BP cOTHER WAGE
DESMIDIEE. OF THE U. S
By A. c. STOKES, ‘ De
sae TE nex
Queen Acme No.5 Microscope
NEW MODEL ‘
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ACME No. 5
Outfit No. 3101 with % in. and 4% in. Objectives, one Ocular and Double Nose-piece.
We claim that this instrument fills, as does no other at the price, the
wants of the amateur and the teacher.
In the smooth, precise and permanent action of its focal and other adjust-
ments it stands unapproached.
QUEEN & CO., Inc.
i010 Chestnut Street
NEW YORK OFFICE PHILADELPHIA
116 FULTON STREET
QnA
| 3 1924 089 431 997
DATE DUE
GAYLORD
PRINTED INU.SA
From the Estate of
BRUCE VOELLER
ANALYTICAL KEYS
TO THE
GENERA AND SPECIES
OF THE
FRESH WATER ALGA
AND
The Desmidieaw of the United States,
FOUNDED ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF
THE REV. FRANCIS WOLLE’S MONOGRAPHS,
BY
DR. ALF RED oC. STORES:
Author of “Microscopy for Beginners; “A Contribution toward
a Natural History of the Fresh Water Infusoria
of the United States,” etc.
PORTLAND, CONN.:
Epwarpb F, BicELow, PUBLISHER,
1893.
Mann
QK
atl
SB 1x
(293
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1893, by
EE. F. BIGELOW, Publisher,
in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
CONTENTS.
PAGE,
Explanation of Plate, 7
Value of of Mikrons in parts of an inch, 9
Introduction, II
Key to the Classes of the Fresh-water Alga, 25
Key to the Genera of the Fresh-water Alge, 25
Key to the Species of the Fresh-water Alge, 37
Key to the Genera of the Desmidiez, 78
Key to the Species of the Desmidiez, 80
Glossary, III
Index, II5
Cornell University
The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924089431997
Explanation of Plate.
[FRONTISPIECE.]
GENERA OF DESMIDS.
Each Figure is numbered to correspond with the number of the genus,
EIG,
OM AAR YP >
Gonatozygon, Omitted; the cell needs no figure.
Genicularia.
Hyalotheca.
Bambusina.
Leptozosma. Omitted; the cell needs no figure.
Desmidium.
Phymatodocis.
Sphzrozosma.
Onychonema.
Mesoteenium.
Spiroteenia.
Penium.
Closterium; three figures, showing central inflation and ends
produced into beaks.
Docidium.
Triploceras; end and part of cell.
Calocylindrus.
Cosmarium.
Tetmemorus.
Xanthidium.
Arthrodesmus; 20a, front view, 4, end view.
Euastrum.
Micrasterias; five forms.
Staurastrum; four forms; 23a, front view, 4, end.
Pediastrum; three forms.
Value of Microns (“) in fractions of an inch.
f@ Inches.| ys Inches.| ys Inches.| y Inches.| ys Inches.
I,0=1-25000 | 18.0=1-1383 | 45.0=1-533 |79.0=1-316 | 113.0=1-221
1.5 =1-16666 18.5=1-1351 46.0=1-543 | 80.0=1-312 | 114.0=1-219
2,0=1-12500| 19.0=1-1315 | 47.0=1-532 |81.0=1-308 | 115.0=1-217
2.5 =1-10000 | 19.5 =1-3333|}48.0=1-521 |82.0=1-304 | 116.0=1-215
3.0= 1-8333 | 20.0=1-1250| 49.0=1-510 |83.0=1-301 | 117.0=1-213
3-5 =1-7222 | 20,5=1-1214|50.0=1-500 | 84.0=1-297 |118.0=1-211
4.0=1-6250] 21.0=1-1143|51.0=1-490 |85.0=1-295 | 119.0—=1-209
4.5=1-5555 | 21.5=1-1162|52.0=1-480 | 86.0=1-291 | 120.0=1-208
5-01-5000] 22.0=1-1131|53.0=1-471 |87,.0=1-287 |121.0=1-206
5-51-4545 | 22.5=1-1111|54.0=—1-464 |88.0=1-284 | 122,0=1-205
6.0= 1-4333 | 23.0=1-1087|55.0=1-454 |89.0=1-281 | 123.0=1-203
6.5 =1-3846 | 23.5=1-1064|56.0=1-446 |90.0=1-277 |124.0=1-201
7.0=1-3285 | 24.0=1-1042 | 57.0=1-438 |g1.0=1-274 | 125.0=1-200
7.5 =1-3333 | 24.5=1-1020 ,58.0=1-431 |92.0=1-271 | 126.0=1-198
8.0=1-3125 | 25.0=1-1000 | §9.0=1-423 |93.0=1-268 | 127.0=1-196
8.5=1-2941| 26.0=1-961 |60.0=1-416 |94.0=1-266 | 128.0=1-195
9.0=1-2777|27.0=1-926 | 61.0=1-409 |95.0=1-263 | 129.0=1-193
9.5 = 1-2631 | 28.0=1-893 |62.0=1-403 |96.0=1-260 |130.0=1-192
10.0=1-2500! 29.0=1-862 |63.0=1-396 |97.0=1-259 |131.0=I-I19I
10.5 =1-2381 | 30.0=1-833 |64.0=1-390 |98.0=1-255 |132.0=1-189
IT,O=1-2272 | 31.0=1-806 |65.0=1-384 (99.0=1-252 | 133.0=1-188
II.5=J-2173|32.0=1-781 |66.0=1-378 | 100.0=1-250]134.0=1-186
I12.0=1-2166!33.0=1-787 |67.0=1 373 | 101.0=1-247 | 135.0=1-185
12.5=1-2000| 34.0=1-706 |68.0=1-368 | 102.0=1-245 | 136.0=1-183
13.0=1-1923 | 35.0=1-714 | 69.0=1-390 | 103.0=1-242 | 137.0=1-182
13.5 =I-1851 | 36.0=1-694 | 70.0=1-357 | 104.0=1-240|138.0=1-181
14.0=1-1785 | 37.0=1-675 | 71.0=1-352 | 105.0=1-238|139.0=1-179
14.5 =1-1724|38.0=1-657 |72.0=1-345 | 106,0=1-235|140.0=1-178
15.0=1-1666 | 39.0=1-641 | 73.0=1-342 | 107.0=1-233|150.0=1-166
15.5 =1-1612|40.0=1-625 | 74.0=1-337 | 108.0=1-231|175.0=1-142
16,0=1-1562/41.0=1-609 | 75.0=1-333 | 109.0=1-228 | 200.0=1-125
16.5=1-1515 | 42.0=1-593 |76.0=1-328 |110.0=1-227
17.0=1-1470 | 43.0=1-583 |77.0=1-324 | 111.0=1-225
17.5=1-1421 | 44.0=1-567 | 78.0=1-320 | 112.0=1-223
INTRODUCTION.
To know the origin of any object, event or act, is always of in-
terest. To know what lead up to a certain acceptable innovation or
aid is pleasing to everyone, and often important to the historian of
any department of the world’s work. What was the form of the first
analytical key, who made it and what induced him to make it, are in-
teresting questions that the writer at least cannot answer. Such
tables have become very popular in the various departments of bot-
any and of zoology, but who originated them is not known; nor
when the first was published, nor where. Like many other good
things, these keys may have been the result of simultaneous thought
and experiment on the part of several workers that felt the need of
some outside aid to the inside treasures of the ever increasing mass
of scientific knowledge. But to whomsoever belongs the credit of or-
iginating these devices, to him belong much praise and many hearty
thanks.
That analytical keys were needed is proved by their popularity.
They are welcomed by the student in all the sections into which Na-
ture is for convenience divided. It is true that there are some ob-
servers who scoff and laugh in derision when “keys” are mentioned,
but these few belong to that class, fortunately limited, whose mem-
bers are unable to usethem. There are persons that seem to be de-
ficient in those mental qualities that make the use of such tables a
pleasure and a delight, as there are others unable to arrange even
the simplest of keys. If in a scheme of the kind there are three
groups, a blue, a black anda green, these unfortunate opponents of
keys seem unable to decide what to do next, when the specimen hap-
pens to be green whilethe first description in the list calls for a blue
I2 INTRODUCTION,
object. That they should glance down the list tosee if by any
chance a green specimen may have been provided for, does not oc-
cur to them; they toss the paper aside, and laugh at the utter folly of
the statement that any intelligent person should be able to use a
key." The truth is that inability to use these valuable aids is an evi-
dence of a defect inthe mental organization. Such critics are forced
to page through the monographs they attempt to study, with great
loss of time and with much labor, to find the information that may
be wanted; whereas with the object and a key to its classin hand the
labor becomes a delight, and the result a valuable acquisition, be-
cause no key to any department can be used evento a limited extent
without teaching the student many facts that he might otherwise have
overlooked.
A table of the kind will draw attention to the morphology of the
object in a way that will lead not only to its proper classification,
but to something much more important, the enlarging of the stu-
dent’s powers of observation. Some of those that oppose the use of
artificial keys are themselves compelled not only to page through an
unfamiliar monograph, but in many instances to scan the pictures for
the light they are groping after; and failing pictures they guess as
to the character of the object from its resemblance to something re-
motely similar, and in the end, at great expense of time, and perhaps
of temper, may get aclue that may lead them to the goal they have
been so laboriously seeking. With the intelligent use of an artificial
key the place, the character, and even so unimportant a matter as
the name, can be rapidly obtained, and the student be led on to fur-
ther study and investigation.
It is always encouraging to feel that by one’s efforts a way has
been opened to further conquests, or even that a path has been cut to
some previously unknown view. This the use of artificial keys
always accomplishes. When the beginner feels that he can do some-
thing unaided he is inspired to do more. When he feels that he has
travelled alone through some pathway in some department
of natural science, he is anxious to go further. One step taken
with the aid of an artificial key is sureto be an encouragement toward
another. The powers of observation are increased. The ability
to balance one thing against another is cultivated. In a word, an
artificial key can be made one of the most important aids in the
mental development ot the beginner that can be imagined. The ob-
server that scoffs at these aids, the observer that refuses to take
advantage of them, is doing a foolish thing and losing a good one.
INTRODUCTION. 13
There are two distinct varieties of these valuable aids, the nat-
ural and the artificial, The former is founded only on the charac-
ters that the advanced scientist uses in hisclassification. These are
often so exceedingly natural that to learn the proper position of the
object it must be destroyed. To learn something of an animal
through them the animal must be dissected, and the anatomy of its
nervous system, and the morphology of its osseous system, and the
structure of its heart be accurately observed, before it can be
classed. These arrangements may be, they often are exceedingly
valuable to the advanced scientist; to the amateur and the beginner
they are terrible. They haunt his dreams like horrid night-mares,
provided he is incautious enough, or ignorant enough to attempt to
use them. I have not a word to say against such analytical tables.
I commend them for use in their proper places. They are important
for their purpose, but that purpose cannot be the beginner’s or the
amateur’s. It is the learned man that can delight his soul with such
a scientifickey. To him itisinstructive and helpful. Toany one else
itis a bugbear anda horror. The beginner is not prepared to begin
with the nervous system of his “find,” or-even with the structure of
its heart. He must have something nearer the surface and more easily
seen than are these parts. His key must deal with the external and
the evident characters. It is for him that the artificial key is in-
tended, and to him it fs inspiring and helpful.
This second kind of key, this artificial kind, is as its name indi-
cates, founded not on what the advanced investigator would use in his
classification of the animal or the plant, but on some obvious, prefer-
ably external, points that may be of no use in the art of classification,
but that can be used as crutches to help the student over the miry
and the stony ground to the hills of science where he will be able to
look back and smile at his former helplessness. These artificial
keys have this for their object, and only this. They aim to help over
the hard places; to encourage the user to go further, and to do more,
so that finally he may become an expert, when he will no longer
need any but the natural aids, or may even get along without any
other assistance than skilled eyes and a “learned touch.”’
The beginner, however, must have a guide, especially if he be
trying to work alone. This is true in every department of natural
science. It is especially true in microscopy. The field is so im-
mense, the outlook so vast, the work so apparently endless, that with-
out an aid the beginner at once begins to flounder in his sea of
troubles, and before long he sinks discouraged to rise no more. He
14 INTRODUCTION,
becomes so disheartened since everything is so new and strange, and
there seems to be no one within call to lead him out of the difficult-
ies, or out of the embarrassment of scientific riches, that he is entirely
discouraged, his enthusiasm is lost, and with this loss is abandoned
a study that would have lessened his cares, increased his joy in living
and lengthened his life. The beginner working alone wastes much
time. To be sure, he may before long learn that a green object that
stands still is a plant, or may be; and also before long he hears that
all green microscopic objects that stand still are not always plants.
If he have a teacher his condition is a more favorable one; but if he
be alone he must have an artificial guide, or fail. For such students
the artificial keys are providential. Once introduced to them he is
ready to go on to new conquests. The use of such tables in the
popular treatises on botany has done more to popularize that beautiful
study than a score of learned monographs on the subject. As soon
as the pupil learnsthat he can by his own efforts’ obtain even the bo-
tanical name of his plant, a feeling of enthusiasm fills his heart, and he
is eager for another specimen to analyse. And in the analysis he is
learning the principles of classification, the structure of the specimen
and the function of the various organs. By means of the key he goes
with little trouble and waste of time to the order, there he finds
another key that leads him pleasantly to the genus, and perhaps a
third that takes him to the species. There he finds the plant exactly
described. He has had the prominent characters brought to his no-
tice in a pleasing way, and the final result is that he not only learns to
love the science of botany, but that he soon learns to know at a
glance, without the use of the artificial key, to what order a strange
specimen may belong. He has become scientific without knowing
how he became so, Hehas travelled by the royal road. _It is so, or
should be so, in the science of microscopy, to call for convenience a
science that which is really a combination of all the sciences.
If every department of microscopy could have an artificial key to
open the doors of its treasure-houses, the amateur would have a hap-
pier time, science would be benefitted and the maker of the key, the
scientific artisan, would himself be blessed both in this world and in
the next. Such a pleasing state of affairs can not be attained. The
doors are too numerous to be opened by a single key. To make the
proper number is not possible for one worker, however willing he may
be totry. Each specialist could forge a key to the doors or to the
dark passage-ways of his special scientific castle, and offer it to those
that would follow after himif they could. But the specialists are not
INTRODUCTION. 15
disposed to become scientific blacksmiths, and to forge keys to the
treasures they have locked up in their formidable monographs. In-
deed, it is not possible that they should. Theyhave no time to make
the entrance ways easy and agreeable. They are after the facts of
the science; they are seeking the internal secrets of the creatures
they have studied and written about; they are content to leave the en-
larging of the building to other specialists that may come after. It is
no fault of the writers of learned monographs that they put forth
their treatises without a single loop-hole of entrance for those that
would, if they could, enter in to see some of the treasures of which
rumor has told. When a man has spent his days and his nights and
his earthly and bodily substance on the production of a treatise that
shall make his name known to the world, he is naturally disin-
clined to labor longer and harder to make easy grades and smooth
paths and shady retreats along the way to his treasure house; and
when the learner has‘arrived at the gates, the learned man is not dis-
posed to stop his further investigations to throw a pretty key out of
the window and ask the uninvited guest to come in and sup with him.
He is too busily engaged in the new investigation that his completed
investigations have made necessary. There is no end to the questions
to be studied and decided. He cannot, muchas he may be willing,
condescend to make keys for the beginners. If he makes any at all,
they will be of the severest kind and intended for his scientific equals
only, not for the humble followers in his foot-steps. We should
never blame the writers of learned monographs for not offering these
gilded keys. They cannot. They have gone up too high to stop, for
the higher they go the more there is to be done. And they that have
climbed that high are the ones best adapted to climb higher, for they
find it easier to go up than to come down.
But if such books are to be used by any others than the rather
limited class of experts that have the knowledge needed to find their
way unaided through the pages, then a guide of some kind must be
furnished. An index will not answer the purpose, as to use it de-
mands just that information not at the disposal of the novice orof the
amateur. All of these scientific treatises may be as useful to the
modest student as to the learned investigator, provided, as I have so
often said and repeated, some means can be devised by which he
may be helped to make an intelligent entrance into its various depart-
ments.
Mr. Wolle’s monographs on the Algz and the Desmids are no
exception to the rule. They are not adapted to the use of the ama-
16 INTRODUCTION.
teur microscopist in the state in which the author has left them. _ It
is not possible for the youthful microscopist to read the description
of one hundred and twenty genera of Alge in order to locate a
single specimen that he may find in the wayside ditch. To ascertain
with any degree of comfort the probable resting place of the speci-
men he must have some help. It is that help that this little compila-
tion hopes to supply. By its intelligent use the student may ascer-
tain the specific name of any fresh water Alga or Desmid in the ponds
and the ditches of the United States. This he can do with the ex-
penditure of the least time and labor, leaving them to be spent in the
subsequent study of the plant, after he has had the satisfaction to
learn what it is, and where inthe classification it belongs. If the
worker has the name of the specimen, he then feels that he has a sup-
port on which he may hang his subsequent information, and a starting
point for further investigations. Not to know the name of the ob-
ject and yet to try to study it, is like an attempted conversation with
a stranger whose antecedents and local habitation are unknown.
The effort is not an agreeable one. Theconversation languishes, and
interest is lacking. The name and the habitat of the person add
much to the pleasure of the meeting, and many suggestions to the in-
terview. So the name of the microscopical or other specimen is al-
most essential to the well being of the young student.
The name is, too, about the first thing the advanced scientist tries
to learn. It is impossible to do otherwise. The object can not be re-
ferred to by speech or in writing until its name is known; what other
workers in other parts of the world may have said about it or done
with it, can not be known until its name is learned, as without the name
all indexes are closed in all the books of all the libraries. The name
is the clue to further knowledge, its starting point, even the hook upon
which further information is to be hung. Whatever advanced scien-
tists may say to the contrary, their first effort, perhaps it is an uncon-
scious one, but their first real effort is to ascertain the name of their
new specimen. If it has none, they at once proceed to give it one.
All the wild talk about the undesirability of learning the name is
wrong in principle. The name is, as every one will cheerfully admit,
only of secondary importance when compared with a study of habits
or of morphology, but it is as essential, since it is and must ever be
the starting point for further investigations, at least on the part of the
amateur. If he chooses to stop at the name, that is his misfortune;
but even then he has gained something. If those whom I may be able
to help by these keys shall do nothing more than identify their
, \
te
INTRODUCTION, 17
“finds,” I shall feel that Ihave done some little thing to help them
and their friends. I shall feel pretty sure that the mere finding of
the name will not be the end; but if it should be, where will be the
harm? Is it acrime to know the scientific name of the plant or of the
animal? Knowing that is knowing something, I think. Would you
have the pupil dissect the nervous system before he has learned to
recognize a nerve, or before he knows the muscles to which the nerves
are distributed? Of course he might say “This is a nerve,” and “That
is a nerve and it goes to that muscle,” but would you have him carry
the dead body about with him in order to dissect it and point out the
nerves and the muscles that receive them whenever he wished to com-
municate with you or with any of his friends in reference to the nerves
and the muscles of that special creature? This is exactly the result
which those that cry out against learning names would accomplish
if their desires prevailed. No, no! Get the name the very first
thing, if you wish. It will make a good starting point. It is not the
end and the aim of any study; it is only the bridge that takes us over
the swamp. After awhile we will be big enough and strong enough
to pass the swamp without the bridge, as after awhile we will be able
to get along without an artificial key. But do not condemn the bridge
that has carried you safely over.
The keys in this little book are as artificial as they could be made.
In some instances they are perforce somewhat natural; that is, the
fruiting plant has been used to the exclusion of the more frequent
sterile condition. This, however, has been avoided as much as possi-
ble, and in several instances two keys have been prepared to the same
genus of plants, one for the fertile, the other for the sterile flaments.
They are all, as the title page indicates, founded on the classification
contained in the admirable monographs by the Reverend Francis
Wolle on the fresh water Algze and the Desmids of this country. Un-
til Mr. Wolle took up the subject our American microscopic plants
had scarcely been touched, except by a few observers in a desultory
way. Hehas brought order out of chaos, and has prepared two mon-
ographs that are monuments to his learning, skill, care and patience.
These keys are made not alone with the object of leading the begin-
ner to the study of the fresh water Algz and the Desmids, but to in-
troduce him to these fine works of Mr. Wolle’s. While the beginning
mecroscopist in his study of microscopical botany may, toa certain ex-
tent, succeed in identifying his “finds” with these keys alone, to do
so with entire satisfaction he should have access to the monographs
on the Alge and on the Desmids. The references at the end of the
18 INTRODUCTION,
classes and of the genera are to the numbers preceeding those classes
and genera in this list; those following the species are in every case
for reference to the pages on which will be found the extended de-
scriptions in the monographs already so often referred to, where ref-
erences will also be found to the illustrations.
The measurements of the Alge are given in parts of amikron (y);
in the Desmids, by both fractions of an inch and of mikrons. The
former will necessitate a little calculation, if the reader is not en-
tirely familiar with the minute space called a mikron and represented
by the Greek letter 4. It measures the yg4y5 of an inch in length, and
the calculation needed to bring it to the fractions of an inch as given
in the measurements of the Alge, are slight. Twenty-five mikrons,
for instance, being 72,5 inch, or yyy inch. It is only necessary
therefore to use the number of mikrons as given with the Alge for
the numerator of a fraction of which the 25000 forms the denomi-
nator, and reducing the whole tothe lowest terms. Inthe Desmids the
calculations have been made, and the measurements given in both
forms. The student will therefore need an eye-piece micrometer, but
it may be ruled to parts of an inch. The use of the mikron, like the
use of the metric system, has not and probably never will come into
popular favor.
Does the reader know how to use a key of this kind? Tosome
this appears to be a mysterious thing, although a little inspection of
the key itself should make it plain. It is simply a matter of exami-
nation, comparison and rejection. With the specimen in hand, which
in this instance means under the microscope, begin at the beginning
of the key and compare the description in the first sentence with the
object under the instrument. Do the two agree in every particular?
If not, leave that reference and go to the next having the same letter
or other symbol at its front. If that should describe the specimen,
notice the letter in the parenthesis at the end of the line, and seek
that same letter at the beginning of a line in some other part of the
key. You will probably find several lines beginning with that letter.
Starting at the first, compare the description there given ina word or
two with the actual specimen, and if it does not agree pass to the line
next below. If at the end of this line there is another reference let-
terin parenthesis, turn to that, and so continue until at the end of
some line you find the generic or the specific name of the plant. Mis-
takes are easily made, here as elsewhere. If you should happen to
make one at the start every step forward will lead you further and
further astray. With care and intelligent observation, errors may be
INTRODUCTION, 19
avoided and the specimen readily run down to its proper place. Af-
ter a little practice, the use of such artificial keys becomes a great
pleasure. The benefit has already been referred to. Theonly secret
of their successful use is to be certain that each progressive step is
right before it is abandoned for the next. And after a little practice,
too, the student will become so familiar with the Algz or with the
Desmids that he will not need to apply to the generic keys for aid,
but will be able toturn at once to the proper genus, and there use the
keys to the species; and with a little further experience he will be en-
abled to recognize at a glance the species, and then will be prepared
to proceed with his investigations, or to refer intelligently to the ob-
ject so as to communicate with his friends and fellow workers in re-
gard to it. It is as impossible to speak or to write of an Alga or of a
Desmid without using its proper name, as it is to speak or to write of
your most intimate friend without using his.
Alge and Desmids are singly invisible to the naked eye. It is
only when they occur in large masses that the eye can take cogni-
zance of them. It rarely occurs, however, that the Desmids are so
abundantly congregated that they thus obtrude themselves on the
observer. When a large quantity has been collected and the vessel
placed near a window, they will collect ina green film at the surface
of the water on the lighted side, and there become visible in mass.
In the ponds and shallows such an occurrence is not common. At
times they are found so abundantly that by holding a glass vessel of
the water up to the light they may be seen floating about as minute
green objects, which the trained eye will recognize and the pocket
lens make distinct. But these varieties are among the largest of the
forms; according to my experience they are always exclusively con-
fined to the Closteriums. Other large forms, like Aficrasterias, at
least in the writer's locality, rarely occur in such profusion. To col-
lect the Desmids, therefore, it is necessary to collect by faith. The
microscopist can know exactly what he has only when he gets home
and examines the water drop by drop under the microscope.
With the Algz it is different. These are usually visible to the
naked eye, as they are almost invariably collected in large masses
floating on the surface, submerged just beneath the surface, or at-
tached in waving tufts or fringes to sticks and stones and other
plants in the ponds. The eye of faith is not needed to recognize
them. They usually force themselves on the wondering attention of
the observing pedestrian in the wayside lanes, beside the ditches and
slow brooks. As soft emerald clouds, or graceful streamers floating.
20 INTRODUCTION.
in the sluggish current, or resting like a green skum on the surface,
they are readily seen and as easily gathered. No collecting tools are
demanded for either Alge or Desmids, except a dipper of some
kind, a common tin dipper is as good as anything, and a few bottles
or other vessels to carry the treasures home, and to keep them con-
cealed from inquisitive people; the collecting naturalist must always
be prepared for a meeting with such persons.
Many media have been recommended for the preservation of these
beautiful plants. The trouble with the majority of these prepara-
tions is that they will in time, some usually ina very short time,
allow the cell contents to contract and to become so distorted that
the object is worthless for any serious study, and worthless, too, as
the object of beauty that it was when first mounted. Some of the
commended media act well on some kinds of Algze and Desmids, but
fail on others. The following are among the best, yet even these are
not all adapted to all the different kinds. They are mentioned in
the order of their excellence.
CAMPHOR WATER.—This is made by placing a lump of camphor
in distilled water and leaving it there for several days. Mr. W. H.
Walmsley, an expert preparer of microscopical slides, says that he
has had a specimen of Draparnaldia in camphor water for twenty
years, and that it is now as beautifully green as when first mounted,
and that the chlorophyll, its green coloring matter, seems to be un-
changed. When he desires to mount an Alga or a Desmid, he places
it ina small quantity of camphor water to which a few drops of glyc-
erine have been added. At first the plant will become lemon color,
but after a few hours the original green returns in all its vividness,
and then he at once mounts the plant in some of the fluid.
CARBOLIC ACID WATER, made by adding afew drops of the acid
to a phial of water, is recommended by the Rev. Mr. Wolle, but he
says that although this will preserve them for months or even years
without deterioration, it may allow the coloring matter, the chlor-
ophyll, to fade; this however in the case of the Desmids is of little
importance.
A SOLUTION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE, in the proportion of five
grains of the salt to one ounce of water, answers well for some
specimens. Like camphor water it has the merit of being easily
made and easily used.
A SOLUTION OF COPPER made after the following receipt is admir-
able for some of the Algz, preserving the color and the form entirely
__unchanged, while on others it will not act so favorably.
INTRODUCTION.
Camphor water, -
Distilled water,
Glacial acetic acid, -
Crystallized chloride of copper,
Crystallized nitrate of copper,
Dissolve and filter.
21
50 grammes;
5° grammes;
0.5 grammes;
2 grammes;
2 grammes.
When mounting with this copper solution the cell should be
made and the cover cemented down with shellac.
With almost any
other cement failure is pretty certain, as the cement will surely
run under and ruin the preparation. After the shellac is hard, it isa
good plan to add some of Brown’s rubber cement around the cover,
This is entirely transparent and will make the mount more secure,
and at the same time add something to the beauty of the finish.
TRENTON, N. J., 1892.
PART I.
Key to the Classes and the Genera of the
Fresh-Water Algz.
KEY TO THE CLASSES AND THE GENERA OF THE
FRESH WATER ALG.
CLASSES OF THE ALG.
-§ Rosy red, blood-red, reddish-brown, purple or blackish; many
celled . . ae , CLASS I.
§ Chlorophyll-green, sometimes becoming crimson, purplish, flesh-
color or yellow-brown; 1,2 or many celled; often nucleated,
CLASS II.
§ Never chlorophyll-green; colorless or variously colored; 1 or many
celled; in jelly when out of the water . . j . CLASS Ill.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE ALG&.
CLASS I.
{ Olive, brown or grey, black with age; filamentous, often hollow,
bristle-like, rigid (A). °
{ Violet, violet-purple or bluish-green; filaments articulate, branched
or not (E).
{ Purple; tufts loose; filaments 1 in, long, not branched (D).
4 Purplish, smooth, forming a firmly attached coating to stones,
flildebrantia, 7
{ Brownish red, vermillion, or greenish with red centre; cells 4-8,
free or in a short lived cluster Chlamydococcus, 38
{ Blood red, cells large, tegument thick, lamellose, stem ringed,
Crococcus, 66
A. Filaments nodose, tufted; fertile filaments hollow, with internal
axillary thread; in rapid water (B).
‘ A. Filaments transversely banded or annularly constricted; with in-
ternal central axis (C).
26
GENERA OF ALG,
. Axillary thread a single series of cells with transverse threads at
regular intervals . . . . . . . Lemanea, 1
Axillary thread of cohering Ainments, with many whorls of mon-
iliform branchlets ; . . . Luomeya, 2
. Simple or branched, slippery; eels in a single layer, membrane
thick, colorless . . . . . Bangia, 3
. Branched; main stem often with an external, parallel series of
cells; branches moniliform, clustered . . Rabvanioderum, 4
. Branched; main stem without external parallel series of cells;
branches not moniliform (F).
Filaments articulate, villose, branchlets dichotomous . Zzhorea, 5
Filaments articulate; branches not whorled; plant steel blue or
purplish . . . . . . . Chantransia, 6
Filaments articulate; Brings Side gunead toes plant olive-green,
Compsopogon, 8
CLASS II.
§ Multicellular or apparently so (A).
§ Unicellular, the cells often clustered or forming a colony (F).
A.
A,
B.
Mammo Y
(QQ
Chlorophyll diffused, not in patterns (B).
Chlorophyll in spiral bands, axillary lamine, or twin, stellate
nuclei (2).
Filamentous (C).
Not filamentous; articulate, prostrate, or net-like, often membra-
nous, sometimes parasitic (M).
. Basal cell lobately divided, or with a terminal disk attaching the
young plant (D).
Basal cell not lobate nor disciform (E).
. Not branched; terminal cell sometimes setiform, Cdogonium, 10
. Not branched; no set; strongly contracted at intervals,
Schizomerts, 24a
. Branched; with long terminal setz bulbous at base, Bulbochete, 11
. Branched; no sete; cells long, cylindrical . . . Sciadium, 46
With branches (G).
Without branches, but sometimes with lateral processes (L).
Plants filamentous (N).
. Plants not filamentous, sometimes curved or spiral, without root-
lets (T).
. Plants globose, small, on moist earth, with colorless rootlets (O).
. Filaments erect (H).
. Filaments prostrate or creeping, branched or not (*).
GENERA OF ALG&. 27
* Without dorsal spine; cell walls thick a. diets 2a Gongrosira, 2%
* With dorsal spine . . . . .. . . . Aphanochete, 20
H. Immersed in firm jelly .. . > 2 . Chetophora, 18
H. Not in a firm jelly (1).
I, Filaments dichotomously or trichotomously branched,
Microthamnion, 19
I, Filaments not dichotomously branched (J).
J. Branches in lateral clusters; cells of main stem with a transverse,
central chlorophyll band. . . Draparnaldia, 16
J. Branches not in lateral clusters (K).
K. Cell membrane usually thick, cells longer than broad; ultimate
branches, much thinner than the primary,
Cladophora, 23, or Pithophora, 24
K. Cell membrane very thin and hyaline; stem and branches barely
separably in size and appearance : Stigeoclonium, 17
. Cell membrane thin; branches radiating, umbel-like, one-celled,
Sciadium, 46
<
L. Distinctly many celled (P).
L. Articulate (apparently multicellular) (Q).
M. Articulate, branched, forming a little mass or a subdisciform
layer . . . . . Coleochete, 9
. Articulate, gcesiane or creeping, a spine on the back,
Aphanochete, 20
. Expanded, leaf-like, smooth, formed of angular cells; always ad-
herent 46 : . Prastola, 14
Membranaceous, dapiiay. or aneee fixed only when young,
LEinteromorpha, 15,
Forming a green net, visible to the naked eye, Mydrodictyon, 41
Forming a colony, plane; discoid or stellate, often perforated;
cells polygonal : Pediastrum, 40
. Filaments tufted, long, aGeretinnes beanihied . . Vaucheria, 30
Rootlets much divided, descending from the cell base into the
earth : Botrydium, 31
. Cells long; diaraphyll enclosing large, regularly placed vacuoles,
Spheroplea, 12
. Cells long, filaments somewhat geniculate, without vacuoles (f).
. Cells short, cylindrical or oblong; without vacuoles; filaments not
contracted; attached when young... . Cylindrocapsa, 13
P. Cells short, broader than long, filaments contracted irregularly,
Schizomeris, 24a
oe Be =e 2 =
rd
ao pa)
Q. Filaments simple, not laterally united, (R).
28
Q.
GENERA OF ALG&.
Filaments 2 or more laterally united, or in flat narrow bands,
Schizogonium, 26
R. With one row of cells, (S).
S. Without lateral processes (except Ulothrix rivularis), strictly un-
branched . . : . . . . Olothrix, 25; Conferva, 27
S. With short, irregular, lateral processes, 1-3 or more celled,
T.
T.
Rhizoclonium, 29
Parasitic, 7. e. penetrating the membrane of the host (g).
Not parasitic (*).
* Cells united or clustered in families (U).
* Cells scattered, independent or irregularly clustered (Z).
Maes sda
we
NN
. Colonies motile, each cell with 2 cilia (V).
. Colonies often free but not spontaneously motile, without cilia (c).
. Colony (cwzobium) spherical or circular (W).
Colony flat, cells 4-16, angles rounded, in a colorless sheath,
Gontum, 36
No gelatinous coating; cells many on ahollow globe Volvox, 32
With gelatinous coating (X).
Colony ovate or spherical (Y).
. Colony of 8 cells at equal distances around a circle,
Stephanosphera, 37
. Cells 16-32, globose, at regular intervals on a colorless sphere,
Eudorina, 33
. Cells 8-16-32-64, globose, crowded, often angular from pressure,
Pandorina, 34
. Cells free-swimming (a).
. Cells attached to aerial or to submerged objects (é).
. Ovate, granular, ina hyaline, obtuse sheath; contractile vesicle
present... a: ya Chlamydomonas, 39
. Cylindrical, straight or Gee, ae sometimes spinous,
Ophiocytium, 47
. Spherical, 3-15in diameter... . . . Protococcus, 49
. Spherical, roo-150in diameter... . . Lremosphera, 65
. Compressed, 3-4-8 angled, angles often peodnsed or bifid,
Polyedrium, 50
. Aquatic; form variable, cells not spinous, usually stipitate,
Characium, 48
. Aquatic; form variable, cells often with a dorsal spine,
Aphanochete, 20
. Aerial; cells circular, flat, numerous, becoming red by exposure,
Protococcus, 49
GENERA OF ALG&, 20
. Aerial, on moist objects; gelatinous, cells globose or angular, be-
comingred ... . ae . Porphyridium, 57
Family in jelly mass, thallus pyriforny, irregular, tubular, clustered,
branched, etc. (2).
c. Family globose (¢).
¢. Family plane, discoid or stellate, often perforated; cells polygonal,
Pediastrum, 40
¢. Family cubical, cells 4-8-16, rhomboidal . . Staurogenia, 44
c. Family of laterally united, often spinous or crescentic cells (e).
c. Family of cylindrical cells (/).
d. Cells in a single stratum; ceenobium hollow . . Celastrum, 42
d. Cells 4-8-16-32, ie apices sinuate or bifid; coenobium
* golid . . oe. ee. Sorastrum, 43
d. Cells 2-4-8, glubase or eblong ; ? Gleocystis, 60
e. Cells cylindrical to ovate, ends often spinous . Scenedesmus, 45
e. Cells not spinous, fusiform, eaeoan straight or variously cury-
ed, single or united a es . . . . Rhaphidium, 62
i. Upper cells spreading, contracted at base . . . Sciadium, 46
g. Cells globose or pear-shaped (4).
A. Neck not cylindrical, aperture with alid . Chytridium, 68
hk. Neck cylindrical, elongated . . oe ee ew . . Olpidium, 69
z. Cells connected by fine filaments (*).
z. Cells not connected by filaments (/).
* Filament attached to the convex side of the cells,
Dimorphococcus, 63
* Filament attached to the concave side of the cells,
Dictyospherium, 5%
j. Families free-swimming (not attached), (2).
j. Families not free-swimming (attached), (/).
Rk. Cells oblong, miucat 2-4-8-16; tegument oval or reniform;
variable . . . . . . Nephrocytium, 61
zk, Cells oval, small, in grape- slike dusters: tegument thin, diffluent,
Botrycoccus, §9
2, Cells globose, large, cell walls firm, border hyaline; chlorophyll
sometimes radiate . . . . . . Lremosphera, 65
2. Cells fusiform, crescentic or stint cylindrical, ends cuspidate or
acuminate, tegument thin . : . . Rhaphidium, 62
7, Cells globose, elliptical or elongate (7).
m, Cells red, large; tegument thick, concentrically lamellate, stem
ringed... Sant Crococcus, 66
m, Cells green; tegument not t lamieliate (2).
30 GENERA OF ALG&.
mn. Thallus soon diffluent into shapeless mucus,
Tetraspora, 54, or Palmella, 56
n. Thallus with a definite form (0).
o. Cylindrical or cumpressed, branched, 2-12 inches long; one pole
of cells colorless . . . . . . . Hydrurus, 52
o. Cylindrical, sometimes septate, eheched at one end and spreading,
Palmodactylon, 53
Conjugation ladder-like (z).
Conjugation lateral (z).
Conjugation geniculate (w).
Conjugation absent, spore formed spontaneously in the cell,
Gonatonema, 78
o, Pear-shaped, fixed by the stem-like base . . . . Afiocystis, 76
p. Chlorophyll in spiral bands (g).
p. Chlorophyll in two, many-rayed bodies in each cell (7).
p. Chlorophyll in axile plates ().
g. Conjugation geniculate. Gulf States . . . . Strogonium, 71
g. Conjugation ladder-like . . . - . . . . Spirogyra, 70
r. Conjugation ladder-like or lateral (s).
s. Spore inone of thecells . . . . . 1 2 . Lygnema, 72
s. Spore in the connective between the cells . . . Lygogonium, 73
Z.
Z.
Z,
Z.
uz. Spore in the connective between the cells,
Mougeotia,74, or Mesocarpus, 75
wz. Sporesinoneofthecells . . . . . . . Plagtospermum, 77
v. Spore lateral, at the point of twocells . . . Pleurocarpus, 76
w. Spore formed at point ofconjugation . . . Craterospermum, 80
w. Spore between the cells, quadrangular in front view,
Staurospermum, 79
CLASS ITI.
§ Multicellular or apparently so, filamentous (A).
§ Unicellular, the cells sometimes clustered or in families (V).
A. With hair-like points (B).
A, Without “ “ (C).
B. Branched (but spuriously so); in small tufts . Calothrix, 81
B. Not branched; not in jelly mass; heterocysts yellow, at the base
of the filaments; free orin smallmats . . . Mastigonema, 82
Not branched; in more or less firm mucilage or jelly (2).
Branched; in a sheath or jelly mass (E).
Branched; not in jelly.
Not branched (D).
QaaAw
GENERA OF ALG, 3r
D. Ina sheath or a jelly mass (K).
D. Not sheathed nor in jelly (P).
E. Branched at almost pa angles to the stem; cells ina single se-
ries . . . . Mapalosiphon, 92
E. Branched irregularly « or with epi branches (F).
F. Cells in single series in young plants, several series when older,
Strosiphon, 91
F. Cellsin a single series only (G).
G. Sheath broad, striate, hyaline, wing-like . . LPetalonema, 90
G. Sheath not wing-like (H).
H. Sheaths distinct, not agglutinated to one another (1).
H. Sheaths agglutinated in erect, wick-like bundles,
Symphyosiphon, 87
I. Heterocysts present (J).
IL " not present; sheath with a single bluish filament,
Plectonema, 89
J. Heterocysts disconnected from the twin branches, Scytonema, 86
J. Heterocysts near the usually single branches . TZolypothrix, 88
K. In a sheath; filaments moniliform, curved. . LNostoc, 93
K. In a sheath; filaments not moniliform (Q).
K. In mucilage or jelly mass (L).
L. Jelly mass spherical; filaments transversely plicate, radiate,
Gleotrichia 84
L. Jelly mass hemispherical, filaments radiate ; Rivularia, 85
L. Jelly mass a stratum or indefinite (M).
M. Filaments erect, attached at oe jelly stratum flat, often
incrusted ih. 8 . Lsactis, 83
M. Filaments not attached at base, not moniliform, heterocysts ter-
minal, single . . any . Cylindrospermum, 98
M. Filaments not attached, not manili¢aten, colorless, heterocysts
none . . . Crenothrix, 99
M. Filaments ugaililsta: ce ils Mahece~ or elliptical (N).
M. ae ee cells compressed disciform (O).
N. Heterocysts intercalated in the filaments,
Anabena, 94, or Spherozyga, 95
O. Heterocysts intercalated at regular intervals, yellow,
Nodularia, 97
P. Bluish, bluish-green, blackish (T).
P. Whitish or silvery; in sulphur waters. . . Beggtatoa, 105
Q. Two or more filaments in each sheath . Microcoleus, 103
Q. :One filament only in each sheath (R).
‘
32 GENERA OF ALG,
R. Parasitic; sheaths thin; cells short, tubular . Chamesiphon, 100
R. Not parasitic (S).
S. Agglutinated in erect, wick-like clusters, articulate, base prostrate,
Symploca, 102
S. Not agglutinated; exceptionally appearing branched; often form-
ing a stratum ater : . . Lyngbya, 101
T. Filaments parallel in deuce clusters: free: -swimming,
Aphanizomenon, 96 '
T. Filaments short, heterocysts at their base; not free-swimming,
Mastigonema, 82
T. Filaments slowly motile . . . . . . . . . Osctllaria, 104
T. Filaments not motile (U).
U. Filaments very slender, articulations more or less indistinct,
Leptothrix, 106
U. Filaments cruciformly branched . . . . . Asterothrix, 106a
V. Free-swimming, (¢. ¢. not adherent), (W).
V. Not free-smimming (X).
W. Cells globose, or oblong when dividing, in a single, quadrate
layer, bluish-green . .. . . . Merismopedia, 112
W. Cells globose, sometimes in a small colony, brownish or red,
sometimes greenish . . . . . Chlamydococcus, 38
W. Cells wedge-shaped, in radiating families . Gomphospheria 115
W. Cells filamentous or ring-like, spirally twisted, usually motile,
Spirillum, 107
W. Cells filiform, very minute, spirally twisted . , Spirulina, 108
X. Sheath present, gelatinous or jelly-like, often colorless (Y).
X. Sheath none; cells spherical or angular by pressure, solitary or in
small families 2s i ye . . . Chroococcus, 121
Y. Aquatic (2).
Y. On moist timbers and earth; cells small, in globose bodies in a
thin membrane. . . . . Microcystis, 116
a, Sheaths thin, not confinent; cells tabular, short, parasitic,
Chamesiphon, 100
a. Sheaths confluent, in a mucous stratum, or elongation or membra-
nous (4).
a, Sheaths bladder-like, colorless; cells cylindric, ends rounded,
Gleothece, 109
bd, Sheaths confluent (¢).
b. Sheaths membranous (/).
c. Cells spherical or nearly so (¢).
¢, Cells not spherical (e).
GENERA OF ALG&. 33
. Tegument mucous, cells spherical or elongated, one pole color-
less, notin families... ; . Hydrurus, 52
. Tegument mucous, with small faclatines families of innumerable
cells. ; ‘ : bw ‘ . Anacystts, 117
. Tegument soft, thick ' F ' Avhanactpscn. 120
. Tegument a mucous stratum, sonuinian groups of two cells, these
surrounded by another tegument. . . Gleocapsa, 119
. Tegument a mucous stratum; thallus spherical, hollow, cells many,
small, on the surface : . . . Celospherium, 113
. Tegument confluent, firm; cells longer than broad,
Aphanothece, 110
. Tegument inconspicuous; cells elongate, cylindrical,
Synechococcus, L11
. Tegument soon perforate, breaking into lobed forms; cells very
small, embedded Clathrocystis, 118
. Cells globose, united in families, clustered grape-like,
: Polycystis, 118
. Irregularly branched, often closely interwoven; stems and pri-
mary branches of the same thickness; often aerial, Chroolepus, 22
. Cruciformly branched, ends acute; filaments articulate or not,
Asterothrix, 106a
. Somewhat dichotomously branched, apices rounded; floating and
yellow, or not yellow and coating wet rocks . . Calothrix, 81
. Filaments erect, laterally adherent, basally attached, forming layers
on flat surfaces ; Lsactis, 83
. Filaments distinctly dhieatbed at hades dienthe broad, often sac-
cate, transversely plicate; heterocysts basal : Gleotrichia, 84
. Filaments agglutinated by mucilage, and forming hemispherical or
bladdery forms eo wo... $2.) Rtvularia, 85
PART II.
Key to the Species of the Fresh-Water
Alge.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FRESH WATER ALG.
I. LEMANEA.
A. Filaments straight, 4-5 in. long, . . . fiuviatilis, 52
A. af arcuately curved (a).
a, 1-2 in. long, olive green, black with age. 4s torulosa 51
@. 5 in. long, violet in mass; regularly constricted . . catenata, 52
2. TUOMEYA,
A. Much and irregularly branched; tufts 1-2 in. long . fluviatilis, 53
A. Not branched, . eee . grande, 53
3. BANGIA.
Filaments about 1 in. long; in lax purple tufts atro-purpurea, 55
4. BATRACHOSPERMUM.
A. Branches sometimes setigerous, internodes naked or nearly so;
gelatinous. Variable . . . .« moniliforme, 56
A. Branches not setigerous, whorls iapeneetiy developed, the branch-
lets often impacted; color bluish green . oe vagum, 57
5. THOREA.
Much branched, ramuli horizontal, long and short alternating,
ramosissima, 58
6. CHANTRANSIA,
A. Tufts 1 in. long; filaments with many straight branches; fertile
branches very short . . macrospora, 59
A. Tufts 1-6 mm. long (a).
a. Parasitic on other plants (4).
a. Not parasitic (c).
4, Fresh water; bright violet, 2 mm. long; branches erect, ends obtuse,
violacea, 59
38 SPECIES OF ALG&.,
6. Marine; 1-4 mm. long in close fringe; branches rarely opposite,
often hairy . . . . . . . virgatula, 61
c. Terminal cells cuspidate or F piliferous: . . . . Mermannii, 60
c. as “ rounded... ..... =... . pygme@a, 61
7. HILDEBRANTIA.
a. Fresh water; cells red; on river stones . . . . . vivudaris, 61
a. Marine; cells spherical a ss a SUELO . rosea, 62
8. COMPSOPOGON.
One species me Sp a ee . . . . ceruleus, 62
9. COLEOCHATE.
A. Filaments irregularly disposed, variable in form . irregularis, 65
A. e radiating (a).
a. Filaments not laterally adhering, forming small disks . soluta, 64
a@, ‘ adhering side to side, forming a disk (6).
6, Disk irregularly orbicular; cells subquadrangular . . seutata, 64
6. ‘ exactly orbicular, thin, flat, . . orbicularis, 64
46.“ orbicular, upper surface rounded, about 2 mm. high,
pulvinata, 64
10. CEDOGONIUM.
It is only possible to identify the sixty-three species of this genus
when the plants are in fruit, the forms being arranged in groups ac-
cording to some characteristic or peculiarity of the odspore (the seed
or spore), and of the oégonium (the sac containing the odspore). It
is therefore scarcely possible to devise an artificial key.
§ Male and female organs on the same plant (A).
§ Male and female organs on different plants (B).
§ Male organs of fructification not known (C).
A. Odspores globose or nearly so (D).
A. c elliptical or ovate (2).
B. Males short (dwarf), 1-celled (&).
B. Males short (dwarf), z2—many-celled (9).
B. Males filamentous, many-celled plants (gg).
C. Odspores globose or nearly so (f).
C. i elliptical or ovoid (ss).
D. Odgonia globose or nearly so (a).
D. “elliptical or ovoid (4).
a, Odgonia opening by a pore (4).
a. “cr “ oe lid (s).
6, Pore median; veg. cells 4-6 times as long as wide . cryptoporum, 70
é.
¢. Odspore not quite filling the oédgonium (¢).
Oéspore entirely filling the odgonium (e).
é.
a.
we BWMBA SRK
REM 5 ARIS DD S SRE YR SKN a wD
SPECIES OF ALG&,
Pore above the middle (c).
Veg. cells 3-5 times as long as wide .
ae iz3 2.5-3.5 iz 73 “ce “ ce
‘ “ce “ ce 66 oc
‘ 4-10 66
Veg. cells 4-5 times as long as wide
‘ “< ‘ ““c cc ce cc
‘ ‘ 2- 4 ‘
Oéspores subglobose, filling the gbuenis
obsoletum,
plustospermum,
polymorphum,
fragile,
2ig-2ag,
autumnale,
Odspores obovate, not entirely filling the odgonia (g).
Veg. cells 4-6 times as long as wide
Veg.cells2-4 “ “ “ “ 4
Oégonia single, opening by a superior pore; odspore globose not
filling the o6dgonium
Oégonia opening by a pore oe the tides (J).
Odgonia as COM Nid
Veg. cells oy times as long as wide
“ “cc 2-5 “cc “ce “ce “cc “ce
Oégonia with 7-12 vertical Sanuiaeicne
Odgonia without vertical constrictions (Z).
Odspore globose or nearly so (7).
i subellipsoid (0).
Diameter veg. cells 15-174, 4 times constricted
« «28-38, not constricted
a “from g-15 f4 (7).
“ Oéspare depressed-globose
ve exactly globose
Dwarf males adhering to all parts of the female
os “on or near the oégonia
Odspore membrane smooth (g).
- ES beset with bristles (cc).
Oéspores globose or nearly so (r).
fe ellipsoid or ovate (z).
Doone opening by a lid.(s).
oy “a pore (2).
Terminal cell rounded
a “apiculate
Pore in the middle or a little ahowe (z).
““ above the middle (z).
Veg. cells 4.5-6 times as long as broad
“ce “ “ce ce
2-4 6 “ “
. vernale,
crispum,
urbicum,
gracillimum,
paludosum,
crassum,
platygynum,
undulatum,
cataractum,
decipiens,
Areschougit,
multispora,
cyathigerum,
Lundense,
macranadrium,
flavescens,
Brauniz,
39
71
72
73
71
71
73
72
72
73
79
80
78
79
4° SPECIES OF ALG.
v. Diameter of veg. cells 13-14 . .. . 2. pyriforme, 95
v. a “16-20 ) eg . . . trregulare, 79
v. “ “oe og-gom . ww... errssiusculum, 80
w. Odgonia opening by a pore (x).
Ww. ef i “ « lid (aa).
x. Pore above the middle (9).
x. “ below “ “ odspore with 4 spiral ridges . Huntii, 85
y. Odspore longitudinally costate . . . . . . Wolleanum, 82
z, Diameter of odgonia 45-sou by 60-754 . . . Bortseanum, 81
Zz, ee ~ 70-834 by go-1o5u@ ww. concatenatum, 81
gz. as es 29-32 by 33-38@ . . . . ~ sexangulare, 82
aa. Oéspore longitudinally costate, filling the odgonium,
acrosporum, 83
aa. “not * et (26).
6. Terminal cell setiform . & MiGce dy er tkee ciliatum, 84
bb. “not setiform . .. . . . . obtruncatum, 84
cc. Odspores ellipsoid odgonia opening by a pore in the middle,
Lystrix, 87
ce. globose (@@).
dd. Odgonia opening by a pore at the middle . echinospermum, 86
ad. S « « « «above the middle (ee).
ee. Spines of odspores conical (//).
Jf. Diameter of veg. cells 2.5-5 times as long as wide . stedlatum, 85
Sf. “ eh “ y-2 times as long as wide . Donnellit, 85
Sf. 73 “cc 6a 3 6-14 73 iz3 ““c (74 iT 7 echinatum, 86
gg. Odgonia not or scarcely swollen (44).
ge. as manifestly swollen (77).
hh. Diameter of odspore 22-52 by 38-624 . . . . capillare, 87
hh. ee " 47-49 by 50-664"... Cw:Cw:SCStagnale, 87
?. Odspores globose or subglobose (77).
77. ee ellipsoid or oval (02).
D- Dogon opening by a pore (£2).
I). e “« « lid; oéspore globose . . Pringsheimit, go
_ kk. Pore in the middle; ikembaane of veg. cells and of odgonia spirally
punctate... . . puncto-striatum, go
kk. Pore in the middle; anembianie nal pimciake . . wrufescens, 89
kk, Pore above the middle (//).
7. Oéspore filling or barely filling the odgonia (mm).
Z, Odspores not filling the odgonia (m7).
mm, Odspore globose, filling the odgonium, diameter 25-29 u by 24-30)
franklinianum, 89
SPECIES OF ALG, 41
7. Odspore ee pes filling the oégonia, diameter 42-50u
ae 46-5s6u 2. . . . carbonicum, go
nn. Diameter of odspore 37- 26 pe by sees va . capilliforme, 88
nn. a ss es 51-54m by 73-85. pachyandrum, 89
nn, Diameter of odspore 42-6op by 42-6op . cardiacum, go
oo. Diameter of odgonia 40-45 u by 80-100 , . Boscit, 9%
00. a “ “ 63-75 by 105-120 Landtevaenl, gt
00. st ee 7o-85 uw by 130-1604 : rivulare, 92
00. st = - go—looft by 130-150 var. major, 92
pp. Diameter of veg. cells less than 16y (¢¢).
Dp. “ to ee “76 or more (77).
gq. Diameter of odgonia 17-18 by 20h delicatulum, 93
99. ie e “ 24-28 by 28-35 u . moniliforme, 93
99. «33-35 by 33-434 . Londiense, 94
99. 2 - “ 24-25 by 26-28 hexagonum, 94
rr. Diameter of odgonia 36-404 by 44-45 u . fonticola, 93
rr. a a 7 61-754 by 6880p . princeps, 93
ss. Diameter of veg. cells less than 25 (¢t).
SS. s te oe ee 254 or more (uw).
zt, Diameter of odspore 35-36 by 45-48 : pyriforme, 95
tt. se “ a 15-16 by 17-19 longatum, 95
uu. Diameter of odspore 54-654 by 75-103M . . gigateum, 94
uu. a ff “ 45-5om by 68-724. . grande, 95
II. BULBOCHATE.,
In reference to the sixteen species forming this genus, the remarks
made in connection with @dogonium might be repeated. The spe-
cies can be identified only when in fruit; to make an artificial key is
therefore almost an impossibility.
Replying to a personal inquiry in regard to the division of the
species into moneecious and dicecious groups, with the presence of
dwarf males on or near the odgonia of all the so-called dicecious
forms, Mr. Wolle writes: “These male forms are not developed
when they appear; they are supposed to have been formed in dis-
tinct cells known as androsporangia, and when they have developed
and escaped, they float about and then attach themselves on, at or
near the odgonium, but they are not necessarily a part of the plant
on which they may be seated.”
42 SPECIES OF ALG,
§ Odgonia globose or nearly so (A).
§ ‘“« ellipsoid or nearly so; odspores longitudinally crenulate-
costate (F). :
A. Dwarf males 1 celled, on or near the odgonia, elachistandra, 97
A a “« 2 celled (B).
B. Basal part (stem) of dwarf males, shorterthan the spermogonia (C).
B iz4 (v3 “ “cc ce oe
longer than the spermogonia;
OGspore warty .. . oe. «6 gigantea, 99
C. Diameter of veg. cells 20 or less (D).
C. “ ea “ more than 20; odspore granulate,
setigera, 98
D. Odgonia without terminal seta. . . . . tntermedia, 97
D. “« with terminal seta, or beneath a canals cell (E).
E. Dissepiment supporting odgonia in the middle of cell or slightly
below ig ly ; . . erenulata, 97
E. Dissepiment shove the middle of the all . . . « polyandra, 98
E. below the middle ae . . Brebisonit, 99
F. Moneecious (G).
F. Dicecious (H).
G. Diameter of odgonia 27-354 by 46-56u . . Ct mirabilis, 100
G. i ° 20-254 by 33-36" . . nana, 100
H. Dissepiment of cells supporting odgonia obsolete (1).
H. 6“ (73 “cc ce zs present (J. )
I, Diameter veg. cells 12-5 u, length less than diameter, pygma@a, 101
J. Diameter veg. cells 164 or less (K).
J. Kg ‘¢ “ more than 16y (L).
K. Veg. cells 1-1.5 times as long as wide . . . subsimplex, Lor
K. “cc cc 2-3. 5 “cc “cc “cc “ce iz3 : , és repanda, 102
kK. & OS hee oo ORE ES OSes * xe rhadinospora, 103
L. Veg. cells 2.5-4.5 times as long as wide . oo... ansignits, LOI
ee, be Thes CGS SstENS al BED AIAN 1 ie dae nthe a3 minor, Lol
| RG ER AE EE OMS og rectangularis, 102
12, SPHHROPLEA,
Cells 8-10-20 times as long as broad, chlorophyllose rings 20-30 in
each: « wow 8 # eo ew @ ee « we 4% annulina, 104
13. CYLINDROCAPSA.
Ends of cells clear and pearly Soe eee MANA, 105
Ends of cells notclear . . as Ss geminella, 104
SPECIES OF ALG&, 43
14. PRASIOLA,
Tufts 2-6 mm. high and broad, cells 4-64 indiameter, crispa, 106
“1-3 inches long and broad, cells 6-8 ‘ “Mexicana, 107
I5. ENTEROMORPHA,
§ In brackish water (a).
a,
a.
A.
A.
. Branches opposite, their stems thick, short, tapering to a point or
&
Se wos
S.
Fronds simple, elongate; cells 3-5-6 angled . tntestinalis, 107
‘* compressed, tubular. . . . Lo... compressa, 107
16. DRAPARNALDIA. °
Every mature joint with 2-4 clusters of branches, avenelliz, 110
Branches less abundant, not at every joint (a).
seta spinosa, Log
. Branches opposite or alternate . glomerata, 108, plumosa, 109
17. STIGEOCLONIUM.
In warm or hot water; 1-2 in. long, much branched, apex a bristle,
thermale, 111
Not in water of high temperature (a).
. Branches ending in a hair or bristle (4).
. Branches not ending in a hair or bristle (4).
. Bristle a colorless, apparently hollow prolongation (c).
. Bristle a delicate, filamentous, hair-like extension (d).
. Cells nearly cylindrical, equal or twice as long as broad,
protensum, 112
Parasitic, dwarf, 2 mm.long;in mucus... . radians, 115
. Not parasitic (e).
Diameter of largest cells zo or less (/).
S “ “ 25-40. a> 8 nudiusculum, 113
. Diameter of filaments 11-20; basal cells 6-8 times longer than
WIdE ce ce ae a oy : . 2. subsecundum, 112
Diameter of filaments 10-164 (g).
Branches opposite on cells smaller and more oval than the others,
flagelliferum, 112
. Branch-bearing cells not smaller (2).
. Upper branches clustered, moniliform : Jastigiatum, 114
e not moniliform (7).
Two or more inches long, branches mostly opposite,
fasciculare, 114
. Two to ro mm. long, simple to near the end, there branches
clustered.) 6g ek hog oo el ‘ . longipilus, 115
44 SPECIES OF ALG,
~
Length 4-50 mm.; somewhat branched, branches simple,
tenue, 110
Rk. «« 2-3 mm.; branches alternate, ends obtuse, . wanum, 112
“ 12 mm.; branches mostly opposite, ends acute,
amenum, 113
18, CHATOPHORA.
Jelly mass globose or nearly so (a).
Jelly mass elongated to 3 inches, margins tattered, forming ragged
. branches. . . . endiviefolia, 117
§ Jelly mass orbicular, stalls flamients fice pointed . Jongipila, 118
a, Branches more or less iminiliforms jelly mass 2 mm, diameter,
monilifera, 118
re Mn
a, Branches not moniliform, radiating (4).
&. Jelly mass smooth (¢).
6. “ tuberculose, ends of branches rarely hair-like,
tuberculosa, 116
c. Diameter of branchlets 6; 1.5-3 times longer . pistformis, 116
‘. o “ branches 7-10; 1-1.5 “ “oo... elegans, 116
19. MICROTHAMNION,
But one species. Go &. . . Kuetsingianum, 118
i
20, APHANOCHATE.
§ Parasitic (). .
§ Not parasitic (0).
a, Cells globose, a bristle on the back : : repens, 119
a. Cells various, elongate, curved, worm-like, sub- globose,
vermiculoides, 119
Cells globose, or subpyritorm, a seta on the back or apex; in
mucus ‘ AY oad, Aa cae ey, Ep vars HS : . globosa, 119
>
21. GONGROSIRA.
One species ; ; : Sclerococcus, 120
20. CHROOLEPUS,
a. Cells globose, broadly elliptic or ovate (4).
a. Cells more or less elongate (c).
6, Dull or bright red; diameter rg-22u sti . umbrinum, 123
é. Ashcolor when dry; diameter 20-25 . . . . moniliforme, 123
6.
Diameter of cells more than 25-40; branches rather dichotomous,
Lolithus, 122
c. as “ less than 254 (¢).
SPECIES OF ALG&, 45
d, Stratum tawny red, drying greenish; diameter of filaments 9-14,,
odoratus, 122
d, Stratum orange-red, drying yellow; diameter of filaments 7-9,
lichenicolus, 122
d. Stratum red or orange, soft, silky; much branched; diameter of
cells 10-12 Uo : ; : . aureus, 121
23. CLADOPHORA.
§ Chlorophyll diffused, not in spirals (a).
i disposed to be net-like or in lax spirals (2).
a, Cell membrane smooth (4).
a “ ee plicate-striate; contents of young slightly spiral,
crispata, 126
6. Cells more or less swollen; irregularly branched; variable,
Sracta, 124
4, Cells not noticeably swollen (c).
c. Diameter of branches 28-40 : : . . oligoclona, 126
os iB zi ee abouti5su ae Flotowiana, 126
d. Branches united (connate) at base; cells 5-8 times as long as broad,
cantlicularis, 117
d. Branches not connate at base (e).
e, Filaments not radiating from common centre, cells smooth (/).
é. a . a cell membrane plicate . flavescens, 128
& a radiating from a common centre, much branched,
agagropila, 124
f/. Diameter of stems 60-1004 . = . glomerata, 127
}. ee ES EROAIBG Me . . fluttans, 128
24. PITHOPHORA.
A. Fertile stem 65 thick bg Bd ; @dogonia, 130
A © “ 175m thick ; : 4 : @gualis, 131
A. © “ 59m thick rae . Kewensts, 131
'
24a. SCHIZOMERIS.
One species. — ‘ fa Letbleinit, Pl. CXXV.
25. ULOTHRIX.
Length of cells equal to width (a).
“« “greater than width (e).
se «less than width (4).
a. Color dark, light or bright green (4).
a, Color yellowish green (¢).
COD MO COD
46 SPECIES OF ALG&.
6. Filaments dividing longitudinally; mucous; 4 in. long, floating,
Lenormandt, 138
b. « not dividing longitudinally (c).
c. Joints often constricted; diameter of cells 9-10 . rivularis, 136
¢. Joints not constricted; aquatic; variable; diameter of cells 5-sop,
subtilis, 135
Ge oS ag as ss filaments tortuous, very long,
muralis, 137
e oS a “ On damp walls, pavements, exposed rocks, etc., (*)
*, Cells 6-74 in diameter; on walls, pavements, etc. . mittens, 137
* 79.5 pu 8 cell contents usually at one side; on ex-
posed rocks, etc. Bek . flaccida, 137
@. Cells 12-14in diameter... : equalis, 134
@, Cells about 7 in diameter; on moist slay or Saad . . varia, 138
e. Green, cell contents usually on one side, hemispherical, flaccida, 137
e. Green, dark, bright or pale; contents diffused (/).
/. Joints often constricted; cells g-1ofindiameter . rivularis, 136
yf. “not constricted; filaments attached, 17-25 4 in diameter,
tenuis, 134
f. # a ts filaments not attached (g).
g. In brackish water, filaments 1-3 in. long, 10-30, dia.,
Younganum, 135
g. Infresh water... . . . subtilis, 135
A. Filaments dividing leneitadiidlly, 4in. jong; floating,
Lenormandi, 138
h. " not dividing (2).
z, Joints often constricted, cells g-1oyz in dia.. . rivularis, 136
7 “ not constricted in sterile filaments (7).
Jj. Filaments roy or more in diameter (2).
y % less than roy in diameter (m).
k. In brackish water; filaments 20-304 in dia. . Younganum, 135
2. In brackish and in fresh water; filaments 38-soy in dia.,
Spectosa, 135
&, In fresh water only or on the ground (/).
7, On shaded ground; flexuous, interwoven. ', partetina,: 138
7. Aquatic; filaments 1o-12uin dia. . . . oscillarina, 137
Z, ee a 14-40 “ Zonata, 133
m. Bright, grass green; filaments coctaony wee long, interwoven,
muralis, 137
m. Yellowish green, mucous; cells shorter than wide . compacta, 136
SPECIES OF ALG,
26, SCHIZOGONIUM.
One species; found on moist cliffs, Colorado. . murale,
27 CONFERVA.
47
139
§ In brackish water; diameter 12-14 fugacisstma, var. salina, 141
§ In fresh water (A).
A. Diameter of filament from 3-5 (a).
A. ef ds “from 6-124 (4).
A. i. Ms e from 14-25 «« (g).
a. Very pale; cells 1%4-2-3 times as long as wide . ‘enerrima, 143
a, te ONE ee) ARG we glacialiordes, 143
a. Green; cells 3-4 ee rhypophila, 143
6, Cells before division 7 times aslong as wide . . . affints 141
b. “ 6“ “ 4-5 “ “ eb “ (c).
o, a ““ less than 4 times as long as wide (e).
c. Not constricted atthe joints el Lash Ga . . . fugacissima, 14t
c. Slightly “ a (72)
d. Cells before division about 4 times as longas wide . Fumnkit, 142
a oN = & “5 «filaments of ir-
regular thickness. : . . . . bombycina, 142
e. Cells more or less swollen (*)
e. Cells not swollen, joints not constricted (/).
* Diameter of filaments 10-12 . : a. 42, vulgaris, 142
* tf “ ne YOM 6 ww . var. Farlowil, 142
f. Attached; chlorophyll evenly diffused . . abbreviata, 143
fF. Not attached; contentsgranular . . 2 1 2. punctalis, 142
g. Diameter of filaments 20-25 . ie; j amaena, 140
g. te i x less than 20 (A).
A, Cells more or less swollen, about twice as long as wide, floccosa, 140
An & “ «© constricted at the joints,
utriculosa 140; fontinalts, 141
28 CHATOMORPHA,
Marine, therefore omitted.
29 RHIZOCLONIUM.
§ On moist ground; cells 1.5—3 times as long as wide,
hieroglyphicum, 144
§ In brackish water (a).
§ In sweet waters (6).
a, Filaments irregularly curved and angled. California, Casparyt, 145
a, Filaments not specially curved; diameter 20-30 . . salinum, 145
a. “ sf rs ss 33-484 . . major, 146
ms Oh Se Se
§
§
§
2S
aH NS SNS RAD
Og
hh.
h.
SPECIES OF ALG,
Permanently attached, in rapid streams . . . fiuitans, 145
Not permanently attached (c).
Diameter of filaments 13-15.5 ¥: fontinali, 144
ss se a 25-33) ist : . stagnale, 145
i #4 & 36-40 : . Horsfordit, 145
30. VAUCHERIA,
i KEY TO THE STERILE PLANTS,
In salt or brackish water; mats velvety, feet in extent,
Thuretit, 149
In sweet water or somewhat terrestrial (a).
Apparently terrestrial only (A).
Filaments dichotomous, branches constricted at the base of the
divisions, often intermediately, é. atta san . tuberosa, 154
. Filaments not constricted at the branching points (4).
Stratum dense, pellucid below, creeping; terminal branches erect,
clustered, often crooked . eo H velutina, 153
Stratum not pellucid below (c).
Branches not clustered, vague. Thus far found only in California,
hamata, 153
Branches dichotomous or sparingly formed (¢).
Diameter of filaments roo or more (e).
ee i less than roo (g).
Diameter 100 to z00p (/).
Diameter 1254; tufts dense, dark green . . geminata, 151
ve room; tufts loose, expanding in all directions,
aversa, 149
ft 100-200; dirty green or brownish; about limestone
springs. . . Smiley Tey tae ; dichotoma, 149
Diameter 180-200, often hyaline; drying ash gray . pélus, 153
In turfy mats; filaments densely intricate; 50-754 in diameter,
sericea, 150
. In dense, intricate tufts; filaments dichotomous, 50 in diameter,
geminata, 151
. In loosely intricate clusters; filaments about 5o0y in diameter,
sessilis, 151
Stratum thin, expanded, filaments about 5oy in diameter,
Dillwynti, 150
7 “ densely interwoven, dark green . . ‘terrestris, 153
SPECIES OF ALG&., 49
Il, KEY TO THE FRUITING PLANTS OF VAUCHERIA.
§ Antheridia slightly bent; the opening at top (a).
§ - bent like a horn or hook (¢).
§ ss not known (g).
a. Odgonia nearly round (4).
“cc
a. not round; oval, often rather oblique (c).
4. Odgonla about roof in diameter... . dichotoma, 149
b. «125-1204 8“ tt . . . Lhurettt, 149
c. Odgonia 1-6, on one side, mouths lateral, produced beak-like,
sericea, 150
erect, mouths not lateral, not produced beak-like,
aversa, 149
@, Antheridia beside or between the subsessile odgonia (e).
d. Antheridia terminal, with the odgonia on each side or lower
down (/).
e. Terrestrial, broadly expanded; antheridia bag-shape or clavate,
Dillwynit, 150
e. Aquatic; antheridia short and straight, or elongate and variously
curved . . . . phe sessilis, 151
jf. Tetrestrial only; duthestiiuea guy Gicved, oégonia on its back,
terrestris, 153
Jf. Not strictly terrestrial; fruit on short lateral branchlets,
geminata, 151
Ji et a fruit on short segments on the divided
ends of branchlets. ; hamata, 152
g. Branches regularly constricted at base and often elsewhere,
oe
tuberosa, 154
g. Branches not constricted; filaments 180-200, in diameter,
pilus, 153
31. BOTRYDIUM.
One species. a eB ois granulatum, 155
32. VOLVOX.
One species. Sah 4 globator, 158
33. EUDORINA,
One species . . m2 i j . stagnale, 160
34. PANDORINA.
One species Bis a morum, 16%
50 SPECIES OF ALGA,
35. EUGLENA.
The question as to the animal or vegetal character of Zuglena has
been debated. The present tendency is to consider it an alga,
although the evidence is rather negative than positive. For the
present purpose however, it seems best to leave it among the Infu-
soria, where the older investigators classed it.
36. GONIUM.
One species 3 . . pectorale, 163
37. STEPHANOSPHERA,
No forms yet found in this country.
38. CHLAMYDOCOCCUS.
a. Cells subglobose, brownish-red, sometimes green; variable,
pluvialis, 164
a. Cells globose, red; at first with a hyaline border; on the snow of
high peaks, etc. ee as : . . nivalis, 166
39. CHLAMYDOMONAS.
§ With a red pigment spot (a). /
§ Without “ “ (4).
a, Ovate; length twice the width; pigment spot lateral,
pluviusculus, 168
b. Pale, whitish green; oblong-elliptical : hyalina, 168
4. Bright light-green (c).
c. Ovate or oval . . . tingens, 167
c. Spherical or nearly so. ; ‘ . . pluviale, 167
40. PEDIASTRUM.
For full descriptions and figures of the species, see Wolle’s “Des-
mids of the United States,” from which the following classification is
compiled. :
§ Apices cuspidate, each cell with one cusp or bristle (a).
§ (77 “ “ce “cc oe two “ “ “ (c).
§ Apices or angles, bidentate; small; cells often 4 . cuspidatum, 154
§ Apices truncate; cells 4 in form of cross, 4-sided; small, ¢efras, 154
§ Apices concave, undulate (2).
§ Apices bilobed (e).
a. Cells six, ovate or subfusiform, radiately connected; centre closed,
simplex, 152
a. Cells six, 5 angled; centreopen . . . Sturmit, 153
a, Cells more than six (4).
s
SPECIES OF ALGA. 51
. Outer circle 14, inner 7, centre closed by 1; outer spaces 7, inner 4,
Simplex vat., 153
. Outer circle 12, inner 4, centre open; outer spaces 4,
@uodenartus, 153
. Outer circle 14, inner 7, centre closed by 4; outer spaces 7, inner 4,
Simplex var., 153
Marginal cells 2-lobed, each cuspidate; cells 8-16-128; centre closed,
Boryanum, 153
d. Perforated by small openings Se satst 148 . brachylobum, 154
d. No openings; centre closed; . . muticum, angulosum, 153
e. Perforate by small openings, or centre open (/).
e. Not perforate, centre closed (g).
jf. Cells 16-32-64 Satin . . pertusum, 154
yf. Cells 6, centre open . j . angulosum, vat., 154
g. Apices converging, space between oval . . forcipatum, 153
g. Apices not converging (4).
A. Each apex 2—-lobed, sometimes diverging . Lhrenbergit, 154
41. HYDRODICTYON.
One species ; . utriculatum, 169
42, CCLASTRUM.
a, Cells globose, with interstitial openings . . . microporum, 170
a, Cells angular, each with a tubercular process cambricum, 170
43. SORASTRUM,
One species : Spinulosum, 17%
44. STAUROGENIA.
One species : ; : .o. . eructatum, 171
45. SCENEDESMUS,
§ Cells armed with spines (a).
§ Cells not armed with spines (e).
Qa,
a,
RRX SX fs
Aquatic (0).
On moist sand, Florida; cells 2-4, fusiform,
antennatus, Var. rectus, 172
. Cells oblong, cylindrical, ovate or globose (c).
. Cells, some at least, spindle-shaped (2).
Spines recurved on outer cells . caudatus, 172
Spines straight, single or sometimes two 5 polymorphus, 173
Spines straight, three to five . rotundatus, 174
. Inner cells fusiform, armed, outer fare. . . @imorphus, 173
. Fusiform, oval or globose; spines straight . polymorphus, 173
52 SPECIES OF ALGA.
e. Cells, some at least, fusiform (/),
e. Cells oblong or ovate, obtuse; 3-5 times as long as wide,
obtusus, 173
f. Cells in a single even row; outer cells lunate . . dimorphus, 173
f. Cells usually all alike, acute, 3-6 timesas long as wide, acutus, 173
46. SCIADIUM.
a, Attached, umbellate; cells usually straight; base contracted into
ashortstem .. . . . arbuscula, 174
a, Floating; a collection of amabels soawected by a usually straight
cell. gu 4 Coe ee ee eee ww. gractlipes, 175
47. OPHIOCYTIUM.
§ One or both ends spinous (a).
§ Without spines (c).
a. Both ends spinous (4).
a, One end spinous, one end rounded; cells curved or coiled,
cochleare, 175
4. Cells arched or nearly straight, ends more or less enlarged,
capitatum, 176
4. Cells crescentic, Clostertum-like, large . cuspidatum, 176
. Cells small, curved, often in masses, ends rounded, parvulum, 176
Cells long, narrow, repeatedly coiled, ends rounded, circinatum, 176
Ns
48. CHARACIUM.
Sessile, no stipe; cells pyriform, apex somewhat produced,
Sessile, 177
. Apex rounded or truncate (4).
. Apex acute (d).
. Stipe short, scarcely noticeable, end dilated; cells producing a
short neck a Poko a soe ee. Geutum, 177
. Stipe longer, noticeable ie
c. Apex produced as a thick neck; stipe brownish yellow,
Pringsheimii, 177
c. Apex always rounded, cells obovate, stipe base not dilated,
Negelit, 178
§
§ Not sessile, stipe present but often short (a).
a
a
b
pS
c. Apex rounded, truncate when open; stipe hyaline,
heteromorphum, 178
@. Producing a short neck; cells ovate . . . . . . a@cutum, 177
d. No distinct neck; lanceolate or sword-shaped, ends tapering,
ambiguum, 177
R RMA
XARA AH
g
Do &SSFaR RB ROMO
SPECIES OF ALG, 53
49. PROTOCOCCUS,
Aerial forms (a).
Aquatic (c).
. Cells without gelatinous envelope (4).
. Cells with gelatinous er in which oe divide; angular from
pressure. . ‘ : . . angulosa, 181
. Common evematere on “eas, febees, etc.; elie yellowish green,
viridis, 18%
. On moist old wood; cells dark green; decussately dividing,
dissectus, 181
. On pots, etc., in green-houses; orange, reddish-brown, yellowish
green en 6a toe ee we 4 MIntatus, 182
Beset with small agines, or wells So oe So Boye vestttus, 183
Smooth, in gelatinous tegument, . . . Aumicola, 182; gigas, 183
not in tegument (@).
Cells clustered somewhat grape-like . . . . botryotdes, 182
Cells single, membrane thick, often lamellate . Wimmert, 183
Cells varying in size, membrane not lamellate . . ¢ufusionum, 182
50. POLYEDRIUM.
Angles rounded, not spinous (a)
“bifid or trifid (4).
“e spinous or greatly elongated (c).
Cells 4 or 5 angled, diameter 35-7you . . ‘ gigas, 184
“ 4angled, diameter 8-rou . . . . . . . minimum, 185
“ 3 angled, diameter 12-15 . Be blight muticum, 185
. Angles bifurcate, sharply tipped . . . . . btfurcatum, 184
“often repeatedly bilobed, hyaline, acute . . enorme, 184
Centre scarcely body-like, radii thin, much prolonged,
longispinum, 185
. Centre distinctly a body; angles spinous tetragonum, minus, 184
51. DICTYOSPHHRIUM,
. Cells ovate or subglobose . . L&hrenbergianum, 186
. Cells reniform, about twice as long as wide . rentforme, 186
. Cells oval, often centrally constricted. . . LAMitchcockii, 186
52. HYDRURUS.
One very variable species 2 eR 5 fetidus, 187
53. PALMODACTYLON,
. Family of cylindrical, bladder-like radiating cases; cells in x or
more rows . . . . vartum, 189
. Family simple, not prance’, more diamentons . . simplex, 189
54 SPECIES OF ALG&,
54. TETRASPORA, Beofo7 figs
i Op te,
§ Thallus tubular, splitting (a).
§ Thallus irregularly expanded (4).
§ Thallus membranous, saccate, obovate, sinuate, bullose (c).
a. Cells about 16 in diam.; ends tapering to a fine point,
cylindrica, 190
a, Cells 8-rofin diam.; yellowish-green . . . . . lubrica, 191
4. Colorless, or greenedged . . . . . . . . = gelatinosa, 191
4. Green, rather soft and slippery . . . . . . explanata, 191
¢. Dark green, smooth or somewhat warty; cells crowed in 2s or 4s,
bullosa, 190
55. SCHIZOCHLAMYS,
Supposed to bea form of Tetraspora.
56. PALMELLA,
§ Aquatic (a).
§ On wet ground or dripping rocks (6).
§ On wet wood ..... . uveformis, 193, botryotdes, 194
a, Irregularly expanded; cells minute (0.75-1.00/4), crowded,
hyalina, 193
a, Somewhat globose, tuberculate; cells elliptical, 5 by 8,
Mooreana, 193
6. Thallus expanded orindefinite . . . mucosa, 192, mintata, 193
57. PORPHRYDIUM.
One species; terrestrial . . 2. 2. . 2... cruentum, 194
58. BOTRYDINA.
One species; terrestrial . . . . . ... . vulgaris, 195
59. BOTRYCOCCUS
One species; aquatic . . ....... . . . Braunit, 195
60, GLOOocyYsTIS.
§ Aquatic (a).
§ On wet rocks and walls; cells 3-5 in diameter . . rmpestris, 196
a, Dirty or bright green; families 45-goy indiameter . ampla, 196
Wg) EE SBM SES “families about 35 in diameter,
vesiculosa, 196
a. Brownish-yellow or reddish 2 ee ew ee rtefescens, 196
61. NEPHROCYTIUM.
Families oblong or elliptical, cells reniform . . Agardhianum, 197
Families subspherical, cells oblong or elliptical . . Megelsi, 197
SPECIES OF ALG#&, ek
62. RHAPHIDIUM.
a, Cells straight or nearly so, length 15-20 times the diameter,
actculare, 197
@. “* “ ct “20-30 or more times the diameter,
contortum, 198
a. Cells decidedly curved; often crescentic or sigmoid (4).
4, Cells sigmoid, single or 2-4 connected . . . . sigmoideum, 198
6. Cells more or less crescentic (c).
c. Cells connected back to back, crescentic, sometimes single,
convolutum, 198
c. Cells not connected, long, slender, . . . . falcatum, 198
@& “i e short, thick, diameter 5-7. 3=©Braunii, 198
63. DIMORPHOCOCCUS.
One species . . 2. <2 adh: ie Ba Sa . . cordatus, 199
64. MISCHOCOCCUS.
One species 4.5 ‘ : is: 98 . . confervicola, 200
65. EREMOSPHARA,
One species . ... . %. od ty eho te , wiridis, 200
66. uROcoccus,
t + . .
a, Stem densely ringed, often divided . . . . Hookerianus, 201
a, Stem short, remotely annulated . . .. . . insignis, 201
67. APIOCYSTIS.
One species. ey Rah ahr ston : . . . Brauniana, 202
68. CHYTRIDIUM.
a, On the odgonia of various sania. cells somewhat urn-shaped,
withalid . . . . Su Qiks 48 acuminatum, 202
a. On various filamentous iia oe
6, With a low lid; pale yellow . . oe minus, 203
6, Without a lid; cells spherical . . . * . , globosum, 203
69. OLPIDIUM.
§ On the exterior of the host; cells globose; mouth cylindrical,
nearly aslong asthe cell . . ‘ . . ampullaceum, 203
§ In the interior of the host; perforating neck tubular, middle
globosely dilated . . . . . tntestinum, 203
§ Inthe interior; perforating neck steaieht, not inflated,
entophytum, 204
56 SPECIES OF ALG&,
70. SPIROGYRA,
I. KEY TO THE STERILE PLANTS,
As it is often difficult to determine the number of spiral bands
within a cell of Spirogyra, the following method, originally suggested
by ‘‘The Botanical Gazette,” will be found exceedingly convenient.
Select a band near the middle of a cell, count those that cross it, add
one to the number, and the result will be the whole number of bands
in the cell.
§ Membrane of ce'ls folded in at the ends (a).
§ mS “ «not folded in at the ends (/).
a. Chlorophyll bands one only (4).
a, “f “ two or more (g).
b. Membrane of spore smooth (c).
é. ie “« «punctate (/).
c. Filaments 28-33, in diameter; cells 3 to 10 times as long as wide,
Grevilleana, 209
io s 24-304 “ a cells 3-9 times as long as wide,
guadrata, 208
. 18-28 “ (@).
(73 g-I 8 “ 66 (e).
a. Cells ro—25 times as long as wide; spiral of 1% to 4 turns,
Spreetana, 208
@. Cells 6-15 «ow «ee «spiral of 3% to 6 turns,
Weber, 208
a 2
ay
. Cells 4-15 times as long as wide; spiral of 3-6 turns,
tenutssima, 207
@, #6 13-8 « «@ «@ spiral of 3-8 turns, inflata, 207
Jf. Diameter of filaments 36-40; cells 6-12 times the diameter,
calospora, 209
g. Spirals two (4).
g. Spirals three; cells 30-334 wide, 4-8 times as long as wide,
Hassallit, 210
A, Cells 16-224 in dia., 4-8 times as long as wide, . Hélseana, 209
A. Cells 36-3570" geB HERE te flassalliz, 210
A. Cells 36-454 in diameter (7).
z, Cells 4-12 timesaslongas wide .... . . insignis, 210
go AE gen Ne SE REE = oles bes OR ee Hantzschil, 211
J. One spiral in each cell (£).
jy. Two or more spirals in each cell (2).
SPECIES OF ALG,
k. Membrane of spore smooth (é).
R. is “« «punctate (s).
7. Cells less than twice as long as wide (7).
Z, Cells twice or more “ “ “ (n),
m. Diameter 22-254; 1-1% times as long as wide, subsalsa,
m. iM 25-330; 1-232 “© ee varians,
m. ee 33-40; 1-2 rarely6" “ “ & guinina,
m, e 48-75; 1-1% times“ “ “ «& condensata,
un. Diameter 33/4 or more (0).
n. “ less than 33 (4).
o. Diameter 33-404; 1-2 rarely 6 times as long as wide, guznina,
0. 30-55" (pf).
p. Cells 3-7 times longer than wide; spiral dentate Lutetiana,
p. iT3 2-4 iti (3 .z7 i773 Jusco-atra,
g. Cells 3-5 times as long as wide (7).
g. Cells 2-12 times as long as wide (gg).
r. Diameter 22 or less . feavescens, gracilis, 211; communts,
ae 24 or more . . varians, 212; Jurgensit,
s. Diameter of cells 24-27 4, 6-12 times longer than wide, punctata,
t, Spirals 2 (z).
z. “3 (*).
ze “4 (aa).
z. “5 (ee).
zt. “6 or more (ff).
wz. Diameter of cells 4oy or less (v).
u“. es “« «more than gop (w).
v. Cells 2-4 times as long as wide aecimina,
Vv. “i 4-14 “ “cc “ iT “ce , elongata,
w. Cells 1-2 times as long as wide subaequa,
WW Bg e gee te Se Ee EE dubia,
x. Cells go—-1oom in diameter, joints somewhat constricted,
Jugalis,
x. Cells soy or less in diameter (4).
x, Cells more than soy in diameter (2).
y. Cells 7-11 times as long as wide rivularts,
y. “less than 7 times as long as wide dubta, adnata,
z, Cells 1-2 times as long as wide subaequa,
Zz. iz3 2-3 “cc iT 6c “cc iT7 orthosptra,
Zz. ay 2-5 iz3 iT ac ““ “cs neglecta,
a Beto Fe et majuscula,
57
212
212
213,
215
213:
214
215
213
213
215
216
221
217
220:
219
220:
217
217
218
226
22K
58 SPECIES OF ALG,
aa, Cells more than room in diameter (40).
aa. “ from 72 to 1oop “ a (cc).
aa. “ lessthan you “ a (dd).
66. Celis 150-156 in diameter (the largest species) . Crassa, 219
bb. *“ to2-110pe “ a Both, ie ke setiformis, 219
cc. Cells go-roofzin diameter . . oe ee.) fuugalis, 219
ce. | 0 2-98 te 1-3 times as long as wide = mfvda; 217
ce. O75 " a4 % & & & garylspora, 221
add, Cells 58-654 “ ef a . . orthospira, 218
dd, “ 33-3844 “ 8 i . . fluviatilis, 216
ee. Cells 65-784 in diameter - ; . 2 . . bellis, 217
ee.° “ 58-65 “ = . orthospira, 218
Jf. Filaments of two aiadieters. one rein: ihe other 80,
tnequalts, 218
Sf. i “ same diameter, 150-156 - + + €FaSSA, 219
SS. “ ah th a 102-I10fl . setiformis, 219
Sf. te > oe “s 118-125 Ct maxima, 218
Sf. “ “ «& « 54-62 4 : . majuscula, 221
gg. Cells 4-10 times as long as broad, 24-27 diam. . miradile, 211
ee game a ss “ 25-30 diam. longata, 214
II.—KEY TO FERTILE FILAMENTS OF SPIROGYRA.
For method of determining the number of bands in the cell, see the
Key to the sterile filaments of Spirogyra, p. 56
§ Cell membrane folded in at the ends (a).
. es not folded in at the ends (/).
« Sehtoroghyl band single, rarely double (4).
“two or more (A).
. Membrane of spore smooth (c).
- “« «punctate (g).
. Spores elliptical or fusiform (@).
“ovate or oval (¢).
. Spore 24-30f by 50-58 ee : tenuissima, 207
«30-364 in dia., twice as long : . inflata, 207
“27-324 1n dia., 2-4 times as long . . guadrata, 2c8
b abeis: bearing cells inflated (/).
ee “ slightly dilated; spore 26-30, in dia.,
Weberi 208
J. Spores 36 in diam., 2-3 times as & long as wide Spreeiana, 208
ff. “ 30-36 in aes 22% “ “& “« «& | Grevilleana, 209
SA RRADNHHHRRMD
ENN RS DN NS
perrs eS BBE SRNWVY
SPECIES OF ALG, 59
. Mature spores yellow or orange, 40-42 in dia. 2-3 times longer,
calospora, 209
. Spore-bearing cells not swollen, spores twice as long as wide,
Flanteschit, 211
. Spore-bearing cells swollen (2).
Mature spore yellow, 42-48 long . : . Hassallit, 210
as “ “brown, elliptic, 28j4in diameter . . insignis, 210
One chlorophyll band in each cell (2).
. Twoormore“ “ “ “ & (),
. Membrane of spore smooth (/).
s «punctate (z).
. Mature spore yellow (m).
a “not yellow (f).
. Spore cell slightly swollen on one side, spore oval, twice as
long as wide gracilis, 211
. Spore cell not swollen (z).
. Spore cell swollen (0).
. Filaments 20-22 in diameter COMMUNTIS, 213
“s 25-304 “ Ss longata, 214
Filaments 24-26 in diameter JSurgensit, 213
is 40-43 “ : Lutetiana, 214
Spore-bearing cell decidedly swollen (¢).
i. “ “not or slightly swollen (7).
a “swollen on one side only varians, 212
. Filaments 24-27 4in diameter . mtrabile, 211
~ 13-20p “ oss : flavescens, 211
Filaments more than 30, in diameter (s).
es 30 or less in diameter (¢).
. Diameter of filaments 33-404; spores polymorphous, gwduina, 213
be a 4 40-554; spores polymorphous,
Susto-atra, 215
ae ss 8 48-75 4; spores broadly elliptic,
condensata, 215
. Diameter of filaments 25-30,/; spore twice as long as wide,
longata, 214
ee i « 22-25 4; spore slightly longer than wide,
subsalsa, 212
Mature spore yellow, spore cell much inflated, punctata, 215
. Spirals 2 (w).
“ 3 ().
“4 (ee).
a
fe)
SPECIES OF ALG&,
v. 5 (22).
v. “ 6 or more (7).
w,. Spore-bearing cells inflated, spore elliptic or ovate, elongata, 221
ww. % a “not or only slightly swollen (x).
x. Filaments 32-40y in diam. foe ee we. <aecimina, 216
m is 43-5oum— So ae . dubia, 217
x, 55-Oon . . . subequa, 220
y. Mature spores yellow, oval, % inager nner wide . seglecta, 216
dy ce “ not yellow (2).
z. Diameter of filaments go-1oou; sporeoval . . . jugalis, 219
B a et ee 40-65 ft (aa).
ey aN sf 32-3644 (dd).
aa, Spore orbicular, flattened . . 2.) ~ orthospira 218
aa. Spore not flattened (02).
66. Spore spherical or broadly ovate 3 ee subegua, 217
66, Spore not elliptical or ovate (cc).
cc. Spore oval-elliptical or subcylindrical . . a@ubia, adnata, 220
cc. Spore oval or subglobose, spore cells 2-4 times longer than wide,
majuscula, 221
dd. Sterile cells 7-11, fertile cells about 4, times as long as wide,
rivularts, 220
ee. Spore-bearing cells much inflated, spore oval, 80y long,
fluviatilis, 216
cen at “slightly or not inflated ak x
Jf. Spore flattend, orbicular . . . . . . orthospira, 218
Jf. Spore not flattened (gg).
gg. Diameter of filaments 150-156. or 8 crassa, 219
ge. o “ < Io2-Itou . . . . . . setiformis, 219
ge. . a " go-100 fl - oe ow we. jugalis, 219
ee 7a Bue (Hh). ;
hh. Chlorophyll pends making 1-4 turnsineachcell . witida, 217
hh. “ “ 1% “~ spore 50 wide,
parvispora, 221
wz. Spores flattened, orbicular, membrane smooth. . orthospira, 218
iz. Spores se a a punctate or porose,
bellis, 217
- Filaments of two widths, one 125, the other 80h, inegualis, 218
: of equal width e).
“ Diameter 150-156 . toe ee ee ee CVASSA, 29
Rk. S 118-125 4 Cee ee ee ee Maxima, 218
Rk. - 1o2-110f@ . . . ww ewe «SC Sormis, 219
RR. “ 54-624 , toe ee ee ww. mapjuscula, 221
SPECIES OF ALG#,
71. SIROGONIUM.
One species . é Bods Gh. aa . sticticum,
72. ZYGNEMA,
§. Color soon becoming dark purple; filaments 20-25 y in diam.,
purpureum,
§ Color green, or when in fruit yellowish or brownish (a).
a. Filaments with gelatinous sheath; cells 25 wide, anomalum,
a “ es a 9 cells 40-444 wide, crassum,
a. 7 without sheath (4).
4, Spore membrane smooth (c).
a & * punctate or granulate (2).
c. Diameter of filaments 20-224 . . . . . . letospermum,
‘ be a a 26-30" 3 3 insigne,
ad. Diameter of filaments 10-36, very variabl stellium,
@. “s ee 35-50, . eruciatum,
73. ZYGOGONIUM.
§ Diameter of filaments 20, or less (2).
§ a i “ more than 204 (c).
a. Diameter of filaments 15-184... . . 2. Agardhit,
a ue a a 18-2044 (0).
b. Spore spherical $< <3 decussatum,
é. “ compressed ellipsoid, twice as long aswide . Ralfsit
c. Cells slightly constricted at the joints; spore punctate,
pectinatum,
c. “ not constricted (d).
d, Filaments 30-33 in diameter 3 equate,
a, - 22-24 “ . a ee . parvulum,
74. MOUGEOTIA,
§ Filaments 20-25 4 in diameter (a).
§ ‘ less than zou in diameter (4).
a, Spore spherical, diameter about you . . . Spherocarpa,
Yt ° AGE . adivarecata,
b. Filaments 15-18 in diameter : Minnesotensis,
d. a Io-14p “ (c).
c. Spore spherical, 25-30, in diameter . . @elicatula,
¢. “oval, radiately corrugated, yellowish-brown glyptosperma,
ce “coarsely granular, dark brown Uerrucosus,
61
222
224
224
224
222
223
223
224
226
227
227
228
228
228
229
229
62 SPECIES OF ALG.
75. MESOCARPUS.,
§ Diameter of filament 504; spore smooth . . . . . crassa, 230
§ te a # 18 or less (a).
§ ee te “ 20p to 32 (c).
a, Spore membrane punctate; filaments 9-154 diam, xummuloides, 231
a. sf smooth (4).
6. Filaments 8-10 in diameter . egos : parvulus, 230
b. < to-18y “ a . 4 recurvus, 231%
c. Spore membrane punctate; filaments be 324 1n diam. robustus, 231
oe se smooth (@).
@, With short branchlets from the middle of acell . vadicans, 231
d. Without branchlets (e).
e. Diameter of spores and filaments about equal . scalaris, 230
é es « «twice that of the filaments . macrospora, 230
76. PLEUROCARPUS.
§ Diameter of filaments 25-30 . » 2. . . . mtrabilis, 232
§ ee a e 37-40. ww, . Columbianus, 232
77. PLAGIOSPERMUM.
One species . . , j 2 3 oe tenue, 233
78. GONATONEMA.
One species . .... . BLUE 36 ; . ventricosum, 233
79. STAUROSPERMUM.
cCapucinum, 234
“ 8-124; spore punctate . . guadratum, 234
§ ts a He 6-84; spore smooth . . . wyride, 234
§ Diameter of filaments 14-204, becoming bluish, spore smooth,
§
80. CRATEROSPERMUM.
One species. i 3 . letiverens, 235
81. CALOTHRIX.
§ Diameter including sheath 6-8 at base ; gracilis, 237
§ “c cc “ 10-14, (2).
§ “cc “cc “ 15-30 (2).
a. Sheath lamellose, ends colorless, torn into fibres; cells 6-8 in diam.
Meneghiniana, 238
a. “ not fibrous at ends; brown or black in mass, gypsophila, 237
we. ON oe “ “« «bluish, rarely brownish, D2l/wynii, 237
oe
aH HARA RDS
R ® MM
SPECIES OF ALG&, 63
. Floating, dichotomously branched, apices slightly bent; diameter
Ig-20f : He's, 8 lacucola, 239
Attached (c).
Ends rounded, obtuse, fibrous with age, bluish crustaceum, 239
Ends tapering, or hair-pointed (2). ;
. Forming a stratum (/).
. Forming tufts (g).
. Branches tapering to a fine hair-point Forsfordit, 239
fs cuspidate at apex or obtuse . 4 Orsiniana, 236
. Tufts small, wavering; filaments somewhat curved, clustered, ra-
diating; sheath up to 30s, wide radiosa, 239
Tufts bright bluish, sometimes brown; sheath widens with age,
Brebissonit, 238
82. MASTIGONEMA.
Filaments rounded or truncate at apex (a).
He tapering to a hair-point (4).
. Sheath thick, apex truncate, open; diam. 8yu , fertile, 244
«“ in young plants ending in a seta, becoming open and trun-
cate; diam 124. . . . . Halos, 243
Mature sheath becoming fbritlose at the ends (c).
Mature sheath not fibrillose or rarely so (@).
Filaments 4 in diam.; yellowish or greenish; parasitic,
Sejunctum, 243
Filaments ro-11 in diam.; bluish green; on wet rocks, fidrosa, 244
. Thallus subglobose or fusiform, blackish, firm; filaments bluish,
diam. 6-7 ; . . . elongatum, 243
. Not subglobose; filaments siedobk bent or curved, @rugineum, 241
83. ISACTIS.
a. Filaments closely compacted, suddenly acuminate . fluviatilis, 244
g
CO GH
. Filaments erect, awl-shaped . . . . . . cespitosa, 245
84. GLCGOTRICHIA.
Sheath irregularly constricted; variable in size and form, xatans, 246
«close, simple, not inflated nor constracted, subspherical,
pisum, 247
85. RIVULARIA.
. Sheaths inconspicuous; filaments clustered, base about 7 diam.,
echinulata, 249
. Sheaths distinct; filaments some apparently withered, others more
swollen, base 8-9 diam. . aura, 249
64 SPECIES OF ALG&.
86 SCYTONEMA.
§ On warm sandy soil; blackish; diam. with sheath 10-14,
thermale, 259
§ On bark of trees, in small, olive green or brown tufts (a).
§ On old wet wood (4).
§ On moist rocks, wall, earth, etc. (¢).
§ Submerged in sweet water. (g).
§ Floating in sweet water; diam. of filaments 12-20. . natans, 251
§ ue ee - ihe “14-18 cincinnatum, 254
§ Brackish or salt; filaments curved and interwoven, chrysochlorum, 253
a, Filaments bluish; branches forming long loops, ends continuous,
mirabilis, 255
a, Filaments creeping; branches not looped, ends not continuous,
cortex, 256
6, Diameter of filaments with sheath about 204. . <intertextum, 258
b. ce o a ns iS ° IO-154. . stmplice, 259
b. se “s i ef et m 20-254. . Heppii, 260
¢. More or less cushion-like, may become confluent (¢).
¢. Forming a stratum (e).
c. Tufted or turflike (/).
d. On pots etc. in conservatory; filaments bluish, sheath close, color-
less : be We oR he 2. . . Castellit, 255
@. On moist rocks, etc; sheath thick, often with a lime deposit,
cinereum, 258
e. Diameter of sheath 25-33, lamellate . . . . myochrous, 252
e. Filaments flexuous, long, apices rounded; diam, 12-16-25 p,
cataracta, 252
é. “ entangled, branches mostly single; cell ends somewhat
contracted ote ee oat Ga ak ag . 2. gracile, 253
e. Filaments interwoven, cells about as long as wide . ¢urfosum, 253
é. ws sheath dissolving into fibrils,
Notarissit, 255
f. Branches thi:ner, often % or less than the stem, folypotrichoides, 250
Jf. Branches thinner at base only, quickly enlarging . Megelit 252
g. Filaments soinewhat curved, branches thinner, bluish,
calotrichoides, 251
87 SYMPHYOSIPHON.
§. Diameter of filament without sheath 7, or less (a).
§. “c “ «c “cc “ more than 7h (4).
SPECIES OF ALGA, 65
~)
. Diameter of filaments 2-37, of sheath at the base 6-7, apex 3-4
crustaceus, 263
a, % . . 5-7M oe oe ee . . ambiguum, 262
é. Surface pubescent; black; filaments 9-15 hu : . Castelli, 262
b. et . filaments t5-204 . ; Austinit, 262
4. Surface not pubescent (c).
c. Diameter of filaments 154 or less (¢).
d. Filaments brown, 12-15, cells % as long as wide,
Bornetianum, 261
ad. = bluish, 8-10, cells about as long as wide Airtulus, 261
d@, i bluish, 8-12, sheath wider at base Hafmanni, 262
88. TOLYPOTHRIX.
On tree trunks, surface velvety, blackish; diam. 11-14),
truncicola, 266
On wet exposed rocks (a).
Aquatic (4).
. Reddish brown; filaments with dark transverse bands,
Ravenellii, 265
R Mmm ven)
a. Red, purple and black; filaments much branched . rupestris, 265
d, Spherical, pea-like masses, filaments bluish . .&#gagrophila, 264
6. Not spherical masses (c).
¢. Diameter of filaments 3-4u . . 2% .. tenuts, 265,
c. Diameter 10-17 (2).
7 g-11y, often interrupted by inclined disc-like cells,
muscicola, 264
@, Impossible to separate here, distorta, 263; pulchra, 264; flaccida, 265
89. PLECTONEMA.
One species ye a a muirabile, 266
go. PETALONEMA,
One species one : alatum, 267
QI. SIROSIPHON,
§ Aquatic; brown; cells of stems 2-rowed, in branches 1-rowed,
ocellatus, 272
§ On old wood and tree trunks; in black spots; often aggregated,
lignicola, 273
§ In soda springs, west; not fully described . Brandegeet, 274
§ On damp soil or wet rocks (a).
66 SPECIES OF ALG&.
. Branches polymorphous (4).
. Branches not polymorphous (/).
. Apices obtusely rounded (c).
«attenuate, or filaments with scattered spines, A/pznus, 269
. Plants attached only by the mucus surrounding them,
pulvinatus, 268
Plants firmly attached to rocks and stones coralloides, 270
. Diameter of filaments about 5oy. Alpine Crameri, 273
e " less than soy (e).
Cells broadly ovate, moniliform; on wet rocks compactus, 27%
Cells small, not moniliform (/).
. Filaments flexuous, curved, not rigid, branched, 16-17,
scytonematoides, 271%
ee short, intricate; branches many, irregular (¥).
Mature sheath deep reddish brown, of branches yellowish, apices
colorless . . argillaceus, 274
. Mature sheath colorless, hyaling, ee light yellow crustaceus 274
a eeeae
aN WSS RRS
oq
92. HAPALOSIPHON.
§ Aquatic, often parasitic (a).
§ On tree trunks (c).
§ On wet rocks(@).
a, Diameter of filaments about 15; much branched, bluish; sheath
often yellowish brown . . : . Brebissonii, 276
a. Diameter of filaments less than is (4).
4, Cells about as long as wide; filaments 10-124 =. . Braunit, 275
6. Cells about as long as ides filaments 7-8, branches 3-4),
tenuissimus, 277
6. Cells equal to twice as long as wide; filaments 8-11
Suscescens, 277
c, Filaments 20-25 4, branches rather thinner . byssotdeus, 276
d, Filaments apt to be solitary, cells moniliform, bluish,
torulosus, 276
93. NOSTOC.
§ Fronds soft, often without definite form (A).
§ Fronds globose or nearly so, or discoid or linear, often irregular
with age (4).
A, Aquatic (a).
B. Aquatic (c).
B. Terrestrial (4).
SPECIES OF ALGA, 67
. Without mucilage; filaments in irregular masses, coiled,
tenutssimum, 282
. With mucilage; joints equal, rather distant . . comminutum, 282
. Soft, becoming gelatinous cushions (e).
“ ce
tongue-shaped, plane, irregularly expanded (2).
. With a firm coating (/).
. Fronds with a firm coating (g).
. Mature frond suborbicular, often perforated and expanded,
commune, 283
linear, straight, long; filaments parallel,
flagelliforme, 285
Globose thalli within a subspherical gelatinous mass, muscorum, 282
Globose, firm; filaments olive . . ‘ . . humifusum, 282
Suborbicular, soft; filaments bluish green . . . ¢alticola, 283
[v7 “ce
. Globose, firm, coating brownish; joints subspherical,
sSphericum, 283
s soft, sheath often colored and general mucus colorless,
rupestre, 283
a not 1 mm in diam.; cells cylindrical, slightly constricted,
macrosporum, 284
. Cells of two kinds, unequal (%).
. Cells uniform, regular (2).
. One kind elongated, the other spherical; bluish . ceruleum, 284
z. Fronds globose, from 2 mm to size of acherry . pruniforme, 284
YSR RQ MMM
“rounded or discoid, becoming hollow (7),
Fronds subglobose, warty, brownish green . . verrucosum, 284
Fronds suborbicular, erect, smooth, tenacious . . Alpinum, 285
94. ANABANA,
On tree trunks, near the water’s edge, bluish . cupressaphila, 288
In brackish ditches; stratum bluish . . . . osctllarioides, 288
In sweet waters (a).
. Cells 3-4 in diameter (4).
. Cells 4-114in diameter (c).
. Deep blue green; filaments curved, almost parallel,
vartabilis, 287
. Pale bluish, sometimes yellowish; filaments curved, usually in
clusters . . bt : stagnalis, 288
. Filaments curved, often coiled . . . . . . flos-aqgue, 286
. Filaments straight, often coiled when young . . gigantea, 287
68 SPECIES OF ALGA&.
95. SPHEROZYGA,
§ Filaments in 2-4 in. long, vertical, closed tubes, 4% in. thick, more
or less attached . : . . saccata, 290
§ Filaments straight, in a definite velavinous sheath joints subspher-
ical, spores cylindrical 25 . . . . Smithit, 290
§ Filaments equal, curved or coiled in thin bluish stratum,
Fassallit, 289
§ Filaments subsolitary or associated, bluish, variously curved,
polysperma, 289
96. APHANIZOMENON.
One species . : aS Zi . . . feos-ague, 291
97. NODULARIA.
One species i eg paludosa, 291
98. CYLINDROSPERMUM.
§ Spores about 14 in diam.; cells 3-4 . macrospermum, 292
§ “ “ rom (a).
a, Diameter of cells about 4u . ; flexuosum, 292
a. eS ee “3m; terminal cells seth flexible, hair-like
filaments Lo. . Comatum, 293
99. CRENOTHRIX.
One species ‘ F polyspora, 294
100, CHAMASIPHON.
8 Length 16-17 ; : incrustans, 295
§ i 25-35 j confervicola, 295
IOI. LYNGBYA,
§ In brackish water; filaments rigid, curved; cells 3-4 times wider
than long, diam. 20-28 y, e@stuarit, 296
§ On moist ground or wet rocks (a).
§ Aquatic (g).
§ Marine . mazuscula, 297; vermicularis, Omitted.
a. Stratum bright green; filaments 8-1oy in diam. . arenarium, 299
a. Not pure green (4).
6. Stratum blue green (c).
4, Stratum blackish green (e).
6, Stratum blue, red, purplish, olive, brown or becoming yellow (/).
§
§
wR RR REM
SPECIES OF ALGA. 69
. Filaments 4 in diameter, curved; substratum whitish,
» inundata, 303
Filaments 3-3.5 in diam., slightly curved cataracta, 302
Filaments 7-8 in diam. (2).
. Cells finely punctate; on rocks . ruprestre, 300
. Cells not punctate, joints somewhat contracted; moist ground, Fla.
subtorulosa, 300
More or less radiating; apices obtuse Juliana, 301; Retzit, 302
. Filaments straight, sheathed, 5s-gu diam. . . . . vulgaris, 300
af slightly curved or flexuose; with sheath 4o-80y diam.,
pallida, 298
forming a purple stratum, long, waving, 8-gy diam.,
tinctoria, 30%
. In alpine lakes or marshes cincinnata, 296.
. Not alpine (4).
. Tufted on stones; filaments 40-45 to50-6oy diam. . [Vollet, 297
. Ina stratum or floating singly (7).
Filaments 12-18 diam. . : obscura, 298
a 7-9.5 diam., matted; wet marsh bottoms,
phormidium, 299
fe 5-7 diam. (/).
. Stratum thin, paper-like, substratum, pallid, of empty sheaths,
papyrina, 302
a membranous, mucous, filaments yellowish,
interrupta, 302
102, SYMPLOCA.
Stratum dull green or blackish; filaments 4-6 diam.
Friesiana, 304
Stratum bluish green; filaments 3-4, Jducifuga, 303; fuscescens, 304
103. MICROCOLEUS.
On rocks or moist earth (a).
Aquatic (4).
. Diameter of filaments 3% to 4% anguiformis, 306
“c “ 6c 5-6 ; terrestris, 305
& « “ 12M . bn eth. afea ot Ravenellit, 307
“ “ & 10-13f;inathin membrane amorpha, 304
Stratum cushion-like, large, 6-8 in. or more in diam.,
pulvinatus, 305
qo
§
§
§
§
SeeWNA WX S&F FS RARARA AKA Hee
mwa. S.
SPECIES OF ALG&,
“thin, skin-like,expanded. . . . . . gracilis,
“dense gelatinous, on partly submerged stones,
heterotrichum,
104. OSCILLARIA.
Articulations indistinct (qa).
es about as long as wide (c).
sé one-half “ “ “ “ (q@),
# less than half as long as wide (7).
. In hot water from waste steam pipes; diam. 1.8-2.8 py,
amphibia,
Not in hot water (4).
Filaments 1-1.5 in diam. subtilissima,
1,8—2.5 “in diam. é tenerrima,
4 2y in diam. sed detersa,
Diameter 2.8-3y, rarely 3.5 . elegans,
= 2.7-3.2f4 . gracillima,
e 3h . . chlorina, leptotricha,
" 4.5-5.5@; On moist ground antliaria,
. Floating on hot water; diam. 6-7 Cortiana,
. On wet ground (e).
. Aquatic (/).
Diameter 4.5-5 4; on shaded mud brevis,
us 4-4.74; in greenhouses violacea,
f 6-7.75 4; in swampy places . Limosa,
7-84; wet grounds, Fla. . chalybea,
In large jelly masses; diam. 4-5-6u cruenta,
Not in distinct jelly masses (g).
. Stratum black (4).
“bluish or not black (2).
. Filaments with two short cilia at the end; diam. 4.6-6.6y,
subfusca,
. Filaments without cilia; diam. 9-10 . ; . nigra,
Diameter 9-114; stratum thin F anguina
.S 5-58.24 ; tenuis, 313; natans,
“4 4-5) bo tbo @ we of a@rugineo-caeruled,
In brackish or submarine waters (2).
In sweet waters (/).
Diameter 18-20p ; : : Grateloupti,
T2-15 fh me : : . bdittoralis,
306
397
310
399
399
310
310
311
311
310
313
312
311
313
314
312
312
315
314
314
311
316
317
SPECIES OF ALG&,
Z. Diameter 30/4 or more (7).
ie less than 304 (7).
m. Cells $ to + as long as wide; diam. 30-45 . princeps,
m. Cells about 4 as long as wide . . imperator,
n, Diameter less than rg p (9).
n, ‘ Ig or more (f).
o. Diameter 154; cells 4-4 aslongas wide . . . percursa,
0. se 10-184; variable ; Frelichiz,
p. Diameter 19-22); cells 43-4 as long as wide . oe. Mmazor,
p. .23-28u; cellsft “ “ “ & | Bonnemasonit,
105. BEGGIATOA.
a, Diameter of filaments 1-1.5 Bos 3 ; niveum,
a, i ~ < 1.82.5 ju " Wpaihteapes mts,
106, LEPTOTHRIX.
§ In hot waste water, waving, 6 mm thick hinnulia,
§ On old wet walls; filaments strongly curved . calcicola,
§ On wet wood, herbaceous green; diam. 1.8—2.25 herbacea,
§ Aquatic, sometimes on wet rocks (a).
318
319
320
319
320
a. Forming spherical masses, light yellowish, tough, hollow, 4-8 mm
diam. . . . . . . bullosa, 321
a. Forming cloud-li es, fioating fragile masses, yellowish; filaments
about 2 diam. : : ochracea, 322
a. Forming a stratum (6).
a. Forming a tuft (e).
6, Filaments 3 or more in diam. 5 tenax, 319
é. es less than 344 in diam, (c).
c. Stratum composed of clusters, light bluish . rigidula, 321
¢ es more or less expanded (¢).
d. Bluish or greenish above, yellowish or colorless below,
laminosa, 32%
d. Bright bluish, thin, membranaceous , @rugined. 319
e. Bluish, becoming yellowish . é cespitosa, 320
e. Purple green or amethyst : . linctoria, 321%
106@, ASTEROTHRIX.
One species : F . Creginitt, 322
72 SPECIES OF ALG,
107. SPIRULINA.
§ A continuous, twisted, ring-like band . ; duplex,
§ Not continuous but fllamentous (a).
a, In stagnant water; diameter 7-84 . fJennert,
a, In sulphur springs; diameter 4-5 yu tenuissima,
108, SPIRILLUM. a
One species : : : undula,
Iog. GLGOTHECE,
One species F ‘ . confiuens,
110. APHANOTHECE,
a, Mote or less globose, size of a cherry, usually floating, .
prasina,
a, Gelatinous, 4-6 mm thick, in small masses; wet ground,
pallida,
IIt, SYNECHOCOCCUS.
One species; on wet rocks &ruginosus,
112, MERISMOPEDIA.,
a. Rarely more than 4-64 cells, 3-sudiam.. . . . glauca,
a, Often of 256 geminate cells, 4-4.54 diam. . convoluta,
113. CCLOSPHERIUM,
One species F Keutzingianum,
114, CLATHROCYSTIS.
One species . Bho ae mie oh Mo i capa a@ruginosa,
II5. GOMPHOSPHARIA.
One species . . i Be, oa pa Se a . . aponia,
116. MICROCYSTIS,
One species; on moist timbers, ground, tree trunks, protogenita,
117. ANACYSTIS,
a. Cells ru in diam.; thallus light brown . . . . brunnea,
a. Cells 2-3 diam. «« glaucous or pale bluish . pulvereus,
a. Cells 3-4u “ “globular, margins colorless,
marginata,
118. POLYCYSTIS.
One species . . ..... . mtd of . tthyoblabe,
327
327.
328
329
330°
SPECIES OF ALGA, hS.
TI1g. GLOOCAPSA.
These forms have been divided into as many species as there
are different colors to the cells or to the integument; they are green,
red, black, brown, coppery, orange, yellow, olive, purple or colorless.
They have no value as distinct plants, being phases or stages of de-
velopment of higher Algze. Mr, Wolle considers them to be spores
or macrogonidia, of Szrosiphon : 331
120, APHANOCAPSA.
§ Submerged; thallus globose ; Grevillel, 333
§ On wet rocks; thallus expanded wirescens, 333
I2I. CHROOCOCCUS.
«. Cell contents bright bluish, becoming brownish; 13-25 4 diam.
turgidus, 334
a, ss u reddish or yellowish brown; 12-16 diam.
rufescens, 335
a. “ blue green; 3-6 diam. coherens, 335
PART IIL
Key to the Genera and Species of the
Desmidiezx.
A KEY TO THE GENERA AND THE SPECIES OF THE
DESMIDIE#.*
Plants composed of symmetrical cells, usually constricted in the
middle, often of beautiful, ornamental forms, single or conjoined
into filiform series, and sometimes involved in a maternal jelly.
Asexual multiplication takes place by transverse division, or by sep-
aration of the semi-cells, and by development of new parts similar to
the mother semi-cells.**
*The greater part of the following key was originally published in ‘“The American
Monthly Microscopical Journal,” and is here reproduced by permission of the editor.
**Wolle: Desmids of the United States.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE DESMIDS.
§ Cells united into filaments (a).
§ Cells not united into filaments (g).
RXXeeva|gg
Sf
. Ina transparent, jelly-like sheath (4).
. Not in a jelly-like sheath (@).
. Cells with 2 teeth on each narrowend. . . . . Desmidium, 6
. Cells deeply constricted, almost into two parts (c).
. Cells not deeply constricted, and without teeth . . Hyalotheca, 3
. With ‘claspers’ across the sutures... . Onychonema, 9
Without ‘claspers;’ cells united by a narrow isthmus, Spherozosma, 8
. Band not twisted; cells with ‘claspers’ across the sutures,
Onychonema, 9
.
fe is cells without ‘claspers’ (e).
. Band twisted; cells triangular or quadrangular . Desmidium, 6
Cells barrel or hub-shaped, with 1 or 2 median bands, Bambusina, 4
a a without bands, the sutures projecting,
Leptozosma, 5
e. Cells cylindrical, sometimes swollen at base (/).
e. Cells quadrangular, deeply constricted, often slightly twisted,
Fe Fe Pe WS
Phymatodocis, 7
. Ten to 30 times longer than broad. Gonatozygon, 1
. Three to 6 times longer than broad . eect Genicularia, 2
. Cell more or less crescentic . . oe ew ee) Closterium, 13
. Cell cylindrical, fusiform, dumb-bell or hour-glass shaped (2).
. Cell flattened; om icular, oblong, or elliptical (A):
. Mostly orbicular or broadly elliptical; centre deeply constricted,
the semi-cells 3-5 lobed, the lobes entire or variously incised,
Micrasterias, 22
. Mostly oblong or elliptical; margins wavy, the depressions rounded;
ends usually notched or incised .. . . Euastrum, 21
GENERA OF DESMIDS. 79
Zz, Cell constricted i in the middle; no arms nor spines (,/).
a i PS with arms or spines (/).
z, Cell not constricted; no arms nor spines (7).
j. Cell cylindrical, ends simply notched . . . . Zetmemorus, 18
4, “ ends rounded, truncate or divided (A).
j. Cell more or less dumb-bell, or hour-glass shaped ().
Rk. Cell 6 to 30 times longer than broad . . . . . Doctdium, 14
Rk. Cell 2-5 times longer than broad; ends rounded, Cadlocylindrus, 16
Z. Arms 2, 3 or more, radiating . . Los . Staurastrum, 23
Z. Arms none; semi-cells with a central, rounded, truncate or dentic-
ulate tubercle; spines usually numerous and marginal,
Xanthidium, 19
Z, Arms none; no central tubercle; spines 4 to 8, two on each end, t
Z. a be spines 16, four on each end,
Avvivadecies, 20
m. Chlorophyll in one or more spiral bands . . . Spirotenia, 11
m. « not in spiral bands (7).
n. Surface rough with tooth-like or rounded elevations, Zriploceras, 15
n. Surface without tooth-like elevations; ends rounded (0).
o, Cells in mucus, short, cylindrical or oval . . . Mesotenium, 10
o. Cells not or rarely in mucus. . brie F Penium, 12
p. End view 3-6 or more angular (7).
p. End view not angular (s).
r. Angles obtuse, acute, or with horn-like prolongations,
Staurastrum, 23
s. Margins smooth, dentate or crenate; no spines . Cosmarium, 17
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE DESMIDS.
I. GONATOZYGON.
. Cells swollen at base, with 6 longitudinal lines of short setz,
sex-spiniferum,**
. Cells not swollen at base (a).
. With hair-like spines clothing the surfacee . . . pilosum, 22
. Without hair-like spines; surface minutely roughened, asperum, 22
2, GENICULARIA.* Fic. 2.
. Cells 3% to 6 times longer than broad; granules in spirals,
Americana.*
. Cells ro-1r2 times longer than broad; granules scattered, spzrotenia.*
3. HyYaLorHeca. FIG. 3.
. Cells slightly constricted, length % the width, sides not notched,
dissiliens, 22
a de . «sides arched, cen-
trally notched ‘ hians,**
2. Cells slightly concave, length twice the width . undulata, 23
. Cells not coustricted, margins straight; sheath wide, mucosa, 23
a a sheath absent, dwéhza, 24
4. Bampusina. Fic. 4.
. Cells hub-shaped, somewhat longer than broad LBrebissonti, 24
%
2. Cells hub-shaped, nearly twice as long as broad gracilescens.**
. Cells subcylindrical, 4 times longer than broad delicatissima, 25
*Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec., 1885.
#*E OW. Algee, p. 21.
SPECIES OF DESMIDS, , 81
5. LeprozosMa.
An immature form of Desmidium, 6.
6. Desmipium. Fic. 6.
1. Mucous sheath present . . cylindricum, 25
1. Mucous sheath absent (a).
a, Cells united by their entire end margins (4).
a. Cells united by the outer portions of the ends (¢). .
6, Cells nearly twice as long as broad . . . longatum, 26
b, Cells less than twice as long as broad (c).
c. Cells in side view quadrate guadratum, 20; guadrangulatum, 27
c. Cells in side view triangular . . . . Swartsit, 26
@, Borders crenate or undulate aptogonium, 27; diagonum, 159
d. Borders straight, filament twisted : Baileyi, 27
7. Puymatopocis. Fic. 7.
One species ; . LNordstedtianum, 28
8. SpH#ROZOSMA. Fic. 8.
1. Cells twice éroader than long, lobes not constricted (a).
I. " ms ob lobes constricted near the end,
constrictum ,**
2. Cells twice /onger than broad, in sheath or not excavatuin, 29
2. Cells less than twice longer than broad (@).
a. Cells closely approximate, ends rounded . pulchrum, 29
a * is " ends truncate, concave, rectangiulare, 31
a, Cells more or less remote, ends rounded . . vertebratum, 30
b. Ends pointed; semi-cells remote; sinus deep, wide, moniliforme,.**
é. Ends rounded, spinous; cells slightly constricted, spcnulosum, 31
6, Ends rounded, not spinous; cells deeply constricted, jl/forme, 29
é. End truncate, concave Vallachit, 30
6. Ends truncate, not concave ; pulchellum.**
9. ONYCHONEMA,* FIG. 9.
1. Cells with spine-like projecting ends . serratum, 30
2. Cells without spine-like ends . Nordstedtianum.+
10, MESOTENIUM. FIG. Io,
. Cells cylindrical (a).
Cells oval or elliptical, about twice longer than wide, in mucus on
wet wood . bas ‘ . Mmicrococtum, 32
*Mr. Wolle joins this to Spharozosma. + Journ. R. Micr. Sec., Dec., 1885.
*#*F —w, Algce, .pp 23 ef seg.
82
QR Q AH
R RW SN
a
Ry Re Oy B
RQ
SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
. Mucous masses floating; cells 2-214 times longer than wide,
Braunit, 31
. Mucous masses mingled with filamentous alge; cells 3-4 times
longer than wide | ig LEindlicherianum, 32
. Mucous masses on wet rocks and mosses; cells 2-3 times longer
than wide le oe ae He yl ee Selig elepspdra, 32
II. SPIROTHNIA, FIG. II
. Spiral band single (a).
. Spiral bands more thanone . . 2 oe ee ee ObStUTA, 33
_ Cell 8 to ro times longer than broad . . . . . condensata, 33
. Cell4timeslonger than broad .... . . . dnj0phila, 33
I2, PENIUM. FIG, 12.
. Chlorophyll interrupted by 1 central transverse band (a).
e a “ 3 transverse bands; cytioderm smooth,
interruptum, 35
= oon i “cytioderm spirally
striate... . . . Sptrostriolatum,**
; Chlovephyliconcentrared inte 20r miorenuclel: in mucus, crassa, 37
diffused (0).
. Endstruncate, square . . . ; . truncatum, 35
. Ends not truncate; cells sligonly ‘constricted, sides straight,
minutum, 35
as us Se us as sides convex,
cruciferum,**
se xf “ cell not constricted, 3-5 times longer than
wide . . . 2. . a@igttus, 34
. Ends not truncate; sell not constricted, ‘ge —6 times longer than
wide : he. Hl Eee : . clostertoides, 35
Cytioderm smooth on
“ with pearly granules in longitudinal rows,
margaritaceum, 34
Cells in mucus, diameter 54, to gy in. (63-83) 3 to 4 times as,
long as wide . ; . . oblongum, 34
“« « «about twice as tenes as wide . rupestre, 37
“« «@ «~~ more than 3 timesas long as wide . Brebissonit, 36
Cells not in mucus; each semi-cell a truncated cone . twmidum.**
. Cells oblong, often slightly constricted . . . . damellosum, 34
. Cells subcylindrical, in families of various sizes intermingled,
polymorphum, 36
. Cells subcylindrical, not in families . 24 . . fenneri, 36
. Cells broadly fusiform, 4-5 times longer than wide: navicula, 36
#7, Re Mi Ss Feb. 89.
§
§
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 83,
13. CLOSTERIUM, FIG, 13, @, 4,¢.
Ends not or but slightly produced (1).
Ends produced into long, often setiform, beaks (2).
. Cells straight or Pelig hily curved; ends slightly tapering (a).
ie si ef e dorsum convex, ventrum nearly
straight ey
. Cells conspicuously curved; ventrum concave, with a central in--
flation (7).
. Cells conspicuously curved; ventrum without an inflation (7).
2. Body margins equally convex; beaks longer than body, cetaceum, 47
Nn
SR RaQN
Ry Pf oO
SOS
a a “beaks % as long as the body,
pronum.**
. Body margins not equally convex (7).
. Length 5-12 times the width (4).
. Length more than 12, less than 20 times the width (e).
. Length 20 times or more than the width (/).
. Ends suddenly contracted; cell aie 5 times longer than wide,
smooth 5 : nasutum, 41
. Ends not contracted, but Gaines setts chlorophyll bands sev-
eral, granulesinit row . . . lanceolatum, 39
. Ends not contracted, rounded (c).
“ “ a truncate (2).
. Cell slightly curved. small, 6-12 times longer than wide, smooth,
aculum, 44
as ie 5-10 longer than wide, smooth, odtusum, 38
. Cell nearly straight, decussately striate . decussatum, 39
bs ve “smooth, apices obtusely rounded, ddymotocum.*
. Cell slightly curved, 6-12 times longer than wide, striate; vacuole
distinct adidymotocum, 39
. Cytioderm with 4-5 longitudinal strize, often with 2 or 3 transverse
bands and decussating striz ‘ . . angustatum, 40
Cytioderm striate; ends slightly incurved; ee about 20 in each,
semi-cell, axillary , . . Lneatum, 43
. Cytioderm striate; ends truncate, corners rounded; with three
transverse sutures . . . 2 oe... Subdirectum.**
. Diameter 2 or less; smooth gracillima-levissima,*
. Diameter 3-4; slightly curved, smooth, or with 1-4 trans. striz,
subtile, 158
ue 5-64; smooth . ote, ay 28 : gracile, 39
“« 10-16 (4).
*F -w. Alge. p. 23 ef seg. **J. R.M.S., Feb. 89,
SPECIES OF DESMIDS,
Diameter 18; about 30 times as long as wide, smooth, ends
rounded . . : ; . . Brebissonit.*
- 20-214; striated, ends enieided , . . . prelongum.*®
a 364; about 20 times as long as wide, smooth, ends not
curved .. . . . ensis.®
Surface smooth; Slightly tapering from the ile . strigosum, 42
a longitudinally striate only; diam, 11-124, juncidum, 38
ee te i with 1-4 trans. strize; diam. 12-13),
macilentum, 38
. Ends inclined upward at a dorsal depression; ventrum slightly con-
cave; strie fine, numerous . . . ; . turgidum, 41
. Ends saddenly contracted to a narrow neat cell slightly curved,
attenuatum, 41
. Ends not suddenly contracted (4).
. Cytioderm deeply striate; distinctly granulate or areolate,
areolatum, 43
" more or less distinctly striate; cell linear-fusiform,
15-24 times longer than wide : acerosum, 41
. Cytioderm g-12 longitudinally costate; cell qoaieun. 4-5 times
longer than wide . E : subcostatum.*
. Cytioderm more or less distinctly striate; cell semi-lunar, 5-6 times
longer than wide Lunula, 40
Diameter 1, to sh, in. (75- tioy) cytioderm smooth,
Ehrenbergii, 45
Diameter 71, to gz in. (40-60); globules a single row,
moniliferum, 45; Letbleinii, 46
a L “ cell curved, rapidly tapering into
narrow, somewhat Sots ends; cell 6-8 times
longer than wide 3 . . LRalfsit, 46
. Diameter 74, to shy in. (35-454); 2 or 3 sutures in the middle;
about 20 times longer than wide. . . ; Delpontit.*
Cytioderm with many distinct striz; length 6-16 times the width;
vacuole large : : striolatum, 42
Cytioderm with fine striz; feat: 12-16 ere the width; vacuole
small : : daiipaom 43
Cytioderm with 5-8 disciase strize; eneth & 8 times the width;
vacuole large. . . Costatum, 42
Cytioderm smooth; cell crescent- shaped, often subsemicircular (2).
es “ cell not conspicuously crescent-shaped (/).
. Ends separated 7-10 times the diameter; width 74, to z!,5 in.
(16-20)... & o. 8 t 4 . . . Diane, 44
*F-w. Alge, p. 23.
R.
SN SNR PF RAD SD
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 85
. Ends separated 7-10 times the diameter; width ,4, to zj55 in.
(25-284) acuminatuil, 44
Cell 6 to 8 times bease: than wide, ends obtuse; width ,~,5 in.
(14H) JSennert, 44
. Cell 6 to 8 times longer than wide, ends obtuse; width 4, in.
(12}4) . parvuluim, 45
. Cell 8 to 12 times ne than wide, nearly semicircular, ends
sharp; width yA), to 445, in. (8-104) , . Venus, 44
Cell stout, ends broadly rounded; width ,1, to ay44 in. (25-3044),
Cucumis, 40
. Beaks slender, nearly as Jong as the body, ends obtuse, curved,
Kuetsingtt, 47
. Beaks thin, % as long as the fusiform body rostratum, 46
14. DOCIDIUM. FIG. 14.
Suture a projecting or conspicuous rim (a).
Suture not projecting (d).
. Cytioderm hirsute; semi-cell with 3 or 4 undulations, spzmosmm, 51
. Cytioderm not hirsute (6).
. End dentate or crenate; semi-cell with 1 basal inflation (c).
a “semi-cell with 4 ae inflations; teeth
on the margin . constrictum, 50
End dentate or crenate; semi- call with 3 or more inflations; teeth
below the margin pk nodulosum.*
. End truncate or rounded; semi-cell with 1 or 2 basal inflations,
Trabecula, 48; truncatum, 48
- a _ es semi-cell undulate to the contracted end,
crenulatum, 47
s a Hs ty eS 1-2 undulate at base only,
Archertt.*
End with 1 tooth on each angle Flowtowit, 49
End crenulate with tubercles coronatum, 49
. Cytioderm hirsute; base of semi-cell slightly meee, hirsutum, 51%
. Cytioderm not firsute (e).
End dentate or crenate (/).
End not dentate nor crenate (7).
. Semi-cell with 4 or more inflations (Z).
ee with whorls of quadrangular prominences,
verrucosum, 52
se with 20 or more constrictions ; . costatum, 53
i with 1 inflation (g).
*F.-w. Algee, p. 25.
86 SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
g. End with numerous pearly teeth or beads . . coronulatum, 49
g. End with prominent teeth, about 3 in view . . ¢ridentulnm, 52
A, End with 3-5 minute tubercles; semi-cell with 4 or more undu-
lations . bias 2 . . . LHloridense, 159
A. End with toothed angles at
z, Semi-cell with 4 prominent nodes; 8 to 10 times longer than wide,
nodosum, 50
z. a “4 constrictions; ro-12 times longer than wide,
breve, 5%
z, Be “8 constrictions; 20-24 times longer than wide,
Sinuosum, 51
J. Semi-cell with 1 basal inflation (4).
ve i undulate to near the end (2).
p- es with 4 larger and smaller undulations; cells 12 times as
long as wide (m).
Jj. Semi-cells not or slightly undulate; densely granulate, dreve, 158
&. Cytioderm densely, irregularly punctate . . . . clavatum, 48
Rk, et smooth; ends truncately rounded, margins often wavy,
Baculum, 49; rectum.*
R. y se ends round; cell minute; diam. 7-12,
minutum, 52
Rk. : “ cell, large; diam. ends soy,
Woodii.*
2. Diameter z)45 in. (254); about 20 times longer than wide,
repandum, 50
7. Diameter 554 to zg in. (13-164); 15-20 times longer than wide,
: dilatatum, 50
Z, Diameter ga54 to gglyg in. (10-12); 18-20 times longer than wide,
undulatum, 51
m. Surface punctate; suture none; ends roundly truncate,
Georgicum.*
I5. TRIPLOCERAS. FIG. 15.
(Mr. Wolle unites this with Docidium, 14.)
1, Tooth-like prominences oblong . . . . . .. verticillatum, 53
oe ss acute. . 2 ty wh ne . . gracile, 53
16. CALOCYLINDRUS, FIG. 16.
§ Chlorophyll homogeneous (1).
§ “ divided or scattered in each semi-cell (2).
*F-w, Algee, p. 25 ef seg.
RAR ARR
Ss & B&D
x aA AA &FSFR BHD HH HME
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 87
. Length twice the width or less; cytioderm punctate or granulate (a).
4 ae « « « cytioderm smooth (4).
- ee Oss “ « «“cytioderm with 5-7 coste,
costatus, 56
. Length 2% or 3 times the width; cytioderm punctate (c).
“4 to 6 times the width; cytioderm smooth . minutus, 54
. Cell twice or more longer than wide; cytioderm punctate,
pseudoconnatus, 55
i . i 2 ws “ cytioderm smooth,
Thwattst1, 56
. Semi-cell subquadrate . . . . . . Ralfsit, 54
a cylindrical, rounded; eouciriston slight . cucurbita, 54
. : constriction wide, shallow . . connatus, 55
* sub-semicircular; constriction slight; ends rounded or
somewhat truncate; end view circular . . . Cordanum,
. Cell somewhat fusiform, ends subconically rounded . curtus, 54
. Cell subcylindrical, ends broadly rounded ; diplospora, 56
. Cell subcylindrical, ends rounded; nuclei large, single or double,
Clevet, 56
17. COSMARIUM, FIG. 17.
End view without central inflations (1).
End view with central inflations (2).
. Cytioderm smooth or punctate (a).
eS more or less verrucose or granular (/).
“ spinous (g).
. Cytioderm smooth or punctate (A).
ee more or less verrucose or granular (7).
. Chlorophyll diffused (4).
. Chlorophyll concentrated in 1 or more nuclei (e).
. Margins crenate, undulate, dentate or granulate (c).
“ not crenate, undulate, dentate nor granulate (¢).
Margin crenate (s).
“« undulate (¢).
“granulate (z).
“dentate or notched; end truncate, smooth; sides toothed,
convex . . Retnschit, 68
Margin dentate; end dspined sides eniooth: convex, aculeatum, 66
. Cell twice or more longer than wide (7).
. Cell 1% or less than twice longer than wide (2).
. Cells less than 14% times longer than wide (7).
*F.-w, Alge, p. 27.
88 SPECIES OF DESMIDS,
€. Margins crenate, undulate, dentate or granulate (7’).
e. Margins smooth; basal angles not toothed (zw.
e. Margins smooth; basal angles each with 1, tooth or papilla,
Smolandicum, 69
. Verrucee or granules in patterns, or more or less restricted (.).
a " “ not in patterns; more or less covering the
surface (cc).
. Spines on the whole surface; cell suborbicular; sinus elliptical,
aculeatum, 66
g. Spines marginal, conical; centre with 7 granules, and punctate,
trachypleurum, 73
AS
og
fh, Margins crenate, undulate, or dentate (7).
h. Margins smooth (Z2).
z, Verruce or granules in patterns, or more or less restricted (wz).
a af e not in patterns, more or less covering the
surface (vv).
s,
yj. End rounded; semi-cell oblong, sides almost parallel, De Baryz, 58
pe & #6 semi-cell spherical, . . moniliforme, 60
a Be es semi-cell elliptical or oval . cordanum,* oblongumt
Jj. End truncate; semi-cell quadrate, sides almost parallel, anceps, 59
fan Se i semi-cell pyramidal . parvulum, 59
k, Cell joined by pellucid bands into families Quimbyit, 61
Rk. Cells not joined into families (/).
Z. Ends rounded; semi-cells oblong cucumts, 58
io is semi-cells oval; diameter Sie in. (234),
Witrockitt
7, Ends truncate; semi-cells pyramidal, sides convex; diameter 4, to
aizyz (22-28) : ; . notabile, 66
7, Ends truncate; semi-cells pyramidal, sides convex; diameter 34, to
shy (50-854). < s pyramidatum, 69
Z. Ends truncate; semi-cells pyramidal, sides convex; diameter +45
to sty Ge -43/) ee pseudopyramidatum, 69
7, Ends truncate; semi-cells pyramidal; sides straight or slightly
concave, ie NS . .granatum, 60
. Cell conspicuously broniler than ones semi- calls subsemicircular;
side view circular, end view elliptical; diameter 32-38,
Scenedesmus, 59
m, Cell conspicuously dreader than long; semi-cells subsemicireular;
side view ovoid; diameter 75-85 . é circulare.**
* Journ, R. Micr. Soc., Dec., 1885. + Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Feb., 1886.
** FW. Algee, p. 27 e/ seg.
M,
nN,
n,
nu,
2,
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 8g
Cell nearly as long as broad; semi-cells rhomboid, sides all
' equal; sinus deep, wide . . . . . rhombusoides.**
Ends rounded; semi-cell subcircular, sinus a mere notch,
globosum, 60
a et semi-cell subsemicircular (0).
ee a semi-cell oval (7).
y ef semi-cell elliptical, or hexagonal-elliptical; cell 4
longer than wide; diam. 25-42, sexangulare, 63
. Ends rounded semi-cell elliptical; cell % longer than wide; diam.
25-20" . . . .. microsphinctum.**
Ends truncate; semi- eel heeseonal: diameter qeoo in. (21) or
less, . ; : . polygonum, 65
. Ends truncate; semi-cell iangdlar “dfseneten sty in. (50) or less.
galeritum, 70
ee semi-cell subsemicircular, smooth; sinus deep, nar-
row ; nitidulum, 62; psendonitidulum, 62
a ts es punctate or granular; si-
nus narrow i Seon ® lobulatulum .*
o. Sinus deep, narrow ().
o. Sinus deep, wide, almost linear; cytioderm smooth, seyunctum, 62
rounded or oval; semi-cells lunately curved; cytioderm
punctate. ‘ . lunatum, 65
Sinus deep, wide, obtuse; semi-cells widening from a narrow base,
inflatum.*
Sinus acute angled, enlarging outwardly, rarely linear,
perforatum,*
. Cell elliptical; basal angles acute F . . . . Baileyi, 64
. Cell suborbicular; basal angles obtuse; diameter ,4, to 74, in.
(60-100f), 2. 1... . . . . Lalfsit, 69
He of as dismvetes sia to ghy in.
(30-38), . ; 4 : . . constrictum, 58
. Cytioderm centrally somewhat eranulat: nucleus 1 in each semi-
Cells sue ve ; ‘ tumidum, 61
ve smooth or punctate; cells small,
bioculatum, 60; tinctum, 61
Ends rounded; semi-cells semi-orbicular; crenz usually 9,
undulatum, 67
7 as semi-cells subsemicircular; margins finely crenulate-
dentate . . ; ee Volleannm.*
* Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec., 1885. . + Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Feb., 1886.
** FW, Algee, p. 27 e/ seg.
go SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
s. Ends rounded; semi-cells subsemicircular, with 8-10 crenulations,
Sendtnertanum.,*
s. Ends truncate; semi-cells pyramidal; cells small, . . motadile, 66
Ss; . sides almost parallel; diameter 34; to g}q in.
(30-384), . . . . erenatum, 67
S. . sides converging; diameter aoe in. (204),
Negelianum, 67
zt. Semi-cell quadrate, smooth, angles rounded; end retuse or convex,
guadratum, 59
rs a pyramidal or subquadrate; end undulate, olmiense, 68
z, me “ end truncate; diameter 74, to sty in. (32-36),
integrum, 68
z, . . diameter z7/55 to algg in. (20-24),
Hammert, 79
id. - « end rounded, surface smooth, octogonum.*
z. Semi-cell pyramidal, punctate, base flat, angles rounded,
ansatum, 68; Nymannianum, 79
Semi-cell sub-semicircular, end truncate, sides with 2 emargina-
tions;smooth . . . . . Braunii*
Ends truncate. Diameter =. to ra in. |. (20-304), punculatum, 74
wz. Ends convex. Diameter 7), to zggq in (14-16) . « leve, 62
v. Cell twice as long as wide, rectangular; sinus linear, not widened,
Sinuosum, O5
v, Cell less than twice as long as wide; semi-cell pyramidal,
venustum, 68
v. es . ie : semi-cell subquadrate, small,
Meneghinit, 65
zw, Sinus narrow, not widened outwardly; cell elliptical, end convex,
vartolatum 63; exiguum, 66
‘w. Sinus widened and rounded eee narrowing outwardly, cell
wider thanlong .. . . . . obsoletum, 64
‘w, Sinus widened outwardly; semi- sell Soak base and end convex,
contractum, 63
sm
&
Ww. ae es e base and end flattend,
depressum, 64
‘w, Sinus widened outwardly; semi-cell quadrate, Meneghiniit, 65
Ww. us us semi-cell subsemicircular, end rounded;
diameter 4, to 4, in. (75-100) . pachydermum, 70
x, Margins crenate or granulate (,).
x, Margins not crenate nor granulate (0).
* F.—w. Algee, p. 27 ef seg
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. gi
y. Central verrucz none or scattered on each semi-cell (z).
J - more or less clustered on each semi-cell (aa).
z. Verruce none central, marginal 1 or 2 rows; cell about twice
longer than wide. ; ./. . ovale, 57
z, Verrucee none central, marginal 1 or fie TOWS; cel less than twice
longer thanwide . . . . . ¢iplicatum, 73; Nordstedtit, *
z, Verruce centrally scattered, marginal in series of 3 each; semi-
cell quadrate, angles rounded . ‘ triplicatum, 73
aa, Central verruce 3, in a single row; surface smooth, Donnellit, 71
ad, e 3, 2 above the base; punctate between,
polymorphum.*
aa, a 5, in 2 transverse rows, a row within the margin,
guinartum.*
aan fs 6, in a triangle, apex toward the isthmus,
polymazum, 70
aa, * 6 or g, in 2 or 3 transverse rows; marginal rows
I or 2; semi-cell semicircular, <Avtchellii, 72; suborbiculare 78
aa, Central verruce 10; semi-cell semicircular, end truncate,
antsochondrum, 72
aa, s circularly clustered; semi-cell twice longer than
wide, sides emarginate, endtruncate . . . . Seelyanum, 73
66. Centre granularly rough and punctate; margin smooth; semi-cells
oval eo % : . . . tumidum, 61
66, Centre with 3 verruce ina row; semi- calls semicircular,
Donnellit, 71
46, Central verrucz 1 at the isthmus, 8 or 9 marginal in 1 or 2 curves,
taxichondrum, 7%
bb, i es : 5 arched near the margin, 4 be-
low these in the formofacross . . . . dzdentulum.™
bo. He 4 nearthe isthmus; semi-cells semicircular; end
somewhat truncate; basal angles often pointed,
pseudotaxichondrum, 71
56, Central verrucz 7, 1 central, 6 below in a semicircle; ends retuse,
smooth . ... . ; : oculiferum.*
66, Central verruce 19; ee oor 12 more or less distinct
aroundthem . : ; rane Americanum.,*
ec. Chlorophyll diffused (dz).
ce. . concentrated into £ or 2 nuclei (ee).
dd. Marginal verruce or granules rounded (AA).
ad. se a conical or pointed (77).
*F-w. Alge, p. 27 ef seg.
92 SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
ee. Cells twice or more longer than wide (/).
ce, Cells less than twice longer than wide (gg).
ff. Cells cylindrical, sides parallel (sometimes rounded); verruce ob~
tuse hinp 8 59 48 amenum, 78
i. a ef a verruce emarginate, in lines,
elegantissimum, 78
gg. Semi-cells oval or elliptical . . tumidum, 61; orthosticum, 78
ge. ee semi-orbicular, setraophthalmum, 75; intermedium, 75
hh. Semi-cells pyramidal, end truncate; basal angles rounded,
octhodes, 76; Botrytis, 74
hh. Semi-cells oval or elliptical, approximate. . . trigonum,*
margaritiferum, 75; punctulatum, 74
Ah. - ne u remote, granulate, portianum, 77
hh, Semi-cells quadrangular, ends truncate; diam. 34, — 3}, (60-73),
conspersum, 75
hh. a Hs ends concave . : . retusum.*
Ah, 7 . diam. 54, -3h; (30-45),
pseudobroomet, 86
Ah. ue « diam. +gsg —ades (13-14/),
sphalerostichum.*
hh. Semi-cells subreniform, sinus widened and rounded inwardly,
latum, 76; reniforme, 76; pardalis.*
hh. Semi-cells subspherical, approximate. . . orbiculatum, 77
hh, Semi-cells hemispherical, remote; base flattened, excavatum, 77
az. Ends and sides with teeth; sinus narrow, widened outwardly; basal
anglesrounded ... . ‘ . Brebissonit, 75
. Ends without teeth, sides with ro to 20; sinus gaping, dentatum, 76
jj. Margins crenate; semi-cell semicircular, nuclei 2, end truncate,
cructatum, 81
DT te undulate; sinus widening outwardly, omalodermum, 81
D a a sinus not widening acelin (22).
ke. Cell longer than wide; diameter 4, to gt, in. (38-44),
sublobatum, 80
kk, Cells longer than wide, diameter 7754 to zg4gq in. (22-25),
margaritum, 80
kk, Cell not longer than wide, end truncate eo retusum, 80
Zi, Diameter jy, in. (124), end truncate; sides convex, often ob-
tusely angled centrally i os . Schlhephanckeanum, 82
Zi, Diameter greater than (1244) ggg in. (mm).
*F.-w. Alge, p. 25.
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 93
wm, Sinus acute inwardly . . . . ‘ . thithophorum, 80
am, “ rounded and widened inwardly 2% phaseolus, 31
mm, “ rounded, but not widenedinwardly, pseudogranatum,, 158
an, Margins crenate or dentate (00).
nn. Margins smooth; centre with one verruca; semi-cell elliptical:,
diameter zy/p>.1n. (134) . F bireme, 82.
oo. Ends truncate; diameter;4, in. (33) or larger (fA).
oo. = * i diameter 4, in. (2840) or smaller (77).
oo, Ends rounded, dentate . . : 4 . . Lagoense, *
pp. About 14 times longer than wide; diameter =4, to 34, in. (33-50)
triplicatuim 73; spectosum, 87
pp. About 4 longer than wide; diameter zt, to 4, in. (65-7044),
supraspeciosum, 88
pp. About + longer than wide; diameter 34, in. (50),
pychnochondrum, 89
rr. Diameter gh; to zx!55 (20-26/1); ends 4 crenate, sides 4-6 crenate,
subcrenatum, 84.
rr OH svaw tO zegq (20-25 4); Sides nearly straight,
KGjellmanit, 87
Pe zeae tO gaoy (14-25 4); granules not radiate; end 4crenate,
Bly ttit, 87
ss. Marginal teeth numerous, long, pointed or aculeate, Alo/seanum, 85
SS. 7 17, emarginate—truncate 3 guadrifarium, 87
ss. Margins crenate (¢f).
#t, Basal inflation granulate in vertical lines (wz),
dt. * i with scattered granules . pseudopectinoides, 89
Hi, es without granules, the marginalin 8 radiating lines,
nasutun, 89
uu, Sinus widening outwardly; granules geminate in rows,
pectinoides, 88
uu“ not widening outwardly; cell oblong, diameter =14, (33),
pulcherrimum, go
uu.“ ae ie cell orbicular, diameter =1, (50,1),
radlosum, 90
vu. End truncate (a2).
vv. End not truncate (22). °
wz, Diameter <4, in. (50/) or larger (1).
ww. Diameter smaller than (504), shy in. (9).
*Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec., 1855.
94 SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
xx, Sides granulate, concave near the ends; semi-cell twice longer
than wide . . . protractum, 83
xx, Sides granulate, ends concave; semi- el) tole wider than long,
; biretum var. Floridense,.*
wx, Sides crenate-undulate, converging; cytioderm verrucose,
Quasillus, 84
xx. “ rounded, acutely toothed, ends usually nude; cell as long
aswide. . ... . . Lverettense, 85
xx. “ straight, diverging, verrucose; angles rounded, Jdcretum, 86
yy. Cytioderm granulate; cell widest at base, sides converging,
Sportella, 83
yy. S iH cell narrowed at base, sides straight, diverging,
protuberans, 84
yy. Cytioderm verrucose; end more or less protruding and scolloped
(4-crenate) . . . . celatum, 86
yy. Cytioderm verrucose; ane more or less seppeadines not scolloped,
ornatum, 82; protractum, 82
yy. « s end not protruding; semi-cell twice as long
as wide, oblong-quadrangular, angles rounded, Lroomet, 86
zs, Cytioderm finely granulate or punctate; semi-cells triangular,
angles rounded, margins smooth . . . . Lurpinit, 158
zz, Cytioderm verrucose; semi-cell subreniform, 3 times as wide as
long oe - . commisurale, 83
BB. . ee semi-cell ayemmaal angles rounded, long,
tumidum, 75
Bz. e . semi-cell reniform, angles denticulate, a
central inflation granulate . 4 . . subcruciforme,*
18. TEtTmMEmMoRus. Fic. 18.
§ Cytioderm smooth or very indistinctly punctate (c).
§ Cytioderm punctate (a).
a. Cell 3 times as long as wide, irregularly granular; base slightly
plicate. giganteus, 92
a. Cell more than 3 dimes as tone as wide (2).
6, Front and lateral views fusiform; end with colorless, lip-like pro-
jection. . . granulatus, gt
b. Front view éylindivicall: not ‘taperiun: side view fusiform, tapering;
end rounded : ; . Brebissonit, gt
* F.—w. Alge, p. 27 ef seq.
S
Se Sa
So SSF egrRRQMM
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 95
. Three times longer than wide, smooth; diameter z95, to zh
(18-20H) 2... . . minutus, gt
Four times longer than pide; Sageunt diameter sa (484); linear
elliptical, nolip . . . . . pentoides.*
Four to six times longer than wae: cewede. or indistinctly punc-
tate; front view tapering, lateral fusiform, >3'55 toqqey (20-224),
levis, gi
19. XANTHIDIUM. FIG. 19.
Spines divided atthe ends... Loe ee. armatum, 92
Spines subulate, ends not divided ia
. Spines more or less scattered, numerous bes te aculeatum, 92
zB he _ 4 within the margins, Columbianum'**
. Spines marginal (4).
. Basal angles with 2 spines (¢).
te ic a I spine (c).
Other spines geminate in 4 pairs . . cristatum, 93
es a « in 2 pairs on the evi single on the sides,
asteptum, 93
a a not geminate, single onthe ends . . = Torreyi.**
Other spines 6 to 10 pairs on semi-cell; protuberance beaded,
bisenarium, 93
. Other spines 2 to 4 pairs (e).
“> | MONe? Ge a tetracentrotum, 95
Other spines, 4 pairs, terminal . . . F . fasciculatum, 93.
i. “2 pairs, basal, vertical ae reclocornutum, 94
ee «« 2 pairs, terminal; a row of granules above the cen-
tral projection, a spine above the granules, dAZénneapoliense, 94
. Other-spines, 2 pairs, terminal; a row of granules above the cen-
tral projection, no spine above the granules . polymazum, 94
Other spines, 2 pairs, terminal, no granules above the projection
(f).
. Diameter 44, in. (55-654) or more, Zylerianumt, fasciculatum, 93
“ sty in. (504) or less; semi-cell truncate-triangular,
asteptum, 93
se * ef semi-cell not truncate-triangular,
antilopeum, 94.
*Journ. R. Micr., Soc., Feb., 1886,
e*R W. Algze, p. 34 et seg.
tJourn. R. Micr. Soc,, Dec., 1885.
96 SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
§
§
20, ARTHRODESMUS. FIG. 20, a, d.
Cytioderm smooth (a).
Cytioderm verrucose or spinous (8).
. Semi-cell with 2 spines (¢).
a
a. Semi-cell with more than 2 spines (2).
4. Cytioderm with deciduous spines. . . . . . . . Raut, 95
4. i verrucose in rows, margins crenate . gwuadridens, 96
b. oe a Ke ends alone crenate, otochondrus.**
c. Spines on the same side diverging (e).
4, Ms i parallel (g¢).
é. “ #8 converging : . convergens, 95
gz. Margin of semi-cell angular, each angle with 1 or two spines,
octocernis, 97
e, End truncate; spines widely divergent . . . Lncus, 97
e. End convex; spines moderately divergent (/).
f. Diameter of cell gd, (40m) . Ba Ay aod incrassatus.*
TF: fe gh ate (30-35 4) oar . subulatus, 96
Si . ae ra (ot) er a a te ovalis, 96
g. Nuclei, 2 in each oblong-oval semi-cell. . . . fragilis, 95
g. Nuclei none; semi-cell oval, diameter zg, in. (204) . ovalis, 96
& a semi-cell orbicular, diameter 5,4, (12),
orbicularis 96
ce semi-cell elliptical; spines often very short,
' convergens Vat., 95
g. ie semi-cell triangular, sinus wide, isthmus cylindrical,
triangularis, 36**
21, EUASTRUM. FIG. 21.
§ End lobe evidently distinct (a).
§ End lobe evidently not distinct (4).
a. End lobe deeply notched (c).
a, End lobe more or less concave or sometimes convex (g.)
6, End deeply notched (e).
4. End more or less convex; semi-cell with 7 or 8 lateral, short, coni-
éal teeth. 4 2 ‘ woe we ew.) Donnellit, 103
4, End more or less convex; sides without teeth . pingue, 105
¢. Margins smooth (d.)
¢. Margins more or less spinous or beaded (/).
c. Margins dentate (4).
*Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Feb., 1886.
**FW. Algze, p. 34 ef seg.
SPECIES OF DESMIDS, 97
d. Basal lobe deeply notched; basal Zodule broadly marginate; central
lobule obtsue . . : . . 2. . multilobatum, 98
d, Basal lobe undulate (v).
d. “rounded or angular (Z).
e. Margins smooth (4).
é. eS cuspidate, spinulose or beaded (/).
J. Basal lobe undulate (w).
fi af rounded or angular (<).
g. Margins smooth (z)
g & cuspidate, spinulose or beaded (7).
A. End lobes horizontal; diam. 45-50. . LMordstedtianum, 105
Ah & f diam. 35-40“ . . . . . .) Spinosum, 106
A “upright, diverging. . . eae . formosum, 103
. Basal lobes deeply notched ()).
z, i undulate (z).
yj. Cytioderm rough with conic granules; semi-cells with one large
central inflation, a smaller one on each side, two on end lobe,
VeErrUucosum, LOO
@, Basal lobes undulate (cc).
Rk rounded or angular (ee).
Z, A short spine on the angles of end and basal lobes avaricatum, 104
Z, A small projection on each side near the apex . compactum, 107
m, Cytioderm more or less tuberculate (7).
m, MS punctate (¢).
m, ‘a smooth (7).
nm. Tubercles basal, mostly 5 . . . circulare, 101
2. o 5 central, 4 marginal . j elegans, 106
2, es scattered; end lobe with a tooth on each side,
ornithocephalum, *
o. Semi-cell 5-lobed, basal lobe emarginate, the lateral small, entire,
pinnatum, 98
0. a not 5-lobed ().
p. Basal lobe with 1 lateral, subcentral tubercle, not emarginate,
ampullaceum, 100
p. Basal lobe without lateral tubercle, slightly emarginate, affine, 100
p. ef et z ee not emarginate; diam, 22-25,
aidelta, 99
p. . not emarginate; diam, 60-69)" 4 ventricosum, **
*Journ, R. Micr. Soc., Feb., 1886.
98 SPECIES OF DESMIDS,
r. Semi-cell subrectangular, basal lobe very broad, end lobe partly in-
cluded between the lateral B08 . . ervassum, 97
r. Semi-cell more or less pyramidal (s).
s. Diameter z4, in. or more (50-554). . . . . &verettense, to2
5. Diameter less then 4, in.; apical angles acute,
Porkornyanum, 1043 erosum, 104
s. Diameter less than 34, in.; apical angles rounded . elegans, 106
¢, End lobe ona long slender neck; basal lobe with 6 protuberances,
mammillosum, 102
A ae. ee . “basal lobe without protuberances,
insigne, 102
t, End lobe not on a long neck (vw).
z, Basal lobe much wider than end lobe (z).
a, x scarcely wider; diameter less than z4, in. (424)
simplex, 106
v. Basal sinus narrow, basal lobes approximate (t)
v. ye wide, basal lobes widely separated . cutermedium, 102
+ Diameter x4, in., (100/4) ; ‘ magnificum, **
t a less than y4, in.; no pits on the surface,
ansatum, 99; purum. **
t. ge « «4 pits on semi-cell . scrobiculatum, **
w,. End lobe beaded: anglesof basallobes beaded. ventricosum, 160
w a dentate; angles of basal lobes dentate . simplex, 106
Ww. ae smooth, its angles spinous orcuspidate. rostratum, 106
x. Angles of end lobe and margins of basal each with 3 diverging spines,
cuspidatum, 105
e 8 a with short spines, margins of basal dentate or
granulate Ay o's s abruptum 107
x, Angles of endlobe with one cuspor spine. . . vrostratum 106
y. Basal and central lobules both slightly emarginate, odlongum, 98
y. Basal lobes slightly emarginate, central obtuse, multilobatum, 98
z. End lobe columnar, margins nearly parallel, end truncate,
attenuatum, 103
s, End lobe not columnar, partly included between the lateral lobes,
oblongum, 98
z, es . not included (aa).
aa, Cell 2~3 times longer than broad; diameter 44, in. (75,4),
Aumerosum, 99
aa, Cell about twice longer than broad, diameter ;y4, in. (14),
Lundellit.
aa, s ee “ Hee diameter 34, in. (75),
pectinatum,**
** FW, Alge, p. 36 et. seq.
SPECIES OF DESMIDS, 99
aa, Cell % or less longer than broad (42).
66. Semi-cells urn-shaped; diameter zt, in. (Sou) . urnaforme, 100
bb, es more or less quadrate; basal lobes horizontal, emargin-
ate; protuberances minutely granulate. . . gemmatum, 101
4b. Semi-cells more or less pyramidal, basal lobes emarginate,
insulare, 104
cc. Angles of end lobe acute. . . ; . elegans, 106
ce. 3 rounded or ebinse (dd).
dd, Diameter 71, to -ty in (32-384)... . oo... tnerme, 104
ad. i zero in. (14h); length 5h, (281), . erassicolle, 105
ad. Hf sigs tO qylgg in. (20-224); length 54, (28),
compactuim, 107
ce. Angles of end lobe acute (ff).
ee. “ as obtuse or rounded (gg).
ff. End notch broad, gaping, the apices upright . . . dinale, 104
ff. s narrow, Close, the apices horizontal . . simplex, 106
gg. End broadly rounded, continuous with the sides; diameter >,
(144), . . . . obtusum, 107
gg. +s “ “ “ . semi-cells wedge-
shaped; diam. 24-28 4 oe . . cuneatum,**
gg. End elevated above the sides, a sil peaicaitun near the apex on
each side F re compactum, 107
gg. End elevated, no tem Srojections : o 3 pingie, 105
22. MICRASTERIAS, FIG, 22, FIVE FORMS.
§ Cell more or less circular (1).
§ Cell oblong (2).
1. End lobe narrow, lengthened into divergent arms (a).
I. ss S not lengthened into arms, semi-cells 5-lobed (4).
1. End lobe broad, not lengthened into arms (c).
2, Semi-cell 5-lobed, lobes horizontal; end lobe with 4 arms (¢).
2 a ut ue a end lobe with 2 arms (z).
2 “ “ lobes not horizontal, approximate; no arms (aa)..
2. Semi-cell 3-lobed, lobes horizontal; end lobe with 4 arms (¢).
a ts 3G as et end lobe without arms (/).
a. Semi-cell 5-lobed (4).
a. . 3-lobed, lobes radiate (/).
4, End lobe not or slightly exserted (¢).
b. 3 conspicuously exserted (7),
100 SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
¢. Semi-cells 5-lobed (7).
c. Semi-cells 3 or obscurely 5-lobed; lateral sinus shallow, obtuse;
lateral angles mucronate . . . . . . . decemdentata, 113
@. Basal lobes with 3 linear processes on each side . muricata, 118
a. i without linear processes, but (e).
e. Forked once only, margins finely serrate, Mahabuleshwarensis, 112
é. s ~ “margins and surface spinous . . Spinosa.**
é. . i “margins smooth. . . Lordstedtiana, 113
e. Forked twice (lobules forked); cytioderm spinous . . sfinosa.*
é. ot cytioderm smooth; margins serrate, Hermanniana, 112
é. us “ “ margins not serrate, Americana, 112
yj. End lobe nearly as wide as the basal, apices deeply notched (a
Fe “ $e es tf ne apices not deeply notched (/).
J. End lobe much narrower than the basal, end convex, oscitans, 116
ra a ee ri ss “end deeply emarginate,
: foliacea, 118
ds s nf - a S “end slightly concave,
Rabenhorstii.**
g. Basal lobes furcate (with lobules), (2).
g “ not furcate (/).
A. End lobe convex, without prominences . . ; laticeps, 115
fh. oe truncate, with 2 small prominences . . . recta, \12
h. e retuse, basal lobe furcate . . . ; Bailey, 118
z. a with 2 slender, transverse, bidentate projections,
guadrata, 117
End lobe without projections, convex; sinuses broadly rounded,
Kitchellii, 116
s.
Z. without projections, concave; neck short; sinuses acut-
ish . . . . . .)) Rabenhorstii, 118
de ee ee as “ neck long; basal lobes
curvedupwards. . . ..... .. 0...) simplex.*
J. Basal lobes horizontal, not curved. . . « pinnatifida, 116
J: sy curved upward, narrow,
expansa, 117; arcuata, 117; simplex.*
&. Basal and lateral lobes deeply furcate (with lobules), fwrcata, 111
A. “ en “shallowly furcate, surface smooth, (4)
Rh. i ee « «surface spinous; diam.,
175-200M ., . . . apiculata,**
h. ee as not furcate . . . pseudofurcata, 111
* Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec. 1855.
“* Fw, Algee, p. 36 ef sey.
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. IOI
¥ Lateral and basal lobes separated by adeep acute notch,
Crux-Milttensis, 111
{ Lateral and basal lobes separated by a shallow rounded notch,
speciosa.**
Z, Lobules deeply furcate; borders not serrate . . dichotoma, 111
Z. a not furcate, borders not serrate oe ringens, 112
di e borders serrate. . serrulata.**
m, End lobe remote from the lateral ().
m, End lobe not remote from the lateral (0).
n. End lobe triangular : : triangularts, 115
2. “ not triangular : . . hamata, 114
o. Lobes closely approximate, radiating (p).
0 es “ # not radiating, end lobe truncate,
truncata, 114
fp. End lobe triangular ey . . triangularis, 115
p if cuneate, end concave ; . 2... Conferta, 114
Dp. ee very broad, end truncate or convex. . crenata, 113
vr. Cytioderm papillose . . bila) te. . apiculata, 110
r ‘a not papillose (s).
s. Basal lobes with 4 subdivisions, lateral with 8; apices of end lobe
PUPCALE 2 4 - dijk ec cho dy eh S rotata, fimbriata, 109
$. ss e « 2 apices of end lobe
not furcate caer ; . cornuta,
s. Basal lobes with 2 sababieong. fatevall aie 4 (u).
s. Basal and lateral lobes with the same number of subdivision (2).
¢. End lobe with 1 row of pearly granules . . . . Minnesotensis.t
t a without pearly granules (y ).
uz. End lobe exserted onalong neck ... . brachyptera, 110
ut. es exserted without long neck, its apices furcate, sémplex, 110
v. Margins spinous . . . in Ugh. ate Say hs . brachyplera, 110
v. “f not spinous : . . . . btspinata.t
y. Sinuses deep, inwardly widened and rounded: subdivisions of
semi-cell 20-40; surface smooth . . . . . radiosa, 109
y. Sinuses deep, inwardly rounded, surface with rounded elevations,
mamillata.**
s. Lateral lobe deeply furcate, basal part Peat eee ees
horizontal; ends bifid . . . . . . . alata*
aa. A row of centrally larger basal inidstinns: across each semi-cell,
verrucosa. et
aa, No basal inflations; minutely granulate Sennert, 115
*% Fw Algee, p. 38 ef seg.
t Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec. 1885.
102 SPECIES OF DESMIDS,
23. STAURASTRUM. FIG. 23. FOUR FORMS.
“| With numerous processes, their ends more or less divided (§ §)
{| Without processes, the angles infront view produced or not (§)
§ Cytioderm smooth or finely punctate (1).
§ Cytioderm verrucose or granulate (2).
§ Cytioderm hirsute, spinulose or thorny (3).
§§ End view 2-armed, body broadly ovate; arms serrate, apices
finely toothed . . . . Minneapoliense,*
§§ End view 3 or 4 angled (B).
§ End view 5 or 6-angled, apices of (6) rays rounded and spinulose,
Kissimmense.*
§ ss 5 angled, apices spinous (G).
§ End view 6-angled, apices of cylindrical processes slightly
notched, 4 processes within the margin; end view hexagonal,
Wolleanum.*
§§ nt a apices of (5-6) rays trifid, distended,
aistentum, 149
§§ End view 8-angled; rays a whorl of 8 below, 4 above,
tetroctocerum, 151
§§ End view circular, rays a whorl of 9 below, 6 above, artiscon, 148
§§ “A tt rays marginal, very short, usually 9, ends notched,
Lloiseanum, 149
1. Angles of semi-cell in front view. not produced; rounded and
smooth (a).
I. ee a mn « mucronate, spi-
ous or notched (c).
Angles of semi-cell in front view produced more or less (2).
Angles of semi-cell in front view more or less produced (7).
i ‘: o a not produced (gg).
Angles of semi-cell in front view more or less produced (0).
Hs ee a tf a not produced (yy).
Semi-cell oval or elliptical, ends not inflated (4).
ae 6 ends inflated; diam. , jy in. (25),
bacillare.*
Semi cell semi-circular, smooth, sinus narrow, linear, orbiculare, 120
Semi-cell almost circular, sides finely dentate. Cosmarioides,*
fe i x sides smooth . . . . . wesiculatum,*
Semi-cell triangular, sides concave . . . . . . &rthedrale, 123
Semi-cell cuneate; cell slightly longer than wide,
pseudopachyrhynchum, 125
§
§
§
SS Gg 8 Bis
RARAA
*F.-w Alge, p. 41 ef seg.
'
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 103
{ Diameter 60-112 (zt; to zh, in.) (2).
q a 324 (hy in.); granulate-crenate . . F Luteolum.*
q is 13-16! (aby to zeyy in),
muticum, minor, 119; Bieneanum, 124
4. Sides slightly constricted near the angles, especially in end-view,
a tumidum, 120
6. Sides not constructed; diameter 54, to gh, in. (75-834),
grande, 120
a e diameter z1, in. (604). inerme 122
c. Angles mucronate (2).
c, Angles aculeate, spinous, awned or notched (e).
a.
. Mucros double on basal angles, none on the end in front view;
semi-cells truncated triangles . . . . . paniculosum, 124
@, Mucros single on all angles, horizontal; diameter less than ;4, in.
(Som); semi-cells not quadrangular . . . brevispina, 121
@. Mucros single on all angles, horizontal; semi-cells quadrangular,
guadrangulare, 145
a, Mucros single on all angles, diameter larger than 34, (50),
magnum, 120
d. Mucros single, oblique downward and inward; diameter 4,
(100) or more. . . . Mazgusculum, 12%
@d. Mucros single, oblique downward “and ‘outward; diameter 34,
(45) orless . . ok Cg a ke Oe a LCR: TOS
e. Aculei or awns 1 on each wile (/).
é . 2 on each angle (g).
é “6 3 on each angle (zz).
e e 40r more on each angle (ww).
J. Semi-cells elliptical, often angular, approximate; ends straight,
concave or convex; awns horizontal, diverging, converging or
upwardly oblique; diameter 74, to gag in. (25-384),
dejectum, 121
ee diameter zt, to qh, (55-60), cornutum.*
. Semi-cells elliptical, separated by along, narrow isthmus,
cuspidatum, 123
e triangular-fusiform; awns long; diameter z4, to zh,
(50-574) . . . . megacanthum, 121
Semi-cells triangular; sinus with: a saiall caine on each side,
Leussit 122
i “sinus without aspine . . aristifcrum, 122
. Semi-cell quadrangular, margins toothed or spinous,
guadrangulare, 145
ae i i.
*F —w. Algze, pe 41.
104 SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
& % Rg
gt: Gy. Se Se,
WM,
M1,
=
aS
»nrxrsrss
. Angles in end viewtrifid . . . eG a 3 trifidum, 123
i . “« simple or bifid toe
Arms trifid or bifid; end view 3-4 radiate; arms smooth,
brachiatum, 124
e s mS end view 3-radiate; arms aculeate, rough,
aspinosum, 143
o ae iz end view 5-6 radiate aistentum, 149
es ee es end view 7-g radiate . . . . Rotula, 135
Arms truncate, oblique, geniculate, short; end view 4-radiate,
iNCOnSPICUUM, 125
. Arms acute or aculeate, curved; end view 3-radiate sudeticum,*
, Ends separated by a more or less elongated isthmus (/).
. Ends approximate (2).
End view fusiform, with a central obtuse inflation, /eptocladum, 136
Ke oval, a long arm on each side,
grallatorium, 136; ungulatum, 136
End view triangular or 3-radiate (2).
. quadrangular or 4-radiate (pf).
««g-radiate (z).
ot 6-radiate (a’).
7-8 radiate ; . . . Ophiura, 134
Isthmus basally inflated; cuepiiate or spinous (2).
a not basally inflated: cuspidate not spinous (7).
Isthmus basally inflated . . . : . elongatum, 130
a with a 1-4 ae peobcalnee on each side; arms
short . . . . 2 ws 2 © fasciculoides, 130
ms with 1 Hetehed spine on each side . . Spinosum, 139
Diameter 54, in. (50) or less (7).
S civ in. (60) or wider (0).
. End straightish, sides tapering into short, mostly obtuse processes,
tricorne, 126
. End broadly convex; processes curved . . . . cyrtocerum, 128
os a processes straight, slender . gracile, 133
In end view the angles produced in long arms,
vestitum, 1383; pseudosebaldt, 139
In end view the angles not produced in long arms, Sebaldi, 138
Isthmus basally inflated or cuspidate (r).
Isthmus not basally inflated nor cuspidate (s).
Isthmus basally inflated, corrugated and denticulate, zetragonum, 130
= witha short spine on each side . . otontatum, 134
*Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec., ‘85.
at,
feos
SPECIES OF DESMIDs. 105
. Diameter 1, in. (31) or smaller (¢).
fe ahy in. (60) or longer (x).
End straight, sides tapering into short, mostly obtuse processes,
tricorne, 126
End convex; processes short, stout . . . . ervenulatum, 126
End concave; processes short, upwardly diverging,
pusilinm, 130; Donnellit; 132
‘Processes short, robust, incurved; end of semi-cell truncate,
cerastes, 133
se long, narrow, incurved; end of semi-cell convex,
ankyroides, 137
. Processes long, horizontal . : . . *. tetracerum, 134
. Processes curved, apices bifid . . pentacladum, 129
rs “ apices entire . Ee ee incisum, 132
. Processes horizontally radiating; ends of cell with bifid papille,
pentacerum, 134
. Processes horizontally radiating; ends without papillz,
crenulatum, 126
. Processes upwardly diverging, the apices bifid . franconium, 131
Diameter ;3; in. (40/4) or smaller («).
us shy in. (70H) or larger (7).
. Isthmus centrally ribbed; rays curved downward . comiptum, 129
not ribbed; in end view rays basally separated by an
acute incision . . . ‘ incisum, 132
. Isthmus not ribbed; in end view rays separated by a rounded
sinus 3 : S. fy 2 . crenulatum, 126
. End with prominent papille; diameter ;4, to =4, in. (140-150),
\ Ophiura, 134
. End with prominent papillae; diameter yz to zh, in. (75-854),
coronulatum, 135
. End without prominent papillae; ray margins serrate,
macrocerum, 134
a ss : ray margins granulate-crenate,
hexacerum, 137
. End view oval, ends produced in along, thin arm, wngulatum, 136
Me fusiform : ‘ fusiforme, 137
End view triangular or 3-radiate (aa).
a 4-radiate or angular (ee).
« 5-radiate (f)
106 SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
aa. Apices of rays obtuse; diameter z4, to gh, in. (40-50),
arachne, 129
aa. " . * diameter zs45 to zggg in. (15-2044),
totanum, 137
aa, Apices of rays not obtuse (46).
6, End of cell in front view papillose or verrucose (cc).
bb. Mt af te “not papillose nor verrucose (a2).
ec. Diameter 71, in. (36) or smaller, arcuatum, 130; subarcuatum, 140
te. es shy to gh, in. (60-80); arms diverging, anatinum, 139
ad, End view, sides straight, angles 3-4 spinous,, polymorphum, 126
ad, n sides concave; arms long, straight, in front view di-
verging . . . . . paradoxum, 129
ad, End view, sides concave; arms short, Haawetionse, 131; manum, 138
ada. ss sides convex; arms short, tumid at base, eleanum, 133
ee. Apices of arms inconspicuosly bifid or trifid,
HHaabeliense, 131; paradoxum, 129
ee. Apices of arms prominently and deeply trifid . . . Osceolense.*
#. Apices of arms obtuse; the arms mere lobes, very short,
silatatum, 128
ff. i “arms long, narrow. . . . arachne, 129
ff. Apices of arms bifid; front view end with a crown of papillee,
Floridense, 135
f. Apices of arms bifid; front view end without papille,
pentacladum, 136
gg. End view 4, 5, 6, or 7-angular or radiate (2/).
gg. End view triangular (77).
4h, Cytioderm rough with pearly granules; rays 4-7, short, obtuse,
margaritaceum, 125
th. . granulate; end view 4-6 angled, sides straight,
Meriani, 132
hh, . ms end view 4 angled, angles with 2 spines,
Nove Cesare@, 145
ih. e i end view 4-5 angled, sides concave, angles
without spines . . ..-. . . . . . . Gilatatum, 128
wz. Angles in front view notched or otherwise divided (77).
z, Angles entire (24).
*Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, Dec. 1885.
SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 107
Jj7. Surface granules emarginate or divided; semi-cells broadly elliptical,
asperum, 127
De not emarginate; semi-cells elliptic, ¢ruscata, 128
DD ss not emarginate; semi-cells subsemiorbicular,
angles truncate . . . ‘ .. muricatum, 127
J. Surface scabrous, semi-cells elliptic : Lo... Scabrum, 130
Jj. Surface tuberculate; sides at base convex, spinous; a central,
spherical, spinous projection conspicuous . . . dudlosum.*
Jj. Sarface tuberculate; sides at base concave; no central protuber-
ance . . 2 2. tuberculatum,*
I. “ # & not concave, psexdocrenatum.**
kk, End view sides concave (//).
RR, e sides nearly straight, very slightly convex (zz).
RR. . sides convex; semi-cells subsemiorbicular,
muricatum, 127
4. Semi-cells twisted; 2-3 times longer than wide, elliptic or oblong,
alternans, 128
Z@. Semi-cells not twisted (7).
mm, Front view ends concave; end view angles rounded,
striolatum, 126—
mm, - end view anglesacute, Pringlet, 132
mm. Front view ends convex; end view angles crenate, sides smooth,
crenatum, 126
mm, is = end view angles not crenate, somewhat
truncate . +. % . adilatatum, 128
mm, ee ie and view ariples granulate, rounded,
erasum,**
nn, Diameter zjy5 in. (254) or less . prgmeum, 128
nn, sf greater than 5,4, in. (25/4); eed broadly truncate,
sides slightly convex or nearly straight, converging,
botrophilum, 131
an, Diameter greater than 774, in. (25); end rounded, sides convex;
semi-cell elliptic Ae rugulosum, 127; punctulatum, 127
oo, End view 3-radiate or angular, sides nearly straight (ff).
00. i a . sides concave (77).
oo, End view 4-radiate or angular (xx).
pp. Cells spinulose on the whole surface aculeatum, 140
Dp. s on the margins only setigerum, 141
*Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Feb. 1886.
**F —w. Algoe, p. 42 ef seg.
108 SPECIES OF DESMIDS.
rr, Cells spinulose, a short, irregular process on each side,
controversum, 143
rr. Cells spinulose on the margins of the long, colorless, diverging
arms ... Loe ee ee ee. aSpinosum, 143
ss End view triangular or 3-radiate (zz).
5S, 2 4 or 5-angular or radiate (#2).
ss, End view circular, with usually 9 short, marginal, notched pro-
cesses... ww ww | Kbotseanum, 149
tt. End view margins smooth; spines short; semi-cells in front view
twice as wide aslong . . . . avicula, 123
7. End view margins smooth; Sates cee semi- pelts in front view 3
or 4 times as wide as one F : . . Ccommutatum, 124
tt. End view margins smooth; spines on the angles only, very long,
longispinum, 145,
tt. 4 spines on the sic and surface as well as on
the angles . . . ee Minnesotense.**
tt, End view margins vereneeee the verruce emarginate or not,
forficulatum, 144.
tt, i “denate, angles usually 3. monticulosum, 144
uu. End view margins smooth, concave; angles notched,
guadrangulare, 145,
uu. a ‘““ crenate; spines long, divergent,
Nove Cesare, 145;
ul. : ‘« spinous; angles produced, furcate,
Sorficulatnm, 144.
vu. End view triangular; aculei short, Wystrix, 142; tridentiferum, 142
vv. fs as spines long, colorless,
tricornutum, 145; triguetrum,**
vv. End view 4-angled, angles aoe rounded, spines scattered;
sides concave . ee .) Ebystrix, 142
vv. End view 5-angled, sides concave io alle 'g Brasiliense, 146
wx, Angles with numerous sete as long as the lobes; cells in front
view cruciform. . . . eriuciatum, 142
ww, Angles with 4 teeth, 2 pfojectiag upward, 2 downward,
cerberus, 142
Wwe. ot 2 spines; margins concave, spinous
guaternium, 144
xx, Sides unequally produced, spinulose or spinous, controversum, 143
xx, Sides equally produced, spineless; angles spinous aculeatum, 140
**F —w Alge, p. 41 ef seg.
SPECIES OF DESMIDS, 10g
yy. Diameter gt, in. (38) or less (22).
JY.
2B,
t
S&S 8S
MS
&S Bae dBwe AA
& &
>)
C.
C.
D.
Dz
D.
£.
Diameter greater than (38,4) gt, inch (4).
Cytioderm aculeated, aculei larger and denser at the angles,
teliferum, 140
Cytioderm aculeated except at the centre, echznatum, 141; pecten, 141
“ spinous; margins dentate . convexum,*
ee es margins crenate ‘ Ravenellit, 143
Cytioderm aculeated, aculei geminate oar Soctatum, 142
ee s aculei not geminate, densest at the angles,
Brebissonuit, 141
es i aculei evenly covering the surface,
Saxonicum, 141; hirsutum, 141
Cytioderm spinous, spines not notched ' echinatum, 14%
# as spines or short processes notched,
Spongiosum, 148
End view 3-angled; processes within the margin, 6 in number (C).
“ce “cc “ e “cc eae 3 in number (D).
ch et ye processes both on and within the margins (/).
“ “ processes at the angles only (£).
End view 3-angled, angles broadly truncate, each with 3 promi-
nences ‘ xiphidiophorum **
" a a ut 7 nS each with 2 promi-
nences ; simplex,**
End view 4- ted: body quadrangular, ends of arms trifid,
Osceolense.**
End view 3 or 4-lobed, Coane or bifid; cell very irregular or
quadrate . . . . enorme, 151
Front view lateral margins crenate; basal fnaeting crenate,
custephanum, 147
s lateral margins smooth . . . pseudofurcigerum, 147
tt lateral margins with 3-6 sharp teeth; basal margin
smooth . ae . cuneatum, 148
Cytioderm granular . furcigerum, 146
Cytioderm smooth; end view angles produced into 2 processes, a
third above and between them . Pottsit, 151
Cytioderm smooth or finely punctate; end view angles notched,
Kitchellit, 150
Processes 9, nearly as long as semi-cell diameter, ends furcate,
Tohopekaligense.**
*Jour. R. Micr. Soc., Feb., 1886.
**R_ OW. Algz, p. 41 e¢ seg.
SPECIES OF DESMIDS,
Processes shorter than semi-cell diameter, ends furcate,
furcatum, 150
Processes 6, short, notched; semi-cell rectangular, twice wider
thanlong .. . we 5 . . auplex, 149
End view central pacioune processes 6; marginal, including
angles, 9, . . . Senariam, 147
ae central snd qateinel spines short numerous, notched,
spongiosum, 148
Semi-cells saucer-shaped, margin with 5 divergent spines,
calyxotdes .*
*F —w. Alge, p. 46.
GLOSSARY.
Aculeate; having one or more sharp points or prickles.
Acuminate: ending in a sharp point.
Antheridium, plural Anthertdia: certain reproductive organs supposed
to have the function of the anthers of higher plants.
Annulate: ringed, marked with rings.
Articulate: jointed, formed of joints.
&i.: in compound woods, meaning two or twice.
Bidentate: with two teeth or tooth-like projections.
Bifurcate: forked, separating into two branches or parts.
Bullate: blistered or puckered.
Cenobium: a community of individual cells united in one body or
cluster.
Connate: united at base, as two opposite branches around the stem.
Costa, plural Coste: a rib.
Costate: ribbed.
Crenate: scolloped.
Crenulate: with small scollops.
Crescentic: crescent-shaped, like the new moon.
Cruciform: cross-shaped.
Cuneate: wedge-shaped.
Cuspidate: with ashort, stiff, sharp point.
Cytioderm: the membrane of the cell.
Decussate: in pairs alternately crossing.
Dentate: toothed.
Dichotomous: with the divisions in pairs; two forked.
Diecious: having the male and female flowers on separate plants.
Dissepiment: a partition or division.
Dorsum: the back, here the back or curved portion of Closterium.
L12 GLOSSARY,
Filiform: thread shaped, or thread-like.
Flexuose: bending in opposite directions.
fusiform: spindle shaped, large in the middle and tapering to both
ends.
Geminate: twin, in pairs.
Geniculate: bent like a knee.
Gonidia: propagative bodies, not produced by any act of fertilization.
Granulate: with small or fine granules.
Hirsute: hairy.
FAfyaline: transparent as glass.
Impacted: matted, the whorls indistinct.
Lamellate, lamellose: formed of superposed layers or plates.
Lunate: crescent-shaped.
Mikron (ps): the xzhoq of an inch.
Monecious: having the male and female organs separate but on the
same plant.
Moniliform: \ike a string of beads, or necklace-like.
Mucronate: tipped witha short, stiff point.
Nucleus, plural Muclei: in this case, one or more collections of chloro-
phyll in the cell.
Obovate: egg-shaped, but with the broader end upward.
Odgonium, plural Odgonia: the sac bearing the odspores.
Oéspore: spores formed in the ovarian sac or oégonium,
Orbicular: circular, or nearly so, in outline.
Pellucid: transparent.
Piliferous: bearing short hairs.
Plicate: folded.
Polymorphus: having several or many forms.
Pubescent: bearing fine, soft hairs.
Punctate: dotted with minute elevations or depressions.
Pyriform: pear-shaped.
Ramulus, plural Ramuli: a small or secondary branch.
Reniform: kiduey-shaped. :
GLOSSARY, 113
Saccate: sac-like, baggy.
Scabrous: rough,
Septate: with a partition.
Serrate: with saw-teeth, or teeth pointing forward.
Setiform: bristle-like.
Setigerous; bearing bristles or setz.
Sigmotd: s-shaped.
Sinus: the depression between two parts of a cell.
Spermatozoa: active, thread-like bodies in certain cells.
Spermogonia; cells which give rise to the spermatozoa.
Spinulose: bearing short spines or prickles.
Stipe: the stem or stalk.
Stpitate: with a short stem or stalk.
Stratum: a layer, anything spread out in a layer.
Sub.: in compound words, meaning less than.
Subulate: awl-shaped.
Thallus: a mass of cells, consisting of one or more layers, often a
flat expansion,
Tortuous: irregularly curvéd, winding, twisted.
Truncate: as if cut off square at the end.
Tnberculose: with small rounded projections or tubercles.
Umbellate: the branches or parts beginning at the same point, like
the ribs of an umbrella.
Ventrum: in this case, the concave region of Closterium.
Verruca, plural Verruee: rounded, wart-like elevations.
Whorl: 1na circle round the stem.
Zobspores: spores with active movements.
Anabeena
Anacystis
Aphanizomenon
Aphanocapsa
Aphanochete
Aphanothece
Apiocystis
Arthrodesmus
Asterothrix
Bambusina
Bangia
Batrachospermum
Beggiotoa
Botrycoccus
Botrydium
Botrydina
Bulbochete
Calocylindrus
Calothrix
Chztomorpha
Cheetophora
Chamesiphon
INDEX.
Page.
67
72
68
73
44
72
55
96
71
80
37
37
71
54
49.
54
4r
86
62
47
44
68
Chantransia
Characium .
Chlamydococcus
Chlamydomonas
Chroococcus
Chroolepus
Chytridium
Cladophora
Clathrocystis
Closterium
Coelastrum
Ceelospherium
Coleochete
Campsopogon
Conferva
Cosmarium
Craterospermum
Crenothrix
Cylindrocapsa
Cylindrospermum
D.
Desmidium
Dictyospherium
Dimorphococcus
Docidium
Draparnaldia
116
E.
Enteromorpha
Eremosphera
Euastrum
Eudorina
Euglena
Genicularia
Gloeeocapsa
Gleeocystis
Gleeothece
Gleotrichia
Gomphospheria
Gonatonema
Gonatozygon
Gongrosira
Gonium
H.
Hapalosiphon
Hildebrantia
Hyalotheca
Hydrodictyon
Hydrurus
Introduction
Isactis
L.
Lemanea
Leptothrix
Leptozosma
Lyngbya
M.
Mastigonema
Merismopedia
Mesocarpus
Mesoteenium
INDEX.
Page.
Micrasterias
43 | Microcystis
55 Microcoleus
96 Microthamnion
49 Mischococcus
50 | Mougeotia
N.
80 | Nephrocytium
73 Nodularia
54 Nostoc
Je O.
. Cdogonium
72. ce
Gut Olpidium
80 Onychonema
Ophiocytium
44 ‘ .
50 Oscillaria
P.
66 Palmella
38 Palmodactylon
80 Pandorina
Pediastrum
51 '
Penium
53 Petalonema
Phymatodocis
11 Pithophora
63 Plagiospermum
Pleurocarpus
Plectonema
37 | Porphrydium
71 | Polycystis
81 | Polyedrium
68 | Prasiola
Protococcus
63 R.
72 | Raphidium
62 | Rhizoclonium
81 Rivularia
Page.
99
72
69
44
55
61
54
68
66
38
55
81
52
70
54
53
49
50
82
65
81
45
62
62
65
54
72
53
43
53
55
47
63
Scenedesmus
Schizogonium
Schizochlamys
Schizomeris
Sciadium
Scytonema
Sirogonium
Sirosiphon
Sorastrum
Spheroplea
Sphzrozosma
Spherozyga
Spirogyra
Spirotenia
Spirillum
Spirulina
Staurastrum
Staurogenia
Staurospermum
Stephanosphera
Stigeoclonium
Symphyosiphon
Symploca
Synechoccocus
INDEX.
Page.
51 | Tetmemorus
47 | Tetraspora
54 Thorea
45 | Tolypothrix
52 | Triploceras
64 | Tuomeya
61
65
51 | Ulothrix
42 | Urococcus
81
68
56, 58 Vaucheria
82 | Volvox
72
72
too | Santhidium
51
62
50 Zygnema
98 Zygogonium
64
69
72
117
Page.
48,
94
54
37
65
86
37
45
55
49
49
95
61
61
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