same sample year by year are probably due to the comparatively small
number of seeds (100) annually tested. In some cases earthworms and other
animals had bored through the soil in the flower-pots; the results obtained
are therefore not quite reliable. The conditions of germination were,
further, not quite equal in the various years on account of the different
atmospheric conditions.

As might be expected, all the species examined retained their ger-
minating capacity most poorly at a depth of 8 cm., where the supply of
oxygen is largest and where the conditions of temperature and moisture are
most variable. Seed of Daucus carota and Cirsium arvense was only buried
20 cm. deep. Besides the species mentioned in the table, seeds of Secale
cereale, Avena sativa, Avena elatior, Lolium perenne and Agrostemma
githago were investigated in the same way. Except a few seeds of Avena
elatior and Lolium perenne, all the seeds buried of these species died in,
the first winter. ee ee

The crop seeds, as arule, retained their germinating capacity less in the
soil than the weed’seeds. Even the oil-charged seed of Brassica campes-
tris rapifera, when lying in the soil, retained its germinating power much
less than the nearly related Sinapis arvensis.

VI.—How many weed seeds are contained in forage grain before and after
grinding, imported forage grain, chaffs, cleanings, etc. ?

During 1907, 37 samples of cereal seed for forage purposes were tested,
for content of weed seeds, before as well as after grinding. It became
apparent that the common supposition that the weed seeds are crushed
and made harmless by the grinding of the cereal seed, is, by no means
correct. The samples tested contained on an average 16,400 weed seeds
per kg. before grinding, and after this 9,300 uninjured weed seeds per kg.
Only a little more than one-third of the weed seeds were thus crushed in
the mill. The samples contained 54 species of weed seeds altogether. As.
might be expected, mainly the species with small and hard seeds were.
found in the cereal seed after its treatment in the mill (see Table 5 on
p. 137).

Other investigations with barley, which is imported into Denmark from.
the countries along the Black Sea, are also mentioned, which show that
large quantities of weed seeds are frequently contained in this imported
forage grain; in one case a cleaning of barley sold for forage purposes at
almost the same price as that of pure barley contained 55-8 per cent. weed
seeds, in another, 41 per cent.

It is also mentioned in the Report that the amount of weed seed in
cleanings and chaff is so great that it is necessary, when using such
residual products, to take measures in order to prevent the spreading of
weed seeds contained in the said products on the field.

VII.—How does weed seed that has passed through the digestive sysiem of
the domestic animals germinate ?

On this subject information is given in “ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets
Planteavl,”’ vol. 8, pp. 33-35, and vol. 12, pp. 51-53 (the reports of the
Danish State Seed Testing Station for 1899/1900 and 1903/04). .

In the first-mentioned report, O. Rostrup has given particulars of the
result of the examination of the manure of a cow which had been fed with
seed-bearing plants of ten difterent species. Of eight of these, stated

129

below, seeds were found in the manure with the following capacity for
germination :—

Solanum nigrum - - 652 pur cent.
Stellaria media 49 a
Sonchus asper - - : - 27 Fr
Senecio vulgaris - 5 5
Capsella Bursa pastoris - - 24 a
Urtica ureng - - - - dl a
Atriplex patula - - 8 8
Polygonum aviculare - - - - 385 ke

_ _ The cow had besides been fed with plants of Sinapis arvensis and Silene
inflata, but seeds of these were, strange to tell, not found in the manure;
the seed in question in the fodder was in all probability not fully matured.
Besides the above species, 26 others were found in the manure; these were
probably in the hay with which the cow was fed.

In a later experiment carried out by the writer (‘‘ Tidsskrift for Land-
brugets Planteavl,” vol. 17, pp. 618-626), a cow was fed with definite
quantities of Plantago lanceolata and Matricaria inodora as well as with
forage which did not contain weed seeds. The manure was collected
during the following five days, and each day’s sample was washed out and
tested. The main results of these experiments are recorded in Table 6
(see page 137).

The feeding with weed seeds took place at 7 o’clock in the morning, and
the principal part of the weed seeds were found in the manure the next
day. Seeds which were two days in passing through the cow had about
20 per cent. lower germinating capacity than had the seed which remained
only one day in the intestinal canal.

An experiment with a pig (weighing about 70 kg.) was carried out so
that the animal was fed daily with 2-8 kg. of a fodder which contained
a great amount.of weed seeds. After this feeding had been carried on for
some time, the manure for four days in succession was tested. The feeding
with the weed-charged fodder was also continued during these days. The
manure from each day was investigated separately and the tests gave
corresponding results. The average figures for the four days mentioned
are stated in Table 7 (see page 138).

Results of a similar experiment in feeding of poultry are stated in
Table 8 (see page 138).

The investigations reported in this article show—

(1) That seed for seeding purposes—especially clover and grass
seed—contains often rather large quantities of weed seeds.

(2) That cereal seed for forage purposes, and especially chaff and
cleanings, often contain considerable amounts of weed seeds.

(3) That the weed seed has, as a rule, a good germinating power;
that it frequently germinates slowly during several years, and that
many species retain their power of germination for many years, when
stored dry as well as when lying in the soil.

(4) That weed seeds are far from destroyed after passing either
through the mill or the digestive system of domestic animals.

In recent years, experiments have been carried out at the Danish State
Seed Testing Station in order to throw some light upon how the weed seed
retains its-germinating capacity in the manure heap. . These investigations
are still unfinished. Mention should, nevertheless, be made of the fact
that the weed seeds in the manure heap are able partly to retain their
germinating capacity when lying in the loosé top layer, whereas the
species tested seem to be destroyed in ashort time when lying in those
layers of a well-tended manure heap where the manure is firmly pressed
together, so that it retains its moisture and becomes heated.

x 23801 E

130

Duration of Vitality and Germinating Capacity of Seeds of Indigenous
Plants.
Lebens—und Keimfahigkett von Samen wildwachsender Pflanzen.
List.I.—All or mostly all of the seeds germinated at once or soon after

they had been harvested.

Liste IL—Alle oder die meisten Samen ante gerade oder kurz nach

der Ernte.
Germinating
Seed species. capacity.
Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit,
%
Lolium Linicola Sonder - —« 94
Phleum pratense L. - 66
Phleum Boehmeri Wib, - 84
Avena pubescens L. - 90
Poa nemoralis L. - - 65
Poa trivialis L. - - 66
Poa pratensis L. - 72
Festuca littorea, Wahlenb. - 80

Luzula campestris (L.) D.

P - - : - 95
Luzula multiflora ee )
Hoffm. 99
Rumex nemorosus Schrad. 51
Rumex Acetosa L. - 99
Cerastium glomeratum
- Thuill - - - 93
Gypsophila Vaccaria L. 48
Silene dichotoma Ehrh._ - 99
Lychnis Viscaria L. - 100
Agrostemma Githago L. - 98
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. - 65

Cochlearia danica L. - 97
Hypericum qaedracdeulu

LL. - 100
Geranium pratense L. - 100
Saxifraga granulata L. 98

Germinating
Seed species. capacity.
Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
%
Trifolium pratense L. - 97
Epilobium montanum L. - 97
Hedera Helix L. - 100
Pastinaca sativa L. - - 64
Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe - 68
Veronica agrestis L. - 199
Veronica Anagallis L. 96
Melampyrum cristatum L. 94
Plantago lanceolata L. - 99
Plantago Coronopus L. -* 27
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill. 100
Scabiosa suaveolens Desf. - 85
Lactuca muralis (L. ) Les-
sing : 96
Taraxacum Dens Jeonis
Desf. - - - - 100
Crepis biennis L. - 98
Picris hieracioides L. - 93
Centaurea jacea L. - 82
Carduus acanthoides L. - 82
Carduus nutans L. : 67
Tussilago Farfara L. - - 75
Erigeron canadensis L. 100
Bellis perennis L. -- 97
Arnica montana L. - - 94
Senecio silvaticus L. - 99

List II.—The seeds began to germinate at once or soon after they had
been harvested and continued without considerable intermissions, some
during a few, others during several months.

Liste II.—Die Samen fingen gerade oder kurz nach der Ernte an zu
keimen und keimten ohne merkbare Unterbrechungen in wenigen oder

mehreren Monaten.

Germinating
Seed species. capacity.

Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
%
Briza media L. - 35
Festuca gigantea (L. ) wah 94
Lemna gibba L. 76
Lepigonum rubrum (L.) - 92

Lepigonum salinum (Presl.) 99
Le aeounn marinam.
ohlb. :
Stellaria Holostea L. :
Stellaria uliginosa Murr. -
Dianthus superbus L. -
_Silene maritima With. - 98
Thalictrum minus L. -
Myosotis minimus L. -
Ranunculus sceleratus L. -

Germinating
Seed species. capacity.
Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
: %
Papaver somniferum L. - 92
Turritis glabra L. —- - 99

Sisymbrium Loeselii L. - 100
Brachyolobus palngter

Leyss. - : 98
Lepidium ruderale L. - 100
Malva silvestris L. - 95
Trifolium repens L. : 94
Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. 93
Lycium barbarum L. - 87
Antirrhinum Orontium L - 100
Linaria minor (L.) Desf. 96
Valerianella Auricula Poll. 96

Jasione montana L. - - 93

131

Germinating
Seed species. capacity.
; Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
: %
Lactuca Scariola L. - - 100
Sonchus arvensis L. - - 99
Hypochaeris glabra L. 85
Centaurea Cyanus L. 83
Cirsium oleraceum L.

(Scop.) - - “ - 93

List III.—Some seeds germinated at once after they had been harvested, a"

the remainder in the following spring.

Liste III.—EHin Teil der Samen
der Rest in dem folgenden Friihjahr.

Germinating
Seed species. capacity.
Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
Le)
Nardus strictus L. - a
Peer caninum abs ) R.
tS. 90
Digraphis aaidlianeod (L. )

Trin. - 95
Milium effusum ae - - 100
Airopsis precox Fr. - - 98
Airopsis caryophyliea Fr. - 100
Glyceria fluitans oe ) R.

Br. - - 80
Festuca pratensis Huds - 97
Dactylis glomerata L: - 100
Ruppia rostellata Koch - 44
Triglochin palustre L. - 89
Rumex domesticus Hartm. 100
Lepigonum marinum (L.) 100
Sagina apetala L. - - 82
Cerastium strigosum Fr. 86
Silene conoidea L. - - 84
Lychnis Flos euculi L. - 100
Ranunculus fluitans Lam. - 88
Barbaraea vulgaris R. Br. - 98
Potentilla argentea L. - 93
Spiraea filipendula L. - 67
Medicago falcata L. - - 96
Epilobium pubescens Roth. 97

; Germinating
Seed species. capacity.
Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
%
Achillea Millefolium L. = - 98
Anthemis Cotula L. - - 99

Chrysanthemum Leucan-
themum L. - :
Senecio aquaticus Huds. -

keimten gleich nach der Ernte,
Germinating
Seed species. capacity. -
Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
mks %
Epilobium palustre L. : 99
Daucus carota L. — - 1004
Samolus Valerandi L. - 100
Solanum Dulcamara L. - 99
Veronica arvensis L. - : 97
Veronica officinalis L. - 100
Plantago media L. - - 85
Clinopodium vulgare L. - 85
Brunella vulgaris L. - 31
Valeriana officinalis L. - 97
Valerianella olitoria (L.)

Pol. - - : - 79
Scabiosa arvensis Poll. - 83
Campanula rotundifolia L. 96
Hieracium vulgatum Fr. - 94
Hieracium umbellatum L. - 93
Centaurea Scabiosa L. : 94
Carduus crispus L. - - 94
Solidago Virga aurea L. - 93
Achillea Millefolium L. - 100
Matricaria inodora L. - 93
Chrysanthemum segetum

.- - - - 73
Chrysanthemum segetum
L. - - 25

List IV.—AII or mostly all of the seeds germinated in the first spring.

Liste IV.—Alle oder fast alle Samen keimten in dem ersten Friihjahr.

Germinating
Seed species. - capacity.
Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
%
Elymus arenarius L. - 98
Scirpus maritimus L. 98
Scirpus silvaticus L. - - 100
Carex incurva Lightf. | - 76
Carex leporina LL. - 95.
Carex leporina L. - - 9s"
Carex paniculata L. - - 39
Carex vulpina L. - - 98

Germinating
Seed species. _.. capacity.
Keimfahrg-
Samenart. keit.
%
Carex muricata L. - : 88
Carex canescens L. - - 96
Carex remota L : - 95
Carex remota L. - - 57
Carex pallescens L. - - 9s
Carex flava L. : - 98
Carex Hornschuchiana
Hoppe - - - 77

132

Germinating Germinating
Seed species. capacity. Seed species. capacity.
Keimfahig- Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit. Samenart. keit.
% %
Carex Pseudocyperus L. - 50 Heracleum Sphondylium L. 90
Typha latifolia L. - # 24 Glaux maritima L. - - 95
Qalia palustris L, -~ - 78 Anageallis arvensis L. - 95
Triglochin maritimum L. - 98 Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. - 96
Juncus glaucus Ehrh. - 100 Primula officinalis (L.) Hill. 98
Juncus compressus Jacq. - 99 Hottonia palustris L. - 96
Luzula albida D.C. - 99 Solanum Dulcamara L. 98
Alnus glutinosa Gartn. 31 Solanum Dulcamara L. - 58
Urtica dioica L. - - 81 Solanum nigrum L. - 99
Rumex Hydrelapathun Physalis Alkekengi L. 92
Huds. - - 86 Verbascum thapsiforme
Rumex miarttinaas L. 99 Schrad. | = 99
Polygonum lapathifoliom Veronica Beccabunga L. 96
L. - 99 Scrophularia nodosa L. - 95
Polygonum Fipdeagiper L. 99 Linaria vulgaris Mill. - 91
Corrigiola littoralis L. 92 Plantago major L. - 100
Ohenopodina maritima Verbena officinalis L. 18
Mog. Tand. - - : 87 Lycopus europaeus L. - 37
Chenopodium album L.- - 86 Lycopus europaeus L. : 91
Chenopodium rubrum L, 100 Mentha aquatica L. - 95
Atriplex hastata L. - - 76 Thymus Chamaedrys Fr. 19
Ranunculus acer L. - 96 Thymus Chamaedrys Fr. - 88
Erysimum cheiranthoides Ajuga reptans L. - 93
a - - 99 Ligustrum vulgare L. - 92
Viola canina L. - - - 62 Scabiosa succisa L. - - 78
Oxalis stricta L. - - 94 Campanula Trachelium L. 51
Linum catharticum L. - 99 Campanula latifolia L. - 78
Impatiens Noli tangere L. 84 Crepis tectorum L. : 89
Impatiens parviflora D.C. - 98 Aracium paludosum Mon-
Acer Pseudoplatanus L. - 95 nier - 17
Acer platanoides L. 74 Hieracium sp. - 89
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leontodon autumnalis L. - 99
- - 72 Tragopogon pratensis L. - 100
Sedum Telephium L. . 95 Centaurea jacea L. : 80
Parnassia palustris L. - 86 Serratula tinctoria L. - 88
Sorbus fennica (Kahn.) Fr. 16 Lappa minor (Schk.) - 88
Rubus caesius L. : 79 Cirsium oleraceum ae )
Potentilla anserina L. - 90 Scop. - - - 84
Geum urbanum L. : 99 Cirsium arvense (L.) Soop: - 88
Spiraea Ulmaria L. - 95 Cirsium heterophyllum (L.)
Lythrum Salicaria L. 94 All. - 70
Sanicula europea L. 95 Bidens tripartitus L. - - 98
Pimpinella Saxifraga L. - 91 Bidens cernuus L.— - 65
Sium latifolium L. - 90 Artemisia vulgaris L. 95
Selinum palustre L.- 93 Matricaria discoidea D.C. - 98
Selinum Eneare Schum. 100

List V.—The seeds germinated in the first and second springs.
Liste V.—Die Samen keimten in dem ersten und zweiten Frihjahr.

Germinating Germinating
Seed spacies. capacity. Seed species. capacity.

Keimfahig- Keimfahrg-
Samenart. keit. Samenart. keit.
; % %

Elymus arenarius L. - : 97. Chenopodium polysper

Carex silvatica aaa - - 98 mum L. - 100
Corylus Avellana L. - 35 Nasturtium Amphibium L 98
Carpinus Betulus ‘L. - 71 Reseda luteola I... - - 93
Helianthus peploides L. - 93 Empetrum nigrum L. - 29
Arenaria trinervia L. : 92 Euonymus europaea L.- 16
Stellaria graminea L. - 76 Alchemilla vulgaris L. : 52
Amarantus retroflexus L. - 100 Bryonia alba L. - - 93

Seed species.

Samenart.

Cireaea lutetiana L. -
Cornus sanguinea L.

Cicuta virosa L. -
Cicuta virosa L. -

Aegopodium Podagraria L.

Sium angustifolium L.
Angelica silvestris L.

Torilis Anthriscus (L.) Gmel.

Lysimachia vulgaris L.

133

Germinating
capacity.
Keimfahig-
keit.

- 96°
- 98

- 71

Germinating
Seed species. capacity.
Keimfahig-
Samenart. keit.
pact oe vo
Linaria vulgaris Mill. : 94

Rhinanthus Crista galli L. 87
Odontites rubra Gil. 99
Utricularia vulgaris L. —- 57
Scutellaria galericulata L. - 75
Stachys silvaticus L. - 97
Leonurus Cardiaca L. - 68
Lampsana communis L._ - 98
Eupatorium cannabinum L. 94

List VI.—The seeds germinated during several autumns in succession.
Liste VI.—Die Samen keimten in mehreren nach einander folgenden

Seed species.

Samenart.

Airopsis precox Fr. -
Arenaria serpyllifolia L.
Papaver dubium L.
Papaver Rhoeas L. -
Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.)
R. Br. - — - :

Germination tests of ripe and unripe weed seeds harvested in the autumn 1904. .
Keimpriifungen von reifen und unreifen Unkrautssamen, geerntet im Herbst 1904.

Herbsten.

. Germinating |. Germinating
capacity. Seed species. capacity.
Keimfahig- Keimfahig-. .
keit. Samenart. keit.

% | %
87 ) Alchemilla arvensis L. - 89
- 76 Scandix Pecten Veneris L. 59
: 69 Veronica hederifolia L. — - 90
89 Melampyrum arvense L. - 97
- Lithospermum arvense L. - 95

- 65

TABLE 1.

Daccesiot Number of years after the harvest.
Seed species. Hisense: s Anzahl Jahre nach der Ernte.
Samenart. Grad der
Reife. | 0.} 1. | 2.] 3. | 4.) 5.| 6.) 7.2] 8. | 9. | 10.) 11.) 12.) 13.
%!%! %'1%1% 1%) %!%!%!%! %l %! VI %'
Bromus secalinus L. - | Unripet |100) 89] 94) 87) 51/30} 7) OJ —-|-—|-~-]|-|-]-
Ripeft |100| 97| 97} 92; 93; 81) 54/12) 1)-]-]}-|-]-
Polygonum lapathi- | Unripe | 62/49} 24) 0}; -|}-|-—-|-}|-]|-]-|]-]-]-
folium L. Ripe 85| 77) 55| 28} 23; 18); 4) OJ] -|}-|-}|-]|-]-
Chenopodium album L.| Unripe | 61) 52/13) 11) 0); 2)}-|]-|-|]-|]-]|-|-]-
Ripe | 64/57/47; 6| of of -|/-/-{|-|-|-|-]-
Silene inflata Sm. - | Unripe | 71|75| 39/25) 21} 8! 1);}-]-|]-]|;-]-]-]|-
= Ripe 89] 80) 62| 53} 28/12) 14); 0} -| -};-}-}|-][-
Sinapis arvensis L. -| Unripe | 76] 72] 47/11*) 34] 24) 20] 9) 7) 2; -|-]-|-
Ripe | 79| 82} 75] 76| 78| 77] 68] 75| 51) 66) 36| 40| 42] 12
Capsella Bursa pastoris} Unripe | 34/33] 6/3*|-/-|-|}-|-|-|]-]-j-J-
: Ripe | 74! 65] 79/20*) 48| 31} 22/10} 2)}-|-|-|-|]-
Thlaspi arvense L. -| Unripe | 70) 83/34] 0) -|-|-|-]|-|-];]-|-|]- | -
Ripe | 98/97] 74/11) 6} 0} OJ -}-;-]-;}-]-|-
Plantago major L. - | Unripe | 98| 96) 87) 36} 1/;-;-|-|]-|-;-]-|]-|-
Ripe | 99| 97|100} 81; 27; 0] 0}; -;/-|-|]-|-]-]-
Sonchus oleraceus L. - | Unripe | 62| 50| 47/43; 61/ 33] 48) 35) 21) 25) 1) -—| -—]| —-
Ripe | 87] 64] 53] 49| 59| 56/ 33} 30/19] 8) 1} -|-] -
Crepis tectorum L. - | Unripe | 44] 31/19/13; 5; 2)};-}-]-;}-]-j-|-|-
Ripe | 94/ 93; 85} 77; 40; 9] 0} -|-/|-|-]|-j|-|-
Matricaria inodora L. - | Unripe | 67] 42] 47| 44] 42) 34| 33/44/29) 3] 1; -|-|-
Ripe | 80/ 56; 59/ 53] 58| 44| 53) 49) 43) 12} 7) 3) 3| 0
Lampsana communis L.| Unripe | 27/26} 8) 2);-|}-]|-!]-/|-|-|-|]-|-]-
Ripe | 31/20/10} 1);-/|]-!|!-]-]|-|]-/]-|]-]-]-
* Destroyed by fungi and worms. * Zerstért von Pilzen und Wirmern.
~-t Unreif. t Reif.
a 23301 E3

134

TABLE 2.

Results of examinations as to the ability of weed seeds to retain their
germinating capacity.

Resultate von Untersuchungen tiber, wie Unkrautsamen ihre Keimfihigkeit bewahren.

Year
Seed Species. Jahr.
Samenart.

1.| 2. | 3.) 4.] 5.| 6] 7. | 8] 9. | 10.) 11.) 12.) 13.) 14.
%! %\%! %! %1 %! %!%! %l %1%! %! Yl %
Bromus secalinus L. : - {100} 99/100) 90) 96) 81) 49) 5) OF -|-]-|]-]|-
3 - - {100/100} 99} 97} 99} 82) 44) 9) 7} O} —-|-|]-|-
Carex rostrata Wilh. - - 47,10) OJ} —-}|-}-]-|-|-]-|]-{-J]-|]-
Rumex crispus L. - - 100} 98] 99) 99] 97/100/100} 98} 95} 91] 74| 69] 46) 18
ss oe : - | 99/100] 98} 99) 98} 96) 98) 91) 81) 70) 37) O| - | -
» oObbusifolius L. - - | 95) 91) 96) 95) 90) 95) 90) 78) 65; 6) 12) O| - | -
Polygonum lapathifolium L. - | 86) 96) 79/ 48) 23} 7] O| OF} -|-|—-|-]-|-
5 Persicaria L. - - | 78) 63] 50} 13} 7] 2) Of —-}|—-}]-|]-j-j-J-
35 Convolvolus L. - | 86] 82] 63) 54] 31} 61) 32) 30) 15) -| —|;-| -|-
Silene inflata Sm. - - - | 98] 98) 97] 94) 90) 80} 78] 60} 48) 31} 10) 7} 2) 0
Viscaria viscosa (Gil.) - - {100} 96; 96) 75} 57) 27; 6 OF} -| -|-]|—-|]-]-
Agrostemma Githago L.- - | 98/ 99) 99} 98) 88) 35) OF} -};-|-]-]-]|-]-
Chenopodium album L.— - 53} — | 49} 17) 2) 4) 4; 2) OF} -|] —-| -|-] -
Sinapis arvensis L. - - - | 82] 83) 90] 92} 86] 69] 74] 59] 70) 83) 35] 34) 44) 10
Capsella Bursa pastoris L. - - | 65) 52) 69) 24) 19) 3) OF} -| —-]-]-|-|[-]-
Thiaspi arvense L. —- - 94| 96) 38} 17 O} OF} -| -—]}]-]-]|-]-]-]-
Alyssum calycinum L. : - | 99} 45} 6) 2) OF -}-|]~-~]|]-;]-]-|]-]-]-
Chelidonium majus L. - - | 99) 95) 36) OJ} —-|] —-|-]}]-]-]}]-]-]|-]-J-
Pastinaca sativa L. - - - | 87} 244 OF} -| =~] -}-]-]-]}]-]-]-]-]-
Solanum nigrum L. - . - | 99/100) 96) 98) 91) 73) 27 o}-|}-|/-|j-|-
Echium vulgare L. - - - | 83) 83] 59) 5} O} OF OF -]}-|—]—-]-]-][-
Plantago lanceolata L. - - | 99) 98] 86) 90) 81] 73] G5) 50} 38) 11) 8) 4) O| -
ee 6 : - | 99/100)100/1Q0) 99) 83) 36) 9 6 1) -|-|-]-
Lampsana communis L. - - | 94) 99] 99] 85) 80) OJ -|] —-|} -] -| -J]-|j-|]-
Taraxacum vulgare Lam. - - {100} 17) OF -] ~}-}-]}-jJ-J-f-jJ-|]-d-
Centaurea Oyanus L. : - | 84| 90} 71) 78) 61] 53) 25) 29) 12) 2); -|} -—| -| -
Tusgilago Farfara L. - - | 75) OO] -}=J-]—-]—-J]-]-|—-}-]-]-{-
Matricaria inodora L. : - | 88} 88} 98) 88) 84) 81) 72) 49) 38) 25) 4) 2) Oj} -

135

TABLE 3.

Results of germination tests of seed samples stored dry and of corresponding
seed samples buried 30 cm. under the surface of the earth. Harvested and
buried in 1899.

Resultate von Keimversuchen mit trocken aufbewahrten Samenproben unil
entsprechenden Samenproben 30 cm. unter der Erdoberfldche eingegraben.

Geerntet und eingegraben im Jahre 1899.

The seeds dug up and
placed to germinate.
Die Samen aufge-

Plantago lanceolata L,

Sinapis arvensis L.

Seeds stored dry.
Samen trocken |

Seeds which have
been buried in
the soil,

| Samen, die in der

Seeds stored dry,
Samen trocken

Seeds which have
been buried in
the soil,

graben und zum aufbewahrt, : aufbewahrt. |Samen, die in der
PLeHHeMReIENe Germinating ee in Germinating me eee
Keimfahigiert, | Germinating | goiniahigkeit, | etminating
veus Keimfahigkeit. | Keim#ahigkeit.
Yahr. % ae % % :
1900 98 35 82 17
1901 94 (13)* 91 81
1902 ~ 97 40 89 86
1903 94 40 66 64
1904 87 31 50 81
1905 73 23 58 66
1906 42 21 61 94
1907 33 32 54 85
1908 22 30 33 80
1909 0 8 24 87
1910 0 2 21 87
1911 — = Ay. 78
1912 = == 8 70
1913 = —= 5 72
1914 — = —s 75
1915 — —— = 37
1916 = == = 30
1917 =e = = 17

* See the last footnote on page 136.

Siehe die Fussnote unterst auf Seite 136,

136

TABLE 4.

Results of germination tests of seed samples stored at the Danish State Seed
Testing Station (= S. in the Table) and corresponding seed samples buried in
1904 (8, 20 and 30 cm. respectively under the surface of the earth.) Dug up

and placed to germinate in April or May.

Resultate von Keimpriifungen von Samenproben, an der Dénischen Siaats-
samenkontroile aufoewahrt (= S. in der Tahelle), und entsprechenden Samen-
proben im Jahre 1904 eingegraben, beziehungsweise 8, 20 und 30 cm. unter
der Erdoberflache. Aufgegraben und zum Keimen im April oder Maz

gelegt.
Germinating capacity. Germinating capacity.
Keimfahigkeit. Keimfahigkeit.
gd : en ae dlisl o Inlale
Seed species. 4 2/s/S/S/S/a Seed species. 3 3 3 S| Ss 3\5
B/S] 2 |S (S(S/8 gia) 2 S/S
Samenart. g 2 5 Samenart. g 2
rg &.| Number of growths per oA
g 2 100 clusters. q e
Go| Suan eine ren A5| se] se lel aehehe
8. | 87)120) (43)/90)75) — S. | 69) * | *} -—|-|-
Beta 8; 17) 1) 2] 0} 1- Centaurea 8 | 20} 10 |14) -|-|-
vulgaris 20 | 37; 7) 3 | 4) 2|- Cyanus 20 | 14) 12 |12) —- }-|-
30 | 45] 36] 18 | 8} 2) - 30 | 11) 13 {10} — |-|-
%| %! % (%!%I% ‘ S. | 42] (13))39} (3)|28/28
Brassica S. | 90) 85) 71 |65|65/31) Matricaria 8 | 40) (11)/71) 52/20) —
tri 8 | 13) 2) 4] 2) 2)- inodora 20'| 60] (20)/48) 40) -| 8
en ia 20 | 20] 3) 9 | 5] 3} 2 30 | 55] 60 |41) 14/28] -
TOPHOre 30 | 15} 20) 10 14/11) — S. |100} 81 [83] 20] 6] 1
S. | 88] 59) 41 |32/14/16 Silene 8 | 52) 26 | *| 21/16) -
Trifolium 8 | 63) 2) 1] 1) l- inflata 20 | 91) 52 |38) 37/49/14
pratense 20 | 47) 5) 16 j11) 9} 9 30 | 88| 65 |61) 36/12) -
30 | 63) 48) 18 |37/37) - S. | —| — |92] 50)33)34
S. | 77} 64) 35 |13/18} -— Rumex 8} —| — |64| 42/14) -
Trifolium 8 | 23) 2) O| 4 O;- crispus 20 | — | 86 |74) 89/59) 3
repens 20/19} 5 3] 6 1l— 30 | — | 91 |70| 79/63) -
30 | 15} 9) 3} 2) l- S. | 73] 75 |68] 62/31) -—
S. | 59) 52) 15 |18)13/19 Plantago 8 | 73} 8] 8) 6 5-
Lotus 8 | 42) O| O| 2} O/-] lanceolata 20 | 59} 43 | 43) (1)} -|-
corniculatus 20 | 32] 13) 16 |10) 3/10) ; 30 | 75} 56 |(1)| 63/60] -
30 | 47| 30) 21 |20)13) - S. | 94] 82 | 75) 57/50/68
S. | 744 -—] -— |-]-|- Sinapis 8 | 52) 37 |(1}} 15/30) -
Medicago 8 8} -—| - |-|-|- arvensis 20 | 69! 38 | 57) 55/5166
sativa 20 5} —| - |-|-|- 30 | 74! (40) 75) (1)]59] -
? 30 N-—-| -|-)-|- Not
S. | 58} 20) - |}-|-|- buried
Dactylis 8 | 54; 1) -— |-|-|-] Daucus Carota 8. before >} 33/24/26
glomerata 20 | 56) 5) -— |-|-]- in
30 | 50) 10) —- |-|-|- 20 1907f 45/39/44
Not
«at buried
Cirsium
arOnee Ss. bene 8}11] 1
20 1907+ 38/38/52

* A mischance happened to the sample.

* Ein Unfall mit der Probe geschehen.

+ Nicht bevor 1907 eingegraben.

The results in parentheses are such which differ much from those obtained in the
formor and the following year (see page 128).

Die eingeklammerten Resultate sind solche, die von denen in dem vorigen und dem

nachfolgenden Jahr erzielten sehr abweichen (siehe Seite 128).

137

TaBleE 5.

Account of the occurrence of the various seed species in 36 samples of
cereal seed before and after grinding.

0 bersicht iiber das Vorkommen verschiedener Unkrautsamen in
36 Getreideproben vor und nach dem Mahlen,

Seed species.
Samenart.

Chenopodium sp. -

Polygonum lapathifolium L.

Cerastium sp. -
Stellaria media (L.) - -
Bromus secalinus L.
Agrostis Spica venti L. -
Myosotis sp. -

Rumex Ac:etosella i -

Polygonum Convolvulus L.

Veronica sp. -
Agrostemma Githago L.
Scleranthus sp. -
Claviceps purpurea - -

Capsella Bursa pastoris (L.)

Polygonum aviculare L.

Occurred in number of samples.
In Anzahl Proben vorgekommen.
Before the Aiter the
grinding. grinding.
Vor dem Mahlen. |Nach dem Mahlen
27 24
26 23
19 13
- 15 10
- 23 ll
- 18 1l
- 18 10
16 8
- 16 0
15 9
13 1
1l 4
11 1
- 10 6
- 10 4

TABLE 6.
How many seeds are able to pass uninjured through the digestive system of a cow ?
Wie viele Samen kénnen unbeschddigt durch den Darmkanal einer Kuh passieren ?

The Forage contained. The Manure contained, Per
Das Futter enthielt. Der Diinger enthielt. 100 ger-
Per minable
| 100 seeds pede ie
in the forage,
Seed nee Number freee the
F Germin- ‘ Germin- of : manure
species. Aeree ating eels” AMUEE ating germin- contained contained.
o a capacity. | seeds weeds capacity. able seeds. Pro 100 | ,£70 100
Samenart. | eecdyon| Keimfab- | Ac7ary |Anzahlvon| Keimfah-| Anzahl | g70.09) | keimfah-
Maen. | igkeit. | ‘om. | Samen. | i@keit. | Keimfih- |go™n in | iger
omen % iger Samen
fihiger Samen. enthielt in dem
Samen. der Diinger'| Futter
enthielt
der Diinger
Plantago | 100,000 89 89,000} 85,500 61 52,040 86 58
lanceolata L.
Matricaria 600,000 94 564,000] 198,000 76 149,840 33 27
inodora L.

138

TABLE 7.

How many seeds are able to pass uninjured ‘through the digestive system ‘of a pig?
Wie viele Samen kénnen unbeschddigt durch den Darmkanal eines Schweins
“ passieren ?

The Forage contained, The Manure contained. Per
Das Futter enthielt. Der Diinger enthielt. 100 ger-
- — Per minable
an ae 100-seeds | seeds in
in the the
} | Number Number forage, forage
Seed , Number |, of germin-| Number of ger- the the’
of weed | Germin- abl of weed | Germin- | minable | manure | yanure
species. } seeds ae ating | seeds per | seeds per | - ating seeds |contained. contained.
: capacity: lay. day. capacity. | per day. Pro Pro
Samenart, — Anzahl von| Keim- Anzahl |Anzahlvon| Keimfih-| Anzaht /100 Samen) 409 ,eim.
Unkraut- | fahigkeit | keimfiih- | Unkraut-| igkeit. | keimfih- | in dem fahiger
samen, pro % iger Sa- [samen pro % iger {Futter ent-) gamen in
Tag. men pro Tag. Samen pro | hielt der- | dem Futter
Fag: Tag: | Diinger. lenthielt der
Diinger.
Cerastium sp.|. 787,000 77 606,000] 433,000 18 78,000 55 13
Spergula sp. | 267,000 27 72,000} 252,000 2 6,000 94 8
Airopsis sp. 56,000 73 41,000) 41,000 9 4,000} 73 10
Myosotis sp. 29,000 66 19,000; 17,000 0 0 59 0
Rumex Ace- | 29,000 47 14,000) 24,000 23 5,000 833 40
tosella L. 2 -
Chenopodium} 27,000 41 11,000} 27,000 27 7,000; 100 64
sp.
Veronica sp. 26,000 86 22,000) 15,000 0 i) 58 0
6 other spe-
cies (an- | >19,000 —_— —_— 10,000 —_ —_ 53 —_
dere arten) | )
[
TABLE 8.

How. many. seeds are able to. pass. uninjured through the digestive system of a hen?
Wie viele Samen kénnen unbeschddigt durch dem Darmkanal eines Huhns passieren ?

The Forage contained. The Manure contained. ite es
Das Futter enthielt. Der Diinger enthielt. Per minable
100 seeds | seeds in
baie the forage,
Seed Number univer . Number sie ge mun®no onsen
species. oe Germin- able — |. ssh Germin- ats contained,| come
, dag ating seeds per er.da ating seed: Pro 100 keim-
{Samenart. Anzahi | capacity. ay. ee i -capacity. a a: 4 Samen in|. ¢aniger -
Yon | Ketmfth-| Anzahl yan Keimfah- eenanl dem Futter| samen in
/Unkraut-| i@keits | keimftthy | yo irant- | ikelt. | yeimtan- | enthielb lgem Futter
samen ee ae semen % iat Dinger. enthielt
ro Tag. ro Tag. amen : * cr
4 pro. Tag. | P ’ pro Tag. | Diinger.
Cerastium sp.) 45,100 17 34,800 1,241 55 684 3 2
Spergula, sp. 15,400 27 4,160 613 9 | 8646 3 1
Ainopsi®: sp. 3,200. 13 2,340 118. The 4 —_
Pals EP Ge a
germinating
; capacity
not
Myosotis- SP. 1,665 66 1,100 194 tested.* 12 _
Ramex Ace- 1,665 47 309 38 117 19 15
tosella L.
Chenopodium) 1,535 | 45 273; 35 96 1s 1s
Yernica sp. | 1ats | 86 1.265 453 | 12 54 31 | 4
6 other spe-- ;
cies (an- 972 _ _ 21 —_ _ 2, —
dere arten) i
ii

* Die Keimfahigkeit nicht untersucht.

139

The Longevity of Seeds.
By

Dr. A. von DEGEN,
Director, Royal Hungarian Seed Control Station, Budapest.

One of the most absorbing chapters in the science of seeds is that
which relates to the study of the life within the individual grain of seed.

Strange indeed is the phenomenon manifested in this grain of seed,
in this tiny structure almost entirely isolated from the outside world
and endowed with all the characteristics of a living being reduced to the
smallest volume, frequently indeed to a few cells, and capable of
persisting in this condition, apparently devoid of life, until, under favour:
able circumstances, the cells once more revive and produce the
parent-plant again, strong and rejuvenated, with all its constituent organs
intact.

It is marvellous, in our eyes, to observe how, for instance, the life
of the orchid-plant in all its glory, the life of the tree of mighty growth,
becomes for a while concentrated in a minute seed—a seed, in the case
of the orchid, so small as to be scarcely more than a grain of dust—and
how this life can endure in this state for many years. .

. Such a grain of seed confines within itself the greatest mysteries of
Biology, the mystery of life and death, the mysteries of fertilisation and
of hereditary transmission. For the study of all these problems the
grain of seed constitutes a most favourable object, ever-present in endless
quantities, patient under treatment and easy of manipulation; and it
is strange that, in spite of the wealth of literature on the subject, the
numerous questions connected with the cause of life and death, and some
kindred questions, such as that of suspended life, the so-called ‘‘ vie
latente,”’ and that of the decay of life force, remain still almost entirely
unsolved.

' Truly, a world for thought lies concealed in the fact, most simple
in itself, that I, with a slight exertion of force, simply by crushing or by
otherwise injuring the grain of seed, can destroy all its life-functions,
can in a moment annihilate, by a relatively insignificant effort, immense
possibilities of life, and can, in short, transform a living being into an
inert substance.

Within the scope of a short lecture it is impossible even to
enumerate all the problems involved in the life confined in the grain
of seed. I beg you, therefore, to permit me to discuss but one of these
problems, and that also only in brief outline, namely, the question of the
suspended life of the seed. How does this state arise, and how long
can it endure? How does life subsist in this state, and in what manner,
by what cause, does the latent life or apparent death lapse into actual
death ?

Old seeds are the objects presented to us for this kind of study, and
especially those seeds of which the age is accurately known.

In this connection, it appears most remarkable how relatively insig-
nificant is the stock of reliable old material at our disposal. The historic
and prehistoric material derived from excavations, especially of tombs,
the museums and old herbaria still furnish us with our main supply,
but, unfortunately, in the case of such seeds, it is not always possible to
determine their age with precision, nor yet, in many cases, even their:
origin.

— are of frequent occurrence. I will not here repeat the oft-told
tales of mummy-wheat, and of the grain discovered by Desmoulins,*
alleged to have germinated after the lapse of thirteen or sixteén centuries :
these data have, for the most part, been critically. discussed in Paul
Becquerel’s admirable work, ‘‘ Recherches sur la vie latente des graines.” +

* Actes de la Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1835 : 65.
f Annales des Sciences Nat., Sér V., 1907 : 249-311.

140

TI will mention here only one case in the experience of our own Hungarian
station, which sometimes has the task of determining seeds presumed to
be of ancient date. :

In the year 1911, some old seeds were discovered in jars, in the
so-called ‘‘ tumuli’? at Donnerskirchen in West Hungary. In some
of these seeds, which were supposed by the finders to be millet, every
organic ingredient had perished, and there remained only the inorganic
skeleton, from which we succeeded in determining the material to be the
relics of barley-seed. Along with these seeds we received the seeds of
a Convolvulus—likewise supposed to be antique—which resembled in
form the seeds of the Convolvulus arvensis, but were smaller and of a
‘brighter colour. We were somewhat in doubt as to whether we should
not assign them as belonging to the Ipomaea, when, in preparing cross-
sections, we were struck with the soft consistency of the interior substance.
Curious to see the result, we laid the seed in the germinating apparatus
where, after some time had elapsed, they yielded germs from which we
succeeded in rearing the typical Convolvulus arvensis. Subsequently
there came to our hands the article of Larionow*, in which it is mentioned
that, in middle Asia, the Convolvulus arvensis produces small, pear-shaped
seeds of a yellowish-grey colour and smoother surface. Our seeds,
therefore, were obviously Convolvulus seeds of recent date, mixed by
chance with the antique seed, and belonging most probably to the Eastern
race of this species.

With the establishment of seed-control stations in all civilized states,
it becomes the task of such institutions to procure and preserve the material
required for future investigations. ,

Here I should intercalate the proposal that no station should omit
to provide such objects in its collection, with precise details relating to
the place and especially to the date of the discovery of the seed, and to
record, as far as possible, the method employed for its conservation.
The stations should also make it their task to add to their collection all
authentic antique material obtainable and preserve it systematically.

I request the Congress to clothe this proposal in the form of a
Resolution and duly to communicate it to all existing stations. In this
manner much valuable material may be gathered and saved for the
benefit of future research.

_ IT remark, in passing, that old material would also furnish us with much
information relating to the distribution of weeds. :

The practical seed-controller is only interested to a small extent in
the above questions, and notably in the question as to how long the full
germinating capacity of the seeds of cultivated plants and of weeds will
last, and as to the degree to which this capacity becomes impaired with the
lapse of time.

Numerous data are accessible, but many of them are contradictory.
Would it not be desirable to collect these data, to complete what is lacking,
to examine the discrepancies critically, and to place the results as a
synoptical whole at the disposal of the control-stations? Would it not
also be desirable to include in the synopsis the results of the different
methods of conservation ?

It is proved beyond doubt that natural desiccation, and. artificial
desiccation still more, is one of the most important factors in the con-
servation of germinating power. This, however, does not hold good for
all seeds. There are seeds which, after desiccation, lose their germinating
power (Salix, Melampyrum, &c.), or only germinate again after a
considerable time has elapsed.

These, however, are exceptions, with all of which it would be of
great interest to get acquainted. In general, desiccation still remains
the best method of' conservation, and it is truly marvellous—
and still inexplicable—what such a desiccated seed is capable of enduring.

* Annalen der Russischen Samenpriif. Stat. 1913.

141

Freezing to 220°, heat up to 122°,* vacuum, exposure through long
years to fluids, to alcohol, even to alcohol-sublimate, that is, to what
for living cells, is deadly poison—all this a desiccated seed could actually
endure without injury, and, according to the theory of Arrhenius, Helmholtz,
or that of Lord Kelvin, could survive uninjured the flight from one planet
to another. t

But how far can this desiccation proceed .without destroying the
germinating power? At all events, an upper limit is fixed by the point
at which the seed is burnt or charred. At the degree of dryness which the
chemists regard as absolute, that is, after desiccation during six days at a
temperature of 80°, a sample of wheat still germinated fully 100 per cent.
but, on the other hand, it failed to endure. a two days’ heating at 100°
(Van Tieghem and G. Bonnier :—“ Sur la vie latente des graines’’).{ Similar
results appear under exposure to extreme cold, with the difference that,
hitherto, no degree of cold could be applied intense enough to kill the
dry seed.

This resistance of the dry seeds to extremes of temperature arises from
the behaviour, the reaction, of the protoplasm. _.

Whereas protoplasm containing water cdagulates at a certain degree
of heat, and whereas such protoplasm is frozen to death at a certain
degree of cold (the degrees in question depending on the chemical compo-
sition of the protoplasm), this critical limit of temperature, as a result
of continuous slow desiccation, is very considerably raised in the
former case and lowered in the latter, as the classical and hitherto
unrefuted experiments of Chevrewil have proved. (‘‘ Deshydratation,’’
1819). De-hydrated albuminoid substances begin to coagulate. at
a much higher temperature than that at which hydrous albuminoids
coagulate. :

Chevreuil dried albumen slowly at 45°, and when it had lost 90 per
cent. of its water, it changed into a yellowish, hard mass; but, on
water being added, it again swelled and recovered its original properties.

In this dry state; the albumen has’ a high power of resistance to the
influences of temperature, only the desiccation may not be continued
to a degree at which the power of absorbing water is lost and the albumen
can no more be restored to the colloid state.

This is the reason why forms of living vegetables are less resistant
than such durable forms as seeds, spores and Sclerotia. The same applies
also to resistance against chemical influences. Here an important part is
played by the permeability of the seed coats. This quality of the seeds
involuntarily calls to mind the methods employed by the Indian Joga,
Jogin or Fakirs,§ for the purpose of reducing the functions of the body
to a minimum, among which methods the most important seems to be
the diminution of the water-contents of the tissues. The desiccation .
of the protoplasm also, after a certain time, reduces the change of matter
to the zero-point, so that in the case of seeds a change of gaseous elements
at least (metabolism) is no longer discernible (Becquerel, 1. c¢. V. 271).
For the rest, however, the change of matter or gas is, in itself, no sign of
life, but it is a property of the organic substance under consideration—
a property possessed also by seeds which may be dead or even pulverized,
for instance, barley-seeds (Kolkwitz||) or pieces of a potato. In Becquerel,
p. 272, we find the phrase, “ Pour se conserver la graine n’aurait pas
besoin de respirer.”” Seeds were kept by Gigliolé{ in the course of his

* Just ap. Cohn Beitr. z. Biol. der Pflanzen 1877, and Thiselton
Dyer and Dewar, Ann. Sc. Bot., 1901: 599.

+ Wittmack—Landwirtschaftliche Samenkund,,1922: 101.

+ Bullet. de la Soc.-bot. de France, 1882: 150.

§ N. OC. Paul. . Treatise on the Joga Philosophy. Benares, 1851.
cit-after W. Preyer, Ueber die Erforschung des Lebens, Jena, 1872.

|| Berichte der deutsch botan. Ges, 1919: 286.

q Nature, 1895, Oct. 3.

142

well-known experiments, for a period of 16 years in Oxygen, Nitrogen
Hydrogen, Carbon-dioxide, &c., without losing their power of germination.

However, in the case of seed containing a certain (or a normal) quantity
of water there ensues, on the occasion of a rise of out-door temperature,
for instance in the spring-time, a livelier respiratory movement, mani-
fested by what is known to the millers as the ‘‘ working” of the ware-
housed grain. At the same time, there ensues a rise in the temperature
of the seed. Becquerel’s experiments have proved that, in the case of dry
seeds, there is also no intermolecular respiration, for, when the seed is
kept in Nitrogen and in Carbonic acid, there occurs no perceptible exchange
of gas. ' :

Romanes, with the assistance of Crookes (1893), kept various seeds in
@ vacuum for a period of 15 months and all the.seeds germinated.
Similarly Kochs (1890) and Laurent (1902) maintained seeds in a vacuum
for seven years without loss to their germinating power. It is, however,
certain that the power of germination diminishes with age and finally
becomes extinct. With respect to this, it would be of importance to know
what is the limit for the different varieties of seed. We find much matter
relating to this question collécted in manuals, and much scattered in the
pages of periodicals.

With regard to the seeds of vegetable-garden plants, we find a good
compilation in Vilmorin ‘‘ Les plantes potagéres,” 1891: 648. With
regard to the upper limit of the duration of germinating power, surely the
best material is to be found in the above-mentioned treatise of Paul
Becquerel. According to this work, out of 501 different old seeds subjected
to experiment, the seeds which germinated after the longest periods were
those of Nelwmbo, then those which belong to the family of Leguminosae,
Malvaceae and Labiatae; notably seeds of Cassia bicapsularis have
germinated after 87 years, those of Cytisus biflorus after 84 years, &c.
In the experiment were included seeds as old as 192 years. The duration
of the capacity of germination is, therefore, obviously far shorter than is
generally assumed on the ground of many unreliable data, most of these
data collapse under criticism, and we must, with Lwart,* accept a period
of from 150 to 250 years as the probable maximum for the duration of
germinating power.

For much valuable material, which also affords an insight into the
course of germinating power, we are indebted to the Copenhagen Seed
Control Station, whose tables supply us with an indispensable auxiliary to
our studies. The well-known works of Stebler and Schréter. and of Stebler
and Volkart on the best fodder-plants, contain the most important data
relating to the duration of germinating capacity.

In the Budapest station extensive experiments have been made for
the purpose of ascertaining the conservation of germinating power of the
most important weed seeds buried in arable land.t In spite of the
difference in the methods employed, these experiments are parallel with
the studies which have been carried out by Beal in North America.

How useful it would be if we had all these data at hand, collected in
such a manner as to enable us to detect the nature of the germinating
power of those species which are most important from the point of view
of seed-control, to enable us also, in the case of seeds of known age and
of known method of conservation, to make approximate deductions as to
their germinating capacity; and, vice versa, to enable us, when we have
determined a certain grade of germinating power and know also the
method of conservation, to draw conclusions as to the age of the seed. In
the law courts such problems are frequently presented to us for solution.

I am well aware of the difficulties involved in this question, and among
these difficulties I will mention here only the influence of the complete

* On the Longevity of Seeds. Proc. Roy. Soc., Victoria, &c., 21,
Pt. 1, 2-210. - j

+ Dr. D. Kozma, Ueber das Verhalten der Unkrautsamen im Acker-
boden. Kiserl Kézlem. XXV., 1922.

443

ripening of the seeds, This is connected with the desiccation and its
attendant preservative effect above-mentioned.

As an instance, I will mention that the beet and grass seeds—and
some others also—harvested in Hungary, where the climate is of a marked
continental character, (possess @ much greater germinating power than
seeds of the same species harvested in more Northern districts.

The next question, which belongs really to the scope of physiology,
is: ‘‘ What causes the natural death of the seed?”

In the literature on the subject we find several causes given, one
positive, the others negative.

The positive cause, apart from catastrophic influences, is a depres of
desiccation at which the embryo becomes separated from the nourishing.
tissue and is, therefore, a cause of a physical nature. These seeds are for
the most part carbonized by slow oxydation, and the connection of the
inner parts broken. This is the case with such mummy wheat and Peruvian
maize as have hitherto been examined with scientific accuracy. These
were found in ancient tombs, but the reports of their germination belong
to the realm of fable. Nevertheless, such rumours continually recur and,
indeed, quite recently, a ‘‘ Tutankhamen ”’ wheat has. appeared on the
market.

As a physiological cause of death, the expiration or slow consumption
of the nourishing matters contained in the seed must be rejected—thanks
to the efficient labours of physiologists in recent times, especially those of
Paul Becquerel. That the disintegration of certain -more labile substances,
for instance, the oils and fats, diminishes the duration of the germinating
eapacity, is also an assertion which cannot be maintained. It is notable
that certain seeds which are rich in fat, such as the Cucurbitaceae,
Charlock and Hedge mustard, preserve their germinating power for an
exceptionally long period.

Then, again, the decay of the diastasic effect of the enzymes has been.
designated as a cause of natural death; this, also, in the case of man..
This is another alleged cause which cannot be accepted. I will only refer-
here briefly to the latest experiments of Hugo Miehe,* who has established
that, in the case of rye-seed, at least 120, and possibly 280, years old.,.
in which the embryo was already separated from the nourishing tissue,
the diastase obtained from the still intact nourishing tissue was yet
capable of decomposing starch, and that, therefore, the efficiency of the
enzymes survives the life of the germ. Thus, this mystery also, like so
many others connected with the life of the grain of seed, remains still
unsolved: in this respect we are still to-day in the same position as
Becquerel (230) who, after solving so many detailed physiological problems,
nevertheless, with regard to the main questions, came only to thé
conelusion, ‘ La verité c’est, qu’on n’en sait rien.”

Speech delivered by Dr. Arthur C. Benson, C.V.0., LL.D., at
the Magdalene College Lunch, on the 10th July:—

“It is a great pleasure to us to welcome here the members
of so distinguished a congress. It is true that alt congresses
are in a sense distinguished, inasmuch as they are representative.
But this congress is what many congresses are not—not only
ornamental, but positively useful and beneficial.

“‘Fo-day, it has been truthfully said, the world is ruled
by experts. The old Gospel promise was, Blessed are the meek—
for they shall inherit the earth. Well, gentlemen, I have known
many experts. They have been modest, gracious, courteous,

* Berichte der deutschen botan Ges., 41, 1923 : 263.

144

but none of them have been exactly meek. It is not the expert’s
business to be meek. In fact, he is paid not to be meek, but to
know the value of his own opinion.

“We have many experts in many branches iof literature
and science at Cambridge, but we all live together in very tolerable
amity. We respect each other, we even like each other, though
often strangely ignorant of each other’s stock-in-trade. You
will remember what a shock it was to the great Prime Minister
Canning when he was told that the tadpoles which he saw
‘swarming in a pool on Hampstead Heath were frogs, only in an
earlier stage. He refused to believe it. He said it contradicted
the evidence of his senses. The great Greek Professor Kennedy,
who rose at a very early hour of the morning to pursue his studies,
was told by his doctor that he must take an early cup of tea;
and his daughters installed a gas-ring in his dressing-room. The
following morning they were aroused at some untimely hour by
the cries of the Professor. ‘This arrangement of yours is an
entire failure. It does not heat my tea. I have turned the tap
twenty times, and all that results is a strange hissing sound and
an intolerable smell.’

“We students of literature do not, however, enjoy half the
credit and respect enjoyed by the men of science. We end our
days as a book or two on a dusty shelf. Meanwhile we see
science girdling the earth with unseen voices, propelling humanity
along the roads far more rapidly than it is safe to travel, and
enriching the breakfast-table of the humblest human being with
food that is increasingly cheap and wholesome.

“Even in literature itself we feel the influence of the hand
of science. I was reading the other day the works of Tennyson
and came upon the well-known lines :—

‘And all can raise the flower now,
For all have got the seed.’

““T read, and a dark suspicion came over me. ‘ Yes, no
doubt,’ I said, ‘ but was it properly tested seed?’ I fear not.
I fear that we must continue to think that the men of whom
Tennyson speaks had to be content with an inferior article.
How different it would be now, when the seed would have been
properly tested and certified, owing to the wise forethought and
beneficial labours of those whom we welcome here to-day !

“Gentlemen, I offer to you a hearty welcome here to-day
in the name of the College. I wish that more of our staff had
been able to be present, but even literary experts must take a
holiday sometimes, however easily earned. We will, however,
give ourselves the pleasure of drinking the health of our guests,
and invoking a blessing on their labours; and I will join with this
the name of my friend and colleague, Sir Lawrence Weaver,
whom, with Lady Weaver, we are proud to entertain here to-day.”

145

EXCURSIONS.
Friday, 11th July.

On Friday morning the delegates proceeded by motor coach to
Harpenden, where they were shown over the world-famed
laboratories and trial ground of the Rothamsted Experimental
Station by the Director, Sir John Russell, who also entertained
them to lunch and tea.

In the evening, the delegates were entertained at dinner
by the British Government in the Hall of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, by the kind permission of the Masters and Fellows of the
College: the Right Hon. Noel Buxton, Minister of Agriculture,
presided. In extending a hearty welcome to the delegates and
other guests on behalf of the Government, Mr. Buxton said the
Government fully recognised the importance of seed testing, and
it was felt to be a privilege to be able to hold a congress at
Cambridge. In agriculture, rather more than a well-prepared,
fertile soil was needed. Seed testing was essential to the improve-
ment of seed and to the solution of present day problems.

Professor Dr. W. L. Johannsen and Dr. Volkart replied on
behalf of the delegates. The toast of the Chairman was proposed
by Mr. E. Insulander, and seconded by Sir Lawrence Weaver.
The singing of grace at the close of the dinner and the rendering
of glees by the choir of Trinity College, greatly added to the
interest of the delegates and other guests.

Saturday, 12th July.

On Saturday the delegates and eases. proceeded by rail to
Wembley to visit the British Empire Exhibition, where arrange-
ments were made for conducting the party to the most interesting
points in the Exhibition. In the afternoon the delegates were
entertained at tea by Sir Lawrence Weaver.

Monday, 14th July.

The delegates visited Ipswich to inspect the up-to-date
warehouse and seed-cleaning plant of the Eastern Counties
Farmers’ Co-operative Association, Ltd. Much interest was
exhibited in the Bedell magnetic dodder-separating plant, which is
installed on the premises of the Association. The Committee of
the Association entertained the delegates at Junch.

Tuesday, 15th July.

On Tuesday the delegates and friends visited the well-known
seed establishment of Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Ltd., Reading. After
inspecting the offices, cleaning and packing plant, and the seed-
testing laboratory, the party proceeded to visit: the Reading trial
ground. After lunch the party left by motor-car for the Langley

146

trial ground of the firm, passing through Ascot, Windsor Great
Park, Windsor, and Eton. After inspecting the trial ground,
tea was served, and the party left by motor-car for Slough
Station. /

Wednesday, 16th July.

The delegates visited the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew,
where admirable arrangements had been made by the Director,
Dr. A. W. Hill, for conducting them to the various special points
of interest in the Gardens.

147

QUATRIEME CONGRES INTER-
NATIONAL D’ESSAIS DE SEMENCES.

Lundi, 7 juillet, 11.30 h.

Les congressistes se réunissent dans la salle des conférences
de l'Institut national de botanique agricole (N.I.A.B.), 4 Cam-
bridge.

Sir Lawrence Weaver ouvre la séance et souhaite la bienvenue
aux délégués. Il évoque le souvenir de leur vénéré collégue,
M. le directeur Bruijning, et rappelle ses remarquables travaux.

Il signale ensuite a l’assemblée le voeu, émis par un certain
nombre de délégués, de rendre internationale Vassociation
européenne d’essais de semences.

Sur la proposition de M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen, Sir
Lawrence Weaver est élu président du congrés; il invite M. le
Dr, Johannsen & le seconder dans sa taéche. Ce dernier accepte,
et donne la parole & M. Eastham, chef de la station d’essais de
semences de l'Institut national de botanique agricole, pour la
lecture de son rapport sur les travaux de la station.

CEUVRE DE LA STATION OFFICIELLE D°ESSAIS DE SEMENCES
DE L’ANGLETERRE ET DU PAYS Di GALLES.

PAR

A. EASTHAM,
chef de la station officielle d’essais.

La station officielle d’essais comprend quatre divisions ou sections
principales :
(I) Essais pour le commerce des semences ;
(II) Essais -d’échantillons soumis par les stations particuliéres
autorisées ; yl VF :
(III) Essais d’échantillons de vérification prélevés par les inspec-
teurs (réglement de 1920);
(IV) Recherches.
I. ro
Sous cette rubrique se groupent les essais faits pour les marchands de
semences, les fermiers, etc.—soit pour leur propre gouverne, soit pour les
déclarations demandées par le réglement. Les laboratoires s’occupent
séparément de quatre groupes principaux desemences: tréfles ; fourrages ;
céréales et plantes légumineuses ; racines et Iégumes. C’est sur ce groupe-
ment que se base toute la statistique de la station officielle d’essais,
laquelle sera exposée & MM. les délégués pendant leur visite de
l’établissement. ee
Chaque analyste fait un stage dans les. quatre sections.. Elle est
done apte & entreprendre le: travail. de n’importe quelle section, si le
ministére désire la transférer de l’une & l'autre.

148

Son emploi permanent dépend du résultat satistaisant de examen
annuel de la station officielle d’essais.

Exception faite de quelques détails peu importants, nous suivons, &
Cambridge, une méthode analogue aux méthodes continentales, MM. les
délégués en trouveront la description dans les différentes laboratoires.

En 1922-23 le nombre des échantillons essayés pour le commerce
s’est élevé & 19,829, et en 1921-22 & 23,865. Nous n’avons pas encore
en mains les chiffres de la saison qui vient de se clore, lesquels seront
probablement un peu moins élevés. ‘ :

If.

Il existe, en Angleterre, bon- nombre d’établissements particuliers
autorisés par le ministére de l’Agriculture, & faire dans leurs propres
laboratoires Vessai d’une ou de plusieurs catégories de semences. Cette
autorisation est donnée par patente, 4 condition (a) que les essais se fassent
d’une maniére et sous la direction d’une analyste approuvées par le
ministére; (6) que le laboratoire dispose de l’installation nécessaire ; et (c)
que Panalyste fasse uniquement emploi des méthodes officielles d’essai.

Les stations autorisées doivent dresser la statistique compléte de tous
leurs essais, en en gardant au moins trois mois les échantillons. Les
inspecteurs du ministére tirent de ces derniers des échantillons dénommés
“licensed station reserve. portion’’ (partie de réserve des stations
autorisées), qu’ils envoient ensuite a la station officielle d’essais.

Afin de développer encore Vuniformité souhaitable entre les stations
autorisées et la station officielle d’essais, cette derniére a remis cette année
aux stations autorisées des échantillons—dénommés ‘‘ referee samples”’
ou échantillons de référence—dont les essais ont été trés intéressants,

Les analystes désirant trouver un. emploi commercial se soumettent
4 un entrainement d’un mois & la station officielle d’essais, et regoivent,
aprés un examen satisfaisant, le certificat d’aptitude & l’essai des semences.

Une conférence aura désormais lieu, une fois par an, aprés cet
entrainernent. Y seront invités, non seulement les analystes dirigeant
les stations officielles d’essais de la Grande Bretagne et de |’Irlande, mais
aussi ceux des stations autorisées.

Une premiére conférence a déja eu lieu l'année derniére, avec un
résultat trés heureux.

En outre, les stations autorisées regevront désormais une feuille
officielle, donnant le résultat des recherches faites A la station officielle
@essais, ainsi que d’autres renseignements utiles aux analystes.

III.

La station officielle d’essais recoit les échantillons de vérification
de ses inspecteurs, et le résultat des essais est soumis au ministére. Ce
dernier en fait part aux intéressés. De cette maniére, la vente des semences
est contrélée; tandis que toute infraction au réglement de 1920 devient
impossible. ; ; er.

Il incombe uniquement 4 la station officielle d’essais de dresser le
rapport sur la pureté et la germination des échantillons soumis. Toute
poursuite judiciaire ultérieure—quoique souvent basée sur un tel rapport
—est intentée par le ministére.

IV.

La station officielle d’essais s’est déja chargée d’un grand nombre de
recherches, et elle espére augmenter considérablement son ceuvre dans
cette voie. Les questions qu’elle s’efforce maintenant de résoudre sont
les suivantes : ”

(a) Perte de vitalité des semences emmagasinées dans diverses
conditions ;

(b) Germination retardée (notamment celle des céréales) ;

149

(@) Rapport entre la germination des pois au laboratoire et
celle en plein champ;
(e) Germination du sainfoin—notamment en ce qui regarde sa
croissance irréguliére ;
(f) Etude de Vétat plumeux, ou croissance irréguliére, des
Graminées.
Aprés lecture de ce rapport, MM. les délégués visitent. la
station et l’institut.

Séance de Vaprés-midi.
La séance s’ouvre & 15 h.

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen donne lecture de son mémoire
sur les travaux de 1’ Association Européenne d’Essais de Semences,
de 1921 & 1924,

(Voir pp. 15-37 ce rapport en langue anglaise. Le rapport
en allemand se trouve a pp. 178-184.)

M. le Dr. Johannsen signale le fait que des stations usant
de méthodes identiques accusent assez souvent des écarts notables
dans leurs résultats d’analyses, alors que celles qui appliquent
des méthodes différentes arrivent parfois aux mémes résultats.
Il ajoute que l’analyse n’est pas seulement une question mécanique.

M. le professeur Zaleski est d’avis que les résultats ne dépendent
pas uniquement de Voutillage d’une station, mais plutot de son
personnel—ce dont témoignent les chiffres tout 4 fait remarquables
obtenus par la station de Paris. Il propose aux stations exécutant
des analyses comparatives de n’étudier que les espéces de semences
qui les intéressent tout spécialement.

M. le professeur Bussard dit que le personnel de la station
de Paris posséde une longue expérience et que la formation
technique et les traditions sont 4 considérer en matiére d’essais.

M. le Dr. von Degen est du méme avis. Sa station se passe
autant que possible de machines et d’appareils.

M. le professeur Showky Bakir prie Vassociation de s’occuper
de la question des semences de coton.

M. le Dr. Andronescu dit que les différences dans les résultats
d’analyse ne le surprennent pas. Il trouve tout naturel qu’un
organisme vivant, tel que la semence, se ressente de l’influence
du climat, de VPhumidité atmosphérique, des différentes méthodes
d’essai, etc.

M. le Dr. Buchholz est d’avis que personnel et matériel ont
une égale importance.

M. le Dr. Chmela? dit que les différences dans les résultats
dépendent de circonstances diverses, telles que la constitution
et le poids des échantillons, la valeur attribuée aux graines dé-
formées, brisées, dures, etc. Il propose que les stations se mettent
d’accord au sujet de Vinterprétation a donner aux termes
“‘ mauvaises herbes ’’ et “ graines pures.”

M. Devoto attache une certaine importance a la dimension des
graines d’un lot déterminé, et & la température pendant l’analyse.

150

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen dit qu’il importe de se souvenir
que la semence est un organisme vivant. Comme suite aux
observations de M. le délégué tchécoslovaque, Vorateur invite
ceux des congressistes qui s’intéressent aux analyses comparatives
& assister & sa démonstration de la maniére dont la station de
contréle danoise constitue les échantillons de semencés pour
Vanalyse. ,

En terminant, il prie les chefs des diverses stations de contrdle
de signaler au nouveau comité exécutif qui sera prochainement
élu les espéces de semences qui ont un intérét spécial pour elles.

Lundi, 8 juillet ; 9.80 h.

M. le Dr. Volkart soumet & Vassistance son projet de statuts
de l’Association Européenne d’Essais de Semences. (Le projet
définitivement adopté se trouve a la pp. 171-174.) Il propose
Vélection dun comité spécial chargé d’étudier et de modifier
ces statuts.

La discussion est ouverte.

M. le Dr. Chmela# demande la nomination d’un vice-président
de l’Association. Il désire savoir si les fonds de l'association
internationale peuvent passer a l'Institut International d’Agri-
culture de Rome, en cas de dissolution.

M. Clark demande si Vassociation sera internationale. Dang
Vaffirmative, est il possible d’indiquer dés a présent le mode
d’admission de membres de |’Amérique septentrionale ?

Sir Lawrence Weaver dit que l’association acceptera volontiers
non seulement des membres provenant des Etats-Unis et du
Canada, mais aussi d’autres parties du monde.

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen partage avis de Sir Lawrence
Weaver.

M. Devoto annonce que la République Argentine désire faire
partie de ]’Association et payer sa cotisation 4 cet effet.

M. Insulander attire attention de l’assemblée sur Varticleé
du projet de statuts, stipulant que seules les stations officielles
d’essais de semences et celles appartenant a des corporations
relevant de l’Etat sont admises. Les statuts interdisent done
& tout savant—méme s'il a fait des découvertes importantes
dans le domaine des essais de semences—de devenir membre de
l’association, s’il n’appartient pas a une station de contrdle.

Un Etat payant sa cotisation en qualité de membre ne peut-il
choisir un représentant spécial pour contréler ’emploi des revenus
de lassociation, ou soumettre & cette derniére des propositions
concernant la conduite de ses travaux ?

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen répond que si le gouvernement
d’un pays paie la cotisation, il en découle naturellement que ce
gouvernement posséde le droit de se faire représenter aux congrés.
Il propose que ce point soit trés explicitement indiqué dans les
statuts. at

151

M. le professeur Voigt demande que cette question de repré-
sentation des Etats soit discutée, attendu que son gouvernement
réclamera sans aucun doute le droit de figurer aux congrés.

M. Devoto exprime le voeu de voir se réaliser une coopération
étroite avec |’Institut International d’Agriculture de Rome, ce
dernier s’occupant de-la publication réguliére des rapports, etc.

M. Munn demande si la nouvelle association doit faire partie
intégrante de I’Institut International d’Agriculture de Rome.
Plusieurs gouvernements payent déja leurs cotisations 4 ce
dernier et cela pourrait causer des complications. Il propose
la création d’un comité chargé de fixer le chiffre des cotisations
et tous autres détails indispensables, afin que MM. les repré-
sentants puissent souscrire les cotisations de leurs gouvernements
respectifs, et activer de cette maniére la création de l’association
internationale.

Sir Lawrence Weaver est d’avis que la nouvelle association
doit coopérer avec |’ Institut International d’Agriculture de Rome,
mais ne doit pas y étre englobée. De cette maniére on évitera
toute confusion 4 Végard des cotisations. La création d’un
comité tel qu'il a déja été envisagé lui semble utile.

Une fois les statuts définitivement établis, les congressistes
pourront demander ladhésion de leurs gouvernements respectifs
& Vassociation. La cotisation sera probablement assez minime
pour qu’aucun gouvernement ne refuse son’adhésion.

Comme membres du comité chargé d’étudier le projet de
M. le Dr. Volkart, M. le Dr. Johannsen propose a Yassemblée les
noms des délégués suivants :—

Comité provisoire.

M. le Professeur Showky Bakir Effendi;, M. le professeur
Bussard; M. Clark; M. Devoto; M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen;
M. le professeur Munn; M. le Dr. Voigt; M. le Dr. Volkart;
Sir Lawrence Weaver. 7

Cette proposition est adoptée ‘a l’unanimité.

Mille. Yeo prend la parole, au nom de l'Institut International
d’Agriculture de Rome. En raison de la coopération proposée
entre la nouvelle association et ]’Institut—lequel réservera aux
questions d’éssais de semences cent pages du “ International
Review of the Science and Practice of Agriculture ”—l’ Institut
de Rome I’a chargée de remettre aux congressistes des exemplaires
spécialement tirés de ses rapports et mémoires spéciaux.
Désormais, on espére pouvoir centraliser la publication des
articles, notes et rapports se référant. aux sujets agricoles, et
faire emploi de la Revue comme organe mutuel.

M. Anderson donne lecture de son mémoire, ‘ Sur l’uniformité
dans les bulletins d’essais de semences.”

152

UNIFORMITE DES RAPPORTS SUR LES ESSAIS DE SEMENCES.
PROPOSITION DE

T. ANDERSON,
Services ~Agricoles de ]’ Ecosse.

La nécessité d’une méthode uniforme d’exprimer les résultats des
analyses s’impose, afin de satisfaire aux besoins du producteur de graines
de sem nce, du cultivateur et des intermédiaires commerciaux.

Bien des objections s’opposent a l’application de formules arbitraires
pour d4terminer la valeur intrinséque, parce quu .

1. le caractére nuisible d’une impureté spécifique n’est pas le méme
dans tous les pays ou régions ;

2. il est assez difficile d’estimer jusqu’d quel point les mauvaises
herbes sont propagées par les semences ;

3. la réussite des récoltes fourragéres dépend presque entiérement d’une
culture habile et soignée, de l'utilisation d’engrais et de la combinaison
d’influences saisonniéres appropriées ;

4, influence de la disposition naturelle, ou du pays d’origine, réduit
& son minimum l’importance des impuretés contenues dans un sac de
semences.

Pour répondre aux besoins de toutes les parties intéressées, l’indication
la plus utile est celle qui a rapport aux semences pures capables de germer.
‘La proposition que je soumeéets maintenant a la Conférence est la
suivante :—Les délégués devraient s’entendre pour admettre et poser en
principe que, dans le libellé des bulletins, on supprime le résultat de
Vessai de germination, pour y substituer le pourcentage calculé de
semences pures capables de germer. ;

Les avantages réalisés en procédant ainsi sont les suivants :—

1. Le chiffre concernant les semences pures capables de germer donne
aussi approximativement que possible le pourcentage, en poids, de
semences vivantes de l’espéce fournie, au lieu du pourcentage de germina-
tion qui, si on le considére comme s’appliquant & l’échantillon entier,
comme c’est souvent le cas, entraine 4 des résultats erronés.

2. Il y aurait évidemment plus d’uniformité dans les rapports, car
les écarts entre les stations dans l’évaluation des ‘‘semences pures
capables de germer”’ sont généralement moindres que dans la déter-
mination du pourcentage de germination.

3. Le rapport donnerait une indication plus juste du caractére réel des
impuretés.

Forme de Rapport suggérée :—
Semences pures capables de germer.
Graines dures.
Graines brisées.
Graines mortes.
Glumes vides.
Impuretés (corps étrangers).
Menue paille, matiéres inertes,
Comprenant +. Graines de mauvaises herbes.
Graines utiles.

Rapport s’appliquant seulement & une séparation de
pureté.

Semences pures.
{ Graines brisées.
Non compris< Graines ratatinées.
Glumes vides.

153

Impuretés (corps étrangers).
Menue paille, matiéres inertes.
Comprenant< Graines de mauvaises herbes.
Graines utiles.

(Voir pp. 41-47 la traduction complete en langue anglaise.)

Mr. Anderson ajoute qu'il présente le point de vue du con-
sommateur. A son avis, les intéréts de ce dernier ne sont pas
suffisamment consultés par les stations de contrdle. Il se peut
que les propositions énoncées dans son mémoire s’accordent
assez difficilement avec les lois et les coutumes établies depuis
longtemps, et notamment avec les us et coutumes existant dans
le Royaume Uni. L’orateur ose cependant croire que ses propo-
sitions auraient une certaine utilité, si elles provoquaient la
création d’un comité chargé d’établir des normes et des régles
d’analyse internationales.

Si cette idée est acceptée, M. Anderson offre de fournir au
nouveau comité des explications complémentaires.

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen propose a Vassemblée de
désigner, jeudi aprés-midi, un comité chargé de discuter 4 fond
la proposition de M. Anderson.

Cette proposition est adoptée & l’unanimité.

Mr. le Dr. Buchholz donne lecture de son rapport sur la
détermination du taux d’humidité des semences.

(Voir pp. 47-51 la traduction anglaise de ce rapport, et
pp. 189-191 la version allemande).

M. Devoto déclare que ce rapport a un intérét tout spécial
pour les agriculteurs de la République Argentine, qui perdent
annuellement de fortes sommes a cause de l’humidité contenue
dans le mais. Il ajoute qu’on fait depuis cinq ans emploi, en
Argentine, de l’appareil Brown-Duval pour la détermination de
Vhumidité du mais. Cet appareil épargne du temps, mais ne
donne pas toujours des résultats exacts.

M. Brown, inventeur de ce procédé, répond qu’a lorigine il
était destiné plutét au commerce grainier. L’appareil est simple,
et l’essai ne dure qu’un quart d’heure. Pourvu que I’on ait soin
de varier la température et la durée de la dessiccation suivant
Vespéce de semences soumises a l’examen, les résultats sont
satisfaisants. L’emploi de Vappareil fait disparaitre les erreurs
causées par le broyage et la pesée de la graine.

M. le professeur Voigt dit que l’on applique en Allemagne une
température de 98° C. ou de 103° C., selon les cas. On place les
semences dans un four froid, que l’on chauffe ensuite jusqu’a
la température voulue. Le délai nécessaire pour le séchage est
compté a partir du moment ‘oli cette température est atteinte.

M. le Dr. Volkart déclare que la station d’essais de Ziirich
refuse de faire le dosage de Vhumidité quand la graine ne lui
est pas remise en récipient étanche.

154

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen dit que l’on procéde de méme
au Danemark, ot le séchage se fait pendant cing heures 4 une
température de 98° C.

Suit une discussion sur les différentes températures employées
pour le séchage, ainsi que sur le danger d’oxydation.

M. Devoto souligne qu’il ne faut pas oublier le point de vue du
marchand grainier et du cultivateur.

Séance de aprés-midi.
M. le professeur Bussard lit la communication suivante :

Dans l’énonce de la pureté des semences, ne convient-il pas d’indiquer
expressément le pourcentage en poids des graines de mauvaises herbes
et le nom de celles qui dominent dans l’échantillon d’analyse ?

Quelles sont les espéces 4 signaler comme mauvaises herbes ?

LEON BUSSARD,
Directeur Adjoint de la Station d’Essais de Semences de Paris.

Lors du Congrés de Copenhague, il y a trois ans, notre trés distingué et
trés regretté collégue, M. Bruijning, Directeur de la station de Wageningen,
aprés avoir demandé qu’on substituat le terme de grade & celui de “ valeur
culturale ” ou “‘ valeur utile,’ proposa de calculer ainsi cette valeur :

Il s’appuyait, pour justifier cette méthode de calcul, sur ce fait incon-
testable que la présence de graines de mauvaises herbes' dans un lot de
semences est beaucoup plus nuisible pour la culture que celle de matiéres
inertes, car elle a pour conséquence, non seulement de réduire la quantité
des bonnes semences, mais d’introduire dans les terres des germes de
plantes salissantes ou parasites. :

Or, le grade ou valeur’ culturale, tel: qu'il est déterminé par la formule
courante :

x 3.

Gnade = Pureté xX Facute germinative,

ne fait état que du total des impuretés, sans tenir compte de leur degré
de nocivité. Il ne donne donc qu’une mesure vhpattaits, une image
grossiére en quelque sorte, de la valeur réelle pour Ja culture du lot de
semences analysé.

La proposition de M. Bruijning suscita une longue et intéressante
discussion. Les congressistes qui y participérent furent d’accord pour
reconnaitre le bien fondé de l’observation faite par le rapporteur, mai
ils se montrérent généralement opposés & l’adoption de la formule qu’il
préconisait. Cette méthode de calcul souléve, en offet, plusieurs objec-
tions :

(1) Le coefficient 3, attribué aux mauvaises herbes, est arhitraire;
pourquoi le choisir plutét que le voefficient 2 ou le coefficient 4? ;

(2) En retranchant le pourcentage des mauvaises herbes, coefficientd
ou non, de la valeur

Pureté x Faculté germinative,
100

on fait entrer deux fois te pourcentage dans ‘le calcul du grade, puisqw il
intervient déja dans l’établissement de la pureté:

155

F (3) On ne peut donner aux mauvaises herbes banales la méme
importance chiffrée qu’aux espéces franchement nuisibles ;

(4) L’écart, souvent considérable, entre les chiffres obtenus avec
Tancienne et avec la nouvelle méthode de calcul du grade, apparait
excessif quand il résulte de la présence de graines de mauvaises herbes
banales. Par exemple, avec 5 % d’impuretés dont 2 % de Bromus mollis,
une semence de Lolium italicum germant 4 86 % donnerait, par la
méthode courante, 81:70 % de valeur culturale ou grade, et, par la
méthode hollandaise, 75-70 % seulement. ~

L’inconvénient le plus grave de ce dernier mode de calcul réside dans
ce fait qu'il serait difficilement compris des intéressés, cultivateurs ou
marchands grainiers, et que les résultats en donneraient lieu, de la part
de ceux-ci, & des interprétations erronées

Si les stations veulent ‘éviter des confusions, des contestations
possibles, il leur faut s’en tenir & la formule simple, claire, aisément
compréhensible :

Pureté x Faculté germinative
100

Cependant, pour répondre 4 la préoccupation, des plus justifiées, de
M. Bruijning, il est indispensable de compléter ce qu’a d’insuffisant
Vindication chiffrée résultant de cette formule, en faisant connaitre au
cultivateur ou au négociant la nature et la proportion des graines de
mauvaises herbes contenues dans l’échantillon d’analyse.

Ce principe admis, dans quelles limites et suivant quelles régles l’appli-
quera-t-on ?

Si trés peu d’espéces de mauvaises herbes existent dans l’échantillon,
il sera facile autant qu’utile de les énumeérer toutes.

Lorsqu’au contraire ces espéces sont nombreuses, la nomenclature
compléte n’en offrirait pas d’intérét, et l’on négligera celles dont une ou
deux graines seulement auront été rencontrées & lanalyse.

Quant au pourcentage en poids des graines adventices, on. le
déterminera (a) pour l’ensemble des différentes espéces, quand la pro-
portion de chacune d’elles est trop faible pour donner lieu & un dosage
séparé; disons, par exemple, quand elle se trouve inférieure & 0-30 %
dans le cas des petites graines, & 0-50 % dans le cas des grosses; (6)
pour chaque espéce séparément, quand ces proportions se trouveront
dépassées.

De ces données, qu’au besoin la station d’essais commentera, l’intéressé
tirera toutes conclusions utiles.

Pour lapplication des régles qui précédent, une question préjudicielle
ge pose :

Que faut-il entendre par ‘“‘ mauvaises herbes ”’ ?

A notre avis, en principe, toute plante qui n’est pas & sa place dans
une culture est une mauvaise herbe: mauvaise herbe que l’orge dans une
avoine, la minette dans l’anthyllide, le tréfle dans la luzerne ou réciproque-
ment.

Toutefois on peut donner au terme ‘‘ mauvaises herbes”’ un sens plus
restrictif, en désignant sous ce nom les seules espéces qui n’ont aucune
utilisation culturale. . On distingue alors, parmi les graines étrangéres &
Yespéce indiquée, celles qui appartiennent 4 des plantes cultivées (useful
seeds) de celles qui représentent des plantes salissantes ou nuisibles (weed
seeds or noxious seeds). C’est la Vinterprétation la plus généralement
admise, celle que nous adopterons désormais, en considérant comme
mauvaises herbes seulement les espéces spontanées ou espéces sauvages.
Nous ferons toutefois observer que la limite entre les espéces cultivées et
les espéces sauvages .est parfois inprécise. C’est ainsi que le réglement
interprétatif de la loi américaine sur l'importation des semences (Seed
Importation Act of August 24, 1912) comprend parmi les mauvaises herbes
des plantes fourragéres telles que la minette (Medicago lupulina) et
lanthyllide (Anthyllis. vulneraria).

Grade =

‘

‘ ?

156

Quelles sont les espéces de graines qu’il faut ne pas omettre de signaler
comme mauvaises herbes dans les bulletins d’analyse délivrés par les
stations d’essais ?

-Pour nous permettre de répondre 4 cette question en toute connaissance
de cause, M. Dorph-Petersen a pris.’initiative d’une enquéte consistant
dans l’envoi, aux différentes stations d’Europe et d’Amérique, d’un
questionnaire comprenant 206 espéces ou genres de ~plantes communes,
appartenant & 40 familles botaniques distinctes.

La mention suivante figurait en téte de ce questionnaire: ‘‘ Priére de
rayer les espéces que votre station ne rencontre pas, d’ajouter celles non
citées que vous considérez comme mauvaises herbes et de souligner les noms
des plantes nuisibles. Veuillez indiquer la fréquence des espéces
citées, en les notant de 1 a 5, le chiffre 1] correspondant aux plus communes
et le chiffre 5 aux plus rares.”

Trente stations nous ont retourné le questionnaire diment annoté,
En voici la nomenclature, avec la désignation des pays auxquels elles
appartiennent : .

EUROPE.

Norvége Christiania, Trondhjem.
Suede - @rebro, Malmo, Skara, Linkoping, lferndsand;

Stockholm.
Danemark - Copenhague.
Finlande - Helsinki.
Esthonie Tallinn.
Lettonie - Riga.
Russie Moscou.
Pologne Léopol.
Allemagne Hambourg, Breslau.
Pays-Bas - - Wageningen.
Ecosse - - Edimbourg. ;
Irlande - - Belfast, Dublin.
France - - Paris.
Autriche - Vienne. Z
Italie - - - Bologne, Modéne.
Roumanie Bucharest. —

AMERIQUE.

Canada -Quebec.
Etats-Unis - Wisconsin, Colorado, Virginie.

OcKANIE.
Nouvelle-Zélande Weraroa.

Aux espéces figurant au questionnaire, les stations qui viennent d’étre
citées en ont ajouté d’autres, spéciales & leurs régions respectives, de telle,
sorte que, de cette enquéte sur l’existence et la fréquence locales des
graines de mauvaises herbes, on peut tirer—nous l’avons fait nous-méme
incidemment—d ’intéressantes indications pour la détermination de l’origine
des semences. Nous signalons, en passant, ce fait & M. le Dr. Volkart, ‘qui
s'est spécialisé dans les questions de provenance, et nous mettons volontiers
les documents que nous possédons & sa disposition. ;

D’autres répons2s de stations importantes nous ont fait défaut. Celles
que nous avons regues suffisent pour baser nos conclusions. De leur
dépouillement, et du rapprochement des notes attribuées & une méme
espéce par_les différentes.stations, se dégage cette constatation, d’ailleurs
& prévoir, que trés peu d’espéces de mauvaises herbes se rencontrent avec
une fréquence & peu prés égale sur les differents points de la zone tempérée
du globe, que nous avons plus particuliérement & envisager.

Citons d’abord, comme les plus également et les plus abondamment
rspandues dans toute Europe septentrionale et moyenne, sud de la
France et nord de I’Italie compris, et jusqu’en Amérique méme :

Sinapis arvensis,
Plantago lanceolata,

157

Chenopodium album,
Rumex acetosella.

Puis, surtout européennes, avec une notation moins unitorn e:

Daucus carota,
Centaurea cyanus,
Sherardia arvensis,
Stellaria media,
Brunella vulgaris,

et des espéces, variant de l’une & l'autre contrée, des genres

Ranunculus,
Vicia,
Galium.

Il 'sémblerait done que ce sont 14 les mauvaises herbes essentielles dont
la présence, et. éventuellement le quantum, doivent étre constamment
signalés dans les bulletins d’analyse.

Pour les autres espéces, méme en envisageant des. régions géographiques
moins étendues,—par exemple, Europe septentrionale, Europe moyenne,
Europe méridionale—les notes de fréquence sont trop discordantes pour
qu’on puisse songer & prescrire uniformément Vindication de ces espéces
a Pensemble des stations de ces régions et, a plus forte raison, & toutes
les stations européennes ou extra européennes. Cela ne signifie pas
qu’elles aient, pour une région déterminée, moins importance que celles
précédemment désignées. Telle plante spontanée n’occupant qu’une
aire géographique restreinte peut étre, dans les limites de celle-ci, par-
ticuliérement redoutable pour les cultivateurs, auxquels il importe alors
que les stations indiquenit avec soin la présence des graines de'cette plante
dans les semences d’espéces cultivées. . N’est-ce. pas le cas des cuscutes,
notamment des cuscutes & grosses graines, si dangereuses pour les cultures
de Légumineuses fourragéres dans le centre et le midi de l’Europe, si peu
inquiétantes au contraire pour les contrées septentrionales ?

Est-il possible, en réalité, cde préciser les catégories de graines de
mauvaises herber que les stations d’essais doivent signaler ?

Chaque pays, chaque territoire & climat distinct, en dehors des plantes
a large expansion qu'il héberge, a ses espéces nuisibles propres; le culti-
vateur ne sera en mesure d’en éviter la propagation que si l’existence de
leurs germes dans les semences qu’il se propose d’employer lui est révélée,
par lanalyse. En France, Bromus mollis dans les semences de Graminées,
Melilotus officinalis dans celles de Légumineuses, doivent toujours stre
mentionnés.

La nomenclature des mauvaises herbes & proscrire spécialement figure
dans certains textes législatifs. Aux Etats-Unis, le réglement complé-
mentaire de la ‘‘Seed Importation Act of August 24, 1912,”’ énumére 105
espéces ou genres de plantes & classer parmi les mauvaises herbes,

Le réglement interprétatif de la “loi des semences, 1923,” du Canada,.
groupe les graines de plantes adventices en quatre catégories :

(1) mauvaises herbes dangereuses au 1* degré- 8 espéces.

(2) mauvaises herbes dangereuses au 2°" depré 22 ,,

(3) mauvaises herbes inutiles - - 8 4

(4) mauvaises herbes nuisibles, toutes les espéces non énoncées.
précédemment.

Les espéces énumérées sont évidemment celles qui intéressent par-
ticuliérement ces pays, celles dont les stations nationales, et éventuellement
les stations étrangéres, doivent tenir le plus grand.compte II en est
dans le nombre d’absolument, négligeables chez nous.

En définitive, toutes les fois qu’une graine de mauvaise herbe, quelle
qu’en soit l’espéce, figure dans un lot de semences en quantité appréciable,

158

elle doit faire l'objet, dans le bulletin d’analyse, d’une mention en nom
et en poids. Et, comme: la proportion des graines étrangéres de plantes
cultivées n’est pas non plus sans intérét, il est recommandable de présenter
comme suit les résultats de analyse de pureté (nous choisissons & dessein
un exemple compliqué; le plus souvent V’analyse’ donnera des résultats
beaucoup plus simples) :

Semences pures - - - - - - 95-54 %
Graines étrangéres— . |; _
Espéces cultivées (useful seeds).

a - - - - - - 0°60 %
b - - - - 0°36 %
0:96 %
Mauvaises herbes (weed seeds).
e - - - - 1:10 %
d - - : - - 0-40 %
e - - - - - 0:32 %
diverses - : - - - 0:18 %
2:00 %
Matiéres inertes.
Terre et pierres - - - - 0:830%
Débris végétaux (feuilles, tiges,
balles, graines brisées) - - 0:70 %
—— 1:50%
100-00 %

On pourra, le cas échéant, réunir a et b, ou c, d et e, pour une seule
pesée. Quant aux semences de plantes parasites, telles que la cuscute,
doivent étre mentionnées en nombre et non en poids.

Etablir ainsi le bulletin d’analyse ne constituera pas une innovation
pour certaines stations, qui ont depuis longtemps l’habitude de donner un
tableau complet, ou presyue, des impuretés contenues dans les échan-
tillons examinés.

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen attire Vattention de MM. les
délégués sur un rapport de la station danoise de controle sur
des recherches, faites entre les années 1896 et 1923, concernant
la dissémination et la vitalité des graines de mauvaises herbes.
(Voir pp. 221-226 la traduction allemande de ce rapport, et
pp. 124-138 la version anglaise.)

La dissémination des graines des mauvaises herbes et leur
faculté de se reproduire rapidement (vitalité) ont été si bien
établies par les recherches, qu'il est possible d’inscrire exactement
sur les bulletins d’analyse les espéces et la proportion des
mauvaises herbes dangereuses.

M. ‘le Professor Showky Bakir, MM. Bussard, Devoto, von
Degen et Kouleshoff prennent part a la discussion qui suit. Il
est proposé de faire établir la liste des mauvaises herbes les plus
redoutées, dans chaque pays membre de Il ’association. Ces
questions, et d’autres du méme genre, sont renvoyées & examen
du comité a élire le jeudi suivant.

M. le Dr. von Degen donne lecture du compte-rendu du comité
de la cuscute, élu lors du congrés de Copenhague.

159

Rapport du Comité de la Cuscute.
PAR

M. le directeur A. VON DEGEN,
chef de la Station royale de contréle des semences de Budapest.

Pour étudier la question de la cuscute, notre congrés & Copenhague
aéluun comitécomposé de MM. Vitek, Bussard, Voigt, Enesco et moi-méme
—tous représentants de pays européens ot la culture du tréfle et de la
luzerne est trés importante. Le congrés ayant décidé que ce comité
pourrait choisir son président, je fus élu par mes collégues et j’ai fait
depuis le nécessaire pour aborder la solution du probléme principal soumis
& nos études.

Ce probléme est celui de fixer—au moins d’une fagon approximative
et, en premier lieu, pour 1’Europe seulement—les limites de l’existence
de la cuscute, et de distinguer, autant que possible, entre les lieux de
croissance préférés de Cuscuta racemosa ou suaveolens et de Cuscuta trifolit.

Certains territoires européens—tels que les régions septentrionales et les
territoires situés & une certaine hauteur au-dessus du niveau de la mer—
sont exempts, ou presque exempts, de ce fléau. La cuscute introduite
artificiellement ne peut s’y acclimater et disparait rapidement.

D’autre part, nous savons également qu’il existe des régions européennes
ot. la cuscute peut s’acclimater, quoique d’une facon incertaine et peu
constante—variable selon l’absence ou la présence de la chaleur et de
la pluie pendant la végétation de cette mauvaise herbe—régions cependant
ou la présence de la cuscute peut se manifester, ou qui peuvent étre
exposées & la contagion par ’emploi de semences cuscutées provenant
de l’étranger.

Nous nous trouvons donc en présence du fait que le climat joue ici
un réle trés important.

La culture du tréfle violet et de la luzerne uniquement comme four-
rages, et leur culture pour la récolte des graines, peuvent ou bien nuire
au développement de la cuscute, ou bien la favoriser & un certain degré,
Le fauchage répété, rendu nécessaire dans le premier cas, en empéche la
croissance, et souvent méme la germination; tandis que, dans les régions
ot la récolte des graines se fait également, on laisse pousser plus longtemps
ie tréfle sans y toucher, et la cuscute a le temps de se développer plus &
Vaise. Mais le but de la culture—l’emploi comme fourrage ou pour la
récolte des graines—dépend beaucoup du climat, car la récolte des semences
de tréfle se fait invariablement dans les régions séches et chaudes, tandis
que dans celles ot la pluie est plus abondante et la température moins
élevée, le tréfle se cultive uniquement comme fourrage. La question da
climat est done également prépondérante dans ce cas.

Tandis que les pays cultivant les fourrages seulement doivent semer
de la graine étrangére, ceux qui cultivent la semence envoient annuelle-
ment 4 l’étranger une partie de leur récolte, et il n’est pas douteux qu’une
certaine quantité en est cuscutée.

Les conditions de culture existant dans les différents pays exercent
également une influence sur la propagation de la cuscute—et notamment
Yobéissance plus ou moins stricte aux réglements officiels établis pour
combattre ce fidau. Cependant, comme les méthodes d’extirpation sont
fort cotiteuses, les pays européens se contentent souvent d’empécher
Vimportation de la cuscute, en insistant sur des degrés obligatoires de
pureté pour les graines de provenance étrangére. C’est pour cette raison
méme qu’il serait trés intéressant de connaitre les limites régionales de la
cuscute.

Tl est donc également important pour les cultivateurs de fourrages, les
marchands grainiers et les stations officielles de contréle des semences
d’étre renseignés a |’égard de ces limites. Je crois ne pas me tromper en

160

disant que la question intéresse aussi |’ Amérique et devra bientét intéresser
1 Asie.

Vu son importance, je constate avec regret le peu d’intérét qu’éveillent
les travaux du comité da la cuscute. Cette apathie est probablement
causée par la confusion politique et financiére existant actuellement dans
l'Europe centrale et orientale. ;

Il ne nous a pas été possible d’obtenir des renseignements & ce sujet de
la Russie—renseignements qui auraient été d’autant plus intéressants que
la cuscute y a, dit-on, des limites régionales trés nettes, s’étendant de
Vest a louest.

L’Allemagne ne nous a pas envoyé d’indications précises, et cela sans
doute 4 cause de troubles politiques prolongés. Tous les efforts de M. le
professeur Voigt ont échoué. :

En ce qui concerne la France, M. le professeur Bussard déclare que
Cuscuta trifolit n’a pas de limites régionales, mais que cette mauvaise
herbe est répandue dans tout le pays. Cuscuta racemosa ou suaveolens,
au contraire, n’existe que dans certains territoires dont le nombre et
V’étendue varient chaque année selon les conditions climatiques. Tl
est trés difficile de fixer les limites de ces territoires dont la distribution
n’est pas réguliére. M. le professeur Bussard ajoute qu’il est impossible
d’établir les limites de la cuscute en France sans faire d’autres enquétes
plus approfondies.

La Roumanie ne m’a pas envoyé de détails. J’ai exposé 4 M. le
professeur Enesco notre systéme de questions pour fixer les limites de
croissance de la cuscute, mais sa réponse me manque encore.

Tl on est de méme pour la Tchécoslovaquie. J’ai le regret de vous dire
que je n’ai pas pu prendre contact avec M. le directeur Vitek.

C’est M. le Dr. A Volkart (Suisse) qui m’a fait parvenir les renseigne-
ments les plus importants 4 cet égard, renseignements admirablement
présentés. I] parait qu’en Suisse, de ce cdté des Alpes, ce n’est que
C. trifolii qui joue un réle plus ou moins important, et cela dans la courbe
pluviale de 1000 mm. Dans les régions ow il tombe plus de pluie, son
influence n’est pas néfaste. Pendant les saisons séches et chaudes, la
cuscute fait plus de dégdts et produit une grande quantité de graines
mires, lesquelles souillent de leurs germes les terres qui les recoivent, et
cela pendant plusieurs années. Le mal décroit pendant les’saisons humides.

La cuscute pousse cependant toujours 4 certains endroits, méme dans
les régions, ot: par suite du systéme d’assolement, l’on a lhabitude de ne
récolter que chaque 4 ou 5 ans les fourrages mixtes de tréfle et de graminées.
Ses dégats ne sont nulle part importants. Le tréfle pousse trés abon-
damment en Suisse, ce qui empéche le développement de la cuscute.

Dans les cantons de Vaud et de Genéve, ainsi que dans le Valais, la
cuscute est plus nuisible qu’ailleurs. Dans le Tessin, la pluie, plus
abondante, facilite la croissance du tréfle et empéche celle de la cuscute.
Le Tessin ne posséde augune zone ov il ne tombe pas 1000 mm. de pluie.
C. racemosa ne croit que d’une facon isolée en Suisse, tandis que C. arvensis
Beyr. semble y étre inconnue.

La ligne isohyéte de 1000 mm. est donc une ligne trés importante,
car elle représente probablement la ligne de limite de croissance de la
cuscute.

Une autre ligne délimitatrice est la ligne isohypse de 800m. M. le
Dr. J. V. Szyszylowicz, de Lemberg, l’a signalée en premier lieu 4 l’occasion
de la conférence d’essais de semences de Hambourg (Jahresb. der Ver.
f. angew. Bot., W. 1907; 298). Il n’est pas douteux que les conditions
climatiques existant & cette hauteur jouent ici un réle important. Ceci
est confirmé par nos observations d’avant-guerre, faites au nord-est de la
Grande Hongrie, dans les foréts des Carpathes. En raison des pluies
abondantes, les graines de tréfle récoltées dans cette région furent
relativement pures, bien qu’une grande quantité de cuscute eut poussé.

Vers la fin de la guerre, d’importantes quantités de semences de
tréfle trés cuscutées (C. racemosa) furent expédiées de Hongrie en Baviére.
Autant que je le sache, cette cuscute ne s’est pas acclimatée en Baviére,

161

et cela sans doute parce que les régions .ensemencées avec le tréfle en
question sont au-dessus du niveau de la limite de la cuscute. . Les
conditions existant dans l’Autriche actuelle sont probablement les mémes
qu’en Suisse et en Baviére.

En ce qui regarde les effets de la cuscute dans les limites ee de
la Hongrie actuelle, il faut croire que tout le pays en est infecté. Comme
il est entiérement situé dans les lignes limites de la cuscute, cette mauvaise
herbe peut se a age sur son territoire entier, et si elle ne le fait pas
partout, c’est grice & des mesures de préservation et de destruction
énergiques.

Ce territoire contient—je ne l’ignore pas—des régions avoisinant, en
Hongrie occidentale, les frontiéres de la Styrie et de l’Autriche, ov ‘il
tombe annuellement 800 mm. de pluie, et ot le tréfle pousse peu médlangé
de cuscute. A lest de ce territoire et jusqu’au Danube, la moyenne
annuelle des pluies est de 700 mm.; engore plus 4 Vest, elle va diminuant,
n’atteignant plus qu’une moyenne de 600 et 500 mm. Toutes ces régions
sont situées entre les lignes limites des cuscutes.

En un mot, il me semble qu’en Hongrie les lignes limites de la cuscute
sont tracées un peu au-dessous de la ligne pluviale de 1000 mm.

En ce qui regarde les limites de la cuscute en Angleterre, le journal
officiel (Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Vol. 30, 1923; 38-41),
contient le renseignement important que Cuscuta trifoli n "existe pas en
Ecosse, que sa présence est rare au nord de la riviére Trent et jusqu’aux
frontiéres de l’Ecosse, mais qu’elle devient plus fréquente dans les comtés
qui se rapprochent du sud et de lest de l’Angleterre.

Impossible d’ignorer le rapport existant entre Péteridue de la: ligne
de croissance de la cuscute et le volume annuel des pluies. Le chiffre
s’en éléve & 700 ou 800 mm. au sud et & l’est de l’Angleterre, & 800, 900,
et 1000 mm. a l’ouest, et &4 une moyenne encore plus élevée. au nord: de la
riviére Trent. Cuscuta racemosa ne s’est acclimatée nulle part en Grande
Bretagne.

Je regrette de ne pas pouvoir vous fournir des renseignements plus
copieux et plus précis, comme résultat des enquétes de mon comité.: Je
suis cependant d’avis que la solution du probléme est intimement liée 4
la possibilité de fixer les limites climatiques, et que méme les données
peu précises que nous possédons actuellement peuvent, faute de mieux,
nous étre utiles dans l’appréciation du danger qu “oft la présence de la
cuscute.

Je termine en vous soumettant les propositions suiventes : ;

1°. Que la période d’existence du comité do la cuscute soit
prolongée par le Congrés ;

2°. Que le comité poursuive ses recherches au gujet des limites
climatiques mentionnées ci-dessus, ainsi que sur les lignes isohyétes
et isohypses, et—dans la mesure du possible—les lignes isothéres ;.

3°. Qu’il serait utile d’aborder la question des limites de la
cuscute par voie d’expériences.

L’expérience la plus intéressante serait de cultiver la cuscute, en
premier lieu dans les régions considérées comme en étant exemptes, et
secondement, dans celles ot elle n’existe presque pas,

Les trois veux émis par ce comité sont adopteés.

M. le Professeur Johannsen propose l’élection de MM. Brown,
Devoto et Kouleshoff comme membres correspondants du
comité de la cuscute. Ces messieurs acceptent et sont élus.

Mercredi, 9 juillet ; 10 h.
M.-le professeur Voigt lit son rapport “Sur des méthodes
d’essais de germination.”

(Voir pp. 192-194 le rapport in extenso en langue allemande.)
#% 23301 F

162
Resumé frangais.

Depuis notre congrés & Copenhague, Tintérét pour les questions de

physiologie de la germination des semences a bien augmenté. Spéciale-
ment les travaux de Mm. Merkenschlager (‘‘Keimungsphysiologische Pro-
bleme’’) et Boas et de différents auteurs donnent des idées trés modernes
sur la résistance des différentes semences contre les forces determinant et
retardant la germination, et pas seulement les forces mécaniques, mais
aussi les forces chimiques et physico chimiques. Les résultats de
M. Popoff augmentant de rendement des blés et Veffet des fungicides
Uspulun et Germisan procédent des mémes idées. Hélas! a mon avis,
le moment n’est pas encore venu d’introduire ces méthodes dans les
essais pratiques de germination. .
_. D’autre part, il y a des études faites en collaboration par les stations
de Ziirich et de Hohenheim (Pinus Strobus) et d’autres & Copenhague
(Pinus Strobus) et & Hambourg (Anthoxanthum Puelii, Festuca ovina,
Aira flexuosa, Cynosurus cristatus), qui sont directement utilisables pour
la pratique.

Néanmoins les deux enquétes faites pendant les derniéres années par
Copenhague ont donné des résultats assez congruents et par consequent
il:ne parait pas nécessaire d’introduire des régles nouvelles.

M. le professeur Voigt fait circuler parmi les congressistes des
exemplaires de sa communication au congres de Copenhague
intitulée ‘‘ Directives pour les essais de germination.”

(Voir pages 86 et 88 des Comptes rendus du Congrés de
Copenhague en 1921.)

_ Une longue discussion s’engage au sujet de ces directives.
Les questions s’y rapportant sont renvoyées 4 l'étude du comité
& élire.

_M. le Dr. Franck donne communication de ses ‘“‘ Recherches
sur les germinations 4 basse température”’ (la traduction en
langue anglaise de ce rapport se trouve pp. 59-75 du présent
compte rendu). ;

Résumé francais.
1°. En la comparant avec la méthode alternante ordinaire (de 20° &
30°) et avec d’autres méthodes, on constate que la méthode alternante
avec emploi de l’appareil Jacobsen (placé dans un local exposé au nord)
& une température de 11° & 26°, conduit & lobtention d’une germination
plus élevée et plus constante dans le cas de diverses espéces de semences.

«, 2° Une température de 10° Centigrades est excellente. Elle permet
spresque toujours d’obtenir la germination maxima pour les céréales
hollandaises incomplétement mires (& l’exception de Porge), et pour
quelques autres espéces de semences.

Il arrive rarement que la germination soit retardée par cette tem-
pérature basse. Quand cela se produit, il suffit: d’un séchage intensif
‘pendant 5 & 7 jours, & une température de 35°, pour amener les semences
‘a l’exceéption de l’orge—a une germination normale. i ’

‘3°. La meilleure température pour faire germer les semences d’agré-
ment, agricoles ou potagéres, est une température basse et constante de
10°, ou bien une température alternante de 10° & 20° Grace a lemploi
‘Vune machine frigorifique A.S., les thermostats bien isolés peuvent
atteindre et conserver, avec une constance suffisante, une température
de.10° Centigrades.

’

163

M. le Dr. von Degen fait observer que la méthode de M. le
Dr. Franck ne peut étre employée que dans les pays dont les
conditions de climat rappellent celles de la Hollande. Aveé
un climat comme celui de la Hongrie, il ne peut étre question
pour les semences indigénes que de graines complétement miires ;
Vemploi de températures alternantes est nécessaire, au contraire,
pour les graines de betterave de provenance allemande.

M. le.professeur Bussard dit qu’il y a lieu de tenir compte de
la teneur en eau, en ce qui concerne les semences de céréales
récoltées par temps humide, sous les climats froids. De telles
sa aa germent généralement mieux aprés dessiccation arti-

cielle.

M. Anderson pense que l’expression ‘‘ maturation retardée ”
n’exprime pas l’état véritable des céréales. L’orge est toujours
décortiquée, & sa station, pour donner satisfaction au commerce
grainier; l’expérience démontre que cette opération en active,
en effet, la germination.

M. Clark dit qu’au Canada, il arrive souvent que la semence
est atteinte par la gelée. On la séche alors dix jours sous verre.
Afin de savoir si la graine est encore capable de germer, on la
seme ensuite dans de la terre soigneusement stérilisée et préparée &
cet effet. —

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen se référe & son rapport
intitulé ‘“‘ Recherches sur les céréales incomplétement mires,”
dont le texte anglais figure pp. 76-82. ‘
Séance de Vaprés-midi.
Visite de V Ecole Wagriculture de l Université de Cambridge.

Les représentants des marchands grainiers et des cultivateurs
assistent & la séance. Sir Lawrence Weaver et M. le directeur
Dorph-Petersen leur. souhaitent la bienvenue, au nom du Congrés
et de |’ Association européenne des stations d’essais de semences.
M. E. G. Bell les remercie au nom du Congrés international des
marchands grainiers et de I’Association des marchands grainiers
britanniques. :

Sir Lawrence Weaver prie M. le Dr. Volkart de lire son rapport
sur “‘ La détermination des provenances établie par l’ Association.”

(La texte anglais de ce rapport est inseré pp. 83-97.)

Conclusions,

1. Les résultats de l’examen de diverses séries d’échantillons de tréfle
violet de provenances différentes d’aprés le procédé proposé au nom du
congrés international d’essais de.'semences’ & Copenhague, démontrent
qu’il est possible d’arriver par cette voie & des descriptions exactes et
authentiques des provenances. Ces recherches seront donc 4 continuer.

2..I] est absolument nécessaire d’exécuter. ces recherches et. de publier
leurs résultats d’aprés un seul plan afin que ceux-ci soient comparables
entre eux et puissent, étre utilisés facilement. ;

164

-3. Comme par le passé, examen d’une provenance. donnée doit étre
la ‘tache de l’établissement.du pays originaire. Cet établissement recueillera
les échantillons et les examinera d’aprés le plan uniforme. La publication
détaillée est réservé a cet établissement.

4, Le quatriéme congrés international d’essais de semences & Cambridge
désignera un bureau central, par lequel ces pecherchee seront encouragées
et aidées. La tache de ce bureau sera ‘ whe

(a) de développer et d’unifier les méthodes de recherche ;-
(b) d’instruire et d’aider.les établissements y participant ;
(c) de publier de courts résumés des résultats de ces recherches,
_ de les interpréter et de les distribuer aux membres de l'association ;
1. . (d) de poursuivre ces recherches pour les: pays dans lesquels les
; établissements de contréle des semences sont hors d'état de les
exécuter eux-mémes ;
(e) @’examiner les groupes d’espéces qui ont une importance
“ particuliére pour la détermination de la provenance, de publier les
earactéres distinctifs et de distribuer des specimens authentiques
de graines de ces espéces aux établissements prenen part aux
recherches ;
(f) d’organiser et d’administrer une collection wentrale (propriété
de l'association) de tous les résultats individuels de l’examen des
différents échantillons d’une méme provenance. :

_§. L’association fixera une somme annuelle pour les travaux de ce
bureau et le comité de l’association accordera en outre des subventions
suffisantes pour les recherches spéciales qui deviendraient nécessaires. _ .

Sir Lawrence Weaver complimente M. le Dr. Volkart pour son
remarquable exposé et exprime ses regrets qu’il ne puisse con-
tinuer, au profit de l’association, ses travaux sur la détermination
des provenances.

M. le Dr. Volkart attire Vattention de l’assemblée sur un
rapport concernant la provenance dressé: par M. Tryti, de
Christiania.

ven pp. 97-98 de la section anglaise.)

“M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen fait observer qu’a Copenhague,
comme & Christiania, on s’est rendu compte du fait que la présence,
dans un lot de semences, de débris végétaux et de débris minéraux
offre des renseignements précieux sur la provenance. La détermi-
nation exacte est difficile, lorsqu ‘il s’agit de mélanges de graines
de : diverses provenances.

M. Edgar Brown présente, en anglais, un rapport sur la évalua-
tion de semences dures.

Evaluation des Graines Dures.
PAR
M. EDGAR BROWN, de Washington.

Les - ‘graines dures se trouvent notamment chez les semences des
légumineuses n’absorbant pas facilement l’eau dans les conditions normalés
de germination—telles que Melilotus, Vicia, Medicago et Trifolium.

165

La valeur de récolte des graines dures dépend des conditions d’en-
semencement. Par exemple, quand Crocker ensemenga.de la graine
dure de Melilotus aux mois de décembre et d’avril, 72 % de la premiére
partie germa au mois de juin, ainsi que 2 % de la seconde partie.

L’institut d’essais agricoles d’lowa arriva au méme résultat avec
de la semence de Melilotus exposée alternativement au gel et au dégel.

Harrington signale qu’une faible proportion de graines dures de
Trifolium et de Melilotus a germé rapidement pendant la saison chaude,
mais une quantité relativement importante pendant Vhiver.

En ce qui regarde Trifolium pratense et: Melilotus, il y a une différence
assez grande entre les graines dures et non dures; cette ditteterice n vest
‘pas aussi grande pour Medicago sativa et Vicia villosa.

Nos connaissances en cette matiére ne sont pas complétes, et la question
a la meilleure méthode d’évaluer les graines dures doit étre étudiée &
ond.

Je suis heureux de pouvoir vous dire que, s -inspirant sans. doute du
bel exemple donné par le magnifique Institut de botanique agricole
britannique, les marchands grainiers américains ont distribué—par
VPintermédiaire du Conseil national de recherches- des Etats-Unis—
les fonds nécessaires pour des recherches au sujet de la valeur. agricole
des graines dures. Nous nous attendons & de bons résultats pratiques.

Bvaluation des graines dures en Amérique.—Cette question n’entre pas
dans Vapplication du réglement actuel sur Vimportation , des semences
étrangéres, attendu que la loi des Etats-Unis exige uniquement Vindication
des graines viables.

Le réglement de presque tous les états des Etats-Unis exige Vindieation
du pourcentage de germination. Quelques ‘états indiquent donc ‘les
graines dures, d’autres une proportion seulement,. d'autres encore n’en
font pas mention. -. a Lf

Notre association sonia a adopté la norme suivante pour le plombage
des sacs :— :

‘*En mentionnant le chiffre de germination des graines agnex
des légumineuses (dont une partie reste dure aprés l’essai), il faut
indiquer le pourcentage véritable de sas: ainsi que celui
des graines restées dures.”

Vu l'état actuel de nos connaissances au sujet de la valeur des graines
dures pour la culture, les autorités américaines sont d’avis que cette
indication est plus utile au fermier a se qnelle ‘évaluation
arbitraire. Be

Tl est important, en ce qui regarde usigués. espéces de semences,
d’entamer le tegument des graines, afin de les faire germer plus rapidement
en terre.

Harrington a signalé une bonne méthode, qui consiste 4 passer la
semence—aprés le battage—dans un appareil spécial.

En ce qui regarde les semences brisées, nous n’en faisons pas beaucoup
de cas aux Fitats-Unis, & exception de Trifolium incarnatum. Nous
observons cependant la régle suivante de notre association nationale :—

‘‘Les graines des légumineuses ne germent pas, si les deux
cotylédons sont brisés net.”

Avant de terminer, je veux souligner l’importance extréme des re-
cherches agricoles, en raison de la valeur universelle de l’agriculture.

Le commerce grainier dépend uniquement de Vagriculture. Vous
la servez, MM. les marchands grainiers, et c’est & elle que vous devez
tout! Payez donc de bonne grace votre contribution, pour venir en
aide aux recherches agricoles.

Et j’ose vous dire—& vous, MM. les chefs des stations d’essais et
analystes—que vous dépensez trop de votre énergie sur la routine, et pas
assez sur les questions biologiques de premiére importance, bases des

@ 23301 F3

166

essais de semences et de l’agriculture méme. Ne vous contentez pas de
savoir comment vous poursuivez vos travaux; consacrez vous ardemment
aux recherches, qui seules vous en expliqueront la raison !

_ M. David Bell déclare que, comme cultivateur, il n’entame
jamais le tégument des graines dures, mais que, comme marchand
grainier, il doit le faire pour le commerce.

‘Tl a fait Vexpérience de semer de la graine de tréfle blanc
sauvage contenant plus de 30 pour cent de graines dures, et il a
obtenu d’excellents résultats.

M. Lafferty donne des détails sur quelques expériences faites
par la station de Dublin, pour établir le degré de faculté germi-
native des graines dures. Les essais, qui ont duré dix ans, ont
démontré qu’environ 50 pour cent des graines dures contenues
dans de la semence de tréfle rouge germaient aprés trois ans.
La germination devient plus lente ensuite; aprés dix années
d’essai, toutes les graines dures n’avaient. pas encore germé.
En coupant la pointe des graines restées dures, et en les remettant
immédiatement au germoir, il a obtenu la germination de la
plupart en peu de jours. En faisant des essais paralléles avec
des graines dures de tréfle, la moitié étant mises en germination
au laboratoire et autre moitié semée dans des pots 4 fleurs
placés dans une serre froide, M. Lafferty a pu constater qu’une
proportion plus grande de ces graines avait germé dans le sol
qu’au germoir. Il est d’avis que les bulletins d’analyse ne doivent
énoncer que la proportion des graines dures contenues dans
Véchantillon d’analyse. C’est au cultivateur d’en déterminer
la valeur.

M. Brown dit que des essais faits aux Etats-Unis ont démontré
que, dés qu’on en coupe la pointe, la graine dure peut germer,
méme aprés un séjour de vingt ans dans le sol.

M. Devoto fait observer qu’en Argentine, on considére que
50 pour cent des graines dures sont capables de germer.

M, le professeur Bussard et M. le Dr. von Degen admettent
que toutes les graines dures sont en état de germer.

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen présente des exemplaires
dactylographiés de ses observations sur le rapport de M. Brown,
ainsi que d’une brochure intitulée “Combien de temps les
** semences de diverses espéces peuvent-elles garder leur faculté
“* germinative ?’’ Cette derniére donne les résultats d’essais faits
avec des lots de semences emmagasinés dans des conditions
variées de température et d’humidité. Ces essais ont prouvé.que
le contenu en graines dures de semences de tréfle violet, de tréfle
jaune et de lotier corniculé a été souvent beaucoup plus élevé
dans les lots conservés dans des piéces chaudes et séches (chauffage
central 4 18° C.), que dans ceux gardés dans des piéces fraiches,
humides.

Etant donné qu’on brise souvent la graine en la coupant,
M. Dorph-Petersen est d’avis que la graine dure doit étre

167

considérée comme apte 4 germer si la proportion contenue dans
Je lot considéré n’est pas sensiblement plus élevée que la pro-
portion admise comme normale pour l’espéce. Les expériences
faites ont démontré que c’est la semence de luzerne qui garde le
plus longtemps sa faculté germinative, et que les graines dures
sont presque toujours capable de germer, pourvu qu’on les
coupe.

M. Brown constate que toute assistance lui semble d’avis que
les graines dures sont capables de germer.

Aprés le thé, le rapport de MM. Pammer-et Schindler (Vienne)
sur les semences dures et les graines brisées est présenté &
assistance par M. le Dr. Voigt.

(Voir pp. 102-105 la traduction anglaise de ce rapport. La
version allemande se trouve pp. 200-203).

M. Lafferty critique le dernier paragraphe de ce rapport—ot
il est dit que la plante n’est pas sensée étre viable si'ses deux
cotylédons sont brisés. Les expériences faites par sa station
ont prouvé qu’une graine peut germer malgré la mutilation des
-cotylédons pourvu que le germe soit intact.

M. le professeur Voigt donne au tableau noir une démonstration
de sa thése, que la possibilité de germination dépend du point ot
la semence est mutilée.

. M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen et M. Anderson sont tous deux
davis que les semences brisées doivent étre considérées comme
“mortes,” et M. Lafferty leur donne raison au sujet de la vita-
lité trés minime de ces semences. a

M. Fleischner (délégué tchécoslovaque au congrés des mar-
chands grainiers) et M. le Dr. Chmelar traitent la question au
point de vue commercial. Ils sont d’avis que les bulletins
d’analyse doivent non seulement indiquer le pourcent des graines
dures en état de germer contenues dans un échantillon, mais
énoncer également celui de toutes les graines dures. ‘

M. Devoto pense que la graine se brise souvent 4 cause d’une
sécheresse trop grande, et M. Lafferty que la cause en est une
tension interne anormale de l’embryon au germoir.

M. le Dr. Voigt prévoit la nécessité—en raison des opinions
divergentes qui se manifestent & ce sujet—de créer une norme
internationale pour lévaluation des graines dures. En Europe,
les semences brisées ont peu d’importance. Il partage l’opinion
de M. Devoto au sujet de leur cause.

Le comité de neuf membres élu le mardi précédent se
réunit dans la soirée pour une longue séance. Il dresse le
projet de statuts de l’Association internationale de contrdle, et
s’occupe d’autres questions importantes se rattachant a ce sujet.

168
Jeudi, 10 juillet ; 10 h.

M. le Dr. Chmela* donne lecture de son mémoire sur la
détermination de Videntité botanique des variétés dans. les
laboratoires et les champs d’expériences.

DETERMINATION DE L’IDENTITE BOTANIQUE DES VARIETES
DANS LES LABORATOIRES ET LES CHAMPS D’EXPERIENCES,

PAR
Dr. F. CHMELAR, Brown.

L’importance de la garantie de Videntité botanique et de la pureté
des variétés, ainsi que la nécessité de déterminer tous les caractéres qui
les distinguent lune de l’autre, dans les laboratoires et dans les champs,
s’accroissent avec le développement de l’intensité de la culture des plantes
et avec l’emploi de plus en plus fréquent des variétés sélectionnées.

La révision des semences et la détermination de lidentité d’origine
des variétés usuelles ciaus un grand nombre des états européens exige
l’établissement de Vauthenticité et de la pureté des variétés dans les
cultures et aussi dans ies échantillons de graines, de bulbes, de tuber-
cules, ete., envoyés aux différents instituts.

En outre, cette détermination est exigée eine on a i établir lidentité
d’origine des variétés sélectionnées destinées 4 lexportation (Tehéco-
slovaquie, anemurk).

Les méthodes dont on se sert pour établir l’identité botanique des
variétés ne sont pas encore étudiées & fond, vu que les signes les plus
frappants donnant la garantie d’une bonne récolte et d’une qualité satis-
faisante attirent surtout l’attention des sélectionneurs, tandis qu’il importe
souvent aussi d’observer les caractéres pratiquement insignifiants. |

Un bon moyen de détermination des variétés de betteraves
sucriéres et fourragéres ést lobservation de la couleur des germes
développés & la température de 15° C.,& la lumiére diffuse, au bout
de deux semaines (Pieper). La détermination de la couleur des
germes et notamment des formes intermédiaires est facilitée par l’emploi
des filtres chromatiques (Vitek). Pour établir la richesse saccharine
des racines, ilfaut analyser au moins trois fois de suite 40 betteraves
développées .en culture normale et se servir d’une quantité de jus
quatre fois plus grande que normalement, si lon doit établir la
richesse saccharine exactement & 0-1 % (Méthode de la Station de
recherches sucriéres de Prague). En Danemark (Hallquist), on suit une
méthode analogue pour déterminer la couleur des racines d’aprés la couleur
des germes des cruciféres.

Un excellent moyen pour déterminer les différentes variétés de pomme
de terre, c’est Vobservation de la coloration de l’extrémité des germes ayant
poussé & la lumiére diffuse (Snell), ou bien l’observation de la couleur des
germes développés & Vobseurité (Vilmorin). Récemment, on aconstaté que
la grosseur ‘des grains d’amidon (Parow), établie par la méthode Linder,
est un caractére de variété.. Si l’on doit déterminer la variété dans
les champs, il faut constater non seulement les qualités des tubercules,
mais encore de la plante toute entiére. En ce qui concerne les tubercules,
il importe surtout d’observer la forme, la couleur de la peau et celle
de la chair et des yeux. Quant au plant : la hauteur, l’épaisseur et
la couleur de la tige. Pour ce qui est des feuilles: la forme,
la couleur des folioles, la position de la foliole terminale, la forme de la
pointe, la couleur du_pétiole, la coalescence des folioles et des foliolules.
Pour l’inflorescence: la quantité de fleurs, les bractées, la forme et la
longueur des pointes des sépales du calice, la grandeur et la couleur de
la corolle, ainsi que des fleurs 4 corolle double et enfin la position des
ehaeeinne et du pistil.

169

La détermination des variétés de blé est la plus difficile, parce qu’elles
sont trés nombreuses et qu’il faut trés souvent discerner des variétés
peu différentes ou ne présentant que des différences biologiques.
La détermination des variétés de froment s’obtient- par l’observation
des différents degrés de coloration des grains (péricarpe) produite
aprés 6 heures par la préparation oxybenzine-mercuri-chlorure (chloro-
phénol mercureux) n° 778 dans la solution de 1 °%, aprés trempage
préalable de 27 heures (Méthode Pieper), J’ai suivi cette méthode
en ‘établissant les différences de 61 variétés d’origine tchécoslovaque
et j'ai pu constater que ces différences étaient considérables. Le
trempage dans l’eau distillée s’est manifesté comme le meilleur. J’ai
aussi constaté que la coloration des coléoptiles des germes de froment est
un moyen trés précieux dans les travaux de laboratoire.

De ces 61 variétés que j’ai observées, ont eu la coléoptile

colorée en rouge-brun — - : e s Baers
incolore : - - - - - - 33
colorée seulement sur quelques-uns de grains - 17

En ce qui concerne le grain de froment, il est trés bon de connaitre
aussi la longueur des poils des grains et le nombre de rangées des cellule;
a membrane épaisse, semblables aux cellules épidermiques de la couche
centrale du péricarpe (Kondo). ;

Si Pon veut discerner les types @ et c de l’orge penchée (H. dist.
nutans), il faut vonstater, microscopiquement, si les poils sont & une (type a)
ou bien & deux et méme & plusieurs cellules (type c). Sil s’agit de l’crge,
il est aussi bon de constater les formes des grains dans la position latérale
et s'il s’agit des variétés d’orge & 6 rangs, il convient d’établir la plus
grande largeur des grains (Holmgaard). La meilleure détermination de
Vavoine se fait sur le grain externe et ce qui nous aide ici, c’est aussi la
coloration des premiéres feuilles des germes (Holmgaard).

Je n’ai énuméré que quelques signes plus marquants et plus souvent

utilisés. Si lon ‘est obligé de déterminer les variétés dans les champs,
on doit constater tous les caractéres et en donner une description
détaillée,
' Pour faciliter davantage la détermination, il importe non seulement
d’avoir des collections de semences, d’épis, de tubercules, de racines
et des herbiers de feuilles, d’inflorescences, mais aussi de fonder des
jardins d’essais de variétés. La matiére & observer doit étre prise,
il est vrai, directement chez les sélectionneurs, et il faut cultiver les plantes
en culture normale, dans le but d’en avoir l’aspect normal. Pour
bien connaitre les qualités biologiques des plantes, il faut faire des essais
plusieurs années de suite.

Il sera nécessaire que l’Union européenne des stations d’essais de
semences étende l’unification et Vétude des méthodes et des norines
usuelles & la détermination de Videntité, de la pureté, éventuellement
de la qualité des variétés.

Il faudra ensuite qu’il existe une échange réciproque entre les diverses
stations, des matiéres observées provenant des jardins d’essais de variétés
et qu’il existe entre elles une sorte de communication mutuelle des descrip-
tions des diverses variétés, comme c’est déj& le cas entre les directions
des jardins botaniques.

(Voir pp. 204-215 le texte en langue allemande).

Une discussion s’engage sur les diverses fagons de déterminer
Videntité des variétés de plantes: méthodes biologiques, bio-
métriques, morphologiques, pathologiques, physico-chimiques,
et enfin ce que M. le délégué polonais nomme la méthode de
Bertilion. : :

M. le professeur Showky Bakir fait Véloge de la méthode
pathologique, et M. le professeur Kuleschoff donne une démon-

‘170

stration de la maniére dont sa station établit la différence entre
le froment d’hiver et le froment d’été, ce dernier ayant des
plantules velues.

M. le directeur Dorph-Petérsen expose les travaux de la station
de contréle danois relatifs & ce sujet, et se référe 4 deux brochures
rédigées en langue anglaise — l’une intitulée “ Danish Experiments
in Plant Culture and Details concerning the Trade in Controlled
Danish Seed,” et lautre “Some prominent Danish Varieties
and Strains of Agricultural Plants’’—dont il distribue des
exemplaires aux congressistes. Il propose la création d’un
comité spécial s’occupant des questions soulevées par le rapport
de M. le Dr. Chmelar.

M. le professeur Kuleschoff présente un rapport contenant des
tableaux de normes de germination de diverses plantes, et demande
un réglement international 4 ce sujet.

Nota.—Deux rapports rédigés par M. le professeur Kuleschoff,
et traduits en anglais sous les titres ‘‘ Programme and Organ-
isation of and Results obtained by the Harkoff Seed-Testing
and Control Station,” et ‘A Brief Sketch of the Development
and present Conditions of Seed Control in the Ukraine,” seront
publiés & Rome dans le journal “ The International Review of the
Science and Practice of Agriculture,” ainsi qu’un compte-rendu
de M. le professeur Issatchenko sur ‘“‘ Les Essais de Semences en
Russie.”

_ M. Brown exprime le voeu de voir établir un réglement
international concernant lVuniformité des essais. On pourrait,
en le prenant pour base, rédiger une formule de contrat dont
la clause d’arbitrage indiquerait la station officielle d’essais
du pays d’importation comme arbitre, en cas de désaccord.

MM le professeur Munn donne lecture d’un rapport sur les
travaux de ]’Association des analystes officiels de ) Amérique
du Nord, dont voici le résumé en francais : —

Résumé de quelques questions importantes contenues dans le
rapport de M. Munn.

Les autorités compétentes ont maintenant l’habitude, aux Etats-Unis,
de donner aux meilleurs laboratoires s’occupant de analyse des semences,
un certificat officiel d’une grande importance. I] est basé sur (a) l’entraine-
ment de l’analyste; (b) Poutillage du laboratoire; (c) la valeur de
son travail démontrée par les essais; et (d) la nécessité, pour l’analyste,
de consacrer tout son temps aux essais et analyses de semences.

Les essais comparés des différentes stations ont donné deux résultats.
trés importants—ils ont mis les analystes en contact avec les meilleures
méthodes d’essai, et ils ont établi la limite des écarts ou variations des
semences.

Les essais ont démontré également qu’avee un produit aussi biologique
que la, semence, ce sont, au point de vue de Vanalyse, le talent et la science
qui l’emportent sur l’excellence de l’outillage. I] faut cependant combiner
Vyn et autre.

Les analystes américains appliquent les régles établies par l’association
officielle, lesquelles subissent de temps & autre-un changement. Ce

171

changement y est toujours apporté par un comité spécial de recherches.
On emploie, d’aprés ce réglement, les méthodes continentales.

Une analyse compléte pour la pureté doit indiquer, pour chaque lot
examiné :—

1° Semences pures ;

2° Matiéres inertes ;

3° Graines de mauvaises herbes ;

4° Graines d’autres plantes cultivées.

_ _Les membres de l'association américaine poursuivent des recherches
indépendantes, mais ils en exécutent également avec l’aide del’ Association
des recherches. Nous étudions les problémes suivants :—

1° Graines dures;

2° Maladies propagées par la semence ;

3° Influence de la gelée sur les plantes ;

4° Désinfection des semences ;

5° Longévité ;

6° Etudes biologiques et physiologiques servant de bases aux

méthodes d’essai actuelles.

(Voir pp. 110-112 le rapport en langue anglaise.)

M. le Dr. Gentner fait une communication trés intéressante
sur la determination des maladies des plantes transmettre par
les semences, avec de nombreuses et remarquables projections.

(Voir pp. 216-217 le rapport en allemand, et pp. 113-114 la
traduction en langue anglaise.)

M. le professeur Showky Bakir fait part au congrés des grands
dégats causés dans les cultures de coton en Egypte par la Gleichia
gossypella. Il explique les différentes méthodes dont on a fait
usage pour combattre ce fléau, méthodes presque entiérement
abandonnées pour celle du régulateur automatique.

L’orateur fait circuler des spécimens d’insectes et de photo-
graphies, en demandant la coopération de ]’Association inter-
nationale pour la destruction du parasite.

Séance de Vaprés-midi, 14.30 h.

Sir Lawrence Weaver présente au congrés le projet de statuts
de l’Association internationale. Ce projet est accepté article
par article, sauf quelques changements de forme.

Statuts de “‘l’Association Internationale d’Essais de Semences.’’

1. Designation et But.—Sous le nom d’Association internationale
d’Essais de Semences (‘‘ Internationale Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle’—
‘International Seed Testing Association I.8.T.A.”’)—il est eréé une
union des stations officielles de contréle des semences, dont le siége légal
se trouve au lieu de résidence du président. Cette association a pour
but de faire progresser |’étude de toutes les questions concernant l’analyse
et l’appréciation des semences. Elle s’efforce d’atteindre ce but—

(a) par des essais comparatifs et des recherches propres &
déterminer lobtention de résultats d’analyse. plus exacts et plus
uniformes ; .

(b) par V’établissement de méthodes et. de termes uniformes
applicables aux analyses de semences & l’usage du commerce
international ;

172

(c) par Vorganisation de congrés internationaux des délégués
des stations officielles de contréle des semences, occasion de dis-
cussion en commun et d’information mutuelle, de publication de
traités et de rapports sur l’analyse des semences, d’aide réciproque
dans Vinstruction des fonctionnaires techniques.

2. Membres.—Peuvent devenir membres de 1’Union :—

(a) les stations officielles qui s’occupent exclusivement ou
principalement de recherches relatives au contréle des semences ;

(b) les établissements de méme nature appartenant & des
instituts ou & des corperations effectivement soumis au contréle
des gouvernements ;

Les membres s’engagent 4 participer activement aux travaux de
l’Association. Chaque souscripteur recoit gratuitement les publications
de P Association.

3. Ressources.—Les ressources de l’Association consistent dans :—
(a) les cotisations annuelles de ses membre, |
(b) les recettes extraordinsires,

» Le montant des cotisations annuelles doit étre approuvé par l’assemblée
générale pour au moins 3 années consécutives. Ces cotisations peuvent
étre payées—

(c) par un gouvernement pour l’ensemble de ses stations
officielles; la somme totale 4 verser dans ce cas n’excédera pas
50 livres sterling par an; :

(d) par une station officielle ou par un institut ;
(e) par une association de techniciens des stations d’essais de
semences.

Au cas ot: la cotisation est payée comme il est spécifié au paragraphe (c),
toutes les stations officielles du pays intéressé deviennent automatiquement
membres de l’Union et ont droit de vote avec les restrictions du § 8.

‘Le montant des cotisations sera fixé de fagon 4 couvrir les frais:
(a) des publications de |’ Association ;
(6) des essais comparatifs et autres recherches ;
(c) de bureau et de secrétariat.

4. Assemblées, Direction et Administration.—Un congrés sera tenu
par l’Association autant que possible tous les trois ans. L’assemblée
générale de l’Association aura lieu simultanément. A cette assemblée,
il sera procédé a 1]’élection du Comité directeur, ainsi composé :—

(a) le président,
(b) le vice-président,
.(c) les membres ordinaires, au nombre de trois au moins et de
cing au plus, .
(d) deux membres suppléants,
(e) deux contréleurs des comptes et un suppléant pris en dehors
du Comité.

Tous les membres du Comité doivent étre des fonctionnaires techniques
des stations d’essais de semences.

L’Assemblée générale élira également les Comités nécessaires pour
assurer la bonne marche des finances, des recherches, des publications, ete.
Ces comités et le Bureau resteront en fonction jusqu’é |’ Assemblée
générale suivante. - ;
L’Assemblée générale décide du lieu et de la date du futur congrés;
elle approuve le chiffre de la cotisation et nomme membres honoraires
les personnes qui, en raison de leurs travaux concernant l’analyse des
semences ou de l’aide apportée & l’ Association, ont mérité cette distinction.

Par décision du Comité directeur, une Assemblée générale peut étre
convoquée & d’autres dates que celle du congrés triennal.

173

L’Assemblée générale atteint le quorum quand vingt membres ayant.
le droit de vote se trouvent présents. ed

5. Organisation du travail.—Le Comité exécutif se compose du.:
Président, du Vice-Président et des membres ordinaires. Lorsque, pat
suite de décés ou d’incapacité prolongée, l'un des membres ordinaires :
se trouve empéché de participer aux travaux du Comité, le Président.
peut faire appel au concours de l’un des membres suppléants,

Les comptes de l’Association seront examinés chaque année par les.
deux contréleurs et ces comptes, vérifiés, seront communiqués & tous
les membres de l’Association, en méme temps que le rapport du Comité
sur les travaux de année. au

Le Comité prendra toutes dispositions relatives aux dépenses, élira.
les sous-comités et approuvera les travaux du Congrés. : = 5

Si Assemblée générale ne réunit pas le quorum, le Comité a tous
pouvoirs pour prendre les décisions concernant le budget et le lieu de
réunion du prochain congrés. En cas d’égal partage des voix au Comité,
la voix du Président est prépondérante. ° .

6, Président.—Le Président préside les Assemblées générales, les
séances du Comité exécutif et toutes celles du Congrés ott des questions
techniques importantes doivent étre discutées.

Comme président du Comité exécutif, et avec ’approbation de celui-ci,
il prend la direction des travaux de ]’Association, et:se tient en relations
avec les Gouvernements et les autres associations soit de stations officielles
soit d’analystes des semences, soit de marchands grainiers. Il établit
avec les représentants du Gouvernement du pays ot se tiendra le Congrés :

(a) le programme du congrés;
(6) les propositions pour la présidence du congrés;
(c) admission au congrés des auditeurs et des invités.

Il écide des réunions du Comité. II fait partie d’office de tous
les autres comités et sous-comités de ]’Association. Il surveille la
publication des rapports de ceux ci.

Le Président peut se faire assister d’un Secrétaire-Trésorier appointé,
dont la rétribution sera soumise & l’approbation. du Comité, Il. est
responsable :

(a) de la garde des biens de I Association ;
(b) de la gestion des fonds;
(c) de la communication des comptes aux contréleurs,

7. Vice-Président.—En l’absence du Président, a 1 Assemblée générale
ou aux réunions du Comité, le Vice-Président le remplace.

8. Assemblées et Congrés—Délégués et Votes.—Tout membre de l’Asso-
ciation sera convoqué a l’Assemblée générale’ et au Congrés. Avant
chaque congrés, le Comité devra établir le bilan: (a) des cotisations des
pays et des membres de lAssociation; (6b) des travaux des stations
officielles qu’ils représentent, et déterminer le nombre de voix, au maximum
cing, auquel auront droit les délégués de chaque pays pour les votes
concernant les rapports des Comités de l’Association et.les propositions
presentées. Le vote aura lieu & bulletin secret si ce mode de vote est
réclamé, sinon, & main levée. Les résolutions seront prises & la majorité
des membres présents et votants. En cas d’égal partage des voix, la
voix du Président sera prépondérante. i

9. Vote par Correspondance.—Au cas ot une question importante
doit étre tranchée entre deux réunions de l’Assemblée générale, le Comité
peut en référer par lettre aux membres de l’Association ayant le troit de
vote et prendre une décision conforme & la majorité des votes émis par
correspondance. .

10. Démissions, Dissolution, etc—La démission des pays- et des
membres de l’Association est valable seulement pour la fin de l’année
civile et le Président doit en avoir été avisé trois mois auparavant.

174

La dissolution de l’Association ne pourra avoir lieu qu’aprés qu’une
Assemblée générale, réunie & cet effet, aura émis un vote dans ce sens
4 la majorité des trois-quarts des membres présents et votants.

Toute modification aux statuts doit étre proposée par le Comité
exécutif, et communiquée aux membres de 1l’Association au moins deux
mois avant l’Assemblée générale ot elle sera discutée.

Les décisions relatives & ces modifications doivent étre prises & la
majorité des deux tiers des membres présents et votants

ll. Relations avec I’ Institut international d’ Agriculture.—L’ Association
travaillera en collaboration avec l'Institut international d’agriculture
pour ce qui concerne les publications et toutes autres questions que le
Comité exécutif jugera convenables. En cas de dissolution de |’Asso-
ciation, l’avoir de celle-ci sera transmis 4 l'Institut international.

12. En cas de doute sur l’interprétation des présents statuts, le texte
anglais sera considéré comme texte authentique.
Le comité exécutif devra :—

1°. Apporter les modifications adoptées & ce projet de
statuts et en completer les termes avant qu'il ne soit
imprimeé ;

2°. Comme le temps manque au congrés, fixer le
montant des cotisations annuelles 4 verser 4 la nouvelle
association (conformément au texte du paragraphe 3); en
faire part aux différents gouvernements, établissements et
associations intéressés.

M. Kirotar estime qu’en fixant le montant des cotisations,
il faudra tenir compte du taux du change dans les differents
pays.

Sir Lawrence Weaver répond que le comité en tiendra naturelle-
ment compte. Il ajoute que la dénomination de l’association
doit étre fixée dans les trois langues principales du congrés,
et qu il serait utile de charger le comité de la traduction.

Sur la proposition de Sir Lawrence Weaver, le comité exécutif
est élu. Les noms des membres en sont indiqués a la page 118
du rapport anglais.

M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen propose l’élection, comme
membres honoraires de |’ Association internationale d’essais de
semences, de Sir Lawrence Weaver et de M. le Dr. Volkart.

Les autres comités spéciaux sont alors élus, sur la proposition
de M. le directeur Dorph-Petersen. Leur composition se trouve
indiquée & pp. 119-120 du rapport anglais.

La question de la date et du lieu du prochain congrés étant
alors soulevée, Mile. Yeo annonce qu’elle a été autorisée, au nom de
l'Institut International d’Agriculture de Rome, a inviter le congrés

a se réunir & Rome.

L’assembleé remercie et accepte cette invitation. Aprés
discussion concernant la date, il est décidé de tenir le prochain
congrés & Rome en 1927, dans la premiére quinzaine du mois
de mai.

Les congressistes remercient vivement M. Chambers et le
personnel auxiliaire de leurs excellents offices. Sur la proposition

175

de M. le Dr. Johannsen, ils expriment & Sir Lawrence Weaver

leurs remerciments les plus chaleureux pour la ee parteite

dont il a présidé le congrés. - bes
Cléture du Congres.

RAPPORTS SUPPLEMENTAIRES.

Dr. M. Kondo, Kurashiki: “ Examinations
d agriculture, surtout quant au J; apon,’
‘pp. 121-124),

de semences
* (voir la‘section anglaise.

M.K. Dorph-Petersen, Copenhague: “ Quelques examinations
quant a l’occurrence et la vitalité de plusieurs espéces de mativaises
herbes sous de differentes conditions, faites 4 la Station d’Essais
de Semences de l’Etat Danois pendant les années: 1896-1923 ”

(voir la section anglaise, pp. 124-138, et la séction allemande,
pp. 221-226).

Dr. A. ». Degen, Budapest : ae “La. vitalité des semences’ » (voir
la section anglaise, pp. ca

176

Ay Pe ;

-IV.-INTERNATIONALER KONGRESS
FUR SAMENPRUFUNG.

Montag den 7. Juli 1924.

Vormitiags-Sitzung.

Die erste. Sitzung des:-Kongresses fand in der Aula des
Nationalen Institutes fiir Landwirtschaftliche Botanik (N.I.A.B.)
in Cambridge statt.

Sir Lawrence Weaver erdfinete den. Kongress, hiess die
_Anwesenden herzlich willkommen und brachte den verstorbenen
Direktor Bruijning und seine ausgezeichneten Arbeiten auf
dem Gebiete der Samenkontrolle in ehrende Erinnerung.

Sir Lawrence Weaver legte den Wunsch einiger Delegierten
vor, die “ Europadische Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle”’ zu
einer internationalen zu gestalten. Er wurde auf Antrag des
Herrn Direktor Dorph-Petersen als Vorsitzender der Konferenz
gewahlt, worauf er Herrn Professor Johannsen bat, sich ihm
als Mitvorsitzender anzuschliessen. Dieser gab das Wort an den
Herrn A, Eastham, den Vorstand der Staatssamenpriifungsan-
stalt in N.I.A.B., der einen Bericht iiber die Tatigkeit seiner
Station vorlas.

Die Arbeit der Amtlichen Samenuntersuchungsanstalt (§.U.A.) fiir
England und Wales.

von
A, EASTHAM, Leiter der Anstalt.

Die Arbeit der amtlichen Samenuntersuchungsanstalt fiir England und
Wales zerfallt in 4 Hauptabteilungen, und zwar :—

(1) Untersuchungen fiir Handelszwecke ;
(2) Untersuchungen der von den amtlich bewilligten Privatan-
stalten herstammenden Proben ;
(3) Untersuchungen der durch amtlichen Inspektoren erhobenen
und eingesandten Kontrollproben (Gesetz von 1920) ;
(4) Versuchsarbeiten.
I,

In die erste Kategorie fallen alle fiir Samenhandler, Landwirte u.s.w.,
gemachten Priifungen, sowoh! fiir die amtlich erforderlichen Anzeigen
als fiir Privatzwecke. Vier Hauptgruppen—Klee; Graser; Getreide und
Hiilsenfriichte ; Wurzelgewéchs—und Gemiisesamen—erhalten in je seinem
Laboratorium Behandlung. Die gesammte Registratur der Anstalt (deren
Arbeitsweise den Herren Delegierten bei der Besichtigung erklart wird)
beruht auf diese Gruppierung.

Die Analytikerinnen bilden sich in allen 4 Sektionen aus, kénnen also
in dem Laboratorium, wo es zur betreffenden Zeit am zweckmassigsten
ist, dienen. Nur solohe Damen werden jedoch fest angestellt, welche einer
der jahrlichen Examina der Samenuntersuchungsanstalt in befriedigender
Weise durchgemacht haben,

177

, Mit Ausnahme einzelner unwichtigen Abweichungen, beniitzen wir in
Cambridge die kontinentale Methode. Erléuterungen dariiber kénnen
sich die Herren Delegierten in den Laboratorien holen.

Im Jahre 1922-23 wurden 19,829, und im Jahre 1921-22 etwa 23,865
Handelsproben . gepriift. Die Zahl fiir dieses Jahr wird wohl etwas
niedriger sein,

II,

Eine nicht geringe Anzahl englischer Samenhéndler haben vom Land-
wirtschaftsministerium die Erlaubnis erhalten, in ihren Privatanstalten
eine oder mehrere Samenarten selbst zu priifen. Die Genehmigung wird
nur dann erteilt, wenn Sicherheit besteht, (2) dass die Untersuchungen
in zufriedenstellender Weise durchgefiihrt werden; (b) dass eine vom
Ministerium anerkannte Analytikerin die Aufsicht tibernimmt; (c) dass
die ndétigen Einrichtungen zu Diensten stehen; und (d) dass die
Untersuchungen nach den Vorschriften des Ministeriums vorgenommen
werden.

Jede Privatanstalt muss eine geniigende Register fiir alle Priifungen
fihren und die gepriiften Proben mindestens 3 Monate behalten. Aus
ihnen entnehmen die amtlichen Inspektoren die sogenannten ‘‘ Privatan-
stalts-Reserveproben ”’ (‘‘ licensed station reserve portion ’’), welche dann
der Samenuntersuchungsanstalt zur Priifung zugeschickt werden.

Um. eine wiinschenswerte Uniformitaét zwischen der amtlichen Anstalt
und den Privatanstalten noch mehr zu entwickeln, sind dieses Jahr einige
neue Proben—die sogenannten “‘ referee samples ’’—den Privatanstalten
gesandt worden, Die Resultate sind recht interessant ausgefallen.

Es wird Handelsanalytikern gestattet, sich einem Monatskurse bei
der Samenuntersuchungsanstalt anzuschliessen, wonach sie ein Examen
in Samenpriifung durchmachen miissen. Eine jahrliche Konferenz wird
jetzt am Ende des Examens stattfinden, an welche nicht nur die
Analytikerinnen der amtlichen Samenuntersuchungsanstalten fiir Gross-
britannien und Irland, sondern auch diejenigen der Privatanstalten
teilnehmen k6énnen.

Eine derartige Konferenz hat schon letztes Jahr mit recht befriedig-

endem Resultate stattgefunden.
' Den Privatanstalten wird in der Zukunft ein amtliches Blatt regel-
miassig zugehen, woraus sie die Resultate der Untersuchungen der
amtlichen Anstalt und andere niitzlichen Nachrichten entnehmen werden
.k6nnen.

Kontrollproben werden der Anstalt durch ihre Inspektoren zugeschickt.

Dem Ministerium fiir Landwirtschaft gehen alsdann die Resultate der
Priifungen zu, welche von diesem an die Interessenten weitergeschickt
werden, Der Samenverkauf wird auf diese Weise kontrolliert, und jede
‘Ubertretung des Samengesetzes von 1920 unméglich gemacht.
' Die Samenuntersuchungsanstalt hat ferner die Aufgabe tiber Keimfihig-
keit und Reinheit der ihr zugesandten Proben zu berichten. Ein gericht-
liches Verfahren, das sich in den meisten Fallen auf den Bericht der Anstalt
begriindet, wird, wenn ndétig, vom Ministerium fiir Landwirtschaft
‘unternommen.

Die Samenuntersuchungsanstalt, die schon eine Reihe Versuchsar-
beiten zu Stande gebracht hat, hofft in der Zukunft noch andere Probleme
lésen zu kénnen, darunter :—

(a) Riickgang der Keimfalligkeit von unter verschiedenen
Verhaltnissen gelagerten Samen ;

(b) Keimverzégerung (besonders beim Getreide) ;

(d) Unterschied zwischen der Keimung der Erbsen im Labora-
torium und im Felde;

(e) Keimung der Esparsette (spez, in Bezug auf zerbrochene
Keime) ;

(f) Unregelmassige ‘Gewachse (Graser).

178

Nach der’ Vorlesung dieses Berichtes besichtigten die
Delegierten die Samenpriifungsanstalt in N.I.A.B. .
Nachmittags-Sitzung. ,

Direktor Dorph-Petersen las seinen Bericht iiber ‘ Die Arbeit
der Europiischen Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle in den Jahren
1921 bis 1924 ” vor.

Die Arbeit der Europdischen Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle in
den Jahren 1921 bis 24.

VON

K. DORPH-PETERSEN,
Dirokior der Danischen Staatssamenkontrolle.

Nachdem die Vereinigung der europaischen Samenkontrollanstalten
an dem internationalen Samenkontrollkongress in Kopenhagen in 1921
gebildet war, wurde ein Komitee aus Direktor F. F. Bruijning, Wageningen,
Direktor, Dr. A. Volkart, Ziirich, und mir selbst bestehend, gewahlt, um
die Arbeit der Vereinigung zu leiten ; ungliicklicherweise starb:Dr. Bruijning
kurz danach und die Vereinigung verlor dadurch eine ausgezeichnete Kraft.
Dr. Bruijning fiihrte eine bebeutende und selbststaéndige Organisations-
arbeit an der Samenkontrollanstalt in Wageningen aus, eine Arbeit, die ich
mehrmals die Gelegenheit hatte kennen zu lernen. Wir woller uns seiner
und seiner Arbeit bei dieser Gelegenheit erinneren. An einer Sitzung in
Prag im September 1921 konstituierten sich die zuriickgeblicbenen Mit-
glieder des Komitees als Komitee mit Dr. Volkart als Sekretaér; infolge
eindringlicher Bitte von Dr. Volkart tibernahm ich den Vorsitz. Wir
einigten uns dariiber, die Arbeit bis zu dem Kongress in England weiter-
zufiihren zu versuchen, und es dem Kongress zu tberlassen, ein neues
Komitee zu wahlen.

Der Plan der Arbeit.

An der Sitzung in Prag einigte sich das Komitee tiber das Ziel der
Arbeit und dessen Richtlinien und Verteilung. In dem Vorschlag, der
auf dem Kongresse in 1921 von Sir Lawrence Weaver gestellt wurde, ist
angefiihrt, dass das Ziel der Arbeit einheitliche Analysenmethoden in
Europa samt Gleichartigkeit in der Weise, in welcher die Analysenergeb-
nisse und die Qualitét des untersuchten Samens ausgedriickt werden, sein
solle. Dr. Volkart und ich waren dariiber einig, nicht zu weit in der
ersterwihnten Richtung zu gehen, weil bindende Instruktionen kaum
eingehalten wiirden, und weil es ferner notwendig sei, auf die Lokal-
bedingungen, das Vermédgen und die disponiblen Mittel der Anstalten
Riicksicht zu nehmen. Es wiirde gentigen die Richtlinien der zukiinftigen
‘Arbeit zu geben, vorausgesetzt, dass diese gefolgt wiirden; die Hauptsache
sei, dass man gleichartige Analysenergebnisse erzielte. Die Methoden,
nach welchen dies erreicht werden sollte, musste man den verschiedenen
Vorstehern zu wiahlen iiberlasseh. Das Komitee sollte sich damit
begniigen, Ratschlage zu geben, wenn solche gewiinscht wiirrden. Um
die Arbeit zu beschrinken, wurde bestimmt, dass diese vorléufig nur
offizielle Samenkontrollanstalten umfassen sollte.

Es wurde bestimmt die Arbeit so zu verteilen, dass Dr. Volkart die
Bewerkstelligung vergleichender Herkunftsbestimmungen iibernehmen
sollte, wahrend ich diejenigen betreffend Reinheit und Keimféhigkeit
iibernahm, sowie ich auch den Briefwechsel mit den Anstalten, die sich
der Vereinigung angeschlossen hatten oder anzuschliessen wiinschten,
tibernehmen sollte.

179

Herkunftsbestimmungen.

Diese Richtlinien der Arbeit sind im wesentlichen seit der Sitzung in
Prag gefolgt worden. Dr. Volkart, der die grésste Erfahrung hatte, was
die Provenienzfrage betrifft, und dessen Anstalt seit einer Reihe von
Jahren eine grosse Rolle in der Bestimmung der Herkunft der Samen
spielt, hat vergleichende Untersuchungen in dieser Hinsicht bewerk-
stelligt. Diese Frage ist—wie bekannt—eine der schwierigsten auf dem
Gebiete der Samenkontrolle und verlangt bedeutende Studien und genaues
Zusammenarbeiten, falls man positive Resultate zu erzielen wiinscht.
Dr. Volkart wird diesbetreffend einen Vortrag am Mittwoch d. 9. halten.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen.

Kurz vor dem Kongresse in Kopenhagen wurden Serien gleichartiger
Samenproben (25) zur vergleichenden Untersuchung versandt. In dem
Bericht des erwahnten Kongresses* ist eine Ubersicht tiber den von
19 Anstalten in Europa, 4 in Amerika und 1 in Japan eingegangenen
Ergebnissen angefiihrt.

In der nachsten Zeit nach dem Kongresse korrespondierte ich mit
diesen Anstalten und machte sie auf diejenigen ihrer erzielten Ergebnisse
aufmerksam, die nicht innerhalb passender Latituden mit dem Durch-
schnitt der Resultate der grésseren Anstalten iibereinstimmten. Die
Analysenergebnisse der erwdhnten grdsseren Anstalten stimmten im
Allgemeinien innerhalb der Latituden, die in den Regeln der danischen
Staatssamenkontrolle festgesetzt sind, tiberein.

Nach dem Kongresse wurden neue Serien aus 24 gleichartigen Samen-
proben bestehend versandt, und ein Briefwechsel dem obenerwéhnten
entsprechend wurde mit 43 Anstalten (37 europdischen, 4 amerikanischen,
1 neuseelandischen und 1 japanischen), von denen Ergebnisse eingegangen
waren, gefiihrt. Von der Tabelle 1 (Seite 21-26) ist ersichtlich, dass diese
Ergebnisse, was eine Reihe von Anstalten betrifft, in der Regel innerhalb
passender Latituden tibereinstimmen. Viele dieser Anstalten, die gleich-
artige Ergebnisse erzielt haben, benutzen Analysenmethoden, die in
manchem verschieden sind; einige davon haben ganz kurzgefasste
Analysenregeln, wahrend andere gar keine offiziellen haben. Im Gegensatz
ist es unvermeidlich zu bemerken, dass Resultate von Anstalten erzielt,
die sehr detaillierte, einheitliche Regeln fiir: Samenkontrolle haben, in
vielen Fallen ziemlich verschieden sind.

Es ist die Hauptsache, dass die Richtlinien fiir Samenkontrolle
gleichartig sind, und dass das Personal eine gute Ausbildung und die
gentigende Ubung hat. Es ist darum nicht zweckmdssig, wenn die
Samenkontrollarbeit in einem Lande—wie z. B. Deutschland oder
Schweden—zwischen verschiedenen kleinen Anstalten verteilt ist, wo
die Samenkontroli:nstalten héufig Unterabteilungen von chemischen
Institutionen sind. Eine Konzentration der Arbeit an einer oder wenigen
gut ausgeriisteten Anstalten wiirde zweifelsohne das beste Mittel sein,
besser tibereinstimmende Ergebnisse zu erzielen. i

Es hat ein umfassender Briefwechsel mit den an der Vereinigung
beteiligten Anstalten samt auch anderen stattgefunden. Ich habe ver-
sucht, die Hauptquellen zu den gréssten Abweichungen zu finden und
habe nachgewiesen, dass z. B. von Larven angegriffene und schlecht
entwickelte Samenk6érner, eingeschrumpfte und beschaddigte Samen der
Leguminosen, “‘ harte Samenkérner”’ und im Besonderen “ zerbrochene
Keimlinge”” Gegenstand sehr verschiedener Beurteilung gewesen sind.
Die Abzadhlung der reinen Samen fiir die Keimpriifung, Unterschiede in
der Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit und vielleicht in einem einzelnen Fall
die Lichtbedingungen, u. s. w., sind alle Faktoren, die Unterschiede in den
Resultaten verursacht haben. Es muss indessen angefiihrt werden, dass
die versandten Proben durchgehend von solcher Beschaffenheit gewesen

* «‘Verhandlungen der Internationalen Konferenz fir Samenpriifung in
Kopenhagen vom 6.—10. VI. 1921 ” von K. Dorph-Petersen (Seite 76-83).

180

sind, dass sie schwierig zu analysieren waren, d, h., Proben, die verhialt-
nismassig viele solche ‘‘ zweifelhafte ’? Samenkérner enthalten, die Anlass
zu verschiedener Bewertung geben. Von einer einzelnen Seite ist dies-
betreffend Unzufriedenheit mit den Proben gedussert worden; mir scheint
es indessen, dass es am richtigsten ist, Proben wie die erwahnten zur
vergleichenden Analysierung zu versenden. Dass man durch Priifung
von Proben, die leicht zu analysieren sind, iibereinstimmende Ergebnisse
erzielen kann, ist meiner Meinung nach keine Priifung der Andalysen-
fahigkeit, ;

_ Die meisten von diesen und auch andere Fragen werden in den Vor-
tragen, die an diesem Kongresse gehalten werden sollen, besprochen, und ‘es
wird uns Gelegenheit gegeben, die verschiedenen Fragen zu diskutieren.
Alle Stationen haben die sogenannte ‘‘ Kontinentale Methode’’ ange-'
nommen, nur mit Ausnahme der Anstalt in Dublin, die bei den Grassamen
stets die ‘‘ Irische Methode”’ benutzt. Die erwaéhnte Anstalt hat jedoch
die gemeinsamen Untersuchungen. mit Bezug auf beide Methoden
durchgefiihrt. ;

Im November 1923 wurden neue gleichartige Samenproben (21 Proben
von 19 verschiedenen Arten) an 54 Anstalten gesandt.. Die von 45 Samen-
kontrollanstalten (38 europdischen, 6 amerikanischen und 1 japanischen):
eingegangenen Ergebnisse sind in der Tabelle 2 (Seite 27-32) angefiihrt.

Es ist erfreulich, dass die Ergebnisse der Analysierung dieser Proben'
durchgehend besser als es mit den zwei friiher versandten Serien der Fall
war, tibereinstimmen, obwohl die zuletzt versandten Proben schwieriger
zu analysieren waren als die friiher versandten. Von der Tabelle ist
indessen jedoch ersichtlich, dass stets, was ein Teil der Anstalten betrifft,
grosse Abweichungen vorhanden sind.

Samen fremder Kulturpflanzen und Unkrautsamen.

Bei fritheren vergleichenden Untersuchungen wurde der Gehalt an Samen
fremder Kulturpflanzen und Unkrautsamen nicht im Gewichtsprozent
angegeben. Viele Stationen haben iiberhaupt nicht die verschiedenen
bei der Analyse gefundenen Arten spezifiziert. In der Tabelle 4 (Seite 34-37)
ist eme summarische Ubersicht tiber die Gewichtsprozente von Samen
fremder Kulturpflanzen und Unkrautsamen, die an den verschiedenen
Anstalten gefunden sind, samt eine Angabe der Mengen, die in dieser
Hinsicht untersucht sind, angefiihrt. Einige der Ergebnisse stimmen
gut iiberein, wahrend grosse Unterschiede, was mehrere Anstalten
batrifft, vorhanden sind. Der Grund dazu ist unter anderem, dass Arten,
wie z. B, Bromus mollis, Setaria sp. und Melilotus sp., an einigen Anstalten
als Kultursamen beurteilt sind, an anderen als Unkraut, Weil aber
morgen eine Gelegenheit gegeben wird, die Frage “‘ Unkrautsamen ”’ zu
besprechen, werde ich mich nicht weiter dariiber aufhalten.

Eine andere Ursache zu den verschiedenen Ergebnissen ist, dass die
Gewichtsmengen, die auf fremde Kultursamen und Unkrautsamen
untersucht sind, in manchen Fallen zu klein waren, An der Kopenhagener
Anstalt werden Durchschnittsproben, die 10 mal so gross sind wie diejenigen, -
die im allgemeinen auf Reinheit untersucht werden, in dieser Hinsicht
analysiert, wenn Maximum fiir Gehalt an fremde Kultursamen und
Unkrautsamen garantiert ist.

In einigen Fallen liegt den Unterschieden dies zu Grund, dass die
Stationen gar nicht, oder nur teilweise, gewisse Samenarten von den reinen
Samen gesondert haben. Dies ist z. B. der Fall mit dem Gehalt an Lolium
sp. in der Probe Festuca pratensis No. 73A, (siehe Seite 36).

Ausser den Proben von Samen der Landwirtschaft haben einige Samen-
kontrollanstalten vergleichende Untersuchungen mit Forstsamenarten
vorgenommen, Die Resultate (siehe die Tabelle 3, Seite 33) stimmen mit
Bezug auf einige Arten ganz gut tiberein, wahrend sie, was andere betrifft,
sehr verschieden sind. Weil es von Bedeutung ist, die Untersuchungen in
der erwahnten Hinsicht fortzusetzen, schlage ich vor, dass die Vorsteher
von Anstalten, welche an dieser Sache’ interessiert sind, ihre Teilnahme
an neuen Untersuchungen anmelden. ° . wh,

181

Was Gartensamen betrifft, so sind einzelne vergleichende Unter-
suchungen an den Samenkontrollanstalten in Wageningen, Ziirich und
Kopenhagen unternommen. Ich habe Dr. Franck in Wageningen auf-
gefordert, neue vergleichende Untersuchungen an den Stationen, die in
dieser Hinsicht interessiert sind, zu bewerkstelligen.

Mit Bezug auf die Samen der Landwirtschaft scheint es mir bei
zukiinftigen vergleichenden Untersuchungen zweckmassig zu sein, einige
der Arten, die in den friiher versandten Serien vorhanden waren, mit
anderen umzutauschen. ‘Ich bitte Sie, meine Herren, unter der Diskussion
Vorschlage diesbetreffend zu stellen. ‘ ;

Obwohl auch Grund dazu ware, mehr tiber diese leitende Arbeit inner-
halb der Vereinigung w&hrend der verflossenen drei Jahre zu sprechen,
getraue ich nicht, meine Kollegen damit zu ermiiden und werde carum
die Sache zur’ nachfolgenden Diskussion verweisen, oder, falls man
dieses vorzieht; zur freundschaftlichen .Diskussion in den folgenden
Tagen. Ich bin sehr fiir die EKinquartierung in den Kollegien gestimmt
gZewesen, weil ich meine, dass es ein Vorteil fiir uns sein wird, in dieser
ruhigen Universitétsstadt zu wohnen, lieber als zerstreut, wie es in
London der Fall sein wurde.

An dem Kongress in Kopenhagen war.man dariiber einig, dass die
Europaische Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle ein Zusammenschliessen mit
den nordamerikanischen Anstalten in Aussicht halten solle. Die Verbindung
mit den Fiihrenden auf dem Gebiete der Samenkontrolle in Nordamerika,
wo eine entsprechende gemeinsame Arbeit bewerkstelligt ist, ist infolge-
dessen sehr aktiv gewesen. Die Vorsteher der amerikanischen Samen-
kontrollanstalten, mit welchen wir korrespondierten, haben grosses Inter-
esse fiir die Sache gezeigt. Um einen Vortrag iiber die gemeinsame Arbeit
zu halten, wurde ich eingeladen die jahrliche Sitzung der Nordamerika-:
nischen Vereinigung von offiziellen Samenkontrollanstalten, welche am 27.
Dezember 1923 in Cincinatti abgehalten wurde, beizuwohnen. Es. war
mir indessen nicht mdglich zu reisen, weshalb ich einen Bericht tiber die
Arbeit innerhalb der Europiischen Vereinigung sandte, sodass dieser an
der Sitzung vorgelesen werden kénnte.

In Verbindung mit der Erwahnung der vergleichenden Untersuchungen
bitte ich Sie Ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf den Vorschlag, der von Professor
Schribaux und Dr. v. Degen an den zwei friiheren Samenkontrollkongressen
(siehe Seite 120-21 in dem Bericht tiber den Kopenhagener Kongress: in
1921) gestellt ist, zu wenden. Die in den Punkten 1--5 des erwahnten
Antrages vorgeschlagenen vergleichenden Untersuchungen sind, wie
erwahnt, schon bewerkstelligt. Vor der Aufstellung der Analysentiber-
sicht habe ich die verschiedenen Stationen gefragt, ob sie etwas dagegen
hatten, dass ihre Namen in Verbindung mit den Resultaten, die von
ihnen erzielt waren, verdffentlicht wiirden. Keine der Anstalten hat
etwas gegen die Veréffentlichung gehabt.

Es ist mir dagegen unmdglich gewesen, auf Basis der erzielten Ana-
lysenergebnisse etwas betreffend internationaler Latituden, die alle
Stationen, die an der Arbeit teilgenommen haben, umfassen, aufzustellen.
Dazu sind die erzielten Ergebnisse zu abweichend gewesen. Wenn es
méglich ware, die Resultate einiger bestimmten Stationen auszuwahlen,
wiirde wahrscheinlich nichts den Vorschlag, passende Latituden festzusetzen,
hindern. -

Ausserdem wurde gewiinscht, dass ein Vorschlag ftir einheitliche
Regeln fiir Samenkontrolle, der auf die verschiedenen existierenden Regeln
basiert war, diesem Kongress vorgelegt werden solle. Unter den augen-
blicklichen Verhdltnissen ist es mir. jedoch unmdglich gewesen, diesen
auszuarbeiten. Ich- wiirde’ es als zweckmassig betrachten, wenn ein
Komitee aus einigen wenigen Vorstehern der meist bedeutenden Samenkon-
trollanstalten bestehend gebildet werden kénnte. Dieses Komitee sollte
die internationalen Latituden in Vorschlag bringen und eventuell auch die
einheitlichen Analysenregeln. Diese Vorschlage sollten an die Mitglieder
der Vereinigung verteilt werden, damit diese ihre Bemerkungen dazu
geben kénnten. Der endliche Antrag sollte dem nachsten internationalen

1se

Samenkontrollkongress vorgelegt werden, sodass dieser Bestimmung in
der erwihnten Hinsicht treffen kann.

Das Seidekomitee.

An dem Kongress in Kopenhagen wurde hervorgehoben, dass es mit
Bezug auf die Festsetzung von Seide-Latituden von entschiedener Be-
deutung sein wirde, bestimmte Grenzen, innerhalb welchen die Seide
reift und im Stande ist, Schaden zu verursachen, festzusetzen. Die Sache
wurde an einen Ausschuss verwiesen, der von 5 Mitgliedern aus Laéndern,
wo die Seide in bedeutendem Grade auftritt, zusammengesetzt wurde.
Aus verschiedenen Griinden, iiber welche Dr. v. Degen morgen Auskunft
geben wird, ist die Arbeit dieses Komitees noch nicht so weit gefiihrt.

Briefwechsel mit und Besuche an auslindischen Samenkontrollstationen.

Durch den Briefwechsel ist es nach. und nach gelungen in Verbindung
mit einer Reihe von Kollegen zu kommen, einige davon ausserhalb
Europas, und viele Gegenstande sind von den Kollegen zur Besprechung
auf dem Kongress und innerhalb der Vereinigung vorgeschlagen. Mehrere
dieser Gegensténde werden in den folgenden Tagen diskutiert; weil
unsere Zeit sehr begrenzt ist, ist es aber notwendig gewesen, einige der
vorgeschlagenen Gegensténde wegfallen zu lassen.

Ich hahe ein Paar Reisen vorgenommen, um die Arbeit innerhalb der
Vereinigung mit verschiedenen Kollegen zu besprechen. Dies ist ein
nicht unwesentlicher Punkt in der Arbeit, weil es zum Verstehen der
Bedeutung der gemeinsamnen Arbeit beitragt. Es wurde in 1921 in
Kopenhagen der Vorschlag gestellt, dass Vorsteher und Assistenten der
verschiedenen Anstalten die Gelegenheit haben sollten, in kurzen Perioden
die Arbeit an den grossen, gut ausgeriisteten Anstalten zu seb>-n und auch
an dieser teilzunehmen. Die ersten Schritte in dieser Hinsicht sind
getan. Die danische Staatssamenkontrolle ist von zwei Assistenten und
spater von dem Vorsteher des “‘ Official Seed Testing Station,’ Cambridge,
besucht worden. Auch von Norwegen, Schweden und Finnland sind
Besucher mehrere Tage an der Kopenhagener Anstalt gewesen, um
mit den unsrigen Methoden bekannt zu werden. Ausserdem sind viele
von Samenkontrollanstalten der ganzen Welt auf kiirzeren Besuchen
gewesen. Zwei unserer Assistentinnen, die wahrend beziehungsweise 18
und 13 Jahre eine tiichtige Arbeit an der danischen Staatssamenkontrolle
ausgefiihrt haben, wurden vor ca. 2 Jahren gewdhlt, die leitende Arbeit
respektive in dem Reinheits- und Keimlaboratorium, wenn die jetzigen
alteren Assistentinnen ihre Arbeit aufgeben, zu tibernehmen. Nachdem
sie systematische Botanik, Pflanzen-Physiologie, Vererbungslehre und
Mikrobiologie studiert hatten, haben sie in den erwaéhnten Fachern ein
Examen an der Kéniglichen Danischen Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule
durchgemacht. Ferner haben sie gezeigt, dass sie im Stande sind,
respektive die deutsche und englische Sprache auf dem Gebiete der
Samenkontrolle zu benutzen. Gleichfalls miissen sie die wichtigste
Litteratur des Gebietes der Samenkontrolle auf diesen Sprachen durch-
gelesen haben.

Die zwei Assistentinnen — Fraulein Lassen und Suell — haben jetzt
eine Reise an einige der fiihrenden europdischen Samenkontrollanstalten
angetreten und arbeiten zur Zeit hier in Cambridge; ich hoffe, dags sie
Gelegenheit .bekommen werden, mit der Arbeit in den Reinheits- und
Keimlaboratorien bekannt zu werden. Meiner Meinung nach ist die
beste Weise, tibereinstimmende Ergebnisse zu erzielen, persénlich das
Verfahren auf dem Gebiete der Samenkontrolle zu kennen, welches wert-
voller ist, als nur Unterricht durch gedruckte Regeln zu bekommen, in
welchen anscheinende Kleinigkeiten, die aber nichtsdestoweniger von
entschiedener Bedeutung fiir die Arbeit sein kénnen, oft nicht beschrieben
sind. Falls es gewiinscht wird, kénnen die zwei Assistentinnen Auskunft
iiber die Arbeit an der danischen Staatssamenkontrolle geben, und ich
hoffe, dass sowohl die zwei Damen als auch die Anstalten von dem Besuch
Vorteil haben. werden.

183

Gemeinsames Organ.

Seit 1921 ist es unsere Absicht gewesen, ein gemeinsames Organ fiir
die Mitglieder der Vereinigung herauszugehen, weil Artikel die Samen-
kontrolle oder damit verwandte Gegenstande betreffend bis jetzt in vielen
Zeitschriften iiber die ganze Welt verbreitet sind. Dieses gemeinsame
Organ sollte teils originale Artikel enthalten, teils Resiimees von Artikeln,
dié anderswo verdffentlicht werden. Der Hauptgrund, warum dieses
Organ seit langem nicht realisiert ist, liegt darin, dass die Mittel fehlen,
weil noch keine Anstalt 6konomischen Zuschuss zu der Arbeit innerhalb
der Vereinigung geleistet hat. Im Herbst 1923 unternahm ich — haupt-
sichlich diesbetreffend— eine Reise nach Rom, um mit dem Inter-
nationalen Landwirtschaftsinstitut zu verhandeln, inwiefern wir von
dieser Seite Hilfe zur Herausgabe dés erwahnten Organs bekommen
kénnten. Der General-Sekretar Dr. Dragoni und der Vorsteher des
Auskunftsbureaus ftir die Landwirtschaft, Dr. ‘Saulnier, waren dariiber
einig, dem permanenten Komitee des Institutes vorzuschlagen, dass das
Bulletin des Institutes Artikel der Samenkontrolle etc. betreffend
bis 100 Seiten jahrlich aufnehmen solle. Das Bulletin wird in: vier
verschiedenen Sprachen gedruckt: Englisch, Franzésisch, Italienisch
und Spanisch. Friiher wurde es auch auf Deutsch gedruckt, weil aber
die Lander, in welchen die deutsche Sprache benutzt wird, zur Zeit
keinen Zuschuss zu dem Bulletin leisten, wird dieses jetzt nicht auf
Deutsch gedruckt. Es ist sehr zu hoffen, dags dies bald der Fall sein
wid, weil die deutsche Sprache von so vielen an Samenkontrolle Interes-
sierten benutzt wird. Abdrucke dieser‘Artikel sollten:in den respektiven
gewiinschten Sprachen an die’ Mitglieder der Vereinigung, die nur die
mit dem Versand verbundenen Unkosten‘ zu bezahlen hat, versandt
werden. Dieser Vorschlag wurde vorlaufig ‘fiir ein Jahr von dem perma-
nenten Komitee angenommen. Die Vereinigung hat in dieser Weise auf—
scheint es mir—giinstige Bedingungen ein gemeinsames Organ’ erzielt.
Der Artikel: ‘‘ Wie lange bewahren die vérschiedenen Samenarten ihre
Keimfahigkeit,” der an die Anwesenden verteilt ist, wird iri der Nummer
des Organs, dié im Juli in Rom herauskommt, veréffentlicht.

An dem Kopenhagener Kongress wurde zuletzt von Sir Lawrence
Weaver bemerkt, dass eine Maschine unter Konstruktion sei, und dass
diese jetzt ihre Arbeit anfangen solle. Es muss gesagt werden, dass der
Anfang gemacht ist, dass das Endresultat aber noch weit entfernt liegt.
Wir miissen hoffen, dass ein Stoss vorwarts hier in Cambridge gemacht.
wird.

Mittel fiir die Arbeit.

Inwiefern es uns gelingen wird, die Arbeit weiterzufiihren, beruht.
u. a. auf den 6konomischen Verhaltnissen. Seit 1921 hat Danemark die
meisten der nicht unwesentlichen Unkosten (mehr als £400), die mit der
Arbeit verbunden waren, gedeckt. Die danische Staatssamenkontrolle
hatte von dem Landwirtschaftsministerium Erlaubnis bekommen,. die
Unkosten, die mit der erwaéhnten Arbeit verbunden waren, zu decken,
Dies wird aber in der Zukunft nicht stattfinden kénnen. Ich hoffe
darum, dass manche der Delegierten Erlaubnis haben, ihre Regierungen
fiir einen Zuschuss fiir die zuktinftige Arbeit zu binden.

‘

Statuten.

An einer Sitzung mit Dr. Volkart in Ziirich im September 1923
wurde ein Vorschlag betreffend die Statuten der Vereinigung, von
Dr. Volkart ausgearbeitet, behandelt. Der Vorschlag, welcher Fragen
betreffend Mitglieder, Mittel, Kongresse, Geschaftsfiihrung, Wahlen von
Komiteemitgliedern, -Abstimmungen u. s. w. wmfasst, wird dem
Kongress morgen von Dr. Volkart vorgelegt, sodass Bestimmungen in
dieser Hinsicht genommen werden kénnen. .

184

Der Samenhdndlerkongress,

Von verschiedenen Seiten ist der Wunsch, einen Samenhdndlerkongress
gleichzeitig mit dem Samenkontrollkongress abzuhalten, gedussert worden.
Infolge diesem ist eine gemeinsame Sitzung am Mittwoch angeordnet,
sodass Fragen, die fiir beide Parteien Interesse haben, besprochen werden
k6nnen. ;

Man hofft, dass die jetzigen Verhaltnisse nicht das Zusammenarbeiten
hindern werden, welches zwischen Fachleuten von allen Landern, wo
offizielle Samenkontrollanstalten vorhanden sind oder geplant werden,
stattfinden muss, falls die Arbeit international werden soll und dadurch
wirkliche Bedeutung bekommen kann.

Ich bitte Sie jetzt dringend, meine sehr verehrten Kollegen, Ihre
Bemerkungen zu meinen Vortrag zu machen und zu kritisieren, wo Sie
Grund dazu finden. Dr. Volkart und ich haben die Arbeit in den 3 Jahren
allein durchgefiihrt, und wir sind dariiber im: Klaren, dass viel mehr
gemacht werden sein sollte ; die Verhaltnisse sind aber nicht leicht gewesen,
und unsere Zeit ist sehr von offiziellen Pflichten in Anspruch genommen
gewesen, sodass es uns nicht méglich war, die wiinschenswerte Zeit der
gemeinsamen Arbeit zu opfern, und wir haben keine Mittel gehabt, die
notwendigen Gehilfen zu halten,

Ich erlaube mir hiermit sowohl der englischen Regierung, weil diese

uns zu diesem Kongresse eingeladen hat, als auch den Herren — besonders
Sir Lawrence Weaver und Herrn Chambers — die die Schwierigkeiten der
Vorbereitungen gehabt haben, unseren besten Dank auszusprechen.
Auch denjenigen die eingewilligt haben, : Vortrage zu halten, und allen
Kollegen, die an der gemeinsamen Arbeit wahrend der verflossenen drei
Jahre teilgenommen haben, danke ich bestens, :
. Als Vorsitzender der Vereinigung erlaube ich mir die Anwesenden
herzlich willkommen zu dem Kongress zu heissen. Ich erlaube mir ein
besonderes Willkommen an die Kollegen zu wenden, die nicht an. dem
Kongress in Kopenhagen teilgenommen haben. Als mir Professor Munn
und Herr Brown vor drei Wochen schrieben, dass die Vereinigten Staaten
sich nicht auf dem Kongress offiziell vertreten lassen wiirden, habe ich
das tief bedauert, weil ich bisher so viel Freude und Nutzen aus dem
Zusammenarbeiten mit meinen amerikanischen Kollegen gehabt hatte,
und ich mir deshalb viel von unserem Zusammensein versprach. Ich
telegraphierte augentlicklich Professor Munn und Herr Brown ein
Willkommen zu dem Kongress. Zu meiner grossen Freude ist es Professor
Munn gelungen hierher zu kommen. Wir wiinschen ihm als Vorsitzender
der nordamerikanischen Samenkontroll—Vereinigung ein ‘besonderes
Willkommen, indem wir ihm danken, weil er innerhalb so kurzer Frist
gekommen ist. Wir danken gleichfalls Herrn Clark aus Canada, weil er
die lange Reise gemacht hat, um sich an dem Kongress zu beteiligen.
‘Wir nehmen es als ein Zeichen, dass unsere Kollegen jenseits des
Atlantischen Oceans mit uns zusammenzuarbeiten wiinschen. Ich reiche
den Kollegen im Namen der Europaischen Samenkontroll—Vereinigung
meine Hand zu diesem Zusammenarbeiten,

Ich hoffe, dass wir jetzt einige erfolgreiche Tage zusammen haben
werden.

Professor Johannsen hob hervor, dass Anstalten, trotzdem sie
einheitliche Methoden gebrauchen, Sfters ziemlich verschiedene
Ergebnisse erzielten, wahrend Anstalten, die verschiedene
Methoden beniitzen, in mehreren Fallen zu gut iibereinstimmenden
Resultaten erlangten. Die Analyse sei keine mechanische,
sondern eine physiologische Sache.

Professor Zaleski bemerkte, dass die Resultate seiner Meinun:
nach nicht so sehr von der Einrichtung einer Anstalt abhangig
seien, als vielmehr von dem Personal. Dies zeigte z.B. die
Anstalt in Paris. Er schlug vor, dass die Stationen bei der

185

vergleichenden Analysierung nur Samenarten, an welchen sie
besonders interessiert seien, untersuchen sollten.

_ Professor Bussard erwahnte, dass das Personal der Pariser
Station vieljahrige Ubung hatte, und dass die Tradition in dieser
Hinsicht nicht ohne Bedeutung sei. Dr. v. Degen schloss sich
dieser Meinung an. An seiner Anstalt wiirden Apparate so
wenig wie méglich gebraucht.

Professor Showky Bakir ersuchte die Vereinigung, die Bear-
beitung der Frage betreffend die Samen von Baumwolle
aufzunehmen.

Dr. Andronescu fand die Differenzen der Analysenresultate
nicht iiberraschend, weil ein lebender Organismus wie der Same
selbstverstandlich durch den Druck und die Feuchtigkeit der
Atmosphire, die verschiedenen Untersuchungsmethoden usw.
beeinflusst wiirde.

Dr. Buchholz war der Meinung, dass Ubung und Apparate
von gleicher Wichtigkeit seien.

Dy. Chmela* bemerkte, dass die Differenzen auf verschiedene
Ursachen zuriickzufiihren seien, z.B. auf die Art der Probeziehung,
die Grésse der Proben, die verschiedene Bewertung der Samen,
z.B. der zerbrochenen Samen usw. Er schlug vor, dass die
Stationen sich beziiglich der Begriffe ‘‘ Unkrautsamen”’ und
“reine Samen ” einigen sollten.

‘Herr Devoto. hielt die Grésse der Samenkérner, die Anzahl
derselben in einer Probe und die Temperatur, welcher die Samen
wahrend der Untersuchung ausgesetzt sind, fiir wichtig.

Herr Dorph-Petersen unterstrich, dass die Samen lebende
Organismen seien, weshalb Differenzen zu erwarten waren. Er
lud unter Bezugnahme auf Dr. Chmelars Bemerkung die an
den vergleichenden Untersuchungen Interessierten ein, einer
Demonstration beizuwohnen, wie die versandten Proben an
der Danischen Staatssamenkontrolle seinerzeit gezogen worden
sind. Schliesslich bat er die Vorsteher der Samenkontrollanstalten
dem neuen am Donnerstag zu wahlenden Exekutiv-Komitee
anzugeben, welche Arten fiir vergleichende Untersuchung von
speziellem Interesse fiir sie sein wiirden.

Dienstag den 8. Juli.

-Vormittags-Sitzung.

Dr. Volkart legte dem Kcumiess seinen Antrag der Statuten
der Vereinigung der europadischen Samenkontrollanstalten vor.
(Der endlich angenommene Vorschlag ist auf Seite 217-220
angefiihrt.) Er schlug vor, ein Komitee zu wahlen, das die
Frage der Statuten behandein solle.

Dr. Chmelat schlug vor, einen Vizeprasidenten der Vereinigung
zu erwahlen und im Falle der Auflésung derselben ihr Vermégen
an das Internationale Eeucpimachatts:Tnetitat in Rom zu
iibergeben.

186

Herr Clark fragte, ob es geplant sei, die Vereinigung inter-
national zu machen, und im Bejahungsfalle, ob die Grundlage
fiir die Aufnahme von Mitgliedern aus Nordamerika festgesetzt
sei. Sir Lawrence Weaver bemerkte, dass nicht allein Mitglieder
aus den Vereinigten Staaten und Canada, sondern auch solche
aus anderen Weltteilen willkommen seien, wenn sie sich an
der Vereinigung zu beteiligen wiinschten. Herr Dorph-Petersen
schloss sich der Meinung von Sir Lawrence Weaver unter Hinweis
auf die Tatsache an, dass der Handel international sei.

Herr Devoto teilte mit, dass der argentinische Staat Mitglied
der Vereinigung zu werden und seinen Beitrag zu der Vereinigung
zu bezahlen wiinsche.

Herr Insulander machte darauf aufmerksam, dass zufolge des
Antrags der Statuten nur offizielle Samenkontrollanstalten oder
Korporationen, die solche Anstalten unter Kontrolle des Staates
leiteten, Mitglieder werden kénnten. Kein Gelehrter, selbst
wenn er auf dem Gebiete der: Samenpriifung Untersuchungen
von besonderem Wert unternommen hatte, kénnte infolge dieser
Statuten als Mitglied aufgenommen werden, wenn er nicht einer
Samenkontrollstation angegliedert,.sei. Hin Staat, der einen
jahrlichen Beitrag leiste, kénne,auch nicht einen besonderen
Vertreter wahlen, die Verwendung der Mittel der Vereinigung
zu kontrollieren oder Antrage betreffend Verbesserungen der
Arbeit innerhalb dieser zu stellen.

Herr Dorph-Petersen antwortete, dass die Regierung eines
Landes, welches. einen Jahresbeitrag.bezahle, selbstverstandlich
das Recht habé, sich bei den Kongressen. reprasentieren zu lassen.
Er schlug vor, dies in den Statuten festzusetzen.

Professor Voigt schlug vor, die Frage staatliche Vertreter
gegentiber Vertretern der offiziellen Samenkontrollanstalten zu
tiberlegen, weil seine Regierung das Recht, sich bei den Kongressen
reprasentieren zu lassen, fordern wiirde.

Herr Devoto hielt eine enge Verbindung zwischen der Verein-
igung und dem Landwirtschafts-Institut in Rom fiir wiinschens-
wert; ferner dass die Publikationen der Vereinigung durch dieses
Institut verdffentlicht wiirden.

Herr Main fragte, ob die neue Vereinigung einen absoluten Teil
des Institutes ausmachen solle. Dies wiirde Schwierigkeiten
verursachen, weil verschiedene Regierungen bereits Jahresbeitrage
zu dem Institute bezahlten. Er schlug vor, einen Ausschuss
einzusetzen, um die Grundlage der Beitrage und andere notwendige
Einzelheiten festzustellen, damit die Vertreter. das Gutachten
ihrer respektiven Regierungen einholen kénnten, sodass “ Die
Internationale Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle “ méglichst bald
eine Tatsache wiirde.

_ Sir Lawrence Weaver war der Meinung, dass die Vereinigung
mit dem Internationalen Landwirtschafts-Institut zusammen-
arbeiten, aber keinen Teil davon ausmachen solle. Dadurch
wiirde keine Verwirrung wegen der Beitrage entstehen. Er hielt

187

auch die Ernennung eines Ausschusses wie der vorgeschlagene fiir
notig. Wenn Einigkeit iiber die verschiedenen Antrage erreicht
sei, kénnten die Delegierten bei ihren Regierungen anfragen, ob
sie sich der Vereinigung anzuschliessen wiinschten. Die Beitrige
wiirden wahrscheinlich so. ein werden, dass sie kaum den
Anschluss irgend eines Landes hindern wiirden.

Professor Johannsen schlug vor, dass die folgenden Delegierten

den Antrag von Dr. Volkart beziiglich der Statuten. bearbeiten
sollten :

Provisorisches Komitee —Professor Mohammed Showky Bakir
Effendi, Professor Bussard, Herr Clark, Herr Devoto, Herr
Dorph-Petersen, Professor Munn, Professor Voigt, Dr.
Volkart, Sir Lawrence Weaver.

Der Vorschlag. wurde einstimmig angenommen.

Miss Yeo wandte sich im Namen des Internationalen Landwirt-
schafts-Instituts in Rom an den Kongress. Unter Bezugnahme
auf das jetzige Zusammenarbeiten zwischen der Vereinigung und
dem Institut, welches jahrlich 100 Seiten in dem “ International
Review of the Science and Practice of Agriculture ” fiir Fragen,
die Samenpriifung betreffend, reservieren wollte, hatte das Institut
Sonderabdrucke seiner zuletzt verdffentlichten Abhandlungen und
Berichte an den Kongress geschickt. Man hoffe, die Auskiinfte
tiber landwirtschaftliche Gegenstande mehr und mehr zentrali-
sieren und die erwahnte Zeitschrift des Instituts als ein gemein-
games Organ der Vereinigung benutzen zu kénnen.

Herr Andersen trug hierauf seinen Bericht: ‘‘ Uhereinstim-
mung in der Augabe der Analysenergebnisse ”’ vor.

UBEREINSTIMMUNG IN DER ANGABE DER
ANALYSENERGEBNISSE.

Erin VorscHLAG
von
T. ANDERSON,

Schottisches Ministerium fiir Landwirtschaft.

Es ist notwendig, dass die verschiedenen Samenkontrollanstalten
gleiche Methoden fur Angabe der Analysenergebnisse gebrauchen, um
die Anforderungen der Samenveredler, Landwirte und Samenhandler
zu befriedigen. '

Gegen die Anwendung von willkiirlichen Formeln, um den wirklichen
Wert anzugeben, ist folgendes auszusetzen :—

1. Der nachteilige Charakter der Unkrautsamen ist nicht derselbe
in allen Landern oder Gegenden. :

2. Die Verbreitung solcher schidlichen Pflanzen durch Samen kann
nicht gehdérig beurteilt werden.

188

._ 3. Der Ertrag von Grasfeldern hangt, beinahe vollig von effektivem
Anhau, ‘Diingung und Behandlung in Verbindung mit dem Einfiugs der
Jahreszeiten ab.

4. Der’ Stamm und die Herkunft Ane Ware sind oft von grisserer
Bedeutung als die darin vorkommenden Unkrautsamen.

Um die Anforderungen aller Beteiligten éntgegenzukommen, ist es
am Besten nur Analysenscheine mit Beene auf reine -keimfahige Samen
auszustellen.

Die Vertreter sollten sich dariiber einigen, nicht das Keimrésultat
fiir sich, sondern den Prozentsatz der reinén keimfahigen Samen anvugeber.
Die Vorteile, die dadurch erzielt werden, sind :— ee

1. Die Angabe der reinen keimfahigen Samen giebt so gonau, wie
man es berechnen kann, den Prozentsatz von lebenden Samen der be-
treffenden Art an, statt des Prozentsatzes der gekeimten Samen, welcher,
indem man ‘es auf die ganze Probe bezieht, oft misweisend ist.

2. Grdéssere Ubereinstimmung i in den Angaben der Analysenergebnisse ;
die Unterschiede in der Schaétzung von ‘‘reinen keimféhigen Samen ”
an den verschiédenen Samenkontrollanstalten werden in dieser Weise
geringer, als wenn der Prozentsatz der gekeimten Samen_angegeben
wird.

3.. Die Analysenscheine werden ein besseres Bild von dem wahren
Charakter der Unreinigkeiten geben.

Reine keimfadhige Samen :— i
. Harte Samen.
Zerbrochene Samen, zerbrochene Keimlinge.
Gefaulte Samen.
Leere. Spelzen.

Dnreungiianen (fremde Bestandteile) : —_
ey Spreu.
sleihiiena Unkrautsamen.
Kultursamen.

Bei einer Reinheitsuntersuchung allein :—
Reine Samen—
‘Zerbrochene Samen.
ausschliessend < -Eingeschrumpfte Samen.
: Leere Spelzen.

Unreinigkeiten (Fremde Bestandteile)—
Spreu. !
einschliessond < Unkrautsamen.
| Kultursamen.

Nach seinem Vortrag bemerkte Herr Anderson, dass sein Stand-
punkt denjenigen der Verbraucher reprasentiere. Dieser wiirde
seiner Meinung nach von den Samenkontrollanstalten nicht
geniigend beriicksichtigt. Sein Vorschlag stehe vielleicht in
Widerspruch mit festgestellten Gesetzen, z.B. mit den in Gross-
britannien festgesetzten. Vielleicht sei der Antrag dennoch von
Nutzen, falls ein Komitee eingesetzt wiirde, um eine Skala fiir
internationale Latituden und gemeinsame ‘Analysenregeln fest-
zusetzen. Falls der Vorschlag angenommen wiirde, ware er
‘bereit, véllige Klarheit dariiber'zu geben, wie der Vorschlag fiir
alle Arten benutzt werden koénne, und ihn dem eventuellen
‘Komitee vorzulegen.

189

Herr Dorph-Petersen schlug vor, am Donnerstag Nachmittag
einen Ausschuss fiir Erwagung des Antrages von Herrn Anderson
einzusetzen.

Dieser Vorschlag wurde von dem Kongress angenommen.

Dr, Buchholz trug hierauf seinen Bericht ‘“‘ Uber Feuchtig-
keitsbestimmung bei Saatwaren”’ vor.

Uber Feuchtigkeitsbestimmung bei Saatwaren.
VON
Direktor Dr. YNGVE BUCHHOLZ, Kristranis.

fo.

Die Feuchtigkeitsbestimmung bei Saatwaren ist oft von grosser Wich-
‘tigkeit, sowohl um von'dem Wasserinhalt der Probe Kenntnis zu nehmen,
als auch das 1000 (Korn) Gewicht des trockenen Samens zu erfahren.’ ~

Die Feuchtigkeitsbestimmung erfolgt, wie bekannt, dadurch dass man
eine gewisse abgewogene Menge Stoff innerhalb einer bestimmten Zeit. bis
zu einer bestimmten Temperatur erhitzt und dann den Gewichtverlust
‘bestimmt. Rein technisch ist diese Analyse so einfach, dass es oft eine
‘der ersten Arbeiten ist, die man einem Anfanger in den chemischen
Laboratorien anvertraut.

Es ist indessen absolut nicht einfach den wirklichen Feuchtigkeits-
inhalt organischer Stoffe zu bestimmen, wie z. B. bei Saatwaren, weil
das Resultat in hohem Grade von den Bedingungen, unter welchen die
Bestimmungen vorgenommen werden, abhangig ist. Dies hingt damit
zusammen, dass es nicht leicht ist bei der Erhitzung alles Wasser zu
‘entfernen, ohne dass gleichzeitig andere Prozesse vorgehen, sowohl solche
die einen Gewichtverlust verursachen, als auch solche welch, eine Gewichts-
vermehrung hervorbringen (wie z. B. bei gewissen Oxydationsprozessen).
Die ersten wiirden eine zu grosse, die letzten eine zu niedridge Analysen-
zahl fir Feuchtigkeit aufzeigen.

Rein theoretisch kann man sagen, dass es absolu tunméglich ist, durch
Gewichtsverlust-Analyse den Feuchtigkeitsinhalt ganz genau zu _bestim-
men; aber Methoden zu schaffen, die in héherem Grade den rein theo-
retischen Forderungen Rechnung tragen, ist eine so komplizierte Sache,
dass es fir die praktische Samen-Kontrolle ganz ausgeschlossen ist, sich
darauf einzulassen.

Das einzig richtige ware, So zu arbeiten, dass die Wirkungen der
Nebenprozesse so klein wie méglich werden, und dass man gleichzeitig dafiir
sorgt, dass: alles Wasser so quantitativ wie méglich ausgetrieben wird. Die
Bedingungen, die hier in besonderem Grade Einfluss ausiiben, sind:— -

(1) Die Zubereitung der Probe (Grad der Zermahlung).
(2) Die Temperatur, unter welcher die Bestimmung stattfindet..
(3) Die Zeit, d.h. Dauer, der Bestimmung.

Diese Bedingungen miissen so gewaéhlt werden, dass man soweit
moglich bei der Parallelanalyse tibereinstimmende Resultate bekommt,
wie sie auch gleichzeitig leicht ausfiihrbar sein miissen.

Bei der Samenkontrolle in Skandinavien, wie wohl auch in den meisten
anderen Lindern, wird eine sehr einfache Art der Vorbereitung verwendet:
man mahlt die grosskérnigen Sorten (Cerealien, Leguminosen) grob und
nimmt von allen kleinkérnigen Sorten die Kiérner ganz. Hiervon wird
24 gr. bezw. 1 gr. 5 Stunden bei ca. 98° C. getrocknet (Dampftrocken-
schrank). Zu diesem Verfahren ist zu bemerken, dass das grobe Mahlen oder
das Nicht-Mahlen das Entweichen des gebildeten Wasserdampfes verhin-
dert, dies gilt auch von.der Temperatur 98° C., welche ja unter dem
Siedepunkt liegt.

190

Aus diesem letzten Grunde ist man in den chemischen Laboratorien
allméhlich dazu iibergegangen, eine héhere Temperatur zu verwenden,
némlich 103°-105° C. (Electrischer Trockerischrank) bei Bestimmung der
Feuchtigkeit bei organischen Stoffen.

Schon friiher hat man in diesen Laboratorien eine viel griindlichere
Zubereitung der Probe verwendet, indem man gemahlen hat, bis die ganze
Probe ein Sieb mit 1 mm. Maschenweite passieren konnte. Eine Schwierig-
keit bei dieser griindlichen Zubereitung ist, dass sie lingere Zeit in
Anspruch nimmt, wodurch der Feuchtigkeitsinhalt der Probe sich
wihrend der Arbeit andern kann.

Um eine Zahlen-Grundlage bei der Diskussion dieser Fragen zu erhalten,
habe ich eine Reihe von Untersuchungen gemacht iiber den Hinfluss,
welche die verschiedenen Kombinationen, Temperatur und Zeit auf die
Analysenresultate haben. Wegen Mangel an Zeit musste ich das Analysen-
material beschranken, und habe einige von den wichtigsten Saatwaren-
Sorten ausgew&hlt, niimlich 2 von Hafer (avena sativa), 2 von Gerste
(hordeum vulgare), 2 von Roggen (secale cereale), 2 von Timothegrass
(phleum pratense), 1 von Rotklee (trifolium pratense), 1 von Alsike-Klee
(trifolium hybridum), 2 von Wiesenfuchsschwanz (alopecurus pratensis),
2 von Turnips (brassica camp. rap.).

Alle diese 14 Proben werden jetzt auf 2 verschiedene Arten zubereitet,
entweder auf die bei der Samenkontrolle gewéhnliche Art—grosse Samen-
k6rner werden grob gemahlen, kleine werden ganz gelassen; oder soweit,
méglich wie bei der chemischen Analyse, d.h. Vermahlen und Sieben der
grossen Samenkérner und Zerquetschen der kleinen K6rner in einer
Reibschale.

Diese 28 Proben wurden jetzt sowohl bei 98° C. als bei 103° C. ge-
trocknet, zuerst 4 Stunden und hiernach noch 1 Stunde. Soweit médglich
wurde die Parallelbestimmung gemacht, und iiberall wurde 5 gr. Stoff
verwendet. Die Resultate sind in der Tab. I. zusammengestellt. Weiter
ist in der Tab. I. auf Seite 50 der Unterschied zwischen den Parallelbestim-
mungen angefiihrt. In der Tab. II. auf Seite 51 ist der Unterschied der
‘Resultate der verschiedenen Behandlungsarten zusammengestellt.

Aus der Tab. I.. geht hervor, dass die Ubereinstimmung zwischen
2 Parallelanalysen im grossen und ganzen bei allen Methoden gut ist, sie
ist aber bei 103° C. entschieden besser als bei 98° C., die griindliche
Zubereitung macht auch die Ubereinstimmung etwas besser; dagegen
macht es nicht viel aus, ob man 1 Stunde tiber 4 Stunden trocknet.

Aus der Tab. II. geht hervor, dass die griindlichere Zubereitung ca.
4 Prozent mehr Feuchtigkeit gibt als die gewéhnliche. Hine Ausnahme
bildet hier alopecurus, der bei der griindlicheren Zubereitung ein nied-
rigeres Resultat zeigte, welches wahrscheinlich eine Verschiebung des
Feuchtigkeitsinhaltes bei der Zubereitung zur Ursache hat. Weiter ergibt
die Trocknung bei 103° C. ca. # Prozent héheres Resultat als die
Trocknung bei 98° C. Die Trocknung der einen Stunde nach den 4 Stunden
andert das Resultat nur mit einigen hundertsteil Prozent.

Die Hauptsache ist, eine Methode zu benutzen die es méglich macht,
dass verschiedene Stationen gleiche Resultate bekommen. In Bezug auf
die obigen Versuchsresultate und meiner Erfarung als Chemiker, und mit
Riicksicht darauf, dass die Methode so praktisch und einfach wie méglich
und gleich fiir verschiedene Sorten von Saatwaren gemacht werden muss,
erlaube ich mir vorzuschlagen, dass folgende Methode als international
angenommen wird, sodass sie jedenfalls bei dem Umsatz von Saatwaren
verwendet wird.

Die Feuchtigkeitsbestimmung bei Saatwaren wird wie folgt vorge-
nommen :—

(a} Von Cerealien und anderen grossen Samensorten (Trockengewicht
von 1,000 K6rnern, tiber 10 gr.). 5 gr. grobgemahlener Stoff wird 4-5
Stunden im Trockenschrank bis 103° C. erhitzt. Die Parallelbestimmung
muss ausgefiihrt werden, wo Garantie erfordert.

191

(b) Von kleinen Samensorien (Trockengewicht von 1,000 Kérnern,
unter 10 gr.). 2} gr. ganze Korner werden 4-5 Stunden bis 103° C. erhitzt.
Parallelbestimmung wie unter (a).

Anmerkung. —Es ist selbstverstindlich, dass wenn die Feuchtigkeits-
bestimmung fiir Garantiezwecke ausgefiihrt werden soll, (und am liebsten
auch sonst.), die Probe in einem luftdichten Glasbehalter oder zur Not in
einer dichtverschlossenen Blechbiichse eingeschickt werden muss. Die
Probe muss als eine gute Durchschnittsprobe ausgesucht werden und minde-
stens 100 gr. fiir grosse Samensorten und 50 gr. fiir kleine Samensorten
wiegen. Die Probe wird vor dem Mahlen und vor dem Wiegen ‘fiir die An-
alyse gut gemischt. Indem man zur Benutzung von 103° C., gegen frither
98° C. tibergeht, muss man darauf aufmerksam sein, dass srihere Angaben
gegenuber dem neuen Verfahren }$ bis 1 Prozent weniger Feuchtig-
keitsinhalt aufzeigen wiirden.

Herr Devoto erklarte, dass dieser Bericht von speziellem In-
teresse fiir die Landwirte in Argentinien sei, die wegen des Wasser-
gehaltes im Mais jahrlich viel Geld verlieren. Der Brown-Duval
Apparat zur Bestimmung der Feuchtigkeit sei seit fiinf Jahren in
Argentinien eingefiihrt. Der Apparat spare Zeit, die erzielten
Ergebnisse seien aber nicht genau. Als Erfinder des erwahnten
Apparates erwiderte Herr Brown, dass dieser von Anfang an fiir
den Getreidehandel konstruiert sei. Der Apparat sei einfach und
die Priifung dauere nur 15 Minuten. Vorausgesetzt, dass die
Zeit und die Temperatur bei den verschiedenen Samenarten
variiert wiirden, erziele man befriedigende Resultate. Beim
Gebrauch dieses Apparates wiirden die Fehler, die durch das
Vermahlen und die Wagung entstehen, eliminiert.

Professor Voigt sagte, dass man in Deutschland. fiir gewisse
Arten eine Temperatur von 98° C., fiir andere von 103° C. ge-
brauche. Die Samen wiirden in einen kalten Ofen gestellt, welcher
bis zu der gewiinschten Temperatur erwarmt wiirde. Von dem
Augenblick an, wo die gewiinschte Temperatur erreicht sei, wiirde
die Trocknungszeit berechnet.

Dr. Volkart teilte mit, dass die Ziiricher Station Wasser-
gehaltsbestimmungen vorzunehmen ablehne, falls die zu unter-
‘suchenden Proben nicht in luftdicht geschlossenen Behaltern
eingingen. Herr Dorph-Petersen erklarte, dass dasselbe der Fall
in Danemark sei. Das Trocknen wiirde bei einer Temperatur von
98° C. wahrend 5 Stunden vorgenommen.

Eine Diskussion iiber die verschiedenen bei dem Trocknen
angewandten Temperaturen und die Oxydationsgefahr folgte.
Herr Devoto betonte, dass man bei der Untersuchung die An-
sichten der Samenhandler nicht vergessen diirfe.

Nachmittags-Silzung.

_ Professor Bussard hielt einen Vortrag tiber : “ Sollen bei jeder
Reinheitsbestimmung die Gewichtsprozente und Namen der am
haufigsten vorkommenden Unkrautsamenarten nicht angegeben
werden, und welche Arten sind stets als Unkraut zu betrachten ? ”’
Siehe Seite 52-54 fiir Vortrag auf Englisch und. Seite 154-158
auf Franzésisch).

192

Herr Dorph-Petersen lenkte die Aufmerksamkeit auf einen
Bericht: ‘“ Einige Untersuchungen iiber das Vorkommen und
die Lebensfaihigkeit mehrerer Unkrautsamenarten unter ver-
schiedenen Verhaltnissen, unternommen an der Ddnischen Staats-
samenkontrolle in den Jahren 1896-1923 ” (siehe Seite 221-226).
Die Widerstandsfahigkeit der Unkrautsamen und ihre Fahigkeit,
sich zu vermehren sind infolge dieser Untersuchungen so gross,
dass man die vorhandenen Arten und die Anzahl] derselben in
dem Untersuchungsbericht absolut anfiihren muss.

Auch die Herren Showky Bakir, Devoto, v. Degen und
Kuleschoff beteiligten sich an der Diskussion. Es wurde vorge-
schlagen, dass jedes Land der Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle
ein Verzeichnis iiber die Unkrautarten iibergeben solle, die in
dem betreffenden Land als besonders schidlich betrachtet
wiirden. Diese und gleichartige Fragen wurden dem am Donners-
tag zu waihlenden Ausschuss tiberwiesen.

Dr. v. Degen legte seinen Bericht iiber: “‘ Die Arbeit des
Seidekomitees, welches bei dem Kongress in Kopenhagen gewahlt
wurde ”’ (siehe den englischen Vortrag, Seite 55-57), vor.

Die Kongressmitglieder stimmten den drei von Dr. v. Degen
gemachten Vorschligen einstimmig zu.

Auf Vorschlag des Herrn Professor Johannsen wurden die
Herren Brown, Devoto und Kuleschoff als weitere Mitglieder des
Seidekomitees erwahlt.

Mittwoch, den 9. Juli.
Vormittags-Sitzung.

Professor Voigt trug seinen Bericht: ‘ Uber Keimpriifungs
methoden,” vor.

Uber Keimpriifungsmethoden.

Prof. Dr. A. von Voret, Hamburg.

Seit der letzten Zusammenkunft in Kopenhagen sind durch die
Bemiihungen des Kollegen Dorph-Petersen die vergleichenden Kontroll-
analysen auf Reinheit und Keimkraft weiter durchgefiihrt worden und
gleichzeitig haben vergleichende Analysen von seiten des Association of
Official Seed Analysts of North America stattgefunden, an denen sich
auch eine Reihe europdischer Anstalten beteiligt hat. Die Ergebnisse
dieser Versuche haben uns gezeigt, dass im allgemeinen eine gute Uber-
einstimmung der Versuche in weitgehendstem Masse fiir die einzelnen
Stationen besteht.

Wenn Abweichungen vorgekommen sind, so waren sie nach meiner
Meinung nicht schwerwiegend. Die Differenzen lassen sich auf Grund
unserer bisherigen Kenntnis der méglichen Fehlerquellen wohl verstehen
und ausgleichen. Damit ware fiir die praktische Samenkontrolle eine zur
Zeit befriedigende Analysenhandhabung festgestellt.

Ich erlaubte mir dann in meinem Referat auf der letzten Versammlhen
darauf hinzuweisen, dass es winschenswert ware, den physiologischen
Zusammenhangen des Keimungsprozesses auch von unserer Seite ndher-
zutreten, vor allen Dingen die Beobachtung wesentlicher Abweichungen
in dem Verhalten keimender Samen bei unseren praktischen Versuchen
als Anregung zu vergleichenden Versuchen zu benutzen und die auftauch-
enden Fragen der reinen Wissenschaft zugénglich zu machen. Es kommt
darauf an, die inneren Zusammenhdnge des Keimprozesses immer klarer

193

zu_erfassen. Ich habe in diesem Zusammenhang seinerzeit auf die
Arbeiten von Kinzel und Hollrung naher hingewiesen. Wenn wir nun
heute nach dem Stande dieser Fragen uns umsehen, so sind es zwei
Probleme, die unsere besondere Beachtung verdienen. Das eine betrifft
die Arbeiten Popoffs* u.a., die uns zeigen, dass es méglich ist, durch
chemische Beeinflussungen des Keimprozesses sowohl héhere Keimzahlen
als auch quantitativ und qualitativ bessere Ertrage zu erzielen. Popoff
stiitzt seine Laboratoriumsversuche durch ausgedehnte, praktische
Anbauversuche im freien Lande. Zu ganz ahnlichen Resultaten gelangt
eine Reihe von Industrieunternehmungen, die sich mit der Herstellung
von sogen Impfmitteln fiir Getreide u. a. befassen. Es hat sich némlich
ergeben, dass diese Mittel nicht nur pilzwidrig wirken, sondern auch in
dem Stande sind, das Auflaufen der geimpften Saat erheblich zu steigern.

Soweit ich bis heute die Sache tibersehen kann, scheint es sich bei allen
diesen Fallen um eine sehr zweckmassige Sauglingsfiirsorge zu handeln,
die dazu dient, die Kindersterblichkeit bei unseren Samen bezw. Keim-
pflanzen einzuschriinken und evt. die Leistungsfahigkeit der entstandenen
Pflanzen zu férdern. Es sind abernoch hin und wieder widersprechende
Ergebnisse vorhanden, die eine weitere griindliche Durchfiihrung dieser
Fragen erfordern. In der vorliegenden Frage handelt es sich um Beob-
achtungen, die bei der experimentellen Behandlung des Saatgutes mit
verschiedenen Mitteln aufgefallen sind.

Mehr vom theoretischen Standpunkt aus geht nun Merkenschlager,t
der in seinen kiirzlich erschienenen ‘‘ Keimungsphysiologischen Problemen ”
eine ganze Reihe von zundchst theoretisch angestellten Versuchen
benutzt, um den inneren Zusammenhangen bei der Keimung naher zu
kommen. Die Bestrebungen Kinzels, einer gross angelegten Biologie der
Samen die nétigen Unterlagen zu schaffen, werden jetzt erganzt durch
den Versuch Merkenschlagers, zunichst die verschiedengradige Resistenz
verschiedener Samenarten gegen eine Reihe von Einfliissen zu priifen.
Es lasst sich seine Absicht wohl dahin zusammenfassen, dass es, wie schon
vielfach angeregt worden ist, sehr wichtig ist, der Natur der Reservestofte,
den wirksamen Fermenten, den Entwicklungsstadien des Embryos in
ihren Beziehungen zum Keimungsprozess néherzutreten und eine Anzahl
Faktoren mechanischer, chemischer und physicochemischer Natur bei
diesen Erscheinungen zu priifen. An sich alles ein Problemkomplex
der alle médglichen Ausblicke erwarten lasst und in der vorliegenden
Mitteilung nach vielen Richtungen hin dankenswerte Anregungen bringt.
Ob sie uns bereits heute Méglichkeiten erdffnen, unsere praktischen
Keimmethoden nach irgendeiner Richtung hin zu beeinflussen, diinkt mir
bei der Jugend der Beobachtungen nicht sehr wahrscheinlich. Es ist
allerdings schon von manchen Seiten eine gewisse Schnellkeimung mit
Hilfe von chemischen Agenzien empfohlen worden, so fiir Malzgerste und
manche andere Getreide. Es will mir aber auch hier scheinen, dass fiir
die praktische Samenkontrolle eine gewisse Versuchszeit vor der endgiiltigen
Einfiihrung notwendig ist. Wir sehen aber aus der Zusammenstellung
Merkenschlagers, dass die Keimungsphysiologie seit unserem letzten
Kongress nicht still gestanden ist und namentlich unter Zuhilfenahme der
neuesten physicochemischen Fortschritte den komplizierten Vorgangen
bei der Keimung immer néher auf den Grund zu kommen versucht.

Neu sind fiir uns, d.h. die praktische Samenkontrolle, die Einfltisse
chemischer Stoffe auf den Keimungsprozess, die bisher ja fiir unsere
Versuche ausgeschlossen waren. Als wertvolles Ergebnis méchte ich vor
allen Dingen das Bestreben anerkennen zwischen den einzelnen Beob-
achtungen brauchbare Zusammenhange festzustellen; so erstens das
verschiedene Verhalten von Samen mit verschiedenen Reservestoffen, die
akzessorische Wirkung vorhandener Alkaloide, Glykoside u.s.w., die

* Popoff, M., & Gleisberg, W., ‘ Zell-Stimulationsforschungen,” Bd. 1, Heft 1.

Berlin 1924. : of:
+ Merkenschlager, F., *‘ Keimungsphysiologische Problemo.’”’ I. Freising,

Minchen, 1924.
% 23301 &

194

Bedeutung des Schleimes, der organischen Sduren u.v.a. Besonders
wertvoll fiir den rein physiologischen Standpunkt erscheint mir die
Annahme, dass die sogen. akzessorischen Stoffwechselprodukte doch eine
ausgleichende Wirkung fiir den Lebensvorgang haben. Ferner ist die
Feststellung des Verhaltens gegen die bei diesen Studien benutzten Stoffe
in dem weiteren Lebensprozess der betreffenden Pflanze von grosser
Bedeutung. Man kann wohl sagen, dass die alte Detmersche Physiologie
des Keimungsprozesses, die auf ein Alter von 50 Jahren heute zuriickblickt,
zur Zeit die Unterlagen fiir eine neue Auffassung und Darstellung findet.

Auch die rein wissenschaftliche Physiologie fangt an, wenn auch
vielfach aus anderen rein ernaéhrungs-physiologischen Griinden, sich mit
der Keimungsphysiologie zu beschaftigen. ‘‘ Das ernahrungs-physiologische
Praktikum héherer Pflanzen” von Grafe, 1914, ist hierfiir das beste
Zeichen.

Von anderen Gesichtspunkten gehen Versuche aus, die zum Teil
hier in Hamburg eingeleitet worden sind und durch einige Dissertationen
belegt werden. Es handelt sich um Fragen des praktischen Keimver-
suches und um die Méglichkeit, die Keimreife eines Saatgutes zu erkennen.
Namentlich kommen Grassaaten in Betracht, die zum Teil wild geerntet
werden und nur in geringem Masse unter ganz einfachen Anbauverhalt-
nissen ohne Beriicksichtigung von Rassen und Formen gebaut werden.
Es ist klar, dass auf diesem Wege meist Saaten von ganz verschiedener
Reife und im Zusammenhang damit auch von verschiedener Keimfreudig-
keit gewonnen werden kénnen. So wurde fiir Schafschwingel, Geruchgras
und Drahtschmiele ermittelt, dass die Keimenergie und Keimkraft ein
deutliches Anwachsen zeigen bei Wiederholung der Versuche nach 6—12
Monaten. Junge Saat von Anthoxanthum steht unter starken Keim-
hemmungen, ebenso Schafschwingel und Drahtschmiele. Die Keimkraft
ist aber relativ hoher. Dunkelkeimung bringt viel niedrigere Werte als
Lichtkeimung. Hoéhere Temperaturen sind bei Anthoxanthum, Aera—
bei letzterem auch bei zunehmendem Alter—ungiinstig, bei Festuca
dagegen giinstig. In ahnlicher Weise ist eine Reihe anderer Graser gepriift
worden. Es soll auf diese Art durch eine grdéssere Anzahl von Versuchen
ermittelt werden, wie sich derartige Saaten im Laufe einer Reihe von
Jahren je nach den beobachteten Ernteverhaltnissen verhalten, um vor
allem die Konstanz gewisser Bedingungen erkennen zu kénnen. Recht
wertvolle Beitrage liefern auch die vergleichenden Versuche tiber die
Keimkraft der Weymouthkiefern, die gemeinsam von Ziirich und Hohen-
heim angestellt worden sind.* Ahnliche Versuche liegen aus Kopenhagen
vor.

Es ist dies der zweite Weg, der neben den rein wissenschaftlichen
Versuchen aus der Praxis der Samenkontrolle heraus méglich ist und uns
in gleicher Weise immer tiefer in die Zusammenhdnge einfiihren wird.

Da es sich in meinem Referat in erster Linie darum handelt, zu einheit-
lichen Richtlinien fiir die Anstellung von Keimversuchen zu kommen, so
moge diese allgemeine Ubersicht iiber den heutigen Stand der wissen-
schaftlichen Erforschung der Keimungsvorgange geniigen.

Hiernach legte Professor Voigt seinen Antrag auf dem Kongress
in Kopenhagen, “ Richtlinien fiir Keimpriifungen ’’+ dem Kon-
gress vor.

Nach einer langen Diskussion wurden die mit diesen Richt-

linien verbundenen Fragen dem am Donnerstag Nachmittag zu
wahlenden Komitee iiberwiesen.

* Grisch, A., & Lakon, G., ‘ Die Keimpriifung der Weymouthskiefernsamen.”’
Bern, 1923.

{ Siehe Seite 86-88 in ‘ Verhandlungen de Internationalen’ Konfer-
enz fiir Samenpriifung in Kopenhagen, 1921-”

195

Dy. Franck trug hierauf seinen Bericht iiber : “‘ Keimversuche

bei niedriger Temperatur ” vor (siehe den Vortrag auf Englisch
Seite 59-75).

Dr. v. Degen bemerkte, dass Dr. Francks Methode nur in
Landern mit klimatischen Verhiltnissen, wie sie in Holland sind,
verwendbar sei. In Ungarn kamen infolge der trockenen Wit-
terung nur vdllig reife Samen vor. Die Verwendung wechselnder
Temperatur sei indessen notwendig fiir aus Deutschland einge-
fiihrte Beta-Samen.

Professor Bussard machte darauf aufmerksam, dass man bei
Samen aus nérdlichen Lindern die Feuchtigkeit in Betracht
ziehen miisse. Getreide aus diesen Lindern keime oft besser
nach dem Trocknen.

Herr Anderson meinte, dass der Begriff ‘‘ Nach-Reife ” nicht
dem wirklichen Zustand des Getreides entspreche. An seiner
Anstalt wiirde aus kommerziellen Griinden immer eine Abschélung
der Haferkérner vorgenommen, weil diese seiner Erfahrung nach
schnelle Keimung bewirke.

Herr Clark bemerkte, dass man in Canada oft mit Samen zu
tun hatte, die dem Frost ausgesetzt gewesen waren. Man hatte
es fiir zweckmassig gefunden, unter gewissen Verhiiltnissen
solche Samen wahrend 10 Tagen unter Glas zu trocknen. Um
zu untersuchen, ob die Samen entwicklungsfihig seien oder nicht,
wiirden diese in sorgfaltig sterilisierter Erde ausgesat.

Herr Dorph-Petersen bezog sich auf seinen unten angefiihrten
Bericht iiber: ‘‘ Untersuchungen des nicht keimreifen Getreides
und Feststellung der Keimkraft solcher Samen in Erde.”

Deutsches Resiimee.
Keimuntersuchungen im Laboratorium und in Erde von nicht
keimreifem Getreide.
VON
K. DORPH-PETERSEN.

Direktor J. Widén, der zusammen mit mir den erwaéhnten Stoff
behandelt haben sollte, ist leider vor Kurzem abgeschieden. Er war
ein selten tiichtiger, feiner und sympatischer Mann, der stets in unserer
Erinnerung sein wird.

Widén hatte uns gute Auskiinfte dieser Frage betreffend geben konnen,
weil das Getreide in Schweden sowie auch in Schottland, Norwegen,
Finnland samt mehreren Landern auf demselben Breitegrad haufig nicht
keimreif wird.

Ausser den vielen Publikationen dieses Stoffs betreffend, auf welche
Dr. Franck in seinem ausgezeichneten Vortrag: ‘‘ Keimversuche bei
niedriger Temperatur ’’ die Aufmerksamkeit hingeleitet hat, erlaube ich
mir besonders auf eine Publikation von Herrn J. N. Walldén, dem
Vorsteher der Samenkontrollanstalt in Sval6f, tiber: ‘‘ Eftermognad hos
Spanmalsvaror’’* (Nachreife von Getreidewaren) aufmerksam zu
machen. Walldén niitzte die alte Erfahrung aus, dass verletzte Korner

* « Sveriges Utsddesférenings Tidskrift,” 1910, Heft 2, 3 und 6.
a2

196

in einer nicht keimreifen Getreideware in der Regel schneller als die
tibrigen keimen, indem er, um festzustellen, inwiefern eine nicht keimreife
Ware spiter keimen kann, eine gewisse Zahl von Kérnern zum Keimen
legt, an welchen die dem Keim entgegengesetzte Spitze abgeschnitten ist.

Die Staatssamenkontrolle in Kopenhagen hat gleichfalls diese Methode
benutzt, indem man in den Jahren, wenn es sich zeigte, dass das Getreide,
welches zur Untersuchung einging, nicht keimreif war, ausser der
gewohnlichen Anzahl von Samenkérnern, die man in dem Zustande, in
welchem diese eingingen, in feuchtem Sand in Tonschalen zum Keimen
legte, auch eine kleinere Anzahl wie vorher beschrieben angeschnittene
Samenkérner zum Keimen legte. Falls es sich zeigte, dass diese letzteren
besser als die anderen keimten, wurde auf dem Analysenschein folgendes
angefiihrt: ‘‘ Die niedrige Keimfahigkeit deutet darauf hin, dass die
Probe nicht keimreif ist; wenn diese einige Zeit trocken aufbewahrt ist,
wird sie wahrscheinlich ein héheres Keimresultat geben.”

In der Saison 1922/23 ist eine Reihe von Untersuchungen von nicht
keimreifom Getreide, geerntet in 1922, wo der Sommer verhiltnismassig
ktthl und feucht war, an der danischen Staatssamenkontrolle angestellt
worden. Ein Teil dieser Untersuchungsresultate sind in dem Bericht der
danischen Staatssamenkontrolle fiir 1922/23* verdéffentlicht.

Von den Zahlen in der Tabelle 1 (siehe Seite 81) ist ersichtlich,
von welcher Bedeutung es ist, dass Saatgetreide eine gute Keimenergie
hat (die Bezeichnung ‘“‘ Keimschnelligkeit ’? wird an der Kopenhagener
Anstalt als Ausdruck fiir die Keimfahigkeit benutzt, welche eine Ware
im Laboratorium in ungefaéhr einem Drittel der festgesetzten Keimzeit
hat, wahrend man dagegen die Bezeichnung ‘‘ Keimenergie’”’ in
Verbindung mit Keimung in Erde, wo die Keime den Widerstand der
bedeckenden Erdschicht zu itiberwinden haben, benutzt). An der Kopen-
hagener Anstalt untersucht man die Keimenergie entweder durch Aussaat
im Versuchsfelde, oder, zu den Jahreszeiten, wo dies nicht méglich ist,
in Blumentépfen, wo die Samen mit einer Erdschicht von 24 cm. (welche
ungefahr derjenigen im Felde entspricht) bedeckt werden. Die Blumen-
tépfe werden wahrend der Keimung in einem besonderen Gewachsraum
hingestellt. Nur die Samenproben, die sowohl eine gute Keimschnelligkeit
als auch eine gute Keimfahigkeit haben, werden in dieser Weise einen
guten, regelmassigen Bestand geben.

Aus der Tabelle 2 (siehe Seite 81) ist ersichtlich, dass nicht
keimreifes Getreide schneller und besser bei einer Temperatur von 11—14° C.
keimt als bei 17—20° C.

Die Tabelle 3 (siche Seite 82) zeigt, dass die angeschnittenen Kérner
von nicht keimreifem Getreide sowohl besser als auch schneller als die
nicht angeschnittenen keimen.

Durch Keimpriifungen von einer Reihe Getreideproben im Felde, die
bei fritheren Untersuchungen sich als nicht keimreif gezeigt haben, ist
nachgewiesen, dass die in Erde erzielten Keimergebnisse im Ganzen
ausserordentlich gut mit denjenigen, die durch Keimung von angeschnit-
tenen Kérnern der betreffenden Proben erzielt wurden, tibereinstimmten.
Die Ergebnisse eines solchen Versuches, der im Friihjahr 1924 angesteilt
wurde, sind in der Tabelle 4 (siehe Seite 82) zu finden.

Infolge den erzielten Resultaten der verschiedenen Versuchen kann
festgestellt werden, dass man durch Keimpriifung angeschnittener
Getreidekérner eine zuverlissige Anweisung bekommt, wie das nicht
keimreife Getreide, wenn dies keimreif wird, im Felde keimen wird.

Im Herbst 1923 wurde an der danischen Staatssamenkontrolle eine
Untersuchung bewerkstelligt, um méoglicherweise Erklaérung tiber die
Ursache der fehlenden Keimreife zu finden. Es wurden Proben von
2 Weizen-, 3 Gersten- und 2 Hafersorten in drei verschiedenen Reife-
stadien geerntet : (a) ‘‘ griinreif’’ (griinliche Spelzen, das Samenweiss im
Ubergangszustande von milchlicher zu zaéher Konsistenz, (b) “ gelbreif ”
(fast gelbe Spelzen, das Samenweiss ziéh) und (ce) “ véllig reif”’ (ganz gelbe

* « Tidsskrift for Planteavl,” Band 30, Seite 329-37.

197

Spelzen, das‘Samenweiss von ungefahr fester Konsistenz). Die geernteten
Getreideproben wurden bei drei verschiedenen Temperaturen 18-22°,
14-16° und 10-14° C., gleich nach der Ernte, 1 und 2 Monate spater und
einzelne noch ein oder zweimal mit einem Zwischenraum von 2-3 Wochen
zum Keimen gelegt. Die Ergebnisse, die jedoch zu umfassend sind, hier
zu erwahnen, zeigen, dass es an und fiir sich nicht fehlende Reife ist,
welche die fehlende Keimreife verursacht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse
zeigen weiter, dass nicht keimreifes Getreide am besten bei der niedrigsten
der drei erwaihnten Temperaturen (10-14° C)keimt. Je naher das Getreide
ist, “‘ vollig reif’? zu sein, desto héhere Temperatur kann bei der Keim-
priifung verwendet werden, und wenn das Getreide “ vdllig reif”’ ist,
keimt es in der Regel am schnellsten bei der héchsten der drei erwahnten
Temperaturen. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass das bei der Keimpriifung der
angeschnittenen Samenkérner erzielte Keimresultat, was alle Unter-
suchungen betrifft, nur mit Ausnahme der Priifung, die unmittelbar nach
der Ernte angestellt wurde, ungefahr demjenigen entspricht, welches
man bei Keimversuchen, wenn das Getreide véllig keimreif ist, erzielt.
Da man ja im Praxis nie mit Keimpriifungen von Getreide unmittelbar
nach der Ernte, bevor dies auf dem Felde getrocknet ist, zu tun hat,
besta&tigt diese Untersuchung, was friiher erw&hnt ist, dass man durch
Keimpriifung der angeschnittenen Kérner eine sichere Anweisung
bekommt, welche Keimfahigkeit das betreffende Getreide durch passende
Behandlung und Lagerung, wenn es keimreif wird, bekommen kann.

Die Untersuchungen zeigen :

(1) dass die fehlende Keimreife nicht dadurch verursacht ist,
dass das Getreide, wenn es geerntet wird, nicht ‘‘vdllig reif’”’
gewesen ist. ‘

(2) dass Keimresultate von nicht keimreifen Getreidekérnern,
von welchen die dem Keim entgegengesetzte Spitze abgeschnitten
ist, eine sichere Anweisung der Keimfahigkeit, die von der Partie,
wenn diese keimreif wird, zu erwarten ist, gibt.

Weil das Anschneiden indessen nicht den Keim berihrt, kann es
nicht ein latenter Zustand des Keimes sein, der das Keimreifen hindert,
sondern eine gewisse Eigenschaft der Samenschale, die wahrscheinlich
hindert, dass Sauerstoff, Kohlensdéure oder eventuell andere Stoffe durch
die Samenschale dringen kénnen.

Nachmittags-Sitzung.

Delegierte des Samenhandlerkongresses, welcher gleichzeitig
mit der Vierten Internationalen Samenkontroll-Konferenz in
London abgehalten wurde, nahmen an dieser Sitzung Teil und
wurden von Sir Lawrence Weaver und Herrn Dorph-Petersen im
Namen des Samenkontroll-Kongresses und der Europidischen
Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle begriisst. Herr C. G. Bell sprach
im Namen des Samenhandler-Kongresses und der Vereinigung
der brittischen Samenhandler seinen Dank fiir den freundlichen
Empfang aus.

Danach las Dr. Volkart seinen Bericht itiber: “ Die an der
Vereinigung bewerkstelligten ‘Herkunftsbestimmungen’”’ vor
(siehe den Vortrag auf Englisch Seite 83-97).

Schlussfolgerungen.

1. Die bisher vorliegenden Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von Rotklee
verschiedener Provenienz nach dem im Auftrage der Konferenz in Kopen-
hagen vorgeschlagenen einheitlichen Verfahren zeigen, dass auf diesem
Wege genaue und zuverlassige Beschreibungen der einzelnen Provenienzen
erhalten werden kénnen. Die Untersuchungen sind daher fortzusetzen.

«% 23801 Gs

198

2. Es ist strenge daran festzuhalten, dass die Untersuchungen nach
einheitlichem Plane fortgefiihrt und verdéffentlicht werden, sodass die
Untersuchungsergebnisse unter sich vergleichbar sind und leicht benutzt
werden kénnen.

3. Die Einzeluntersuchungen sind wie bisher in den Handen der
Anstalten der verschiedenen Lander zu belassen. Diese Anstalten sammeln
die Proben und untersuchen sie nach einheitlichen Vorschriften. Die

ausftihrliche Veréffentlichung der Ergebnisse steht den einzelnen Anstalten
zu.

4. Als Zentralstelle bezeichnet der 4. Kongress fiir Samenkontrolle
eine Anstalt, von der aus diese Untersuchungen kraftig geférdert werden.
Aufgabe dieser Zentralstelle ist :—

(a) der weitere Ausbau und die Vereinheitlichung der Unter-
suchungsmethode fiir die Erhebung ;

(6) die Anleitung und Unterstiitzung der an der Untersuchung
teilnehmenden Anstalten ;

(c) die Zusammenfassung der Untersuchungsergebnisse in kurzen
Uebersichten, ihre Erklarung (Interpretation) und Versendung an
die Mitglieder der Vereinigung ;

(d) die Durchfiihrung der Erhebung fiir Lander, denen die
Ausfiihrung der Untersuchung selbst nicht méglich ist ;

(e) Untersuchung einzelner fiir die Provenienzbestimmung
besonders wichtiger Artgruppen und Verdffentlichung der unter-
scheidenden Merkmale ihrer Samen; Verteilung von authentischem
Samenmaterial dieser Arten an die einzelnen Anstalten; |

(f) Fihrung eines Archives in das die Ergebnisse aller Einzel-
untersuchungen eingereiht werden.

5. Fur die Arbeiten dieser Zentralstelle setzt die Vereinigung einen
bestimmten alljahrlich auszurichtenden Kredit aus und ihr Vorstand
gewahrt tiberdies weitere ausreichende Unterstiitzungen (Subventionen)
fiir besondere Untersuchungen, die notwendig werden sollten.

Sir Lawrence Weaver dankte Dr. Volkart fiir seinen interes-
santen Bericht und bedauerte, dass Dr. Volkart keine Méglichkeit
finde, die Arbeit iiber die Herkunftsbestimmungen innerhalb der
Vereinigung fortzusetzen.

Dr. Volkart lenkte die Aufmerksamkeit auf einen Bericht
iiber Herkunftsbestimmungen von Herrn Tryti, Kristiania, hin
(siehe die englische Abteilung Seite 97-98).

Herr Dorph-Petersen bemerkte, dass auch die Kopenhagener
Anstalt wie die Anstalt in Kristiania gefunden hatte, dass
Bruchstiicke von Pflanzen und Mineralien gute Auskiinfte iiber
die Herkunft einer Samenprobe geben kénnten. Diese Bestim-
mungen seien besonders schwierig, wenn es sich um Mischungen
von Waren verschiedener Herkiinfte handle.

Herr Brown trug danach stine Mitteilungen iiber: “ Die
Bewertung der hartschaligen Samen”’ vor (siehe den englischen
Vortrag Seite 99-100).

Herr D. Bell erklarte, obwohl er als Samenhandler gezwungen
sei, hartschalige Kérner zu ritzen, hatte er doch nie als Landwirt
geritzte Samen ausgesdét. Er habe wilden Weissklee mit mehr
als 30 Prozent harten Kérnern ausgesat und einen schénen Ertrag
erzielt.

199

Herr Lafferty erwabnte einige in. Dublin unternommene
Versuche iiber die Keimfahigkeit hartschaliger Samen. Die
Versuche, welche 10 Jahre dauerten, zeigten, dass nach drei
Jahren ungefihr 50 Prozent der harten Kérner von Rotklee
keimten. Die Keimung wurde danach langsamer, sodass nach
10 Jahren beim Abschluss des Versuches noch nicht alle hart-
schaligen Samen gekeimt hatten. Nachdem der Rest der harten
Korner geritzt und sofort auf den Keimapparat zuriickgelegt
wurde, keimten diese in den meisten Fallen normal innerhalb
weniger Tage. Parallel-Versuche mit harten Kérnern von
Kleesamen, auf Keimapparaten im Laboratorium und in
Blumentépfen in einem ungeheizten Gewachshaus unternommen,
zeigten, dass mehr Prozente in Erde als in den Apparaten keimten.
Herr Lafferty meinte, dass die Untersuchungsberichte nur den
Gehalt an harten Kérnern angeben sollen, die Bewertung dieser
Samen miisse man dem Landwirt iiberlassen.

Herr Brown teilte mit, dass Versuche in den Vereinigten
Staaten gezeigt hitten, dass harte Korner die 20 Jahre hindurch
in Erde lagen, nach dem Ritzen sofort keimten.

Herr Devoto sagte, dass man in Argentinien der Meinung sei,
dass 50 Prozent der harten Korner keimfahig seien.

Professor Bussard and Dr. v. Degen betrachteten alle harten
Korner als keimfahig.

Herr Dorph-Petersen verteilte zwischen den Anwesenden
maschinengeschriebene Exemplare seiner Bemerkungen zu Herrn
Browns Vortrag und eine Broschiire: “ How long do the various
seed species retain their germinating power?” Diese enthielt
die Resultate von Versuchen mit Samenproben, die unter
verschiedenen Feuchtigkeits- und Temperaturverhaltnissen auf-
bewahrt waren. Die Versuche zeigten, dass Proben von
Rotklee, Gelbklee und gemeinem Hornklee in einigen Fallen
bedeutend mehr harte Ko6rner enthielten, wenn die Proben unter
warmen, trockenen Verhaltnissen (in zentralgeheizten Riumen
bei 18° C.) aufbewahrt, als wenn sie in kiihlen, feuchten Raumen
gelagert wurden. Weil das Ritzen oft Zerbrechen der Keimlinge
verursache, diirften die harten Kérner seiner Meinung nach als
keimfahig betrachtet werden, wenn der Gehalt in einer Probe
nicht wesentlich grésser als das Normale fiir die betreffende Art
sei. Nath diesen Versuchen bewahren lLuzernesamen ihre
Keimfahigkeit am langsten und die harten Kérner seien, wenn
sie geritzt werden, fast immer keimfahig.

Herr Brown bemerkte, dass es scheine, dass alle Anwesenden
die harten Korner als keimfahig betrachten.

Nach einer Teepause wurde in Kiirze ein Bericht der Herren
Pammer und Schindler (Wien) von Professor Voigt vorgetragen.

200

Zur Frage der Hartschaligkeit der Kleesamen und des Bruches.
REFERAT VON
G. PAMMER wunp J. SCHINDLER, Wien.

Die Bewertung der hartschaligen Kérner bei den Kleearten erfolgt
nach den in den technischen Normen fiir die Priifung von Saatgut des
Verbandes landwirtschaftlicher Versuchsstationen im Deutschen Reiche,
giltig vom 13. September 1912 an enthaltenen Bestimmungen derart,
dass “‘hartschalige (ungequollene) Samen im Untersuchungsbericht als
solche zahlenmassig anzugeben sind, mit der Bemerkung, dass ein un-
bestimmter Bruchteil innerhalb nutzbarer Zeit voraussichtlich nachkeimen
diirfte.’ Das Methodenbuch des Verbandes der landwirtschaftlichen
Versuchsstationen in Osterreich, ab 1. Januar 1913 geltend, schreibt vor,
dass “‘ bei Luzerne von den hartgebliebenen Kérnern }, bei den tibrigen
Kleearten }, zu den tats&chlich gekeimten zuzuschlagen, die betreffenden
Ergebnisse jedoch ausserdem noch anzugeben sind.”

An diese beiden divergierenden Vorschriften ankniipfend méchten
wir die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Tatsache lenken, dass die Verwendung
von Kleesamen zur Anlage von mehrjahrigen Futterflachen auf dem
Ackerlande seit 4 Jahrzehnten, insbesondere durch die aufklarende
Tatigkeit F. G. Steblers in der Schweiz und Th. v. Weinzierls in Osterreich,
ausserordentlich stark zugenommen hat. Der Anbau von Klee (insbe-
sondere Rotklee) im Reinbau oder héchstens im Gemenge mit einer
Graserart nimmt nicht mehr ausschliesslich den ganzen Samenbedarf an
Klee fiir sich in Anspruch, sondern es werden bereits grosse Mengen von
Saatgut fiir die Anlage von Futterschligen auf dem Ackerlande, welche
3 bis 6 Jahre genutzt werden sollen, verwendet, und aus dieser Tatsache
ergibt sich die Notwendigkett, zu der Frage nach dem Werte der hartschaligen
Kleesamen Stellung zu nehmen.

Auch die Anlage von Dauerwiesen und Weiden mit noch langerer,
10-12 jahriger Nutzung durch Neuansaat oder ktinstliche Einsaat von
Klee- und Grassamen nimmt von Jahr zu Jahr zu und erfordert alljaéhrlich
bedeutende Quantitéten von Saatgut. Unter solchen Umsténden ist es
wohl von Wichtigkeit, die Frage sicherzustellen, ob die im Ansaatjahre
nicht aufgehenden hartschaligen Kleesamen wirklich als nutzlos zu
bezeichnen sind.

Bei Reinsaat und 1-2 jahriger Nutzungsdauer wird man darauf
sehen, dass die Saat rasch auflauft und sich gleichmdssig entwickelt.
Hier wird man also entschieden ein Saatgut, das einen hohen Prozentsatz
harter Koérner aufweist, mdglichst vermeiden. Anders bei mehrjaéhrigen
Futteranlagen: ist die kithlfeuchte Lagerung der Kleesamen wahrend
des ersten und zweiten Winters, oder irgend ein anderer Faktor imstande,
die Hartschaligkeit aufzuheben, so ware gerade die Hartschaligkeit bei
jenen Kleearten, welche bei der Anlage von langer dauernden Futter-
flachen, besonders aber von Dauerweiden und Dauerwiesen, hauptsachlich
in Verwendung kommen (Weissklee, Bastardklee, Schotenklee, Sumpf-
schotenklee und Hopfenklee), durchaus nicht als eine nachteilige Eigen-
schaft zu werten, weil auch die nach und nach auskeimenden Kleepflanzen
dem Bestande zugute kommen.

Dass sich der Kleebestand einer Wiese durch das Nachkeimen
innerhalb langerer Zeitraume immer wieder erganzt, ist eine bekannte
Tatsache. Doch wurden bisher solche Versuche, welche diese Frage
aufzuklaren imstande waren, unseres Wissens nicht angestellt. Steglich*
hat seine Versuche bis langstens 17 Monate, vom 15. IV. 1908 bis 15. IX.
1909 beobachtet. Es ist also nicht bekannt geworden, ob von den iibrig

* B. Steglich: ‘‘ Untersuchungen iiber Hartschaligkeit und Bruch bei der
Keimung des Kleesamens.” In Landw. Versuchsstationen, Bd. 79 und 80,
Berlin, 1913, Seite 611 bis 622.

201

bleibenden harten Kérnem im ndéchsten oder iibernfchsten Iriihjalive
durch Uberliegen iiber den Winter ein betrichtlicher Teil noch zur
Auskeimung gelangl ist. Dass eine langere (1 bis mehr monatliche)
feuchte Lagerung bei niedriger Temperatur die Keimung von sonst unter
normalen Bedingungen sehr schwer keimenden Samen sehr begiinstigen
oder tiberhaupt erst erméglichen kann, wissen wir aus der Keimfahig-
keitspriifung von Obstkernen und von Weymouthskiefern (Pinus Cembra).*
_ Auch die Versuche von Hojesky+ erstrecken sich nur auf eine Vegeta-
tionsperiode, obwohl dort die Notwendigkeit, solche Versuche auf eine
langere Zeit auszudehnen, betont wird.

Dass die im Erdboden befindlichen hartschaligen Kleesamen den
verschiedenartigsten Einfliissen ausgesetzt sind, und dadurch ein Riickgang
ihrer Hartschaligkeit bewirkt wird, wissen wir aus der oben angefiihrten
Arbeit von Hojesky. Hojesky hat im speziellen nachgewiesen, dass
bei hartschaligen Luzernesamen im trockenen Erdboden die Hartschaligkeit
durch starke Erwarmung wahrend der heissen Sommermonate in sehr
erheblichem Grade zuriickgeht. In einem mit Erde beschickten Holz-
kistchen zeigte die trockene Erde an 5 aufeinander folgenden Tagen im
Juni zwischen 11 Uhr und 1 Uhr mittags eine Temperatur von 40-50 Grad
Celsius. Schon nach 2 Tagen zeigten hartschalige Luzernesamen, aus der
Erde genommen und zur Keimung ausgelegt, 87 % Keimung, nach 5 Tagen
entnommen 100%. Der Wundklee ist in dieser Zeit auf die Halfte der
Hartschaligkeit zuriickgegangen, Rotklee zeigte nach 5 Tagen 15%
Keimung, die tibrigen Arten keimten fast gar nicht.

Wir sehen also, dass bei Luzerne durch Erwarmung im Boden allein
die Hartschaligkeit zur Ganze aufgehoben wird, beim Wuhdklee zur
Halfte. Damit ist aber nicht gesagt, dass die anderen Kleearten, bei
denen die Hartschaligkeit durch einfache Erwérmung im Erdboden nicht
oder nur unerheblich abnimmt, nicht doch durch einen anderen auf dem
Felde wirksamen Faktor die Hartschaligkeit verlieren kénnen. Ein
solcher Faktor wire z.B. feuchtkiihle Lagerung im Erdboden wiahrend des
Winters. Diese Frage ist noch ungelést und muss erst in derselben
Eindeutigkeit gelést sein, wie die Natur der Hartschaligkeit bei der
Luzerne und deren Beeinflussung.

Bevor man daran geht, die Hartschaligkeit der iibrigen Kleearten zu
beurteilen, miissen wir wissen, durch welchen Faktor die Hartschaligkeit
bei jeder einzelnen Kleeart aufgehoben werden kann, und in welchem
Masse dies geschieht. Erst dann kann diese strittige Frage einer
definitiven Beantwortung zugefiihrt werden. Auch die Frage, in welcher
Zeit dies geschieht, ist ftir die Beurteilung der hartschaligen Kleesamen
hoch wichtig.

Dass die einfache Angabe der harten K6rner beim Abschluss des
Keimversuches, ohne Einrechnung eines bestimmten Teiles derselben in
die Keimfahigkeit, eine ganz ungentigende Charakterisierung des Saatgutes
enthalt, geht schon daraus hervor, dass auch bei anderen Sadmereien,
z. B. Gemiisesamen, Industrie, und Handelsgewachsen, die Anzahl der
gesundbleibenden Samen beim Abschluss des Keimversuches angegeben
wird. Es ist aber ein grosser Unterschied zwischen den gesundbleibenden
Samen einer Kleeart auf einer mehrjaéhrigen Futteranlage, und den gesund-
bleibenden Samen irgend einer einjéhrigen Kulturpflanze, deren nach-
keimende Samen vielleicht erst nutzbar werden, wenn die Kultur den
Acker bereits verlassen hat. Ferner darf nicht vergessen werden, dass in
manchen Jahren, besonders bei der Luzerne, die Hartschaligkeit ganz
regelméssig in sehr hohem Grade auftritt und 40-50% erreicht. In
solchen Fallen ware es ganz widersinnig, ein solches Saatgut, das infolge

* A. Grisch und G. Lakon: ” Die Keimpriifung der Weymouthskiefern-
samen ’’? im Landw. Jahrbuch der Schweiz, 1923.

W. Kinzel: ‘‘Anpassung der Samen an klimatische Einfliisse (bis zur
voélligen Umkehr des Keimverlaufes).”” In Praktische Blatter der Bayrischen
Landesanstalt fiir Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, 1924, Heft 1.

+ J. Hojesky : “Uber hartschaliges Kleesaatgut.”” In Zetischrift fir das
Landw. Versuchswesen in Osterreich, Heft 7-12, 1921.

202

grosser Hartschaligkeit in der vorgeschriebenen Keimdauer' nur etwa
40-50 % tatsachlich gekeimter Samen liefern kann, gleich zuhalten einem
Saatgut, das als mebrjahriges Saatgut infolge seines Alters auch nur
40-50 %, Keimfahigkeit erreicht.

Es ist also die Forderung, einen ganz bestimmten Teil der harten
Korner zur tatsichlichen Keimfahigkeit einzurechnen, berechtigt. Die
Grundsétze, nach welchen bei dieser Anrechnung bei jeder einzelnen Art
vorzugehen ist, bedtirfen noch einer Revision. Dass die Einrechnung der
Halfte der harten K6érner bei der Luzerne und eines Drittels beim Rotklee
nach den bisherigen Untersuchungen ann&hernd den Tatsachen entspricht,
kann bereits jetzt als erwiesen betrachtet werden. Wie die hartschaligen
Korner bei Weissklee, Bastardklee, Wundklee, Schotenklee, Sumptscho-
tenklee und Hopfenklee zu bewerten sind, bedarf noch des experimentellen
Beweises.

BRUCHKORNER.

Nach den technischen Vorschriften des Verbandes landw. Versuchs-
stationen im Deutschen Reiche sind bei der Bestimmung der Reinheit
(und damit auch bei der Bestimmung der Keimfahigkeit) ‘‘ ausserlich
verletzte oder vollstandig verkiimmerte echte Samen, soferne sie
unzweifelhaft zur Keimung als unfaéhig erkannt werden. kénnen” aus-
zuschalten. Nach dem Methodenbuch des Verbandes der landw. Ver-
suchsstationen in Osterreich sind “‘ verletzte, sowie sta1k verschrumpfte
Korner der zu untersuchenden Samenart, sofern diese unzwetfelhaft als
unkeimfahig erkannt werden kénnen ”’ auszuschalten. :

Nun kommt es in manchen Jahren vor, dass besonders beim Rotklee
und Wundklee, seltener bei der Luzerne, und beim Hopfen-Klee Waren-
posten zur Untersuchung kommen, welche einen sehr hohen Prozentsatz
von Ko6rnern enthalten, welche nur sehr geringe Druschverletzungen
aufweisen. Wenn man nun aus solchen Warenposten K6rner auswahlt,
die nur ganz wenig verletzt sind, denen also ein kleines Stiick der
Samenschaie oder die Spitze eines Keimblattes fehlt, und zur Keimung
auslegt, so kann man beobachten, dass diese Samen gesunde Keimlinge
liefern und, wenn man dieselben auf Tonschalen mit Erde nach
gartnerischer Methode umpikiert, sich zum gréssten Teile regelrecht zu
normalen Pflanzen entwickeln. Man kann sogar noch weiter gehen und
solche Samen, die eine wesentlich gréssere Druschverletzung aufweisen,
denen die ganze obere Halfte beider Keimblatter fehlt, der gleichen
Behandlung unterwerfen. Auch von diesen Keimlingen kann sich ein
betrachtlicher Teil weiter entwickeln.

Neben diesen Samen. bei denen also schon bei der Auszihlung die
Bruchverletzung zu sehen ist, kommen noch Verletzungen vor, welche
erst wahrend der Quellung im Keimbette sichthar werden (sogenannter
“‘innerer Bruch’), bei denen also der Keimling zerfallt. Ftir diese Art.
von zerbrochenen Keimlingen haben die technischen Vorschriften folgende
Norm vorgesehen: ‘‘ Zerbrochene Keime gelten als ungekeimt, soferne
beide Kotyledonen im Keimbett abfallen; der Verlust eines der Keim-
blatter wird als belanglos angesehen. Keime, deren Wiirzelchen abge-
brochen sind, gelten als gekeimt, wenn sich bis zum Abschlusstage eine
oder mehrere Adventivwurzeln ausbilden.”’

Diese Richtlinien k6nnen fiir die Behandlung jener gebrochenen
Keimlinge als richtig gelten, bei denen die Bruchverletzung erst im
“Keimbett sichtbar wird. Wenn wir aber jene Korner betrachten, bei
denen eine Verletzung schon 4usserlich sichtbar ist, miissen wir sagen,
dass durch ihre Ausschaltung von den einzukeimenden Samen ein Fehler
begangen wird; denn sie kénnen sich ebenfalls zu gesunden Keimlingen
entwickeln, denen nur ein geringer Teil eines oder beider Kotyledonen
fehlt. Nun ist es aber dusserst schwer, eine feste Grenze zu ziehen,
zwischen jenen gebrochenen Kérnern, deren Verletzung den Keimling in
seiner Entwicklung nicht schaédigt, und jenen, die infolge ihrer Verletzung
schwachliche Pflanzen liefern, die spater in der Entwicklung zuriickbleiben.
und schliesslich zugrunde gehen. Aus diesem Grunde erscheint es ange-
zeigt, eine unzweideutige Norm aufzustellen, welche besagt, dass al?

203°

Kleesamen, die irgend eine dusserlich wahrnehmbare Verletzung zeigen, sowohl
bei der Reinheitsbestimmung, als auch bei der Keimfahigkeitspriifung aus-
zuschalten sind, obwohl wir wissen, dass ein Teil derselben entwicklungsfahige
Keimlinge zu liefern imstande ist.

Demnach kénnen wir die Bestimmung der technischen Vorschriften,
dass ‘“‘Keime, deren Wiirzelchen abgebrochen sind, als gekeimt gelten,
wenn sich bis zum Abschlusstage eine oder mehrere Adventivwurzeln
ausbilden ”’ als zutreffend bezeichnen. Nur die Bestimmung beziiglich
der Ausschaltung der schon dusserlich sichtbar gebrochenen Kleesamen
yaiiste etwas praziser gefasst werden, etwa so, dass statt: ‘‘ &usserlich
verletzte oder vollsténdig verkiimmerte echte Samen, soferne sie, etc.”
gesagt wird, dass “ dusserlich verletzte echte Samen ohne Ausnahme, voll-
standig verkiimmerte nur, soferne sie unzweifelhaft als zur Keimung unfahig
erkannt werden kénnen,” auszuschalten sind.

Wir kénnen also nach den bisherigen. Untersuchungen bloss sagen,
dass, soweit die Versuche von B. Steglich in Frage kommen, von den
hartschaligen Rotkleesamen ein unbestimmter Teil innerhalb absehbarer
Zeit (d.i. bei den Versuchen Steglichs langstens 14 Monate) nachkeimt,
und ein noch kleinerer Teil hievon nutzbare Pflanzen liefern kann.
Ahnliche KResultate haben die methodisch A4hnlich durchgefiihrten
Freilandversuche von Hojesky ergeben.

Als wichtigstes positives Resultat von allgemein wissenschaftlicher
und praktischer Bedeutung in dieser Frage ist die Feststellung Hojeskys,
dass durch eine 5-tagige Erwaérmung der hartschaligen Luzernesamen im
trockenen Erdboden wahrend des Sommers auf 40-50 Grad Celsius die
Hartschaligkeit vollstindig, beim hartschaligen Wundklee zur Halfte
aufgehoben werden kann.

Wie sich die iibrigen hartschaligen Kleearten anderen Faktoren
gegentiber verhalten, hauptsachlich gegentiber der feuchtkiihlen Lagerung
wihrend einer langeren Zeit, ferner gegentiber der zerstérenden Einwirkung
der Temperatur- und Feuchtigkeitsschwankungen und der Boden-
organismen auf die Samenschale, bleibt noch zu untersuchen.

Der Nachweis des Einflusses der Bodenwirme auf die Hart-
schaligkeit der Luzerne und des Wundklees durch Hojesky zeigt,
dass Ahbnliche Einwirkungen auch von anderen Faktoren in langerer
Zeitdauer zu erwarten sind. ODiesbeziigliche Versuche sind noch
ausstaindig. ;

Da nach den Versuchen von Hojesky beim Rotklee die hartschaligen
Kérnor zu } bis $ nachkeimen, bei der Luzerne die Hdifte, so erscheint
der Vorgang der Wiener Anstalt, diese Anteile der hartschaligen Kérner
in die Keimfahigkeit einzurechnen, begriindet. In welcher Weise die
hartschaligen Kérner bei den iibrigen Kleearten zu bewerten sind, muss
erst durch besondere Versuche erwiesen werden, keinesfalls kénnen sie
aber ganz vernachlassigt oder so behandelt werden, dass der Samen-
handler die hartschaligen Kérner bei diesen Arten selbst in Rechnung stellt,
-wie es ihm eben behagt.

Beziiglich der Bruchkérner erscheint es notwendig, dusserlich sichtbaren
Bruch vollsténdig auszuschalien, obwohl dieser Vorgang nicht ganz
zutreffend ist, aber eine eindeutige Vorschrift beinhaltet, und gebrochene
Keimlinge im Keimbette nur dann als gekeimt gelten zu lassen, wenn
nur ein Keimblatt fehlt, oder das abgebrochene Wiirzelchen bis zum
Abschlusstag durch Adventivwurzeln ersetzt wurde.

Herr Lafferty bemerkte zu dem letzten Paragraphen, in
welchem angefiihrt ist, dass, falls beide Keimblatter einer
Pflanze gebrochen seien, der Same nicht als keimfahig gerechnet
werden diirfe. Versuche an seiner Anstalt hatten gezeigt, dass
auch, wenn beide Keimblatter fehlten und nur die Knospe

204

unbeschadigt sei, der Same in manchen Fallen keimen kénne.
Professor Voigt illustrierte an einer Tafel, dass das Keimen von
der Stelle des Bruches abhangig sei.

Herr Dorph-Petersen und Herr Anderson waren dariiber
einig, dass zerbrochene Keimlinge als “tote” zu betrachten
seien, und Herr Lafferty war der gleichen Meinung wie die
genannten Herren, dass der keimfahige Prozentsatz solcher
Keimlinge sehr klein sei.

Herr Fleischner (der Abgeordnete der Tschechoslowakischen
Samenhandler) und Dr. Chmelar traten der Frage vom kauf-
mannischen Standpunkt aus niher. Sie waren der Meinung,
dass der Prozentsatz der keimfaéhigen Kérner und derjenige der
harten je fiir sich in dem Untersuchungsbericht angegeben sein
miisse.

Herr Devoto erklarte, dass zu grosse Feuchtigkeit des Keimes
oft Ursache des Bruches sei, und Herr Lafferty beschrieb die
Bruchursache als innere Spannung wahrend des Keimprozesses.

Die Diskussion zusammenfassend betonte Professor Voigt,
mit Riicksicht auf die grossen Meinungsunterschiede, die Not-
wendigkeit, eine internationale Norm fiir die Bewertung harter
Kérner aufzustellen. Zerbrochene Keimlinge seien von wenig
Nutzen in Europa. Er sei mit Herrn Devoto iiber die Bruch-
ursache einig.

Der Ausschuss der neun Herren, der am Dienstag gewahlt
wurde, hielt eine lange Abendsitzung, um einen Entwurf fiir die
Statuten der Internationalen Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle
auszuarbeiten und andere mit der Arbeit verbundene wichtige
Fragen zu besprechen.

Donnerstag, den 10. Juli.
Vormittags-Sitzung.

Dr. Chmelar las seinen Bericht tiber: ‘‘ Die Bestimmung der
Sortenechtheit im Laboratorium und im Feldbestande ”’ vor.

Die Bestimmung der Sortenechtheit im Laboratorium und im
Feldbestande,

von

Dr. Fr. CHMELAR,

Vorstand der Sektion ftir die Samenpriifung der Mahrischen landwirt~
schaftlichen Landes--Versuchsanstalt in Briinn, Cechoslovakei.

I.—Die Bedeutung der Sortenechtheitbestimmung fiir die Landwirtschaft
und fir die Ausfuhr.

Bei der Samenpriifung verlangte man bisher ausser Reinheits- und

Keimfahigkeitsbestimmung am haufigsten noch die Bestimmung der-
Echtheit der Art und eventuell die Bestimmung der Provenienz. Die-

205

Pflanzenziichtung hat aber in den letzten Jahren bei allen Kulturpflanzen
und zuletzt auch bei den Futterpflanzen so grosse Fortschritte gemacht,
dass im Ackerbau, Gartenbau und auch auf den Dauerfutterflaéchen
(Wiesen und Weiden) vorherrschend die geziichteten Sorten oder bewadhrten
Landsorten zum Anbau beniitzt werden.

Will der Landwirt nur geztichtete Sorten, welche sich durch ihre
biologischen Eigenschaften fiir seinen Standort und fiir von ihm
beabsichtigte Zwecke am besten eignen, beniitzen, so ist er dazu
gezwungen, bestimmte bewahrte Sorten und eine Garantie der Sortenecht-
heit zu verlangen.

Damit man die Higenschaften der Sorten feststellen kénne, hat sich
die ‘‘ Sorten- und Saaten- Anerkennung ”’ auf dem Felde bei dem Ziichter
entwickelt. Dieselbe ist in Deutschland seit dem Jahre 1897 (bei der
Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft in Berlin, bei den Landwirt-
schaftskammern oder bei den Versuchsanstalten einzelner Staaten),
weiter in Oesterreich (Oesterreichische Gesellschaft fir Pflanzenziichtung
und Deutsche landwirtschaftliche Gesellschaft fir Oesterreich) eingefiihrt.
In Ungarn ist seit dem Jahre 1915 die Anerkennung von geztichteten
Sorten und deren Priifung fiir die Aufnahme in das Hochzuchtregister
eingefihrt und wird dieselbe von der Versuchsanstalt in Magyarorvar
durchgefiihrt. In der Schweiz sind mit der Anerkennung seit dem Jahre
1915 die Versuchsanstalten beauftragt. In den Vereinigten Staaten von
Nordamerika ist die Saatenanerkennung bei Kartoffeln in dem Staate
Wisconsin eingefiihrt. In den letzten Jahren (im J. 1922) hat auch
Frankreich die Sortenanerkennung vorladufig nur fiir den Weizen
eingefiihrt.

In der Cechoslovakei besteht ein Gesetz iiber die Saatenanerkennung
und Sortenpriifung vom 17. Marz 1921, Nr. 128. Durch dieses Gesetz
wird die staatliche Anerkennung von geztichteten Sorten und die Erteilung
des Rechtes eine Sorte als ‘“‘ Original”? zu bezeichnen geregelt. Die
Durchfiihrung der Saatenanerkennung und der Sortenprifung durch
Feldversuche wird durch dieses Gesetz genau festgesetzt. Bemerkt sei

noch, dass die Saatenanerkennung in der Gechoslovakei schon friiher
eingefiihrt wurde (in Mahren seit dem Jahre 1907, in Béhmen seit dem
Jahre 1910).

Bei der Sorten und Saatenanerkennung ist es besonders wichtig, die
Sortenechtheit festzustellen und zwar sowohl auf dem Felde bei der
Feldbesichtigung, wie an den von der Ernte zwecks Analyse eingesandten
Ké6rner- oder Knollenproben.

In unserer Versuchsanstalt in Briinn gelangen zur Begutachtung
zwecks Saatenanerkennung jahrlich bis 1000 Proben. Fiir die Abnehmer

von Originalsaatgut dient als Garantie der Sortenechtheit in der Cecho-
slovakei noch der Umstand, dass jeder Sack von Originalsaatgut mit der
Plombe des Ziichters geschlossen sein muss, ausserdem hat bei jedem
anerkannten Saatgut der Abnehmer das Recht eine Probe der zustandigen
Versuchsanstalt zur Nachkontrolle einzusenden. Die Analyse dieser
Kontrollproben geschieht unentgeltlich.

Eine noch gréssere Bedeutung hat die Garantie der Sortenechtheit bei
der Ausfuhr. In der Cechoslovakei muss nach dem zitierten Gesetze das
zur Ausfuhr bestimmte Originalsaatgut, wenn seine Menge 50 q tibersteigt,
amtlich durch eine staatliche oder Landesanstalt fiir Samenpriifung
plombiert werden. Dadurch ist die Sortenechtheit gentigend sichergestellt.

In Danemark findet eine staatliche Inspektion des zur Ausfuhr
bestimmten Saatgutes statt, wenn es von Kaéufer verlangt wird, und ein
besonderes Regulativ derselben wurde im Jahre 1920 herausgegeben.
(* Regulativ for Statens Udseedsinspektions Kontrol med Saasad, bestemt
for Export i 1920.”) Gepriift wird ausser anderen Higenschaften auch
die Sortenechtheit und Sortenreinheit. Ftir die Beimischung von fremden
Sorten ist als die grésste zuldssige Grenze 1 pro mil. festgestellt. Den
Normen nicht entsprechendes Saatgut wird zur Ausfuhr nicht zugelassen.

206

Erwéhnt sei noch die Saatgutbezeichnung, welche in Schweden von
der Kontrollabteilung des Vereines fiir Pflanzenziichtung in Svaléf bei
dem durch die ‘‘ Allgemeine schwedische Saatgut A.G.” gelieferten Saatgut
durchgefiihrt wird. Diese Bezeichnung ist seitens des Ministeriums fiir
Landwirtschaft, welches die genannte Gesellschaft unterstiitzt, verordnet
worden. Jeder Sack ist mit einem Spitzzettel mit Qualitats- und Sorten-
angabe versehen und ein gleicher Zettel befindet sich auch in dem
plombierten Sacke.

II.—Einige zur Bestimmung der Sortenechtheit beniitzte Methoden.

In diesem Referate kann ich wegen Zeitmangels die Methoden zur
Bestimmung der Sortenreinheit nicht eingehend behandeln. Ich will
deshalb in erster Linie an einige, in unserer Anstalt beniitzte Methoden
aufmerksam machen. Diese Methoden wurden von mir nachgepriift und
ihre Brauchbarkeit bestimmt. Besonders werde ich diejenigen Kultur-
pflanzen beriicksichtigen, die bei uns oft gepriift werden. Die Beniitzung
der Precipitinmethode (biologisches Eiweissdifferenzierungsverfahren)
befindet sich fiir die Zwecke der Sortenbestimmung in den Anfangen,
deshalb lasse ich sie unberiicksichtigt.

(1) Zucker- und Futterriibe (Beta vulgaris)—Am hiaufigsten kommt
die Feststellung der Sortenechtheit oder Sortenreinheit bei der Futter-
und Zuckerriibe vor. In unserer Anstalt wird zur raschen Unterscheidung
der Futterriibensamen von dem Samen der Zuckerriibe die von Dr. H.
Pieper angegebene Methode bentitzt (Zeitschrift des Vereines der
deutschen Zuckerindustrie 1919).

Nach dieser Methode unterscheidet man die Samen der farbigen
Futterriiben von den Samen der Zuckerriibe nach der Farbe der Keimlinge.

Zur Erzielung méglichst deutlicher Unterschiede in der Farbung der
Keimlinge wird der Versuch bei einer Temperatur von 15° C. und bet
zerstreutem Tageslicht (bei einem WNordfenster) durchgefiihrt. Die
angegebene Temperatur muss eingehalten werden. Zur Ankeimung ver-
wendet Pieper viereckige Kasten aus Blech, welche man bis 1 cm. unter
den Rand mit vorher angefeuchtetem feinen Flussand oder feuchter dunkler
Gartenerde fiillt. Von der dunklen Erde heben sich die Farben der
Keimlinge besser ab. In den Sand oder die Erde werden mit einer Schablone
sechzig 2 cm, tiefe und je 2:5 cm. voneinander entfernte Lécher gedriickt.
In die beiden dusseren Querreihen werden Kndule einer als echt und
rein bekannten Zuckerriibensaat gelegt, in die restlichen 50 Liécher legt
man Knéule von der zu priifenden Samenprobe. MHierauf werden die
Locher geschlossen und der Kasten mit einer farblosen Glasplatte
bedeckt.

Nach etwa 8 Tagen erscheinen die Keimlinge an der Oberflache.
Sobald sie an den Glasdeckel stossen, wird dieser entfernt, damit sich
die Pflanzchen frei entfalten kénnen. Nach Bedarf werden dann die
Kasten gewassert. In etwa 14 Tagen kann der Abschluss des Versuches
erfolgen. Wenn die Temperatur tiefer war als 15° C., muss man noch
warten, bis die Keimlinge etwa 2 cm. hoch iiber der Erde stehen,
langstens 3 Wochen. Bei héherer Temperatur als 15° C. strecken sich die
Keime zu schnell, werden sehr lang und fallen leicht um.

Die zu einem Knauel geh6renden Keimlinge werden mit den Wiirzelchen
herausgezogen und nach Abwaschen auf eine schwarze Glasplatte gelegt.

Die Stengel der Zuckerritbenkeimlinge sind rosa und griinlich weiss
gefarbt. Die Zahl der rosafarbigen Keimlinge tiberwiegt (80%) die
Zahl der weissstengeligen. Die Anzahl der Knaule, die nur weisssten-
gelige Keimlinge liefern, betrégt nur8%. Die Farbung der rosa Keimlinge
wird nach oben zu intensiver, so dass sie unterhalb des Blattansatzes am
intensivsten ist. Der unterirdische Teil des Stengels ist fast farblos.

Die Keimlinge der gelben und orangefarbenen Futterriibensorten sind
ganz gelb oder orange gefdrbt.

Die Keimlinge der roten Futterriibensorten sind karminrot gefarbt,
und die Farbung wird von oben nach unten zu krdftiger, wobei sich die

207

Larbung auch auf den in der Erde steckenden Stengelteil erstreckt. (Auf
die Wurzel tibergeht diese Farbung immer nicht.)

Die weissen Futterriibensorten von ausgesprochenem Futterriibentyp
haben ausnahmslos weissstengelige Keimlinge, die sich allerdings von
den weissen Zuckerriibenkeimlingen nicht unterscheiden lassen. Da
jedoch in reinem Zuckerriibensamen nur vereinzelte Knaéule mit aus-
schliesslich weissen Keimlingen vorkommen (die Mehrzahl ist rosa), so
kann man aus dem Auftreten grésserer Menge weisskeimender Knaule
mit grosser Wahrscheinlichkeit auf Beimischung von Futterriibensamen
schliessen. Dabei sei noch bemerkt, dass die Futterrtibenkeimlinge ganz
allgemein ein stdrkeres Ldngenwachstum aufweisen als die Keimlinge der
Zuckerrtibe.

Die Keimlinge der weissen Futterriibensorten, die in Form und
Zuckergehalt den Zuckerriiben nahe stehen (Lanker Substantia) haben

rosa und weissstengelige Keimlinge, und man kann sie von der Zuckerriibe
nicht unterscheiden.

Nach den Versuchen des Instituts fiir Zuckerindustrie in Berlin sind
die Farbungen der Keimlinge fluktuierender Variabilitét unterworfen, so
dass Ubergange in der Farbung vorkommen. Ausserdem kommen bei
Futterriiben in einer gewissen Menge auch farblose Keimlinge vor.

Vitek (“‘Véstnik I. sjezdu teskoslovenskych botanikt v Praze.’’ Praha,
1923, p. 34) hat durch seine Versuche festgestellt, dass die Unterscheidung
der Farben bei der Methode nach Pieper bedeutend erleichtert wird,
wenn man die farbigen, von Reisek kombinierten Filter beniitzt. Zur
Unterscheidung der Zuckerriibenkeimlinge von denen der weissen Futter-
riiben kann man nach Vitek die verschiedene Intensitét der katalytischen

Fdahigkeit der Keimlinge beniitzen. Nahere Angaben wurden noch nicht
ver6ffentlicht.

In unserer Anstalt in Briinn wird diese von Pieper angegebene
Methode sehr oft beniitzt und dieselbe stellt ein gutes Hilfsmittel dar.
Wenn aber die Anstalt die Echtheit oder Reinheit einer bestimmten
Sorte beurteilen soll, muss zuerst die Farbung der Keimlinge dieser Sorte
genau bekannt sein. Dies ist nur dann méglich, wenn man sich diese
Sorte direkt beim Ziichter besorgt und untersucht. Es wird aber noch
notig sein durch Feldversuche festzustellen, inwieweit die Farbung
konstant bleibt, und ob und wie oft die Ubergangsformen auftreten.
Da es sich um einen Fremdbefruchter handelt, kommen auch bei
Ziichtern zuweilen die Folgen einer Fremdbestaéubung vor.

Bei der Bestimmung der Sortenreinheit durch einen Feldversuch ist
es nétig, genau die Zah] der einzelnen Typen festzustellen. Dies geschieht
auf einer besonderen Parzelle, wo man jeden Knduel separat einsetzt,
damit das urspriingliche Verhaltnis der Typen erhalten bleibe und nicht
durch Vereinzeln der Riiben verschoben werde.

Ausserdem muss man die Pflanzen gleich wie in einer normalen Feld-
kultur einsetzen, damit man normal entwickelte Wurzel fiir die chemische
Feststellung des Zucker- und Trockensubstanzgehalte erhalte. In der
Cechoslovakei benititzt man fiir Zuckerriiben und Futterzuckerriiben
45 x 30 cm., fiir Futterriiben 50 x 35 cm. Wenn der Zuckergehalt
durch heisse wasserige Digestion mit einer Genauigkeit von 0:1 % fest-
gestellt werden soll, so ist es n6tig nach den Versuchen der Versuchs-
anstalt fiir Zuckerindustrie in Prag 3 x 40 mit der Perner-Stanékschen
Riibenreibe zerkleinerten Riiben zu analysieren, wobei man eine vier-
normale Breimenge beniitzt (Cukrovarnické Listy 1909/10, 8. 461:
deutsch in Blatter fiir Zuckerindustrie, 1909/10, S. 625).

Die fiir die Probe bestimmten Pflanzen sollen aus vollem Feldbestande
genommen werden.

Zur Bestimmung der Zucker- und Futterriibensorten muss man noch
genau den Charakter des Blattwerkes kennen. Eine Systematik der
Futterriibensorten und ihrer Eigenschaften gibt zum B. Riimker an
(K. v. Ritmker: ‘“‘ Uber Sortenauswahl bei Hackfriichten und Hiilsen-
friichten und die Methodik der Sortenpriifung.” 5. Ausg. Berlin, 1923).

208

(2) Kreuzbliitler—Fir die Bestimmung, ob die Probe einer weiss- oder
gelbfleischigen Sorte angehért, wird in Danemark die Methode von
Dr. Haliquist beniitzt. Man lasst die Pflanzen sich im Dunkein entwickeln
bis zur Entwickelung der Keimblatter und je nach dem, ob diese
zitrongelb oder orangegelb gefarbt sind, kann man bestimmen, ob sie
zu einer weissfleischigen, gelbfleischigen Sorte oder einem Bastarde
gehéren. Nahere Angaben iiber diese Methode konnte ich nicht feststellen
(das angegebene zitiere ich nach einem Bericht von K. Dorph Petersen).

(3) Die Kartoffeln—Die Bestimmung der Sorte bei den Kartoffeln ist
schwierig, da die Anzahl der Sorten sehr gross ist und bestaéndig wachst
und weiter, weil eine ganze Reihe von Sorten nahe verwandt ist.

Ein sehr gutes Hilfsmittel ist die in der letzten Zeit durchstudierte
Farbung der im zerstreuten Tageslicht erwachsenen Keime oder Lichtkeime
(Snell’sche Methode; siehe K. Snell, “‘ Kartoffelsorten.” 2 Aufl. Berlin,
1922).

Snell beniitzte zur Unterscheilung der Kartoffelsorten die Farbe der im
zerstreuten Licht erwachsenen Keime. Diese Keime sind kurz, etwa
1 cm. lang, der untere Teil ist stark angeschwollen. Dieser Teil tragt die
Wurzelanlagen und ist fast immer violett gefarbt. Bei den rein griinen
Keimen ist dieser Teil von unbestimmt dunkler Farbung, bei allen anderen
ist er rot oder blau violett. Nur die Wurzelspitzen sind im allgemeinen
ungefaérbt. Der auf den breiten Unterteil aufgesetzte dimne Oberteil ist
unten stets grin. Nur die Spitze dieses Oberteiles ist verschiedenartig
gefdrbt und zwar entweder hellgriin, dunkelgriin, rotviolett oder blauviolett.
Man unterscheidet also am Keim, der in diffusem Licht erwachsen ist,
drei Farbzonen: Die Spitze, den Mittelteil und den Unterteil. Je
schwacher das Licht ist, desto langer der Keim. Der griine Farbstoff
wird in der Dunkelheit itiberhaupt nicht gebildet. Das Anthocyan entsteht
aber auch im Dunkeln. Der Farbstoff verteilt sich aber im Dunkel auf
den sehr gestreckten Unterteil der Keime und erscheint dann heller.
Der Mittelteil ist im Dunkeln ebenfalls stark gestreckt, bleibt aber farblos.
Die Spitze, die aus den Blattchen des Vegetationspunktes gebildet wird,
entwickelt sich im Dunkeln nur sehr wenig und ist nur sehr schwach
gefarbt. Die Intensitét der Farbung im Licht ist einer teilweisen
Schwankung unterworfen. Die rotviolette Farbung wird bei starkem
Licht dunkler, meist rotblauviolett, dagegen bei schwacherem Licht
deutlich rotviolett ausgebildet. Man muss deshalb die Farbe der Keime
auf der dem Lichte abgewendeten Seite der Knolle beobachten. Dunkelgriine
Farbung an der Spitze kann bei schwachem Licht durch Ausbleiben der
Chlorophylibildung rotviolett erscheinen. Grine Farbung wird bei
starkem Licht dunkelgriin, bei schwachem Licht hellgriin bis gelbgriin.
Fiir die Praxis unterscheidet Snell nur drei Gruppen von Lichtkeimen,
die deutlich erkennbar sind :—

(1) hellgriine, die hdchstens am Grunde eine undeutliche dunkle
Farbung aufweisen.

(2) rotviolette, die ausser mehr oder weniger grimem vor allem
rotvioletten Farbstoff aufweisen; hierzu wiirden auch die purpur-
roten Keime von Mirabilis zu rechnen sein.

(3) blauviolette, bei denen nur das Mittelstiick griin, Spitze und
Basis aber dunkelblauviolett gefarbt sind.

Snell hat bei einer grossen Anzahl von Sorten die Farbe der Lichtkeime
festgestellt und diese Sorten dann in einer Liste in drei Gruppen
eingeteilt :—

(1) Ltchtkeime hellgriin, am Grunde undeutlich dunkel. Zu dieser
Gruppe gehéren vorwiegend friihe und mittelfrithe Sorten. Snell
gibt fiir diese Gruppe 26 Sorten an.

(II) Lichtkeime mehr oder weniger rotviolett. Fiir diese Gruppe
gibt Snell 106 Sorten an.

(III) Lichtkeime blauviolett. Zu dieser Gruppe gehdren 50
Sorten.

209

Die im Dunkeln erwachsenen Keime sind je nach der Sorte verschieden
dick. Diinne Keime haben z. B. Nieren, dicke Keime dagegen z. B.
Parnassia und Deodara.

Die Snellsche Methode beniitzt unsere Anstalt mit gutem Erfolg.
Sie erfordert natiirlich eine gewisse Uebung besonders bei griiner Farbung.

Die in der Cechoslovakei oftgebauten Frithkartoffeln ‘‘ Gipfler ”’ haben
an der Spitze eine typische dunkelrotviolette Farbung (etwas ins Blaue
iibergehend), aber die Basis hellgriin. Wo die Farbung der Lichtkeime
nicht genug entscheidend ist, wird als ein Hilfsmittel die Farbe der im
Dunkeln erwachsenen Keime beniitzt (nach Vilmorin).

Auch bei der Snellschen Methode wird es fiir ihre praktische Bentitzung
notig sein aufs genaueste die Farbung der Keime bei allen geziichteten
Sorten festzustellen, wie e3 Snell bei der. deutschen und einigen fremden
Sorten durchgefiihrt hat. Ausserdem wird es nétig sein festzustellen,
ob die Farbung konstant bleibt, und ob bei derselben Sorte Uberginge
auftreten. Diese Versuche sind an unserer Anstalt im Gange.

Snell hat eine Systematik der Kartoffelsorten (allgemeine und spezielle
Sortenkunde) in der angefiihrten Schrift ausgearbeitet. Dabei hat er
auch die friitheren Arbeiten beriicksichtigt.

Er hat die Kartoffelsorten in Typen nach ihren oberirdischen Teilen
(Staudentypus) und auch nach ihren Knollen (Knollentypus) geteilt.
Fiir eine annahernde Sortenbestimmung hat er eine Bestimmungstabelle
zusammengestellt. Als wichtigste Unterscheidungsmerkmale fihrt er in
dieser Tabelle die Farbe der Schale, die Farbe des Fleisches, die Form der
Knollen, die Farbe der Lichtkeime und die Bliitenfarbe an. Teilweise
gibt er auch die Kochfahigkeit an. Alle Eigenschaften der Knollen und
‘der Stauden werden kritisch behandelt. Bei der Kncllenform betrachtet
er das Verhaltnis der Lange zur Breite des Umrisses (Umrissform) als
entscheidend und gibt 6 Typen von Knollenformen an. Fiir die Farbe
der Schale fiihrt er die farbigen Typen an und betont, dass die Intensitat
der Farbung (lichter oder dunkler) von der Bodenart abhangig ist. Fur
die Fleischfarbe fiihrt er farbige Tafeln an, wobei er aber aufmerksam
macht, dass unreife Knollen von gelbfleischigen Sorten eine bedeutend
hellere Farbe haben, dass die Intensitét der Farbe mit dem Reifungs-
prozesse und mit der Lagerung zunimmt, und dass die im Lichte schwach
griin gewordenen Knollen den Eindruck einer schwachen Gelbfarbung
des Fleisches erwecken.

Den Stengel beurteilt er nach der Farbe (oft verschieden nach dem
Entwickelungsstadium und nach der Sonnenseite), nach dessen Héhe
und Dicke. °

Bei den Blattern halt er ausser einer vollstandigen Beschreibung
fiir ein wichtiges Merkmal bei einigen Sorten die Blattverwachsungen
oder Efeublatter, die Stellung des Endblattchens, die Form der Spitze
und die Farbe des Blattstieles.

Bei dem Bliitenstande halt er bei sonst, gleichen Bedingungen die
Menge der Bliitenstaénde fiir ein Sortenmerkmal. Ein gutes Hilfsmittel
bei dem Bliitenstande ist das Auftreten von Hochblattern.

Die Bliite ist ein sehr wichtiges Hilfsmittel zur Unterscheidung der
Sorten und, Snell fiihrt deshalb die Typen der Bliite in einer farbigen
Tafel an. Es kommt hauptsachlich die verschiedene Form und Lange
der Kelchzipfel in Betracht. Die durchschnittliche Grésse der Bliiten
verschiedener Sorten (gemessen von der Spitze eines Bliitenzipfels durch
die Mitte der Bliite nach der gegeniiberliegenden Einbuchtung) ist
charakteristisch. Die Farbe der Bliten soll man im Schatten beobachten.
Auch die Form der Strahlen des Saftmales auf den Bliitenblattern ist
charakteristisch. Die a&usseren oder die inneren Doppelkronen sind auch
ein gutes Hilfsmittel. Bei den Staubbeuteln ist die Neigung zum Spreizen
oft charakteristisch. Die verschiedene Form des Griffels ist jedenfalls als
Sortenmerkmal zu verwenden.

Aus den biologischen Merkmalen fihrt er hauptsdchlich die Reifezeit
an.

210

Vilmorin (‘ Catalogue méthodique et synonymique des principales
Variétés de Pomme de terre.” Paris, 1902) beniitzt zur Bestimmung der
Kartoffelsorten diese Eigenschaften :—

(1) die Farbe der Knollen,
(2) die Form der Knollen,
(3) die Farbe der Keime,
(4) die Farbe des Fleisches,
(5) die Farbe der Bliiten.

Die Farbe der Keime teilt er in violett, weiss, und rosa ein, und zwar
versteht er darunter die Farbe der im Dunkeln erwachsenen Keime.

Fitsch (‘Identification of Potato Varieties.” Iowa State College of
Agricilture. Ext. Bull. Nr. 20, 1914) beniitzt zur Beschreibung von
amerikanischen Sorten die Form und die Farbe der Knollen und Augen,
die Farbe der Keime und der Wiirzelchen, des Stengels, der Blatter und
der Bliiten.

Stuart (‘Group Classification and Varietal Description of some American
Potatoes.” U.S.A. Dep. of Agr. Bull., Nr. 176, 1915) behandelt als
Hauptunterscheidungsmerkmal die Knolle mit den im Dunkeln erwach-
senen Keimen.

Klein (IU. landw. Zeitung, Bd. 43, 1923, 8. 79) hat noch weitere
Detaile, welche man zur Unterscheidung der Sorten beniitzen kann, an
den Blattern festgestellt. Es sind dies die Mittelbldtter, welche sich
zwischen je zwei Fiederblattchen befinden, Spitzenmittelblatter, welche
zwischen dem endstandigen Spitzenfiederblatt und dem ersten Fieder-
blattchenpaar vorkommen, weiter Achsenbldtter, die in dem Scheitel-
punkt des Winkels, der von der Blattachse und den Fiederblattchen
erster Ordnung gebildet wird, stehen und schliesslich die Fiederblattchen
zweiter Ordnung (Abspaltungen).

Staudte (1U. Landw. Zeitung, Jhrg. 43, 1923, 8. 411) hat im Innern der
Fruchtknoten bei den Langsdurchschnitten einzelner Bliiten bei Sorten
mit farbigen Schalen (rot, violett) Konturen oder Punkte der gleichen
_Farbe festgestellt.

Parow (Zeitschrift fir Spiritusindustrie, Jhrg. 45, 8. 103, 1922) hat
durch neue Untersuchungen die Angaben von Saare (1897), dass die
Menge von grossen Staérkek6rnern eine Sorteneigenschaft ist, bestatigt und
das Verhaltnis von grossen, mittleren und kleinen Starkekérnern bei einer
Reihe der heutigen Sorten festgestellt. Seinem Mitarbeiter Prof. Lindner
in Berlin ist es gelungen durch eine besondere Praéparationsmethode den
Stand der Starkekérner mikrophotographisch darzustellen.

Volkart (Landw. Jahrbuch der Schweiz, 1922) fihrt eine objektive
Beschreibung der Knollenform auf Grund der relativen Breite und
relativen Dicke ausgedriickt in Prozenten der Lange, welche durch
Messungen an der breitesten Stelle der Knolle festgestellt wird, an.

Fiir die Bestimmung der Echtheit von Kartoffelsorten braucht man
vor allem eine Sammlung von Knollen der neueren Sorten, weiter
Herbarien mit Blattern und Bliiten, eventuell eine Sammlung von
getrockneten Bliiten mit gut erhaltener urspriinglicher Farbe. Fur die
Bestimmung durch einen Vegetationsversuch ist es nétig im agrobotanischen
Garten wenigstens die wichtigsten und typischen Sorten anzubauen.
Dabei muss man darauf achten, dass man nur gesunde Knollen zur Saat
verwendet und den Boden entsprechend vorbereitet, damit man einen
normalen Wuchs und normales Aussehen erhalt.

(4) Die Getreidearten.—Bei den Riiben und Kartoffeln unterscheiden
sich die Sorten héaufig durch morphologische Ligenschaften. Bei den
Getreidearten ist dagegen die Ztichtung schon soweit vorgeschritten,
dass eine ganze Reihe von Sorten vorkommt, welche sich nur durch
biologische oder physiologische Higenschaften, wie durch die Schnelligkeit
der Entwicklung, Vegetationsdauer, Empfindlichkeit gegen Krank-
heiten, Auswinterung und Lagerung, chemische Zusammensetzung u.

211

dhnl., unterscheiden. Es ist schwierig diese Eigenschaften festzustellen,
und es ist dazu eine grosse Erfahrung und eine Reihe von sorgfaltigen
Versuchen nétig. °

Die Pracipitinreaktion hat sich fiir die Unterscheidung von verwandten
Linien bei Getreide als unbrauchbar erwiesen, da sie bei genetisch ver-
wandten Formen ergebnislos geblieben ist. Ein weiterer Umstand
erschwert die Sortenbestimmung, néhmlich der, dass bei Bastarden
Formen auftreten, von welchen wir oft nicht mit Sicherheit sagen kénnen,
ob es sich um Aufspaltung oder um eine Beimischung handelt.

Bei den an Fremdbefruchtung angewiesenen Pflanzen (Roggen) sind
wieder die Formen unbesténdig und wechselnd. In der letzten Zeit
macht man Versuche zu einer Linienmischung zuriickzukehren (Linien-
mischungen waren die urspriinglichen Landsorten), natiirlich zu kiinst-
lichen Populationen, welche aus mehreren individuell geztichteten und
gegenseitig sich ergaénzenden Linien von gleicher Reifezeit zusammen-
gestellt waren. Diese Umstaénde und die grosse Anzahl immer neu
auftretenden Sorten erschweren sehr die Bestimmung der Echtheit und
Reinheit der Sorte bei Getreide.

In dieser kurzer Ubersicht kann ich nicht auf alle Fragen eingehen,
und ich werde mich an die Betonung einiger wichtigeren Tatsachen und
zwar nur bei den Hauptgetreidearten der Mitteleuropa: Weizen, Gerste,
Roggen und Hafer beschraénken.

Kritische Bemerkungen zur Bestimmung von Getreidesorten und tiber
abweichende Formen und Beimischungen bei den Getreidearten haben
Fruwirth (“Die Saatenanerkennung,” II. Aufl., Berlin, 1922) und der
Referent (Chmela¥: ‘‘ ZkouSeni odrid obilnich.” Praha, 1924) zusammen-
gestellt. Hier mache ich deshalb nur darauf und auf die in diesen
Schriften angegebene Literatur aufmerksam.

Percival (‘The Wheat Plant.’? London, 1921) hat eine Monographie
iiber Weizen; Zade (‘‘ Der Hafer.” Jena, 1918) tiber Hafer; Quante (‘Die
Gerste.” Berlin, 1913) tiber Gerste geschrieben. Eine Gesammttibersicht
der Getreidesorten fiihrt Riimker an (‘‘ Uber Sortenauswahl bei Getreide.”’
VI. Aufl. Berlin, 1923), der auch namentlich die biologischen und die
wirtschaftlichen Eigenschaften der Sorten angibt, und Bawmann (1922).

Beim Weizen hat Pieper (Deutsche landw. Presse, Jhrg. 49, S. 438,
1922) zur Unterscheidung von Sorten die verschieden starke und verschieden
schnelle Fdrbung der Kérner beim Beizen durch ein Quecksilberchlor-
fenolhaltiges Praparat (‘‘ Praéparat Nr. 778” von der Firma Ludwig
.Meyer, Mainz) beniitzt. Die Korner werden 24 Stunden im Wasser
geweicht, dann mit der Bauchseite auf Filtrierpapier, der mit 1 % Lésung
des Praparates Nr. 778 angefeuchtet wurde, in eine Schale gelegt. Die
Schale wird mit einer Glasplatte bedeckt und nach 6 Stunden wird die
Farbung notiert. Es wird nur die Fruchtschale gefarbt. Die Verschieden-
heiten in der Farbung sind Sorteneigenschaften und werden nach Pieper
durch Provenienz und Alter der Samen nicht beeinflusst. Er unterscheidet
diese Farben :

(1) gelb (= ungefarbt),
(2) gelb bis hellbraun,

(3) hellbraun bis braun,
(4) braun,

(5) braun bis dunkelbraun,
(6) dunkelbraun,

(7) schwarzbraun.

Bastarde haben ungleiche Farbung. Ein Teil farbt sich nach der
Vater-, ein Teil nach der Muttersorte. Bei Sorten, welche keine reinen
Linien darstellen, farben sich oft nicht alle Korner gleichmassig. Im
Jahre -1923 und 1924 habe ich eine Nachpriifung dieser Methode durch-
gefithrt und zwar bei techoslovakischen Sorten und ich habe dabei
konstatiert, dass es besser ist wenn zum Weichen destilliertes Wasser
beniitet wird. Die Farbung geht zwar langsamer vor sich, die Unterschiede

212

ai aber déutlicher, und bei Bastarden ist die gelbe Farbe (ungefirbt)
eller :

Von den 47 gepriiften (meist techoslovakischen) Winterweizensorten
haben nach 6 Stunden (im destill. Wasser 24 Stunden geweicht), diese
Farbung aufgewiesen : ;

(1) ungefaérbt (nach Pieper “‘ gelb ”’) - 8 Sorten
(2) hellbraun 5 - 1 a
(3) braun < 4 .~=«&«s
(4) dunkelbraun - - - 19s,
(5) Farbengemisch - - 5

In der letzten (fiinften) Gruppe handelt es sich wirklich um Bastarde und
die Anzahl der abweichend gefirbten Kérner war 25-40%. Reine
Linien haben dagegen sehr einheitliche Farbung der einzelnen K6rner
gehabt.

Bei denselben 47 Winterweizensorten und bei 14 Sommerweizen-
sorten habe ich die Farbe der Keimscheide (Koleoptile) beobachtet
(Chmela*, “* ZkouSeni odrtid obilnich.” Praha, 1924). Diese Farbung
wurde schon am 4. Tage bei Kornern, die auf Filtrierpapier gelegt am
Lichte keimen gelassen wurden, konstatiert und es wurde folgende
Farbung der Koleoptile festgestellt :

(1) bei allen Keimen rotbraun - - 11Sorten
(2) bei allen Keimen ungefarbt - - 33s,
(3) bei einigen Keimen gefarbt, bei anderen un-

gefarbt - - i hy re

Naheres Studium dieser Frage ist Gegenstand meiner weiteren Versuche,

Kondo (Landw. Jahrb., Bd. 45, 1913, 8. 763) in seiner sehr umfassenden
Arbeit fiihrt neben anderen zwei wichtige Merkmale, die man zur Unter-
scheidung von Weizensorten bentitzen kann, an. Das Weizenkorn ist am
Scheitel behaart. Die Lange dieser Haare ist nach den Sorten verschieden.
Die Lange der Haare ist deshalb ein Sortenmerkmal. Die Fruchtschale
von Triticumarten besteht aus 4 Schichten und zwar:

(a) der Epidermis,

(6) der Mittelschicht,

Die Mittelschicht ist ein wichtiges Merkmal fiir die Arten- und Sorten-
bestimmung, und zwar ist die Reihenzahl der dickwandigen, epidermisaéhn-
lichen Zellen in der Mittelschicht je nach Arten und Sorten verschieden.
Zum Beispiel bei Triticum vulgare je nach den Sorten eins bis zwei, bei
Triticum Spelta gew6hnlich Null, manchmal aber eins.

Beim Roggen ist die Bestimmung der Sortenechtheit und Sorten-
reinheit sehr schwierig, da es sich hier um einen Fremdbestéuber handelt.
Es ist aber wieder die Anzahl der Sorten verhaltnismassig klein. Zur
Unterscheidung kommen die unsicheren Merkmale: Aehrendichte,
Aehrenform, Kornform, vorherrschende Kornfarbe, Spindellange, Art
der Begrannung und die biologischen Eigenschaften in Betracht.

Gerste—Als haufigster Fall bei Samenpriifung bei Gerste kommt die
Unterscheidung der Korner der zweizeiligen nickenden Gerste (Hordeum
distichum nutans Schiibl) und der zweizeiligen aufrechten Gerste (H. d.
erectum Schiibl) vor. Diese Unterscheidung geschieht nach Ausbildung
der Kornbasis, nach Form der Basalborsten und Schtippchen (lodicule).
Die Unterscheidung von Nutans- und Erectum-Formen ist wegen des
Vorkommens von nickenden Gersten mit Erectum-Merkmalen und Erectum-
Gersten mit Nutans-Merkmalen wissenschaftlich nicht mehr berechtigt
(Broili, Deutsche landw. Presse, 1906, S. 658, und Journal fir Landw.
Jahrg. 56, 1908). Auch die Aehrendichte bietet kein genaues Merkmal
zur Unterscheidung. Trotzdem bleiben aber diese Merkmale ein wertvolles
praktisches Hilfemittel, besonders fiir einen geiibten Fachmann, wenn eine
grossere Anzahl] von K6rnern und Ashren beniitzt wird.

213

Noch héufiger ist die Bestimmung der Typenreinheit bei locenantnere
zweizeiligen Gersten (H. d. nutans Schiibl.) und zwar der Landgersten
(“‘a’’. Typus) und Chevalier-Gersten (‘“‘c”? Typus). Dabei dient als
hauptsachliches und sicheres Unterscheidungsmerkmal der mittels Mikro-
skop festzustellende Umstand, dass die Basalborstenhaare bei dem
a-Typus einzellig, bei dem c-Typus zwei- und mehrzellig, letztere auch
verzweigt sind (Lermer und Holzner, von Ubisch, Ziegler, Fruwirth). Eine
weitere Unterscheidung nach dem Atterberg-Neegardschen-System auf
a, 8, y, 8. Typus ist nach den neueren Arbeiten unsicher (Broili).

Holmgaard (Tidsskrift for Planteavl, 27 Bd. 1921) beniitzt zur Unter-
scheidung der Sorten bei der nickenden Gerste den Umriss eines auf die
Seite gelegten Kornes. (Bei Tystofte Prentice verengt sich das Korn
regelmassig gegen beide Einden, bei Svaléfer Guldbyg verengt sich das
Korn gegen die Enden sehr ploétzlich.) Ausserdem beschreibt er die
Blatter in der Zeit knapp vor dem Schossen.

Als Unterscheidungsmerkmal der sechszeiligen Gersten von den
zweizeiligen fiihrt Holmgaard den Umstand an, dass bei den mittleren
K6rnern der sechszeiligen Gerste ihre grésste Breite gegen die Spitze
verschoben ist, dagegen bei den zweizeiligen sich in der Mitte befindet.
Weiter haben die seitlichen Korner der sechszeiligen Gerste schrage
Flachen, die Blatter der sechszeiligen Gerste sind nach dem Auskeimen
kurz und breit, wogegen bei der zweizeiligen schmal und lang.

Es ist interessant, dass es gelungen ist, zweizeilige Wintergerstensorten
zu ziichten, die durch ihre Korngrésse den Braugersten sich naéhern
(T'schermak). Einen Versuch zwei reine Gerstenlinien zu unterscheiden
haben Hingledow und Wadham durchgefiihrt (The Journ. of Agric. Science,
1923, Vol. XIII., p. 412) und haben dabei u. a. als konstantes Unter-
scheidungsmerkmal die bei einer Wasserkultur festgestellte Lange der
Koleoptile festgestellt.

Die Hafersorten kann man leichter nach dem Korn als nach den Rispen
unterscheiden. Die Unterscheidung geschieht am besten an dem Aussen-
korn, d. i. an dem untersten Korn im Aehrchen. An diesem ist kennzeich-
nend die Ausbildung der Basis und der Spitze, die Form des Stielchens, die
Begrannung, die Behaarung der Kornbasis, endlich Breite, Lange und
Dicke der Frucht und die Gesammterscheinung derselben, die durch die
Gréssen-Verhialtnisse und die Ausbildung der Spitze bedingt ist (Béhmer,
Broili).

Bal Spelzenfarben kommen nach Witterungs- und Bodenverhaltnissen
kleine Verénderungen vor. Es kommen auch Farbenmutationen vor.
(Nilsson-Ehle).

Schwierig ist die Bestimmung der Zwischenformen zwischen Kultur-
und Flughafer, welche durch spontane Variation oder durch Kreuzung
entstehen kénnen.

Holmgaard hat die Farbe des ersten Blattes 8-12 Tage alter Keim-
pflanzen (bei einer Sorte hat er eine braunviolette Farbung festgestellt)
und die Behaarung an den Randern der niedrigsten Blatter zur Unter-
scheidung der Sorten beniitzt.

Jakushkine und Vavilov haben bei reinen Linien des Hafers (Avena
sativa) von Sorten aus West-Russland und Deutschland anatomische
Unterschiede und zwar in der mittleren linearen Grésse der Spaltéff-
nungen (Ref. Bot. Centralblait, Bd. 128, 1913, No. 19, S. 481) gefunden.

Ill.—Die Hilfsmittel zur Bestimmung der Sortenechtheit und Sortenreinheit.

Fiir die Bestimmung der Sortonechtheit ist eine Sammlung von Samen,
Knollen, Aehren, ein Herbarium der Sorten und ein agrobotanischer
Garten der Sorten unentbehrlich (Sortengarten).

Est ist am besten das Material fiir die Sammlungen direkt von dem
Ziichter, der die betreffenden Sorten ziichtet, zu gewinnen, denn in diesem
Falle bekommen wir nicht nur garantiert echtes sondern auch typisches
Material aus dem urspriinglichen Standorte. Snell hat bei seinen Unter-

214

suchungen der Kartoffelsorten die einzelnen Sorten direkt bei den betref-
fenden Ziichtern studiert und beschrieben, um ihren richtigen Charakter
zu finden.

Bei der Aehrensammlung ist es praktisch, dieselbe so einzurichten,
dass aus derselben zugleich die typische Aehrenform von vorne und von
der Seite, weiter der Querschnitt der Achre, der Aehrchentypus, die Spelzen-
form, das Aussehen des Kornes von der Bauchseite, von der Riickenseite
und von der Seite ersichtlich ist.

Die Knollensammlung soll eine gréssere Anzahl von typischen aus-
gereiften Knollen (z. B. in einer Formalinlésung in einem Glaszylinder)
und einen typischen Langs- und Querschnitt enthalten.

Das Herbarium hat sich, ausser bei den Futterpfanzen, besonders bei
den Kartolieln ftir die Bestimmung nach den Blattern, Bliiten u. éhnl.
bewahrt.

Ein Sortengarten ist unentbehrlich und bietet derselbe stets eine Menge
von Material zum Studium. Es ist aber nétig, darauf zu achten, dass
die Kultur der Feldkultur entsprechend ware, damit das Aussehen der
Pflanzen den Verhdaltnissen der Praxis entspreche. In dem Jahre 1923
habe ich in dem Sortengarten der Sektion fiir die Samenpriifung der
Mahrischen landwirtschaftlichen Landes-Versuchsanstalt in Briinn 801
Sorten von verschiedenen landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen gehabt.
Darin waren alle techoslovakischen geziichteten und viele fremde Sorten.
Bei allen diesen Sorten werden auch die Hauptentwickelungsstadien
vorgemerkt, so dass wir dann zur eventuellen Sortenbestimmung auch
die nétigen Angaben tiber die biologischen Higenschaften besitzten.

Nach dem Gesetze vom 21. Marz 1921, Nr. 128, ist unsere Anstalt
berechtigt und verpflichtet die geztichteten Sorten zu priifen, um einen
Vorschlag zur Einschreibung in das bei dem Ministerium fiir Landwirt-
schaft gefiihrten *‘ Register der bewadhrten Sorten” geben zu k6nnen.
Die eingetragene Sorte darf dann als ‘‘ bewadhrte Sorte’’ bezeichnet
werden. Es werden deshalb von der Anstalt genaue vergleichende Sorten-
anbauversuche an verschiedenen typischen Orten ihres Gebietes durch-
gefiihrt. Diese Tatigkeit ist eine gute Ergaénzung der Priifungen im
Laboratorium und ermoéglicht dieselbe eine Beurteilung der Qualitaét der
einheimischen und auch der eingefiihrten Sorten.

Fir die Sortenbestimmung fehlt uns noch ein geeignetes Handbuch,
wo eine genaue Beschreibung méglichst aller Sorten enthalten’ wire. Die
Sortensystematik ist auch noch nicht vollkommen. Es kénnte in dieser
Hinsicht einen grossen Fortschritt bedeuten, wenn die Samenkontroll-
anstalten eine Beschreibung der in ihren Staaten geziichteten und

gebauten Sorten zusammenstellten. In der Cechoslovakei wird dazu
schon das Material bei den Sortenanbauversuchen gesammelt, und es
werden fir die Erleichterung der Beschreibung Tabellen zusammen-
gestellt, wo die Merkmale ziffermassig ausgedriickt sind (nach den T'abellen
von Jelinek). An den Fragen der Sortenbestimmung und Sortenbe-
schreibung wird sehr intensiv seitens der staatlichen Samenkontrollanstalt
in Kopenhagen gearbeitet. Auch eine Reihe von anderen Versuchsanstalten
(z. B. Berlin-Dahlem, Dresden, Wageningen, etc.) beschaftigt sich mit diesen
Fragen. Die Arbeit der einzelnen Anstalten kénnte durch gegenseitigen
Austausch des Materials fiir die Sortensammlungen bedeutend erleichtert
werden. Es kann eine einheimische Anstalt dieses Material bei den
einheimischen Ziichtern viel leichter gewinnen als eine auswartige Anstalt.

IV.— Schluss.

Ich glaube, dass die Forderung einer Garantie der Sortenreinheit und
Sortenechtheit immer héufiger auftreten wird, da der. moderne Landwirt
immer mehr und mehr nur die geztichteten und bewahrten Sorten
verlangen wird.

Es wird also eine der Aufgaben der EHuropdischen Vereinigung der
Samenkontrollanstalten sein, sich ausser mit den Methoden und Normen
fir die Samenprifung auch mit Methoden und Normen fiir die Bestimmung

215

der Echtheit, Reinheit und eventuell auch der Qualitdt der Sorten zu
beschdftigen.

Ich méchte die iibrigen Kollegen bitten ihre Ansichten und Erfahrungen
uber diesen Gegenstand auszusprechen, um durch gegenseitigen Austausch
der Erfahrungen diese interessanten Fragen zu klaren.

Es folgte eine Diskussion iiber die vielen Bestimmungs-
methoden der Pflanzenarten und Sorten, nimlich: die biolo-
gische, biometrische, morphologische pathologische, physikalisch-
chemische, und tiber das, was von dem polnischen Delegierten
-als Bertillon-Methode bezeichnet wurde.

Professor Showky Bakir erwihnte den Nutzen der patho-
logischen Methode und Professor Kuleschoff teilte mit, dass die
Unterscheidung zwischen Winter- und Sommerweizen an seiner
Station mit Hilfe der Behaarung des ersten Keimblattes der
letztgenannten Sorte vorgenommen wiirde.

Herr Dorph-Petersen gab eine ausfiihrliche Mitteilung iiber
die Arbeit der Dainischen Staatssamenkontrolle in dieser Hinsicht
und bezog sich auf zwei auf Englisch verfasste Broschiiren,
namlich: ‘ Danish Experiments in Plant Culture and Details
about the Trade in Controlled Danish Seed ” und ‘‘ Some Prom-
inent Danish Varieties and Strains of Agricultural Plants,’’
welche unter die Anwesenden verteilt wurden. Er schlug vor,
einen Ausschuss zu bilden, der sich mit den von Dr. Chmelar
angeregten Fragen beschiftigen solle.

Professor Kuleschoff legte einen Bericht mit verschiedenen
Keimungstabellen samt einer graphischen Darstellung der
Standorte der Samen vor und bat um eine internationale Regu-
lierung dieser Fragen. (Zwei Berichte von Herrn Kuleschoff :
“ Programme and Organisation of, and Results obtained by the
Kharkow Seed Testing and Control Station” und “A brief
Sketch of the Development and Present Conditions of Seed Control
in the Ukraine”; und ein Bericht von Professor Issatschenko :
“‘ Hssais de Semences dans la Russie”? werden in dem ‘“ Inter-
national Review of the Science and Practice of Agriculture ””
—Rom, publiziert werden.)

Herr Brown sprach einen .abnlichen Wunsch aus. Im
Zusammenhang mit dieser Frage miisse eine Kontraktforniel
ausgearbeitet werden, zufolge welcher der Vorsteher der offiziellen
Samenpriifungsanstalt des betreffenden Einfuhrlandes in Fallen.
von Nichtiibereinstimmungen zum Schiedsrichter ernannt werden
solle.

Professor Munn las seinen Bericht tiber: “Die Arbeit der
Vereinigung der offiziellen Samenanalytikker in Nordamerika ”’
(siehe den englischen Vortrag Seite 110-112) vor.

Dr. Geniner hielt danach einen mit Lichtbildern illustrierten
Vortrag iiber: ‘‘ Die Feststellung von Pflanzenkrankheiten, die
vom Saatgut ausgehen.”

216

Die Feststellung von Pflanzenkrankheiten, die vom Saatgut ausgehen.
G. GENTNER, Miinchen.

Es ist eine wichtige Aufgabe der Samenkontrollanstalten, neben der
Priifung der Reinheit und Keimfahigkeit auch den Gesundheitszustand
des Saatgutes zu untersuchen. Die Schédlinge und Krankheitserreger
kénnen an den Sdmereien -nachgewiesen werden bei der Priifung der
Reinheit, bei der Priifung der Keimfahigkeit und durch besondere
Methoden.

Bei der Priifung der Reinheit kann man im Saatgut finden: Aplano-
bacter Rathayi auf Dactylis, Ustilago laevis in Avena, Ustilago Jensenii in
Hordeum, Tilletia tritici in Triticum, Ustilago perennans in Arrhenatherum,
Ustilago bromivora in Bromus, Tilletia Holcit in Holecus, Sklerotien von
Claviceps in Secale, Phleum, Holcus, Poa, Agrostis, von Typhula trifolii
in Trifolium und Lotusarten, Sklerotien von Sclerotinia trifoliorum, von
Botrytis cinerea und noch unbestimmbaren Arten in Trifolium, Anthyllis,
Medicago.

Die Priifung der Samen auf ihren Gesundheitszustand im Keimbett
geschieht in der Weise, dass man sie médglichst voneinander getrennt
auslegt und nach dem Auskeimen im Keimbett belasst. Es kann sich
dann das etwa vorhandene Pilzmycel weiter entwickeln, Konidien,
“Pykniden oder Perithecien ausbilden, an denen der Pilz identifiziert
werden kann. Am einfachsten ist es, die Samen in Petrischalen auf
feuchtes Filtrierpapier oder in Kartonschalchen zu legen. Die Pilz-
entwicklung wird geférdert, wenn die Samen médglichst feucht, warm und
dunkel gehalten werden. Ausserdem ist auf die im Keimbett gefaulten
‘Korner zu achten, da diese die krankheitserregenden Organismen oft in
besonders guter Entwicklung zeigen. 5-10 tagige Beobachtung geniigt
in den meisten Fallen.

Zur zahlenmassigen Bestimmung des Pilzbefalls, namentlich beim
Fusariumbefall des Getreides dient die Hiltner’sche Ziegelgrusmethode.
Hiernach bringt man die Samen in grob gemahlenen, sterilisierten Ziegel-
steingrus (Korngrésse 2 mm.) zum Auskeimen. MHierbei entwickelt sich
das Pilzmycel teils an der Oberflaiche um die heraustretenden Keime,
teils farbt es die Blattscheiden braun. Da jedoch Helminthosporium und
Cephalosporium Acremonium eine ahnliche Braunfaérbung hervorrufen, so
empfiehlt es sich, in Zweifelsfaillen die aus dem Ziegelgrus herausgenom-
menen Keime 1-2 Tage auf feuchtes Filtrierpapier in Glasschalen auszu-
legen. Auch die Botrytiserkrankungen des Saatgutes lassen sich durch
diese Methode leicht prozentual bestimmen. °

Phoma oleracea an Brassicaarten und Phoma lini an Linum kann man
an den befallenen Kotyledonen erkennen, wenn man die Samen in Erde
keimen lasst.

Durch diese Methoden konnte ich folgende krankheitserregende
Organismen am Saatgut feststellen :—

Bacterien: Bacillus cerealium an Hordeum, Triticum, Secale, Zea,
Pisum; andere Bakterienarten an Avena, Cucumis, Vicia Faba, Brassica,
Solanum Lycopersicum.

Helminthosporium an Hordeum, Avena, Lolium, Agrostis.

Macrosporium und Pleospora an Avena, Hordeum, Medicago sativa,
Trifolium pratense, Lotus, Onobrychis, Ornithopus, Glycyrrhiza, Galega,
Pisum, Brassica, Spinacia, Cannabis, Daucus, Apium, Petroselinum,
Lactuea, Cichorium.

Alternaria an Triticum vulgare, Phleum, Spinacia, Brassica, Sinapis
alba, Onobrychis, Vicia Faba, Daucus, Petroselinum, Cucumis, Lactuca,
Scorzonera, Cichorium.

Fusarium an Secale, Hordeum, Triticum, Avena, Zea Mais, Medicago,
Trifolium, Lotus, Ornithopus, Lupinus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Atriplex

217

hortense, Brassica, Linum, Daucus, Nicotiana, Borrago, Cucumis, Lactuca,
Scorzonera, Cichorium.

Botrytis cinerea an Secale, Avena, Trifolium pratense, Lotus cornicu-
latus, Ornithopus, Lupinus, Vicia sativa, Pisum, Spinacia, Cannabis,
Brassica, Daucus, Nicotiana, Cucumis, Lactuca, Scorzonera, Cichorium.

Diplodia Maydis an Zea Mais.

Mycosphaerella hordei an Hordeum.

Phoma an Brassica, Linum, Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa,
Lupinus, Apium.

Gloesporium Lindemuthianum an Phaseolus.

Gloeosporium lint an Linum.

Ascochyta Pisi an Pisum sativum.

Ascochyta graminicola an Secale.

Septoria graminum an Hordeum.

Cephalosporium Acremonium mit Melanospora damnosa@ an Triticum,
Hordeum, Avena.

An Hand von Lichtbildern wurden diese Krankheitserreger und ver
schiedene durch sie erzeugte Krankheiten vorgefiihrt und erlautert.

Professor Showky Bakir teilte mit, dass die Gleichia gossypella
an der Baumwolle in Agypten grossen Schaden verursache. Er
beschrieb die verschiedenen Bekampfungsmethoden, die jetzt
zu Gunsten der Autoregulator-Methode aufgegeben seien.

Der Redner legte eine Reihe von Photographien, Abbildungen
u.a. vor und bat in dem erwaihnten Kampfe um die Hilfe der
anderen Lander, die an dieser Frage interessiert sind.

Nachmittags-Sitzung.
Der geanderte Entwurf fiir die Statuten der Internationalen

Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle wurde dem Kongress von
Sir Lawrence Weaver unterbreitet. Jeder einzelne Paragraph

wurde mit einigen Anderungen angenommen.

Statuten der Internationalen Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle.

1. Name und Zweck.—Unter dem Namen: ‘Internationale Verein-
igung fiir Samenkontrolle (International Seed Testing Association=
I.8.T.A.)’ besteht, mit Rechtsitz am Wohnorte des Prasidenten, eine
Vereinigung amtlicher Samenkontrollstationen zur Foérderung aller mit
der Untersuchung und Beurteilung von Saatgut zusammenhéngender
Fragen. Die Vereinigung sucht diesen Zweck zu erreichen durch

(a) vergleichende Untersuchungen und Erhebungen zur Erreichung
genauer und gleichférmiger Untersuchungsergebnisse.

(b) die Vereinbarung einheitlicher Methoden und Bezeichnungen
in der Begutachtung von Saatgut im internationalen Handel.

(c) Veranstaltung von internationalen Kongressen von Ver-
tretern der amtlichen Samenkontrollstationen zum Zwecke der
gemeinsamen Beratung und gegenseitigen Belehrung, die Herausgabe
von Abhandlungen und Berichten tiber Samenkontrolle und gegen-
seitige Unterstiitzung in der Ausbildung von technischen Beamten.

2. Mitglieder.—Mitglieder der Vereinigung kénnen werden

(a) staatliche Kontrollstationen, die sich ausschliesslich oder
jin einem erheblichen Umfange mit Samenuntersuchungen be-
schaftigen und unmittelbar der Regierung ihres Landes unterstehen.

218

(b) &hnliche amtliche Anstalten, die durch Institute oder
K6rperschaften unterhalten werden und dadurch tatsachlich den
Regierungen ihres Landes unterstellt sind.

Jedes Mitglied verpflichtet sich an der Arbeit der Vereinigung tatigen
Anteil zu nehmen. Jedes zahlende Mitglied erhdlt unentgeltlich die
‘Veréffentlichungen der Vereinigung.

3. Mittel—Das Einkommen der Vereinigung setzt sich zusammen aus

(a) den ordentlichen Jahresbeitragen ihrer Mitglieder.
(6) ausserordentlichen Einnahmen.

Die Hohe des Jahresbeitrages ist von der Generalversammlung fiir wenig-
stens 3 folgende Jahre zu genehmigen. Dieser Beitrag kann geleistet
werden entweder durch

(c) eine Regierung fiir alle amtlichen Anstalten ihres Landes
und zwar eine Summe von nicht mehr als 50 Pfund Sterling im
Jahr, oder

(d) eine amtliche Anstalt oder ein Institut, oder

(e) eine Vereinigung von Beamten von Samenkontrollstationen.

Wenn der Beitrag nach litt. ¢ bezahlt wird, so werden damit alle amtlichen
Anstalten des betreffenden Landes Mitglieder und erhalten mit den in
Ziffer 8 vorgesehenen Einschrankungen Stimmrecht. Der Beitrag ist so
zu bemessen, dass er geniigend ist, um die Kosten (a) der Publikationen
der Vereinigung, (b) der vergleichenden Untersuchungen und anderer
Erhebungen, (c) der Bureaukosten zu decken.

4. Versammlungen, Ausschiisse und Verwaltung.—Die Vereinigung
beruft in der Regel jedes dritte Jahr einen Kongress ein. Gleichzeitig
findet die Generalversammlung der Vereinigung statt. An dieser Ver-
sammlung sollen folgende Mitglieder des engern Vorstandes gewahlt
werden :— :

(a) der Prasident.

(b) der Viceprasident.

(ad) zwei Stellvertreter dieses Vorstandes.

(e) zwei Rechnungsrevisoren und ein Stellvertreter, die alle
nicht Mitglieder des engern Ausschusses sind.

Alle diese Vorstandsmitglieder miissen technische Beamte von Samen-
kontrollstationen sein.

Die Generalversammlung hat ferner weitere Ausschiisse zu wahlen,
wenn solche fiir das Rechnungswesen, die gemeinsamen Untersuchungen
und Erhebungen, die Veréffentlichungen, etc., ndtig sein sollten. Alle
diese Ausschiisse und Mitglieder des Vorstandes sind mit Amtsdauer bis
zur nachsten Generalversammlung zu wahlen.

Die Generalversammlung bestimmt Ort und Zeit des nachsten Kon-
gresses, genehmigt die Hohe der Jahresbeitrage und ernennt als Ehren-
mitglieder Manner, die in Anbetracht ihrer Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der
Samenkontrolle oder ihrer Verdienste um die Vereinigung diese Auszeich-
nung besonders verdient haben.

Durch Beschluss des engern Vorstandes kann eine Generalversammlung
zu jeder andern Zeit als zu der des alle 3 Jahre wiederkehrenden Kongresses
einberufen werden.

Die Generalversammlung ist beschlussfahig, wenn 20 stimmberecht-
igte Mitglieder anwesend sind.

5. Geschdftsfiihrung—Der engere Vorstand besteht aus dem Priasi-
denten, dem Vizeprasidenten und den ordentlichen Mitgliedern. Wenn ein
ordentliches Mitglied infolge Todes oder durch andere Umstande langere
Zeit verhindert ist, an der Geschaftsfiihrung teilzunehmen, so kann der

219

Frasident an seine Stelle den einen oder beide Stellvertreter einberufen.
Die Rechnung der Vereinigung soll durch die beiden Rechnungsrevisoren
Jedes Jahr gepriift und die gepriifte Rechnung alljahrlich allen Mit-
gliedern mit dem Jahresbericht des engern Vorstandes zugestellt werden.

Der engere Vorstand beschliesst iiber die Ausgaben, wahlt Unter-
ausschiisse und genehmigt die Arbeit des Kongresses. Wenn die General-
versammlung nicht beschlussfahig ist, so hat der engere Vorstand
endgiiltig in allen Rechnungsfragen Beschluss zu fassen und den nachsten
Versammlungsort des Kongresses zu bestimmen. Bei Stimmengleichheit
im engern Vorstand hat der Prasident den Stichentscheid.

6. Der Président.—Der Prasident fiihrt den Vorsitz in der General-
versammlung, im engern Vorstand und in den Versammlungen des
Kongresses, in denen wichtige technische Beschliisse gefasst. werden.

Er wird, als Vorsitzender des engern Vorstandes und mit dessen
Kenntnis und Zustimmung, die Vereinigung im Verkehr mit den
Regierungen und andern Vereinigungen, sei es von amtlichen Samenkon-
trollstationen oder von Kontrollbeamten oder von Samenhandlern,
vertreten. Er ordnet zusammen mit den Vertretern des Landes, in dem
der n&chste Kongress abgehalten werden soll (a) das Programm des
Kongresses, (b) die Vorschlage fiir den Vorsitz des Kongresses, (c) die
Zulassung von Beobachtern und Gasten zum Kongress. Er beruft die
Sitzungen des engern Vorstandes ein, ist ea officio Mitglied aller
Ausschiisse und Unterausschiisse der Vereinigung und iiberwacht die
Verdéffentlichung der Berichte der Vereinigung.

Der Prasident ist ermachtigt, zu seiner Hilfe einen Sekretar-
Kassierer anzustellen, dessen Entschédigung durch den engern Vorstand
zu genehmigen ist. Der Prasident ist verantwortlich fiir (a) die sichere
Verwahrung des Eigentums der Vereinigung, (b) die richtige Verwendung
ihres Vermégens, (c) die Unterbreitung einer richtigen Abrechnung an die
Rechnungsrevisoren.

7. Der Vizeprdsident—In der Abwesenheit des Prasidenten von
Sitzungen der Generalversammlung oder des engern Vorstandes soll der
Vizeprasident seine Stellvertretung ibernehmen.

8. Versammlungen und Kongresse: Abgeordnete und Abstimmung.—
Jedes Mitglied der Vereinigung ist berechtigt, den Generalversamm-
lungen und den Kongressen beizuwohnen. Der engere Vorstand setzt vor
jedem Kongress unter Beriicksichtigung (a) des Beitrages der verschiedenen
Lander und Mitglieder und (6) der Bedeutung der Arbeit ihrer amtlichen
Samenkontrollstationen, die Zahl der Stimmen, die fiinf nicht tiber-
schreiten soll, fest, die den Delegierten jedes Landes zukommt bei
Abstimmungen tiber Berichte und Antrage der Ausschiisse der Vereinig-
ung oder der Antrage der Delegierten. Wenn es verlangt wird, soll die
Abstimmung geheim sein; andernfalls wird sie durch Handmehr
festgestellt. Beschliisse werden durch eine Mehrheit der Anwesenden
und Stimmenden gefasst. Bei Stimmengleichheit hat der Prasident
den Stichentscheid.

9. Urabstimmung.—Wenn zwischen zwei Generalversammlungen eine
wichtige Frage aufgeworfen werden sollte, so kann sie der engere
Ausschuss einer schriftlichen Abstimmung der stimmberechtigten Mitglieder
unterbreiten. Der Ausschuss kann hierauf nach Massgabe des von der
Mehrzahl der Stimmenden ausgedriickten Wunsches vorgehen.

10. Austritt, Auflésung ete—Austritt von Landern und Mitgliedern
kann nur auf Schluss des Kalenderjahres erfolgen, und der Prasident soll
von der Absicht des Ricktrittes vor dem 1. Oktober jedes Jahres
benachrichtigt werden.

Auflésung der Vereinigung kann nur stattfinden, wenn eine General-
versammlung, die zu diesem Zwecke zusammengerufen wird, dies mit }
Mehrheit der Anwesenden und Stimmenden beschliesst.

Jede Anderung dieser Statuten soll vom engern Vorstand vorberaten
und den Mitgliedern wenigstens 2 Monate vor der Generalversammlung,

220

an der sie zu behandeln sind, schriftli¢éh mitgeteilt werden. Beschliisse,
die soleche Anderungen betreffen, miissen durch eine Zweidrittelsmehrheit
der Anwesenden und Stimmenden unterstiitzt werden.

11. Beziehungen zum internationalen Institut fir Landwirtschaft.—Die
Vereinigung wird inbezug auf Verdffentlichungen und auf jedem andern
Weg, der vom engern Vorstand als geeignet erachtet werden sollte, mit
dem Internationalen Institut fiir Landwirtschaft in Rom zusammen-
arbeiten. Im Falle der Auflésung der Vereinigung soll ihr Vermégen dem
Internationalen Institute ausgehaéndigt werden.

12. Bei jedem aus der Nichtiibereinstimmung der Texte entstehenden
Zweifel soll die englische Fassung als massgebend betrachtet werden.

Der zu waihlende engere Vorstand wurde bevollmachtigt :—

(1) falls es notwendig sei, kleinere Hinzufiigungen vor
dem Druck der Statuten vorzunehmen,

(2) die jahrlichen Beitrage der Vereinigung in Uber-
einstimmung mit dem Paragraph 3 der Statuten festzusetzen,
weil die Zeit des Kongresses nicht geniigte. Das Komitee
solle den verschiedenen Regierungen, Anstalten und Ver-
einigungen Mitteilung iiber die Beitrage zugehen lassen.

Herr Kirotar schlug vor, die Beitrige mit Riicksicht auf
die Valutaverhaltnisse der verschiedenen Linder festzusetzen.
Sir Lawrence Weaver bemerkte dazu, dass dies selbstverstindlich
von dem Komitee in Betracht gezogen wiirde. Er meinte ferner,
dass der Titel der Vereinigung in den drei Hauptsprachen fest-
gesetzt und dies dem engern Vorstand iibertragen werden solle.

Auf Sir Lawrence Weavers Vorschlag wurde danach den
engern Vorstand gewahlt. Die Namen der Mitglieder des
Komitees sind in dem englischen Bericht Seite 118 angefiihrt.

Auf Antrag des Herrn Dorph-Petersen wurden Sir Lawrence
Weaver und Dr. Volkart einstimmig als Ehrenmitglieder der
Internationalen Vereinigung fiir Samenkontrolle erwahlt.

Herr Dorph-Petersen schlug nun vor, die weiteren speziellen
Ausschiisse zu wahlen.

Die angenommenen Ausschiisse sind in dem _ englischen
Bericht auf Seite 119-120 angefiihrt.

Die Frage des nachsten Kongresses wurde nun aufgeworfen
und Frdulein Yeo teilte mit, dass sie befugt sei, im Namen ihres
Institutes den Kongress nach Rom einzuladen.

Nach einer kurzen Diskussion nahm der Kongress diese
Einladung mit Dank an. Es wurde beschlossen, die nachste
Konferenz in der ersten Halfte des Monats Mai des Jahres 1927
abzuhalten.

Ein herzlicher Dank wurde nun von den Kongressteilnehmern
an Herrn Chambers und sein Hilfspersonal gerichtet, und auf
Antrag von Professor Johannsen sprachen die Teilnehmer
Sir Lawrence Weaver ihren Dank fiir seine ausgezeichnete
Leitung des Kongresses aus.

Schluss des Kongresses.

221

EHinige Untersuchungen iiber das Vorkommen und die Lebensfahigkeit
mehrerer Unkrautsamenarten unter verschiedenen Verhiltnissen, unter-
nommen an der ee eee in den Jahren

-1928.

Das Manuskript dieses Berichtes wurde im Anschluss an
Professor Bussards Vortrag tiber die Unkrautfrage unter die Delegierten
verteilt, aber nicht vorgelesen.

VON

K. DORPH-PETERSEN,
Direktor der Danischen Staatssamenkontrolle.

In der danischen Zeitschrift “ Tidsskrife for Landbrugets Planteavl”’
(Zeitschrift fiir den Pflanzenbau der Landwirtschaft) befindet sich in
dem 17. Band (1910) ein von dem Verfasser dieses Artikels verfasster
Bericht, “‘Nogle Undersogelser over Ukrudsfros Forekomst og Leve-
dygtighed, udfert ved Statsanstalten Dansk Freokontrol 1896-1910”
(Einige Untersuchungen iiber das Vorkommen und die Lebensfahigkeit
der Unkrautsamen, unternommen an der danischen Staatssamenkontrolle
in den Jahren 1896-1910).

In diesem Bericht wird teils eine summarische Ubersicht iiber friihere in
derselben Zeitschrift verdffentlichte Versuchsergebnisse gegeben, teils
werden diese mit den Resultaten spadterer Untersuchungen suppliert, und
endlich werden darin Untersuchungen erwahnt, die nicht frither veréffent-
licht sind.

Der gegenwartige Artikel ist im wesentlichen ein Referat des oben-
erwahnten Berichtes, wessen Einteilung des Stoffes deshalb beibehalten ist.
Wahrend aber die Abschnitte, von denen man annehmen muss, dass sie
fix einen weiteren Leserkreis Interesse haben, ziemlich ausfihrlich
angefiihrt sind, sind Abschnitte, die hauptsachlich Lokalinteresse haben,
nur ganz kurz referiert. In einigen Fallen sind im gegenwartigen Artikel
Auskiinfte angefiihrt, die nicht in dem erwahnten Bericht vorhanden sind,
sondern welche man in friiheren Banden von “ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets
Planteavl’‘ suchen muss; ausserdem sind mehrere der Versuchsserien
mit den Ergebnissen, die in den Jahren nach 1910 erzielt sind, suppliert
worden, indem ein Teil der erwaéhnten Versuche an diesem Zeitpunkt
noch nicht abgeschlossen waren.

I.— Wie viele Unkrautsamen sind in Klee- und Grassaaten vorhanden ?

In diesem Abschnitt wird die Aufmerksamkeit darauf hingeleitet,
dass die anscheinend kleinen Gewichtmengen (meistens 0-1-1-:0 %) von
Unkrautsamen, die im allgemeinen in den Proben von Gras- und Kleesaaten,
welche an der Staatssamenkontrolle untersucht werden, vorhanden
sind, eine bedeutende Zahl von Unkrautsamen pr. kg. der Ware repra-
sentieren, sodass selbst mit guter Saatware, wenn ca. 25 kg. des Saatgutes
pro ha. verwendet werden, oft 13-25 Unkrautsamen pro m.? ausgeséet
werden. ‘‘Unkontrollierter Samen,’’ d. h. Samen von Firmen verkauft,
deren Lieferungen nicht einer regelma&ssigen Kontrolle der Staatssamen-
kontrolle unterworfen sind, und welcher ohne das Wissen und Erlaubnis
des Verkaufers untersucht wird, enthalt nicht selten kolossale Mengen
von Unkrautsamen.

In drei der Jahresberichte der Staatssamenkontrolle, die in ‘‘ Tidsskrift
for Landbrugets Planteavl,”’ Band 7, Seite 23-42; Band 8, Seite 23-25
und Band 10, Seite 22-23 zu finden sind, hat Magister O. Rostrup eine
Ubersicht gegeben, tiber welche Samen der nichtgebauten Arten bis
1902 in den an der Staatssamenkontrolle untersuchten Proben von
Klee-, Gras- und Riibensamen u. a. vorhanden waren. Ein entsprechender

222

Bericht iiber das Vorkommen der Unkrautsamen in den Proben, die in
den letzten Jahren an der Staatssamenkontrolle untersucht sind, wird
voraussichtlich in der naéchsten Zukunft in der Zeitschrift des Inter-
nationalen Landwirtschafts-Institutes verdffentlicht.

Il.—Der Verlauf der Keimung und die Keimfahigkeit der Samen einiger
wildwachsenden Pflanzen.

Untersuchungen, wie Samen wildwachsender Pflanzen keimen, wurden
in grossom Umfange unter der Leitung O. Rostrups in den Jahren
1896-1902 vorgenommen, wonach sie unter dem _ Berichterstatter
weitergefiihrt sind. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen befinden sich
in “ Tidsskr ift for Landbrugets Planteavl,” Band 6, Seite 158-169; Band 8,
Seite 27-30; Band 9, Seite 26-29; Band 10, 24-28; Band 11, Seite 172-175,
Band 12, Seite 43-49 und Band 13, Seite 38-41.

Bei den Versuchen sind vollig reife Samenkérner, die kurz nach der
Ernte zum Keimen gelegt sind, verwendet worden, wonach man diese
auf den Keimapparaten liegen liess, bis entweder alle Samenkérner
gekeimt hatten oder ganz verfault waren. Der Jacobsensche Keimapparat*
wurde zu fast alien Samenarten benutzt; nur Samen von Wasserpflanzen
wurden zum Keimen in Wasser gelegt. Die Keimapparate standen auf
einer ungeheizten Glasveranda, wo die Samen einer Temperatur
ausgesetzt waren, die nur wenig von der Temperatur der freien Luft
abwich.

Der Verlauf der Keimung war sehr verschieden, was die verschiedenen
Arten betrifft. O. Rostrup hat Gruppen aufgestellt, in welchen alle
untersuchten Arten—nur mit Ausnahme ganz einzelner—eingeordnet
werden kénnen (siehe die Listen, Seite 130-133).

Die Zahl, die nach dem Artsnamen angefihrt ist, bezeichnet die
Gesamtkeimfahigkeit. Es ist ersichtlich, dass diese, was fast alle Arten
betrifft, sehr hoch ist; der Grund dazu ist zweifelsohne darin zu finden,
dass die Keimuntersuchung ungeféhr bei derselben Temperatur, der die
Samen in der Natur ausgesetzt sind, unternommen ist. Ein Vergleich
zwischen den Keimergebnissen einiger Arten, die auf geheizten Keimap-
paraten, wie sie an der Staatssamenkontrolle fiir die Kultursamen
verwendet werden, erzielt sind, und denjenigen auf ungeheizten Keimap-
paraten auf offener Veranda erzielt, hat nachgewiesen, dass die untersuchten.
Arten—mit Ausnahme einer einzelnen—am schnellsten und am _ besten
unter den letzterwahnten Bedingungen keimten. O. Rostrup leitet die Auf-
merksamkeit darauf hin, dass wenn Nobbe und Haenlein bei ihren
entsprechenden Versuchen (siehe: ‘Die landw. Versuchsstationen,’”
Band XX., 8. 74 und Band XXV., 8. 465) sehr niedrige Keimergebnisse
erzielten, ist der Grund mdglicherweise, dass sie zu hohe Temperaturen
verwendet haben.

Von einer kleinen Anzahl der betreffenden Arten wurde mehr als eine
Probe untersucht. Der Verlauf der Keimung war indessen nicht in allen
Fallen gleich fiir verschiedene Proben derselben Art. Esist zu vermuten,
dass der Jahrgang, der Grad der Reife, die Herkunft und vielleicht auch
Stamm.- oder Rasseneigentiimlichkeiten des Samens ihren Einfluss auf den
Verlauf der Keimung ausiiben. Es ware darum bei zukiinftigen Unter-
suchungen auf diesem Gebiete wiinschenswert, Samenproben zu verwenden,
die von einzelnen Pflanzen geerntet sind. Selbst mit dieser Verbesserung
des Versuchsmaterials wiirde man nicht immer Samen, die gleichmassig
keimen, erhalten. Professor Correns hat naémlich nachgewiesen, dass
der Platz der Samenkérner in der Frucht oder im Bliitenstand in einigen
Fallen seinen Einfluss auf die Keimfahigkeit ausiibt; dementsprechend
hat sich die Keimfahigkeit der Randbliiten bei vielen Compositen
abweichend von derjenigen der Scheibenbliiten gezeigt (siehe: Jahres-
bericht der Vereinigung fiir angewandie Botanik, 8. Jahrgang, 1910, Seite
258).

* Siehe ; Seite 32-33 in ‘“Statsfrokontrollen 1871-1896-1921 ” (Dio danische
Staatssamenkontrolle 1871—1896-1921) von K. Dorph-Petersen.

223

I1I.—Der Hinfluss des Grades der Reife auf die Keimfahigkeit der
Unkrautsamen samt der Dauer der Keimfahigheit.

Zur Erlauterung der obenangefiihrten Frage veranstaltete der Bericht-
erstatter folgende Versuche :

In 1904 wurden teils ‘‘ reife’ und teils ‘‘ unreife’”? Samen der in der
Tabelle 1 (Seite 133) angefiihrten Arten eingesammelt. Die unreifen
Samenkérner waren noch griinlich, und ihr Samenweiss war noch ganz
zihe. Die Samenkérner sassen so fest an der Mutterpflanze, dass sie
abgepfliickt werden mussten. Die reifen Samenkérner liessen sich dagegen
durch eine leichte Berithrung von der Mutterpflanze entfernen, und die
Samenhiilse oder das Samengehduse hatte das Aussehen, welches die
Reife charakterisiert. Reifer und unreifer Samen wurden in derselben
Parzeile im Versuchsgarten geerntet, doch nicht von absolut derselben
Pflanze.

Die Samen wurden in Papiertiiten in Schubladen in einem Lokal, das
im Winter geheizt wurde, aufbewahrt, sodass man voraussetzen konnte,
dass der Wassergehalt, der bei der Ernte am gréssten in dem unreifen
Samen war, in den zwei verschiedenen Kategorien von Samen schnell
ungefahr gleich wurde.

’ Von jeder Samenart wurden kurz nach der Ernte—und danach jeden
nachfolgenden Herbst—100 Kérner von beziehungsweise reifem und un-
reifom Samen zum Keimen gelegt. Die Keimung ging vor sich auf einvm
Jacobsenschen Keimapparat, der auf einer offenen Veranda stand wie auf
Seite 222 beschrieben. In der Tabelle No. 1 sind die Hauptergebnisse
dieser Untersuchungen angefiihrt.

Die reifen Samen haben unter den gegebenen Verhaltnissen am langsten
ihre Keimfahigkeit bewahrt; die unreifen keimten, was fast alle Arten
betrifft, schneller als die vdllig reifen, namentlich war dies der Fall in
den ersten Jahren nach der Ernte der Samen.

In der Tabelle 2 (Seite 134) ist eine Ubersicht angefiihrt, wie einige andere
Samenarten ihre Keimfahigkeit durch eine Reihe von Jahren bewahrt
haben. Die Aufbewahrung der Samen und die Keimuntersuchungen
haben unter ganz denselben Bedingungen wie voran beschrieben statt-
gefunden (trockene Aufbewahrung und Keimung aut ungeheiztem
Apparat).

IV.—Wie viele Unkrautsamen sind in Erde zu finden? (Samt einigen
Angaben dariiber, wie viele Samenkorner verschiedene Unkraut-
pflanzen geben k6nnen).

Die Samen einiger Pflanzen von verschiedenen wildwachsenden Arten
sind gelegentlich gezdhlt worden. (‘ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets Planteavl,”’
Band 13, Seite 35-37).

Von den Resultaten sollen hier folgende angefiihrt werden :—

Daucus carota: Hine freistehende Pflanze gab 110,000 Samenkérner,
wahrend 7 Pflanzen auf einem Grasfelde durchschnittlich ca. 4000 Samen
pro Pflanze gaben.

Plantago lanceolata : Kine kraftige Pflanze auf einem Grasfelde gab ca.
15,000 Samenk6rner; 6 kleinere Exemplare auf demselben Grasfelde gaben
im Durchschnitt ca: 2,500 Samenkérner. ;

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum: Hine kraftige Pflanze auf einem
Grasfelde gab 26,000 Samenkorner; 6 kleinere Pflanzen auf demselben
Ort gaben von 1,300 bis 4,000 Samen pro Pflanze.

Sonchus arvensis: 6 Pflanzen auf einem Haferfeld gaben im Durch-
schnitt 3,000 SamenkGrner pro Pflanze. Auf ca. 4m.? waren 70 solche
Pflanzen vorhanden.

Matricaria inodora . Ein besonders kraftiges, freistehendes Exemplar
gab ca. 310,000 reife Samenk6rner, die in 6 Tagen mit 97 Prozent
keimten; diese Pflanze gab also ca. 300,000 keimfahige Samen. Eine
andere freistehende Pflanze gab ca. 130,000 Samenk6rner. Bei spater
unternommenen Untersuchungen hat der Berichterstatter zweimal Pflanzen
gefunden, die je ca. 300,000 keimfahige Samenkérner gaben.

224

Cirsium arvense: In einer Kolonie dieser Pflanzenart wurden pro
0:4m.? 25 kraéftige Stengel aufgezdhlt; einige von diesen (die maénnlichen
Pflanzen) gaben keine Samen, wahrend auf den weiblichen Pflanzen im
Durchschnitt ca. 4,500 Samenkérner pro Stengel vorhanden waren.

Zur Erlauterung davon, wie viele Unkrautsamen man in ddnischer
Ackererde finden kann, wurde im Friihjahr 1907 Erdeproben von 4 Feldern
in Jutland gezogen. Das Probeziehen ging vor sich mittels eines 15 cm.
hohen, quadratischen Eisenrahmens, sodass die Proben eine Erdschicht
von 15 em. Dicke umfassten, welches genau der Erdschicht entspricht, die
in der betreffenden Gegend der direkten Behandlung von Pflug und Egge
ausgesetzt war.

Es war im voraus anzunehmen, dass die betreffenden Felder viel
Unkrautsamen enthielten, und die Ergebnisse diirfen daher nicht als
Ausdruck dafiir betrachtet werden, wie vicl Unkrautsamen danische
Felder im Allgemeinen enthalten.

Die Proben wurden mittels Sieben mit so geringer Maschenweite
ausgewaschen, dass alle Unkrautsamen zuriickbehalten wurden. Durch
Untersuchung sorgfaltiger den Sieben entnommenen Durchschnittsproben
wurden die Art und Menge der Unkrautsamen in den Erdeproben
bestimmt. Samen von folgenden Geschlechtern und Arten kamen in
grdsster Menge vor: Chenopodium sp., Scleranthus sp., Spergula sp.,
Polygonum lapathifolium und Rumex acetosella. Aus den Untersuchungs-
ergebnissen wurde berechnet, dass die betreffenden Felder in der obersten
Schicht von 15 em. beziehungsweise 193,600; 116,600; 88,200 und 141,900
Unkrautsamen pro m.? enthielten. Die in einer der Probe gefundenen
Samen von Chenopodium keimten mit 70 Prozent, wahrend der grdsste
Teil der tibrigen Arten, die auf Keimfahigkeit untersucht wurden, mit zwi-
schen 20 und 30 Prozent keimte. Wenn man mit einer durchschnittlichen
Keimfahigkeit von 25 Prozent rechnet, kann man, vorausgesetzt, dass die
Samen in der ganzen Erdschicht gleichmassig verteilt sind, aus den
angefiihrten Zahlen berechnen, dass in den obersten 2-5 cm. Erde der
vier Felder folgende Anzahl keimfahiger Unkrautsamen pro m.? vor-
handen waren: Probe 1-8,066; Probe 2—4,855; Probe 3—3,674, und Probe
4-5,913.

V.—Wie bewahren die Unkrautsamen thre Keimfdhigkett in lirde ?

Das Verfahren bei den obenerwahnten Versuchen ist in allen Fallen
dies gewesen, dass bei Anfang des Versuches kleine Blumentépfe, in deren
Mitte 109 Samenl:6rner der betreffenden Art mit Erde gemischt angebracht
waren, vergraben wurden. Jedes Friihjahr wurden einige der Tépfe aufgegra-
ben und die Samen auf Keimfahigkeit untersucht, indem der Inhalt eimes
Blumentopfes in einer Tonschale, die im voraus beinahe mit Gartenerde
gefullt war, welche einem Ort entnommen wurde, wo die betreffenden
Unkrautarten seit Menschengedenken nicht angetroffen waren, ausge-
breitet wurde. Zum Vergleich wurden in ganz entsprechender Weise jedes
Jahr 100 Sarnen derselben urspriinglichen Probe, die in der Zwischenzeit
in den Lokalen der Samenkontrolle trocken aufbewahrt war, ausgesiet.
Die Hauptergebnisse der ersten Versuchsreche dieser Art sind in der
Tabelle 3 (Seite 135) zu finden.

Bei dem in der erwahnten Tahbelle besprochenen Versuch wurde nur
Eingraben in einer Tiefe von 30 cm. versucht. Weil es indessen von
bedeutendem Interesse ist .zu sehen, wie Samen ihre Keimfahigkeit in
Tiefen, zu welchen die Erde im Allgemeinen bearbeitet wird, bewahren,
und inwiefern die Lebensfahigkeit der Samen in den verschiedenen
Tiefen verschieden ist, wurden im Jahre 1903 Versuche nach obenstehenden
Prinzipen angefangen, jedoch so, dass von jeder Samenart Portionen &
100 Samen in Tiefen von 8, 20 und 30 cm. eingegraben wurden. Jedes
Friihjahr wurde eine Probe von jeder Tiefe samt eine Portion, die auf
der Samenkontrelle trocken aufbewahrt war, zum Keimen gelegt. Die
Hauptergebnisse dieses Versuches sind in der Tabelle 4 (Seite 136) angefiihrt.

Die Ursache der ziemlich bedeutenden Schwankungen der Keim-
fahigkeit derselben Probe von Jahr zu Jahr ist zweifelsohne darin zu

225

finden, dass jedes Jahr nur eine relativ kleine Anzahl Samenkérner (100)
zum Keimen gelegt sind. In einigen Fallen hatten Regenwiirmer und
andere Tiere die Erde in den eingegrabenen Blumentiépfen durchwiihlt
und dadurch die Ergebnisse weniger sicher gemacht, und endlich sind die
Bedingungen der Keimung wegen der verschiedenen Wetterverhaltnisse
der verschiedenen Jahren nicht ganz gleich gewesen.

Wie es zu erwarten sei, bewahrt die Keimfahgkeit, was alle untersuchten
Arten betrifft, sich am schlechtesten in einer Tiefe von 8 cm., wo der Zugang
von Sauerstoff am reichlichsten ist, und wo die Temperatur und die Feuch-
tigkeit am starksten wechseln. Samen von Daucus carota und Cirsium
arvense sind nur in einer Tiefe von 20 cm. eingegraben gewesen. Ausser
der in der Tabelle angefiihrten Arten sind Samen von Secale cereale, Avena
sativa, Avena elatior, Lolium perenne und Agrostemma githago in
entsprechender Weise untersucht worden. Mit Ausnahme einzelner
Samen von Avena elatior und Lolium perenne waren alle eingegrabene
Samenkérner dieser Arten schon in dem ersten Winter abgestorben.

Im Ganzen bewahren die Kultursamen die Keimfahigkeit schlechter in
der Erde als die Unkrautsamen. Selbst dlhaltiger Sameri wie Brassica
campestris rapifera bewahrt seine Keimfahigkeit viel schlechter in der
Erde als sein naher Verwandter Sinapis arvensis.

VI.—Wie viele Unkrautsamen sind im Futtergetreide bevor und nach dem
Mahlen, in importiertem Futtergetreide, Spreu des Getreides, Rei-
nigungen u. dgl. vorhanden ?

In 1907 wurden 37 Proben von Futtergetreide sowohl vor als auch
nach dem Mahlen auf den Gehalt an Unkrautsamen untersucht. Es wurde
nachgewiesen, dass die allgemeine Auffassung, dass die Unkrautsamen beim
Mahlen des Getreides zerdrii¢kt und dadurch unschadlich gemacht werden,
absolut nicht richtig ist. Dwurchschnittlich enthielten die untersuchten
Proben vor dem Mahlen 16,400 Unkrautsamen pro kg. und nach dem
Mahlen 9,300 unbeschaédigte Samenkérner pro kg. Es wurden also durch-
schnittlich nur etwas tiber ein Drittel der Unkrautsamen in der Miihle
zerdriickt. In den Proben waren im Ganzen 54 verschiedene Unkraut-
samenarten vorhanden. Wie es zu erwarten sei, sind es bésondérs Samen
der Arten, deren Samenkoérner klein und hart sind, die in dem Getreide
nach dem Mahlen wieder gefunden werden (siehe Tabelle 5, Seite 137).

Es sind danach mebhrere Beispiele dartiber erwahnt, dass Reinigungen
der in Danemark von den Landern um das Schwarze Meer importierten
Gerste, die als Futter fiir fast denselben Preis wie die reine Gerste
verkauft werden, nicht selten grosse Mengen von Unkrautsamen
enthalten; in einem Fall 55-8 Prozent und in einem anderen 41 Prozent.

Gleichfalls ist erwaéhnt, dass Reinigungen und Spreu von Getreide
oft so viele Unkrautsamen enthalten, dass man bei der Verwendung dieser
Abfallsprodukte vom Dreschen in hohem Grade die Aufmerksamkeit
darauf hingewendet haben muss, zu verhindern, dass die darin vorkom-
menden Unkrautsamen auf die Felder verbreitet werden.

VII.—Wie keimen die Unkrautsamen, welche den Darmkanal der Haustiere
passiert haben ?

Uber diesen Gegenstand ist Mitteilung in “T%dsskrift for Land-
brugets Planteavl,” Band 8, Seite 33-35, und Band 12, Seite 61-53 (die
Jahresberichte der danischen Staatssamenkontrolle fiir 1899/1900 und
1903/1904) gegeben.

In dem ersterwaéhnten Bericht hat O. Rostrup Auskunft iiber das
Ergebnis einer Untersuchung des Diingers einer Kuh, die mit samentre-
genden Pflanzen von 10 verschiedenen Arten gefiittert war, gegebeti. Es
wurden keimfaéhige Samen von 8 von diesen in dem Diinger gefunden;
diese keimten mit folgenden Prozenten :—

Solanum nigrum - - - - + 52 Prozent.
Stellaria media - - - : - 49 ‘,
Sonchus asper ss - - - i - Q7 i
Senecio vulgaris - - - - ss 5 i.

@ 23301 H

226

Capsella bursa peseone - . - - .24 Prozent.
Urtica urens : : - - ll Sy
Atriplex patula_ - . - = - 8 5
Polygonum aviculare - - . - 85 +

Die Kuh hatte ausserdem noch Pflanzen von Sinapis arvensis und
Silene inflata gefressen, es wurden aber merkwiirdigerweise keine Samen
dieser Arten in dem Diinger gefunden. Wahrscheinlich sind die betreffenden
Samen in dem Futter nicht véllig reif gewesen. Ausser den Samen der
obenerwéhnten Arten wurden in dem Diinger Samenkérner von 26
anderen Arten gefunden, von welchen man annehmen muss, dass sie in
dem Heu, womit die Kuh gefiittert wurde, vorhanden gewesen sind.

Bei einem spéteren von dem Berichterstatter angestellten Versuch
(“ Tidsskrift for Landbrugets Planteavl,” Band 17, Seite 618-626) wurde
eine Kuh mit abgewogenen Mengen von Plantago lanceolata und Matri-
caria inodora samt im tibrigen mit Futter, welches keine Unkrautsamen
enthielt, gefiittert. Der Diinger wurde in den 5 darauf folgenden Tagen
eingesammelt. Die Probe jedes einzelnen Tages wurde ausgewaschen
und danach untersucht. Das Hauptergebnis dieser Untersuchung geht von
der Tabelle 6 (Seite 137) hervor.

Die Fiitterung mit den Unkrautsamen wurde um 7 Uhr morgens vor-
genommen, und die Hauptmenge der Unkrautsamen wurde im Diinger des.
nachsten Tages gefunden. Samen, die 2 Tage brauchten, um durch die Kuh
zu passieren, zeigten sich bei diesem Versuche eine etwa 20 Prozent
geringere Keimfahigkeit zu haben, als Samen die sich nur einen Tag in
dem Darmkanal befunden hatten. _

Ein Versuch mit einem Schwein (von ca. 70 kg.) wurde in der Weise
vorgenommen, dass das Schwein taglich mit 2-8 kg. eines Futters, welches
gzosse Mengen von Unkrautsamen enthielt, gefiittert wurde. Nachdem
diese Fiitterung einige Zeit durchgefiihrt war, wurde der Diinger von 4
aufeinander folgenden Tagen untersucht. Die Fiitterung mit dem un-
krauthaltigen Futter wurde auch in diesen Tagen fortgesetzt. Der Dinger
jedes einzelnen Tages wurde fiir sich untersucht, und die Untersuchungen
gaben iibereinstimmende Ergebnisse. In der Tabelle 7 (Seite 138) sind die
Durchschnittszahlen fiir die 4 erwaihnten Tage angefiihrt.

Die Ergebnisse eines entsprechenden Versuches mit Fitterung von
Hiihnern sind in der Tabelle 8 (Seite 138) angefiihrt.

Die im gegenwartigen Artikel referierten Versuche zeigen :—

(1) Dass die fiir Aussaat bestimmten Samen und besonders Klee-
und Grassamen oft grosse Mengen von Unkrautsamen enthalten.

(2) Dass Futtergetreide und besonders Spreu des Getreides und:
Reinigungen ofters bedeutende Mengen von Unkrautsamen enthalten..

(3) Dass Unkrautsamen in, der Regel eine gute Keimfahigkeit
haben, dass sie haufig mehrere Jahre hindurch langsam keimen,
und dass viele Arten, sowohl bei trockener Aufbewahrung als auch.
in der Erde, ihre Keimfahigkeit viele Jahre lang bewahren.

(4) Dass die Unkrautsamen durch das Passieren der Miihle oder:
des Darmkanals der Haustiere bei weitem nicht zerstért werden.

In den letzten Jahren sind an der Staatssamenkontrolle eine Reihe von
Untersuchungen vorgenommen worden, zur Erléuterung davon, wie die
Unkrautsamen ihre Keimfahigkeit im Dimgerhaufen bewahren. Diese:
Versuche sind indessen noch nicht abgeschlossen. Es kann doch mitgeteilt
werden, dass das Hauptergebnis ist, dass die Unkrautsamen auch im:
Diingerhaufen die Keimfahigkeit teilweise bewahren kénnen, falls sie sich
in den lockeren oberen Schichten befinden, wéhrend es scheint, dass die
untersuchten Arten in ziemlich kurzer Zeit zerstért werden, falls sie sich
in den Schichten eines wohlgepflegten Diingerhaufens befinden, die fest
zusammengepresst sind, sodass dieser sich feucht halt und Warme
aufnimmt.

227

WEITERE SUPPLEMENTARISCHE BERICHTE.

Dr. M. Kondo, Kurashiki: ‘‘ Untersuchungen von Samen der Land-
wirtschaft, besonders mit Bezug auf die Verhialtnisse in Japan ”’ (siehe die
englische Abteilung, Seiten 121-124).

Dr. A. v. Degen, Budapest: ‘Die Lebensfihigkeit der Samen”’
(siehe die englische Abteilung, Seiten 139-143).

Printed under the authority of His Majesty’s Stationery Office
By Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd., East Harding Street, B.C. 4,
Printers to the King’s most Excellent Majesty.

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Full text of "Compte rendu du Congrès international d'essais de semences. Discussions at the International Seed Testing Conference. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Konferenz für Samenprüfung à/in Copenhague (Danemark), 6.- 10. VI. 1921"

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