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THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
THE GARDEN, CONSERVATORY, AND STOVE.
DESCRIBING AND GIVING EXPLICIT CULTURAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE BEST
AND MOST STRIKING FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS IN CULTIVATION.
ILLUSTRATED WITH
COLOURED PLATES AND NUMEROUS WOOD ENGRAVINGS,
SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR THIS WORK.
BY
GEORGE. SCHNEIDER,
Membre Correspondant de la Société Nationale ad Horticulture de France (Parts); Membre Correspondant de la
Société @’ Horticulture de St. Germain-en-Laye (France), Membre Correspondant de la Société a’ Horticulture
du Nord de la France; Membre Correspondant de la Société d Horticulture de Valenciennes ;
Membre de la Société @ Horticulture de Seine-et-Otse (Versailles); Membre de la
Soctété Royale d’ Agriculture et de Botaniqgue de Gand (Belgique).
VOLUME Ill.
FROM OCHROPTERIS TO WOODWARDIA,
AND SELAGINELLA.
LONDON; LL. UPCOTT GILL, Tyo, STRAND, W.C.
1894.
1
LONDON:
A, BRADLEY, LONDON AND COUNTY PRINTING WORKS,
DRURY LANE, W.C.
Porro: VOls, Wi:
— Gr] Y the publication of the Third Volume “ Tur Boox or Cuoice
Frrys” is now completed, and it is hoped that, on account
of the scientific yet practical lines upon which it has
been written throughout, it will, as a whole, be duly appre-
ciated by scientists as well as by amateur and _ professional
gardeners. It will be noticed that the same care and attention which were
conspicuous in its early stage have been bestowed upon it to its last pages,
the Publisher having spared no expense to make it a work worthy of his
production, while no pains have been spared by the Author to render it what
may legitimately be considered a truthful Book of Reference and a work of
popular interest.
All known species and varieties possessed of any decorative value have, at
the hands of the Author, received special attention and have been described
in full. Plants of more or less botanical interest, but useless from the
decorator’s point of view, though not fully described, have, nevertheless,
been included in the ‘enumeration, with remarks as to their habitats and
dimensions, and references to previous works in which complete technical
descriptions may be found. In so doing, the Author has been impelled by
the desire of overcoming the great difficulty of ‘drawing the line” at any
species or variety being by him considered a “Choice Fern.”
To make researches both easy and useful, an exhaustive Index to the
whole work has, at the suggestion of many Subscribers, been appended to
this volume; and it is hoped by the Author, that, for practical purposes, he
vi PREFACE.
has succeeded in the task which he had set himself of simplifying the
nomenclature of known Ferns and Selaginellas. The correct names and the
synonyms being given simultaneously and alphabetically, the cultivator may
now ascertain without trouble whether the names he uses are right or wrong
according to scientific classification; and he may implicitly depend on the
cultural notes, which are the result of careful observations made during
a period of upwards of twenty years of personal experience and practice.
GEORGE SCHNEIDER.
17, Irtetp Roap,
West Brompton, 8.W.
1894,
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
I.—Ocnroprenris, J. Smith .
Il.—Otranpra, Cavanilles
II.—Onocrea, Mettenius
IV.—Onycuium, Kaulfuss
V.—Opuioetossum, Linneus
VI.—Osmunna, Linneus
Vil.—Petiaa, Link
VITL—Pratycertum, Desvaur .
IX.—Pratyzoma, Brown
X.—Porypopium, Linneus
X1.—Prmnris, Linneus
XII.—Saprerta, Kaulfuss
XII.—Scuizma, Smith
XIV.—Scotorenprium, Smith
XV.—Sprazropteris, Wallich
XVI.—Tanitis, Swartz
X VII.—Tuyrsorreris, Kunze
XVILI.—Topea, Willdenow .
NXIX.—Tricnomanes, Smith
XX.—Trocuopteris, Gardner
XXJ.—Virraria, Smith
XXII.—Woopnsia, Rk. Brown
XXIU1.—Woopwarpia, Smath
XXIV.—SeEtacinetia, Spring
Inprex
253
306
308
314
341
343
346
348
307
386
387
391
400
407
433
THE
BOOK OF GHOIC
VOL. III.
L\J
ay
ERNS
CHAPTER. J,
OCMROPTERIS, J. Smith.
(O-chrop’-ter-is. )
N,N Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum” Ochropteris forms
Genus 22, and occupies a position intermediate between
Adiantum and Lonchitis in the tribe Pteridew. The name is
derived from ochros, pale, and pteris, a Fern, in reference to
the colour of the plant. This genus is monotypic, that is
to say, it comprises but one species: this is a beautiful and very rare
Fern, having the general habit and texture of an ample-fronded and much-
divided Davallia; its distinguishing character is seen in the disposition of
the spore masses, and in the nature of their covering, formed of the margin
of the frond and partaking of its texture. The plant requires an abundance
of heat and moisture all the year round, and a compost of three parts
peat, two parts sand, and one part loam. Like the majority of Ferns from
the same habitat, it is averse to strong light. We are not aware that this
interesting plant has ever been raised from spores either in this or in
any other country in Europe.
VOL, MI, B
2 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
O. pallens—pal’-lens (pale), J. Smith.
This handsome, stove Fern, native of Mauritius, is of medium dimensions
only. Its elegantly-cut fronds, borne on naked stalks 2ft. long and of a
peculiar pale straw-colour, are about 2ft. long, 1ft. broad, and quadripinnatifid
(four times divided nearly to the midrib). The lower pinnules (leafits), 3in.
to 4in. long and 2in. broad, have their segments cut down to the rachis (stalk
of the leafy portion) below, with oblong, toothed lower lobes, the whole being
of a leathery texture. The sori (spore masses), disposed at the extremity of
the lobes of the segments, are covered by an involucre of the same shape, and
formed of the reflexed margin of the frond, with which it coincides in texture.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 54, t. 778. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, ii., p. 466.
ODONTOLOMA—0d-on-tol-o’-ma. See Davallia.
CHAPTER IL.
OLEANDRA, Cavanilles.
(Ol-é-an’-dra. )
HE meaning of the name Oleandra is obscure; but it is said
to be derived from the Oleander (Neriwm Oleander), which
plant O. neriiformis is thought to resemble. In Hooker and
Oleandra forms Genus 46. It
is a small, though extremely interesting division of the very
Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum”
extensive tribe Aspidiew, and the species are almost restricted to the Tropics.
Botanically, they are closely related to Nephrodiuwm, from which they are
principally distinguished by the peculiar scandent (climbing) habit of their
wide-creeping rhizomes, by their jointed stalks, and by the entire (undivided)
character of their fronds, which are more or less spear-shaped. The round
and conspicuous sori (spore masses) are inserted in a row near the base, or
below the centre, of the compact, free veinlets, and are covered by a reniform
(kidney-shaped) involucre. Although Fée, in his “Genres de la Famille des
Polypodiacées,”’ enumerates no less than a dozen species, these have, by Hooker
and Baker, been reduced to half that number.
‘Culture.
Although not an extensive genus, Oleandra embraces some of the most
interesting trailing Ferns in cultivation. O. neriiformis, a plant much more
like an Oleander than a Fern, is, however, an exception; it grows somewhat
in the way of Gleichenia flabellata, but has thicker and more fleshy, erect
B 2
4 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
stems, which have, moreover, the peculiarity of branching out freely, and of
being provided with aérial roots—a character to be found in scarcely any
other cultivated Fern. All the other species make good specimens either
trained upon stems of dead Tree Ferns, which they readily ascend and quickly
cover, or grown on mounds of peat. None but very fibrous peat should,
however, be used; thick turfs of it should be placed one above another, and
tightly skewered together by means of wooden pegs so as to form a pyramid.
Another way of employing Oleandras is to use them for covering pillars
indoors; but as they take possession of any genial surface, fastening them-
selves to it by means of short, fibry roots, it is indispensable that these should
be provided with proper nourishment as the rhizomes extend. The best plan
is to fix round the pillar a wire cylinder of 2in. to 3in. mesh, which should be
filled up, as the rhizomes extend, with a mixture of two parts of fibrous
peat and one of sphagnum, rammed tolerably close. For hiding pillars, walls,
or unsightly upright supports, the Oleandras are quite as useful as the
better-known Davallias, and do not require any more special attention ;
although not perhaps quite such rapid growers, they possess the advantage
of retaining their foliage longer than is the case with most Davallias.
All the Oleandras known to cultivation require stove treatment and
abundance of water at the roots throughout their growing season, and they
are greatly benefited by occasional syringings overhead during the summer.
Although Oleandras may be propagated from spores, they are usually
increased by division of the rhizomes—an operation which may safely take
place any time between April and September.
Species and Principal Varieties.
O. articulata—ar-tic-ul-a’-ta (jointed), Cavanilles.
An evergreen species, native of Natal, the Mascarene Islands, the
Seychelles, and the Guinea Coast; it is specially adapted for growing on
small pyramids of peat. Its simple, entire (undivided) fronds are produced
about 2in. apart, from firm, more or less upright, wide-climbing rhizomes
(stems), from which they hang gracefully. They are borne on slender stalks
lin. to 2in. long, with the joint close to the base, and their leafy portion,
6in. to 12in. long, lin. to 2in. broad, and of a somewhat, leathery nature,
OLEANDRA. 5
has the midrib beneath slightly scaly. The sori (spore masses) in this species
form two irregular rows of orange-brown dots, often some distance from the
midrib. This is one of the smallest-habited plants of the genus, and looks
well covering the stem of a dead Tree Fern. Its foliage is of a pleasing shade
of light green, and the venation is exceedingly pretty.— Hooker, Species Filicum,
iv., p. 156. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 481.
O. a. Welwitschii—Wel-wit’-schi-i (Dr. Welwitsch’s), Baker.
A native of Angola, having weaker and wide-trailing rhizomes clothed
with rough scales like those of O. nodosa.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 303.
O. chinensis—chi-nen’-sis (Chinese). Synonymous with O. Cumingit.
O. Cumingii—Cum-ing’-i-i (Cuming’s), J. Smith.
This singular species, native of Assam, Luzon, Burmah, &c., is easily
distinguished from all others by its comparatively small rhizome (stem), which
seldom exceeds the dimensions of an ordinary quill pen, and invariably trails
horizontally. The peculiar conformation of the stalks on which the fronds
are borne is another equally striking character: they form, about 2in. from
the rhizome, a sort of joint, from which, when exhausted, the frond becomes
detached, leaving the short lower portion of the stalks adhering firmly
to the rhizomes, which are densely clothed with brownish and distinctly
overlapping scales. The fronds, 1ft. to 14ft. long, 1din. broad, and of a soft,
papery texture and dark green colour, are gradually narrowed towards both
ends, and their midrib on both sides is slightly hairy. The rather large, light
brown sori (spore masses) generally form a single and scarcely interrupted
line near, but not close to, the midrib, although in some instances they may
be found scattered irregularly a little distance from it. O. chinensis is
identical with this species—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 159.
O. C. longipes—long’-ip-és (having long feet or stalks), Hooker.
A native of Moulmein. The stalks of the fronds, which are of a length
about equal to the leafy portion, are articulated near the middle instead of
near the base. Fig. 1 is reduced from Col. Beddome’s “Ferns of British
India,” by the kind permission of the author.—/Zooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p. 303. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 130.
6 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
O. C. Sibbaldi—Sib-bald’-i (Sibbald’s), Greville.
A variety with thinner foliage, of a more hairy nature than in the
species, and with sori (spore masses) disposed in very irregular lines not so
near the midrib. This form, gathered in Tahiti by Sibbald and Bidwell,
probably occurs also in Tropical Australia, as there are specimens of it
amongst Leichhardt’s plants.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 303.
O. hirtella—hir-tel’-la (slightly hairy). A form of O. neriiformis.
O. Moritzii—Mor-itz’-i-i (Moritz’s), This is only a variety of O. musefolia.
O. muszefolia — mu-se-fol’-i-a
(Musa-leaved), Kunze.
A very pretty and distinct, stove
species, native of Ceylon and the
Malayan Islands. It is a plant of
dwarf, compact habit, and is best
adapted for growing on mounds of
peat. As in O. articulata and O.
Cumingii, the stalks, din. to lin.
long, are jointed near the base, but
the shoots are different in texture,
being of a more woody nature than
those of any other dwarf-growing
kind, wide-climbing, and clothed with
adpressed scales, curving upwards to
where they bear their fronds, singly
or in tufts of from two to five, and
then downwards. The fronds, of a
somewhat leathery texture, 6in. to
12in. long and lin. to lin. broad,
Fig. 1. Oleandra Cumingii longipes
( nat. size).
are gradually narrowed towards both
ends, and naked or slightly hairy on their midrib. The very prominent sori
(spore masses) are disposed in two irregular rows, one on each side of and
near the midrib. The whole plant is of a fine, dark green colour.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 302. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 481.
OLEANDRA. 7
O. m. Moritzii—Mor-itz’-i-i (Moritz’s), Kunze.
This variety differs from the species only through the rougher nature of
the scales covering the shoots, and through the disposition of its fronds, which
are more widely scattered.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 302.
O. neriiformis—ne-ri-if-or’-mis (Nerium or Oleander-like), Cavanilles.
This, the most striking
species of the genus, and
which, according to Lowe,
was introduced into the Royal
Gardens, Kew, in 1848, has a
wide range of habitat. It is
found in a wild state from
New Granada and Guiana to
Brazil and Peru, also in
Fiji, New Guinea, Samoa,
Aneiteum, Northern India,
the the
Malaccas, and on the Guinea
Coast.
haustive work on “ Ferns of
British India,” states that it
is found on the Anamallays,
and
Philippines,
Beddome, in his ex-
on the Western slopes of the
Neilgherries, in ravines in
Ouchterlony’s Valley, at an
elevation of 5000ft., &c. Its
mode of growth is peculiar, it
being distinct in this respect,
not only amongst Oleandras,
but also amongst the whole
family of Ferns.
S
UTP
Dine
sf
S
WW)
i
SS
SS {
ye
pe
i
= Hi
\
MA SS
<7
Cw %
gy |
ay i
EE
SS
PSS
a
Fig, 2. Oleandra neriiformis
(much reduced).
The rootstocks or shoots, which attain 4ft. in length and
branch freely, are of a hard, woody nature, and as thick as one’s little finger ;
they are jointed at irregular intervals and covered with brown, adpressed
scales, which, in the older portions, are black and shining. A peculiarity
8 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
of these shoots is that they are generally found intertwined like a cluster
of snakes: some are upright, while others lie more or less close to the
ground, and throw out long, wiry roots in greater quantities than those
of upright growth. The fronds are produced sometimes in opposite pairs,
sometimes in whorls of three or four, at or near the summit of the terminal
shoots, or sometimes from side branches, which are also very scaly (Fig. 2
is reduced from Col. Beddome’s “Ferns of British India,’ by the kind
permission of the author). They are of a bright yellowish-green and of
a somewhat leathery texture, 6in. to 18in. long, jin. to Idin. broad,
narrowed gradually towards both ends, slightly hairy on their under-surface,
and smooth on the margin. The stalks on which these fronds are borne
differ from those of nearly all other species, inasmuch as they seldom exceed
lin. in length, and are also jointed at their base, but the joint is generally
hidden by the scales of the shoot which surround it. The very abundant sori
(spore masses) are disposed in two rather irregular rows near the midrib.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 156; Filices Exotic, t. 58. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 481. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 264.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, vii., t. 16.
O. n. hirtella—hir-tel’-la (slightly hairy), Miguel.
This is probably the most distinct of the several varieties related to the
above species. It is a South American plant, with fronds of thinner texture
and of a more or less hairy nature, and with the sori (spore masses) often in
an irregular, wavy line, and not close to the midrib, as in O. articulata.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 302.
O. nodosa—no-do’-sa (knotty), Presi.
A beautiful, free-growing species, native of the West Indies and Guiana,
where it has been found covering the stems of dead trees. It is readily
distinguishable from all others by the trailing nature and satiny gloss of its
shoots, and by the disposition of its fructification, which is irregularly scattered.
The plant is of medium size, of a cheerful, bright green colour, and easily
cultivated, especially when planted on partly-decayed vegetable matter. The
venation of the fronds is particularly attractive and very conspicuous when
seen from below, as they are of a semi-transparent, though somewhat leathery
‘Yyomsjnyg ‘Asojoasesuog ayy Jo anuany jouuag
OLEANDRA. 9
texture ; they are Gin. to 12in. long, 1din. to 22in. broad, slightly wavy, and
pointed at their summit. The stalks, 2in. to 6in. long and often blackish,
are jointed not far from the base. The abundant and conspicuous sori (spore
masses) are scattered, but placed nearly
all in the inner half of the frond.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 157.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
i, p. 481. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, vii., t. 17.
O. Sibbaldi—Sib-bald’-i (Sibbald’s).
A variety of O. Cumingii.
O. Wallichii—Wal-lich’-i-i (Wal-
lich’s), Hooker.
According to Beddome, this tho-
roughly distinct and somewhat scarce
species is indigenous in Northern India,
from Simla and Kumaon in the West
to Bhotan in the East, also in Assam
and Khasya, where it is reported
at 7000ft. elevation. Although of the
same habit as the other species, it
differs in general aspect from all of
them. Its most distinctive character
Pill
resides in the margins of its fronds,
which are furnished with numerous
short hairs along all their length
(Fig. 3 is reduced from Col. Beddome’s
“Ferns of British India,” by the
. on Fig. 8, Oleandra Wallichit
kind permission of the author). These fe uiat ee
fronds, 6in. to 12in. long and jin. to
1din. broad, are abundantly produced from branched, horizontally-trailing shoots,
which are densely clothed with spreading scales of a rusty-brown colour.
They are usually of a dull green colour, disposed about 2in. apart, and
10 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
borne on short stalks jointed close to the base, so that their very short
articulation is concealed among the scales. The sori (spore masses) are disposed
in a continuous line or chain close to and parallel with the midrib.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 158. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 481.
Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 265.
O. Welwitschii— Wel-wit’-schi-i (Dr. Welwitsch’s). This is a variety
of O. articulata.
OLFERSIA—Ol-fer’-si-a. See Acrostichum.
CHAPTER IL
ONOCLEA, Mettenius.
(On-oc’-1é-a. )
Sensitive and Ostrich-feather Ferns.
)JHIS genus, which comprises only three species of Ferns
inhabiting cold and temperate regions, derives its name from
onos, a vessel, and kleio, to close, in allusion to the singularly
rolled-up character of the fructification. It is a small sub-
division of the tribe Dicksoniew, and forms, in Hooker and
Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum,” Genus 9. The distinctive characters of Onoclea
are so striking that the plants cannot possibly be mistaken. The principal of
these characters is the disposition of the sori (spore masses), which form
a fertile frond entirely differing from the barren ones in texture as well as in
general appearance. They are globose, situated on the veins of the changed
or contracted leaflets, with the revolute (turned-back) margin of which they
are quite concealed. Sometimes the sori are covered with a very thin, delicate,
half-cup-shaped involucre, originating from the under-side of the sorus; in
many instances, however, this covering is wanting. In one of the three
species, O. sensibilis, the stems are of an underground-creeping nature ; whereas
in the others the stem, or caudex, occupies an upright position. In all cases
the fronds are stipitate (borne on stipes or stalks), pinnate (once divided to
the midrib) or pinnatifid (divided half-way to the midrib), and their veins are
either free or intercross one another.
Onoclea and Struthiopteris have been united by Mettenius, the plants,
of a hardy nature, being natives of North America, Sikkim, Japan, and
12 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Eastern Europe. Though the genus has no British representative, yet the
most beautiful species, Onoclea (or, as it is usually called, Struthiopteris)
germanica, is stated by Correvon, in his “ Fougéres rustiques” (p. 65), to
belong to the flora of Eastern and Central Europe, being found in Germany,
Austria, Scandinavia, Finland, Denmark, and Russia, as well as in Asia
Minor, Siberia, and as far as Kamtschatka.
Culture.
These plants require an abundance of water at the roots all the year
round, and are best adapted for planting out in the hardy rockery or
Fernery, as pots scarcely afford them sufficient accommodation for the full
development of their rhizomes or stolons, which, in some instances, extend
a very long distance. In the case of Onoclea germanica of Hooker, with
which Onoclea Struthiopteris: of Hoffmann and Struthiopteris germanica of
Willdenow are identical, the plant is provided with stolons, which are said by
Sachs to originate from buds formed on the stalks near the base. These
organs run underground for several inches or a foot, then rise to the surface
and there thicken into a short, upright stem covered by overlapping stalk-
bases, and throw up from their summit a grand vase-like circle of foliage
composed of two distinct sorts of fronds—the barren ones, which are numerous
and produced early in the spring, and the fertile ones, which are few in
number and produced late in the summer. The fertile fronds are contracted,
much shorter than the others, and very rigid.
The soil which Onocleas prefer is a compost of three parts of good strong
loam and one of leaf-mould. Great care should be taken that at all times
of the year their roots should be kept in a damp state. Some magnificently
cultivated examples of these Ferns exist at the Botanic Gardens, Cambridge,
where Mr. R. I. Lynch has had the good idea of planting them close to the
edge of a pond, with the result that O. sensibilis rivals in size and majesty
the Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) itself.
Onocleas may be increased by means of spores, but their. propagation
is effected usually by division of their underground rhizomes, or of their
stolons, an operation which, as the plants are of a deciduous nature, is best
performed when they are at rest, from October to March.
ONOCLEA. 18
Species and Variety.
O. germanica—ger-ma’-nic-a (German), Hooker.
This beautiful species, usually found in gardens under the name of
Struthiopteris germanica, is the strongest-growing species known. Eaton, in
his splendid work, “Ferns of North America,” says: “The Ostrich Fern
is one of our finest Ferns, being surpassed in grandeur only by Acrostichum
aureum, Woodwardia radicans, and perhaps Osmunda regalis. Its grand,
vase-like circle of foliage is often higher than a man’s head, and sometimes
extends above his utmost reach.” We have never seen it attain such dimensions
in this country, its broadly-spear-shaped fronds seldom reaching more than
4ft. in length under culture. The places where this Fern attains the
dimensions stated by Eaton are in low grounds, especially in fine alluvial soil,
subject to the overflow of rivers, from the Saskatchewan and Lake Winnipeg
to New Brunswick, and southward to Pennsylvania and Illinois. There, it is
stated, the barren fronds attain 10ft. in length. Under cultivation these are
much shorter, narrowed from the middle to the base, and abruptly terminate
in a point at their summit; they are furnished with numerous stalkless leaflets,
the lowest being wavy and thrown back, and many of them pinnatifid (again
divided half-way to the midrib). The leaflets are of a light green colour and
of a soft, papery texture, and they are frequently injured by late spring and
early autumn frosts. The fertile fronds, produced only in autumn or late in
the summer, are disposed in the middle of the crown and perfectly erect ; they
are much shorter than the barren ones, and much contracted. The lobes of
the leaflets have their margins much recurved, so that the whole leaflet forms
a somewhat articulated, pod-like body. The sori (spore masses) are covered
by a delicate, cup-shaped involucre of a very fugacious nature. — Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 161. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i., p. 497.
Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., t. 73.
O. orientalis—or-i-en-ta’-lis (Eastern), Hooker.
This, the Struthiopteris pennsylvanica of Willdenow, is by some authors
considered as simply a form of 0. germanica, which it greatly resembles,
though its fronds are not attenuated at the base, the lower leaflets being as long
14 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
as those of the middle of the barren frond. It is a native of Pennsylvania,
Hakodadi, Japan, and Assam, and is reported as found in Sikkim at 12,000ft.
elevation. As showing differences between this species and O. germanica,
Correvon states (“Les Fougeres rustiques,” p. 65) that the pinnules (leafits)
are much longer, and have also an oblong-spear-shape quite different ; that in
the “Jardin Alpin,’ where it has been grown for five years under similar
conditions, it is much more vigorous than O. germanica, which, there, is
preserved alive only with great difficulty ; that the colour of its foliage is much
darker, and that the production of its fertile fronds is more backward than
in that species—Hooker, Second Century of Ferns, t. 4; Species Filicum, iv.,
p- 161. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii, p. 497. Correvon, Les
Fougéres rustiques, p. 65.
O. sensibilis—sen-sib’-il-is (sensitive), Zinncus.
This beautiful Fern is undoubtedly one of the oldest, if not even the
very oldest, of exotic Ferns introduced to Europe, for, according to Lowe, it
was imported in 1699 from North America.
Eaton says it is to this day found growing
wild in wet meadows and thickets from New
Brunswick to Saskatchewan, extending south-
ward through Dacotah, Kansas, and Arkansas
to Louisiana, and eastward to St. Augustine,
Florida ; and that it is in fact one of the
commonest Ferns of North America, often
occupying large patches of land, to the partial
exclusion of other plants. Though this highly
interesting Fern is not found in Western America
Fig. 4. Onoclea sensibilis, showing Habit Or in Kurope, oddly enough, it frequently occurs
and Portions of Fertile Frond and
Barren Leaflet.
(Habit, much reduced ; Portions, } nat. size in the pleasing, soft, pale green colour of the
in Japan and Siberia. Its main attraction lies
lovely barren fronds, broadly triangular in
outline, long-stalked, and cut down nearly to the midrib into oblong-spear-
shaped leaflets, which are wavy or slightly toothed at the margins (Fig. 4).
The middle of the frond is winged from the basal or from the second pair
of leaflets, the wing at the base being very narrow, but gradually widening
ONOCLEA. 15
towards the summit. These barren fronds sometimes reach 13ft. in length,
especially when the plants are well established in a naturally and constantly
moist part of the rockery, and, as they are borne on stalks of about the same
length, they attain about 3ft. in height, a result never attained under pot-
culture. The texture is herbaceous (soft and papery), the surfaces are perfectly
smooth, and the under-side is slightly bluish. The fronds do not last long
when cut, even when put in water, but shrivel almost immediately, showing
a disposition to fold their leaflets face to face, for which reason, Eaton says,
the plant has received the popular name of “Sensitive Fern.” The foliage of
this Fern is also very sensitive to a cold temperature, for the first autumn
frosts always destroy it, and the late spring frosts which we sometimes
experience in May and June have the same injurious effects. These remarks
apply to barren fronds only, which are by far the handsomer and the more
numerous. Fertile fronds are not very common, and are so unlike the barren
ones that no one unacquainted with the plant would suppose them to be
related to each other. Both kinds are produced from a thick, fleshy rhizome
which runs underground; the fertile ones stand about half the height of
the barren ones, and are perfectly rigid and nearly black when fully
developed. Another peculiarity is that they dry up in winter, but remain erect
during the following summer, so that a fruiting plant often bears fertile fronds
of two years’ growth. The involucre with which the sori (spore masses) are
covered is globose, and bursts at the summit.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv.,
p. 160. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 497. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, vi., t. 1. Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii, t. 72.
O. s. obtusilobata—ob-tu-sil-ob-a’-ta (having blunt lobes), Schkuhr.
A rare, abnormal form, in which the leaflets of some of the barren fronds
become again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, but when grown side by
side with the species this variety frequently resumes its normal characters.—
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii, p. 497. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, vi., p. 7. Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., p. 199.
CHAPTER IV.
ONYCHMIUM, <Kauilfuss.
(On-ych’-i-um.)
N)|HE name of this genus of very beautiful Ferns, from Arabia,
A India, Cuba, Japan, &¢c., is derived from onya, onychos, a claw,
in reference to the shape of the lobes of the fronds. In
Hooker and Baker’s “ Synopsis Filicum” these plants form
Genus 27, being a small but very interesting division of the
tribe Pteridew. These Ferns, in fact, differ from Pteris, with which they are
united by Mettenius, much more in the cutting of their fronds, and the
smallness and narrowness of their ultimate segments, than in their fructification.
The sori (spore masses) are placed upon a continuous, linear (very narrow)
receptacle, which connects the summits of several veins; they are covered
with a long and narrow involucre, which is disposed parallel with the margin
of the segments, pressed down over the spore masses, and with its edge nearly
or quite reaching the midrib. The genus has no British representative.
Culture.
Although four species belonging to this genus are known in cultivation,
the two most extensively grown—O. auratum and O. japonicum—are extremely
elegant, and possess some useful decorative qualities. Their fronds are so
light and finely cut, and of such a pleasing colour, that they are specially
adapted for mixing with cut flowers, amongst which they look as graceful as
ONYCHIUM. 17
some of the finest Adiantums, and remain fresh much longer. Their habits
are totally distinct, a character which cannot possibly be attributed to their
different habitats. While O. awratum produces its ample and handsomely
decompound fronds from a single crown, thus forming a sort of miniature
Pieris tremula with finely-divided foliage, O. japonicum, on the contrary,
produces them from numerous underground rhizomes (prostrate stems), making
thick tufts of graceful and pleasing foliage, green on both sides ; whereas that
of the former species, when in a fertile state, is of a beautiful golden colour
beneath, which gives the plant quite the appearance of a golden Fern. The
colouring, however, is due, not, as in Gymnogrammes and Nothochlenas, to
the presence of powder, but to the indusia, which are of a bright, rich golden
hue. It is not in habit only that these two most interesting species differ,
for the treatment which they require is also dissimilar. While O. japonicum
thrives well in a cool house—in fact, will not stand stove treatment, under
which it is soon attacked by thrips—O. auratum requires a stove, or at least
a good intermediate house, all the year round. The same compost suits them
both, viz., a mixture of fibrous loam, peat or leaf mould, and silver sand, in
about equal proportions. Both should be potted loosely, as they have great
aversion to hard soil at any time. Care must also be taken to ensure their
fronds being kept dry at all seasons, as if allowed to get wet they soon turn
to a darkish brown colour and begin to decay.
O. japonicum is easily propagated from spores, which germinate freely,
or by division; but the same cannot be said of O. auratum, which no doubt
would be equally popular if its propagation were more rapid ; the fact of its
forming only single crowns prevents its increase by division. The only
mode of dealing effectually with this handsome species is, therefore, by means
of seedlings, which come up freely enough, but which have a natural tendency
to damp off just above ground while in a young state.
Species.
O. auratum—aur-a’-tum (golden), Kaulfuss.
This lovely, evergreen, stove species is a native of the Malayan Peninsula
and Islands; it is also found on the Himalayas up to 5000ft. elevation, on
the Neilgherries, and on the Paulghaut Mountains. The barren and the
VOL. Ul. c
18 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
fertile fronds are of similar dimensions, but otherwise different.
Both kinds
are borne on stout, erect, naked stalks, 6in. to 12in. long, of a pale brown
colour.
a
& ( € ‘ Va
Fig, 5, Fertile Frond of Onychium
auratum
(& nat. size).
The barren ones, 1ft. or more in length and 8in. to 12in. broad, are
quadripinnatifid (four times divided half-way to the
midrib) ; their lower leaflets, somewhat triangular
and spreading, are 4in. to 6in. long and furnished
with numerous pinnules (leafits) and segments of a
somewhat triangular shape ; their ultimate divisions
are often wedge-shaped and trifid at the summit.
The fertile fronds are readily distinguished at first
sight by their less divided nature, and by the pod-
like appearance of their leafits (see Fig. 5, reduced
from Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns of Southern India,”
by the kind permission of the author), which are
seldom more than in. to lin. long and fin. broad.
The upper surface of both kinds of fronds is of
a beautiful, bright, glossy green, while the under-
surface of the fertile ones is rendered very attractive
by the rich golden colour of its sori (spore masses),
which are covered with an involucre of parchment-
like texture-—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 121.
Hooker and Greville, Icones Plantarum, t. 121.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 499.
Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 30. Lowe,
New and Rare Ferns, t. 1.
In potting or planting this species, the utmost
care should be taken to keep the crown well above
the surface of the soil, which must be thoroughly
drained.
O. capense—ca-pen’-se (trom the Cape). This
is a garden synonym of O. japonicum.
O. japonicum—jap-on’-ic-um (Japanese), Kunze.
This greenhouse species—by far the best known, though perhaps not the
handsomest—is undoubtedly the most useful of those in cultivation, being
ONYCHIUM. 19
freer in growth and producing its fronds in greater abundance than any other
(Fig. 6). These, however, are of a semi-deciduous character, 1ft. or more in
length, 6in. broad, egg-shaped, and quadripinnatifid (four times divided half-
way to the midrib). The lower leaflets of the barren ones are 4in. to 6in.
long, broadly-spear-shaped, and furnished with numerous, usually triangular,
pinnules (leafits) and segments. Contrary to those of O. awratum, the segments
in this species, both fertile and
barren, are uniform, being all
narrow-linear, a little tapering
below, and gradually — sharp-
pointed. The fronds are pro-
duced from a_ short - creeping
rhizome (prostrate stem), and
borne on slender, erect, naked,
straw-coloured or pale brown
stalks Gin. to 12in. long; they
are of a somewhat leathery texture
and of a bright, shining green
colour on both sides—hence the
common garden name of Jucidum.
This useful species is a native of
Japan, China, and Northern India
(ascending in Sikkim to 10,000ft.
elevation), and Hooker states that
the plant common in Japan
5 7 Fig. 6. Onychium japonicum
does not differ from the ordinary hai, Gide
Himalayan form. The sori (spore
masses), of a bright brown colour, are covered with a pale involucre of
a parchment-like texture, and occupy nearly the whole under-surface of the
seoments. According to the authors of the “Synopsis Filicum,” “ O. capense,
Kunze, seems to be this, reported from South Africa by mistake.”—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 144; Species Filicum, ii, p. 122. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, ii., p. 499.
O. lucidum—lu’-cid-um (shining). A garden name for O. japonicum.
c 2
20 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
O. melanolepis—mel-an-ol’-ep-is (having black scales), Decaisne.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Persia, Arabia, and
Abyssinia. Its egg-shaped fronds, 3in. to 4in. long, 2in. broad, and borne on
slender, naked, straw-coloured stalks 4in. to 6in. long, are quadripinnatifid
(four times divided half-way to the midrib). The lower leaflets are lin. to
1}in. long, deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A), and furnished with pinnules
(leafits) of similar shape and somewhat distantly placed. The whole frond is
of a thin, papery texture and smooth on both surfaces ; and the sori (spore
masses), of a light brown colour, are covered with a pale involucre of
parchment-like texture.— Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 124; Icones
Plantarum, t. 902.
O. strictum—stric’-tum (upright), Kunze.
This stove species, native of Cuba, bears on slender, tufted, naked, straw-
coloured stalks 6in. to 12in. long and of a polished nature, fronds 6in. to 9in.
long, 3in. to 4in. broad, and quadripinnatifid (four times divided half-way to
the midrib). The leaflets are deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A), with
a few distant segments, which are very narrow and sharp-pointed, either entire
or once or twice cleft at the apex or again slightly branched. The ultimate
divisions are also sharp-pointed and very narrow. The texture is soft and
papery, the stalks and both surfaces are naked, and the fertile segments are
larger than the others. The involucre which covers the sori (spore masses) is
often considerably shorter than the segments on which they are placed; it
is of a pale colour and of a parchment-like texture.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
ii., p. 123; Second Century of Ferns, t. 32.
OPMIODERMAW—Oph-i-od-er’-ma. See Ophioglossum,
CHAPTER V,
OPHIOGLOSSUM, Linnaeus.
(Oph-i-og-lés’-sum. )
Adder’s-tongue Ferns.
HESE Ferns, with Botrychium and Helminthostachys, represent
A] the whole of the sub-order Ophioglossacee, in which the plants
are distinguished by their deeply two-valved capsules opening
down the side nearly to the base, and being without a ring.
The name is derived from ophios, a serpent, and gldssa, a
tongue ; in allusion to the arrangement of the fructification (which is composed
of stalkless capsules arranged in two rows so as to form a narrow, close
spike). Ophioglossum forms in Hooker and Baker’s “ Synopsis Filicum ”
Genus 73. Though it comprises but a comparatively small number of species,
it is, botanically, divided into four sub-genera, as follow :
CuEIRoGLossa (Cheir-og-lés’-sa), Presi. In this sub-genus the fertile
spikes are numerous, and arise from the base of the barren segment.
Evorniociossum (Hu-oph-i-og-lés’-sum), Linneus. The plants belonging
to this sub-genus are furnished with single fertile spikes, arising from the base
of the barren segment.
OpHIODERMA (Oph-i-od-er’-ma), Endlicher. The fertile spikes, which are
usually single, arise, in this sub-genus, from the centre of the barren segment.
Ruizociossum (Rhi-zog-los’-sum), Presi. In this sub-genus the fertile
and barren fronds are distinct.
The genus is represented in England only by the common Adder’s-tongue,
O. vulgatum.
22 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Culture.
This interesting, though unpretentious, genus consists of plants of most
extraordinary forms and of appearance unlike that of any other known Ferns.
The Botrychiums most closely resemble them, and they are also found in
somewhat similar situations, that is, growing amongst moss and grass in moist
meadows. Although none of the Ophioglossums are what may be termed
very ornamental, yet several of them should be grown, as they deservedly are
in some of our best collections, as great curiosities. The members of this
genus are widely scattered all over the globe, yet, with the exception of
O. pendulum, which is found throughout the Tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere,
and consequently requires warm treatment, all the other known species are
distributed over Europe, America, and Africa, and require but little artificial
heat. America, indeed, is particularly prolific in Ophioglossums, the majority
of which come from Florida, Louisiana, Peru, and Brazil.
Ophioglossums are useless as pot plants, and succeed best when planted
out in the Fernery, where a naturally damp spot should be prepared for them.
The compost should consist of fibrous loam and half-decayed sphagnum, in
about equal proportions, with an admixture of sand, in which their fleshy
roots plunge with avidity. Ophioglossums are not aquatic plants ; therefore,
although requiring a constantly moist situation, they must not on any account
be planted where there is any stagnant water.
Propagation is usually effected by division. We are not aware that any
seedlings have ever been raised artificially.
Principal Species and Varieties.
O. (Bhizoglossum) Bergianum — Rhi-zog-lés’-sum ;_ Berg-i-a’-num
(Berg’s), Schlechtendahl.
This very delicate and distinct little, greenhouse species, the only one
known at present belonging to this section, with barren and fertile fronds
distinct, is a native of Cape Colony, where it is said to be rare. The barren
fronds are }in. to lin. long, din. broad, and of a fleshy nature. The fertile
OPHIOGLOSSUM. 23
ones, which are borne on a slender stalk lin. to 1din. long, consist of
a slender spike }in. long. Both are produced from a slightly tuberous
rhizome (prostrate stem).—Hooker, Icones Plantarum, t. 263.
O. bulbosum—bul-bo’-sum (bulbous), Michauz.
A half-hardy species, also known as O. opacum of R. Brown and
O. tuberosum of Hooker and Arnott. It is one of the smallest of the North
American species, and is found growing in old fields and low, sandy grounds,
from South Carolina and Florida to Louisiana; it has also been found in
Chili. From four to six of its curiously-shaped fronds are produced during
one season from a solid, tuberous rootstock, nearly }in. thick and furnished
with only a few fleshy, descending roots. These fronds, 2in. to 4in. long
including the stalk, have their fertile portion placed considerably below the
middle. This fertile spike, about }in. long, is borne on a stalk 1}in. to 2in.
long when fully developed. The texture of the barren portion is stouter than
in O. vulgatum, which this species somewhat resembles in general appearance.
After the spores have been discharged, the spike is said, by Walter, to bear
some resemblance in miniature to the rattle of a rattlesnake—Hooker and
Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 50. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 499.
Eaton, Ferns of North America, i, t. 81.
O. (Ophioderma) intermedium — Oph-i-od-er’-ma ; in-ter-med’-i-um
(intermediate), Hooker.
This stove species, native of Borneo, and by some authorities considered
as a mere form of O. pendulum, has fronds erect, 6in. to Sin. long, their
flattened stem gradually passing into the leafy part, which is }in. broad
not far from the point. They are of a fleshy texture, and the fertile spike,
lin. long and erect, is borne on a stalk which about equals it in length
and just reaches to the point of the barren segment.—Hooker, cones
Plantarum, t. 995.
O. lusitanicum—lu-sit-a/-nic-um (Portuguese), Linnaeus.
A half-hardy species, of medium dimensions, native of Portugal, Spain,
Italy, France, Madeira, Teneriffe, and the Azores; it is also found on the
shores of the Mediterranean, and as far north as Guernsey, where it was
94 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
discovered in 1854, growing in sandy loam, near Petit Pot Bay, and it has
since been noticed in other parts of that island. Its fronds, produced from
a slightly tuberous rootstock, are lin. to 3in. long, narrow-spear-shaped, with
the point bluntish and the base narrowed ; they are of a thick texture and
do not show any midrib. The fertile spike, about in. long, is borne upon
a firm stalk }in. to 1din. long when fully developed.—Hooker, British Ferns,
t. 47. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 500. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, vii., t. 658. Correvon, Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 163.
This species requires greenhouse protection in winter if cultivated in pots,
and should then be potted firmly and particularly well drained.
O. minor—min’-or (lesser), This is probably the same as O. vulgatum
ambiguum.
O. nudicaule—nu-dic-au’-lé (naked-stemmed), Linneus.
This half-hardy, North American species, probably one of the smallest
kinds known, seldom exceeds 4in. in height. It is found growing plentifully
on sandy borders of ponds in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida ;
it is also found in New Caledonia, in the Malaccas, on the Guinea Coast, in
Angola, &c. Its fronds, produced from four to six in one crown from a slightly
tuberous rootstock, are of a bright, pale green colour. The barren division, 3in.
to 1din. long, about 4in. broad, and egg-shaped or oblong, is of a thin texture
and does not show any veins. The fertile spike, 4in. long, is borne on a
stalk often 2in. to 3in. long and of a very slender nature.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 445. Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., t. 81. Beddome, Ferns
of Southern India, t. 71.
O. opacum—o-pa’-cum (opaque). This is synonymous with O. bulbosum.
O. (Cheiroglossa) palmatum—Cheir-og-los’-sa ;_ pal-ma/-tum (palmate,
hand-like), Linneus.
Of all the North American species this is the most interesting and the
most showy; it also differs from all other kinds from the same country in
being thoroughly epiphytal. It is found growing wild in the axils of the
old leaves of the Palmetto, on the banks of the Caloosahatchie, South Florida,
Forks of Turkey Creek, Indian River, Florida, always nestling in the sheaths
of the old leaves of the Palmetto. It is also a native of Southern Brazil
OPHIOGLOSSUM. 25
and Mexico, where, according to Tweedie, “it only grows in the axils of old
leaves of a species of Palm,” and more rarely on moist schistose rocks.
O. palmatum is of more robust habit than most other species, and has a
totally different appearance, the great weight of its generally hand-shaped
fronds giving them a gracefully-pendent habit. These fronds are produced in
a cluster at the summit of a rootstock about the size of a hazel-nut and
profusely provided with roots along its sides. The number of fronds on one
rootstock is said by Garber to be sometimes more than a dozen, but usually
there are from three to six only. They are of a light green colour and
of a somewhat fleshy nature, and are borne on round, fleshy, flaccid stalks
6in. to 12in. long. Besides being hand-shaped, their leafy portion, 6in. to
12in. long and 4in. to 8in. broad, is wedge-shaped at the base, and, unlike
all others, more or less cut from the circumference towards the centre,
generally being deeply divided into a variable number of tongue-shaped
segments. The fructification is most singular: it is produced in small
spikes, forming miniature catkins about 2in. long, borne on peduncles (stalks)
a little shorter than themselves. These catkins are disposed from two to
twelve on the incurved edges of the frond, where it begins. to widen from
the common stalk, sometimes on the stalk itself, and rarely on the upper
surface of the frond. Occasionally a fertile spike or its peduncle is forked.
These spikes are manifestly appendages of the frond, as Hofmeister considers
the spike of O. vulgatum to be, and not special fronds partly consolidated with
the barren lamina (blade). This singular species should be grown suspended
in a cool house.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 446. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, ii., p. 500. Haton, Ferns of North America, ii, t. 81.
O. (Ophioderma) pendulum—Opb-i-od-er’-ma ; pen’-dul-um (drooping),
Linneus.
A thoroughly epiphytal, stove species, native of Polynesia, Ceylon, the
Philippines, and the Mascarene Islands, where it is found growing plentifully
on branches of trees, its curious barren fronds hanging gracefully down
to an almost indefinite length. These fronds are ribbon-like, without a
distinct stalk, and are said to measure sometimes 15ft. in length; they are
lin. to 3in. broad, simple or forked, and of a fleshy texture. The fertile
spike is usually solitary, rises from the middle of the lamina (blade), not far
26 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
from the base, and is borne on a stalk shorter than itself; it is much
heavier than in any other species, and often 6in. long. As an example of
the extreme variability of this singular Fern, according to the habitat in
which it is found, it may be noted that while it is reported as decorating
the forest trees on which it grows, in
Madagascar, with green ribbons some
12ft. long, in Ceylon its fronds seldom
exceed 6ft. in length. Although it has
been repeatedly imported by various
mangognassetadscenae
firms, this curious plant is even now
found only in a very few collections.
In its natural state it is frequently
seen growing along with Platycerium
grande, a Fern to which it bears a
certain resemblance, so far as the
drooping part of the latter plant is
concerned. Its roots, which, like those
of Platyceriums, are of a fleshy nature,
are deeply embedded in a spongy
mass of moss and roots. Fig. 7 is
reduced from Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns
of Southern India,” by the kind
permission of the author.—Hooker
/ and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 19.
ad ) Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
) ii, p. 500. Haton, Ferns of North
America, ii., t. 81.
Fig. 7. Ophioglossum pendulum
(much reduced).
To cultivate this species with
anything like success it requires to be
either suspended in a basket or fixed on a piece of board in a warm house,
with about equal parts of spongy peat and sphagnum moss.
O. reticulatum—+re-tic-ul-a’-tum (netted), Linneus.
This stove species, which is readily distinguished by the non-tuberous
character of its rootstock, has a wide range of habitat, being found in
OPHIOGLOSSUM. 27
Tropical America, from Cuba to Peru and South Brazil; in Polynesia, the
Malayan and the Philippine Islands; in the East Indies as far north as the
Himalayas, on the Guinea Coast, in Zambesi Land, in Cape Colony, &e. Its
fronds, 6in. to 12in. long, of a thin texture, with distinct veins and usually
no midrib, have their barren division placed near the middle; this portion,
which shows distinctly heart-shaped
lobes at its base, is blunt or nearly
so at its summit, and measures 2in.
to 3in. in length and lin. to 2in.
in breadth. The fertile spike, lin. or
more in length and borne on a
slender peduncle 2in. to 4in. long,
much overtops the barren portion
of the frond.—Hooker and Greville,
Lcones Filicum, t. 20. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 500.
Beddome, Ferns of Southern India,
t. 70.
O. tuberosum — tu-ber-o’-sum
(tuberous). Synonymous
with O. bulbosum.
O. vulgatum — vul- ga’- tum
(common), Linneus.
This, the common Adder’s-
tongue (Fig. 8), has a most extensive
habitat, for while it is a well-known
British Fern, it also occurs from
Lapland to Japan and the Hima-
layas ; in the Azores, on the Guinea
Coast, in St. Helena, Cape Colony,
Fig. 8. Ophioglossum vulgatum, showing Creeping Rhizome
and Barren and Fertile Fronds
(4 nat. size).
Australia, New Zealand, Temperate North
America, &c. Eaton, in “Ferns of North America,” says, ‘The common
Adder’s-tongue is commonest in low meadows, but sometimes found also on
dry hill-sides, from Canada and New England to Texas and Arizona; also
in Alaska, Europe, Western Asia, Madeira, and the Azores.”
28 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
The first writer who mentions O. vulgatum as an English plant is
Wm. Turner, who, in the third part of his “Herball,” published in the
year 1568, says, “ The Adder’s-tongue or Ophyoglosson, groweth in moyst
medowes in the end of April.” It was formerly credited with wonderful
medical properties, and in some parts of the country it is still used as an
application to fresh wounds, country-people knowing it as ‘“ Adder’s-spear
ointment.”
This species has an erect or sometimes creeping, but not tuberous,
rootstock, with fleshy roots extending horizontally, often to a distance of
several inches. Occasionally one of them forms an adventitious bud, and
produces a new plant at some little distance from the old one. Only one
frond is commonly produced each year, and the fronds of successive years
face in opposite directions. Their size generally varies, according to the
elevation at which it grows, to such an extent that those specimens found
in grassy, damp meadows at West Felton, Shropshire ; Blymill, Staffordshire ;
or Wrexham, in Wales, are four times as large as those gathered in Dalmeny
Wood, near Edinburgh, or near Richmond, in Yorkshire. The frond for the
year grows from just below the summit of the rootstock. At the base of the
stalk there is a short sheath, which encloses a pointed bud containing the
undeveloped frond for the next year’s growth; and, according to Hofmeister,
even the rudiments of the frond for another year may be detected within the
same bud. The length of the frond generally varies from 3in. to 12in,; its
stem is pale green, round, and hollow ; the barren division, 2in. to 4in. long and
l}in. to 2in. broad, is egg-shaped, sessile (stalkless), sheathing the stem,
nearly upright, and disposed about half-way on the stem, which terminates
in the fertile spike lin. or more in length. Thus the fructification, which
considerably overtops the barren division when the plant is fully developed,
appears to rise from within the base of the barren portion, and forms a some-
what tongue-like organ, with the spore masses disposed in a line along each
of its two edges. The spores are embedded in roundish, yellow masses,
which, gaping when the spores have escaped, present a series of clefts along
each edge of the fertile spike—Hooker, British Ferns, t. 46. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, ii, p. 500. Eaton, Ferns of North America,
ii, t. 81. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, vii., t. 654. Correvon, Les
Fougéres rustiques, p. 161.
OPHIOGLOSSUM. 29
This species appears to have produced several varieties, the most distinct
of which are as follow :
O. v. ambiguum—am-big’-u-um (ambiguous).
This variety, for the name of which we can find no authority, is given
by Nicholson as a native of Orkney, Wales, &c., and appears to be similar
to the one described by Lowe as O. minor, and found by Mr. Syme in Orkney.
It is a smaller form than the type, with narrow-oblong, shorter fronds, the
fertile portion of which is borne on a comparatively longer stalk.—Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 500.
O. v. pedunculosum—ped-un-cul-o’-sum (stalked), Desvauc.
In this variety the barren division is like that of the typical plant in
form and size, but it is thinner in texture and shows a distinct stalk. It is
a native of India.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 500.
O. v. polyphyllum—pol-yph-yl’-lum (having several leaves), A. Braun.
This North American variety usually produces at the same time three to
five fronds. The common stalk is generally a little shorter than the peduncle
of the fruiting spike, but this varies in proportion according to the habitat.—
Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., p. 262.
CHAPTER VI.
OSMUNDA, Linnaeus.
(Os-mun’-da. )
Flowering Ferns.
F the sub-order Osmundacee this genus forms the most important
division. It is composed of plants with fronds either pinnate
or bipinnate (once or twice divided to the midrib), and readily
distinguished through their fructification being totally distinct
from the leafy part of the frond, forming a contracted portion
disposed into simple or compound sporangiferous panicles (spore-bearing
branches). In some species, such as O. cinnamomea, the barren and fertile
fronds are different, one lot of fronds being sterile and the others fertile; in
other species, where fertile and barren on the same frond, the upper portion
in some cases, as, for instance, O. regalis, and the middle part of the frond in
others, ¢.g., O. Claytoniana, only is fertile. In Hooker and Baker’s “ Synopsis
Filicum” Osmunda forms Genus 62. The name is of uncertain origin.
Sir W. J. Hooker (“ British Ferns,” p. 45) refers to Sir J. Edward Smith’s
conjecture that the word comes from the Saxon osmund, meaning “ domestic
peace.” He also quotes from Gerarde, that in “olden times it was called
Osmund the Waterman, and the whitish portion of the rootstock (which, boiled
or else stamped and taken with some kind of liquor, is thought to be good for
these that are wounded ... ) is called the heart of Osmund the Waterman.”
The accepted derivation of the word Osmunda is, however, more generally
admitted as Osmunder, the Saxon name of the Scandinavian god, Thor. The
genus is represented in England by the “ Royal Fern,” O. regalis, only.
OSMUNDA PALUSTRIS.
OSMUNDA. 31
Culture.
Though not extensive, this highly interesting genus comprises some
species which are very ornamental in. a cool house; while some make
beautiful objects for the hardy Fernery. Like many other genera comprising
Ferns which are generally termed British, the genus Osmunda has a wide
range of distribution, and it therefore contains a great variety of forms. They
are scattered all over Europe, Asia, South Africa, the West Indies, and North
America; and, although it may be truly said that all the known repre-
sentatives of the genus are worthy of cultivation, none, perhaps, are more
useful than, and at the same time so accommodating as, the North American
species, which stand even our most severe winters out-of-doors quite
unprotected. Kinds from Arkansas, Florida, North Carolina, Newfoundland,
Louisiana, Canada, &c., require no more protection than our own O. regalis.
Osmundas are commonly called “Flowering Ferns,” and are on that account
regarded with more than usual interest. Most of them are deciduous, and,
with the exception of 0. javanica, whose general appearance is much more
that of a glossy, thick-foliaged Lomaria than that of anything else, they all
more or less resemble one another. Although one sometimes hears of Osmunda
regalis measuring 10ft. in height, the length of the fronds of most species in
cultivation varies between 2ft. and 3ft. In dryish marshes they seldom attain
more than 1}ft. in height, and stand quite erect; while, in plants which
have had the advantage of growing in places suited to them, the beautiful
fronds attain their full development, and, curving outward, form objects of
such stately beauty that some species well deserve the popular appellation
of “Royal Fern.”
Osmundas are easily cultivated, even in common garden soil; but if
planted out, a spot should be selected for them by the side of water, so that,
while the heads of the plants are in the open and fully exposed to the
air, the roots may be kept constantly wet. In the Chelsea Botanic Gardens
they are even grown to perfection in a tank, in which they have been
standing for years; and if anyone will take the trouble to prepare for these
magnificent Ferns a mixture of swamp mud and good loam, and will keep
their roots supplied with abundant moisture, the result will be all that can
be desired. If, however, there is any difficulty in procuring the materials
82 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
just named, a mixture of turfy loam and fibrous peat will suit them very
well, and the addition of a portion of river sand will induce the development
of roots, which will run in all directions, and thus insure the production of
numerous robust fronds. Though requiring an abundance of water at the
roots at all times of the year, the plants dislike being syringed overhead.
The propagation of Osmundas is invariably effected by means of spores,
which are produced in abundance and germinate very freely.
Principal Species and Varieties.
O. bipinnata—bip-in-na/-ta (twice pinnate), Hooker.
This is a handsome, greenhouse, evergreen species, native of Hong-Kong.
It has at different times and by various firms been imported into this
country; yet, notwithstanding its good habit and generally useful qualities,
it remains very scarce. In general appearance it somewhat resembles the
better-known QO. javanica, from which, however, it differs in not having simply-
pinnate fronds. The fronds of O. bipinnata, which are produced in great
abundance from an upright-growing rootstock, are, as the specific name implies,
bipinnate, their leaflets not being simply pinnatifid, but clearly and distinctly
pinnate again, a few of the terminal ones only excepted. They are borne on
tufted, rather slender, glossy stalks 1ft. or more in length, and measure 14ft.
to 2ft. in length and 6in. to 10in. in breadth. The leaflets, of a somewhat
leathery texture, are of a shining nature while on the plant, although
perfectly destitute of gloss when in a dry state; they are 3in. to 4in.
long, lin. broad, and oblong-spear-shaped. The upper leaflets are barren
and simple (undivided); below these are several pairs provided with
winged stalks, and, on each side, numerous entire, oblong pinnules (leafits),
which are closely set, nearly overlapping, about in. in length, bluntish, and
quite stalkless. The fertile part consists of three or four opposite pairs of
pinne (leaflets), with several cylindrical leafits on each side, din. to din. long.
These fertile segments are much contracted, covered with fructification, and
of a pleasing light brown colour. Its compact, though somewhat stiff, habit,
and the leathery texture of its shining, dark green fronds, render this
species very useful, as the fronds remain on the plant a very long time.—
Hooker, Filices Exotica, t. 9.
OSMUNDA. 33
O. cinnamomea—cin-nam-o’-mé-a (cinnamon-coloured), Linnaeus.
This very handsome and perfectly hardy species, which, according to
Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, as far back as 1772, has
a wide range of habitat. It is usually considered as a purely North
American plant, being a native of Florida, Louisiana, and Newfoundland,
where it is most abundant in low grounds and moist copses ; but these are
not its only habitats, as Eaton, in his excellent work on “Ferns of North
America,” states (vol. i., p. 220) that Bourgeau collected it near Sturgeon Lake,
some hundred miles north-
west of Lake Superior, and
Milde gives Lake Winnipeg
as a station for it. It is be-
sides known as an indigenous
plant from Newfoundland to
Mexico, in the West Indies,
Guatemala, New Granada,
Brazil, Japan, Manchuria, &c.
It is of robust growth and
compact habit, and when
deprived of fertile fronds its
general appearance is very
similar to that of O. Clay-
toniana (or O. interrupta, as
that species is usually called
in gardens) ; in fact, in the
absence of fructification it is
not always easy to distinguish Fle. 9. Osmunda olmnamomea
one from the other. When (much reduced).
well grown, the crown of
fronds of this species rivals in density that of O. Claytoniana, and the barren
fronds, which in this case are by far the more numerous, are of almost the same
shape and dimensions as those of that species. O. cinnamomea is generally of
more upright habit, but the most striking difference between the two species,
discernible only when in a barren state, is that in the plant under notice the
summit of the frond is decidedly sharp-pointed, as is also the summit of each
VOL. Il. D
34, THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
particular leaflet. The barren fronds, borne on stout, round stalks lft. to
14ft. long, often measure 2ft. to 3ft. in length and Gin. to 9in. in breadth ;
they are furnished with closely-set leaflets 3in. to 4in. long, about lin. broad,
and cut down nearly to the rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) into close,
entire, blunt, oblong lobes of a somewhat leathery texture. When fertile, this
species cannot be mistaken for any other known kind, as the fertile fronds rise
from the centre of it in early spring ; they are much smaller than the barren
ones, and at first are densely covered with light brown tomentum (wool), but
when fairly uncoiled, the abundant spore masses give them the characteristic
cinnamon-brown colouring not found in any other known kind. The fertile
fronds are usually the first to make their appearance, and in that respect
again differ from all other known Osmundas ; but the barren ones soon follow
them, and when regularly disposed they form as it were a magnificent green
vase, within which the plumes of fructification stand erect (Fig. 9). Normally
the fronds are either entirely fertile and then devoid of any green tissue, or
wholly barren and of a pleasing light green colour; but it is not unusual
to find fronds in which some of the lower leaflets are leafy, while others,
mainly barren, have their summit wholly or partly transformed into fructifi-
cation. Such fronds are, however, mere accidents: their reproduction
is not to be depended upon, even on the same individual plant, which seldom
retains this character, and therefore cannot rank as a distinct variety.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 426. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 530. Eaton,
Ferns of North America, i., t. 29. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, viii., t. 1.
O. Claytoniana—Clay-to’-ni-a’-na (Clayton’s), Linneus.
This thoroughly hardy species, better known perhaps in gardens under
the name of O. interrupta, is an extremely handsome and highly decorative
plant, native of North America, where it grows luxuriantly in low
grounds and wet thickets, and especially delights in alluvial soil. According
to Eaton, it is very abundant from Newfoundland to Lake Superior, and its
natural habitat extends southwards to the mountainous regions of Arkansas,
Kentucky, and North Carolina, if not farther; it has even been found,
though in limited numbers, on the Himalayas, up to 10,000ft. elevation.
Of all the known kinds of Osmunda, this is undoubtedly the one in
which the combination of the curious and beautiful is most conspicuous.
OSM UNDA. 35
When growing in a favourable situation and allowed ample room, it forms
a crown of fronds several feet in diameter. The outer fronds, which are
generally barren, are borne on tufted, loosely-woolly stalks, which are 1ft. or
more in length and clothed with loose, woolly material when young, though
naked when mature; they rise nearly erect on their stalks, but, instead of
retaining their upright position, like those of O. cinnamomea, they gradually
bend away from the centre and curve outwards in all directions (Fig. 10), thus
forming a most elegant, vase-shaped plant of large dimensions. The fronds
are usually lft. to 2ft. long, Sin.
to 12in. broad, and furnished with
barren spear-shaped leaflets 4in. to
6in. long, lin. or more in breadth,
and cut down nearly to the rachis
into close, oblong, entire lobes, of
a soft, papery texture and pale
green colour. The fertile fronds, (rods
which are usually taller, atanG close Zp GAN lias.
together, nearly upright, in the és HEIN eS .
centre of the crown, and present a as DPN We Zee
most peculiar appearance, not shared Ns us ys
by any other known species: in aN me Z ON
this case the fertile fronds do not mse uns a.
bear their fructification at the ex- oy
tremity, as is the case with 0.
Fig. 10. Osmunda Claytoniana
regalis, nor are they ever of totally iad dedigatl
mu reduced),
distinct form. The fertile leaflets
are situated somewhere near the centre of the frond, most frequently a little
above the middle. Above these fertile leaflets the barren ones again appear
(see Fig. 11, reduced from Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns of British India,” by the kind
permission of the author), and this upper part of the frond, in which the leaflets
are much more closely set, is more or less curved outward, like the entirely
barren fronds. When the fronds first rise from the thick, massive rootstock,
of a woody nature, from which they are produced, both barren and fertile ones
are alike covered with a light brown coating of entangled, webby fibres, which,
however, are shed during the early summer, when both kinds of fronds, with
p 2
36 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
the roundish stalks on which they are borne, become nearly smooth and of
a bright green colour, a little of the wool in the axils of the leaflets and along
the midrib alone remaining. The distinction as regards the bearing of the
Fig. 11. Portion of Frond of Osmunda Clavtoniana
(much reduced).
barren and fertile fronds is not always to
be depended upon, especially in plants of
moderate growth. For instance, in one
frond the third leaflet on one side is
barren, while its neighbour is barren at
the base but fertile in the upper part ;
in another frond there are five fertile
leaflets on one side and only three on the
other ; in some other instances there are
only five pairs of barren leaflets on each
side below the fertile ones, whereas there
may be ten or twelve pairs above’ them,
but in any case there are no fronds
entirely fertile-— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p- 426. Nicholson, Dictionary of Garden-
ing, ii, p. 530. Eaton, Ferns of North
America, i., t. 29. Beddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 187. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, viii., t. 2.
O. gracilis — grac’-il-is (slender), A
variety of O. regalis.
O. interrupta — in-ter-rup’-ta (inter-
rupted). This isa common garden
name for O. Claytoniana.
O. japonica — jap-on’-ic-a (Japanese).
This and 0. j. corymbifera are
varieties of O. regalis.
O. javanica—ja-van’-ic-a (Javanese), Blume.
A handsome and very distinct, stove species, also known as 0. Presliana
and O. Vachellii. It is of somewhat rigid habit, and is found growing in
OSMUNDA. 37
a natural state from Kamtschatka to Java and Ceylon. ‘The peculiar fronds,
which in general appearance greatly resemble those of a Lomaria, are Ift. to
3ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, and simply pinnate (only once divided to the
midrib), being provided with leaflets distinctly barren or fertile. The barren
ones, of a leathery texture, dark green
colour, and glossy, are 4in. to 8in. long,
din. to Zin. broad, wedge-shaped at the
base, and often slightly stalked, their
edge being either entire or sometimes
sharply toothed. The fertile leaflets,
which are usually disposed on each side
of the rachis (stalk), and in the centre of
the frond, are shorter, and made up of
numerous close but distinct, oblong,
sessile (stalkless) clusters. Fig. 12 is
reduced from Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns of
Southern India,” by the kind permission
of the author.—Hooker, Icones Plan-
tarum, t. 15. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, ii., p. 530.
O. lancea — lan’-cé-a (lance-like),
Thunberg.
This is a greenhouse species, of
small dimensions, native of Japan, and
with barren and fertile fronds totally
distinct. The barren ones, about 1ft.
long, are oblong in shape and acuminate
(ending in a long, tapering point).
Their leaflets, about Sin. long and of a
Fig. 12, Portion of Frond of Osmunda javanica
somewhat leathery texture, are oblong, es
acuminate, and short-stalked, the lowest
being rather reduced; they are again divided into narrowly spear-shaped
leafits, 12in. long, din. broad, narrowed at both ends, stalkless, and slightly
toothed upwards. The fertile fronds are ternato-decompound (divided into
38 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS
leaflets arranged by threes).—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 427. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, ii:, p. 530.
O. palustris—pal-us’-tris (marsh-loving). A variety of O. regalis.
O. Presliana—Presl-i-a’-na (Presl’s). Synonymous with O. javanica.
O. regalis—re-ga’-lis (royal), Linnaeus.
This handsome and deservedly popular species, which for stateliness has
no equal in the whole genus, though generally considered as a British Fern,
may well be classed among the most useful and most decorative of the
exotics of strong growth, as, according to Beddome, it is found abundantly
on the banks of rivers and streams on the Neilgherries and other high
mountains on the western side of the Madras Presidency ; while Eaton states
that it also occurs in great quantities in marshes and wet woods, and
by the margins of ponds and streams, throughout North America. In fact,
the “Royal Fern” is met with in all parts of the world, from Sweden to
Siberia, in Japan, the Azores, Barbary, China, Cape Colony, &c.
Though not by any means common in all parts of the United Kingdom,
in places congenial to its growth O. regalis is found plentifully, and in such
positions grow into huge masses. It is recorded that on the banks of the
Clyde Mr. S. Murray measured a tuft which was 114ft. high (“ British
Ferns,’ by George W. Johnson, 1861, p. 197). In Wales and in Ireland it
is somewhat scarce, and is only recorded in the latter country as growing
wild in Kelly’s Glen, co. Dublin, in Castlebar, co. Mayo, and in Muckross
Abbey, co. Kerry. This is all the more singular, as, on account of the boggy
nature of a great portion of the Emerald Isle, and also by reason of its
climatic conditions, the growth of QO. regalis would naturally appear to be
favoured there. The plant is more plentiful in Scotland, where it is found
at the head of Loch Fyne, to the north-east of Inverary, Argyleshire, on
the Dumbarton side of Loch Lomond, at the side of the Loch of Incline-
damff, Sutherlandshire, in Aberdeenshire, and on the coast of Kincardineshire.
But it is in England that the Royal Fern is specially at home, for it is
found there over a most extended area; from the Goodhilly Downs, near
St. Ives, and in the mouths of old mines near Marazion and Cosgarne, in
Cornwall, and on the cliffs near Dawlish, near Chudleigh, on the banks of
Za
Sa
3\t Xi NY}
— ( —\ ye
aS he) =
yy > Sy = 2
f Sth =
S S77, { 2 (OE
/ le
Osmunda regalis japonica corymbifera
G nat. size).
OSMUNDA. 39
the Teign, and at Ivy Bridge, on the Erme, in Devon, to Speke, between
Crosby and Formby, and on Chat Moss, near Liverpool, as well as from Low-
gelt Bridge, Allowby, and Keswick, in Cumberland, to Leith Hill and near
Dorking, in Surrey. It is also found in the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight,
Warwickshire, Kent, and many other places too numerous to be mentioned.
Of all Ferns belonging to the
Flora of Great Britain, probably
O. regalis is the one which most
attracted the attention of early
writers, for we find that Gerarde,
in his ‘“ Herbal,” published in
1597, speaking of this Fern, says :
“Tt groweth in the midst of a
bog at the further end of Hamp-
stead Heath, from London, at the \ LQ
bottome of a hill adjoyning to Sy Ly <N
a small cottage, and in divers Ge Hy) y eas
other places; as also upon divers poet NZ
f
bogges on a heath or common “ZZ 7
BW WY yge
neere unto Bruntwood, in Ess ASG YE Vp f
eu : o wood, in Essex, Se» \ >
&e., &e.”’ Things have greatly S LS
changed since Gerarde’s time in iz
regard to British plants of all SE NY >>,
kinds whose habitats were situated
in the vicinity of large towns.
O. regalis is the typical
Flowering Fern, and in this
: ‘ : Fig. 18, Portion of Frond of Osmunda regalis
country varies little in general & maak. dice),
appearance. Its rootstock is so
covered with overlapping stalk-bases of former growths and by interlacing
roots that the whole forms a massive, spongy clump of great thickness ; and
a peculiarity of this species resides in its sending out strong, blackish
rootlets in great abundance, some of which creep in an upward direction
between the scales, while others pierce directly through them, thus binding
the whole together and giving it great strength and solidity. Most of the
40 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
fronds, which are borne on firm, erect, naked stalks 1ft. to 14ft. long, and
are of variable length and more or less graceful habit, according to the
position in which the plants grow, are barren and strictly bipinnate (twice
divided to the midrib). When fertile they have their upper part transformed
into a bipinnate, panicled mass of fructification formed of cylindrical leafits
(see Fig. 13, reduced from Col. Beddome’s “Ferns of Southern India,” by
the kind permission of the author). The barren leaflets, 6in. to 12in. long
and 2in. to 4in. broad, are furnished with stalkless or short-stalked leafits
lin. to 2in. long, din. to Zin. broad, of a soft, papery texture, and of, a full,
herbaceous green colour.—Hooker, British Ferns, t. 45. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, i., p. 530. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i., t. 28. Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 76. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, viii., 1,3.
Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 113.
If grown in pots, the Royal Fern must have good drainage and an
abundant and continuous supply of water. It is easy of cultivation, within
the reach of all Fern-lovers, and may be readily propagated from spores,
which germinate freely.
O. r. cristata—cris-ta’-ta (crested), Moore.
This very decorative form is the only really striking British variety of
the Royal Fern. It differs essentially from the typical species, not only in
its totally distinct habit, but also in the size of its fronds, which are much
shorter and much more massive: not only is their summit heavily tasselled,
but all the leaflets bear at their extremity a large, overlapping crest,
which of course gives the plant a more drooping aspect. The whole plant,
of a compact habit, seldom reaches over 2ft. in height, and is of a darker
green colour than the species. The foliage, being of a substantial texture,
possesses the advantage of remaining on the plant a much longer time than
that of any other Osmunda of the bipinnate section. O. r. cristata is quite
as hardy as the popular species, and readily reproduces itself from spores,
which are very abundant.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 530.
Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 114.
O. r. gracilis—grac’-il-is (slender), Link.
This variety, which is also found in gardens under the name of
O. spectabilis, is a charming, delicate-looking Fern, native of North America,
OSMUNDA. 41
with bipinnate (twice-divided) fronds about lft. long, borne on slender stalks
of the same length; they are furnished with numerous and distantly-placed
leaflets, each of which has from six to eight pairs of leafits and a larger
terminal one, all being short-stalked and of a pale green colour. For Fig. 14
we are indebted to Messrs. W. and J. Birkenhead.—Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, viii., t. 4,
O. r. japonica—jap-on’-ic-a (Japanese), Thunberg.
In this curious, greenhouse variety, which is found in Japan and on the
Himalayas, the barren and fertile fronds are often quite distinct, the latter
being developed first and soon
disappearing. It also occasion-
ally happens that some of the y
lateral leaflets become fertile, “of
whilst the terminal ones remain
barren.— Hooker, Synopsis Fili- Se
cum, p. 427.
OVP
O. r. j. corymbifera— yy Zug
cor-ymb-if’-er-a (corymb-
bearing), Jfoore.
This very distinct and
beautiful, Japanese Fern, of
dwarf habit, is unquestionably
ix vy Apia >
© Aad y allies
the best Osmunda for decora- oS SSS s
tive pElperess and vey ecially for Fig. 14. Osmunda regalis gracilis
pot culture, yet introduced (see (much reduced).
Plate, for which we are indebted
to Messrs. W. and J. Birkenhead). Its fronds are crowded ; their stalks, quite
smooth, slender, and of a bright rosy-pink colour, rise to a height of about 4in.,
and support fronds of triangular outline that bend away almost horizontally from
the common centre in all directions. In young plants each rachis or midrib
usually carries two pairs of opposite leaflets and a terminal one ; each of the
lower leaflets has a short footstalk, and a spear-shaped or nearly oblong blade,
which has two rather larger lobes at the base and is cut at the summit into
42 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
several rounded divisions; occasionally the blade forks and each division is
crested. The second or anterior pair of leaflets are shorter, almost stalkless,
without basal lobes, and with the divisions at their extremity less divided.
The terminal leaflet more or less resembles those of the lowest pair. The
compact, dwarf habit of the plant, the distinct. cristation of the leaflets, and
Fig. 15. Osmunda regalis palustris
G nat. size).
the peculiar soft colour of the fronds, which makes a pleasing contrast to every
other Fern, combine to give this Osmunda a unique character. Its fertile
fronds, which are generally quite distinct from the barren ones, are produced
very sparingly and of short duration. This variety reproduces itself true from
spores ; although usually deciduous, it retains its foliage all the year when
kept in a warm greenhouse—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 530.
OSMUNDA. 43
O. r. palustris—pal-us’-tris (marsh-loving), Sturm.
This diminutive form of the Royal Fern is of an evergreen nature,
and, though quite hardy in ordinary seasons, succeeds best under greenhouse
treatment. It is a native of Brazil, and possesses some very useful decorative
qualities. The slender and elegant fronds are abundantly produced from
a woody rootstock ; they are upright or slightly arching and bipinnate (twice
divided to the midrib), with oblong leafits generally entire, except the
terminal one, which is larger than the others and frequently lobed (see
Fig. 15 and Coloured Plate). The stalks are of about the same length as
the leafy portion of the fronds, of a bright crimson, and quite smooth. On
first unfolding, the young fronds are of a beautiful rosy-crimson tint, which
is gradually replaced by a pale green colour. This variety reproduces itself
readily from spores, which are abundantly produced and germinate very
freely. —Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i., p. 530.
O. spectabilis—spec-ta’-bil-is (showy). Synonymous with 0. regalis
gracilis.
O. Vachellii—Va-chel’-li-i (Vachell’s). This is identical with O. javanica.
PARAGRAMMA.
PATANIA—Pat-an’-i-a. See Dicksonia.
Par-ag-ram’/-ma. See Polypodium.
CHAPTER VII.
PELLAA, Link.
(Pel’-lee-a.)
Clif? Brake Ferns.
HE name of this genus is derived from pellos, dark-coloured, in
reference to the dusky colour of the fronds of certain species.
Pellaas, which in Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum”’
form Genus 30, may be considered an important and very
interesting section of the tribe Pteridew. In habit of growth,
as also in geographical distribution, they are closely allied to Cheilanthes, from
which they differ principally through the continuous nature of their involucre
(covering of the spore masses). The distinguishing characters of the plants
belonging to this genus reside in the disposition of the sori (spore masses),
which are intramarginal (within the margin), terminal on the veins, which in
nearly all cases are free, at first dot-like or decurrent on the veins, but soon
running into a line; also in the character of the involucre, which is formed
of the more or less changed edge of the frond, quite continuous and sometimes
very narrow. This genus is widely distributed and comprises about sixty
species of stove and greenhouse Ferns ; but it has no British representative.
According to the presence or- absence of various distinctive characters, Pella
has been subdivided into four sections as follow:
AxLosorus (All-os-o’-rus), Presi. The plants of this section have fronds
of a leathery texture, in which the veins are not perceptible. The ultimate
segments of the frond are at least twice as long as broad, often revolute at
the margin, and the involucre is broad and conspicuous. One of the species
PELL/AEA. 45
best illustrating this section is P. atropurpurea. Two other species formerly
known under the name Allosorus are now classed under Cryptogramme and
Pteris respectively.
CHEILOPLECTON (Cheil-op-lec’-ton), Fée. The foliage of the plants comprised
in this section is either of a soft, papery texture or somewhat leathery, and
the veins are clearly visible; the involucre is broad, and, in most of the
species, is rolled over the spore masses till full maturity. This section is best
represented by P. gracilis.
Hoxcocuitana (Hole-och-le’-na), Baker. In this very small section the
plants much resemble in texture those of Platyloma, and are provided with
the same very narrow involucre; in fact they only differ through their
reticulated venation (netted veins), as may be remarked in P. Burkeana.
Pratytoma (Plat-yl-o’-ma), J. Smith. This forms perhaps the most
distinct section of the genus, the fronds of the plants belonging to it being of
a leathery texture, with the veins usually hidden and the ultimate segments
broad and flat. Another distinctive character resides in the nature of the
involucre, which is so narrow that it is soon hidden by the fruit. A very
good representative of this section is P. rotundifolia.
Culture.
This genus contains many gems among Ferns which, as regards beauty
and usefulness, may be said to vie with Cheidanthes, Gymnogramme, and
Nothochlena. Coming as they do from various and distantly-situated parts
of the globe—from North and South America, New Zealand, the Himalayas,
the Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, &c.—they are well adapted for the
ornamentation of the stove and of the greenhouse alike; such species as
P. falcata and P. rotundifolia are, in fact, very nearly hardy in some favoured
parts of this country. All the Pellaas are of small or medium dimensions,
and are very useful for planting in rockeries or in small hanging baskets, in
which positions they are much more effective than when grown in pots. The
greater number of these plants being found growing in a natural state amongst
the crevices of rocks, it is at once obvious that they require but little soil,
and that a comparatively exposed situation suits them best. They flourish
in a compost of a light and very porous nature, such as a mixture of two
46 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
parts peat, one part loam, and one part silver sand, or, better still, pulverised
old mortar, in which their thin, fibrous roots delight to run. Pelleas
should not at any time be allowed to get dry at the roots; yet, on the other
hand, their foliage should never be wetted. They prefer being kept close to
the light, which is never too strong for them, provided they are sheltered
from the direct rays of the sun.
Most of the known species of Pellwa are readily propagated by means of
spores, which are abundantly produced and germinate freely. Those species
which are provided with running rhizomes may
be propagated by division, which operation is most
successfully effected during March and April.
Principal Species and Varieties.
P. (Platyloma) adiantoides—Plat-yl-o’-ma ;
ad-i-ant-6-i/-dés (Adiantum-like), Lowe.
This handsome, vigorous, greenhouse species,
better known in gardens, where it is very extensively
grown, under the names of Preris adiantifolia,
P. adiantoides, and P. latifolia, is a native of the
West Indies. Its handsome fronds, borne on black
stalks 1ft. or more in length and of a shining
nature, are 1}ft. to 2ft. long, broadly egg-shaped,
and bipinnate (twice divided to the midrib). They
are furnished with leaflets which, at the base of
the frond, have from seven to ten leafits, the
rest gradually decreasing upwards to a simply
Fig. 16. Portion of Frond of Pellwa
adiantoides
(nat, size), bluntly toothed when barren, more entire and
pinnate apex. The leafits are egg-shaped and
sharp-pointed when fertile; those next to the
midrib are occasionally auricled (eared) at the base, while the terminal one is
usually somewhat halbert-shaped. The sori (spore masses) form a narrow,
continuous line along the margins (Fig. 16). The whole plant is of a
particularly dark green colour, and its general appearance is that of a large
form of P. hastata.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii., t. 33.
PELLAZA. 47
P. (Allosorus) alabamensis — All-os-o’-rus ; al-ab-a-men/-sis (from
Alabama), Baker.
Cheilanthes alabamensis, of Kunze, is another name for this very pretty,
greenhouse species, which, according to Eaton, is found growing wild on
rocks—certainly on sandstone, and perhaps on lime rocks—along the banks of
the rivers of Eastern Tennessee, and the Western parts of Virginia and North
Carolina ; in Franklin County, Kentucky ; in the valley of the Cohaba River,
Alabama ; at the mouth of Rio Pecos, Texas; and along the lower Rio
Grande. The broadly-egg-shaped fronds, borne on wiry, polished, blackish
stalks 2in. to 4in. long and covered at the base with fine woolly scales of
a reddish-brown colour, are produced from a short-creeping and _ branched
rootstock, which is covered with similar scales. They are 4in. to 8in. long,
lin. to 2in. broad, bi- or tripinnatifid (twice or three times divided nearly
to the midrib), and furnished with numerous leaflets of a somewhat leathery
texture. The leaflets are closely placed and cut down nearly to the midrib
into numerous narrow-oblong segments, most of which are entire, but the
lowest are sometimes again pinnatifid; they are naked on both surfaces, and
the sori (spore masses) are covered by a rather broad involucre of a parchment-
like texture—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 89, t. 1038; Filices Exotica,
t. 90. Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., t. 57.
P. (Allosorus) ambigua—All-os-o’-rus ; am-big’-ti-a (ambiguous), Baker.
A greenhouse species, native of New Granada, with fronds oblong, simply
pinnate (once divided to the midrib), or bipinnate at the base, and borne on
wiry, erect, polished, dark chestnut-brown stalks 6in. to 9in. long. These
fronds are usually 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, and furnished with
narrow leaflets 1}in. long and of a somewhat leathery texture, with their
margin incurved. The brown, continuous involucre, of a papery texture, is
mapped out into a series of roundish depressions, the two opposite edges
interlacing by a marginal fringe, and sometimes concealing the dark, polished
midrib.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 147.
P. (Allosorus) andromedefolia—aAll-os-o’-rus ; an-drom’-ed-e-fol’-i-a
(Andromeda-leaved), /ée.
A comparatively strong-growing, greenhouse species, native of California,
and extending southward along the Andes of Chili, also of Cape Colony. Its
48 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
very elegant fronds, borne on strong, upright stalks Gin. to 9in. long, of a pale
brown colour, and clothed at the base with reddish-brown scales, are broadly
egg-shaped, 6in. to 12in. long, and tri- or quadripinnate (three or four times
divided to the midrib). The leaflets, of a rigid nature, are broadly spear-
shaped ; the lowest are furnished with several narrow-oblong leafits, the lower
segments of which are sometimes slightly branched; the ultimate divisions,
seldom more than jin. long, are narrow-oblong, blunt, with enrolled edges ;
all are of a leathery texture, with both surfaces naked. The wrinkled
involucre is scarcely changed from the substance of the frond, sometimes
nearly meeting edge to edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 149. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 66.
P. (Molcochleena) angulosa — Holc-och-le’-na ; ang-ul-o’-sa (angular),
Baker.
A strong-growing, stove species, native of Mauritius, Bourbon, and
Madagascar. The stalks of the fronds are strong, upright, 6in. to 12in. long,
of a dark chestnut-brown colour and polished nature. The fronds are sub-
deltoid (somewhat in shape of the Greek delta, A), being Gin. to 12in. each
way and twice or three times divided to the midrib. The upper leaflets are
simple and cordate (undivided and heart-shaped), stalked, lin. to 1din. long,
and din. to jin. broad; their margin is not toothed but is sometimes
undulated. The lower leaflets are more spear-shaped than the upper ones,
and are furnished with several similar leafits }in. or more apart, sometimes
divided again below. All are of a leathery texture, with both surfaces naked,
but their midrib is hairy and their veins are copiously netted. The sori
(spore masses) are disposed in a continuous line to the summit of the
segments, ultimately concealing the reflexed involucre——Hooker, Species Filicum,
il, p. 214, t. 126a.
P. (Allosorus) angustifolia—All-os-o'-rus ; an-gus-tif-ol’-i-a (narrow-
leaved), Baker.
This strong-growing, stove species, native of Mexico and Venezuela, is
described and figured in Hooker’s “ Species Filicum” under the name of
P. decomposita, which name has been abandoned. Its much-divided fronds,
6in, to 12in. long and 3in. to 6in, broad, are borne on strong, erect, naked
Pela atropurpurea
CG nat. size)
PELLALA. 49
stalks 6in. to 12in. long and of a dark chestnut-brown colour. They are
broadly oblong, quadripinnatifid (four times divided nearly to the midrib), and
furnished with broadly spear-shaped leaflets, the pinnules (leafits) of which
are often cut down to the midrib into numerous narrow segments with rolled
edges. The fronds are of a somewhat leathery texture and of a pale green
colour on both surfaces, the upper one being slightly hairy. The broad
involucre, of parchment-like texture, is rolled over the spore masses.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii., p. 151, t. 119z.
P. a. cuneata—cun-é-a’-ta (wedge-shaped), J. Smith.
In this variety, which is of the same habit and possesses the same vigour
as the species, the ultimate segments are usually cut down to the midrib,
oblong, pointed, din. long, }in. broad, and wedge-shaped at the base.—
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 66.
P. (Allosorus) aspera—All-os-o’-rus ; as’-per-a (rough), Baker.
This greenhouse species, native of Texas and New Mexico, growing near
the Rio Grande, near the Santa Pita Copper Mines, and along the San Pedro
River, is rare, even in its own habitats. Its narrowly spear-shaped fronds,
4in. to 6in. long and about lin. broad, are produced from a somewhat
ascending, rather short rootstock, and borne on clustered, rather slender stalks
of a wiry nature, 2in. to 3in. long, blackish, and more or less densely clothed
with narrow scales and hairs of a pale brown colour. They are bipinnate,
with their lower leaflets distant and the others more closely set, and all of
them are cut down to the midrib into a few narrow or oblong, nearly entire
leafits of a somewhat leathery texture, pale green on both surfaces, the upper
one rough with harsh, short, simple or forked, whitish hairs. The abundant
sori (spore masses) are disposed in a continuous line along the margin, and
are covered by a pale, minutely-toothed involucre.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
ii, p. 111, t. 1084. Haton, Ferns of North America, ii, t. 74.
P. (Allosorus) atropurpurea—All-os-o’-rus ; a/-tro-pur-pur’-é-a (dark
purple), Link.
This greenhouse or nearly hardy species, of medium size, which,
according to Lowe, was introduced into Europe in 1770, is stated by Eaton
VOL. Ill. E
50 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
to grow in crevices of shaded, calcareous rocks, from Canada to the Rocky
Mountains of British America, and southward to Alabama, Arkansas, the
Indian Territory, and Arizona; it has also been found in several parts of
Mexico, and even in South America, in the Andes of Mecoya, where it is
said to grow at 8000ft. to 10,000ft. elevation. Having been first collected
about 1736, on the shore of the River Rappahannock, in a shady place by
the root of a Juniper, near the promontory called Point Lookout, Eaton takes
pleasure in giving it an English name, and calls it “ Clayton’s Cliff Brake.”
According to the age of this plant, its fronds,
which are produced from a short, knotted rootstock,
and borne on upright, rigid, though slender stalks
3in. to 4in. long and more or less woolly, are of
different forms and dimensions (see Plate). They
vary from 4in. to 12in. in length, from 2in. to 6in.
in breadth, and from spear-shaped and simply
pinnate (only once divided to the midrib) to
broadly spear-shaped and furnished with deltoid
pinne (leaflets in shape of the Greek delta, A),
bearing on each side several nearly stalkless leafits
lin. to 2in. long, seldom more than Hin. broad,
entire or sharply auricled (eared) at one or both
sides at the base (Fig. 17). The fronds are of
Fig. 17. Fertile Pinna of Pellea & leathery texture and of a bluish colour, which
ee forms a very pleasing contrast with the chestnut-
brown tint of the stalks and midribs. The
involucre, which is formed of the slightly-altered, incurved edge of the
leafits, is eventually almost hidden by the broad line of fructification.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 139. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
ii., p. 66. Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., t. 54. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, iii, t. 30a.
(nat. size).
P. (Cheiloplecton) auriculata—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; aur-ic-ul-a/-ta (eared),
Link.
A greenhouse species, of medium dimensions, native of Cape Colony,
bearing on flaccid and slightly scaly stalks, 2in. to 3in. long and of a bright
PELLAZA. 51
chestnut-brown colour, its narrowly spear-shaped fronds, which are 3in. to
9in. long, lin. to 13in. broad, and only once divided to the midrib, bearing
from twelve to eighteen pairs of slightly-stalked leaflets. The leaflets are
broader in the barren than in the fertile state, and vary in shape from
narrowly-oblong and entire, to auricled at one or both sides at the base, or
cut down nearly to the midrib in the lower part into oblong lobes, of a soft,
papery texture, and naked on both surfaces. The involucre, which is similar
in colour and texture to the frond, is broad and much wrinkled.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii., p. 140. Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 116.
P. (Allosorus) Barklyz—aAll-os-o’-rus ; Bark’-l¥-s (Lady Barkly’s), Baker.
Probably the most vigorous of the whole genus, this stove species, native
of the Seychelles, where it was found by Lady Barkly and also by Dr. Kirk,
has fronds 1ft. or more in length, 9in. broad, deltoid, and quadripinnatifid
(in shape of the Greek delta, A, and four times divided half-way to the
midrib) ; they are borne on strong, upright, naked, dark brown, polished
stalks 1ft. to 14ft. long. The lowest leaflets, Gin. to 8in. long, are almost
deltoid; their pinnules (leafits) are largest on the lower side, and are
furnished on each side with segments which are cut down to the rachis (stalk)
into numerous narrow divisions only }in. long. The texture is leathery, and
the rachis and both surfaces are naked. The sori (spore masses) are disposed
in a continuous line along the opposite edges of the gradually-narrowing
segments, so that the broad, pale brown covering, of a thin and transparent
nature, usually nearly reaches the tip—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 151.
P. (Allosorus) bella—All-os-o’-rus ; bel’-la (handsome), Baker.
A greenhouse species, native of California, with narrow, bipinnate fronds,
din. to 6in. long, borne on naked, black stalks 3in. long. The leaflets, about
zin. long, egg-shaped, and stalkless, are divided into four or six narrow-
oblong leafits: these are toothed, rounded at the base, of a leathery texture,
dull green on both surfaces, and have their edges strongly revolute—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 477. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 66.
P. (Allosorus) Boivini—All-os-o’-rus ; Boi-vi/-ni (Boivin’s), Hooker.
This stove species, native of Madagascar, Mauritius, Macalisberg, Ceylon,
and the Neilgherries, where it occurs at elevations varying between 3000ft.
E 2
52 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
and 5000ft.; comes near the better-known P. hastata in size and habit; but
the segments are narrower, and the involucre is formed of the slightly-
incurved edge of the leafits.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 147, t. 118a.
P. (Allosorus) brachyptera—All-os-o’-rus ; brach-yp’-ter-a (shortly-
winged), Baker.
Eaton states that this pretty, greenhouse species, of small dimensions,
grows in rocky places, in the Sierra of California, at 4000ft. elevation, and
that it was first collected in 1869. Its spear-shaped fronds, 4in. to Gin.
long and borne on stalks of the same length, are produced from a short-
creeping, knotted rootstock,
which is chaffy with very
a )yZ = narrow, rusty-brown scales
; toothed at their edges.
They are bipinnate (twice
divided to the midrib), and
furnished with very short,
Tuh<
A
oe
stalkless pinnules (leafits)
- ISS ees often broader than long,
seven to nine to a leaflet,
ae es closely placed (Fig. 18), of a
leathery texture, dull green
in colour, pointed at the tip, and rounded at the base; their edge is so
conspicuously revolute (rolled in) as to make the leafits appear almost
cylindrical. The sori (spore masses), disposed near the end of the veinlets,
are covered by the revolute margins of the leafits.— Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 477. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 66. Eaton,
Ferns of North America, ii., t. 47.
P, (Cheiloplecton) Breweri—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; Brew’-er-i (Brewer's),
Eaton.
This is a remarkably pretty, greenhouse Fern, native of North America.
Eaton states that it is common in the clefts of exposed rocks in the higher
cafions of the Sierra of California, and thence eastward to the East Humboldt
Mountains and the Wahsatch; it is also found near Loma, in Colorado, and
PELLASA, 58
near the Rio Grande. It was first collected in 1863, by Professor Brewer,
near Sonora Pass, at 7000ft. to 8000ft. elevation, and afterwards in Ebbett’s
Pass, at the same elevation, and in Mono Pass, at 9000ft. to 10,000ft.
elevation. The delicate little fronds, 2in. to 3in. long scarcely lin. broad,
narrow-oblong, simply pinnate (once divided to the midrib), borne on tufted,
round, very fragile, chestnut-brown stalks 2in. to 3in. long and chaffy only
at the base, are produced from a short, stout, ascending rootstock, densely
clothed with narrow, light brown scales. The leaflets are usually opposite,
the upper ones egg-shaped, undivided and stalkless, the lower ones cleft down
the centre nearly to the base into two unequal parts, of which the lower is
the smaller, each the same shape as the upper leaflets, and not toothed or
further divided, the larger part being about Hin. long and jin. broad. The
fronds are of a thick but scarcely leathery texture, pale green, and naked on
both surfaces. The sori (spore masses), disposed in a continuous, marginal
line, are covered by a broad, thin, and nearly transparent involucre.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 145. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 66.
Eaton, Ferns British and Exotic, 1, t. 48.
P. (Platyloma) Bridgesii — Plat-yl-o’-ma; Bridg-e’-si-i_ (Bridges’),
Hooker.
Eaton says this very pretty, greenhouse species is found growing in clefts
of rocks in the Sierra of California, usually above 6000ft. elevation. It has
been collected by Professor Brewer, at Ebbett’s Pass, at 9000ft. elevation, in
Silver Valley, in the Yosemite Valley, and in other places. Its fronds, produced
from a short-creeping rootstock, densely chaffy with narrow scales, and borne
on wiry, upright, naked, bright chestnut-brown stalks 2in. to 4in. long, are
simply pinnate (only once divided to the midrib), 4in. to 6in. long, and lin.
or less in breadth; they are furnished with six to eight pairs of stalkless
leaflets, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, blunt at the summit, of a
leathery texture, and glaucous (bluish-green) on both surfaces. The sori
(spore masses), disposed in a broad, marginal line, are covered by a much-
wrinkled, thin, and somewhat transparent involucre protruding beyond the
edge of the frond until they arrive at full maturity.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
ii., p. 238, t. 1428. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 66. LHaton,
Ferns of North America, i, t. 48.
54 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Platyloma) Brownii—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; Brown’-i-i (Brown’s). This is
synonymous with P. paradoza.
P. (Molecochlena) Burkeana—Holc-och-lx’-na ; Bur-ké-a’-na (Burke’s),
Baker.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of the Cape of Good Hope,
Angola, and the Mascarene and Comoro Islands. Its fronds, borne on tufted,
zigzag, nearly black, polished stalks 4in. to 6in. long, seldom measure more
than 4in. in length and 2in. in breadth. They are furnished in their upper
part with several pairs of simple, short-stalked leaflets 14in. long, 4in. broad,
quite entire, rounded at the base, and blunt at the point; and in their lower
part with two or three pairs of slightly-divided leaflets. These leaflets are of
a leathery texture and naked on both surfaces. The sori (spore masses),
disposed in quite a continuous line round the margin of the leaflets, ultimately
hide the reflexed involucre.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 218, t. 126B.
Fig. 19. Frond of Pellea calomelanos
(4 nat. size),
P. (Platyloma) calomelanos—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; cal-om-el’-an-os (beautiful-
dark), Link.
The specific name of this beautiful, greenhouse species applies to the dark
brown colour of its strong, tufted, upright, polished stalks, which are 4in. to
Gin. long and slightly scaly towards the base. The fronds (Fig. 19), 4in. to
8in. long and 3in. to 6in. broad, are somewhat in shape of the Greek
delta, A, and twice or three times divided to the midrib. The rigid, spreading
leaflets are sometimes simply pinnate, but frequently are twice pinnate ; their
leafits, borne on-rigid, though slender, black, shining stalks, are jin. to jin.
PELLAZA. 55
each way and vary in contour from blunt-heart-shaped to triangular-halbert-
shaped, and with the two sides often unequal at the base. The texture
of the fronds is leathery, and they are smooth and of a lovely glaucous (bluish-
green) colour on both surfaces. The sori (spore masses), disposed in a broad
line along the margin of the leafits, soon hide the narrow, thin, and transparent
involucre. This species is a native of Cape Colony (where it occurs at 4000ft.
elevation), Zambesi Land, Angola, and Abyssinia. It is also reported from
the Himalayas at an elevation of 6000ft—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 140.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 66. Botanical Magazine, t. 4769.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 26.
P. (Allosorus) consobrina — All-os-o’-rus ; con-so-bri/-na (related),
Hooker.
A greenhouse species, of large dimensions, native of Cape Colony, Kaftraria,
Natal, Abyssinia, &c. Its fronds, 6in. to 12in. long and 4in. to 9in. broad,
are borne on strong, erect, naked, polished, dark brown stalks Gin. to 12in.
long; they are deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A), and three or four
times divided nearly to the midrib. The lowest leaflets, also deltoid, have
their pinnules (leafits) of the lower side larger than the others; and all are
usually cut down into several spear-shaped or deltoid segments of a leathery
texture and naked on both surfaces. The sori (spore masses), disposed in a
continuous line along the margins, are covered by a moderately broad, thin,
transparent involucre, and the edge of the segments is often enrolled.— Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii, p. 145, t. 117A. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
ILy Py BG,
P. (Platyloma) cordata—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; cor-da’-ta (heart-shaped), J. Smith.
This very handsome, greenhouse species is a native of Mexico and the
Andes of Peru. Its broadly spear-shaped fronds, 1ft. or more in length and
4in. to 6in. broad, are borne on strong, erect, straw-coloured stalks 6in. to
Qin. long, polished, but clothed below with small, pale, spear-shaped scales
when young. The leaflets, of the same shape as the fronds, are provided with
a straight rachis, the lower ones being slightly branched at the base; their
short-stalked segments, oblong or egg-shaped, rounded or heart-shaped at the
base, din. to lin. long, and half as broad, are of a somewhat leathery texture
56 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
and blunt at the extremity. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in broad,
marginal lines, which soon hide the involucre.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii.,
p- 148. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil., p. 66.
P. ec. flexuosa—flex-ti-o’-sa (zigzag-bending), Link.
In gardens this variety is usually found under the name of Platyloma
flexuosa. It is a North American plant, being found from Austin, Texas, to
San Diego County, California, where, according to Eaton, it grows in exposed,
rocky places ; it also occurs from Mexico to Peru. Lowe says it was raised
from spores in the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1838. The handsome fronds,
produced from a rather slender rootstock clothed with narrow, brown scales,
are borne on stalks several inches long, more or less furrowed along the front,
Fig. 20. Frond of Pellea cordata flexuosa
(4 nat. size).
gradually passing into a more or less zigzag stalk (Fig. 20). They
are from 6in. to 2ft. long, broadly oblong in outline, twice, or the larger ones
three times, pinnate, and furnished with usually alternate leaflets and roundish
or egg-shaped, distinctly-stalked leafits that are very blunt at their extremity,
of a somewhat leathery texture, smooth, and slightly glaucous beneath. The
sori (spore masses) form a broad band, continuous along the margin of the
fertile leafits, and are covered by a very narrow involucre. On account of
its singular habit, the unusual colour of its fronds, and the broad, dark sori,
P. ¢. flecuosa may be considered as one of the most distinct plants of the
whole genus.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 148. Micholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 66. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i, t. 27. Lowe, Ferns
British and Exotic, iii., t. 25.
PELLAA. 57
P. decomposita—de-com-pos’-it-a (much divided). An old name for
P. angustifolia.
P. (Cheiloplecton) deltoidea—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; del-toid’-é-a (in shape
of the Greek delta, A), Baker.
A greenhouse species, native of Cape Colony, and of little decorative
value. It is only interesting inasmuch as it is probably the smallest-growing
of the whole genus; its bipinnate, deltoid fronds seldom exceeding 2in. each
way, and being borne on wiry, dark chestnut stalks about 1jin. long.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 107.
P. (Allosorus) densa—All-os-o’-rus ; den’-sa (dense), Hooker.
This pretty, greenhouse species, called in America the “Oregon Cliff
Brake,” is, according to Eaton, found growing in clefts of rocks in Oregon ; on
the banks of the Rogue River ; near Fort Otford; in the Sierra of California,
where it occurs at elevations varying between 6000ft. and 8000ft.; from the
Castle Mountains to the Yosemite; and it has been collected at Jackson’s
Lake in Wyoming Territory. Its finely-divided fronds, produced from a
somewhat slender rootstock that is chaffy with very dark, narrow scales, are
borne on densely-tufted, slender but wiry stalks 4in. to 6in. long, of a dark
chestnut-brown colour, dull or moderately polished; they are 2in. to 3in.
long, lin. to 1din. broad, broadly oblong, and three times divided to the
midrib. The leaflets and leafits, generally spear-shaped, are crowded, and
are again divided into numerous stalkless, narrow segments, of a leathery
texture and smooth on both surfaces, with inrolled edges, and terminating in
a sharp point. The sori (spore masses) are‘ covered by a broad, rigid involucre,
rolled permanently over them.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 130, % 125,
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 66. Eaton, Ferns of North
America, i., t. 11.
P. (Platyloma) Doniana—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; Don-i-a’-na (Don's), Hooker.
A stove species, native of the Seychelles, Angola, and Zambesi Land. It.
much resembles P. paradoza in size and habit, and is distinguishable from
that species mostly on account of the lower part of the midrib of its fronds
being black and polished, as well as the rachis (stalk of the leafy portion).—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 187, t. 125.
58 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Platyloma) falcata—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; fal-ca’-ta (sickle-shaped), Fée.
This decorative, greenhouse species has a very extensive range of habitat,
being found in Tropical Hindostan, the Malayan Peninsula, Australia, New
Zealand, Tasmania, the Kermadec Islands, &c. According to Lowe, it was
introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, by Allan Cunningham, as far back
as 1823. The fronds, produced from a wide-creeping, slender, underground
rhizome, and borne on strong, erect stalks 3in. to 6in. long, more or less
hairy and scaly, are oblong-spear-shaped, 6in. to 18in. long, lin. to 2in. broad,
and only once divided to the midrib (Fig. 21). They are formed of
twelve to thirty or more pairs of stalkless or nearly stalkless leaflets 4in. to lin.
long and jin. to din. broad, and usually a larger terminal one ; all are spear-
shaped or oblong-spear-shaped, usually terminating in a sharp point, and often
slightly sickle-shaped, wedge-shaped, enlarged, or heart-shaped at the base ;
Fig. 21. Frond of Pellea falcata
(; nat. size).
their texture is leathery, and their colour a dark, dull green above, paler
beneath. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in a continuous, broad, marginal
line extending from the base to nearly the summit of each fertile leaflet, and
soon hide their narrow involucre.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 136, t. 11s.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 66. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, iii., t. 308.
P. (Allosorus) flayvescens—All-os-o’-rus ; fla-ves’-cens (yellowish), Fée.
A strong-growing, stove species, native of Rio Janeiro, where it was
gathered by Bongard and by Glaziou. It has little in common with its
specific name, for its oblong or broadly spear-shaped fronds, 6in. to 12in.
long, dull green and naked on both surfaces, and borne on naked, black stalks
Gin. to 12in. long, are produced from a short-creeping rhizome clothed with
dark brown scales. They are twice or three times pinnate ; their leaflets are
spear-shaped and short-stalked, the lowest, which are the longest, being again
Pelleea geranicefolia
(nearly nab. size),
PELLAA. 59
pinnate, with two or three pairs of blunt segments, the edges of which are
strongly revolute (turned back) and of a leathery texture. The sori (spore
masses) are covered with a persistent involucre of a firm, crisp nature, with
close indentations.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 477.
P. (Platyloma) flexuosa—Plat-yl-o’-ma; flex-ti-o’-sa (zigzag-bending).
A variety of P. cordata.
P. (Cheiloplecton) Fournieri—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; Four-ni-e’-ri_ (Four-
nier’s), Baker.
This stove species, native of Mexico, is of small dimensions. Its fronds,
deltoid and bipinnate (in shape of the Greek delta, A, and twice divided to
the midrib), are about 6in. each way, and borne on short, roundish, pale-
coloured stalks clothed with sharp-pointed scales of a tawny colour. The
stalked leaflets are alternate, the lowest, which are also the largest, being
usually 3in. long; their leafits, which are attached to the rachis by a broad
base, are distant and sharp-pointed, smooth on their upper surface, and hairy
on their under-side. The sori (spore masses), disposed in a continuous,
marginal line, are covered by a smooth involucre of a peculiarly wrinkled
nature.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 476.
P. (Cheiloplecton) geranizefolia—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; ger-an-i-w-fol’-i-a
(Geranium-leaved), Fée.
A greenhouse species, which, according to Kunze, was introduced into
this country so far back as 1816; according to Lowe, it was cultivated
in the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1838. It has a very extensive range of
habitat, being found in Tropical America, from Guatemala southward to Brazil
and Peru; in Polynesia, from New Caledonia northward to the Neilgherries,
North China, and Sub-tropical Australia, the Mascarene Islands, Zambesi
Land, Angola, and Cape Colony. Although of small dimensions, this pretty
Fern is extensively used as a decorative plant. Its fronds, in shape of the
Greek delta, A, 2in. to 4in. each way, and borne on erect, wiry, polished
stalks 6in. to 9in. long and slightly scaly towards the base, are cut down
nearly to the rachis into three or four leaflets on each side, of which the
lowest pair is much the largest. The leafits on the lower side are much
larger than the others and are deeply lobed (see Plate), with narrow-
60 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
oblong segments. They are of a soft, papery texture and bright green colour,
and their sori (spore masses), of a reddish-brown colour, are disposed in broad,
continuous, marginal lines and covered by a narrow indusium.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii., p. 132; Icones Plantarum, t. 915. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 66. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii., t. 27.
P. (Allosorus) glauca — All-os-o’-rus; glau’-ca (bluish - green),
J. Smith.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of Chili and Mexico, with
fronds 3in. to 4in. each way, deltoid and quadripinnatifid (in form of the
Greek delta, A, and four times divided nearly to the midrib), borne on strong,
erect, polished stalks 4in. to 8in. long and of a dark chestnut-brown colour.
The lowest leaflets are much the largest, and the leafits on the lower side are
also larger than the others; all the leafits are cut down to the rachis into
segments, and these are again cut down to the rachis below, the ultimate
divisions being about gin. long, narrow-oblong, with inrolled edges more or
less notched. The fronds are of a leathery texture, naked on the upper
surface, and woolly underneath ; the leathery involucre is rolled down over
the spore masses.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 1538.
P. Glaziovii—Glaz-i-o’-vi-i (Glaziou’s). Synonymous with P. microphylla.
P. (Cheiloplecton) gracilis — Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; grac’-il-is (slender),
Hooker. .
Although found also in Siberia, Thibet, and Northern India, where it is
said to occur at 9000ft. to 10,000ft. elevation, this pretty, delicate, greenhouse
species is a thorough North American Fern. Eaton states that it is found
growing in crevices of damp and shaded, calcareous rocks, especially in deep
glens from Labrador to British Columbia, and southward to Iowa, Wisconsin,
and Pennsylvania ; also in Colorado, near Breckinridge City ; and adds that,
though by no means a common plant, it is found in Sunderland, Massachusetts ;
at Trenton Falls, Chittenango Falls, and other deep glens in Central New
York ; in Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania; and in other
similar places in Vermont, Michigan, &c. The plant, which Eaton says is the
most delicate of all the North American Pelleas, has somewhat the general
appearance of Cryptogramme crispa, and is also known in gardens as P. Stelleri.
PELL/EA. 61
Its fertile and barren fronds, which are quite distinct in appearance, and borne
on slender, straw-coloured, polished stalks 2in. to 3in. long, are produced from
a very slender rootstock, scarcely more than yin. in thickness and sometimes
2in. to 3in. long, and so hidden in the crevices of the rocks that it is seldom
secured by collectors. Both kinds of fronds are of a thin, papery texture and
pinnate, with the lower leaflets sometimes again slightly divided. In the
barren fronds, which are shortest, being seldom more than 3in. long and 1}in.
broad, the segments of the leaflets, plainly attached to the secondary midrib,
are roundish in shape and more or less lobed and toothed on their margins ;
in the fertile fronds, which are taller than the barren ones, the segments are
more distinct, longer, and narrower. The terminal leaflet of the fronds and
the terminal segment of the leaflets are considerably longer than the others.
The sori (spore masses) are covered by a broad, continuous involucre of
a softer nature even than the frond itself—Hooker, Species Filicum, u., p. 138,
t. 1338. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iti, p. 67. Eaton, Ferns of
North America, i, t. 54.
P. (Allosorus) Greggii—All-os-o’-rus ; Greg’-gi-i (Dr. Grege’s), Mettenius.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Mexico, with broadly
egg-shaped fronds 2in. to 3in. long, produced from a short-creeping rhizome
densely clothed with black-brown, toothed scales, and borne on reddish, opaque
stalks lin. to 3in. long and slightly scaly. These fronds are twice or three
times divided to the midrib and furnished with short-stalked leaflets and
stalkless leafits narrowed at the base and of a leathery texture ; their stalkless
ultimate segments are oblong and blunt, and have revolute edges, under
which the sori (spore masses) are completely hidden.— Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 477.
P. (Platyloma) hastata—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; has-ta’-ta (halbert-shaped), Link.
This highly decorative, strong-growing, greenhouse Fern, more generally
found in gardens under the name of Pieris hastata, and said by Lowe to have
been introduced into England before the year 1822, has a somewhat extensive
range of habitat, being found from Cape Colony northward to Natal, Zambesi
Land, the Mascarene and the Cape de Verde Islands, and Abyssinia. The fronds,
Lft. to 2ft. long, are borne on wiry, erect, dark chestnut-brown, highly-polished
62 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
stalks Gin. to 12in. long; they are oblong in shape and bi- or tripinnate
(twice or three times divided to the midrib), their leaflets varying from
simply pinnate to copiously bipinnate. The leafits, of a soft, papery
texture and yellowish-green colour, are egg-shaped when barren, except the
terminal ones, which usually are
distinctly halbert-shaped and un-
dulated on their margins: these
characters are much more con-
spicuous when the plant is fertile
(Fig. 22 shows barren fronds
only). The fronds are smooth on
both surfaces, and the sori (spore
masses), disposed in a continuous,
marginal line, are provided with a
somewhat narrow, thin involucre,
nearly or quite hidden when the
spores are ripe—Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 145; Filices Exotica,
t. 50. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 67. Lowe, Ferns
Fig, 22. Pellea hastata : ae
(much reduced). British and Exotic, ii., t. 32.
P. (Allosorus) intramarginalis — All-os-o’-rus; in-tra-mar-gin-a’-lis
(within the margin), J. Smith.
A delicate-looking, greenhouse species, native of Mexico and Guatemala,
with broadly spear-shaped fronds, 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, twice
divided nearly to the midrib, and borne on tufted, upright, dark chestnut-brown,
polished stalks 3in. to 6in. long. The spear-shaped leaflets (Fig. 23), 2in. to
3in. long, lin. broad, and opposite, are cut down nearly to the rachis into
long, narrow-oblong leafits, of a somewhat leathery texture, pale or glaucous
green in colour, and smooth on both surfaces. The abundant and conspicuous
sori (spore masses) are disposed in a continuous, single, intramarginal row, and
covered by a broad, somewhat fringed, thin and transparent involucre.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii, p. 112. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 67.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii., t. 31.
PELLAZA. 63
P, i. serratifolia—ser-ra-tif-ol’-i-a (having saw-edged leaves), Hooker.
In this variety, which is also known under the name of Preris fallaz,
and which partakes of the same habit and dimensions as the species, the
pinnules (leafits) are distinctly toothed.—Hooker, Second Century of Ferns,
t. 72. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ili., p. 67.
P. (Allosorus) involuta—All-os-o’-rus ; in-vol-w’-ta (wrapped up, rolled
inward), Baker.
This greenhouse species, of small dimensions, is a native of Zanzibar and
Cape Colony. Its oblong-spear-shaped fronds, 3in. to 4in. long, lin. to 1in.
broad, and three times divided nearly to the midrib,
are borne on tufted, wiry, erect, blackish stalks 2in.
to 3in. long and more or less scaly throughout. The
lower leaflets are opposite, broadly triangular, and cut
down into several broadly-triangular leafits, the upper
of which are divided into three lobes, while the lower
are cut down to the rachis below. The fronds are
of a leathery texture, pale green and smooth on both
surfaces, and the sori (spore masses), disposed in
a continuous, marginal line, are covered by a distinct,
pale, thin, transparent involucre.— Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 108. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
ili... p: Of,
P. (Allosorus) longimucronata—All-os-o’-rus ;
long-im-u-cro-na’-ta (long-pointed). This is
Fig, 23. Leaflet of Pellea
intramarginalis
synonymous with P. mucronata. (nat. size).
P. (Allosorus) marginata — All-os-o’-rus ; mar-gin-a’-ta (edged),
Baker.
A stove species, of medium size, native of Tropical America, from Mexico
and Jamaica southward to Peru and the Argentine Territory. Its somewhat
triangular fronds, 4in. to 8in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, borne on strong, erect,
polished stalks 3in. to 9in. long, of a chestnut-brown colour, and slightly scaly
towards the base, are three or four times divided nearly to the midrib ; the
64 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
lower leaflets are usually much the largest, and the leafits on the lower are
larger than those on the upper side. They are of a somewhat leathery texture,
smooth on both surfaces, and the narrow-oblong ultimate divisions have their
edges rolled in, thus hiding the spore masses, which are disposed in an
uninterrupted line along the margin—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 105.
P. (Cheiloplecton) microphylla — Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; mi-croph-yl’-la
(small-leaved), Fée.
This small, stove species, native of Rio Janeiro, and also known as
P. Glaziovii, is of little decorative value. Its roundish fronds, seldom more
than in. long and borne on stalks din. to 13in. long, are composed of five
blunt lobes, the central the longest, all of a somewhat leathery texture and
dull green colour.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 476.
P. (Allosorus) mucronata—All-os-o’-rus ; mu-cro-na/-ta (sharply-pointed),
Eaton.
This very pretty, greenhouse species, of medium size, also known under
the names of P. longimucronata and P. Wrightiana, is a native of Western
Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona ; it is also reported from Bolivia,
but Eaton, who, in his excellent work on “Ferns of North America,” says
that it occurs mostly in exposed, rocky places, also states (ii, p. 6) that it is
‘attributed also to California in ‘Synopsis Filicum,’ but probably through
some error, as I have seen no true Wrightiana from that state.” Its interesting
fronds, deltoid and bipinnate (in shape of the Greek delta, A, and twice divided
to the midrib), 3in. to 6in. long and lin. to 3in. broad, are produced from
a short, thick, knotted rootstock that is densely chaffy with very narrow scales
of a dark brown colour, and are borne on strong, erect, dark brown, polished
stalks 2in. to 4in. long. The leaflets of the barren fronds are almost stalkless,
roundish or egg-shaped, rounded or even somewhat heart-shaped at the base,
but provided with a minute, semi-transparent, sharp point, or mucro, at their
extremity. Those of the fertile fronds are rolled in nearly to the midveins
and therefore very narrow, often longer than the barren ones, curved upwards,
and terminate in a sharp, mucronate point. All are of a leathery texture and
of a pale glaucous-green colour on both surfaces. The sori (spore masses)
are completely hidden by the broad, leathery involucre, which is permanently
PELLAA. 65
rolled over them.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 142, t. 1158. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 67. Laton, Ferns of North America,
ii, t. 47.
P. (Platyloma) nitida—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; nit’-id-a (bright), Baker.
A greenhouse species, of medium dimensions, native of Tropical Australia,
with fronds in shape of the Greek delta, A, twice or three times divided to
the midrib, 4in. to 6in. each way, and borne on tufted, slender, chestnut-
coloured stalks Gin. to 9in. long. The upper leaflets are simple (undivided) ;
the lowest, much the largest, are stalked and furnished with a few distant,
strap-shaped leafits of thin but firm texture, greyish-green on both surfaces,
and having spore masses provided with a very narrow involucre.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 478.
P. (Allosorus) nitidula—All-os-o’-rus ; nit-id’-ul-a (somewhat bright),
Baker.
This pretty little, greenhouse species is only known to come from the
Himalayas, where it is said to grow at an elevation of 6000ft. Its finely-cut
fronds, 3in. to 4in. long, lin. to 14in. broad, and twice or three times cut
down nearly to the midrib, are borne on densely-tufted, slender stalks 3in.
to 6in. long, of a dark brown colour and polished except at their base, which
is slightly scaly. The leaflets are opposite; the lower ones, in the shape of
the Greek delta, A, are cut down to the rachis into a few leafits. The upper
leafits are narrow-oblong and entire; the lower ones are again pinnatifid.
The abundant sori (spore masses) form a continuous, marginal line, and are
covered by a thin, broad, toothed involucre. Cheilanthes nitidula is identical
with this species.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 113; Jcones Plantarum,
t. 912.
P. (Allosorus) ornithopus — All-os-o’-rus ; or-ni’-thop-us (Bird’s-foot
Cliff Brake), Hooker.
This is an exceedingly pretty, greenhouse species, native of California,
where it is found growing commonly on dry rocks-from Mendocino County
to San Diego; also on Guadalupe Island. Professor Brewer says: ‘This
species is abundant on the very dry mountains in the Western part of the
State; it grows often in tufts in the rocks, where it receives no moisture
VOL, Il. F
66 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
whatever for several months in summer, and is exposed to an intensely
scorching sun” (Haton, ‘Ferns of North America,” ii, p. 12). Its
triangular fronds, 4in. to Gin. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, and twice divided
nearly to the midrib, are produced from a short, thick, knotted rootstock,
densely chaffy with very narrow, dark brown scales, and are borne on stiff,
erect, dark chestnut-brown, polished stalks 3in. to 6in. long. The rigid,
spreading leaflets are furnished with distantly-placed, stalkless leafits on each
side, which are cut at the base into three narrow, mucronate (sharply-pointed)
segments, of which the central one is the largest. In very large plants, some
of the leaflets are more or less elongated and have from five to seven pairs
of leafits. The fronds are of a leathery texture, very pale glaucous-green and
naked on both surfaces, and the sori (spore masses) are quite hidden by the
broad, toothed, leathery involucre, which is rolled permanently over them.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 144, t. 1164. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 67. Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., t. 47.
P. (Platyloma) pallida—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; pal’-lid-a (pale), Baker.
A greenhouse species, native of Mexico, with oblong-spear-shaped fronds
9in. to 10in. long, 2in. to 24in. broad, twice cut to the midrib, and borne on
grey-brown stalks 3in. to 4in. long, clothed with minute, rough, narrow,
brown scales. The short-stalked leaflets are distantly placed, and are
furnished with oblong, blunt, slightly-lobed leafits; they are of a leathery
texture, of a pale greyish-green colour on their upper surface, and thinly
hairy underneath. The sori (spore masses) are furnished with a narrow
involucre, which is soon hidden.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 478.
P. (Platyloma) paradoxa — Plat-yl-o’-ma; par-ad-ox’-a (paradoxical),
Hooker.
This handsome, greenhouse species, of medium size, native of Queensland
and New South Wales, is said by Lowe to have been introduced into England
in 1821. It is frequently found in gardens under the name of P. Brownii.
The oblong fronds, 6in. to Yin. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, and only once divided
to the midrib, are borne on strong, upright stalks Gin. to Yin. long, of a dark
brown colour, and slightly woolly. The short-stalked leaflets, four to six to
a frond, have a considerable space between them; they are lin. to 2in. long,
PELLAEA. 67
din. to lin. broad, spear-shaped, entire, bluntish at the apex, and heart-shaped
or roundish at the base. The fronds are of a leathery texture and naked on
both surfaces, but the rachis is slightly woolly. The spore masses, disposed
in a marginal line, soon hide the involucre.— Hooker, Species Pilicum,
ii, p. 185, t. llla; Filices Exoticw, t. 21. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 67.
P. (Cheiloplecton) Pearcei — Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; Pear’-ce-i (Pearce’s),
Baker.
A greenhouse species, native of the Andes of Peru, where it occurs at
6000ft. elevation. It is closely allied to P. Breweri, but has leaflets more
compound, and stalks devoid of scales at the base.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p. 476.
P. (Allosorus) pectiniformis—All-os-o’-rus ; pec-tin-if-or’-mis (comb-
shaped), Baker.
This is a robust, free-growing, stove species, native of Natal, Angola,
and the Mascarene Islands. Its spear-shaped fronds, 6in. to 12in. long, 2in.
to 3in. broad, and produced from a stout, short-creeping rhizome, are borne
on round, black stalks 2in. to 6in. long and slightly scaly at the base. These
fronds are simply pinnate (only once divided to the midrib), being furnished
with narrow, strap-shaped, entire leaflets with revolute margins, blunt at the
apex, and heart-shaped at the base. They are of a rigidly leathery texture,
green and smooth on both surfaces, and their spore masses are provided with
a smooth, pale, firm involucre.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 147.
P. (Cheiloplecton) pilosa—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; pil-o’-sa (hairy), Hooker.
This stove species, native of Bourbon, is a plant of very distinct
appearance. Its barren and fertile fronds, borne on strong, wiry, brownish-
black stalks 6in. to 9in. long and more or less clothed with small, narrow
scales throughout, are totally different. The barren ones, in form of the
Greek delta, A, and 1din. each way, are cut down to within }in. of the rachis ;
their lowest leaflets, much the largest, are deeply lobed, with the lobes again
notched on the under-side; their lower surface is densely hairy, and their
midrib scaly like the stalks. The fertile fronds are larger, and are cut down
quite to the rachis, with narrower, longer, and more deeply-divided leaflets ;
F 2
68 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
they are of a somewhat leathery texture, and their sori (spore masses) are
covered by an incurved involucre of a thin, transparent nature.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii., p. 132, t. 1148.
P. (Allosorus) pulchella—aAll-os-o’-rus ; pul-chel’-la (pretty), Fée.
A remarkably pretty, greenhouse species, found in Western Texas, in
New Mexico, and from Mexico to Peru. Regarding its habitat, Eaton, in his
exhaustive work on ‘Ferns of North America” (i., p. 81), says: “It probably
grows in clefts of exposed rocks, but none of the collectors seems to have
made a note of the kind of place where it is found.” Its very elegant, oblong
fronds, 3in. to 6in. long, lin. to 3in. broad, and tripinnate (three times divided
to the midrib), are produced from a very short, rather stout rootstock, nearly
erect, and borne on densely-tufted, wiry, erect stalks 2in. to 3in. long, of
a dark chestnut-brown colour and polished nature, except at the base, where
they are chaffy with narrow, crisped, nearly black scales. The lower leaflets
are broadly triangular, and their spear-shaped pinnules (leafits) are again
divided into oblong, blunt segments scarcely more than Hin. long and half as
broad. The fronds are of a leathery texture, pale green and smooth on both
surfaces, with the edges of the fertile segments much enrolled, and a broad
involucre of a thin, papery texture, permanently rolled over the spore masses.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 150. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iL, p. 67. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i., t. 11.
P. (Cheiloplecton) rigida—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ;_ rig’-id-a (stiff), Hooker.
This stove species, of medium dimensions and upright habit, is a native
of Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru. Its fronds, in the shape of the Greek
delta, A, and twice or three times divided to the midrib, are 4in. to 9in. long,
3in. to 6in. broad, and borne on stout, erect, naked or slightly scaly, dark
chestnut-brown stalks 4in. to 6in. long. The lowest leaflets, which are the
largest, are 3in. to 4in. long, upright, and broadly triangular ; the leafits on
their lower side are larger than the others and divided again into narrow-
oblong, blunt segments of a somewhat leathery texture and either naked or
sometimes slightly hairy on both surfaces. The sori (spore masses), disposed
in a continuous, marginal line, are covered by a broad, pale, wrinkled involucre,
which is rolled down tightly over them.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 144.
PELLALA, 69
P. (Allosorus) robusta—All-os-o’-rus ; ro-bus’-ta (strong), Hooker.
In the case of this greenhouse species, native of Namaqua Land, South
Africa, it’is difficult to see the meaning of the specific name, as the whole
plant does not exceed at most 5in. in height, and it is of the same delicate
texture as P. densa; in size and habit it much resembles the common “ Parsley
Fern” (Cryptogramme crispa), from which it differs principally in having its
barren and fertile fronds similar and the segments smaller (not exceeding fin. in
length and yin. in breadth), more crowded, and of a darker green colour.
The involucre (covering of the sori) is similar in substance to the frond, and
is rolled over the fruit till full maturity—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 147.
P. (Platyloma) rotundifolia — Plat-yl-o’-ma; rot-un-dif-ol’-i-a (round-
leaved), Hooker.
A very useful and pretty, greenhouse species, of drooping habit, native of
New Zealand and Norfolk Island, and, according to Lowe, introduced into the
Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1841. The fronds are produced from a stout, scaly,
Fig. 24, Frond of Pellea rotundifolia
( nat. size).
underground-creeping rhizome, and are borne on wiry stalks more or less
hairy, 6in. to 12in. long, and clothed throughout with narrow, chaffy, light
brown scales. They are narrow, simply pinnate (only once divided to the
midrib), 6in. to 12in. long, lin. to 1in. broad, and furnished with numerous
short-stalked, oblong or roundish leaflets, blunt (Fig. 24) or sometimes provided
with a sharp point, or mucro, at their summit. The fronds are of a leathery
texture, of a particularly dark green colour and glossy nature, though the rachis
(stalk of the leafy portion) is conspicuously hairy. The sori (spore masses)
are disposed in a continuous, broad, marginal line, and eventually hide the very
narrow involucre.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 1386; Filices Exotica, t. 48.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 67. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, ii., t. 24a.
70 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Platyloma) sagittata — Plat-yl-o’-ma; sag-it-ta’-ta (arrow-shaped),
Moore and Houlston.
This greenhouse species, of erect habit and of a somewhat deciduous
nature, is the Prerts sagittata of Cavanilles, and the Allosorus sagittatus of
Pres]. It is a native of Mexico, and is closely allied to P. cordata, and
nearer still to the variety flexuosa, but its fronds
are not zigzag, and the habit, instead of being
drooping, is upright. Lowe states that P. sagittata
was raised from spores at the Royal Gardens,
Kew, in the year 1842. Its fronds, triangular and
bipinnate (twice divided to the midrib), are pro-
duced from a short-creeping rhizome, and borne
on pale brown or straw-coloured stalks 8in. to
12in. long. They are 14ft. to 2ft. long, and their
Fig. 25. Portion of Fertile Frond of stalked pinnules (leafits), smooth and of a glaucous
Pellea sagittata
(nat. size).
(bluish-green) colour and soft, papery texture, have
the singular property of rolling their margins under,
and thus becoming quite arrow-shaped when fertile (Fig. 25); in the barren
state these leaflets are heart-shaped—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii.,
t. 28. Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 153, as a variety of P. cordata.
P. (Cheiloplecton) Seemanni—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; See-man’-ni (Dr.
Seemann’s), Hooker.
A greenhouse species, native of Mazatlan, Mexico. It is very like
P. auriculata in habit and general appearance, differing from that species
principally in its finer venation and narrower involucre.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 141, t. 1172.
P. (Cheiloplecton) Skinneri—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; Skin’-ner-i (Skinner’s),
Hooker.
This stove species, native of Guatemala, is of medium size, its broadly-
triangular fronds, 6in. to 12in. long, din. to 8in. broad, and three times cut
down nearly to the midrib, being borne on stout, erect stalks 6in. to 9in.
long, pale brown or straw-coloured, and slightly hairy. The lowest leafits,
lin. to 2in. long and lin. broad, are cut down nearly to the rachis into
PELLAA. 71
oblong, sharp-pointed lobes. The fronds are of a thin but firm texture, smooth
on both surfaces, and the sori (spore masses), disposed in a continuous,
marginal line, are provided with a narrow, thin, transparent involucre.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 141, t. 118.
P. (Cheiloplecton) Stelleri—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; Stel-le’-ri_ (Steller’s).
A synonym of P. gracilis.
P. (Cheiloplecton) Tamburii—Cheil-op-lec’-ton ; Tam-bur’-i-i (from
Tambur), Hooker.
A very distinct, greenhouse species, of medium size, native of Tambur
Valley, East Nepaul, where it was gathered by Dr. Hooker. Its singular
fronds, in shape of the Greek delta, A, and about Gin. each way, are borne
on erect, polished, bright chestnut-brown stalks 6in. to 9in. long. They are
composed of three principal leaflets, the terminal one being cut down nearly
to the rachis into several broad, spear-shaped lobes, of which the upper ones
are entire and the lower ones larger and waved ; the lateral leaflets have the
lobes on the upper side nearly entire, but those on the lower side are
prolonged and again deeply lobed, the largest divisions being about lin. deep
and }in. broad at the base. All are of a somewhat leathery texture, their
under-surface is thinly coated with white meal, and their involucre, of
a brownish colour, is continuous, but regularly notched, along the outer edge.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 184, t. 129a.
P. (Allosorus) ternifolia—All-os-o’-rus ; ter-nif-ol’-i-a (ternate-leaved),
Fée.
This stove species, which is as pretty as it is interesting, and which
belongs to the same group as P. brachyptera, P. mucronata, and P. ornithopus,
is a native of Tropical America, being found principally in the Andes, from
Texas southward to Peru and Chili. Eaton says of it: “ A common Mexican
species, found as far south as Peru, and reappearing in the Hawaiian Islands ;
also collected near the head-waters of the Rio Colorado of Texas.” Lowe states
that it was received at the Royal Gardens, Kew, from Mr. D. Cameron, in
the year 1841. The very elegant, pendulous fronds, Gin. to 12in. long, lin.
to 1}in. broad, and borne on tufted, erect, dark chestnut-brown stalks 2in. to
72 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
4in. long, polished above, but densely scaly at the base, are narrow-spear-
shaped, and furnished with six to twelve or more pairs of leaflets. These are
always opposite, of a leathery texture, and beautiful glaucous-green in colour
on each side ; they are cleft down nearly to the base into three narrow, rigid
segments, with inrolled edges, thus forming a sort of claw. The involucre
(covering of the spore masses) is formed out of the edge of the frond, and
Fig. 26. Pellea ternifolia
(} nat. size).
remains rolled over the spores till they attain their full maturity. For
Fig. 26 we are indebted to Messrs. W. and J. Birkenhead.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii, p. 142; Filices Exoticw, t. 15. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iti, p. 67. Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii, t. 54. Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, iii., t. 24.
P. (Allosorus) Wrightiana—All-os-o’-rus ; Wright-i-a’-na (Wrights).
Synonymous with P. mucronata.
P. (Platyloma) Zippellii—Plat-yl-o’-ma ; Zip-pel’-li-i (Zippelius’), Baker.
A very distinct, stove species, of large dimensions, native of New Guinea,
with fronds 13ft. long, 24in. broad, and borne on short, tufted stalks of
PELLAEA. 73
a scaly nature. These fronds are simply pinnate (only once divided to the
midrib), with fifty to sixty pairs of opposite, short-stalked, narrow-spear-
shaped, blunt, straight or slightly sickle-shaped leaflets, the central ones being
lin. to 1jin. long and the lower ones much reduced ; all are of a somewhat
rigid, leathery texture, with their upper surface naked, while the lower is
scaly on the midribs. The sori, less conspicuous than in most species, are
provided with a very narrow involucre, which is soon hidden.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 477.
PERANEMA—Pe-ran-e’-ma. See Spheeropteris.
PMEGOPTERIS—Phe-gop’-ter-is. See Polypodium.
PHLEBIOPMYLLUM—Phleb-i-oph-yl’-lum. See Trichomanes.
PMLEBODIUM—Phleb-o’-di-um. See Polypodium.
PHOTINOPTERIS—Pho-ti-nop’-ter-is. See Acrostichum.
PH YMATODES—Phy-mat-o’-dés. See Polypodium.
PHYSAPTERIS—Phy-sap’-ter-is. See Cheilanthes.
PHYSEMATIUM—Phy-se-mat’-i-um. See Woodsia.
PLAGIOGYRIA—Plag-i-og-y’-ri-a. See Lomaria.
CHAPTER Vill
PLATYCERIUM, Desvauz.
(Plat-yc-er’-i-um.)
Elk’s-horn and Stag’s-horn Ferns.
N)JHE name Platycerium is derived from platys, broad, and keras,
A) a horn, on account of the fertile fronds of these plants being
the Acrostichums, the only Ferns comprised. in the tribe
Acrostichez, and form, in Hooker and Baker’s “ Synopsis
Filicum,” Genus 61, thus occupying an intermediate position between the
Acrostichums and the Osmundas. Platycerium is a small group of plants
(about half-a-dozen species) of widely-separated habitats, some being found in
Temperate Australia, others in the Philippine and Malayan Islands, and one
at least in Africa. The genus is well marked, and is rendered very distinct
through the repeatedly-forked character of the fertile fronds of most of the
species. Besides the unique mode of growth of these Ferns, their distinguishing
character resides in the disposition of the sori (spore masses), which form
large patches on the lower surface of the fertile fronds, and are in most cases
situated at their extremity, which they cover to the length of sometimes quite
eight inches: there are, however, one or two exceptional instances in which
the sori occupy only the disk or broader portion. The fertile fronds are in
all cases, as regards shape, size, and texture, thoroughly different from the
barren ones, which are of a peculiar rounded shape, convex, and of a more
or less thick, parchment-like texture. There are no British representatives
of the genus.
GRANDE
PEA CR eM
PLATYCERIUM. 75
Culture.
| With the exception of P. alcicorne, which thrives best in an ordinary
greenhouse temperature, all the Platyceriums require stove treatment. They
succeed best and become most effective when planted in the fork of an
ordinary tree-branch or in an artificial wall-pocket made of virgin cork.
P. alcicorne also has a most pleasing appearance when grown as a. basket
plant, as its roots, which usually produce young plants on their surface, soon
make a perfect ball, imparting a singular effect, growing as it does in all
directions—sideways, head downwards, &¢.—with equal vigour. The compost
which suits them best is a
mixture, in about equal parts,
of rough, fibrous peat and
sphagnum. The plants are
particularly fond of strong
light, and should _ receive
water at the roots with
moderation. The best way
to keep them in good con-
dition in that respect is to
soak them thoroughly, and
then to wait until the foliage
begins to droop and to pre-
sent a soft, withered aspect: Fig. 27. Upper Portion of Fertile Frond of Platycerium exthiopicum
(4 nat. size).
before soaking them again.
Platyceriums are usually propagated by means of young plants produced
from the adventitious buds on their roots. P. grande, however, has never
been known to produce any, and consequently it must be propagated by
means of spores; this method, though somewhat slow, is also resorted to for
other species when required in great quantities.
Principal Species and Varieties.
P. zethiopicum—eth-i-op’-ic-um (African), Hooker.
This plant, better known in gardens under the name of P. Stemmaria,
is the least-divided of all the species at present known. It is a native of the
76 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Guinea Coast and Angola, Western Africa, and, though stated to have been
brought to Europe as far back as 1822, it was, according to Lowe, not
introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, until 1848. Though less known
than P. alcicorne in collections, yet it is a very curious and handsome Fern.
The barren fronds, stalkless, rounded, convex, and downy when young, have
their edge more or less cleft into spreading lobes. The fertile fronds, which
are 2ft. to 38ft. long and clustered, are of a pendent habit and twice
divided ; their disk and first division are broader than in most other kinds,
the patch of fructification surrounding the sinus (depression) between the
two horn-like projections, and passing into the fork so as to be shaped like
the letter V (Fig. 27). The
under-surface of the fertile
fronds is covered with a thin,
white, cottony down.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 283;
Garden Ferns, t. 9. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii,
p. 157. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, vii., t. 62.
P. &. angolense — an-go-len’-sé
(native of Angola), Welwitsch.
This form differs from the pre-
ceding species principally in having
a broadly wedge-shaped fertile frond,
9in. broad at the top, without either
forks or horns, and with the fructi-
Fig, 28. Platycerium alcicorne
(much reduced).
fication disposed in a .patch nearly
as broad as the lamina (limb) of the frond.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p. 425. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 157.
P. alcicorne—al-cic-orn’-€ (Elk’s-horn), Desvaue.
Although the commonest species of the genus, this is an extremely
interesting Fern, found growing on branches of trees in Australia, Java, the
East Indies, Madagascar, and Peru. It is of easy culture, thriving equally
PLATYCERIUM. 77
well in the greenhouse, the cool conservatory, or the stove. Of all known
Platyceriums it is the one which grows the quickest and which is the most
easily propagated from the young plants produced on its roots. According
to Lowe, this useful plant was introduced by Mr. Caley into the Royal
Gardens, Kew, in 1808. Its barren fronds are rounded and convex, with
edges waved and lobes spreading, and are downy when young. The fertile
fronds are 2ft. to 3ft. long, clustered, of somewhat upright habit, twice or
three times forked (Fig. 28), and of a thick, leathery texture; their strap-
shaped and bluntish ultimate divisions have the fructification disposed in the
last forks and at their base in very irregular patches, and the under-surface
is covered with a thin, cottony down.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 282.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 157. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, vii., t. 63.
P. a. majus—ma’-jus (larger), Moore.
In this variety, which is a native of Australia and requires a warmer
temperature than the species, the foliage is much larger and the entire plant
shows a much more robust habit. Its broadly-lobed fertile fronds, borne on
stiff, flat stalks, are seldom divided more than once, the limb being elegantly
drooping, though the frond as a whole is erect. The barren fronds are
roundish, convex, and overlap each other. For Fig. 29 we are indebted to
Messrs. James Veitch and Sons.—WNicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil.,
p- 157.
P. biforme—bif-or’-mé (of two forms), Blume.
This stove species, native of Burmah, Singapore, the Malayan Peninsula
and Islands, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, &c., is the only species possessing
a distinct uniformly fertile segment, and this in some specimens is nearly 1ft.
broad. Its barren fronds, which overlap each other, are upright and very
thick, especially towards the base, and their edge is so deeply cleft that
while they cannot be said to be properly lobed, they are certainly more than
sinuated (notched). The fertile fronds, 6ft. to 15ft. long and of an essentially
drooping character, are formed of narrow, strap-shaped, barren divisions, and
of fertile ones, which are distinctly either spoon-shaped or kidney-shaped,
shortly stalked, 6in. to 8in. broad, and entirely covered with fructification,
78 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
their edges being entire and rounded. P. biforme is stated by Nicholson to
have been introduced into this country in 1842.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 285. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 157. Beddome, Ferns
of British India, t. 224.
Fig. 29. Platycerium alcicorne majus
(2 nat. size).
P. grande—gran’-dé (large), J. Smith.
A magnificent, stove species, which is stated to have been discovered in
1828, and which, according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens,
Kew, by Mr. Bidwill, in 1842; it is a native of North Australia, Singapore,
and the Philippine Islands. The barren fronds, which are very large, stalkless,
nearly round, and ascending, have their upper portion divided into a number
PLATYCERIUM. 79
of broad, blunt segments (Fig. 30) of a spongy texture and pale green colour,
covered whe nyoung with a light, woolly substance, which gradually disappears
as the frond becomes mature. The fertile fronds, 4ft. to 6ft. long and of
a pendulous nature, are usually produced in pairs and provided with a broadly
wedge-shaped disk: this becomes completely covered with the fructification,
which forms a large, triangular patch, and it bears at each corner a repeatedly-
forked division extending a
good distance beyond it, but
always remaining barren.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p. 284; Filices Exotica, t. 86.
Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 326. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii.,
p- 157. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, vii., t. 64.
P. HMillii—Hil-li-i (Hill’s),
Moore.
This very handsome
Fern, native of Queensland,
where it was discovered in
1878, is very closely related :
Fig. 380. Platycerium grande
to P. alcicorne majus—so (much reduced).
much so that, until the
plants attain their full development, it is very difficult to distinguish one
from the other. P. Hillii has been exhaustively described by the late Thomas
Moore, in the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle” (New Series, x., p. 429), and we cannot
do better than extract from his very accurate description the following: “ The
rootstock forms a solid mass closely invested by the sterile fronds. The perfect
fronds are erect, 1}ft. long, several spring up close together; in the young
state they are clothed with white, stellate (star-like) hairs. The mature fronds
are very thinly covered with minute scales, which are eventually rubbed off.
The basal portion is about 1ft. high and Sin. broad, tapering gradually down-
wards to the short stalk. The ramifications of the lamina (or limb) are
80 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
confined to its upper third; there are two deep incisions near the central
part of the apex, the middle segment thus formed being much smaller than
the outer ones. The lateral divisions are more compound, being divided. by
about three successive furcations into oblong lobes, narrowing towards the
apex. The decided dark green colour of the plant is one remarkable feature,
the Platyceriums being usually of a greyish hue, from the abundant white,
stellate scales spread over their surface.”
To the above we may add that the most distinctive character, or at least
the one by which P. Hillii can best be distinguished from /P. alcicorne
majus, is the repeated furcation of the divisions of the frond. It may also
be stated here that its habit is much more rigid, its fertile fronds showing no
inclination whatever to become pendulous. The fructification, as in P. alcicorne
and its variety majus, is absolutely limited to the extremities of the ultimate
divisions of the frond.—Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 158.
P. Stemmaria—Stem-ma/-ri-a (Stemmaria). A synonym of P. ethiopicum.
P. Wallichii—Wal-lich’-i-i (Wallich’s), Hooker.
This beautiful and very rare species, native of the Malayan Peninsula,
and, according to Beddome, found on the banks of the Irrawaddy and of the
Martaban, in Moulmein, is closely related to P. grande. Its barren fronds,
like those of that more popular species, are deeply lobed, and their forked
divisions are equally inflexed. The fertile fronds are also usually produced
in pairs and pendent, but the wedge-shaped disk, which is situated between
the two divisions, has a rounded upper edge, and forms a semi-circular
projection, upon which may be seen two soriferous (spore-bearing) patches
3in. to 4in. broad, and from each side of this projection is produced a division
which is only once-forked. These fronds are of a thick texture and have
their under-side matted with a yellowish, woolly pubescence.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 284; Filices Exotic, t. 97. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 158. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 108.
P. Willinckii—Will-inck’-i-i (Willinck’s), Moore.
This species, native of Java, whence it was introduced into this country
in 1875, is thoroughly distinct from all other species at present known.
From Thomas Moore’s description, published in the ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle,”
— =
. J
Platycerium Willinckii
(much reduced).
PLATYCERIUM. 81
of March 6, 1875, p. 302, we extract the following: “ Like its congeners, it
is epiphytal, and protects its rootstock by the broad, roundish, imbricating
bases of its barren fronds. The fertile fronds, which are produced in threes,
issue from the growing point, situated in a notch in the side of the round,
close-fitting base of the sterile stem, and at once fall straight down to a length
of 2hft.; they are quite narrow in all their parts, the basal portion is
upwards of 1ft. long, the branches are entire on one of their margins and
repeatedly divided into numerous lobes on the other side.” We may add
that the whole plant is of a pale glaucous tint, and that the fructification
occupies the terminal lobes only. See Plate——Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 158.
PLATYLOMA—Plat-yl-o’-ma. See Pellzea.
VOL. III. G
CHAPTER IX,
PLATYZOMA, Brown.
(Plat-yz-o’-ma.)
SIN Hooker and Baker’s “ Synopsis Filicum,” Platyzoma, which
is a division of the sub-order Gleicheniacew, forms Genus 1.
Its name is derived from platys, broad, and zoma, a band, in
allusion to the broad ring of the sporangia. It is a monotypic
genus, that is to say, it comprises but one species, which, so
far as we are aware, has not yet been introduced. Its distinguishing characters
are very similar to those of the Gleichenias, to which genus it is closely allied,
and, being found growing naturally under similar conditions, its culture would
no doubt be the same as that recommended for the members of that beautiful
and most interesting group of Ferns.
From what may be gathered from dry specimens seen in herbaria, this
miniature, Gleichenia-like Fern well deserves to be introduced into our
collections, where it would be most welcome as a living plant. The fact of
its introduction having been so long delayed is probably due to the same
difficulties which surround the importation of Gleichenias, and indeed of most
Ferns provided with slender rhizomes of a woody nature. These, we find,
travel best when entirely buried in damp soil.
P. microphyllum—nmi-croph-yl’-lum (small-leaved), Brown.
This stove species, native of Tropical and Sub-tropical Australia, produces,
from a creeping rhizome densely clothed with fine, silky scales its fronds 8in.
PLATYZOMA. 83
to 12in. long and simply pinnate (only once divided to the midrib) ; these
are borne on tufted, stiff, upright stalks, and are furnished with small,
cucullate pinnae (hood-shaped leaflets) of a leathery texture, scarcely p,in. long.
The sori (spore masses) consist of a few stalkless capsules mixed with a
substance of a powdery nature, which arise from the extremity of the simple
veinlets, and are concealed by the singularly revolute margins of the leaflets.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 2. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii.
p. 159.
PLECOSORUS MEXICANUS—Plec-os-o0’-rus mex-ic-a/-nus. See
Cheilanthes speciosissima.
PLEOCNEMIA—Plé-oc-ne’-mi-a. See Nephrodium.
PLEUROGRAMME—Pleur-og-ram’-me. See Monogramme.
PCSIA—Pe’-si-a. See Pteris.
POLYBOTRYA—Pol-yb-ot’-r¥-a. See Acrostichum.
CHAPTER A.
POLYPODIUM, Linneus.
(Pol-yp-od’-i-um. )
Polypodies.
“]0LY PODIUM, the Greek name used by Theophrastus, is applied
to plants which, in Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum,”
form Genus 48; it is derived from polys, many, and podion,
a little foot, in allusion to the appearance of the rhizomes
and their appendages with which the majority of these plants
are provided. The genus is an exceedingly large one—undoubtedly the most
extensive of the Natural Order Filices (Ferns), and includes plants of two
totally different modes of growth, each series comprising a number of species
of each of the different kinds of venation and from all climates. Eaton, in
his exhaustive work on “Ferns of North America” (vol. i, p. 116), says:
“Mr. John Smith, former Curator of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, has
described and carefully distinguished the two modes of growth noticed in
Polypodium, under the names of ‘ Eremobryoid’ and ‘ Desmobryoid.’ In the
Eremobrya each frond springs from a separate node, more or less distant
from its neighbour, and is there articulated with the rhizome; so that, when
it has passed its maturity, it separates at the node, and leaves behind a clean,
concave scar, as may readily be noticed in P. awreum. The essential distinction
between the Eremobrya and the Desmobrya rests in the fronds of the former
being articulated with the axis or rhizome, while those of the latter are
adherent and continuous with the axis or rhizome.” In the Desmobrya the
spores are always medial on the veins, while in the Eremobrya, which
POLYPODIUM NIGRESCENS
POLYPODIUM. 85
are by far the more numerous, they are generally, though not always, terminal
on the veins.
Eaton further states (vol. i, p. 119): “The genus Polypodium—even when
limited, as by Mettenius, to the Ferns having round or roundish, naked sori,
composed of sporangia with an incomplete vertical ring, the stalks of the
fronds articulated to the rhizome—contains several hundred species. Mettenius
gives 260, and in the Second Edition of ‘Synopsis Filicum’ Baker brings
up the number to 340.* The great difference in the size and outlines of the
frond, in the venation, in the texture, and in the surface—whether smooth,
hairy, tomentose, or scaly—and in the presence or absence of peltate scales
among the sporangia, have induced writers on the subject, especially Link,
J. Smith, Presl, Fée, and Moore, to propose dividing the genus into many
genera, founded on the characters just referred to. But Mettenius has
satisfactorily shown that the intermediate forms are so many and so perplexing
that the whole is best regarded as forming but one natural genus ; and in this
view he has been followed by Sir W. J. Hooker and Mr. Baker, who, however,
retain in Polypodium those Ferns which differ from Nephrodium only in the
absence of an indusium—a character which is often the result of accident
or of arrested development. These species, nearly a hundred in number,
constitute the genus Phegopteris, and are technically distinguished from the
true Polypodia by having the stalks continuous with the rhizome or caudex.”
As previously stated, the genus Polypodium was formerly divided by
various authors into an almost unlimited number of sub-genera ; the following
list of the best-known of these, with the names of their authors, will show at
a glance the importance of the genus :
Abacopteris, Fée. lrthropteris, J. Smith.
Adenophorus, Hooker and Greville. Calymmodon, Pres).
Aglaomorpha, Schott. Campyloneuron, Presl.
Amblia, Presl. Chrysopteris, Link.
Ampelopteris, Kunze. Celopteris, A. Brongniart.
Anapeltis, J. Smith. Colysis, Presl.
Anazxetum, Link. Craspedaria, Fée.
Apalophlebia, Presl. Crypsinus, Presl.
* Nicholson, in the “Dictionary of Gardening” (vol. iii, p. 186), states that this genus comprises upwards
of 450 species.
THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Cryptosorus, Fée.
Cyrtomiphlebium, Hooker.
Cyrtophlebtum, J. Smith.
Diblemma, J. Smith.
Dictymia, J. Smith.
Dictyopteris, Presl.
Dipteris, Reinwardt.
Drynaria, Bory.
Dryostachyum, J. Smith.
EHupolypodium, Linneus.
Galeoglossa, Presl.
Glaphyropteris, Presl.
Glyphotenium, J. Smith.
Gontophlebium, Blume.
Goniopteris, Presl.
Grammitis, Hooker and Baker.
Gymnocarpium, Newman.
Gynosorium, Presl.
Holcosorus, Moore.
Lecanopteris, Blume.
Lepicystis, J. Smith.
Lopholepis, J. Smith.
Marginaria, Presl.
Microgramme, Presl.
Microsorium, Link.
Monachosorum, Kunze.
Niphobolus, Hooker and Baker.
Niphopsis, J. Smith.
Paragramma, Moore.
Phegopteris, Mettenius.
Phiebodium, R. Brown,
Phymatodes, Presl.
Pleopeltis, Hooker and Baker.
Pleuridium, J. Smith.
Polycampium, Presl.
Pseudathyrium, Newman.
Stegnogramma, Brackenridge.
Xiphopteris, Kaulfuss.
The greater part of the above-named sub-genera, however, have now been
abandoned, and the comprehensive classification of this extensive genus is
limited to the following distinct groups, which are the only divisions retained
by Hooker and Baker in the “Synopsis Filicum” as sub-genera, although
many of the foregoing names are still referred to by a few writers of the
present day:
CAMPYLONEURON (Camp-yl-on-eur’-on), Presi. In this sub-genus
(belonging to the Eremobryoid series, in which the fronds are articulated
with the rhizome), the primary veins are distinct from the midrib to the
edge, and are connected by parallel, straight or curved, transverse veinlets ;
the areole (cells) contain two or more spore masses, and the free veinlets
are all directed towards the edge. P. angustifolium is one of the best
representatives of this sub-genus. Most of the known species have simple or
undivided fronds, a few only being pinnate. Niphobolus forms an important
section of this sub-genus.
CyrromipuLesium (Cyr-tom-iph-leb/-i-um), Hooker. A small sub-genus
in which the venation is similar to that of Cyrtomium (Aspidium), i.e., with
the contiguous groups uniting irregularly.
POLYPODIUM. 87
Dictyoprrris (Dic-t¥-op’-ter-is), Presl. This small sub-genus belongs,
like the last, to the Desmobryoid series, in which the fronds are adherent
and continuous with the rhizome. The venation is similar to that of Sagenia
(Nephrodium), i.e., anastomosing (intermixing copiously). In some species,
the spore masses are biserial (disposed in two rows), eg., in P. Barberi;
while in others they are scattered irregularly, a character which is shown best
in P. sparsiflorum.
Dipreris (Dip’-ter-is), Reinwardt. A small yet very interesting section
of the extensive sub-genus Phymatodes. It is of thoroughly distinct aspect
through the flabellate (fan-like) form of the fronds: these are divided into
two distinct halves, which are deeply lobed from the circumference in the
direction of the base. P. Dipteris is the typical representative of this
section.
Drynaria (Dryn-a/-ri-a), Bory. In this small yet very distinct section
of the sub-genus Phymatodes, the barren and fertile fronds are sometimes
distinct, a character well illustrated by P. quercifolium; when they are not
distinct, the base of the ordinary one is pinnatifid (divided half-way to the
midrib) like a stalkless Oak-leaf, brownish in colour, and rigid in texture,
as in P. Heracleum.
_ Evporypoprum (Hu-pol-yp-od’ -i-um), Linneus. This is the most
extensive sub-genus belonging to the Eremobryoid series (composed of plants
with fronds articulated at the point of junction with the rhizome, and spore
masses generally, but not always, terminal on the veins). The veins are free
and the spore masses are round, except in a few species in which they are
oblong, and which form the section Grammitis. The outlines of the fronds
and their divisions are numerous, some having entire (undivided) fronds, as
P. zeylanicum, while others have them pinnatifid (the lobes reaching half-
way or more down to the main stalk), such as those of P. khasyanum. The
majority of the species, however, have fronds distinctly pinnate (divided to
the midrib), with leaflets closely set, enlarged, and casually confluent at the
base, as is frequently seen in the typical P. vulgare ; some have their fronds
bipinnatifid or even bipinnate (twice divided nearly or quite to the midrib),
e.g., P. hymenophylloides, and a few are tri- or quadripinnatifid (three or
four times divided nearly to the midrib), a character shown to perfection in
P. millefolium.
88 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
GoNIOPHLEBIUM (Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um), Blume. In this important and
thoroughly distinct sub-genus the veins form ample, regular areole (cavities),
each with a single, distinct, free, included veinlet, the sori (spore masses)
being terminal on the latter, often in the costal cavity only, but sometimes
also in the second or even third row. A few of the species included here
have simple (undivided) fronds, e¢g., P. glaucophyllum; others have their
fronds pinnatifid (divided half-way to the midrib), as exemplified in
P. Matthewsii; but in the majority of the species the fronds are distinctly
pinnate (once divided to the midrib), a character which is well shown in
P, subauriculatum.
GoNIOPTERIS (Go-ni-op’-ter-is), Presl. This small sub-genus, belonging to
the Desmobryoid series (in which the fronds are adherent and continuous
with the rhizome), is composed of plants having the venation of Hunephrodium,
i.e, veins pinnate, with the lower veinlets of contiguous groups joining. Some
species, such as P. meniscioides, have their leaflets entire or slightly notched ;
but most of them have their leaflets distinctly notched or even cleft nearly
to the midrib, as in P. Ghiesbreghtii. A few species are proliferous (rooting
at the extremity of their fronds).
GraMMITIs (Gram-mi’-tis), Hooker and Baker. A small section of the
sub-genus Eupolypodium, being distinguished specially by the oblong shape
of the spore masses, a character which is best illustrated in P. Deplanchet.
NirHosotus (Niph-ob’-ol-us), Hooker and Baker. This is a small but
very interesting and distinct section of the sub-genus Campyloneuron. It is
composed of plants with entire fronds, the under-surface of which is clothed
with a substance of a woolly or cottony nature, in some cases, such as
P. Lingua, thin and adpressed, but in other instances much thicker, more
woolly, and looser, a character well shown in P. nummularicfolium.
Purcorreris (Phe-gop’-ter-is), Mettenius. This is by far the most
important sub-genus contained in the Desmobryoid series (in which the fronds
are adherent and continuous with the axis or rhizome). The venation in
Phegopteris is the same as in Lastrea (Nephrodium), all the veins being free.
The outline and the divided character of the fronds vary very much: in some
instances the leaflets are entire or lobed less than half-way to the midrib,
as in P. Carri; in other cases they are either cut more than half-way to the
midrib into close, regular, nearly entire lobes, as in P. obtusilobum, or, as in
POLYPODIUM. 89
P. distans, they are cut nearly or quite down to the midrib into toothed or
deeply-cleft lobes. In another section of Phegopteris the fronds are small or
medium-sized, tri- or quadripinnatifid (three or four times divided nearly to
the midrib), a character which is well illustrated in our “Oak Fern,”
P. Dryopteris; or the fronds are ample and many times divided, like those
of P. punctatum.
Puiesopium (Phleb-o’-di-um), R. Brown. This very distinct sub-genus
comprises but few species. The veins form ample, regular cells, each with
two or more distinct free veinlets, which bear the spore masses on _ their
united points, the costal series of cells being always destitute of spore
masses. The best-known of the species included in this sub-genus is
undoubtedly P. aureum.
Puymatopes (Phy-mat-o’-dés), Presl. This extensive sub-genus, which
includes the sections Dipteris and Drynaria, is distinguished by the copious,
irregular, fine cells of its fronds, the free veinlets spreading in various
directions, as also by the disposition of the spore masses, which vary as to
position, but are generally found on the back of the united veinlets. The
majority of the species have undivided fronds, such as those of P. longifolium,
mostly of a thick texture, with the under-surface of a matted or scurfy
nature, as in P. angustatum. Some species, such as P. Billardieri, have their
fronds deeply pinnatifid, while in a few of them the fronds are distinctly
pinnate (divided to the midrib), a character which is best illustrated in
P. juglandifolium.
The geographical distribution of the genus is very wide, Polypodiums of
one section or another being found in nearly every part of the world. It
is, however, in Central and in South America that they are most abundant ;
a certain number of very distinct species are found throughout India, and a
few others are native of Australia and Japan. Eaton, referring to the
distribution of the genus, states (“Ferns of North America,” vol. i., p. 120) that
“the true Polypodia of the United States and Canada are but eight in number.
Three of these have veins free: P. plumula [elasticwm], falcatum [a form of
P. vulgare], and vulgare; two, P. californicum and incanum, have their veins
sometimes free, sometimes sparingly reticulated ; and three, aureum, Phyllitidis,
and Scouleri, have their veins regularly reticulated, but in three different
methods, representing respectively the sections Phlebodium, Campyloneuron,
90 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
and Goniophlebium.” This does not include the four distinct species of
Phegopteris also found in North America.
The British Polypodies are few in number, five species only being
recorded as indigenous, and even these are of a very cosmopolitan character,
their range of habitat extending to North America, Japan, &c. If British
species are but few, some of the numerous varieties of P. vulgare (which,
unlike the other native species, is of a thoroughly evergreen nature) are not
found in any other country, either growing spontaneously or produced by
cultivation.
Culture.
The Polypodiums, both British and exotic, are of two different structures
and of various habits. A small proportion of them, such as our common
“Oak” and “Beech” Ferns (P. Dryopteris and P. Phegopteris), are
deciduous, and provided with slender rhizomes which delight in running
underground, especially in partly-decayed vegetable matter; the foliage of
these species, as a rule, is of a soft, papery texture. The majority of them,
however, are of an evergreen nature, having fronds of a somewhat leathery
texture, produced from rhizomes which prefer being kept above or close
to the surface of the ground. In this case we may give as the typical
species P. vulgare, of which C. T. Druery, in his excellent book, “Choice
British Ferns,” says (pp. 119, 120): “It is a thorough evergreen, retaining
its verdure quite fresh right through the winter. The creeping rootstock is
fleshy and as thick as the little finger, while the fronds are comparatively
leathery and of a dark green colour, bearing on their backs the large,
golden-yellow heaps of spores, which form most conspicuous and_ beautiful
examples of the fructification peculiar to the Polypodium family. This Fern,
by its tough nature, is enabled to stand plenty of air, and even of sunshine,
and we consequently find it at home on the tops and in the crevices of old
walls, on the roofs of old buildings, and cosily nestling amongst moss-grown
rocks and similar places where its roots can creep freely about in accumu-
lations of leaf mould. We also find it clothing the ‘sloping sides of hedge-
banks, and forming a dense undergrowth among the roots of the hedges
themselves ; and lastly, but by no means least, it makes itself a congenial
POLYPODIUM. 91
home in the mossy bark of old trees, and among the débris which collects
in their forks and other hollows.”
Those species which are provided with underground rhizomes may be
either grown in pots or planted in any part of the stove, the cool Fernery,
or the outdoor rockery, according to their native habitats; and for these, a
mixture composed of two parts fibrous loam, one part leaf mould, and one
part sharp silver sand, answers all requirements. This treatment also applies
to the species in which the fronds are produced from a single crown. The
epiphytal species (those provided with rhizomes of a thickness varying from
that of a quill pen to that of a man’s thumb), which do not burrow, but
keep near, or even on, the surface of the soil, require a different material to
grow luxuriantly. In their case, good fibrous peat, or, better still, half-decayed
leaf mould, should form the best part of their compost, in which silver sand
is not needed, but to which a fourth part of fibrous loam may be added to
give it cohesion. Whether grown in pots or planted in the rockery, these
species should have good drainage and comparatively shallow pots or pockets.
The epiphytal species are particularly adapted for covering Tree-Fern stems
and for growing in hanging baskets, in which positions their rambling habit
is shown to great advantage.
The majority of Polypodiums are propagated by division of their rhizomes,
which operation may be carried out at almost any time of the year; but a
few species grown extensively for decorative purposes are more rapidly propa-
gated by means of their spores, which are abundantly produced, germinate
freely, and produce better-shaped plants than those obtained from division of
the rhizomes.
Principal Species and Varieties.
P. (Phymatodes) accedens—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; ac-ce’-dens (approaching),
Blume.
This pretty and singular, stove species, which Beddome gives as a
Pleopeltis, is a native of Malaysia and the Philippines. It is readily
distinguished by the thread-like nature of its very wide-creeping rhizome,
which is scarcely scaly. Its fronds, which are of two distinct forms, are
borne upon very short stalks ; the barren ones are oblong and blunt, while
92 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
the fertile ones, longer and narrower (2in. to 4in. long and }in. to in. broad),
have their fructification confined to the upper part, which is narrowed or
conspicuously contracted. The fronds are of a leathery texture and smooth
on both sides, and the sori (spore masses) are disposed in single rows close
to the midrib. Fig. 31 is re-
duced from Col. Beddome’s
“Ferns of British India,” by
the kind permission of the
author.—Hooker, Species Fili-
cum, v., p. 66. Beddome, Ferns
of British India, t. 215.
P. achillezefolium — ach-
ill-e’-ae-fol’-i-um (Achillea-
leaved), Kaulfuss.
A small-growing, stove spe-
cies, native of Ecuador and
Fig. 31. Polypodium accedens
( nat. size). Brazil, with oblong-spear-shaped
fronds 3in. to 5in. long, lin.
to 14in. broad, produced from a single crown, and borne on tufted stalks
barely lin. long, of a wiry nature, but clothed with short, soft, spreading
hairs. The leaflets, of a leathery texture, closely set, and spreading, are
deeply cleft into narrow lobes, each of which bears a spore mass.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 225.
P. (Niphobolus) acrostichoides — Niph-ob’-ol-us ; ac-ros’-tich-3-i/-des
(Acrostichum-like), Forster.
This stove species, native of Ceylon, Malaysia, the Philippines, the New
Hebrides, Queensland, &c., and rare in cultivation, possesses a very peculiar
appearance on account of its singularly long and comparatively narrow, leathery,
drooping fronds being produced at long intervals apart on a wide-creeping,
woody rhizome, clothed with roundish scales black in the centre. The fertile
and the barren fronds are similar in shape and size, and are also produced in
about equal proportions ; they are borne on firm, upright stalks lin. to 3in.
long, and they sometimes measure as much as 2ft. in length by only lin. in
POLYPODIUM. 98
breadth, although they are oftener of the same breadth and only 14ft. to 13ft.
in length, and narrowed very gradually below. These fronds are of a very
leathery texture, naked on their upper surface, but densely clothed on their
under-side with a dirty white, woolly substance of a persistent nature. The
small, bright-coloured, closely-set sori
(spore masses) are not immersed ;
they cover the under-side of the
upper part of the frond (Fig. 32).
—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 44.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii, p. 186. Beddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 81.
P. adenophorus — ad-e-noph’-
or-us (gland - bearing),
Hooker and Arnott.
A stove species, native of the
Sandwich Islands and Peru, with
sub-sessile (almost stalkless), flaccid,
pendulous fronds, 6in. to 12in. long,
Fig. 82. Polypodium acrostichoides
(much reduced).
in. to lin. broad, cut down nearly
or quite to the midrib into sharp-
pointed, slightly undulated, horizontal or even rather decurved leaflets $in. broad
and enlarged at the base. They are of a somewhat leathery texture and nearly
naked on both sides, and the sori (spore masses) are disposed in rows, close to
the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 195.
P. (Niphobolus) adnascens—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; ad-nase’-ens (adnascent),
Swartz.
Contrary to the majority of the plants comprised in the genus, this stove
species, native of Ceylon, Fiji, the Mascarene Islands, and Southern India
‘(where, according to Beddome, it grows in forests from the plains to 5000ft.
elevation), is provided with two kinds of totally different fronds, the barren
ones being scarcely half the size of the fertile ones. The difference, however,
is not limited to size only, for it is further shown in the shape, which in the
94 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
barren ones is spathulate (spoon-shaped) and blunt, while the fertile ones are
longer and narrower (6in. to 12in. long and 4in. to din. broad). Both kinds
of fronds are produced from a firm but slender rhizome clothed with narrow,
deciduous scales, and borne on firm, erect stalks seldom more than lin. long ;
they are smooth and of a dark green colour above, while their under-side is
thinly coated with a whitish, woolly substance. The small, bright-coloured
sori (spore masses) are immersed, and occupy the whole of the contracted
upper part of the frond.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 47; Garden Ferns,
t. 19. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 186. Beddome, Ferns of
Southern India, t. 184.
P. (Goniophlebium) adnatum — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; ad-na’-tum
(adnate), Kunze.
A strong-growing, stove species, native of Guatemala, with fronds 14ft.
to 3ft. long, 1ft. broad, and borne on naked, glossy stalks 6in. to 12in. long.
They are composed of several pairs of oblong-spear-shaped leaflets, the upper
ones broadly attached to the midrib at their base, and of a terminal one of
similar shape, 6in. to 9in. long, and 1din. to 2in. broad, All the leaflets are
of a somewhat leathery texture, with sori (spore masses) disposed in rows of
four to six between the midrib and the edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p. 27. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 186.
P. (Phymatodes) affine—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; af-fi’-né (related), Blume.
This strong-growing, stove species, native of the Moluccas and Philippine
Islands, somewhat resembles the better-known P. nigrescens ; but it is easily
distinguished from that plant through the disposition of its spore masses,
which are not immersed and are placed in two or three irregular rows between
the midrib and the edge. The fronds, 2ft. to 4ft. long and 1ft. or more
broad, are produced from a scaleless rhizome of a woody nature, and borne on
firm stalks 1ft. to 14ft. long and of a particularly glossy appearance.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 84.
P. (Niphobolus) africanum—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; af-ric-a’-num (African),
Mettenius.
A greenhouse species, native of Kaffraria, Natal, Zambesi Land, Angola,
and the Guinea Coast. From a stout rhizome densely clothed with large grey
POLYPODIUM. 95
scales are produced its sub-sessile (almost stalkless) fronds 6in. to 12in. long,
zin. to 1din. broad, gradually narrowed to both ends, and with smooth edges ;
they are of a leathery texture, naked on the upper surface, but densely coated
underneath with a close, nearly white substance of a woolly nature, into
which the spore masses, of a particularly bright colour and spread over the
whole upper portion of the frond, are sunk. — Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 45.
P. (Phymatodes) alatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; al-a’-tum (winged), Hooker.
This stove species, of medium dimensions, native of the Fiji Islands,
produces from a scaleless rhizome of a woody nature fronds 13ft. to 2ft. long,
10in. to 12in. broad, which are borne on firm, upright stalks lft. to 1#ft.
long ; they are cut down nearly to the midrib below, and within 4in. of it
above, into numerous narrow-oblong, sharp-pointed lobes 6in. to 8in. long
and lin. or more in breadth. The texture is soft and papery, and the fronds
are naked on both sides. The rather small and abundant sori (spore masses)
are disposed in rows of three or four near the main veins.— Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 85.
P. (Niphobolus) albicans—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; al’-bic-ans (whitish), Mettenius.
A stove species, native of Java, producing from a stout rhizome, clothed
with somewhat large, spear-shaped, light-coloured scales, fronds lft. to 2ft.
long, lin. to 2in. broad, and borne on firm, upright, naked stalks 2in. to 4in.
long. They are gradually narrowed towards both ends, with smooth edges, and
are of a very leathery texture; their upper surface is smooth, but their
under-side is densely clothed with a woolly substance of a pale rusty-brown
colour. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in close rows of three or four
each between the veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p.-51.
P. albidulum—al-bid’-ul-um (slightly whitish), Baker.
This greenhouse species, native of Rio Janeiro, is of tufted, close habit,
its pendulous, spear-shaped fronds, 4in. to 8in. long and #in. to fin. broad,
being produced from a short, upright stem and borne on firm, slender, naked
stalks 1in. to 2in. long and of a grey colour. The fronds are of a somewhat
leathery texture, and are cut-down to the midrib into strap-shaped leaflets
96 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
densely covered with a whitish powder underneath. The round and superficial
sori (spore masses) are disposed along the margins of the fertile leaflets —
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 509.
P. albo-punctatissimum—al’-bo—punc-ta-tis’-sim-um (much dotted with
white). A variety of P. crassifolium.
P. (Phymatodes) albo-squamatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; al’-bo—squa-ma/-
tum (having white scales), Blume.
This is a very distinct, stove species, of large dimensions, native of
Malaysia and the Philippine Islands. Its singular-looking fronds, produced
from a woody rhizome clothed with dense, dark brown scales sometimes Lin.
long, are borne on firm, erect stalks 6in. to 12in. long and glossy; they are
sometimes simple (undivided) but usually pinnate (once divided to the midrib),
1ft. to 2ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth, with several distant, spreading leaflets
6in. to 10in. long, 4in. to fin. broad, very sharp-pointed at the extremity, but
narrowed at the base, the lower ones being stalked. The fronds are of
a somewhat leathery texture, and their upper surface is decorated with small,
white, scale-like dots either at the edge or all over. The sori (spore masses)
are disposed in a single row midway between the midrib and the edge.—Hooker,
Species Filicum,.v., p. 92; Garden Ferns, t. 47. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 186.
P. (Phegopteris) alpestre—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; al-pest’-ré (alpine), Hoppe.
This very elegant and perfectly hardy species, native of Scotland, Norway,
Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, Russia, the Pyrenees, &c., is most appro-
priately named, as, whether in Europe or in North America, it is found
only at high elevations. As a British plant it is the least known of the
whole genus, probably on account of the restriction of its habitat, which
appears limited to a few localities in Scotland, where, however, it usually
grows in abundance, and generally in company with the “Lady Fern”
(Asplenium Filiz-femina). It is probably also on account of possessing
a general aspect similar to that of the “Lady Fern” that its existence as
a British species has been ignored until a comparatively recent date, for its
first discovery in the British Isles is attributed to Mr. H. C. Watson, who
in 1841 gathered it on Ben Aulder, in Inverness-shire ; and in 1844 a frond
POLYPODIUM. 97
was brought from Canlochen Glen, in Forfarshire. It has more recently been
found in Perthshire, in Aberdeenshire, and in one or two other places in the
Scottish Highlands, where it grows in quantity. Lowe, in his exhaustive
work, “Our Native Ferns” (vol. i, p, 13), states: “In 1852 Mr. T.
Westcombe and Mr. Backhouse, of York, procured it in great abundance in
Canlochen, Glen Prosen, Glen Fiadh, and on all the Dee-side mountains. Mr.
Backhouse remarks that at an elevation of from 2000ft. to 3000ft. this Fern
was found mingled with the Lady Fern; above this height the Lady Fern
ceased, and left the Alpine Polypody in sole possession, flourishing most in
the more open situations.” Referring to the Alpine Polypody, Eaton, in his
excellent work, “ Ferns of North America” (vol. i, p. 172), says: “It grows
in a limited locality, so far as I know, near the summit of Mount Rose, near
Webber Lake, and, say, at an elevation of 7000ft., latitude 393deg. N.” He
also states that it is found growing amongst rocks at high elevations on
Lessen’s Peak, Mount Shasta, Pyramid Peak, Mount Rose, and other points
in the Sierra of California; and on the Cascade Mountains of British
Columbia. It is therefore thoroughly hardy, and grows readily in a well-
drained, loamy, porous compost.
P. alpestre is a pretty, delicate-looking Fern. Its oblong-spear-shaped
fronds, 2ft. or more in length, Gin. to Sin. broad, and borne on tufted stalks
4in. to 6in. long and scaly below, are disposed in circular tufts at the ends
of the rootstocks on which they are produced, and which in a wild state
are completely underground and much branched. The spear-shaped leaflets,
of a soft, papery texture, 3in. to din. long, and lin. to l}in. broad, are
again divided into spear-shaped leatfits, which are in their turn deeply cleft
into toothed lobes, each bearing from one to four small spore masses.—
Hooker, British Ferns, t. 6. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gurdening, Wi, p. 187.
Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i, t. 2. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i, t. 23.
This interesting species has produced, either spontaneously or through
cultivation, several varieties, the most distinct of which are as follow :
P. a. flexile—flex’-il-@ (pliable), Moore.
We have in this variety, which is said to occur only on the Clova
Mountains, where it was found in Glen Prosen by Mr. Backhouse, a very
handsome and distinct form of the species, with fronds 8in. to 12in. long,
VOL. Il. H
98 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
about 2in. broad, of a more slender habit, and with shorter leaflets and leafits
much less in number. These fronds, of a very light green colour, are almost
stalkless, the midrib extending nearly to the base of the frond. This variety
is further distinguished by the peculiarity of its fructification, the sori (spore
masses) being situated chiefly at the base of the frond, the extremity of
which is invariably barren.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 187.
Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., t. 3.
P. a. interruptum—in-ter-rup’-tum (interrupted), Ioore.
A very curious form, raised from spores in Sim’s late establishment at
Foot’s Cray, Kent. It has the habit and general appearance of P. a. flexile,
from which it is issue, but has many of its primary divisions (leaflets) much
and in various ways shortened, their divisions (leafits) appearing much toothed
or torn.
P. a. laciniatum—lac-in-i-a’-tum (fringed), Stansfield.
This very pretty and distinct variety, raised from spores in the Fernery
of Messrs. Stansfield, of Todmorden, is distinguished from the variety flezile
by its densely-set leaflets, which are fringed and recurved towards the base
of the stalk, short, and rounded at the end. The sori (spore masses) are
disposed along the midvein.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, 1., t. 3.
P. a. lanceum—lan’-cé-um (spear-shaped), Moore.
A variety having large fronds three times divided to the midrib, with
leafits lengthened out and deeply cleft; their segments being bluntly notched.
It was found on the Clova Mountains, and also at Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire.
—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., p. 13.
P. alternifolium—al-tern-if-ol’-i-um (alternate-leaved), Hooker.
This very distinct, stove species, native of the Andes of Icuador, possesses
a very pleasing appearance through its flaccid, pendent fronds, 2ft. to 10ft.
long and 2in. broad, being borne on very short, tufted, slender stalks clothed
with soft, spreading hairs. The leaflets, distinct and alternate (not opposite),
are spear-shaped, entire, and about }in. long at the base; they are of a very
soft, papery texture, with a blackish midrib, close to which the spore masses
are disposed in two long rows.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 222, t. 277a.
POLYPODIUM. 99
P. ambiguum—am-big’-ti-um (ambiguous), MJettenius.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Venezuela, and somewhat
resembling the better-known P. subpetiolatum. It produces from a densely-
scaly, wide-creeping rhizome, }in. thick, its spear-shaped fronds 1ft. to 14ft.
long, 4in. to 5in. broad, furnished with numerous leaflets of a parchment-like
texture, narrowed to a point, equal at the base, and entire; they are of a
bright green colour and finely downy. The copious and conspicuous sori
(spore masses) are closely set near to the midrib.—//ooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p- 510.
P. (Niphobolus) americanum — Niph-ob’-ol-us ; am-er-ic-a’-num
(American), Hooker.
According to Hooker and Baker, this is the only American species of
Niphobolus. It is a robust-growing, stove species, of large dimensions, native
of the Andes of Ecuador. The very thick rhizome, clothed with large, grey
scales, bears, on strong, erect stalks lin. to 4in. long, fronds 13ft. to 2ft. long,
Zin. to fin. broad, very gradually narrowed downwards, and with reflexed
edges; they are of a very leathery texture, and their upper surface, woolly
when young, is naked, bright green, and pitted when mature, while their
under-surface is densely coated with a loose, woolly substance of a dirty-white
colour. The large and immersed sori (spore masses) are disposed in single,
oblique rows of four between the midrib and the edge.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 54.
P. (Goniophlebium) amcenum — Go-ni-oph-leb’i-um ; am-c’-num
(pleasing), Wadlich.
A greenhouse species, of medium size, native of Nepaul, Khasya, Bhotan,
and Kumaon, where, according to Beddome, it is found growing at elevations
varying between 6000ft. and 10,000ft. Its fronds, 1ft. to 2ft. long and Gin.
to 12in. broad, are produced from a stout rhizome densely clothed with scales
of a dull brown colour, and borne on firm, erect, naked stalks Gin. to 12in.
long; they are cut down nearly to the rachis into numerous entire or
slightly-toothed leaflets 3in. to 6in. long, of a papery yet firm texture,
and the spore masses are disposed in a single series.—HHooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 24. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 5.
H 2
100 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Phegopteris) amplum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; am’-plum (large), Humboldt.
This stove species, native of Martinique, is a plant of very large
dimensions, with fronds tripinnatifid (three times divided nearly to the midrib),
and furnished with oblong, blunt segments of smooth texture and slightly
dented at the edge (Fig. 33). The large and conspicuous sori (spore masses)
are disposed in one row on each side of the midvein, and eventually cover the
whole under-side of the frond.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 52.
Fig. 83. Segment of Mature Frond of Polypodium amplum
(much reduced).
P. andinum—and’-in-um (native of the Andes), Hooker.
This stove species, of small dimensions, native of the Andes of Ecuador
and Peru, has fronds nearly stalkless, 4in. to 6in. long, din. to din. broad,
and cut about a third of the way down to the midrib into regular, blunt
lobes, the lower part of which is very gradually narrowed. These fronds
are of a somewhat leathery texture, and are thinly coated on both sides with
soft, spreading hairs. The large, round sori (spore masses) are disposed one
to each lobe—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 178; Second Century of
Ferns, t. 6.
P. (Goniopteris) androgynum — Go-ni-op’-ter-is
(hermaphrodite), Poiret.
r f
; an-drog’-yn-um
This strong-growing, stove species, also known in gardens under the
name of P. fefragonum, is a native of Cuba, Panama, Brazil, and Peru. Its
fronds, which are lft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth, and borne on erect
stalks 1ft. to 2ft. long, naked or slightly hairy, are furnished with numerous
leaflets which vary greatly in their breadth and in the depth of their lobes.
These leaflets are usually Gin. to 8in. long and }in. to lin. broad; the lowest,
narrowed at the base and sometimes stalked, are cut from a quarter to half-
POLYPODIUM. 101
way down into blunt lobes. They are of a thin, papery texture, slightly hairy
on their under-side, and the spore masses are disposed in rows near the midrib.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 3.
P. (Phymatodes) angustatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; an-gus-ta/-tum (narrow),
Swarte.
This stove species, native of North and Southern India and of New
South Wales, is seldom met with in cultivation. Yet it is so distinct
and so striking as to be easily remembered when once seen (Fig. 34). Its
strap-shaped, entire fronds, 6in. to 12in.
long, }in. to 14in. broad, and of a very
leathery texture, borne on strong, upright
stalks 2in. to 4in. long, are produced from
a stout, wide-creeping rhizome clothed
with whitish and very narrow scales.
The upper surface is naked and of a dark
green colour, while the under-side is clothed
with a cottony substance of a rusty-brown
colour. The fertile fronds are set off to
advantage by the sori (spore masses),
which are large and conspicuous, generally
disposed in rows near the edge of the
contracted upper part of the frond. P.
angustatum of Blume is synonymous with
P. palmatum.—Hovker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 44; Garden Ferns, t. 20. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i.,
p. 187. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 185.
Fig. 84. Polypodium angustatum
G nat. size).
P. (Campyloneuron) angustifolium—Camp-yl-on-eur’-on ; an-gus-tif-
ol/-i-um (narrow-fronded), Swartz.
This evergreen, stove species, of singular and distinct appearance, which,
according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1841,
is a native of the West Indies and America, being found in Cuba,
Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. It is a very variable plant as regards the
breadth of its fronds, which are produced from a stout rhizome creeping on
102 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
the surface of the ground and clothed with spear-shaped scales of a brown
colour and of a deciduous nature. These fronds are Ift. to 14ft. long and
usually 4in. broad (though narrower in the variety ensifolium of Willdenow),
quite entire, pointed at their extremity, but with the lower part very gradually
narrowed into a short stalk; their texture is leathery and they are naked on
both sides, with their edges often rolled under. The sori (spore masses) are
disposed in from one to four rows between the midrib and the edge.—Hooker,
Species Lilicum, v., p. 40. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 187.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 48.
P. apiculatum—ap-ic-ul-a’-tum (sharp-pointed), Kunze.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Columbia, Guiana, and
Brazil, with spear-shaped fronds terminating in a sharp, tail-like point. The
fronds are produced from a stout, short-creeping rhizome of a woody nature,
and borne on rigid, upright stalks lin. to 2in. long and of a grey colour ;
they are seldom more than 8in. long and 1din. broad, and are cut down to
the midrib into narrow, sharp-pointed leaflets of moderately firm texture,
dull green and naked on both surfaces. The sori (spore masses) fill up the
space between the midrib and the edge-——Hvoker, Species Filicwm, iv., p. 185.
P. (Phegopteris) appendiculatum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; ap-pen-dic-ul-a’-
tum (having appendages ?), Wallich.
This stove species, native of East Himalayas and Penang, is not the
P. appendiculatum usually met with in gardens, and which is merely a form
of P. plesiosorum. Its broadly-spear-shaped fronds, 14ft. to 2ft. long and 8in.
to 10in. broad, are borne on tufted stalks about lft. long; they are furnished
with leaflets 3in. to 5in. long, jin. to lin. broad, and cut down nearly to the
midrib into narrow-oblong, sickle-shaped lobes of a soft, papery texture. The
lower leaflets have a small gland at the base. The spore masses are disposed
close to the midrib.—/ooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 306. Beddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 256.
P. (Phegopteris) aquilinum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; aq-uil-i’-num (eagle-like),
Thouars.
This strong-growing, stove species, native of Tristan d’Acunha, has the
general habit of the common Bracken (Pteris aquilina). Its ample and much-
POLYPODIUM. 103
divided fronds, 2ft. to 4ft. long, 1ft. to 14ft. broad, and produced from a stout,
creeping rhizome, are borne on stout, upright stalks Ift. to 2ft. long, of a
brown colour, hairy on their whole length except at the base, where they
are densely scaly. The leaflets, 6in. to Yin. long and din. to din, broad, are
much overlapping, and their spear-shaped leafits are again divided into narrow-
oblong, entire segments, the whole being of a leathery texture. The minute
and copious sori (spore masses) are partly covered by the recurved margins
of the fertile segments.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 270.
P. (Phlebodium) areolatum — Phleb-o’-di-um ; ar-é-ol-a’-tum (having
areole). A variety of P. aureum.
P. (Goniophlebium) argutum — Go-ni-oph-leb/-i-um ; ar-gu’-tum
(pungent ?), Wallach.
A greenhouse species, which, according to Beddome, occurs in Nepaul,
Kumaon, Sikkim, Khasya, &c. Its somewhat upright, oblong-spear-shaped
fronds, 1ft. to 2ft. long, 8in. to 12in, broad, and simply pinnate, are produced
from a slender, firm, wide-creeping rhizome, covered with narrow, dark brown
scales, and borne on naked stalks 3in. to Gin. long. The narrow-strap-shaped
leaflets, of a soft, papery texture, are bright green and naked on both surfaces,
and the spore masses are disposed in a single row nearer the midrib than the
edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 32. Beddome, Ferns of British India,
t. 6. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 187.
P. (Phegopteris) asperulum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; as-per’-ul-um (somewhat
rough), J. Smith.
This stove species, of medium dimensions, native of the Philippines, has
a peculiar appearance produced by the unequal-sided character of its leafits
and of their segments. Its much-divided fronds, 14ft. to 2ft. long and Itt.
or more in breadth, are of a somewhat leathery texture. The spore masses
are disposed one to each ultimate lobe.-—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 257.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 187.
P. (Goniopteris) asplenioides — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; as-ple-ni-6-i’-des
(Asplenium-like). A variety of P. reptans.
104 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. athyrioides—ath-yr-i-3-i/-des (Athyrium-like), Hooker.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Peru, with fronds
Sin. to 12in. long, lin. to 2in. broad, borne on firm, wiry stalks 2in. to 3in.
long and slightly hairy. The narrow-spear-shaped leaflets, about jin. broad,
are cut half-way down to the midrib into close, oblong lobes; the lower
leaflets are very gradually reduced. All are of a somewhat leathery texture,
and the copious sori (spore masses) are oblong.—/Tooker, Species Filicum,
iv., p. 224, t. 277.
P. attenuatum
at-ten-ti-a’-tum (attenuated). A synonym of P. Brownit.
P. (Phlebodium) aureum—Phleb-o’-di-um ; au’-ré-um (golden), Linnaeus.
This deservedly popular species, which thrives equally well under either
greenhouse or stove treatment, possesses a very wide range of habitat, being
common in the West Indies, in South America as far as Brazil, and even
being reported by Dr. Mueller from Australia. According to Lowe, it was
introduced into England in the year 1742, and received at the Royal Gardens,
Kew, in 1809. Eaton, in his exhaustive work on ‘‘ Ferns of North America,”
says that P. aureum is epiphytic on trees, especially on the Palmetto in the
Peninsula of Florida. Referring to its discovery, that writer states (vol. i.,
p. 119): “It was discovered long ago in the West Indies, and received from
the ante-Linnwan botanists a variety of names. Plumier figured it at
Plate 76 of his magnificent folio ‘Traité des Fougeres de l’Amérique’
(published in 1705), and named it Polypodium majus aureum. He says:
‘Ce Polypode a la racine grosse environ d’un pouce, et longue bien souvent
d@un pied, ronde, noiieuse, rameuse, charnué, verdastre en dedans, d’un gout
astringent, et toule couverte de petites écailles dordées.’ (The root of this
Polypody is about lin. thick and very often ft. long, round, knotty,
branching, fleshy, greenish inside, of an astringent taste, and completely
covered with small, golden scales.)”
P. aureum is a strong-growing Fern, strikingly bold in habit (Fig. 35),
and, owing to the glaucous tint of its massive foliage, conspicuous. In very
young plants the fronds are simple or three-lobed, but in fully-developed
specimens they are 38ft. to dft. long and Yin. to 18in. broad, and are composed
of a long, narrow-spear-shaped terminal leaflet, and of a variable number—
POLYPODIUM. 105
from five to fifteen—of horizontal, entire, but undulated leaflets, 4in.
to 9in. long, about lin. broad, and separated from each other by more
or less rounded and open sinuses, leaving a wing or border of about 3in.
along each side of the rachis (midrib of the leafy portion), The two lowest
leaflets are sometimes distinctly separated from the rest and are usually
slightly decurved. Taton, referring to the rhizome from which these fronds
Fig, 35. Polypodium aureum
(much reduced).
are produced, says (vol. i, p. 166): “As in all true Polypodia, the rootstock
bears scattered prominences, or knobs, to which the separate stalks of the
fronds are articulated, and from which they fall away when finally withered.”
The popular appellation of ‘Golden Polypody,” under which this handsome
Fern is commonly known, may be derived from the shining nature and bright
brown colour of the scales with which the older portions of its rhizomes are
106 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
covered, but it may also be due to the intense golden colour of the under-side
of its fertile fronds, which is produced by the presence of the enormous
quantity of spore masses, disposed irregularly in one, two, or three series,
and from which, when ripe, a most profuse, fine, bright yellow powder escapes
and covers the upper surface of the fronds that are beneath them.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 16. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii, p. 187.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii, t. 5. Eaton, Ferns of North America,
ing ty 16.
There are in commerce and extensively grown three plants so closely
related to P. aureum that, although usually considered in gardens as distinct
species, the authors of “Synopsis Filicum” acknowledge them only as
varieties. These are:
P. a. areolatum — ar-é-ol-a’-tum (areolate), Humboldt, Bonpland, and
Kunth.
A very interesting plant, native of South America and Mexico, with
fronds smaller and of a more leathery texture than those of the species,
and deeply pinnatifid; their leaflets, narrowly spear-shaped, somewhat sharp-
pointed, and with moderately reflexed edges, being cut nearly to the midrib.
The fronds, lft. to 2ft. long, are glaucous underneath, and the sori (spore
masses) are disposed in a single row.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 347.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 187. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, ti, t. 12.
P. a. pulvinatum—pul-vi-na/-tum (cushion-like), Link.
This variety, native of Brazil, was, according to Lowe, introduced into the
Royal Gardens, Kew, in the year 1841. Its fronds, which are of about
the same dimensions as those of the species, are deeply pinnatifid, their leaflets
being less wavy but more deeply cut towards the midrib; they, however, lack
the beautiful colour of those of the species, being pale green and hardly at all
glaucous. P. a. pulvinatum is nevertheless a distinct and pretty plant, the
most attractive part of it being undoubtedly the under-surface of its fronds,
which is copiously furnished with beautiful orange-yellow sori (spore masses).
—FHooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 347. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iu.,
p. 187. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 56.
POLYPODIUM. 107
P. a. sporadocarpum—spor-ad-oc-ar’-pum (spore-fruited), MWilldenow.
This variety, commonly met with in gardens under the name of P. glaucum,
is a native of South America, and is found most plentifully in Mexico,
According to Lowe, it was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1843.
If only the lovely colour of its foliage be taken into consideration, this variety,
which is the Phlebodium sporadocurpum of J. Smith and also of Moore and
Houlston, is certainly the handsomest of the group to which it belongs, being
of a bluish tint not even approached by any of the others. Its habit is not,
however, so elegant as that of the species, its fronds being borne on longer
and slenderer stalks; the leaflets are also narrower and more distant from
each other than those of P. aureum, but they are of a thicker texture and are
bordered all round on their upper surface with small, white closely-set dots,
and forming a singular and pleasing contrast with the bluish ground-colour.
The fronds are also produced in greater abundance from a rhizome which
branches more freely than that of either the species or its other varieties.—
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, u., t. 6.
As purely decorative plants, . awrewm and its varieties are extremely
useful and may be utilised in various ways, their massive fronds producing
a striking contrast with those of other Ferns with which they are associated
in the warm Fernery. When planted out, the rhizomes grow apace and
produce fronds in abundance; though usually seen on the surface of the soil,
they are also subterranean and have the property of extending underground
to very long distances, with articulated fronds disposed upon them at short
intervals. These plants may also be used with great advantage in hanging
baskets of large dimensions, either by themselves or intermixed with other
Ferns with finer foliage, or for covering Tree-Fern stems. Thus grown, their
thick, chaffy rhizomes show to perfection, the whiteness of the scales with
which their extremities are densely clothed being apparent, and contrasting
pleasingly with the golden colour of the scales of their other portions.
The value of these Ferns for decorative purposes is sufficiently attested by
the fact that thousands of them annually find their way to Covent Garden
Market; some growers, indeed, make quite a speciality of them, as much on
account of their rapid growth as because of their distinct habit. Although
the fronds have a natural tendency to be produced from a single rhizome, the
108 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
plants may, by judicious treatment, be rendered useful as pot subjects. To
obviate this mode of growth, the extremity of the rhizome is entirely cut off
when only about 2in. long, the result of that operation being the production
of several lateral rhizomes growing out of the mutilated one in all directions,
thus making bushy and compact plants. Being evergreen and strong growers,
P. aureum and its varieties require substantial food ; a mixture consisting of
about equal proportions of fibrous peat, loam, and silver sand suits them best.
They must also receive a liberal supply of water at the roots while growing,
as well as occasional waterings with weak liquid manure.
P. (Phegopteris) auriculatum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; aur-ic-ul-a’-tum (eared),
Wallich.
A very robust-growing species, succeeding as well under greenhouse
treatment as in the stove; is a native of the Himalayas, where, according to
Beddome, it is found at 6000ft. elevation. The ample fronds, 3ft. to 4ft. long
and Ift. or more in breadth, are borne on tufted stalks 14ft. to 2ft. long, hairy
in their young stage, but becoming gradually smooth as the fronds attain
maturity. The leaflets, 6in. to 8in. long, lin. broad, and of a soft, papery
texture, are cut down nearly to the midrib into close, spreading, entire, blunt
lobes ; the lower leaflets are frequently reduced to mere auricles and furnished
with a prominent gland at the base beneath. The upper surface of the fronds
is of a bright green colour, while they are slightly hairy on their under-side.
The spore masses are disposed about half-way between the edge and the
midrib.— Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 238. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 187. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 208.
P. (Phegopteris) auritum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; au-ri/-tum (eared), J. Smith.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, but of little decorative value,
native of the East Indies, with pinnate fronds, about Ift. long, dark green
above, and paler beneath. The very conspicuous veins are of a much darker
colour than the fronds—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 51.
P. (Grammitis) australe—Gram-mi’-tis ; aus-tra’-lé (Southern), Mettenius.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, producing from a creeping
rhizome forming a dense mass its singular little fronds, seldom more than 6in.
POLYPODIUM. 109
long, the small ones spathulate (spoon-shaped), the larger ones ligulate (strap-
shaped), bluntish at the point, gradually tapering downwards into a short
stalk ; they are of a leathery texture and with edges slightly hairy. The
abundant and closely-set sori (spore masses) are oval or oblong, and disposed
in rows nearer the midrib than the edge. The habitat of this singular species
is very extensive, as it is found in the Southern extremity of America and
adjacent islands, Tristan d’Acunha, New Zealand, and Australia, as far north
as Queensland and New Caledonia.
P. barbatulum—bar-ba’-tul-um (slightly bearded), Baker.
A stove species, native of Bourbon; it is of no decorative value, seldom
exceeding 2in. in height—Aooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 323.
P. (Dictyopteris) Barberi — Dic-t¥-op’-ter-is; Bar’-ber-i (Barber's),
Hooker.
This very distinct, stove species, native of the Malayan Peninsula and
Islands, is remarkable on account of its occasionally hand-shaped or palmately
five-lobed, but more usually
pinnate, fronds, borne on
tufted stalks 6in. to 12in.
long, slightly scaly at the
base. They consist of a
large terminal segment and iO) | . VA
ae ~t f £45
. eee 4 ~K / Harari
from one to fous pairs uA =<) San AAS ae JE
leaflets fin. to Gin. long, lin. ee ae ae
broad, and nearly entire, of ld Log k OZ Ze
ah
a somewhat leathery texture,
and naked on both sides.
The spore masses, produced
in abundance, are disposed
principally in two rows near
Fig. 86. Frond of Polypodium Barberi
( nat. size).
the main veins. Fig. 36 is
reduced from Col. Beddome’s
“Ferns of British India,” by the kind permission of the author.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 100. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 322.
110 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Goniophlebium) Beddomei — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; Bed-do’-mé-i
(Beddome’s), Baker.
This is the Gontophlebium molle of Beddome, a stove species, native of
Burmah, where it was discovered by the Rev. C. 8. Parish. It is distinct
through its wide-creeping rhizome, densely clothed with reddish-brown scales,
from which the fronds, 14ft. long and 7in. to Sin. broad, are produced. The
leaflets, 3in. to 4in. long and fin. broad, are deeply notched, sometimes eared
at the base on the upper side, stalkless, of a soft, papery texture, and with
spore masses disposed in a single row.—/looker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 344.
Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 206.
P. Bernouillii—Ber-nouil’-li-i (Bernouilli’s), Baker.
A stove species, of small dimensions and little decorative value, much
resembling the better-known P. plebeium. It is a native of Guatemala.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 510.
P. biauriculatum—tbi-aur-ic-ul-a’-tum (twice-eared), Hooker.
A greenhouse species, native of Peru, with fronds lft. to 14ft. long,
4in. to 6in. broad, and borne on stout, upright stalks 4in. to 6in. long and
hairy upwards. The horizontal leaflets, 2in. long and Hin. broad, are entire,
distinctly eared at the base on both sides, of a somewhat leathery texture, and
densely hairy on both sides. The sori (spore masses) fill up nearly the whole
space between the edge and the midrib.—Hooker, Icones Plantarum, t. 121.
P. biforme—bif-or’-mé (of two forms), Baker.
This stove species, native of Madagascar, Bourbon, and Mayotta, has
oblong-spear-shaped fronds 2ft. long, borne on. stalks 1}ft. long. They are
simply pinnate, being cut to the midrib into many strap-shaped, bluntly-lobed
leaflets: the barren ones are 6in. to Zin. long and lin. broad, while the
fertile ones are smaller, and the lowest are stalked ; all are light green on
both surfaces, and have the spore masses disposed near the main veins.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 505.
P. (Phymatodes) bifrons—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; bif’-rons (two-fronded), Hooker.
In this stove species, native of Kcuador, the fronds, produced from a
rather slender, branched, twisted rhizome of a woody nature, are of two quite
POLYPODIUM. 111
distinct. characters. The barren ones, 3in. to 4in. long, lin. broad, and
stalkless, are elliptical, being narrowed at both ends, with blunt lobes, which
reach nearly half-way down. The fertile ones, din. to 6in. long, are short-
stalked, entire, of a soft, papery texture, and naked on both sides. The large,
oblong sori (spore masses) are placed end to end in a row on each side close
to the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 78; Filices Exoticw, t. 52.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 187.
P. bifurcatum—hif-ur-ca’-tum (twice-forked). A synonym of P. Lobbianum.
P. (Phymatodes) Billardieri—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; Bil-lar-di-e’-ri (Labil-
lardicre’s), R. Brown.
This very useful and highly ornamental, greenhouse species, which,
according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1824,
by Allan Cunningham, is a native of New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania,
and the neighbouring islands. It is a very handsome Fern, provided: with
wide-creeping rhizomes of a woody nature, densely clothed with dark-coloured
and glossy scales, from which the fronds are produced. These fronds usually
stand upright and are borne on firm, erect, glossy stalks 4in. to Sin. long ;
they vary in shape from oblong-spear-shaped and quite entire, to 13ft. long
and half as broad and deeply pinnatifid (cut nearly down to the midrib). In
young or freshly-divided plants the simple fronds predominate, whilst in
old-established ones they are nearly all pinnatifid, being composed of narrow-
spear-shaped leaflets of a leathery texture, deep green in colour, and naked
on both sides. The large, round sori (spore masses) are disposed in single
rows close to the midvein, and are so distinctly immersed in the frond as to
form protuberances on the upper side.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 82.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iti., p. 187. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, i., t. 47.
This species is a particularly shallow-rooting plant ; it flourishes best in
a flower-pan, in a mixture in which fibrous peat predominates.
P. (Phegopteris) biseriale—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; bis-er-i-a’-lé (in two series),
Baker.
_ A strong-growing, stove species, native of the Andes of Peru and
Ecuador, with much-divided fronds 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth,
112 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
borne on slightly-scaly stalks lft. to 2ft. long. The lowest leaflets, 6in. to
8in. long and 2in. to 3in. broad, are cut down to the rachis below into distinct,
oblong-spear-shaped leafits, which are subdivided into lobes of a thin, papery
texture. The spore masses are disposed in pairs on the lower lobes.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 309.
P. biserratum—bis-er-ra/-tum (twice-serrated). A form of P. subpetiolatum.
P. (Grammitis) bisulcatum — Gram-mi’-tis ; bis-ul-ca’-tum (twice-
furrowed), Hooker.
A very uncommon and singular, stove species, native of Borneo, and more
interesting as a botanical curiosity than useful as a decorative plant. Its
fronds, produced from a wide-creeping rhizome, are 6in. to Qin. long,
resemble the stem of a rush, and show five furrows, of which the two
deepest bear the closely-set, prominent oval spore masses. This plant is the
Holcosorus pentagonus of Moore. — Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 164;
Second Century of Ferns, t. 98.
P. blechnoides—bléch-n5-i’-des (Blechnum-like), Hooker.
This greenhouse species, native of Polynesia and Queensland, is
distinct on account of the fertile leaflets being confined to the upper half
of the fronds, which are produced from a stout rhizome clothed with dense,
narrow scales, and borne on rigid, upright, naked stalks 2in. to 3in. long.
The whole frond seldom measures more than Ift. long and 1in. broad ; it
is cut down very nearly to the rachis throughout. The fertile leaflets are
longer and narrower than the barren ones, which are bluntish, growing
gradually shorter and broader downwards ; all are of a leathery texture. The
oblong spore masses, deeply immersed in the fronds, are disposed in rows near
the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 180.
P. Boivini—Boi-vi’-ni (Boivin’s), dlettentus.
A very small-growing, stove species, of botanical interest only, native
of Madagascar.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 507.
P. (Phegopteris) Bojeri—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Bo’-jer-i (Bojer’s), Hooker.
This stove species, of medium dimensions, is a native of Mauritius and
Bourbon Islands. Its much-divided fronds, 2ft. or more in length and lft.
POLYPODIUM. 118
to 14ft. broad, have their spear-shaped leaflets, 6in. to 10in. long and 2in.
broad, again divided into spear-shaped leafits, which are cut down nearly to
the rachis below into close, entire, blunt lobes, the whole being of a thin,
papery texture. The sori (spore masses) are small, abundant, and disposed
close to the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 251.
P. (Niphobolus) Boothii—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; Boo’-thi-i (Booth’s), Hooker.
A very robust, stove species, native of Bhotan, with fronds 1ft. to 2ft.
long, 3in. to 4in. broad, borne on firm, upright stalks lft. or more in
length and scaly at the base. These fronds are gradually narrowed towards
both ends and have their edge entire ; they are smooth on the upper surface,
whereas their under-side is thickly covered with a woolly substance of a rusty-
brown colour. The spore masses are disposed in two irregular rows.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 53. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 258.
P. (Goniopteris) borneense — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ;
bor-ne-en’-sé (Bornean), Hooker.
A small, stove species, of little decorative value,
native of Borneo.—Hooker, Species Llicum, v., p. 11.
P. (Goniophlebium) brasiliense — Go-ni-oph-
leb’-i-um ; bras-il-i-en’-sé (Brazilian), Pozret.
This stove species, also known under the name
of P. neriifolium, is a native of the West Indies, Mexico,
Brazil, and Peru. Its fronds, Ift. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or
more in breadth, and borne on firm, glossy stalks 6in.
to 12in. long, are produced from a stout rhizome
densely clothed with spear-shaped scales of a peculiar
grey colour. They consist of an entire or slightly
sinuated terminal leaflet 4in. to 8in. long and }in. to /é 9 ee pure
1din. broad, and of numerous lateral ones of a similar niunetees
nature, but slightly narrowed at the base, where they
are attached to the midrib (Fig. 37), except the lowest, which are sometimes
stalked. The texture is leathery, and the spore masses, disposed in one or two
series between the midrib and the edge, are immersed in the frond.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 28. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 187.
vow. IIl. i
114 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Dictyopteris) Brongniartii — Dic-t¥-op’-ter-is ; Brong-ni-ar’-ti-i
(Brongniart’s), Bory.
A strong-growing, stove species, native of Malaysia and the Philippine
Islands. In habit it is similar to the better-known P. difforme; but it is
distinguished by its small spore masses being confined to the margin of the
lobes.— Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p 103.
P. (Phymatodes) Brownii — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; Brown’-i-i (Brown’s),
Sprengel.
This evergreen, greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Australia,
is said by Lowe, who describes it under the name of P. attenuatum, to have
been introduced into England in 1823, and into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in
1828, by Allan Cunningham. It is a very interesting plant, with simple
(undivided) fronds of a dark green colour and of a very leathery texture,
produced from a wide-creeping rhizome of a woody nature, and clothed with
spear-shaped scales of a dull brown colour. These fronds are 6in. to 18in.
long, din. to gin. broad, strap-shaped, bluntish at their summit, the lower part
being very gradually narrowed to a base or short stem. The large and
prominent sori (spore masses) are oblong in shape, and disposed in a single
row end to end a space from one another midway between the midrib and the
edge, on the upper portion of the frond, in which they are immersed.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 58; Garden Ferns, t. 30. Micholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, ili., p. 187. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 29a.
P. (Phegopteris) czespitosum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; cas-pit-o’-sum (tufted),
Baker.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions and of little decorative value.
It is a native of Mexico.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 305.
P. (Phegopteris) calcareum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; cal-ca’/-ré-um (Limestone
Polypody). Synonymous with P. Robertianum.
P. (Goniophlebium) californicum — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; cal-if-or’-
nic-um (Californian), Kaulfuss.
This greenhouse species has a somewhat limited habitat in North America,
as Eaton states that “it is apparently confined to the region west of the coast
POLYPODIUM. 115
range of mountains and to the islands lying off the shore.” In general habit
it is very like the common Polypody (P. vulgare) ; its fronds, Gin. to 9in. long,
3in. to din. broad, and borne on firm, erect, naked stalks 3in. to 6in. long, are
produced from a wide-creeping rhizome clothed with spear-shaped scales of
a rusty-brown colour. They are cut down nearly or quite to the midrib into
finely-toothed leaflets 1din. to 2}in. long, of a soft, papery texture. The large
and prominent spore masses are disposed in single rows near the midrib.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 18. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii.,
p- 188. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i., t. 31.
P. (Dictyopteris) cameroonianum—Dic-ty-op’-ter-is ; cam-er-oo-ni-
a’-num (native of the Cameroons), Hooker.
A very robust-growing, greenhouse species, native of the Cameroon
Mountains, with fronds 3ft. to 4ft. long, 2ft. broad, and borne on glossy stalks
4ft. long. The upper part of these fronds is divided nearly to the midrib
into spear-shaped lobes; the lower leaflets, in the shape of the Greek delta, A,
are sometimes more than lft. long, 6in. to Sin. broad, and cut down below
nearly to the rachis into pinnatifid, spear-shaped lobes of a soft, papery texture
and naked on both sides. The spore masses are disposed in rows near the
main veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 104. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 188.
P. capillare—cap-il-la’-ré (hair-like), Desvauc.
The habitat of this stove species extends from the West Indies to Peru.
Its fronds, 1ft. long and 2in. broad, of a flaccid nature and pendent habit,
are borne on tufted, short, slender stalks of a wiry nature. The leaflets, lin.
to 2in. long, are either entire or lobed, and of a soft, papery texture. The
copious spore masses are disposed in two long rows.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
iv,, p- 231, t. 279.
P. (Phymatodes) capitellatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; cap-it-el-la’-tum (small-
headed). Synonymous with P. juglandifolium.
P. (Phegopteris) Carrii—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Car’-ri-i (Lieut. Carr's), Baker.
This stove species, with simply-pinnate, oblong-spear-shaped fronds lft. to
2ft. long, borne on straw-coloured stalks 6in. to 12in. long, is a native of Rio
12
116 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Janeiro. The strap-shaped leaflets, 4in. to 6in. long, fin. to lin. broad, and
bluntly lobed, are short-stalked at the lower part of the frond; they are
unequal at the base, the lower side being more wedge-shaped. The fronds
are of a moderately firm texture, bright green and smooth on both surfaces,
with the midribs below rather scaly; their sori (spore masses) are disposed
near the main veins.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 305.
P. (Goniophlebium) Catharinze—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; Cath-ar-i/-ne
(St. Catharine’s), Langsdorff and Fischer.
This easily-cultivated, evergreen, stove species, of medium dimensions,
which, according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in
1841, is a native of Brazil. Its simply-pinnate fronds, 6in. to 12in. long and
3in. to 5in. broad, are produced from a wide-creeping rhizome clothed with
dark brown, spreading scales, and borne on erect, naked stalks 4in. to 6in.
long and of a glossy nature. The texture of their leaflets, which are 1}in.
to 3in. long and jin. to din. broad, is somewhat leathery, and their colour is
dark, dull green. The large, round sori (spore masses) are disposed in single
rows close to the midrib. . Catherine of gardens is synonymous with
P. loriceum latipes.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 20. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 188. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 44.
P. (Phegopteris) caudatum — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; cau-da’-tum (tailed),
Kaulfuss.
This is a strong-growing, stove species, native of Cuba and Brazil. Its
ample, much-divided fronds, 2ft. to 3ft. long, lft. to 1}ft. broad, borne on
firm, angular, brownish stalks lft. to 14ft. long, are furnished with leaflets
Gin. to 9in. long, lin. to 2in. broad, of a soft, papery texture, and naked on
both surfaces. These leaflets are cut down to a distinctly-winged rachis
(stalk of the leafy portion) into oblong-sickle-shaped, distinctly-toothed lobes
of about equal size throughout. The sori (spore masses) are disposed close
to the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 241.
P. (Goniophlebium) caudiceps — Go-ni-oph-leb/-i-um
(tail-headed), Baker.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of Formosa, with simple
. ‘dj
; cau’-dic-eps
(undivided), smooth, oblong-spear-shaped fronds 6in. long, lin. or more in
POLYPODIUM. 117
breadth, tapering below to a narrow wing, their extremity being drawn out.
into a narrow, attenuated point or tail, from which character the specific
name is derived. These fronds, produced from a long, slender, creeping
rhizome, are borne on stalks 2in. to 4in, long and of a slender nature. The
round, naked sori (spore masses) are produced on the lowest veinlet.—
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 592.
P. (Goniophlebium) chnoodes — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; chno-o’-des
(resembling down or wool), Sprengel.
A stove species, of elegant, drooping habit, native of the West Indies and
Venezuela, and very useful for growing in hanging baskets. According to
Lowe, who describes it under the name of P. dissimile, this species was
introduced into England in the year 1820. Its drooping fronds, Ift. to 2ft.
long and 4in. to Yin. broad, are cut down to the rachis (stalk of the leafy
portion) into distinct, sickle-shaped, opposite leaflets 2in. to 4in. long, din. to
3in. broad, heart-shaped at the base, of a soft, papery texture, light green in
colour, and finely hairy on both surfaces. They are produced from a stout
rhizome densely clothed with soft, spreading scales of a dull brown colour,
and borne on erect, slender, naked stalks din. to 6in. long. The spore masses
are disposed in two series on each side of the main veins. See Coloured Plate.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 25. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, it., t. 35.
P. chrysolepis—chry-sol’-ep-is (having golden scales), Hooker.
Although of small dimensions and of little decorative value, this pretty
little, stove species, native of the Andes of Quito, is very interesting. Its
entire (undivided) fronds, 2in. to 3in. long and din. broad, terminate in a
sharp point, but their lower part is very gradually narrowed ; they are produced
from a wide-creeping rhizome, densely clothed with rough scales of a reddish-
brown colour, and borne on stalks about lin. long and scaly. The texture
is thick and leathery, and both surfaces are clothed with small, pale-coloured
scales attached by the centre of the disk. The large, round sori (spore masses)
are disposed in rows nearer the midrib than the edge—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 173; Icones Plantarum, t. 721.
P. (Goniophlebium) ciliatum — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; eil-i-a/-tum
(ciliated). A variety of P. piloselloiles.
118 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Goniophlebium) colpodes — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; col-po’-dés
(embosomed). This is synonymous with P. plesiosorum.
P. concinnum—con-cin’-num (pretty). A synonym of P. lanigerum.
P. (Niphobolus) confluens — Niph-ob’-ol-us ; con’-fli-ens (cohering),
R. Brown.
A singular, greenhouse species, of very small dimensions, native of
Temperate Eastern Australia, with fronds of two totally different characters,
produced from a wide-creeping, thread-like rhizome. The barren ones are
roundish or oblong; the fertile ones are longer and narrower, seldom more
than lin. long and }in. broad, with the edge quite entire. Both kinds are of
a leathery texture, naked on their upper surface, but densely clothed on their
under-side with a reddish-brown, woolly substance. The sori (spore masses),
though immersed, are prominent and sometimes cover the whole under-surface
of the frond. There is another plant of totally different habit, known in
commerce under the name of P. confluens of Fée; this is synonymous with
P. apiculatum.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 46.
P. (Drynaria) conjugatum — Dryn-a’-ri-a ; con-jug-a’-tum (mixed),
Lamarck.
This very handsome, stove species, which is the P. coronans of Wallich,
is a native of Northern India (according to Beddome, it occurs in Nepaul,
Kumaon, Assam, Sikkim, Khasya, Mishmee, and Moylmein), Hong-Kong, &c.
It must not be confounded with P. coronans of gardens, which is P. Heracleum
of Kunze, a totally different plant. The handsome fronds, which are
arranged in a circle and produced from a very thick rhizome densely matted
with narrow, bright brown scales, are 2ft. to 4ft. long and lft. to 1}ft. broad.
Their stalk is furnished with a lobed wing 2in. to 4in. broad on each side at
the base ; this is narrowed and more deeply lobed upwards, gradually passing
into the frond, which is cut down nearly to the rachis throughout into entire
leaflets 4in. to 8in. long, lin. to 14in. broad, of a rigid texture, and naked on
both sides. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in a single row close to the
anterior main vein, and are sometimes confluent.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p. 95; Filices Exotice, t. 91. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 188.
Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 13.
POLYPODIUM. 119
P. (Phegopteris) connexum—Phe-gop’-ter-is; con-nex’-um (connecting),
Kaulfuss.
A stove species, of large dimensions, native of Brazil, with tripinnatifid
fronds in shape of the Greek delta, A, 3ft. to 4ft. or more in length, 2ft. or
more in breadth, and borne on firm, naked stalks 3ft. to 4ft. long. The
lower leaflets, broadly spear-shaped and Sin. to 12in. long, are furnished with
leafits 3in. to 4in. long, #in. broad, cut down nearly to the rachis (stalk of
the leafy portion) into oblong, entire or slightly notched lobes about jin.
broad. They are of a soft, papery texture and naked on both sides. The
spore masses are disposed one row each side of the main veins.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 261.
P. (Goniophlebium) cordatum — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; cor-da’-tum
(heart-shaped), Kunze.
The fronds of this stove species, native of Peru, are produced from
a stout, scaly rhizome, and borne on strong and quite naked stalks Ift. or
more in length. They are simply pinnate (only once divided to the midrib),
14ft. to 2ft. long, 8in. to 10in. broad, and furnished with leaflets tin. to Sin.
long, about lin. broad, sharp-pointed at the extremity, heart-shaped at the
base, with the edge entire, and of a leathery texture. The spore masses,
disposed in one or two rows, are immersed in the frond.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 345.
P. (Drynaria) coronans—Dryn-a’-ri-a ; cor-o/-nans (crowned). This is
synonymous with P. conjugatum. P. coronans of gardens is identical
with P. Heracleum.
P. (Goniopteris) costatum—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; cos-ta’-tum (ribbed), Looker.
A robust-growing, stove species, native of the Society Islands and Fiji,
with fronds 3ft. to 4ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth, borne on stalks 1ft. or
more in length, strong, brownish, and of a glossy nature. The fronds are
furnished with numerous leaflets Sin. to 10in. long, 14in. to 14in. broad, cut
down two-thirds of the way to the midrib into nearly entire, bluntish lobes,
with a space between them; they are of a somewhat leathery texture, and
the spore masses are disposed close to the main vein.—/ooker, Species
Fultoum, ¥., ps Ts
120 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Phymatodes) crassifolium—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; cras-sif-ol’-i-um (thick-
leaved), Linneus.
The range of habitat of this singular-looking, stove species extends from
the West Indies and Mexico to Brazil. and Peru, where it is said to be
common. Its simple (undivided) fronds, lft. to 3ft. long, lin. to 5in. broad,
gradually narrowed to both ends, and with the edge entire, are borne on
strong, upright stalks 2in. to 6in. long, and produced from a short-creeping
rhizome of a woody nature, clothed with egg-shaped scales of a dull brown
colour They are of a very leathery texture, and their upper surface shows
a few scattered, small, white dots. The spore masses are disposed in single
rows between the main veins—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 62. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 188.
P. c. albo-punctatissimum — al-bo-punc-ta-tis’-sim-um (much dotted
with white), J. Smith.
This form of the above species, which is very variable, was, according to
Lowe, introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1842. It is readily
distinguished from the species through the glaucous colour of its fronds, the
upper surface of which is covered with small, white dots.—ZLowe, Ferns
British and Exotic, i., t. 36.
P. crassifrons—cras’-sif-rons (thick-fronded), Baker.
A small-growing, stove species, of little decorative value, with undivided
fronds barely 6in. long, 3in. broad, and of a very thick texture. It is a native
of New Caledonia.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 325.
P. (Phymatodes) crassinervium—Phy-mat-o’-dés ;_ cras-sin-er’-vi-um
(thickly-nerved). This is synonymous with P. platyphyllum.
P. (Goniopteris) crenatum — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; cre-na’-tum (scalloped),
Swartz.
This very handsome, stove species, which, according to Lowe, was
introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1835, is a native of the West
Indies, St. Domingo, Martinique, &c. Its simply-pinnate fronds, of an
evergreen nature, and borne on erect, naked or slightly hairy stalks 1ft. to 2ft.
long, are Ift. to 2ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth, and composed of an oblong-
POLYPODIUM. 121
spear-shaped terminal leaflet 6in. to Sin. long and 1}in. to 2in. broad, with
the edge either entire or a little bluntly lobed, and from two to four opposite
pairs of similar lateral ones, all of a soft, papery texture and pale green colour.
The abundant and very conspicuous sori (spore masses) are disposed in rows
near the main veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 2. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 188. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i, t. 263.
P. (Phegopteris) crinale—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; cri-na/-lé (hairy), Hooker
and Arnott.
A stove species, of somewhat large dimensions, native of the Sandwich
Islands, with ample and much-divided fronds, borne on tufted, stout stalks
densely clothed with rough scales of a hairy nature. They are usually from
2ft. to 3ft. long, lft. or more in breadth, with broadly spear-shaped leaflets
and blunt leafits 13in. to 2in. long, again cut into rounded, blunt lobes, the
lower ones reaching down to the midrib. The fronds are of a leathery
texture, and the sori (spore masses) are disposed one to each lobe and situated
near the upper edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 266.
P. (Phymatodes) crispatum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; cris-pa’-tum (curled),
Hooker.
This is a pretty, stove species, native of Panama. Its nearly entire,
strap-shaped fronds, bluntly lobed a quarter or sometimes even half-way to
the midrib, of a pendent habit and somewhat leathery texture, thinly clothed
on both sides with soft hairs, are 6in. to 18in. long and Hin. to {in. broad ;
they are borne on tufted, slender stalks lin. to 2in. long and clothed with
hairs of the same nature as those of the fronds. The small sori (spore masses)
are quite immersed in the frond, being disposed from two to six to each
lobe.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 1.
P. (Phegopteris) cubanum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; cub-a’-num (Cuban), Baker.
A small, stove species, native of Cuba, of little decorative value, closely
related to P. reptans.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 233.
P. cultratum—cul-tra’-tum (knife-like), Willdenow.
A stove species, with fronds of a flaccid nature and pendulous habit, 6in.
to 18in. long, din. to lin. broad, cut down to the rachis into close, horizontal
122 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
or decurved, blunt leaflets of a soft, papery texture. These fronds are borne
on short, tufted, slender stalks, clothed with soft, brown hairs. The sori
(spore masses) are disposed in a row on each side of and close to the
midvein. The habitat of this species extends from Cuba and Guatemala to
Brazil and Peru; it is also found in the Mauritius and at Fernando Po.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 190.
P. (Dictyopteris) Cumingianum— Dic-ty-op’-ter-is ; Cum-ing-i-a’/-num
(Cuming’s). Synonymous with P. macrodon.
P. (Niphobolus) cuneatum — Niph-ob’-ol-us ; cun-é-a/-tum (wedge-
shaped), Kuhn.
This is a stove species, of very small dimensions and little decorative
value, with barren and fertile fronds totally different in shape, produced from
a slender rhizome, and of a leathery texture. It is a native of Hcuador.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 513.
P. (Phymatodes) Cunninghami — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; Cun-ning-ham’-i
_(Cunningham’s), Hooker.
A greenhouse species, of medium dimensions, native of New Zealand and
the New Hebrides, producing from a short-creeping rhizome clothed with large,
spear-shaped scales of a dull brown colour its simple (undivided) fronds 6in.
to 12in. long and about 3in. broad. These fronds are of a leathery texture,
yet not rigid, and naked on both surfaces; they are sharp-pointed at their
extremity, their edge is entire, and their widest part about half-way down,
from which they are gradually narrowed to the base or a short stalk. The
large and prominent sori (spore masses) are not immersed, either roundish or
oblong, and disposed in a row nearer the midrib than the edge.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 58; Icones Plantarum, t. 409.
P. curvatum—cur-va/-tum (curved), Swartz.
A stove species, of medium size, native of Jamaica, Ecuador, and Peru,
producing from a stout, scaly rhizome fronds 1ft. to lift. long, 2in, to 3in.
broad, and borne on dark brown stalks 3in. to din. long and of a naked, glossy
nature. The fronds, of a pendent habit, are cut down to the curved and
flexuous rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) into close, narrow, notched leaflets
POLYPODIUM. 123
of a somewhat leathery texture and naked on both sides. The sori (spore
masses), of a bright yellow colour, are disposed in two long rows, one on
each side of the midvein—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 201. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 188.
P. (Goniophlebium) cuspidatum—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; cus-pid-a’-tum
(pointed). This is synonymous with P. persice/folium.
P. (Phegopteris) cyathezefolium—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; cf-ath’-¢-a-fol’-1-um
(Cyathea-fronded), Desvaux.
With this stove species, native of Mauritius and Bourbon Island, P.
Sieberianum is synonymous. Its ample fronds, 13ft. to 2ft. long, 1ft. or more
in breadth, and borne on firm, naked stalks 1}ft. to 2lt. long, have their leaflets
Gin. to Yin. long, Zin. or more in breadth, and cut down to a broadly-winged
rachis into sickle-shaped, entire lobes, the lowest pair being rather smaller
and deflexed. They are of a soft, papery texture, and the spore masses are
disposed about the centre of the lobes.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 235.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 188.
P. dareseforme—da’-ré-2-for’-mé (Darea-shaped), Hooker.
A greenhouse species, with finely-cut foliage, native of Sikkim, Khasya,
and Moulmein. Its somewhat triangular fronds, 1ft. to 14ft. long, 8in. to
12in. broad, and borne on naked stalks 6in. to 9in. long and of a glossy
nature, are produced from a stout, wide-creeping rhizome clothed with dense,
narrow scales of a pale brown colour. The lower leaflets, 4in. to 6in. long
and ldin. to 2in. broad, are broadly spear-shaped and furnished with oblong-
spear-shaped leafits, which are again divided into either entire or forked
segments of a soft, papery texture and naked on both sides. The sori (spore
masses) are disposed at the extremity of the veins, one of which is found in
each segment.—Hovker, Species [ilicum, iv., p. 256 ; Second Century of Ferns,
t. 24. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 174.
P. decorum—dec-o’-rum (decorous), Brackenridge.
A stove species, of small dimensions and of little decorative value, with
fronds 6in. to 12in. long, barely lin. broad, simply pinnate, and of a leathery
texture. It is a native of Ceylon, Malaysia, the Philippine Islands,
124 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Tahiti, and the Sandwich Islands.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 179.
Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 238.
P. (Phlebodium) decumanum—Phleb-o’-di-um ; dec-um-a’-num (large),
Willdenow.
This stove species, of large dimensions, which, according to Lowe, was
introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1841, is closely allied to the
popular P. aureum, and is also known as P. dictyocallis. It is a native of
New Granada, Brazil, and Peru. The fronds, narrower and slenderer than
those of that popular species, are produced from a stout rhizome densely
clothed with soft, bright brownish scales, and borne on stout, upright stalks
lft. to 2ft. long and of a glossy nature. The fronds themselves, lft. to 3ft.
long and Ift. to 2ft. broad, are cut down nearly, or below quite, to the rachis
(stalk of the leafy portion) into nearly entire, strap-shaped leaflets often 1ft.
long, 2in. to 3in. broad, of a soft, papery texture and pale green colour, and
beautifully veined. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in one row on each
side of the midvein and immersed in the frond.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p- 17. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 188. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, ii., t. 14.
P. (Campyloneuron) decurrens — Camp-yl-on-eur’-on ; de-cur’-rens
(decurrent, attached to the stalk), Raddi.
This interesting, stove Fern, of large dimensions, native of Brazil and
Peru, is a striking object on account of the distinct and prominent marking
of the veins of its fronds. According to Lowe, it was introduced into the
Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1841. Its fronds, of a somewhat erect habit and
borne on firm, naked stalks 6in. to 12in. long, are produced from rather
slender rhizomes of a wiry nature. They are 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1dft. to 2ft.
broad, and furnished with sharp-pointed, spear-shaped leaflets 8in. to 12in. long,
narrowed at the base, where they run along the rachis; these leaflets are of
a somewhat leathery texture, of a dark green colour, and have nearly entire
edges. The sori (spore masses), of a peculiar pale straw-colour, are disposed
midway between the midrib and the edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 42.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 188. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, ii, t. 4.
POLYPODIUM. 125
P. (Phegopteris) decussatum — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; dec-us-sa/-tum (cross-
leaved), Linneus.
A very robust-growing, stove species, native of the West Indies, Peru,
and Brazil, with fronds 3ft. to 4ft. long, lft. to 14ft. broad, borne on stout,
erect stalks 2ft. to 3ft. long, scaly towards the base, polished upwards,
sometimes slightly rough with short points. They are furnished with leaflets
8in. to 12in. long, lin. to 1}in. broad, cut down nearly or quite to the rachis
into close, spreading, entire lobes, showing a distinct gland at the base beneath.
The substance of the frond is thin, and densely but minutely pubescent. The
abundant and very minute sori (spore masses) are disposed in rows near the
midrib.— Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 244. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 188. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii, t. 54.
P. (Phegopteris) deflexum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; de-flex’-um (bent down),
Baker.
This stove species, of medium dimensions, native of New Granada, was,
according to Lowe, introduced into England in 1830. It is a plant of
graceful habit, with fronds 8in. to 12in. long, 2in. broad, borne on naked,
slender stalks 2in. to 3in. long. They are furnished with sharp-pointed,
spear-shaped leaflets, the lower ones bent down, very distant, and dwindling
to mere auricles; these are of a soft texture and of a heavy, dull green
colour. The prominent, pale-coloured sori (spore masses) are disposed nearer
the midrib than the edge.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 305. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iti., p. 188. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 45.
P. delicatulum—de-lic-a’-tul-um (somewhat delicate), Mertens and Galeotti.
A small-growing, stove species, native of Mexico and: Ecuador, with pinnate
fronds 4in. to 6in. long, barely din. broad, produced from a wide-creeping
rhizome, and borne on tufted, wiry stalks lin. to 2in. long and densely
clothed with long, soft hairs. The abundant sori (spore masses) are disposed
six to eight to a leaflet, in which they are partly immersed.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 184.
P. dependens—de-pen’-dens (hanging down), Baker.
This stove species, native of the Andes of Ecuador, has fronds of a pendent
habit and flaccid texture, 2ft. or more in length, barely 3in, broad, borne on
126 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
short, tufted, thread-like stalks clothed with soft, spreading hairs. The
broadly-oblong, blunt, entire leaflets are of a soft, papery texture and slightly
hairy on both sides; they are alternate (not opposite) and about }in. apart
in the centre of the frond. The spore masses are disposed close to the
midrib.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 335.
P. (Grammitis) Deplanchei—Gram-mi’-tis ; Dep-lanch’-é-i (Deplanche’s),
Baker.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of New Caledonia, producing
from a stout rhizome densely clothed with stiff, dark brown scales its stalkless
fronds, 6in. to 9in. long, din. broad, gradually narrowed to both ends, with
the edge entire or with a few conspicuous blunt teeth about the middle; they
are of a very leathery texture and naked on both sides. The oblong, oblique,
immersed sori (spore masses) are disposed in close rows in the upper half of
the frond near the edge.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 322.
P. (Phegopteris) Dianze — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Di-a’-ne (Diana’s). <A
garden synonym of P. molle.
P. (Phlebodium) dictyocallis—Phleb-o’-di-um ; dic-t¥-oc-al’-lis (beauti-
fully netted). This is synonymous with P. decumanum.
P. (Dictyopteris) difforme — Dic-t¥-op’-ter-is ; dif-for’-mé (deformed),
Blume.
This strong-growing, stove species, which is better known in gardens
under the name of P. irregulare, is a native of Malaysia, &c. Its
ample fronds, 3ft. to 4ft. long and borne on tufted, erect stalks 1ft. or more
in length, are furnished with spear-shaped leaflets or with broad, blunt or
sickle-shaped lobes reaching half-way down to the rachis (stalk of the leafy
portion) ; the lower ones are often deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A),
several inches long, with their lower side prolonged and deeply cleft; all
are of a somewhat leathery texture, naked on both sides. The very abundant
sori (spore masses) are irregularly scattered.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p. 101. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 188. Beddome, Ferns
of Southern India, t. 118.
POLYPODIUM. 127
P. (Phymatodes) dilatatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; di-la-ta’-tum (enlarged),
Wallich.
A strong-growing, greenhouse species, native of Khasya, where, according
to Beddome, it is found at elevations varying between 4000ft. and 6000ft. ;
also of Malaysia, Moulmein, Samoa, &c. Its fronds, produced from a thick
rhizome of a woody nature, and clothed with large, egg-shaped scales of a dull
brown colour, are borne on stalks 1ft. long, with a narrow, decurrent wing
reaching nearly down to the base. They are 14ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more
in breadth, cut down nearly to the rachis into sharp-pointed, entire lobes
4in, to 8in. long, of a soft, papery texture, and naked on both sides. The
small and abundant sori (spore masses) are scattered irregularly, and frequently
become confluent.—J/looker, Species Filicum, v., p. 85. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, ii., p. 188. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 122.
P. Dipteris—Dip’-ter-is (Dipteris), Blume.
A very handsome and distinct, stove species, of robust habit, native of
the Moluccas, Polynesia, the Fiji Islands, &e. Although, so far as we are
aware, this beautiful plant has not been success-
fully grown in this country, it has been imported
several times, and is well known in the form of
dry specimens, under the name of Dipteris Hors-
fieldii. Its singular fronds, produced from a slender
rhizome of a wiry nature and borne on strong,
wiry stalks 3ft. to 5ft. long, are 1ft. to 3ft. long
and much broader, the main lobes reaching three-
quarters of the way down and having their edges
sharply toothed (Fig. 38 is reduced from Col.
Beddome’s “Ferns of British India,” by the kind
permission of the author). They are of a some-
what leathery texture, dark green on their upper Be Ges. Foaail of Poypodieen Diptait
surface, and of a peculiar glaucous or bluish colour (much reduced),
underneath. The very small, pale yellow sori
(spore masses) are irregularly scattered, but are especially plentiful near the
midveins, where they frequently become confluent.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 99. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 321.
128 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. discolor—dis’-col-or (two-coloured), Hooker.
A stove species, of small dimensions and of very little decorative value,
native of British Guiana. It derives its specific name from the nature of its
small fronds, which are green above and clothed with a white, chalky meal
underneath.— Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 189; Icones Plantarum, t. 4.
P. (Goniophlebium) dissimile — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; dis-sim’-il-é
(unlike). Synonymous with P. chnoodes.
P. (Phegopteris) distans—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; dis’-tans (distant), Don.
This strong-growing, greenhouse species has a very wide range of habitat,
being a native of Northern India, where it is found at elevations varying
between 9000ft. and 10,000ft., and extending to Ceylon and Java. Beddome
states that it is plentiful and very common about Ootacamund, on the
Neilgherries. Its much-divided fronds, 13ft. to 3ft. long and 8in. to 12in. or
more in width, are borne on slender, glossy stalks 1}ft. to 2ft. long and of
a chestnut-brown colour. The lower leaflets, 6in. to 8in. long and 1}in.
broad, are cut down nearly or quite to the rachis into deeply-cleft leafits,
with either blunt or sharply-toothed, nearly entire lobes enlarged at the base.
The fronds are of a soft, papery texture and slightly hairy on their under-side.
The very abundant sori (spore masses) are scattered over the whole under-
surface of the lobes.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 244. Beddome, Ferns
of British India, t. 39.
Like most other Ferns which have a wide range of habitat, this species
is very variable, its size and habit being frequently affected by the different
positions in which it is found. The most distinct and permanent form is:
P. d. Griffithii—Grif-fith’-i-i (Griffth’s), Hooker.
This plant, which, Beddome says, is found in Bhotan, Mishmee, Khasya,
&c., is a very good grower, and differs from the species to which it is related
principally through the conspicuously undulated character of the edges of its
nearly entire lobes.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 236. Beddome, Ferns
of British India, t. 158.
P. divergens—di-ver’-gens (diverging). A synonym of Nephrodium effusum.
POLYPODIUM. 129
P. (Goniopteris) diversifolium — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; di-ver-sif-ol’-i-um
(various-leaved), Swartz.
This stove species, native of Brazil, Caraccas, and Ecuador, must not be
confounded with P. diversifolium of R. Brown, which is only a synonym of
P. rigidulum. Its simply-pinnate fronds, lft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad,
and borne on tufted, slender, naked stalks 1ft. to 2ft. long, are furnished with
Fig. 39. Pinna of Polypodium diversifolium
(nat. size).
long, narrow leaflets seldom more than lin. broad, with the edge nearly entire
or slightly undulated. They are of a somewhat leathery texture, very prettily
veined, and their sori (spore masses) are disposed in a row on each side of and
close to the midrib (Fig. 39)—AHooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 4. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iu., p. 189.
P. (Phegopteris) drepanum — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; drep’-an-um (sickle-
like), Hooker.
A very handsome, greenhouse
species, native of Madeira, with fronds
lift. to 3ft. long, Sin. to 12in. broad,
produced from a short, upright stem,
and borne on tufted stalks, which are
1ft. to 13ft. long and densely clothed
with dark-coloured scales at their
base. The lowest leaflets, which are
also the largest, often measure 8in. in
Fig. 40. Portion of Pinna of Polypodium drepanum
length and 3in. in breadth ; the leafits (nat. size).
are spear-shaped, unequal-sided, con-
spicuously eared on the upper side, and truncate (maimed) on the lower side
at the base, with a broad, uncut centre and numerous teeth. The fronds
are of a leathery texture, with both sides nearly naked. The very prominent
K
VOL. III.
130 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
and abundant sori (spore masses) are disposed irregularly in rows on each
side of the midvein and eventually become confluent (Fig. 40).—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 249. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii, p. 189.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii, t. 34.
P. (Phegopteris) Dryopteris—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Dr¥-op’-ter-is (Oak Fern,
from the Greek Drus, an Oak, and Preris, a Fern), Linneeus.
This exceedingly pretty, dwarf-growing, hardy species has a most extensive
range of habitat. According to Beddome, it is abundant in Northern India,
where it occurs at elevations varying between 5000ft. and 8000ft.; also in
the Western Himalayas, in Manchuria, Japan, &c. Eaton, in “Ferns of
North America” (vol. i, p. 158), states that it is found growing plentifully
in open, rocky woods in Canada and in the Northern United States, extending
to the mountains of Colorado, Oregon, Unalaska, Labrador, and perhaps
Greenland. He adds that it is also found throughout Northern Europe and
Asia, from the British Isles to Kamtschatka, and gives as its southern limit
in Europe the Pyrenees and Northern Italy, and, in Asia, Thibet and
Cashmere.
P. Dryopteris, though not known to Ray in 1670, when he published
his “Catalogus Plantarum Anglie,”’ in which no mention of it is made, was,
however, discovered by him near Tintern Abbey before 1685, when he
published his ‘Historia Plantarum,” and when the first notice of its being
certainly a British Fern is recorded. It is found particularly on shady
mountain-sides in Ireland, on the Mourne and Turk Mountains, Mam Turk,
at Killarney, Connemara, Tullamore Park, and other mountain districts. It
is common in some parts of Scotland, such as Aberdeenshire, Forfarshire, and
Perthshire, and is also found, although less abundantly, on the banks of the
White Adder, between the Retreat and the Elm Cottage, Berwickshire; at
Moray, in Ross-shire; at Hawthorndean, near Edinburgh; and at Langholm
and Broomholm, in Eskdale. Notwithstanding the yearly depredations of
tourists and Fern hawkers in general, this Fern is still plentiful in some
parts of North Wales, and is also frequently met with at Craig Breidden,
Montgomeryshire ; near Tintern Abbey, near Llangollen, on a slate rock ; and
in Carnarvonshire. In England it is to the present day found at Richmond
and about North Bierley, in Yorkshire ; in Cornbury Quarry, in Oxfordshire ;
POLYPODIUM. 131
in Wedwood Forest, near Yoxhall Lodge, Staffordshire; at High Cliff,
Cheshire ; at Boghart Hole Clough and Prestwich Clough, in Lancashire ; in
Barrowfield Wood, near Kendal; near Durham ; in Leigh Woods, near Bristol ;
on Frocester Hill, Gloucestershire; among rocks at the Fall of Lodore,
Derwentwater, in Cumberland; above Langley Ford, near the Cheviot
Mountains, and in many other places ; but invariably in perfectly cool, sheltered,
moist spots where the temperature is subjected to very little variation during
the summer.
Of the four native species of Polypodies with deciduous foliage, P.
Dryopteris (or, as it is popularly called, “Oak Fern,” for which appellation
there is no reason, unless it be that it is so named froin being frequently found
among the moss about the roots of
Oak-trees) is undoubtedly the one
most generally known and most de-
servedly appreciated. On account of
the peculiarly bright pea-green colour
of its fronds, and of its close and
compact habit, it is much admired :
and frequently used for forming in ¥4
the hardy Fernery edges which, all "SS"
through the summer, possess a fresh-
aa.
ty, SIZ
WI
DUS
Dela oes ee
SS
ness looked for in vain among all
other Ferns of dwarf habit. These
fronds, produced from a wide-creeping
rhizome of a very slender nature, and
borne on slender stalks 6in. to 12in.
long, naked upwards and slightly scaly below, are deltoid (in shape of the
Greek delta, A) and generally measure from Gin. to 10in. each way. Their
lower leaflets are much the largest (Fig. 41), and the spear-shaped pinnules
(leafits) are slightly notched. They are of a soft, papery texture and smooth
on both surfaces. The abundant but minute sori (spore masses), of a light
brown colour, are scattered over the whole under-side of the frond. A
peculiarity noticeable in this species consists in the development of the fronds,
the rolled-up leaflets of which, in a young state, resemble three small balls
or green peas placed on wires.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 250; British
K 2
Fig. 41. Polypodium Dryopteris
(much reduced).
132 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Ferns, t. 4. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil., p. 189. Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, i., t. 4. Eaton, Ferns of North America, 1., t. 21. Beddome,
Ferns of British India, t. 74. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 117.
In planting the Oak Fern, a spot where moisture and shade can always
be depended upon should, if possible, be selected, and a shallow bed made of
a compost of two parts of fibrous peat, one part of leaf mould, and a free
admixture of silver sand, or, better still, of broken sandstone. If grown in
pots for a cool frame or for the greenhouse, where it makes most pleasing
objects, the above mixture will be found equally suitable; but in either case
avoid putting in too much soil; a depth of 3in. to 4in. is quite sufficient. It
is also indispensable that. thorough drainage should be secured, for water
remaining stagnant about its roots is very injurious to P. Dryopteris. In
planting, great care must also be taken to prevent the rhizomes from being
buried too deeply, in which case they seldom grow; they must be kept
only just below the surface of the soil, through which it is advisable to
allow the tips to protrude. Planting should take place about April,
and a moderate watering must follow, after which the soil requires to be
kept constantly moist. Although totally deprived of foliage during four or
five months of the year, the Oak Fern should never be allowed to get dry at
the roots, for the rhizomes soon shrivel up and the spring growth then only
produces small or deformed fronds, as the plants are much weakened. It is
also advisable to give plants grown in pots a slight covering during the
winter, though they do not require this attention when planted out.
This species, readily increased by division, does not appear to have
produced any constant variations; several more or less curious forms of it
have from time to time been noticed, but none of them have remained
constant under cultivation.
P. (Cyrtomiphlebium) dubium — Cyr-tom-iph-leb’-i-um ; dub/-i-um
(doubtful), Hooker.
This stove species, native of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru, is exceedingly
like some of the forms of Aspidium (Cyrtomium) falcatum in habit and texture.
Its fronds, borne on strong, tufted stalks 1ft. to 14ft. long and densely scaly
throughout their length, are 2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, with unequal-
sided leaflets 3in. to 6in. long, terminating in a sharp point and_ finely
POLYPODIUM. 133
toothed along the edge. They are of a leathery texture, and the abundant
sori (spore masses) are roundish or oblong.— Hooker, Species ilicum,
Vig po. 15.
P. (Goniopteris) Eatoni—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; Hat’-on-i (Haton’s), Baker.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of South Mexico. It is
provided with a firm, creeping rhizome, as thick as a quill and densely scaly,
from which the narrowly-triangular fronds are produced. These are about
1ft. long, 6in. broad, and cut down to a broad wing into spear-shaped, simple
leaflets nearly lin. broad, of a soft, papery texture, and naked on both surfaces.
The sori (spore masses) are disposed in one row near the midvein.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 511.
P. (Phymatodes) ebenipes—Phy-mat-o'-dés ; eb-en’-ip-és (black-footed),
Hooker.
This greenhouse species, native of Northern India, where, according to
Beddome, it is found at 8000ft. elevation in Sikkim and the North-Western
Himalayas, and at 10,000ft. elevation in Nepaul, resembles P. trifidum, but
its leaflets reach down deeper, and the main veins are closer and more
distinct—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 88. Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 138.
P. effusum—ef-fu’-sum (spreading). A synonym of Nephrodium effusum.
P. elasticum—el-as’-tic-um (elastic), Richards.
This stove species, better known in gardens under the names of P. plumula
and P. Schkuhri, is a very distinct, stove species, whose habitat extends from
Mexico to Peru and Brazil. Its fronds, borne on black, slender, naked stalks
lin. to 3in. long, are produced from a short-creeping or sub-erect, stout, woody
rhizome. They are spear-shaped, lft. to 13ft. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, and
cut down to the rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) into numerous strap-
shaped, blunt, entire leaflets of a very elastic nature, the lower ones being
gradually reduced. The fronds are naked on both surfaces, and the minute,
superficial sori (spore masses) are disposed in one row on each side of the
midvein.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 200. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 189.
134 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Campyloneuron) ensifolium—Camp-yl-on-eur’-on ; en-sif-ol’-i-um
(sword-fronded), Willdenow.
A form of P. angustifolium, with very narrow, stalkless fronds, between
the edge and the midrib of which the spore masses are disposed in one row.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 348.
P. (Goniophlebium) ensiforme — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; en-sif-or’-mé
(sword-shaped), Thunberg.
A greenhouse species, from Cape Colony and Natal, provided with a stout
rhizome clothed with rusty-brown scales. The fronds, 6in. to 12in. long and
4in. to 6in. broad, consist of a strap-shaped terminal leaflet 3in. to 4in. long
and of several distant similar ones on each side. These are of a very thick
texture, naked on both sides, and the large and conspicuous spore masses are
distinctly immersed.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 23.
P. (Phegopteris) erubescens—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; e-rub-es’-cens (reddish),
Wallich.
This is a very strong-growing, Nephrodium-like, greenhouse species, which,
Beddome states, is found growing throughout the Himalayas and Sikkim,
where it occurs at about 2000ft. elevation. Its fronds, 3ft. to 4ft. long and
lft. to 2ft. broad, are borne on naked stalks 2ft. or more in length, of a glossy.
nature ; their lower leaflets, sometimes lft. long, are cut down nearly to the
midrib into close, bluntish, entire lobes. The texture is rigid and somewhat
leathery, and the spore masses are situated close to the raised midrib.— Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 236. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 213.
P. (Goniophlebium) erythrocarpum — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; er-yth-
roc-ar’-pum (red-fruited), Mettenius.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions and of little decorative value,
native of Sikkim, where it occurs at elevations varying from 8000ft. to 11,000ft.
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 511.
P. (Goniopteris) excelsum—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; ex-cel/-sum (tall), Baker.
This stove species, of large dimensions, native of Tanna and Aneiteum,
is of very peculiar and distinct habit, being arborescent ; the trunk, according
POLYPODIUM. 135
to Baker, sometimes attains 30ft. in height. Its ample fronds are furnished
with strap-shaped leaflets 1ft. to 1}ft. long, sharp-pointed, and cut down to
a broad wing into close, bluntish, somewhat sickle-shaped lobes of a rigid
and leathery texture. The sori (spore masses) are disposed on all the veins,
which are very minute.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 504.
P. exiguum—ex-ig’-ti-um (little), Grisebach.
A singular and pretty, stove species, native of Jamaica. Its fronds,
borne on tufted, thread-like, very short, naked stalks, are of a conspicuously
pendulous habit ; they vary between 6in. and 2ft. in length, but are seldom
more than iin. in breadth. They are furnished with tiny leaflets, blunt,
entire, or with a single notch on the upper side, enlarged on both sides at
the base, of a somewhat leathery texture, and naked on both surfaces. The
sori (spore masses) are disposed one in each leaflet.— Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 326.
P. fallax—fal’-lax (deceptive), Schlechtendahl.
A greenhouse species, of very small dimensions, seldom exceeding 24in.
high, with fronds often more than lin. apart on a long, thread-like rhizome.
It is of botanical value only, and is a native of Mexico.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 219.
P. farinosum—far-i-no’-sum (mealy), Hooker.
This is a scarce and very distinct, stove species, native of the Andes of
Ecuador. It differs from all other species through its pendent fronds, 4in.
to 5in. long, 1din. to 2in. broad, borne on short, flexuose stalks of a wiry
nature, being covered on both sides with white meal. The leaflets, lin. or
more in length, are blunt at their extremity and slightly undulated at the
edge; they are of a somewhat leathery texture and produce spore masses in
abundance.—Hooker, Species Filicum, p. 223; Second Century of Ferns, t. 47.
P. (Grammitis) fasciatum—Gram-mi’-tis ; fas-ci-a’-tum (band-shaped),
Mettenius.
A stove species, of little decorative value, with leathery fronds lft. long,
undivided, and the oblong sori (spore masses) disposed in two rows, end to
end, close to the midrib—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 169.
136 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Campyloneuron) Fendleri — Camp-yl-on-eur’-on ; Fend’-ler-i
(Fendler’s), Eaton.
This handsome, stove species, also known in gardens as Campyloneuron
magnificum, is a robust-growing Fern, native of Venezuela and New Granada.
It is provided with a stout rhizome densely clothed with large, spear-shaped
scales of a peculiar greyish-brown colour. Its ample fronds, borne on strong,
naked stalks 13ft. to 2ft. long and of a glossy nature, are furnished with
leaflets 1ft. to 14ft. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, with edge entire, narrowed at
the base, and of a leathery texture; they are of a pale green colour and
glossy on both sides. The spore masses are disposed in three or four rows
between the midvein and the edge-—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 349.
P. (Dictyopteris) ferrugineum — Dic-ty-op’-ter-is ; fer-ru-gin’-é-um
(rusty-coloured), Baker.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of New Guinea, with fronds
1ft. to 13ft. long, 8in. broad, borne on stalks 14ft. long, clothed densely below
and less so above with rusty-brown down and large spear-shaped scales of
the same colour. The leaflets are divided into leafits, which are again cut
into oblong, deeply-notched lobes of a thin, papery texture, and sprinkled
on their under-surface with rusty-coloured hairs. The sori (spore masses)
are disposed in two rows on each side of the midvein—AHooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 318.
P. Filipes—Fi’-lip-és (thread-footed). This is simply P. tenellum in a
young state.
P. firmum—fir’-mum (firm), Klotzsch.
A stove Fern, of small dimensions, native of Guiana and New Granada.
According to Hooker, it is scarcely more than a variety of P. rigescens, with
leaflets more separated.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 335.
P. (Niphobolus) fissum—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; fis’-sum (cleft), Baker.
This greenhouse species, native of the Himalayas, where it occurs at
elevations varying between 5000ft. and 6000ft., is characterised by its strap-
shaped, nearly stalkless fronds, which are 6in. to 12in. long, in. to 1}in.
broad, of a somewhat leathery texture, naked on their upper side, but very
POLYPODIUM. 137
woolly beneath. The abundant sori (spore masses) are scattered and immersed
amongst the downy substance. P. porosum is synonymous with this species.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 48. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 183.
P. flabelliforme—fia-bel-lif-or’-mé (fan-shaped), Lamarck.
This stove species, native of Columbia and Peru, is readily distinguished
through its flaccid habit, the slender, thread-like nature of its rachis, and the
paucity of its spore masses. Its drooping fronds, 4in. to 12in. long, scarcely
Zin. broad, borne on tufted, short stalks, fringed with long, soft hairs, are
cut down throughout nearly or quite to the midrib into entire or slightly-
notched leaflets attached at the base. The texture is soft and papery, and
the sori (spore masses) are disposed one to three to each leaflet.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 187.
P. (Niphobolus) floccigerum — Niph-ob’-ol-us ; floc-cig’-er-um (wool-
bearing), Mettenius.
This stove species, native of Northern India, the Philippines, and Malaysia,
is also known as Antrophyum niphoboloides; it resembles N. jissum, but the
fronds are narrower and more rigid in texture. Its wide-creeping rhizomes
are covered with bright, rust-coloured, spear-shaped scales. The very short-
stalked fronds are undivided, 6in. to 12in. long, jin. to jin. broad, gradually
narrowed to both ends, and rigid in texture; their upper surface is naked,
while the lower one is densely matted with a somewhat rusty-coloured down,
in which the sori, covering the upper part of the frond, are immersed.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 351.
P. (Niphobolus) flocculosum—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; floc-cul-o’-sum (furnished
with little tufts of a woolly substance), Don.
According to Hooker, this very distinct, greenhouse species, of medium
dimensions, is a native of Northern India, where it ascends to 5000ft. elevation.
Beddome, in his exhaustive work, “Ferns of British India,” states that it is
found “chiefly in North Bengal and along the lower ranges of the Himalayas,
from very low altitudes of Sylhet and Assam to 3500ft. in Kumaon, from
Simla in the west to Bhotan in the east.” Its entire (undivided) fronds,
produced from a short rhizome clothed with scales of a light brown colour,
138 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
and borne on firm, erect stalks 4in. to 6in. long and woolly upwards, are 6in.
to 18in. long, lin. to 14in. broad, and very gradually narrowed to the apex.
They are of a leathery texture, naked on their upper surface, but densely
clothed underneath with a woolly substance of a somewhat rusty-brown colour.
The small, bright-coloured sori (spore masses) are disposed in straight diagonal
rows from midrib to edge and occupy the central
portion of the frond. Fig. 42 is reduced from Col.
Beddome’s “Ferns of British India,” by the kind
permission of the author.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 49. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 162.
P. (Phegopteris) formosum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ;
for-mo’-sum (beautiful), Raddi.
This very handsome, stove species is a native
of Brazil. Its fronds, of a rich, dark shining green
colour, are produced from an upright caudex (stem)
densely covered with scales of a dark reddish-brown
colour. They are 1}ft. to 14ft. long, and are once
divided to the midrib into narrow-spear-shaped
Fig. 42. Polypodium flocculosum : : .
frivech teidweisit leaflets, which are short-stalked and furnished with
rounded pinnules (leafits). The stalks of the fronds
are about 10in. long and scaly, especially near the base. The sori (spore
masses) cover the whole under-side of the fronds.—Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, ui., t. 53.
P. (Drynaria) Fortunei—Dryn-a’-ri-a ; For-tu’-né-i (Fortune’s), Kunze.
A singular, greenhouse species, native of South China, where it is said
to be found both on the coast and in the interior. The fronds, which are
produced from a short-creeping rhizome of a woody nature, are of two
thoroughly distinct forms: the barren ones are seldom more than 2in. to 3in.
long and lin. to 1}in. broad ; while the fertile ones are Ift. to 1}ft. long,
4in. to 6in. broad, and cut down nearly or quite to the rachis into’ spear-
shaped, bluntish lobes of a somewhat leathery texture and 2in. to 4in. long.
The sori (spore masses) are disposed in single rows between the main veins,
—Hooker, Species Pilicum, v., p. 95.
POLYPODIUM. 139
P. fossum—fos’-sum (ditch-loving), Moore.
This distinct and interesting, stove species, native of the astern
Archipelago, is better known under the name of Pleopeltis fossa. Its pretty
arching habit of growth and comparatively small size make it a very suitable
object for suspending in a basket from the roof of the stove Fernery. The
fronds, about lft. long and varying from narrow-strap-shaped to egg-shaped,
are produced from a short and slowly-creeping rhizome ; their edges are either
toothed or lobed, with lobes varying in size according to the breadth of the
frond, simple or forked, and in the broadest fronds conspicuously fan-shaped.
They are of a deep green colour and of a glossy nature, and the large, roundish
spore masses are sunk in deep cavities which form a line of protuberances on
the upper surface.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 592.
P. (Goniophlebium) fraxinifolium — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; frax-in-if-
ol’-i-um (Ash-leaved), Jacquin.
The habitat of this distinct, stove species, which, according to Lowe, was
introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1841, extends from Columbia to
Brazil and Peru. It is an easily-grown plant provided with a stout rhizome,
Fig. 43, Leaflet of Polypodium fraxinifolium
(4 nat. size).
clothed with spreading, dark brown scales. The fronds, 2ft. to 4ft. long and
lft. to 14ft. broad, are borne on firm, erect, naked stalks Ift. to 2ft. long,
and are composed of numerous leaflets din. to Yin. long, lin. to 2in. broad,
slightly notched at the edges and narrowed at the base. They are of a leathery
texture, naked on both sides, and their sori (spore masses) are disposed in three
more or less regular rows on each side of the midvein (Fig. 43).—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 26. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 189.
P. furcatum—tur-ca’-tum (forked), Mettenius.
A stove species, of small dimensions and of little decorative value, native
of Guiana and the Amazon Valley. Its fronds, 3in. to 4in. long and repeatedly
140 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
forked, are of a somewhat leathery texture, and their oblong, distant, oblique
spore masses are terminal on the principal veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
iv., p. 174.
P. furfuraceum—fur-fur-a’-cé-um (scurfy), Schlechtendahl.
A greenhouse species, of rigid habit and medium dimensions, native of
‘Mexico, with fronds 1ft. to 14ft. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, of a leathery texture,
and borne on rigid, scaly stalks 3in. to 4in. long. These fronds are produced.
from strong rhizomes densely clothed with brown, woolly fibres, and are cut
down to the rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) into narrow, entire leaflets
dilated on both sides at the base. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in
two long rows.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 213.
P. fuscatum—tfus-ca’-tum (darkened), Blume.
This stove species, of small dimensions, is of very little decorative value.
Its fronds, seldom exceeding 6in. long, are of a leathery texture; the whole
of their under-surface is eventually filled with the sori (spore masses), which
are disposed in a close row on each side of the midrib. It is a native of
Java and Ceylon.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 181. Beddome, Ferns
of British India, t. 324.
P. (Phymatodes) fusco-punctatum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ;_ fus’-co—pune-
ta’-tum (brown-dotted), Hooker.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Chimborazo. From
a wide-creeping rhizome of a woody nature, and clothed with bright brown
scales, are produced its almost stalkless fronds Gin. to 9in. long, very gradually
narrowed at the base, sharp-pointed at the extremity, and with edges entire ;
they are of a somewhat leathery texture and naked on both sides, but show
abundant fine dark brown points. The large, dark-coloured spore masses
are disposed in one line along the midvein—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p. 69, t. 285a.
P. Galeottei—Gal-é-ot’-té-i (Galeotti’s), Mettenius.
This is a small-growing, greenhouse species, native of Mexico. It is of
botanical interest only, with small, elliptic fronds of a soft, papery texture and
slightly hairy on both surfaces.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 509.
POLYPODIUM. 141
P. (Niphobolus) Gardneri — Niph-ob/-ol-us; Gard’/-ner-i (Gardner’s),
Mettenius.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Ceylon. It is provided
with a short-creeping rhizome clothed with rigid, spear-shaped, black scales,
with a brown border. The entire (undivided) fronds produced from these
rhizomes are 1ft. to 13ft. long, lin. to IJin. broad, very gradually narrowed
towards both ends, and borne on firm, naked stalks 3in. to din. long; they
are of a leathery texture, and, while their upper surface is naked, the lower
one is densely matted with a woolly substance of a grey colour. The sori
(spore masses) are disposed in close rows of about four between the main
veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 513; Filices Exotica, t. 68. Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 241. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii., p. 189.
P. (Phymatodes) geminatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; gem-in-a’-tum (in pairs),
Schrader.
This greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Brazil, is of very
distinct appearance on account of its almost stalkless, uniform, entire fronds,
3in. to 6in. long, din. to lin. broad, and narrowed towards both ends, being
usually disposed in distant pairs; they are of a leathery texture and naked
on both sides, and are produced from a stout, very wide-creeping rhizome of
a scaly nature. The spore masses are disposed in a row midway between the
midrib and the edge, and are distinctly immersed.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 36. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 189.
P. (Goniopteris) Ghiesbreghtii — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; Ghies-bregh’-ti-1
(Ghiesbreght’s), Linden.
This is a very distinct, stove species, native of South Mexico. Its fronds,
borne on firm, erect stalks lft. or more in length and densely hairy, are
usually 1ft. to 14ft. long and consist of a terminal pinna (leaflet) 6in. to 9in.
long, 13in. to 2in. broad, and slightly lobed at the edge, and of three to six
similar ones on each side. They are of a soft, papery texture; their upper
surface is slightly and their under-side densely hairy. The spore masses are
disposed in dense rows close to the midvein.—Hooker, Filices Exotica, t. 84.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, u1., p. 189.
142 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Phymatodes) glabrum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; glab’-rum (smooth),
Mettenius,
This is a greenhouse species, very closely resembling- the better-known
P. angustatum, from which it differs principally in being of smaller size and
in having its spore masses more confluent. It is a native of East Australia,
Norfolk Island, Lord Howe’s Island, &c.—Hooker, Species Filicum, -v., p. 46.
P. (Phegopteris) glanduliferum — Phe-gop’-ter-is; glan-dul-if’-er-um
(furnished with small glands), Liebmann.
This species, of small dimensions, owes its specific name to the nature
of its rachis (stalk of the leafy portion), which is finely glandular on both
sides. It is.a native of Mexico. Its broadly spear-shaped fronds, 6in. to
8in. long and 3in. to 4in. broad, are borne on slender, tufted stalks 3in.
to 4in. long. The lower leaflets, which are also the largest, are cut down to
the rachis below into distinct, unequal-sided, deeply-cleft leafits, with entire
or slightly-toothed lobes, all of a soft, papery texture. The spore masses are
situated one at the base of each lobe.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 252.
P. glandulosum—glan-dul-o’-sum (glandular), Hooker.
A small-growing, stove species, native of Ceylon, with fronds 2in. to 4in.
long, cut down nearly or quite to the rachis into close, deeply-toothed, oblong
leaflets of a soft, papery texture, dull green, and densely glandular on both
sides. The spore masses are disposed one to three to each leaflet.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 193, t. 276a.
P. (Goniophlebium) glaucophyllum—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; glau-coph-
yl’-lum (glaucous-fronded), Kunze.
The habitat of this pretty and very distinct, stove species (see Coloured
Plate) extends from the West Indies and Columbia to Ecuador. It is a Fern
particularly adapted for growing on a piece of rock or of sandstone, upon
which its slender, firm, wide-creeping rhizomes readily attach themselves. Its
oblong, spear-shaped, entire fronds, rounded at the base and terminating in
a sharp point, are of a leathery texture, bright green above, and bluish on
their under-side, where the spore masses, which are uniformly disposed and
of a bright golden-yellow colour, make a very pretty effect—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 18. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 189.
POLYPODIUM. 143
P. (Phymatodes) glaucum— Phy-mat-o/-dés ;_ glau’-cum (bluish-green),
Kunze.
This stove species, which in texture and general habit resembles some
forms of P. auwreum, is a native of the Philippines. Its bluish fronds, 1ft. to
13ft. long and Gin. to 8in. broad, borne on firm, erect stalks 6in. to 12in. long
and of a glossy nature, are produced from a stout rhizome clothed with long,
narrow scales of a dark brown colour. They are cut down throughout to
a broadly-winged rachis into entire, sharp-pointed lobes 4in. to 5in. long,
of a leathery texture, and naked on both sides. The sori (spore masses)
are disposed in single rows close to the midrib. P. glaucum of gardens is
identical with P. awreum sporadocarpum.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 88.
P. (Goniophlebium) gonatodes — Go-ni-oph-leb/-i-um ; gon-at-o’-dés
(angled). This is synonymous with P. plesiosorum.
P. gracile—grac’-il-é (slender), Hooker.
A pretty, stove species, native of the Andes of Peru, with flaccid, pendent
fronds 6in. to 9in. long, barely lin. broad, borne on slender, tufted stalks
din. to din. long and of a wiry nature. The leaflets, though scarcely din.
long, are distinct and deeply cleft into blunt lobes bearing one spore mass
each.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 224. Hooker and Greville, Icones
Filicum, t. 222.
P. (Grammitis) gramineum—Gram-mi’-tis ; gra-min’-8-um (grass-like),
Swartz.
This stove species, of purely botanical interest, is very distinct through
its leathery fronds, 2in. to 4in. long, being only din. broad, and also on account
of the oval or oblong spore masses being placed nearly end to end, with
a space between them, in two rows which reach from the midrib nearly to
the edge. It is a native of the West Indies and Guiana.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 165.
P. grammitidis—gram-mi’-tid-is (Grammitis-like), R. Brown.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of New Zealand and
Tasmania, with fronds 4in. to 12in. long, 2in. broad, borne on tufted, naked
stalks lin. to 2in. long and of a wiry nature. The narrow, blunt leaflets are
144 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
more or less deeply cleft, of a leathery texture, and naked on both surfaces.
The copious oblong spore masses are usually disposed one to each lobe at the
base.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 230.
P. (Goniophlebium) grandiceps — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; gran’-dic-eps
(large-headed), Baker.
A stove species, of dwarf habit and well suited for basket culture, native
of Formosa. Its simple (undivided), oblong-spear-shaped fronds, of a leathery
texture, are produced at intervals on a slender, creeping rhizome; they are
about 6in. long and lin. broad, and taper below into a narrow wing.—
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 592.
P. (Goniophlebium) grandidens — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; gran’-did-ens
(large-toothed). This is a variety of P. persicefolium.
P. (Phymatodes) grandifolium — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; gran-dif-ol’-i-um
(large-fronded). A variety of P. membranaceum.
P. (Phymatodes) Griffithianum—Phy-mat-
o’-dés ; Grif-fith-i-a’-num (Griffith’s), Hooker.
This distinct, greenhouse species, of medium
dimensions, is a native of Northern India. Accord-
ing to Beddome, it is found in Bhotan, Mishmee,
and Khasya, and is said to occur up to 7000ft.
elevation. Its simple (undivided) fronds, 6in. to
8in. long and Jin. to 2in. broad, are produced from
a wide-creeping rhizome densely clothed with rough,
dull brown scales, and borne on firm, erect stalks
3in. to 6in. long. They have their edges prettily
undulated, and are sharp-pointed at their summit,
while they are rounded or rather narrowed or
Fig. 44. Polypodium Griffithianum
G nat. size).
auricled at their base. The large and conspicuous
sori (spore masses) are disposed in a row near the
midrib, and situated one between each main vein. Fig. 44 is reduced from
Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns of British India,” by the kind permission of the author.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 62; Second Century of Ferns, t. 51. Beddome,
Ferns of British India, t. 158,
POLYPODIUM. 145
P. (Goniophlebium) guatemalense—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; gua-tem-a-
len’-sé (native of Guatemala), Hooker.
This stove species, which, as its name implies, is a native of Guatemala,
is the Phlebodium inequale of Moore. It is a robust-growing Fern, with
fronds 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth, borne on naked, straw-coloured
stalks 6in. to 12in. long. They are composed of an entire terminal leaflet,
6in. to 8in. long and a little more than lin. broad, and of several similar ones
on each side of the midrib. Their texture is somewhat leathery, they are
naked on both sides, and their large spore masses are disposed in a single
row.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 29. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
1M. pa. 189,
P. Guilleminianum—Guil-le-min-i-a’-num (Guillemin’s), Fournier.
A greenhouse species, of medium size, native of San Rafael, Mexico. Its
fronds are 14ft. long, 8in. to 10in. broad, and borne on slender stalks 6in. long
and clothed with minute hairs. They are oblong-spear-shaped and simply
pinnate, being only once divided to the midrib into strap-shaped, sharp-
pointed leaflets of a pale green colour on both surfaces, and with the
spore masses disposed in one close row near the midrib.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 510.
P. (Goniophlebium) harpeodes — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; har-pé-o’-des
(scimitar-like). This is synonymous with P. loriceum latipes.
P. Martwegianum—Hart-weg-i-a’-num (Hartweg’s), Hooker.
This greenhouse species, native of Mexico, produces from a stout, wide-
creeping rhizome clothed with dark brown scales, fronds Ift. long, 34in.
broad, cut down to the rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) into narrow-spear-
shaped, toothed leaflets dilated at the base and of a papery texture. The
plant is readily recognised by its bright yellow, oval sori (spore masses)
disposed in two long rows.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 207; Icones
Plantarum, t. 380.
P. (Phegopteris) Masseltii—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Has-selt’-1-i (Hasselt’s), Blume.
A stove species, of small dimensions and of little decorative value, native
of Java.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 257.
VOL. Ill. L
146 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Phegopteris) hasteefolium—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; has-ta-fol’-i-um (spear-
fronded), Swartz.
This strikingly distinct, small-growing, stove species, native of the West
Indies, is a very uncommon plant, although, according to Lowe, it was
introduced into English gardens in 1820. Its fronds, borne on tufted stalks
lin. to 2in. long and of a wiry nature, are 6in. to Qin. long, and_ broadest
two-thirds of the way up, where they sometimes measure 2in. across. The
blunt, entire leaflets show a sharp and distinct auricle (ear) on both sides at
the base, and those of the lower half of the frond are gradually reduced ; they
are of a dull green colour and of a somewhat leathery texture, and their
under-side is nearly naked. The comparatively large sori (spore masses) are
disposed in one row on each side of the midvein, and from ten to fourteen
pairs to each leaflet.— Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 232. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iil., p. 189. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic,
Us ty
P. (Phymatodes) hastatum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; has-ta’-tum (halbert-
shaped), Thunberg.
A curious and distinct, greenhouse species, of little decorative value,
having fronds sometimes simple, sometimes three-lobed, with the lateral lobes
like the terminal one but smaller, of a leathery texture, and naked on both
sides. The spore masses, disposed in a single row, are situated nearer the
midrib than the edge-—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 74.
P. (Phymatodes) hemionitideum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; he-mi-on-i-tid’-8-um
(Hemionitis-like), Wallich.
According to Lowe, this curious and interesting, stove species was
introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1844, yet it is not commonly
met with. It is a native of South China and various parts of India, where
it is said to occur up to 6000ft. elevation. Beddome states that it is found
in Sampajee Ghit, four miles down from Mercara, in ravines, growing on
rocks. Its entire fronds, of a somewhat leathery texture, borne on firm, erect
stalks lin. to 6in. long, are produced from a rhizome of a woody nature.
They are from 9in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, of a bright green colour,
and narrowed to both ends; they are naked on both sides and are rendered
POLYPODIUM. 147
very interesting by their distinct venation and by the prominent character and
large size of their sori (spore masses), which are disposed in a very irregular
row between the main veins, and often confluent.—AHooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 73. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil., p. 189. Beddome, Ferns
of Southern India, t. 182. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 7.
P. Menchmanni—Hench-man’-ni (Henchmann’s), J. Smith.
A very graceful, stove species, native of Mexico, and, according to Lowe,
introduced into England about 1848. It is provided with a wide-creeping
rhizome covered with bright rusty-coloured scales, from which its fronds,
borne on firm, erect stalks 4in. to 8in. long, are produced. They are simply
pinnate (only once divided to the midrib), 1ft. to 14ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad,
with leaflets of a somewhat leathery texture, dark bluish-green in colour, and
naked on both sides. The large and conspicuous, brilliant brown sori (spore
masses) are disposed in one row on each side of the midvein and slightly
immersed.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 337. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, 1., t. 30.
P. Mendersoni—Hen-der-so’-ni (Henderson’s), Lowe.
This Fern, of unknown origin, is very similar to P. angustifolium, but
its fronds are more erect, narrower, and of a paler colour. The barren and
fertile ones are of the same size and form, thus differing from the above-
named species in a marked manner.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i.., t. 378.
P. (Drynaria) Meracleum — Dryn-a’-ri-a; He-rac-le’-um (Cow-Parsnip-
like), Kunze.
This really magnificent, large-growing, stove species, native of Java and
of the Philippines, is the P. coronans of gardens, but not of Wallich; it is
also frequently found under the name of P. morbillosum. Whatever its
appellation be, it is so thoroughly different from all other species that
it should find a place in every collection. Its sessile (stalkless) fronds,
3ft. to 6ft. long and 2ft. or more in breadth, are usually disposed in a crown
(Fig. 45), and are produced from a stout, short-creeping rhizome of a woody
nature, clothed with long, silky scales of a bright brown colour, except near
the extreme end, where they are whitish. These fronds, which are deeply
L 2
148 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
pinnatifid, have at their base a heart-shaped, lobed wing 3in. to 4in. broad,
while their upper part is cut down to a broadly-winged rachis into entire,
sharp-pointed lobes, which are often 1ft. to 1}ft. long and 3in. to 4in. broad.
The fronds are of a light green colour and of a stiff, harsh texture; their
upper surface is covered with minute, short, whitish hairs, while the midrib of
Fig. 45, Polypodium Heracleum
(much reduced).
the frond is crowded with brown hairs, especially near the base, where they
are longer. The small and copious sori (spore masses) are irregularly scattered
over the whole of the under-surface, in which they are slightly immersed.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 93; Garden Ferns, t.1. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iil., p. 189. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 32.
P. (Niphobolus) Meteractis—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; He-ter-ac/-tis (Heteractis).
A variety of P. Lingua.
P. (Phymatodes) heterocarpum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; het-er-oc-ar’-pum
(having variable fruit), Blume.
A stove species, of little decorative value, greatly resembling the better-
known P. membranaceum, from which it differs principally in its smaller
dimensions and also in its spore masses being disposed in four to six regular
rows near the main veins. It is a native of Northern India, Ceylon, Java,
Borneo, &c., and is also called P. Zollingerianum.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
y., p. 72. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 319.
POLYPODIUM. 149
P. heteromorphum—het-er-om-or’-phum (of various forms), Hooker and
Greville.
This greenhouse species, of large dimensions and distinct habit, found in
Mexico and along the Andes to Ecuador, is also known as P. variabile. Its
very flaccid, pendent, sometimes simple, sometimes repeatedly forked or pinnate
fronds, are borne on tufted, slender, naked stalks of a wiry nature. When
repeatedly forked, they are furnished with closely-set, irregular leafits 1ft. to
1}ft. long, but only about din. broad, of a soft, papery texture, and bearing
from one to six spore masses each.—Hooker, Species Iilicum, iv., p. 229.
Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 108.
P. (Dictyopteris) heterosorum — Dic-t¥-op’-ter-is ; het-er-os-or’-um
(having variable sori), Baker.
A strong-growing, stove species, of little decorative value, with fronds 2ft.
to 3ft. long, but only pinnatifid, and abundant irregular sori (spore masses),
which often become confluent. It is a native of Malacca.
Filicum, p. 506.
Hooker, Synopsis
P. (Phegopteris) hexagonopterum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; hex-ag-o-nop’-
ter-um (having six-angled wings), Michaus.
This very pretty and distinct, hardy species, of a deciduous character,
is principally a North American Fern, being found in moist woodlands from
Canada to Florida, and westward to Iowa, Arkansas, and Louisiana, and,
though not common, fairly abundant in favourable localities, more particularly
in the Middle and Southern States. Although Eaton, in his exhaustive work,
“Ferns of North America,” states (vol. i, p. 148) that it has not been found
outside of North America, we find it stated in Hooker’s “ Synopsis Filicum ”’
(p. 308) that it is found “from Lapland to Japan, Etruria and Greece ;
Greenland, Iceland, and Russian America, southward to the United States.”
According to Lowe, its introduction into England dates from about the year
1811. Its slender and wide-creeping rhizome (rootstock), sometimes 1ft. long,
is of a somewhat fleshy nature, and creeps just beneath the surface of the
ground. The fronds, which are borne on slender stalks Gin. to 9in. long,
naked, except towards the base, are 6in. to Yin. long, 4in. to Gin. broad, and
subdeltoid (somewhat like the Greek delta, A). Their lower leaflets, 2in. to
150 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
3in. long, din. or more in breadth, are cut down three-quarters of the way to
the rachis into close, blunt, entire or slightly-toothed lobes, the lowest pair
of which are deflexed. The fronds are of a light green colour, soft and
papery in texture, and slightly hairy on their under-side, and their abundant
round spore masses are placed nearer the edge than the midveins. This Fern
prefers a soft, spongy soil, and a situation naturally cool.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 245; British Ferns, t. 3. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii, p. 190. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i, t. 49. Haton, Ferns of
North America, ii., t. 65. Correvon, Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 150.
P. (Phegopteris) Mildebrandi — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Hil-deb-ran’-di
(Hildebrand’s), Hooker.
A gigantic, stove species, native of the Sandwich Islands, with fronds 3ft.
to 4ft. or more in length, 2ft. to 3ft. broad, and borne on stout stalks 2ft. or
more in length, clothed with long, narrow scales. The lowest leaflets, 1ft. to
1}ft. long, have their pinnules (leafits) largest on the lower side, sometimes
again divided into deeply-cleft segments, the whole being of a soft, papery
texture and dark green colour. The under-surface is sprinkled over with
transparent glands, and the large and abundant spore masses are disposed
near the margins of the segments.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 254.
P. (Goniopteris) Millii—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; Hil’-li-i (Hill’s), Baker.
This greenhouse species, native of Queensland, is of distinct appearance
through its simply-pinnate (once-divided) fronds being almost in the shape of
the Greek delta, A, and measuring 1ft. each way. The opposite, stalkdess,
strap-shaped leaflets are Sin. to Gin. long, 2in. broad, deeply notched, and
narrowly wedge-shaped at the base; they are of a thick but not stiff texture,
dull green in colour, and densely covered with short, soft hairs. Their spore
masses are situated close to the main veins.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 505.
P. (Phymatodes) himalayense — Phy-mat-o'-dés ; _ hi-ma-lay-en’-sé
(Himalayan), Hooker.
A greenhouse species, also known in gardens under the name of
P. venustum ; it is a native of Northern India, Nepaul, Khasya, Bhotan, and
Sikkim, where, according to Beddome, it occurs up to 7500ft. elevation. It is
provided with a wide-creeping rhizome of a woody nature, covered with rough
POLYPODIUM. 151
scales of a bright brown colour, from which its large, simply-pinnate fronds
are produced. These are borne on firm stalks 1ft. or more in length, and of
a glossy nature ; they are 1ft. to 2ft. long and 8in. to 12in. broad, with leaflets
lin. to 2in. apart. The leaflets are sharp-pointed at their extremity, rounded
or even heart-shaped at their base, and have the edge wavy. The fronds are
of a somewhat leathery texture, their under-surface is finely hairy, and their
spore masses are disposed in one or two rows of three or four each between
the main veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 91. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, ii., p. 190. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 318.
P. hirsutulum—hir-su’-tul-um (slightly hairy), (ve.
A small-growing, stove species, of little decorative value, with short,
pendulous fronds of a somewhat leathery texture, and covered, as well as their
stalks, with minute, brown hairs. It is a native of Rio Janeiro.—Avoker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 509.
P. (Phegopteris) hirsutum — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; hir-su’-tum (hairy),
Swartz.
This stove species, of small dimensions, native of Minas Geraes, Brazil,
has oblong-spear-shaped fronds, 6in. to Qin. long and tripinnatifid (three
times divided half-way to the midrib). They are borne on tufted stalks, 3in.
to 4in. long, clothed with dense, spreading, narrow scales, are of a parchment-
oO)
like texture, and are covered on both surfaces, but especially on the lower
one, with narrow scales. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in a row on
each side of, and close to, the midvein.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 505,
P. hirtellum—hir-tel’-lum (shaggy), Blume.
A small-growing, stove species, of tufted habit, of botanical interest only.
Its small, entire fronds, of a somewhat leathery texture, have both surfaces
clothed with long, soft, brown hairs. The spore masses are disposed in two
close rows nearer the midrib than the edge. It is a native of India.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 166. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 172.
P. Mookeri—Hook’-er-i (Hooker’s), Brackenridge.
This is a very distinct, small-growing, stove species, native of the
Sandwich Islands, Fiji, Queensland, and the Philippines. Its simple (undivided)
152 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
fronds, 3in. to 5in. long, have the point bluntish, the edge entire, and the
lower part gradually narrowed ; they are of a somewhat leathery texture, and
thinly clothed with soft hairs on both sides. The abundant round sori
(spore masses) are disposed in long rows close to the midrib.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 171.
P. (Dipteris) Morsfieldii — Dip’-ter-is ; | Hors-field’-i-i (Horsfield’s).
Synonymous with P. Dipteris.
P. hymenophylloides — hym-en-oph-yl-l3-i’-des (Hymenophyllum-like),
Kaulfuss.
This small-growing, stove species, native of the Sandwich Islands, is
a very distinct Fern, resembling a Hymenophyllum in habit as well as in
texture. It is provided with very slender rhizomes -of a fibrous nature, and
its little fronds, 2in. to 4in. long and jin. to Zin. broad, are borne on densely-
tufted and very slender stalks lin. or less in length. The closely-set leaflets,
usually dimidiate (fully developed on one side of the midrib and scarcely at
all on the other), are cut down to a broadly-winged rachis into a few small,
oblong lobes of a soft texture and pellucid or transparent nature; they are
finely glandular on both sides, and the spore masses are disposed at their
extremity.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 228. Hooker and Greville, Icones
Filicum, t. 176.
P. inzequale—in-w-qua/-lé (unequal), Fée.
A stove species, native of Guadeloupe and Jamaica, with fronds 1}ft. long,
3in. to 4in. broad, and cut down within jin. of the rachis throughout into
narrow-oblong, bluntish lobes, those of the lower part being much reduced.
The texture of the fronds is somewhat leathery, they are naked on both sides,
and their spore masses are situated nearer the edge than the midrib. This
species is quite distinct from P. inegquale of Moore, which is a synonym of
P. guatemalense.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 325.
P. (Goniophlebium) incanum—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; in-ca’-num (hoary),
Swartz.
This curious and very distinct, stove species, of dwarf habit, has an
extensive range of habitat. Hooker gives it as a native of Cape Colony,
Part of the Outdoor Fernery at Kew.
(The late Mr. Thomas Moore's Collection of Hardy Ferns.)
POLYPODIUM. 158
Natal, Zambesi Land, and from Ohio to Uruguay and Chili; whereas Eaton
states that it grows commonly in large tufts on trunks of trees, on old walls
and roofs, and more rarely on rocks, from Florida to Texas, extending
northward to the Natural Bridge, Virginia. Eaton adds that it is common
in the West Indies, and Lowe, who gives 1841 as the date of its introduction
into the Royal Gardens, Kew, says that it is a native of the West Indies and
South America. Its wide-creeping rhizomes, of a woody nature, are very
much entangled and clothed with small, dull brown scales. The fronds, 2in.
to 4in. long, 14in. broad, and borne on firm, erect stalks lin. to 4in. long,
are cut down to the rachis into entire, blunt leaflets, which are enlarged at
the base, of a leathery texture, and densely scaly on their under-side. The
sori (spore masses) are disposed in a row on each side of the midvein, and
are almost completely hidden by the scales covering the under-side of the
leaflets.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 209. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iti., p. 190. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i., t. 26. Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, 1., t. 48.
P. (Phymatodes) incurvatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés; in-cur-va/-tum (incurved,
bent in), Blume.
A very distinct, stove species, native of Mount Ophir, Malacca, and Java,
with barren and fertile fronds totally distinct, produced from a scaly rhizome
of a woody nature. The barren ones are 6in. to Yin. each way, deltoid (in
shape of the Greek delta, A), and cut into broad, spear-shaped, entire lobes ;
the larger fertile ones are cut down nearly or quite to the rachis (stalk of the
leafy portion) into entire, distant lobes 4in. to Sin. long, the lowest of these
being often forked. The fronds are of a very leathery texture and naked
on both sides. The deeply-immersed sori (spore masses) form prominent
projections on the upper surface.—Hooker, Species UNC, Vay, Pe AT
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 190. Beddome, Ferns of British
India t. 124.
P. (Phymatodes) insigne—Phy-mat-o'-dés ; in-sig’-ne (remarkable), Blume.
This stove species, of small dimensions, native of Java, the Philippines,
and Malacca, is provided with a slender rhizome from which the fronds, 6in.
to Yin. long, are produced. These fronds are formed of a terminal, entire,
154 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
spear-shaped, and sharp-pointed lobe 2in. to 3in. long, 4in. or more in breadth,
and of two to four similar ones on each side; they are of a firm texture and
naked on both sides. The small and abundant spore masses are irregularly
scattered.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 78. Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 214.
P. integrifolium—in-teg-rif-ol’-i-um (entire-leaved), Lowe.
A stove species, of unknown origin, closely related to P. irioides, from
which, however, it is readily distinguished by the hanging habit of its fronds,
which are sometimes forked at their extremity ; they are also of a less fleshy
nature and of a darker green colour than those of that species; they are
frequently 13ft. long and 2in. broad in their widest part. The abundant and
very small spore masses are thickly scattered over the upper half of the
frond.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, u., t. 27.
P. (Phymatodes) irioides — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; i-ri-d-i/-des (Iris-like),
Lamarck.
This singular-looking, erect-growing, stove species, which, according to
Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1824, is a native of
New South Wales, Natal, Angola, the Guinea Coast, &c. Its stalkless fronds,
produced from a stout rhizome clothed with dark brown, egg-shaped scales,
are from 1ft. to 3ft. long, lin. to 3in. broad, gradually narrowed to both ends,
and with edge entire; they are of a thick, fleshy texture, pale or yellowish-
green in colour, and naked on both sides. The very small and copious sori
(spore masses) are irregularly scattered.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 67;
Filices Exotice, t. 4. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 42a. Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 178.
P. (Dictyopteris) irregulare—Dic-ti-op’-ter-is ; ir-reg-ul-a’-ré (irregular).
Synonymous with P. difforme.
P. Jagorianum—Jag-or-i-a’-num (Jagor’s), Mettenius.
A stove species, of small dimensions and of little decorative value, but
interesting through the oblong spore masses having their sporangia armed
with a conspicuous bristle. It is a native of the Philippines——Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 507.
POLYPODIUM. 155
P. (Phymatodes) juglandifolium—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; ju-glan-dif-ol’-i-um
(Walnut-leaved), Don.
This greenhouse species, which is found in Northern India up to 10,000ft.
elevation, is very variable as regards the size of its fronds, which are simply
pinnate (only once divided to the midrib) and usually 1}ft. to 2ft. long, 1ft.
or more in breadth, and borne on firm, erect stalks 1ft. or more in length
and of a glossy nature. These fronds are produced from a stout, woody rhizome
covered with large, egg-shaped scales of a bright rusty-brown colour, and
composed of a terminal leaflet and of several pairs of lateral ones disposed lin.
or 2in. apart, the edge of which is thickened and wavy, and the base usually
rounded. They are of a somewhat leathery texture, naked on both sides,
and the large and abundant spore masses form a row nearer the midrib than
the edge. P. capitellatum is identical with this species——Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 90. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 190.
P. Karwinskianum—Kar-win-ski-a’-num (Karwinski’s), A. Braun.
A stove species, of botanical interest only, with rhizome, fronds, and
fructification similar to those of our popular P. vulgare. It is a native of
Mexico and Guatemala.—Lowwe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 40.
P. khasyanum—khas-j-a/-num (native of Khasya), Hooker.
This is a very distinct, small-growing, stove species, native of Khasya
and Assam, where, according to Hooker and Beddome, it occurs at elevations
varying between 3000ft. and 4000ft. Its narrow fronds, 1ft. long, but seldom
more than 1}in. broad, and borne on very short, tufted stalks fringed with
short hairs, are of a flaccid nature and cut down within a short distance of
the rachis into linear-oblong, either entire or slightly undulated, blunt lobes
of a thick and somewhat leathery texture and hairy on both sides. The spore
masses are sunk and disposed in rows of from four to six on each side of the
midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicwm, iv., p. 191; Second Century of Ferns,
t. 49. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 173.
P. (Goniophlebium) Korthalsii — Go-ni-oph-leb’i-um ; Kor-thals’-1-i
(Korthals’), Mettenius.
This stove species, native of Sumatra, somewhat resembles the better-
known P. subauriculatum. It is provided with a wide-creeping rhizome, from
156 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
which its fronds, lft. to 1}ft. long and lft. broad, are produced; these are
borne on smooth stalks 5in. to 6in. long and of a reddish-brown colour. The
loose, spreading leaflets are stalkless, Sin. to Zin. long, lin. to lin. broad,
wedge-shaped at the base, and slightly notched .along the edges; they are of
a somewhat leathery texture, naked on both sides, and, unlike P. subauriculatum,
have their spore masses disposed in two or three rows on each side of the
midvein.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 345.
P. Krameri—Kra’-mer-i (Kramer’s), Franchet and Savatier.
This very pretty, hardy species, introduced from Japan in 1878, though
quite distinct, resembles our common Beech Fern (P. Phegopteris) in being
of a deciduous nature, and in having extensively-creeping and freely-branching
rhizomes. Its fronds, borne on slender, wiry stalks 3in. to 4in. long, are of
a particularly pale green colour, 5in. to 6in. long, and 2hin. to 3in. broad ;
they are not cut to the midrib, but all the segments are connected with it by
a broad wing, being cut half-way down into oblong, undulated lobes, while
the lower pair, which are more deeply cut, are conspicuously deflexed. The
fronds are of a thin, papery texture, and the numerous black spore masses
are scattered over the whole of their under-surface, from the wing to the apex
of the segments, in which they form two lines on each side of the midvein.
—T. Moore, Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1881, p. 136.
P. (Phymatodes) Labrusca — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; Lab-rus’-ca (resembling
Vitis Labrusca), Hooker.
This very distinct, stove species, native of Borneo, produces from a woody
rootstock its very distinct, curiously-shaped fronds, 3in. to 4in. long, 23in. to
3in. broad, with a deep notch at the base and wavy edges; they are of
a leathery texture, naked on both sides, and resemble the leaves of Vitis
Labrusca, the American Grape Vine. The small and abundant spore masses
are irregularly scattered over the whole of the under-surface——Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 73, t. 285n.
P. lachnopodium—lach-nop-od’-i-um (downy-footed), J. Smith.
A very ornamental, stove species, native of Jamaica, and said by Lowe
to have been introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1843. Its fronds,
POLYPODIUM. 157
deltoid and bi- or tripinnatifid (in shape of the Greek delta, A, and twice or
thrice divided half-way to the midrib), are 2ft. to dft. long, and furnished
with spear-shaped leaflets 9in. to 12in. long, the stalks of which are densely
covered with scales of a reddish-brown colour. The round and numerous but
small spore masses are disposed in one row on each side of, and close to, the
midvein of each fertile leafit— Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 190.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 33.
P. (Goniophlebium) lachnopus — Go-ni-oph-leb/-i-um ; lach’-nop-us
(having a downy foot or stalk), Wallich.
This greenhouse species, native of Northern India, and found, according
to Beddome, in Nepaul and Khasya at elevations varying between 4000ft. and
6000ft., in Simla and Kumaon at 7000ft., and in Sikkim up to 11,000ft., is
totally distinct from the preceding one. Its simply-pinnate fronds, produced
from a wide-creeping rhizome densely clothed with black, bristly scales, and
borne on slender, naked stalks 2in. to 4in. long, are of a flaccid nature, 1ft.
to 13ft. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, and cut down nearly or quite to the rachis
into slightly-toothed leaflets of a soft, papery texture, and naked on both
sides. The spore masses are disposed in single series.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 253; Second Century of Ferns, t. 52. Beddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 163.
P. (Phymatodes) laciniatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; lac-in-i-a’-tum (fringed),
Blume.
A stove species, native of Java, with a wide-creeping rhizome and
pinnatifid fronds of a somewhat leathery texture, Ift. to 14ft. long, Ift. or
more in breadth, cut down throughout to a narrowly-winged rachis into
sharply-pointed lobes, slightly undulated at their edges and naked on both
sides. The sori (spore masses) are immersed and disposed in one row on
each side of the midvein.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 87.
P. (Phegopteris) levigatum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; la-vig-a’-tum (smooth),
baker.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Peru, with spear-shaped
fronds bipinnatifid (twice divided more than half-way to the midrib), 1dft.
158 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
long, 3in. to 4in. broad, and borne on naked, shining stalks of a peculiar
purplish colour. The numerous loose leaflets are opposite, 1din. to 2in. long,
and cut down to a narrow wing into close, blunt lobes of a parchment-like
texture, light green in colour, and smooth on both sides. The sori are nearly
oblong.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 505.
P. (Phymatodes) lanceolatum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; — lan-cé-ol-a’-tum
(spear-shaped), Linneus.
This distinct, stove species has a remarkably wide range of habitat, for it
is found in numerous places from the West Indies and Panama to Brazil ; in
Juan Fernandez, the Sandwich and Mascarene
Islands, Zambesi Land, Cape Colony, St.
Helena, and the Guinea Coast; while Bed-
dome gives it as a native of the Neilgherries,
and states that it is common in woods about
Ootacamund. Its wide-creeping rhizome, of a
wiry nature and covered with bright rusty-
brown scales, produce simple (undivided)
fronds 3in. to 9in. long, }in. to lin. broad,
and gradually narrowed to both ends ; these
are of a leathery texture and more or less
thickly coated on both sides, especially on
the under-one, with fine scales. The large,
immersed sori (spore masses) are placed
half-way between the midrib and the edge.
Fig. 46 is reduced from Col. Beddome’s
“Ferns of Southern India,” by the kind
permission -of the author.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 56. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 190. Beddome, Ferns of
Fig. 46. Polypodium lanceolatum
( nat. size), Southern India, t. 181.
P. lanigerum—la-nig’-er-um (woolly), Haton.
A greenhouse species, of little decorative value, with flaccid, pendent
fronds, 6in. to Yin. long, eut down to the rachis into blunt, small leaflets of
POLYPODIUM. 159
a soft, papery texture, and thinly coated with soft hairs on both sides. It is
a native of Venezuela. P. concinnuwm is identical with this species.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 189.
P. lasiolepis—las-i-ol’-ep-is (rough with scales), Mertenius.
A small-growing, stove species, of botanical interest only, with fronds 2in.
to din. long, 14in. broad, pinnate, and covered on both surfaces with short,
fine, brown, hair-like scales. It is a native of Martinique and Guadeloupe.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 330.
P. lasiostipes—las-i-os’-tip-és (having rough, hairy stalks), MJettenius.
This stove species, native of New Caledonia, is of little decorative value.
It is readily distinguished by the nature of its stalks, which are tufted, very
short, and clothed with short, stiff, blackish hairs. — Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 327.
P. (Goniophlebium) latipes—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; la’-tip-és (broad-
footed). <A variety of P. loriceum.
P. (Phymatodes) Lehmanni—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; Leh-man’-ni (Lehmann’s),
Mettenius.
This stove species, native of Burmah and Darjeeling, produces, from
a wide-creeping rhizome of a woody nature, its pinnate fronds, which are
lft. to 2ft. long, Sin. to 10in. broad, and borne on firm, erect, naked stalks
Gin. to Yin. long. The leaflets, 4in. to Sin. long, are sharply pointed and
smooth or slightly undulated at the edges ; they are of a somewhat leathery
texture, naked on both sides, and each bears two rows of sori (spore masses).
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 369. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 260.
P. (Phymatodes) leiorhizon—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; lei-6-rhi’-zon (having
a smooth rhizome), Wallich.
This is a robust-growing, greenhouse species, native of Northern India,
where it grows up to 7000ft. elevation, and, according to Beddome, found on
the Anamallay Mountains at 4300ft. elevation. Its very thick rhizome is
clothed with egg-shaped scales, and its fronds, 2ft. to 4ft. long and Itt. to
2ft. broad, are borne on firm, erect stalks, also 1ft. to 2ft. long. Their leaflets
160 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
are 6in. to, 12in. long, narrowed at the base, and of a somewhat leathery
texture. The slightly-immersed spore masses are disposed in a row near the
midrib on each side.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 91; Filices Exotica,
t. 25. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 190. Beddome, Ferns of
Southern India, t. 174.
P.. (Phymatodes) Lenormandi — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; | Len-or-man/-di
(Lenormand’s), Baker.
A stove species, native of Mount Mu, New Caledonia, with oblong,
simply-pinnate fronds 14ft. to 2ft. long, 1ft. broad, borne on grey stalks Gin.
to 9in. long and of a glossy nature. The strap-shaped, blunt, closely-set
leaflets are dilated at the base; they are of a somewhat leathery texture, and
naked on both surfaces. The spore masses are disposed in a distant row near
the edge of the leaflets, in which they are deeply immersed, and upon the
upper surface of which they form nipple-like protuberances.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 514,
P. (Goniophlebium) lepidopteris—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; lep-id-op’-ter-is
(scaly-winged), Kunze.
This stove species, native of Mexico, Peru, and Brazil, is very variable.
The original or commonest form is provided with a stout, wide-creeping
rhizome of a woody nature, densely clothed with greyish scales. It has fronds
6in. to 18in. long, 1din. to 3in. broad, borne on rigid, erect, densely-scaly
stalks lin. to din. long, and cut down to the rachis into horizontal, entire
leaflets, the lower ones being reduced very gradually. Their texture is very
thick, and they are covered on both sides, the lower very thickly, with
rusty-coloured or white hairs and scales. The sori (spore masses), situated
on the upper half of the frond, are round, very large, of a yellowish-red
colour, and protrude through the scales.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 212.
P. 1. rufulum—ru’-ful-um (reddish), Presi.
In this variety, which is of Mexican origin, the scales of the rhizome are
of a bright reddish-brown colour, and the leaflets, }in. broad and blunt, are
much twisted.—LHooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 346. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 190.
POLYPODIUM. 161
P. 1. sepultum—sep-ul’-tum (enclosed), Kaudfuss.
This distinct and handsome variety, better known in commerce under the
names of Lepicystis sepultum and Goniophlebium sepultum, is a Brazilian form
which, according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in
1841. Its spear-shaped, somewhat pendulous fronds, Ift. to 13ft. long, are
of a deep green colour, but so densely covered on both sides with narrow,
fringed, silvery scales as to give them a whitish appearance, with which
the particularly bright colour of the spore masses forms a striking contrast.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 346. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii.,
p- 190. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 34a.
P. leucosorum—leu-cos-o’-rum (having white sori), Bojer.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of Mauritius and Bourbon,
with fronds 1ft. long, 14in. to 2in. broad, borne on rigid stalks 4in. to 6in.
long, of a dark brown colour, and produced from a short-creeping rhizome ;
they are cut down within a short distance of the rachis into blunt, entire,
spear-shaped lobes of a leathery texture and naked on both sides. The most
distinguishing feature resides in the large, prominent sori (spore masses),
disposed in two rows, appearing when young as white as chalky dots.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 198; Icones Filicum, t. 942.
P. (Phymatodes) leucosporum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; leu-cos’-por-um
(having white spores), Alotzsch.
In this distinct, greenhouse species the fronds are produced from a wide-
creeping, very scaly rhizome of a woody nature, and borne on firm, erect
stalks 2in. to 8in. long; they are 4in. to 8in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, and
have their upper part bluntly sinuated and their lower part cut more than
half-way down into blunt lobes of a leathery texture. The upper surface is
slightly and the lower surface densely coated with minute scales of a rough
nature. The large and prominent sori (spore masses) are disposed in one row
on each side of the midvein.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 76.
P. ligulatum—lig-ul-a’-tum (strap-shaped), Baker.
A small-growing, stove species, of botanical interest only, native of Fiji.
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 320.
VOL. Il. M
162 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Phymatodes) Lindbergii—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; Lind-berg’-i-i (Lindberg’s),
Mettenius.
This stove species, native of Brazil, is provided with a very wide-creeping
rhizome, which keeps close to the surface of the ground and is clothed with
bright brown scales. Its fronds, quite stalkless and gradually narrowed to
both ends, are Gin. to Sin. long, lin. to 14in. broad, of a thin, papery texture,
bright green in colour, and finely hairy on both sides. The round and
conspicuous sori (spore masses) are disposed in a single row nearer the midrib
than the margin.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 358.
P. (Phymatodes) Lindleyanum — Phy-mat-o’-des ; Lind-ley-a’-num
(Lindley’s). This is a form of P. palmatum.
P. (Phymatodes) lineare—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; li-né-a’-ré (linear), Thunberg.
This greenhouse species is very common in India, where it is said to be
found up to 10,000ft. elevation; it is also a native of Japan, the Malayan
Islands, Natal, Angola, &c. . Its fronds, 6in. to 12in. long and in. to lin.
broad, are produced from a wide-creeping rhizome of a woody nature; they
are entire (undivided), gradually narrowed to both ends, of a somewhat leathery
texture, and almost naked on both sides. The large and prominent sori
(spore masses) form a single row nearer the midrib than the edge; they are
distinctly immersed, and when young are covered with copious scales.—
Hooker, Garden Ferns, t. 14. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 190.
Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 180.
P. I. simplex—sim’-plex (simple), Swartz.
In this variety the fronds are larger—sometimes 14ft. long and 2in.
broad—their texture is thinner, and the veins are more distinct.—Hooker,
Synopsis Itlicum, p. 354.
P. (Niphobolus) Lingua—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; Lin’-gua (tongue-like), Swartz.
This greenhouse species, native of China, Japan, Ceylon, and Northern
India, where it occurs at 5000ft. elevation, is a very distinct plant, provided
with a wide-creeping rhizome, from which its simple (undivided) fronds are
produced in abundance. These fronds, borne on firm, erect, round stalks 3in.
to Gin. long, are of a leathery texture, 4in. to Sin. long, lin. to 4in. broad,
POLYPODIUM. 163
often sharp-pointed at their extremity, narrowed and sometimes rounded at the
base. They are of a dark green colour on their upper surface, while their under-
side is rendered very attractive through the small, light brown or drab-coloured
scales with which it is covered. The fertile fronds, although of nearly
the same length as the barren ones, are contracted and partly covered
by the sori, which are large, promi-
nent, of a peculiar reddish-brown colour, pe i
and disposed in close rows of four to
six between the midvein and the edge.
According to Lowe, this species was intro-
duced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in
1830, though it had been known in Eng-
land since 1817. Fig. 47 is reduced from
Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns of Southern India,”
by the kind permission of the author.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 49.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii.,
p. 190. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic,
i, t. 22. Beddome, Ferns of Southern Fig. 47. Polypodium Lingua
India, t. 240. nat, size),
P. L. corymbiferum—cor-ymb-if’-er-um (corymb-bearing), J/oore.
A Chinese variety of the above species, which, although of the same
dimensions, is entirely dissimilar in other respects; indeed, its foliage is of
such a grotesque contour, that there is hardly any character left resembling
that of the typical species. Whilst the fronds of the type are simple and
spear-shaped, those of this variety have their summit several times branched
or lobed, the point of each division being furnished with a large crest or tassel,
which gives the plant a very peculiar, and at the same time a very ornamental
and unique, appearance. When grown in a shallow pan of medium dimensions
it makes a very handsome specimen. Fertile fronds are seldom met with in
this variety, and although spores of it have been several times sown by us,
they have never produced anything but the typical species with plain fronds.
This-variety has also been lately imported from Japan, where it is said to be
plentiful—_G. Schneider, The Garden, 1884, p. 189.
mM 2
164 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. L. Meteractis—He-ter-ac’-tis (Heteractis), Mettenius.
This is a Himalayan form, and differs from the typical Japanese Lingua
principally by its broader oblong-spear-shaped fronds (Fig. 48), which are
also of a more fleshy texture ; further,
their under-side is covered with a much
thicker coating of creamy-coloured down,
which gives them a more mealy appear-
ance.—LHooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 512.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii.
p. 190.
?
P. (Drynaria) Linnezi—Dryn-a’-ri-a ;
Lin-ne’-i (Linneus’), Bory.
A stove species, much in the way of
the better-known P. quercifolium, and a
native of Ceylon, Queensland, and the
Fig. 48. Polypodium Lingua Heteractis Solomon and Fiji Islands. Its barren
are and fertile fronds, produced from a stout
rhizome, are totally different; the former being stalkless, brown, rigid, and
bluntly lobed, while the fertile ones, which are
long-stalked and usually measure 2ft. to 3ft. in
length and Gin. to 12in. in breadth, are cut down
nearly to the rachis into entire, spear-shaped lobes
of a rigid texture and naked on both sides. The
small and abundant sori (spore masses) are scat-
tered over the whole of their under-side.— Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 368. Beddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 315.
P. (Dipteris) Lobbianum — Dip’-ter-is ;
Lob-bi-a/-num (Lobb’s), Hooker.
This stove species, also known under the Fig. 49. Polypodium Lobbianum
name of P. bifurcatum, is a native of Mount eat ce)
Ophir, Malaysia, Sarawak, and Borneo. Its fronds, 1ft. long and lft. broad,
have their main lobes, which reach down to the base, three or four times
POLYPODIUM. 165
forked, the ultimate segments being linear and entire; they are of a leathery
texture, dark brownish-green above, pale and tawny underneath. The sori
(spore masses) are disposed in a single row on each side of and very near
the midvein. Fig. 49 is reduced from Col. Beddome’s “Ferns of British
India,” by the kind permission of the author.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p- 100. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 233.
P. (Phymatodes) lomarioides — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; lo-ma-ri-5-i’-des
(Lomaria-like), Aunze.
This stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Malaysia, Formosa, and
the Philippines, is readily distinguished by its peculiar, thick, wide-spreading
rhizome, thickly clothed with small scales attached by their centre. Its fronds,
borne on firm, erect stalks 2in. to 4in. long, are 1ft. to 14ft. long and 4in. to
Gin. broad. The barren ones are cut down within fin. of the rachis into
close, oblong, entire, blunt lobes ; the fertile ones are cut nearly to the rachis
throughout, with more numerous lobes, all of a leathery texture, and naked
on both sides. The round or oblong sori (spore masses) are completely
immersed, and are disposed in two close rows near the midrib.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 79.
P. (Phymatodes) longifolium—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; long-if-ol’-1-um (long-
fronded), Jettenius.
A stove species, native of Malaysia and the Philippines. From a short-
creeping, woody rhizome covered with nearly black scales, are produced entire
(undivided) fronds 1ft. to 2ft. long, din. to 14in. broad, sharp-pointed, often
revolute, the lower part very gradually narrowed into a short, firm stem.
They are of a leathery texture, with their under-surface naked or slightly
scaly. The oblong sori (spore masses) are quite immersed, and are placed
end to end a space from one another in a line close to the edge, the capsules
being mixed with minute, stalked scales.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 60;
Second Century of Ferns, t. 87; Filices Exotice, t. 20. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, ii., p. 1990. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i, t. 41.
Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 7.
P. (Phymatodes) longipes—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; long’-ip-és (long-stalked).
This is simply a garden form of P. Phymatodes.
166 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. longipinnulatum—long-ip-in-nul-a’-tum (having long pinnules, or
leafits), Fournier.
Notwithstanding its specific name, this stove species, native of Mexico,
has fronds simply pinnate (only once divided to the midrib). They are spear-
shaped, 3ft. long, and 1ft. broad, and their leaflets, strap-shaped and din. broad,
are comparatively long, sharp-pointed at the extremity, and narrowed at the
base. Both surfaces are of a light green colour, and the spore masses are
round and yellowish.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 510.
P. (Phymatodes) longissimum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; long-is’-sim-um (very
long), Blume.
This stove species, of singular appearance and somewhat large dimensions,
has a very wide range of habitat, being found in Northern India, on the
Neilgherries, in Malaysia, in the Philippines, and in Formosa. It is provided
with a wide-creeping rhizome, densely coated with large, egg-shaped, brown
scales, from which its fronds, borne on firm stalks of a glossy nature, are
produced. These fronds are Ift. to 4ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, and cut
down very nearly to the rachis into numerous nearly entire lobes 4in. to Gin.
long, 14in. broad, of a leathery texture, and naked on both sides. The sori
(spore masses) are disposed in single rows near the midrib, and form distinct,
nipple-like protuberances on the upper surface.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p. 80. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 190. Lowe, Ferns British
and Ezotic, ii., t. 47.
P. (Goniophlebium) loriceum — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; _ lo-ri’-cé-um
(armour-clad), Linneus.
The habitat of this stove species extends from Mexico and the West
Indies to Brazil and Chili. Its stout, wide-creeping rhizomes are very prettily
spotted, and produce fronds Ift. to 14ft. long and 4in. to 6in. broad, having
nearly entire, sometimes sickle-shaped leaflets 2in. to 3in. long and enlarged
at the base on the upper side. The fronds are of a somewhat leathery texture,
usually naked on both sides, and the spore masses, of a pale yellow colour,
are disposed in either one or two rows on each side of the midvein.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 21. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 190.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 30.
POLYPODIUM. 167
P. 1. latipes—la’-tip-és (broad-footed), Langsdorff and Fischer.
This variety, which in gardens is frequently found under the names of
P. Catherine, P. harpeodes, and P. vacillans, is very distinct from the species.
Its much larger fronds are slenderer and of a pendulous habit, though of
a texture similar to those of P. loricewm; their leaflets, much enlarged on both
sides at the base, are of a dull green colour on both sides, and the small,
yellowish sori (spore masses) are disposed in one distinct and regular row on
each side of the midvein. It is a native of Brazil and St. Catharine, and,
according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1841.
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 343. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii, p. 191. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i, t. 39.
P. (Campyloneuron) lucidum — Camp-yl-on-eur’-on ; —lu’-cid-um
(shining), Bory.
A very distinct, stove species, of small dimensions, native of Venezuela
and Brazil. Its short-creeping rhizomes produce fronds Gin. to 12in. long,
}in. to 3in. broad, narrowed to both ends, of a rigid texture, and very glossy
on both sides. The sori (spore masses) are not very abundant; they are of
a pale yellow colour and are confined to the upper part of the frond.
P. nitidum is synonymous with this species.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p. 41. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, in., p. 191.
P. (Phymatodes) lycopodioides—Phy-mat-o'-dés ; lyc-op-od-1-6-1’-des
(Lycopodium-like), Linneus.
This very dwarf, but exceedingly pretty, stove species, native of the
West Indies and Tropical America, was, according to Lowe, introduced into
the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1821. Its simple (undivided) fronds, produced
from a wide-creeping rhizome, are of two kinds, and either short-stalked or
stalkless. The barren ones, 2in. to 4in. long and 3in. to lin. broad, are often
blunt and gradually narrowed at the base, while the fertile ones are longer
and narrower. Both kinds are of a leathery texture and of a shining nature,
and the spore masses are disposed in one row along their margins. This
species is also known as P. venosum.—Hooker, Synopsis Pilicum, p. 3097.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 191. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, ii., t. 26.
168 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. 1. owariense—ow-a-ri-en’-sé (Owarian), Desvauc.
Notwithstanding its name, this variety, according to Lowe, is a native of
Sierra Leone and Guinea, having been introduced into this country in 1849.
It differs from the species principally by the shape of its barren fronds, which
are shorter, oval, and bluntly pointed (Fig. 50). As is the case with the
species, the fertile fronds are a little longer and
narrower ; they are also bluntly undulated. Both
kinds are of a deep bluish-green colour and of a
smooth and shining nature.— Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 191. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, ii, t. 62.
P. 1. salicifolium — sal-ic-if-ol’-i-um (Willow-
Fig. 50. Barren Frond of Polypodium leaved), Willdenow.
lycopodioides owariense
(nat. size).
In this pretty and free-growing variety, the
fronds, longer and narrower than those of the
species, are nearly or quite uniform, both kinds being about din. long, scarcely
in. broad, and beautifully veined.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 34.
P. macrocarpum—mac-roc-ar’-pum (large-fruited), Presi.
This stove species, of small dimensions, native of Bolivia and Chili, is of
little decorative value. Its leathery fronds, erect or nearly so, are only about
6in. long, including the stalk; it is, however, an interesting plant on account
of the abundant and large spore masses, which protrude among the dense
coat of scales on the under-side of the fronds.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
IViy Dy 21D,
P. (Dictyopteris) macrodon — Dic-ty-op’-ter-is ; mac’-rod-on (large-
toothed), Reinwardt.
This stove species, of large dimensions, better known in gardens under
the name of P. Cumingianum, is a native of the Philippines, Malaysia, the
Solomon Islands, and Fiji, and, according to Nicholson, it was introduced
into this country in 1840. The fronds, 2ft. to 8ft. long and 1ft. to 14ft. broad,
are borne on a stalk 1ft. or more in length and slightly scaly below ; their
upper portion is deeply pinnatifid, and below they are provided with numerous
POLYPODIUM. 169
spear-shaped leaflets, cut down to a narrow wing into deeply-cleft, close, spear-
shaped leafits of thin texture and naked on both sides. The small and
numerous spore masses are disposed in rows near the midveins.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 103. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 191.
P. (Phegopteris) macrophyllum — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; mac-roph-yl/-lum
(large-leaved), Hooker.
This gigantic, stove species, native of the Andes of North-east Peru, has
fronds 5dft. to 6ft. long and 2ft. to 3ft. broad, borne on stalks 4ft. long, din.
thick, and clothed with spear-shaped scales. They are only pinnatifid, their
lowest leaflets, 16in. long and 243in. broad, being cut down to a broadly-winged
rachis into close, slightly-toothed, somewhat sickle-shaped lobes of a thin,
papery texture, dark green in colour, and naked on both sides, but showing
numerous pellucid (transparent) dots. The sori (spore masses) are disposed
in one row on each side of and close to the midvein.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
1My De 2a.
P. (Phegopteris) macropterum — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; mac-rop’-ter-um
(large-winged), AKaulfuss.
A stove species, of large dimensions, native of Brazil, producing from
a somewhat arborescent trunk fronds 4ft. to 6ft. long, borne on strong, angular,
smooth stalks 2ft. long. These fronds are furnished with leaflets 6in. to 9in.
long and 2in. broad, with entire, sickle-shaped lobes reaching three-quarters
of the way to the midrib. The sori (spore masses) are disposed along the
midvein.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 258. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 191.
P. madrense—mad-ren’-sé (from Sierra Madre), J. Smith.
A small-growing, stove species, native of North-west Mexico, and of little
decorative value. It is somewhat closely related to P. plebeium, and has
fronds of a leathery texture, seldom more than Sin. long and 2in. broad.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 214. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
Iie: pele.
P. (Campyloneuron) magnificum—Camp-yl-on-eur’-on ; mag-nif’-ic-um
(magnificent). A garden synonym of P. Fendleri.
170 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Phegopteris) Mannianum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Man-ni-a’-num (Mann’s),
Hooker.
This distinct and much-divided, greenhouse species, native of Fernando
Po, has spear-shaped fronds 1ft. long, 4in. to Sin. broad, borne on tufted stalks
Gin. to 9in. long and of a glossy nature. Their lowest leaflets, which are the
largest, are 2in. to 3in. long, and cut down to the rachis below into broadly-
triangular leafits, with deep, blunt, entire lobes. The texture is soft and
papery, and the sori (spore masses) are disposed two to eight to a leafit—
Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 253.
P. (Phymatodes) marginatum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; mar-gin-a’-tum
(margined), Baker.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of the Isle of Pines and
New Caledonia. Its fronds, produced from a firm, wide-creeping rhizome,
and borne on naked stalks lin. to 2in. long, are narrow-strap-shaped, undivided,
lft. to 14ft. long, din. to Zin. broad, gradually narrowed to both ends, of
a rigidly leathery texture, bright green, and naked on both sides. The oblong,
immersed sori (spore masses) are disposed on the margin and parallel with
the edge, where they are placed iin. to din. apart.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 513.
P. (Grammitis) marginellum—Gram-mi’-tis ; mar-gin-el’-lum (slightly-
margined), Swartz.
This small-growing, stove species, of more botanical interest than decorative
value, has a very wide range of habitat, being found in the West Indies and
Guatemala to Guiana and Peru, St. Helena, the Cape Verde Islands, &e. Its
strap-shaped fronds, 3in. to 6in. long and din. to din. broad, are blunt at the
point and gradually taper downwards into a short stem; they are of a leathery
texture, naked or slightly hairy on both surfaces, and margined with a distinct,
black line. The copious sori (spore masses) are closely set, oval or oblong,
and disposed in rows nearer the midrib than the edge—WHooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 164, Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 191.
P. Martensii—Mar-tens’-i-i (Martens’), Mettenius.
The fronds of this greenhouse species, native of Mexico, are produced
from a stout, wide-creeping rhizome clothed with large, parchment-like, bright
POLYPODIUM. 171
brown scales, and borne on firm, erect stalks lin. to 2in. long. The leafy
portion, 8in. to 12in. long and 3in. to 4in. broad, is cut down to the rachis
into numerous horizontal leaflets of a thin, papery texture and finely hairy
on both sides. The sori (spore masses) are disposed twelve or more on each
side of the midvein.— Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 207. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iti., p. 191.
P. (Goniophlebium) Matthewsii—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; Mat-thews’-1-i
(Matthews’), JLettenius.
This is a well-marked, stove species, found on the Andes, from Colombia
to Peru, characterised by its very pendulous habit and the leathery nature of
its fronds, which are Gin. to 18in. long, 2in. to din. broad, cut down nearly
to the rachis into numerous entire leaflets lin. to 3in. long, with generally
a broad, rounded sinus (depression) between them. They are borne on stalks
4in. to Gin. long, clothed with soft, spreading, brown hairs; their under-
surface is clothed with hairs like those of the stalks, and the spore masses are
disposed in single series —Hooker, Specivs Filicum, v., p. 20.
P. (Phegopteris) Maximowiczii — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Max-im-ow-ie’-zi-i
(Maximowicz’s), Baker.
A greenhouse or nearly hardy species, native of Nagasaki, Japan, with
spear-shaped, simply-pinnate (once-divided) fronds 9in. to 15in. long, lin. broad
at their middle, narrowed to both ends, and often rooting at the tip. They
are borne on tufted, naked stalks 2in. to 3in. long, and are furnished with
stalkless, spear-shaped leaflets, auricled (eared) on the upper and cuneate
(wedge-shaped) on the lower side at the base. The texture is thin but firm,
and both the surfaces are naked and of a dark green colour. The spore
masses are terminal on the ends of the forked veins of the auricles.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 504.
P. mediale—med-i-a’-lé (medial), Baker.
This is a very small-growing, stove species, with rigidly leathery fronds
seldom more than 2in. long and of little decorative value. The oblong, oblique
sori (spore masses) reach from the top nearly to the base of the frond, where
they form a line nearer the edge than the midrib. It is a native of Ceylon.
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 507.
172 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Dictyopteris) megalocarpum—Dic-t¥-op’-ter-is ; meg-al-oc-ar’-pum
(large-fruited), Hooker.
This stove species, nativé of Java, somewhat resembles P. difforme in
general habit. Its fronds, 2ft. to 3ft. long and 1ft. or more in breadth, have
their upper part deeply pinnatifid, with spear-shaped, pinnatifid lobes; below
this there are five or six pairs of distinct leaflets, the lowest 6in. to 9in. long
and 3in. broad, with entire, blunt, oblong lobes }in. broad. They are of
a somewhat leathery texture, and the large and prominent spore masses are
disposed in two distinct rows.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 102.
P. melanopus—mel-an’-op-us (black-footed), Hooker and Greville.
A very dictinct, stove species, native of the Andes of Ecuador, with fronds
borne on slender, black, naked stalks 3in. to 4in. long, and bent so that the
fronds hang down. These fronds are 7in. to 8in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, and
cut down to the rachis into narrow, bluntish, slightly-notched leaflets of a
somewhat leathery texture, naked on both sides, and upon which the spore
masses are disposed in two long rows.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 200.
P. (Phymatodes) Melleri—Phy-mat-o’-dés; Mel’-ler-i (Dr. Meller’s), Baker.
A small-growing, stove species, of purely botanical interest, native of
Madagascar.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 359.
P. (Phymatodes) membranaceum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; mem-bra-na’-cé-um
(membranous), Don.
This stove species, native of India, is easily recognised through the peculiar
thin texture of its fronds. It is said to be found at various elevations up to
6000ft., and, according to Beddome, it occurs in the Neilgherries and Anamallay
Mountains, Wynad, Coorg, South Canara Ghats, and other mountainous tracts,
where it grows on trees from 2000ft. elevation upwards. The fronds are
produced from a stout rhizome clothed with egg-shaped scales, transparent,
and of a lurid green colour; they are borne on firm, erect stalks lin. to
4in. long, and measure from ft. to 3ft. long and 2in. to Gin. broad in their
centre, being gradually narrowed to both ends. The texture is very thin,
and the spore masses are disposed in two rather irregular rows near the
main veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 70. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, ii., p. 191. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 177.
POLYPODIUM. 178
P. m. grandifolium—gran-dif-ol’-i-um (large-leaved), MWallich.
In this variety the fronds are larger than in the type, and the more
copious spore masses are irregularly scattered over the whole of the lower
surface.—Hooker, Synopsis Iilicum, p. 360.
P. (Goniophlebium) menisciifolium — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; me-nis’-
ci-if-ol/-i-um (Meniscium-leaved), Langsdorf and Fischer.
This is a strong-growing, stove species, native of Panama, Trinidad, and
Brazil, and, according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew,
in 1841. Its fronds, 2ft. to 8ft. long and Ift. or more in breadth, are borne
on firm, erect, smooth stalks Ift. to 2ft. long. They are composed of an entire
(undivided) terminal leaflet, 6in. to 9in. long and 1din. to 2in. broad, and of
numerous smaller ones on each side of the rachis, all narrowed to the base.
Their texture is somewhat leathery, they are naked on both sides, and the
prominent spore masses are deeply immersed on the upper side.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 27. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 191.
P. (Goniopteris) meniscioides — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; me-nis-ci-6-1/-dés
(Meniscium-like), Liebmann.
A strong-growing species, native of Mexico, with fronds 2ft. to 4ft. long
and lft. to 2ft. broad, borne on strong, upright, quite naked stalks 1ft. to 2ft.
long. These fronds are composed of a terminal leaflet and from six to twelve
pairs of lateral ones, the lowest stalked, 1ft. long, 1jin. broad, sharp-pointed
at their extremity, and with the edge nearly entire; they are of a rigid
texture and quite naked on both sides, and the sori (spore masses) are
disposed in either single or double rows between them.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 314.
P. meridense—mer-id-en’-sé (native of Merida), Alotzsch.
A stove species, of medium dimensions and of little decorative value,
native of South America.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 333.
P. (Drynaria) Meyenianum—Dryn-a’-ri-a ; Mey-en-i-a’-num (Meyen’s),
Schott.
This stove species, commonly known in gardens as the “ Bear’s-paw Fern,”
is as ornamental as it is distinct, and is a native of the Philippine Islands,
174, THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
where it is said to grow on branches of trees. It is provided with a rhizome
of a particularly stout nature, and densely clothed with narrow, crisped scales
Fig. 51. Polypodium Meyenianum
(much reduced),
din. long and of a bright rusty-brown colour. From these singular-looking
rhizomes are produced fronds 2ft. to 3ft. long and 8in. to 12in. broad ; their
POLYPODIUM. 175
lower part is cut down nearly to the midrib into oblong, blunt, entire lobes,
while their upper portion is furnished with numerous close leaflets 4in. to 6in.
long. The fertile part of the frond, which usually extends about one-third
of its length, consists of narrow leaflets, having the appearance of a firm midrib
with a row of small, round lobes on both sides, each bearing a bright yellow
spore mass that covers it. This fructification hangs out so prominently that
it gives the plant quite the appearance of what is commonly called a “ flowering
Fern” (Fig. 51). In gardens this curious and beautiful species is sometimes
met with under the names of Aglaomorpha Meyeniana and of Drynaria
philippinense.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 94. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 592.
As a rule, the Bear’s-paw Fern is a difficult plant to manage in pots, but
it thrives apace when treated like a Platycerium—grown either on a stump, in
a shallow pan, or in a hanging basket. Care should be taken not to bury its
rhizomes. The soil should be pure fibrous peat, on which the rhizomes should
at first be pegged down, free scope being allowed for their extension. Grown
in that way, it soon repays any extra trouble bestowed on its culture.
P. millefolium—mil-lef-ol’-i-um (having many fronds), Blume.
A much-divided, stove species, of small dimensions, native of Java, with
fronds Sin. long and 14in. broad, borne on stalks lin. to 3in. long and clothed
with spreading, rusty-coloured hairs. The leaflets, Zin. long and_ broadly
spear-shaped, are cut down to the rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) into
narrow-oblong or spoon-shaped leafits, which are in. long and toothed or
deeply notched. The fronds are of a firm and somewhat leathery texture,
with their under-surface slightly hairy and their spore masses one to each
leafit.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 339.
P. minutum—min-u’-tum (small), Blume.
A small-growing, stove species, native of Ceylon and the Malayan and
Philippine Islands. It has flaccid, pendulous fronds 4in. to 6in. long and 3in.
to #in. broad, borne on tufted stalks 2in. to 3in. long and clothed with soft,
yellowish hairs. The leaflets are barely jin. broad, blunt, slightly notched,
and closely set, the lower ones being reduced; they are of a soft, papery
texture, clothed on both sides with soft, yellowish hairs, and the spore masses
176 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
are disposed one to three on each side of and close to the midrib.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 188.
P. (Phegopteris) molle—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; mol’-lé (soft), Roxburgh.
This greenhouse species, also known in gardens under the name of
P. Diane, is a native of St. Helena. Its fronds, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. to 13ft.
broad, and borne on stout stalks 1ft. or more in length, have their leaflets
6in. to 9in. long, 1din. to 2in. broad, and cut down to a broadly-winged rachis
into oblong, entire or notched, blunt lobes; they are of a somewhat leathery
texture, with their under-surface finely hairy. The small and copious spore
masses are distant from the midvein.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 234.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil., p. 191.
Another plant of totally different characters is sometimes found in gardens
under the same name. This is P. (Drynaria) molle of Beddome, which is
synonymous with P. rivale. P. (Gontophlebium) molle, also of Beddome,
is synonymous with P. Beddomet.
P. moniliforme—mon-i-lif-or’-me (necklace-shaped), Lagasca.
A small-growing, stove species, found along the Andes from Mexico to
Peru, producing from a stout, creeping rhizome of a scaly nature fronds 6in.
to Yin. long, din. broad, cut down to their midrib into close, entire leaflets of
a very leathery nature, naked on both sides. The sori (spore masses) are
disposed one to four to each leaflet—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 182;
Icones Filicum, t. 719.
P. morbillosum — mor-bil-lo’-sum (diseased). Synonymous with
P. Heracleum.
P. Moritzianum—Mor-itz-i-a’-num (Moritz’s), Link.
In this stove species, native of Venezuela, the fronds, produced from
a stout, creeping rhizome, and borne on erect stalks 4in. to 6in. long and of
a naked, glossy nature, are upright in habit, lft. to 14ft. long, 3in. to 4in.
broad, and cut down nearly or quite to the rachis into close, bluntish, nearly
horizontal, undulated leaflets, tin. to din. long, of a thin, papery texture, and
naked on both surfaces. The spore masses are disposed in two long rows on
each leaflet.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 202.
Polypodium subauriculatum
(1 nat. size),
POLYPODIUM. 177
P. (Phymatodes) moulmeinensis—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; moul-mein-en’-sis
(native of Moulmein), Beddome.
This greenhouse species, found by Parish on the Moulmein Mountains at
5000ft. elevation, is considered by Hooker as either a form of P. juglandifolium
or closely allied to that species. It is provided with a creeping rootstock,
from which its pinnate fronds, 8in. to 10in. long and 6in. to 10in. broad, are
produced: they are composed of three pairs of firm, parchment-like leaflets
4in. to 5in. long, gin. to Zin. broad, and undulated at the edges. The
slightly-sunk sori (spore masses) are disposed one between each of the
main veins, half-way between them and the margin.—Seddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 205.
P. multifidum—mul-tif’-id-um (much-cleft), Bory.
A small-growing, stove species, of little decorative value, with leathery
fronds barely 3in. long and frequently forked. The large, roundish, and
prominent spore masses, when mature, project over their edges. It is a native
of Mauritius and Bourbon.—/Hovker, Species Iilicum, iv., p. 174.
P. (Goniopteris) multilineatum—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; | mul-til-i-né-a’-tum
(having many lines), Wallich.
This strong-growing, stove species is, according to Beddome, a native of
Sylhet, Sikkim, Assam, Bhotan, Kumaon, &c., and is found up to 3000ft.
elevation. Its pinnate fronds, 3ft. to 4ft. long, 14ft. to 2ft. broad, and borne
on firm, erect, naked stalks 2ft. or more in length, are furnished with numerous
leaflets sometimes lft. long, sharp-pointed at their extremity, of a leathery
texture, naked on both sides, and with spore masses disposed in two rows.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 11. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 231.
P. (Goniopteris) muricatum—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; mu-ric-a/-tum (rough,
prickly), Powell.
This stove species, of large dimensions, native of Samoa, may be readily
distinguished by its grey stalks, 2ft. to 4ft. long, and furnished with fleshy,
white glands which, when old, become hard and prickly. The fronds, 2ft. to
4ft. long and narrow-triangular in shape, are furnished with stalkless, strap-
shaped, sharp-pointed leaflets having a prickle-like gland at the base ; these
VOL. III. N
178 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
are 6in. to 10in. long and are cut half-way down into bluntish lobes of a rigid
and somewhat leathery texture, bright green and naked on both surfaces,
The small and closely-set sori (spore masses) are disposed along the margin
of the lobes.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 506.
P. (Phymatodes) muszefolium—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; mu-se-fol’-i-um (Musa-
leaved), Blume.
The fronds of this massive-growing, stove species, native of the Malayan
Islands, are rendered very handsome by their conspicuous venation ; they are
produced from a woody rhizome clothed with egg-shaped scales of a dull
brown colour, and are from 1ft. to 8ft. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, and _stalkless.
The lower part of the fronds is broadly winged to the very base; their
extremity is sometimes sharp-pointed, but more generally bluntish ; they are
mostly simple (undivided), though occasionally pinnatifid or deeply lobed and
crowded together, of a leathery texture, and pale green in colour. The very
numerous dark, reticulated veins terminate before they reach the edge of
the fronds. The small and very abundant sori (spore masses) sometimes
cover the whole of the under-surface, upon which they are irregularly
scattered. In gardens this species is frequently confounded with P.
Heracleum.— Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 68. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii, p. 191. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, u., t. 31.
Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 317.
P. myriocarpum—mny-ri-oc-ar’-pum (many-fruited). This is a variety of
P. pellucidum.
P. myriophyllum—my-ri-oph-yl’-lum (many-leaved), Mettenius.
A stove species, native of Peru, with flaccid, pendent fronds 1ft. long, 3in.
broad, borne on flexuose (zigzag-bending) stalks 4in. to 6in. long, of a wiry
nature, and densely clothed with long, soft, brown hairs. Their leaflets,
flexuose and closely set, are cut down to a narrow rachis into narrow lobes
of a somewhat leathery texture, slightly hairy underneath. The spore masses
are conspicuous through their being broader than the lobes at the base of
which they are situated.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 227; Second Century
of Ferns, t. 21.
POLYPODIUM. 179
P. nanum—na’-num (dwarf), Viedllard.
This stove species, native of New Caledonia, is of botanical interest only.
Its rigid, leathery, dark green fronds are seldom more than lin. long, and
the oblong spore masses are confined to their upper half, where they are
situated near the midrib.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 507.
P. (Goniophlebium) neriifolium—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; ne-ri-if-ol’-i-um
(Oleander-leaved). Synonymous with P. brasiliense.
P. (Phymatodes) nigrescens—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; nig-res’-cens (blackish),
Blume.
This strong-growing, stove species, of very distinct appearance, is a native
of Ceylon, Malaysia, Fiji, Samoa, and the Friendly Islands; and according
to Beddome, it is found growing in several localities in Southern
India. Its fronds, 2ft. to 8ft. long, 1ft. to 14ft. broad, and borne on firm,
erect, glossy stalks 1ft. to 14ft. long, are produced from a stout, creeping
rhizome clothed with egg-shaped scales; they are cut within din. or din. of
the rachis into numerous entire, narrow-oblong lobes 6in. to 12in. long, lin.
to 2in. broad, of a somewhat leathery texture, naked on both surfaces, and
of a dark green colour. The very conspicuous and ornamental sori (spore
masses) are disposed in a single row nearer the midrib than the edge, and
are sunk in a deep cavity, which is prominent on the upper surface.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 81; Filices Exotice, t. 22. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 191. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 176.
P. (Phlebodium) nigripes — Phleb-o’-di-um ; nig’-rip-és (black-footed),
Hooker.
A distinct, stove species, native of Venezuela. It is provided with a stout
rhizome, covered with black and rigid scales, from which the simply-pinnate
fronds, borne on firm, erect stalks nearly lft. long, are produced. These are
1ft. long, Gin. to 7in. broad, and cut down nearly or quite to the rachis below
into leaflets which are slightly notched towards their bluntish point. The
leaflets are of a somewhat leathery texture and rough on their under-surface,
and the spore masses are disposed in single rows on each side of the midrib.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 17, Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
fihac Pe 101.
n 2
180 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Goniophlebium) niponicum — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; nip-on’-ic-um
(from Nipon), AMettendus.
A small-growing, greenhouse species, of little decorative value, with soft,
papery fronds, about 5in. long and hairy on both sides. It is a native of
Japan.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 341.
P. (Niphobolus) nitens—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; nit’-ens (shining), Baker.
This stove species, native of the Philippines, is of distinct appearance.
Its fronds, almost stalkless, 14ft. to 3ft. long and 3in. to 4in. broad, are sharp-
pointed, their lower part being gradually narrowed and their edge entire.
They are of a somewhat leathery texture, their upper surface being furnished
with scattered, cottony down, and their lower one matted with fine, silky, dark
brown hairs and rusty-coloured wool. The very fine spore masses are closely
set on the whole under-surface, but fall short of the edge.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 52.
P. nitidum—nit’-id-um (shining). This is synonymous with P. lucidum.’
P. (Phymatodes) normale—Phy-mat-o!-dés ; nor-ma/-lé (normal), Don.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Northern India, where
it is said to occur up to 6000ft. elevation ; it is also found in Southern China,
Natal, and Caffraria. Its entire fronds, 1ft. to 2ft. long, lin. to 2in. broad,
and borne on stalks lin. to 3in. long, are produced from a climbing or trailing
rhizome of a woody nature; they are gradually narrowed to both ends, of
a somewhat leathery texture, and naked on both sides. The large and
prominent (not immersed) sori (spore masses) are disposed in a row not far
from the midrib.—AHooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 70.
P. (Niphobolus) nummulariezfolium—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; | num-mul-a’-
ri-e-fol/-i-um (Nummularia-leaved), Mettenius.
Though of small dimensions, this little, greenhouse species, native of
Northern India, the Philippines, and Malaysia, is very interesting. Its fronds,
produced from a slender, thread-like, wide-creeping rhizome, are of two different
kinds: the barren ones are elliptical or roundish ; the fertile ones, longer and
narrower, are about 2in. long and 3in. broad. Both kinds are of a leathery
texture, naked on their upper surface, and densely coated underneath with
POLYPODIUM. 181
a brownish, woolly material. The spore masses sometimes cover their entire
surface.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 54. Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 370.
P. obliquatum—ob-li-qua’-tum (oblique), Blume.
A small-growing, stove species, native of Southern India, Ceylon, Malaysia,
and the Philippines. Its fronds, 8in. to 12in. long and I4in. to 2in. broad,
are borne on “very short stalks, and cut down to the rachis into narrow
leaflets dilated at the base; they are of a somewhat leathery texture, and
naked on both sides. The spore masses, sunk in a cavity, are disposed
four to six on each side of the midrib, and the edges of the fertile leaflets
are sometimes undulated.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 190. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, tii, p. 191. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India,
be GT:
P. (Phegopteris) obtusilobum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; ob-tu-sil’-ob-um (blunt-
lobed), Desvauz.
The fronds of this stove species, of medium dimensions, native of
Mauritius, Madagascar, the Cameroon Mountains, and Fernando Po, are borne
on densely-tufted stalks about lft. long, of a slender nature, and nearly
naked ; they are 2ft. or more in length, 8in. to 10in. broad, and furnished
with leaflets din. to Gin. long, gradually narrowed from the base to the
point, and cut down nearly to the midrib into entire, slightly sickle-shaped,
blunt lobes about jin. broad. The texture is soft and papery, and the
small and abundant spore masses are disposed in one row on each side of
the midvein.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 3005.
P. (Phegopteris) Oldhami—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Old-ham’-i (Oldham’s),
Baker.
A stove species, native of Formosa. Its deltoid fronds (in shape of the
Greek delta, A) are borne on stalks 1ft. to 14ft. long and densely scaly at the
base; they are 13ft. to 2ft. long, lft. broad, with their lowest leaflets much
the largest. The leafits of the lower sides, 2in. to 3in. long, are again divided
into distinct, spear-shaped, deeply-cleft segments of a soft, papery texture, and
rather glossy on their under-side. -The numerous and very dense spore
masses are disposed close to the midrib.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 311.
182 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Goniopteris) oligophlebium—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; ol-ig-oph-leb’-i-um
(having few veins), Baker.
A stove species, of medium dimensions and of little decorative value,
native of the Andes of East Peru.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 506.
P. (Goniopteris) oppositifolium—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; op-pos-it-if-ol’-i-um
(having opposite leaves), Hooker.
This stove species, native of the Island of St. Thomas, West Africa, is of
very large dimensions. Its fronds, 3ft. to Sft. long and lft. to 1$ft. broad,
are borne on upright stalks 2ft. to 23ft. long, and furnished with leaflets Gin.
to 9in. long, lin. broad, gradually narrowed from the base to the sharp-pointed
extremity, and with the edge cut into somewhat sharp, sickle-shaped lobes.
These leaflets are regularly opposite and of a somewhat leathery texture, and
the small and abundant spore masses are disposed in a row on each side of
the midvein.— Hooker, Species Iilicum, v., p. 8.
P. organense—or-gan-en’-sé (from the Organ Mountains), MMettenius.
A dwarf-growing, greenhouse species, native of the Organ Mountains, in
Brazil, with fronds 6in. to 8in. long and barely }in. broad, cut down about
half-way to the rachis into close, oblong, blunt lobes of a somewhat leathery
texture, naked on both sides, and with the lower part very gradually narrowed.
The abundant oblong spore masses are placed one at the base of each lobe,
ultimately becoming confluent and forming two long rows close to the midrib.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 177; Icones Plantarum, t. 509.
P. ornatum—or-na’-tum (adorned), Wallich.
This very handsome, robust-growing, stove species, which in Hooker's
“ Synopsis Filicum” is given as synonymous with Nephrodium setigerum, is
considered by Beddome to be of specific rank, being distinguishable from that
species by its upright rootstock and the constant absence of an involucre.
The latter authority also states that P. ornatum is abundant in Carcoor Ghat,
and is one of the handsomest Ferns in the Madras Presidency.—Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 171.
P. Otites—O-ti’-tés (Otites). This is synonymous with P. tenuifolium.
POLYPODIUM. 183
P. (Phymatodes) ovatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; 0-va/-tum (egg-shaped),
Wallach.
A greenhouse species, native of Khasya, Sikkim, and Bhotan, where it is
said to occur up to 7000ft. elevation. It is provided with a wide-creeping
rhizome of a woody nature, from which the fronds, borne on firm, upright
stalks 4in. to 8in. long, are produced. These are 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in.
broad, sharp-pointed, but rather suddenly narrowed at the base; they are of
a firm, papery texture, and naked on both sides. The large and conspicuous
spore masses are disposed irregularly in one, two, or three series.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 64. Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, p. 41.
P. owariense—ow-a’-ri-en’-sé (Owarian). <A variety of P. lycopodioides.
y Yycop
P. oxylobum — ox-yl’-ob-um (sharply-lobed). This is a synonym of
P. trifidum.
P. (Phegopteris) paleaceum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; pal-é-a’-cé-um (chaffy),
Powell. ;
This robust-growing, stove species, native of Samoa, has the general habit
of the better-known Nephrodium amplum. Its triangular fronds, four times
divided nearly to the rachis and 1ft. to 2ft. each way, are borne on grey
stalks 1ft. to 3ft. long, which, like the rachis, are clothed with narrow scales,
the scales becoming larger and more spreading near the base. The lower
leaflets, which are much the largest, are long-stalked, unequal-sided, and
divided into short-stalked leafits lin. to fin. broad, wedge-shaped on the
lower side at the base, their final lobes being spear-shaped, ascending, and
bluntish. The whole frond is of moderately firm texture and smooth on both
surfaces, with the ribs below slightly scaly. The copious but small sori
(spore masses) are disposed in one row on each side of the midvein.—ooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 505.
P. (Phymatodes) palmatum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; pal-ma’-tum (palmately-
lobed), Blume.
A stove species, from Malaysia and the Philippines, provided with a stout
rhizome clothed with large, spear-shaped, dark brown scales. The fronds,
distinctly pinnate, and borne on firm, upright, glossy stalks 6in. to 12in. long,
are 6in. to 18in. long and 8in. to 12in. broad; they are formed of a narrow-
184 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
oblong, entire terminal leaflet and from one to six pairs of lateral ones.
These leaflets are din. to 6in. long, in. to 14in. broad, slightly attached at
the base to the midrib, of a somewhat leathery texture, and naked on both
sides. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in a single row, midway between
the edge and the midrib. P. angustatum of Blume is a form of this species,
—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 89. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii, p. 191. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 156.
P. p. Lindleyanum—Lind-ley-a’-num (Lindley’s), Wallich.
A variety with only a few leaflets, which do not reach down to the
rachis.
P. palustre—pal-us’-tré (marsh-loving), Raddi.
This stove species, native of Brazil and the Philippines, was, according
to Lowe, introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1837. Its distinctly-
pinnate fronds are from 3ft. to dft. long, and are furnished with leaflets Gin. to
10in. long, of a leathery texture, light green in colour, and naked on both
sides. The abundant sori (spore masses) form a conspicuous feature, being
disposed in transverse rows between the veins—Lowe, Ferns British and
Kxotic, ii, t. 45.
P. papillosum—pap-il-lo’-sum (nippled), Blume.
A distinct, stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Java and the
Philippines. Its fronds, 1ft. or more in length and Qin. broad, are produced
from a stout, wide-creeping rhizome of a scaly nature, and borne on erect,
slender, rigid stalks 4in. to 6in. long and naked. They are cut down to the
rachis into close, horizontal, blunt, entire leaflets of a: soft papery texture and
naked on both sides. The spore masses, disposed in rows near the edge, are
deeply immersed, the cavity being very prominent on the upper side.—Hooker,
Species Kilicum, iv., p. 198; Second Century of Ferns, t. 46. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 191.
P. Paradiseze—Par-ad-i’-sé- (Paradise), Langsdorf, and Fisher.
This is a charming, stove species, of somewhat large dimensions, although
of very slender habit, native of Brazil and St. Catharine Island. — Its deeply-
pinnatifid fronds, 1ft. to 4ft. long and 3in. to 8in. broad, are produced from
POLYPODIUM. 185
a creeping rhizome and nearly stalkless. The leaflets, 1Jin. to 4in. long, and
attached at their base to the rachis, which is clothed with brown hairs, are of
a dark green colour, and are rendered very attractive by the sori (spore
masses), which are of a bright yellow colour and disposed in one row nearer
the edge than the midrib.—WNicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 191.
Lowe, Ferns British and Ezotic, ui, t. 1.
P. parasiticum —par-as-i’-tic-um ‘(parasitic), Mettenius.
A small-growing, stove species, which, according to Beddome, is found
growing plentifully on trees in the Anamallay Mountains up to 5000ft. elevation,
also on the Neilgherries, Neddiwattan, and on rocks and trees down the
Sisparah Ghit. Its almost stalkless, entire fronds, seldom more than 3in. long,
are of a leathery texture, and have both surfaces, when young, thickly clothed
with long, soft hairs. The spore masses are disposed in two rows and
eventually become confluent.—Jfooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 167. Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 165.
P. Parishii—Par-ish’-i-i (Parish’s), Beddome.
A small, stove species, native of Moulmein ; it is of little decorative
value-—Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 125.
P. parvulum—par’-vul-um (little), Bory.
This small-growing, stove species, native of Bourbon, Mauritius, Zambesi
Land, and Northern India, where it is said to occur up to 8500ft. elevation,
is distinct through the stout, short-creeping, scaly rhizome from which its
pinnate fronds, 4in. to Gin. long and 4in. broad, are produced. These fronds
gradually taper into a very short stalk, and are cut down to the rachis into
entire, narrow leaflets of a somewhat leathery texture, naked on both sides,
and each bearing two to four spore masses.—/ooker, Species Lilicum, iv.,
p. 184, t. 2748.
P. (Goniophlebium) patens—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; pat’-ens (spreading),
J. Smith.
This stove species, of medium dimensions and of little decorative value,
is a native of Panama.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 23.
186 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. Pearcei—Pear’-ce-i (Pearce’s), Baker.
A stove species, native of the Andes of Peru, where it is said to
occur at 6000ft. to 7000ft. elevation. Its almost stalkless, spear-shaped,
pendulous fronds, 9in. to 15in. long and lin. to 1}in. broad, are cut down to
a narrow wing into spear-shaped, blunt lobes seldom more than 4in. broad at
the middle, of a somewhat leathery texture, and dull green in colour, the
lower ones being gradually reduced. The sori (spore masses) are disposed
close to the edge of the lobes.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 508.
P. pectinatum—pec-tin-a’-tum (comb-like), Linneus.
This Fern, one of the prettiest stove species in cultivation, is also known
as P. Wageneri. According to Lowe, it was introduced into this country in
1793, and is a native of the West Indies, Mexico, and Brazil, where it is
common. Eaton states, in his exhaustive work, “ Ferns of North America,”
that it is also found in Southern Florida,
near Enterprise, and at Manatee, in
which locality Dr. Garber says that
“Tt is restricted to a small area of high
== SSRI
pS
banks of a stream in a hummock drain-
Fig. 52, Portion of Frond of Polypodium pectinatum ing a series of ponds, According wo
(nat. size). the same authority, the soil is mostly
clay intermixed with a small percentage
of sand and vegetable matter.” As illustrating the great variations to which
this elegant Fern is subject, Dr. Garber adds: “On the side of high
banks, and near the water’s edge, apparently in pure clay and rocks, the
fronds are narrower, more rigid, and erect ; while upon the banks and at a little
distance from the water, they are wider, flaccid, and generally reclining.” The
usual dimensions of the fronds, which are produced from a stout, scaly, under-
ground rhizome, are lft. to 2ft. in length and 2in. to 6in. in breadth ; they are
cut to the rachis into numerous closely-set, horizontal, entire leaflets, lin. to
3in. long, of a soft, papery texture, and of a deep, dark green colour. The
rich yellowish-brown sori (spore masses) are disposed in long rows, midway
between the midrib and the edge (as shown on one side of Fig. 52).—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 203; Garden Ferns, t. 10. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, il., p. 191. Lowe, Kerns British and Exotic, ii., t. 21.
POLYPODIUM. 187
P. pellucidum —pel-lu’-cid-um (pellucid-veined), Kaulfuss.
- This stove species, native of the Sandwich Islands, much resembles
P. vulgare (the common Polypody) in habit and size, but the veins of its
pinnate fronds are beautifully pellucid, being distinct even in dried specimens.
The spore masses are large and prominent.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 206 ;
Second Century of Ferns, t. 44. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii, p. 191.
P. p. myriocarpum—ny-ri-oc-ar’-pum (many-fruited), Hooker.
This variety differs from the typical plant through its leaflets being
pinnatifid (cut nearly to the midrib).—Hooker, Icones Plantarum, t. 84.
P. (Niphobolus) penangianum—Niph-ob’ -ol-us ; pen-ang-i-a/-num (from
Penang), Hooker.
A distinct and very handsome, stove
species, native of Penang, with the general
aspect of the Bird’s-nest Fern (Asplenium
Nidus). Its entire fronds, lft. to 14ft. long
and Zin. to 3in. broad, are almost stalkless ;
they are very gradually narrowed towards
the base and somewhat undulated at the
edges ; their texture is papery, their upper
surface is naked, but their under-side is
thickly clothed with fine, silky hairs. The
spore masses are disposed in rows close
together, confined to the upper part of the
frond, and fall distinctly short of the edge.
Fig. 53 is reduced from Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns
of British India,” by the kind permission of
‘ ss 5 Fig. 53, Polypodium penangianum
the author.— Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 52. Vennadh eodicuadl,
Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 121.
P. pendulum—pen’-dul-um (hanging), Swartz.
In this stove species, native of Brazil and Peru, the flaccid, pendulous
fronds, Gin. to 12in. long and lin. to 2in. broad, are produced from a some-
what upright rootstock. They are either stalkless or very short-stalked, and
are cut down to the rachis into blunt, entire leaflets, enlarged at the base, of
188 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
a somewhat leathery texture, and naked on both sides. The sori (spore
masses) are disposed in a row on each side of the leaflets, close to the midrib,
and are slightly immersed.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 194.
P. (Goniopteris) pennigerum—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; pen-nig’-er-um (feather-
bearing), Forster.
This greenhouse species, which, according to Lowe, was introduced into
the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1835, is a native of New Zealand. Its fronds,
13ft. to 2ft. long and 8in. to 12in. broad, are borne on tufted, slightly scaly
stalks 6in. to 12in. long. The leaflets are of a firm though papery texture
and naked on both sides, the lower ones being gradually reduced ; they are
cut about half-way down into blunt lobes, rounded at the base and slightly
notched. The spore masses are disposed in rows near the midrib.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 7. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 191.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 15.
P. pentagonum—pent-ag-o’-num (five-angled). A synonym of P. bisuleatum.
P. (Phymatodes) percussum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; per-cus’-sum (beaten,
stamped), Cavanilles.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Peru and Brazil. From
a wide-creeping rhizome, densely clothed with spear-shaped scales, are produced
its entire fronds, 6in. to 12in. long, lin. to 14in. broad, gradually narrowed
towards both ends, and borne on firm, upright stalks 2in. to 3in. long. The
texture is very leathery, and the under-side is densely matted wish fine scales.
This peculiar Fern, which, according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal
Gardens, Kew, in 1842, is rendered very interesting by the large, bold
character of its round sori (spore masses), which form a row midway between
the midrib and the edge, and are distinctly immersed.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 56; Pilices Exotice, t. 59. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii., p. 192. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 20.
P. (Goniophlebium) persicezefolium—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ;_per-sic-@-
fol’-i-um (Peach-leaved), Desvauz.
This handsome, strong-growing, stove species, native of Java, is the
P. cuspidatum of Blume. It closely resembles the better-known P. sub-
auriculatum, from which it is readily distinguished by the leaflets being
POLYPODIUM. 189
narrowed at the base and the lower ones distinctly stalked. The abundant
and prominent spore masses are distinctly immersed.—/ooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 32. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192. Lowe, Ferns
British and Exotic, ii., t. 25.
P. p. grandidens—eran’-did-ens (large-toothed), Aunze.
This variety only differs from the typical plant in being furnished with
more deeply-toothed leaflets.
P. (Niphobolus) pertusum — Niph-ob’-ol-us ; per-tu’-sum (bored),
Sprengel.
This pretty, dwarf-growing species, which succeeds equally well under
either greenhouse or stove treatment, is a native of Japan, China, the East
Indies, and Java, and is said by Lowe to have been introduced into the
Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1823. Its entire (undivided) fronds, of a very leathery
texture, dark green, and shining on the upper surface, are stalkless and of
two distinct forms: the barren ones are spathulate (spoon-shaped) and seldom
exceed 4in. in length; the fertile ones, narrow and of the same breadth
throughout, are from Gin. to 8in. long. Both kinds are produced from a short-
creeping rhizome of a scaly nature, and their under-side has the appearance
of being covered with snow-crystals. The reddish sori (spore masses) are
confined to the upper part of the frond, where they are disposed in three
rows on each side of the green midrib and eventually become confluent.—
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 21.
P. peruvianum—per-u-vi-a’-num (Peruvian), Desvau.
A stove species, of small dimensions and of botanical interest only, native
ay 8
of Peru and Venezuela.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 186.
P. (Grammitis) Pervillei—Gram-mi’-tis ; Per-vil’-lé-1 (Perville’s), Mettenius.
This small-growing, stove species, of little decorative value, seldom
attaining more than 2in. in length, is a native of the Seychelles.— Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 321.
P. Phegopteris—Phe-gop’-ter-is (Phegopteris), Linneus.
This handsome and interesting, hardy Fern, botanically known also as
Phegopteris polypodioides of Fée, is the common “ Beech Fern,” a species with
190 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
a range of habitat extending from Iceland and Lapland to Japan, Etruria,
and Greece, and from Greenland southward to the United States of America,
where, according to Eaton, it is found in damp woods and on hillsides, being
commonest in the mountainous parts of New England and the Middle States.
Eaton, in his exhaustive work, “Ferns of North America” (vol. ii., p. 218),
states that its range in America extends to Newfoundland, Labrador, and
Greenland in the east, and to the Saskatchewan, Sitka, Alaska, and Unalaska
in the north-west, but that it is not known in the United States west of the
one hundredth meridian. Correvon also states (‘‘ Fougeres rustiques,” p. 147)
that it is found in all parts of Europe; but nowhere is it so abundant as in
the United Kingdom.
We find the first record of P. Phegopteris as a British plant in Morrison
and Bobart’s ‘‘ Historia Plantarum Oxoniensis,” published in 1680, and it is
stated by Bobart that it had been found in the Northern parts of England.
It is also described by Dillenius, in the third edition of Ray’s “ Synopsis
Stirpum Britannicarum,” published in 1724, where it is given as “the smaller
British Fern with paler stems and lower wings looking downwards.” It is
found in Wales, near Llanberis; at Capel Curig, North Wales, and in
Carnarvonshire ; also close to the Powerscourt Waterfall, and at the Waterfall
above Lough Eske, County Donegal, in Ireland. In Scotland it occurs on
Ben Lomond, at Rubislaw, and at Jedburgh; at Campsie, near Glasgow ;
on the Grampians, in Aberdeenshire ; on Red Caird Hill, in Inverness-shire ;
in Forfarshire, Sutherland, and other parts of the Highlands. But it is in
England that the habitats of this beautiful Fern are most numerous and most
varied. Thus we have had it gathered at Lidford Fall and Beckey Fall,
Dartmoor, Devonshire, as well as on rocks above Langley Ford, at the base
of the Cheviot Hills; at Prestwich Clough and Boghart Clough, in
Lancashire ; at Egerton Moss, near Bolton; at Settle, in Yorkshire; near
Keswick, in Cumberland ; and at Cawsey Dean, Durham.
It is difficult to understand why this Fern should bear a popular
appellation so singularly inapplicable, for the name has no reference to either
its shape or its haunts, as it is more rarely found in woods than on mountain-
sides, where, according to Eaton, in America as well as in Europe, the root-
stock creeps just beneath the surface of the ground, or in the crevices of
mossy rocks, and throws up fronds about lin. apart. These fronds are Gin.
POLYPODIUM. 191
to 9in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, and sub-deltoid (somewhat in shape of the
Greek delta, A); they are borne on slender, naked stalks 6in. to Yin. long,
and are cut down nearly to the rachis into close, blunt, entire or slightly-
toothed lobes. The lowest or basal pair of lobes of each frond are suddenly
deflexed (thrown back).. The texture is soft and papery, and the under-side
of all the leafy portion is slightly hairy. The sori (spore masses) are disposed
nearer the edge than the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 245; British
Ferns, t. 38. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192. Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, i., t. 1. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i., t. 29. Correvon,
Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 147.
Fig. 54. Portion of Frond of Polypodium Phegopteris multifidum
(nat. size).
Like the Oak Fern (P. Dryopteris), the species under notice may with
advantage be planted out in the open Fernery or grown in pots, and the
compost recommended for that pretty species is equally suitable for the
Beech Fern, but a greater depth—about 6in.—must be allowed, as it roots
much deeper into the ground. Care must also be taken not to bury the
rhizomes deeply, but to keep them barely below the surface of the ground.
192 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
A moist, shady place is indispensable, as the plant is particularly partial to an
abundant and constant supply of water, and to frequent syringings during
the growing season. When cultivated in pots in a cool house, the Beech Fern
is nearly evergreen, as its old fronds, though discoloured and generally broken
at the base, remain on the plants almost until the new ones make their
appearance.
P. P. multifidum—mul-tif’-id-um (much-cleft), Lowe.
So far as we are aware, this is the only constant variety which the
species has produced. It is very similar to the typical plant, but is essentially
distinct through its being irregularly multifid (Fig. 54). It was discovered
near Stockghyll Force, Ambleside, by Mr. E. J. Lowe, who states that it
grew there in great profusion.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i, p. 9; New and
Rare Ferns, p. 83.
P. (Drynaria) philippinensis—Dryn-a’-ri-a ; phil-ip-pi-nen’-sis (native
of the Philippines). A synonym of P. Meyenianum.
P. Phyllitidis—Phy]l-li-ti’-dis (Phyllitidis), Linnaeus.
This stove species, of peculiar appearance, is a native of Florida and
Southern Brazil, where it is very common, and, according to Lowe,
it was introduced ‘into British cultiva-
tion in the year 1793. In _ general
outward appearance it so much re-
sembles Scolopendrium vulgare that, to
the uninitiated, it may well appear to
be the upright-growing Hart’s-tongue of
the Tropics. Its entire, stalkless fronds,
lft. to 3ft. long, 3in. to 4in. broad,
and somewhat waved at the edges, are
Fig, 55. Portion of Frond of Polypodium Phyliitidis
(nearly nat. size).
produced from a stout, short-creeping
rhizome clothed with brownish, heart-shaped scales; they are sharp-pointed
at their extremity and very gradually narrowed to their base; their texture
is very leathery, their colour is pale green, and they are naked on both sides,
though frequently showing small dots of a chalky appearance on their upper
surface. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in regular rows, one on each
POLYPODIUM. 193
side of the main veins, extending from the midrib to the edge (Fig. 55).—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 38. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
il, p. 192. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 26a.
P. Phymatodes—Phy-mat-o’-dés (warted), Linneus.
This distinct, stove species, of large dimensions, also known in gardens
under the name of Drynaria vulgaris, has a very wide range of habitat. We
find it reported as a native of Polynesia and Malaysia, also of Formosa,
Loo Choo, Tsus-Sima, Ceylon, the Mascarene Islands, Natal, Zambesi
Land, Angola, and the Guinea Coast. According to Lowe, it was introduced
into this country between 1816 and 1823. The fronds are produced from
a wide-creeping rhizome of a woody nature, and borne on firm, upright, glossy
stalks 3in. to 12in. long; they are deeply pinnatifid, varying from 2ft. to 3ft.
in length and lft. in breadth, and are cut down to a broadly-winged rachis
into numerous entire, oblong-spear-shaped lobes din. to 8in. long, lin. to
ldin. broad, of a leathery texture, pale green in colour, shining and naked
on both sides. The large, circular spore masses are more or less immersed,
and are disposed in two rows on each side of the midvein.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 82. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192. Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, 1., t 25.
P. P. longipes—long’-ip-és (long-stalked), Kunze.
This variety, native of the Hast Indies, and introduced into this country
about 1823, differs from the typical plant by its much longer stalks and by
the more upright habit of its fronds, which are of an intense green colour
and of a glossy nature. The spore masses are usually disposed in one row
only on each side of the midvein; they are oblong, of a large size, and
distinctly immersed in the frond, causing protuberances on their upper
surface.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 24.
P. P. macrourum—amac-rou’-rum (long-tailed), Baker.
This variety, native of Queensland, whence it was introduced into this
country in 1886, much resembles the species in habit and size ; it is, however,
readily distinguished by its long-tailed fronds, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in.
broad, and of a bright green colour, the spear-shaped tail having its middle
part deeply cleft—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 592.
VOL. Il. 6
194 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. Picoti—Pi-cot’-i (Picot’s), Regel.
This is a noble-looking, greenhouse Fern, of vigorous habit. Its
numerous arching, wavy, narrow-oblong, entire fronds, 3ft. or more in length
and 4in. to 6in. broad, are of a leathery texture, dark green and very shiny
above, and -glaucous-green beneath. It is a native of Brazil, and was intro-
duced into Europe in 1886.—WNicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 592.
P. (Goniophlebium) piloselloides — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; _ pil-o-sel-
16-i’-des (Pilosella-like), Linneus.
Among the various Polypods of diminutive size, this stove species
(Fig. 56), which is common throughout Tropical America and the West
Indies, is undoubtedly one of the most
attractive. It is the Lopholepis piloselloides
of J. Smith, and has the appearance of a
miniature Niphobolus, its barren and fertile
fronds, articulated upon a slender, very wide-
creeping rhizome of a wiry nature, differing
from each other in both size and form. The
barren ones, lin. to 3in. long, din. to in.
broad, and egg-shaped, are borne on short,
hairy stalks; the fertile ones, narrower and
longer, are borne upon longer, more slender,
and equally hairy stalks. Both kinds are of
Fig. 56. Portion of Creeping Rhizome (with a leathery texture, pale green in colour, and
Barren Fronds) of Polypodium piloselloides ‘
dient piaat nies more or less scaly on both sides. The large,
bright yellow sori (spore masses) form a
conspicuous row on each side of the midrib.—Hooker, Garden Ferns, t. 18.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 192. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, i., t. 32.
P. p. aurisetum—au-ri-se’-tum (having golden bristles), Raddi.
This variety differs from the typical species in the shape of its barren
fronds, which are sometimes nearly round and scaly, and in its fertile ones
having their under-surface densely covered with soft hairs of a reddish
colour.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 340.
POLYPODIUM 195
P. p. ciliatum—cil-i-a’-tum (fringed), Willdenow.
The distinguishing feature of this variety resides in the peculiar character
of the fertile fronds, which are so narrow that the spore masses project beyond
their margins.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 340. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 192. ,
P. platybasis—plat-yb-a’-sis (having a broad base), Baker.
In this stove species, of small dimensions and of little decorative value,
native of Salta, in the Andes of Peru, the bipinnate (twice-divided) fronds,
produced from a rhizome as thick as a quill, have their leaflets deeply notched,
of a leathery texture, and dark dull green in colour, and their leafits suddenly
enlarged at the base. The spore masses occupy the whole space between
the midrib and the edge.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 511.
P. (Goniophlebium) platylepis—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; _ plat-yl’-ep-is
(broad-scaled), Mettenius.
A small-growing, stove species, of purely botanical interest, having a
rhizome clothed with conspicuously large, spear-shaped scales of a pale brown
colour. It is a native of Guatemala and New Granada.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 512.
P. (Phegopteris) platylobum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; plat-yl’-ob-um (broad-
lobed), Baker.
This strong-growing species, native of Tarapota, North-East Peru, produces
fronds 2ft. to 8ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth, born on firm, upright stalks
lft. to 144t. long, and scaly towards the base. The central leaflets, 6in. to
8in. long and lin. to 14in. broad, are cut down to the rachis in the lower
part into blunt, oblong lobes, and their lower leaflets are slightly reduced.
The fronds are of a soft, papery texture, and almost naked on their under-
side ; the spore masses are situated almost on their margins.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 238.
P. (Phymatodes) platyphyllum — Phy-mat-o’-des ; ° plat-yph-yl’-lum
(broad-leaved), Swartz.
This is a very striking and distinct, stove species, of medium dimensions,
native of Java. Its entire (undivided) fronds, 1ft. to 14ft. long and 2in. to
0 2
196 ‘THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
4in. broad, are borne on strong, erect stalks 3in. to 4in. long, and are produced
from a short-creeping, woody rhizome densely clothed with long, nearly black
scales. They are sharp-pointed, of a very thick texture, of a rigid nature,
dark shining green on their upper surface, and naked on both sides. The
main veins are very distinct, and the spore masses, disposed in single rows
between each of them, are conspicuously immersed. P. crassinervium is
identical with this species.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 63. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192.
P. plebeium—pleb-ei’-um (plebeian, common), Schlechtendal.
In general appearance, this stove species, native of Mexico and Peru,
closely resembles P. vulgare. Its habit and dimensions are very similar to
those of that popular species, of which it also possesses the stout, wide-creeping
rhizome ; but it is readily distinguished by the brown scales with which the
under-side of its fronds is conspicuously covered, and which form a striking
contrast with the peculiar bluish-green colour of the leafy portion.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 213. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii. p. 192.
Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, t. 33.
P. (Goniophlebium) plectolepis — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ;_plec-tol’-ep-is
(having plaited scales), Hooker.
A stove species, native of Mexico and Guatemala, with fronds lft. to 2ft.
long and lft. broad, borne on firm, glossy stalks 6in. to 12in. long, produced
from a stout rhizome clothed with rough, rusty-brown scales, regularly disposed
and folded or plaited together. The numerous leaflets, of a soft, papery
texture and finely hairy on both sides, are 4in. to Gin. long, #in. broad, and
gradually narrowed from the base: to the point, with the edge distinctly
notched. The spore masses are disposed in single rows.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 30. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192.
P. (Goniophlebium) plesiosorum—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; ple-si-os-o’-rum
(having close sori), Kunze.
This stove species, also called P. colpodes, P. gonatodes, and P. rhodo-
pleuron, is a native of Mexico and Venezuela. It is very closely related to
the better-known P. loriceum, from which it differs by its shorter and broader
POLYPODIUM. 197
fronds, of a more papery texture, and by its larger spore masses, usually
disposed in one row only. The plant known in gardens as P. appendiculatum
is a form of this species—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 21. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192.
P. plumula—plu’-mul-a (feathered). This is synonymous with P. elasticum.
P. (Dictyopteris) polycarpum—Dic-ty-op’-ter-is ; pol-ye-ar’-pum (many-
fruited), Baker.
A small-growing, stove species, of little decorative value, with broadly
triangular fronds of a parchment-like texture, having the spore masses copiously
scattered over their under-side. It is a native of Malacca.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 506.
P. (Phegopteris) polypodioides—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; pol-yp-od’-i-6-i/-des
(Polypodium-like). For the plant known as Phegopteris polypodioides,
see P. Phegopteris.
P. (Niphobolus) porosum — Niph-ob’-ol-us ; por-o’-sum (porous).
Synonymous with P. jissum.
P. (Phymatodes) Powellii — Phy-mat-o’-dés; Pow-el/-li-i (Powell’s),
Baker.
A stove species, of large dimensions, native of Samoa, and very closely
related to the better-known P. nigrescens, from which it is readily distinguished
by its narrow and more numerous lobes and by its spore masses not being
immersed.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 364.
P. (Goniopteris) proliferum—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; pro-lif’-er-um (proliferous),
Presl.
This stove species, of medium dimensions, which, according to Lowe, was
introduced into this country in 1820, has a very wide range of habitat.
Beddome states that it is very common on the hills near Kamptee and
Jubbulpore, in the Neilgherries, while it is given by Hooker as a native of
Northern India, Southern China, the Philippines, New Caledonia, Northern
Australia, Angola, Mauritius, Zambesi Land, and South Africa. It is a
free-growing Fern, of somewhat straggling habit, producing from a stout,
198 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
creeping rhizome its slender, pinnate fronds, lft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 12in.
broad, often elongated and rooting at the point, and copiously bearing young
plants in the axils of the leaflets. The leaflets, of a dull green colour, of
a somewhat leathery texture, and slightly hairy on both sides, are 4in. to
6in. long, 4in. to $in. broad at the base, with their edge bluntly lobed and
their extremity often blunt. The abundant oval spore masses are sometimes
confluent.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 13. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iti., p. 192. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 18. Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 172.
P. (Drynaria) propinquum — Dryn-a’-ri-a ; prop-in’-qii-um (allied),
Wallich.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Nepaul, Sikkim, Simla,
Khasya, and Assam, where, according to Beddome, it occurs at elevations
varying between 5000ft. and 7000ft.; it is also found in Java and in the West
African Islands. Its barren and fertile fronds, produced from a wide-creeping
rhizome of a woody nature, are of totally distinct appearance: the barren ones,
4in, to 9in. long and 3in. to 4in. broad, are cut half-way or more down to the
rachis into bluntish lobes, while the fertile ones, 1}ft. to 3ft. long and often
lft. broad, have their lobes 4in. to 6in. long, reaching down nearly or quite
to the rachis; all are of a somewhat leathery texture and of a dull green
colour. The sori (spore masses), disposed in a regular row on each side of
and close to the midrib, are placed at the point of union of several veinlets.
P. Willdenovii of Blume is identical with this species.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 97; Garden Ferns, t. 35. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii,
p. 192. Lowe, Kerns British and Exotic, ii. t. 57. Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 160,
P. pruinatum—pri-i-na’-tum (hoary), Baker.
A greenhouse species, of very diminutive dimensions, native of Nicaragua.
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 508.
P. (Phegopteris) pteroideum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ;_ pter-d-i/-d8-um (wing-
like), Klotzsch.
This gigantic, stove species, which is said to attain as much as 15ft. in
height, is a native of Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil. Its fronds, 3ft. to 6ft.
POLYPODIUM. 199
or more in length and 2ft. to 3ft. broad, are borne on strong stalks 2ft.
to 4ft. long, scaly at the base, but naked upwards. The lower leaflets, 1ft. to
13ft. long and 3in. to 4in. broad, are again divided into narrow, sharp-
pointed leafits din. broad, the lower ones of which are thrown back. The
fronds are of a somewhat leathery texture, naked on both sides, and have their
spore masses disposed along the margins of their leafits—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 255, t. 280.
P. puberulum—puv-ber’-ul-um (minutely downy), Schlechtendadl.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Mexico and Guatemala,
with fronds lft. to 14ft. long, Gin. to 8in. broad, borne on firm, polished,
naked stalks Gin. to 8in. long, and produced from a _ wide-creeping, scaly
rhizome. The leaflets, 3in. long and fin. broad, have their edge irregularly
notched, and are distinctly eared on both sides at the base ; they are of a soft,
papery texture and slightly hairy, and the spore masses are disposed in rows
nearer the edge than the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 220.
P. (Goniophlebium) pubescens—pu-bes’-cens (downy), Hooker and
Greville.
This pretty, small-growing, stove Fern, native of the Andes of Peru,
produces from a wide-creeping rhizome of a scaly nature its pinnate fronds,
6in. to 12in. long and 3in. to 4in. broad, which are borne on naked stalks
din. to 8in. long, and cut down to the rachis into numerous nearly entire
leaflets, the lowest pair of which are deflexed and rather reduced. The fronds
are of a somewhat leathery texture, slightly glandular and hairy on their
‘under-side, and have their spore masses generally disposed in a single
series.— Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 19. Hooker’ and Greville, Icones
Filicum, t. 182.
P. (Phlebodium) pulvinatum — Phleb-o’-di-um ; pul-vi-na’ -tum
(cushioned). A variety of P. aureum.
P. (Phegopteris) punctatum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; punc-ta’-tum (dotted),
Thunberg.
This strong-growing, greenhouse species, with ample and much-divided
foliage, has a wide range of habitat, for it is said to be a native of Colombia,
200 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Chili, the Sandwich Islands, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Australia, Japan,
Malaysia, and the Philippine Islands. It is also said to occur, from Northern
India to Ceylon, Bourbon, St. Helena, &c. From a wide-creeping, hairy
rhizome, its much-divided fronds, 1ft. to 4ft. long and 6in. to 2ft. broad, are
produced; they are borne on firm, erect, naked or hairy stalks 1ft. to 2ft.
long, of a viscid or sticky nature. The lower leaflets, sometimes 2ft. long,
are deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A), cut
into close, spear-shaped leafits and segments, with
notched or deeply-cleft, oblong ultimate lobes, the
edges of which are often more or less reflexed.
The fronds are of a soft, papery texture, with
their under-side slightly hairy, and the abundant
spore masses are disposed near the margin of the
lobes. — Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 272.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192.
P. p. rugulosum — ruw-gul-o’-sum (slightly
wrinkled), Labillardieére.
The fronds of this variety are less divided
and of a more leathery texture than in the type,
and their rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) is of
a deep purplish-brown colour and densely viscid.
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p-. 312.
P. (Phymatodes) pustulatum—Phy-mat-
o’-dés ; pus-tul-ai’-tum (blistered), Forster.
A distinct and very useful, greenhouse species,
Fig. 57, Entire Frond of Polypodium native of Australia and New Zealand, whence it
oe was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in
1826. Its singular fronds, produced in great
abundance from a copiously-branched, wide-creeping rhizome of a woody
nature and covered with narrow, dark brown scales, are borne on stalks lin.
to 3in. long. They vary in shape from entire, 3in. to Yin. long, Hin. to fin.
broad, and narrowed to both ends (Fig. 57), to 1ft. to 14ft. long, 3in. to
4in. broad, and cut down to a broadly-winged rachis throughout into
POLYPODIUM. 201
spear-shaped lobes. These fronds are of a papery texture, dark green in colour,
with beautifully-marked veins darker still, and smooth on both sides. The
conspicuous circular spore masses are disposed in a single series along the
margin of the lobes, and distinctly immersed.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p- 80. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, ii., t. 8.
This plant is of easy culture; it is well adapted for growing in dark
places where hardly any other Fern would thrive, and for planting in such
positions on stones or rock-work, which it rapidly covers and to which it
clings with a remarkable tenacity.
Pp, pygmzeum—pyg-me’-um (very dwarf), Buckingham.
A very diminutive, stove species, of botanical interest only, native of
Bourbon Island.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 507.
P. (Drynaria) quercifolium—Dryn-a’-ri-a ; quer-cif-ol/-i-um (Oak-
leaved), Linneus.
This is one of the most curious Ferns known in cultivation; it is a
stove species, native of Queensland and India, where, according to Beddome,
it is found growing on trees and rocks, being very common on the Western
side of the Madras Presidency, from the plains up to 4000ft. elevation.
According to Lowe, it was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, by Dr.
Wallich in 1840. The plant is provided with a thick rhizome of a woody
nature, from which its distinct barren and fertile fronds are produced. The
barren ones, stalkless, brown, rigid, 3in. to 12in. long, and 2in. to 6in.
broad, are bluntly lobed’ often half-way down ; the fertile ones, on the contrary,
are long-stalked, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth, and cut down
nearly to the rachis into entire lobes Gin. to Yin. long, 4in. to 1din. broad, of
a rigid texture, and naked on both sides. The large and conspicuous spore
masses are disposed half-way between the midrib and the edge.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 96. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192. Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 187. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 10.
P. reclinatum—rec-li-na’-tum (drooping), Brackenridge.
A stove species, of peculiar appearance, native of Southern Brazil, with
pendent, very flaccid fronds lft. to 2ft. long, lin. to 14in. broad, and borne
202 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
on slender, very short, hairy stalks. The closely-set, egg-shaped, blunt, entire
leaflets are of a soft, papery texture, and are clothed on their under-side with
soft hairs. The spore masses are disposed two to five in a row.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 222.
P. recurvatum—rec-ur-va’-tum (recurved), Kaulfuss.
A stove species, native of Brazil, and closely allied to P. pectinatum, from
which it differs principally in the nature of its scales and in the shape of
its fronds, the lower leaflets of which are not reduced.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 332.
P. (Goniopteris) refractum — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ;_ ref-rac’-tum (broken),
Fischer and Meyer.
This very handsome, stove species, native of Brazil, and, according to
Lowe, introduced into England in 1837, produces from an upright-growing
rootstock its pinnate fronds, about Ift. long, 6in. broad, and furnished with
spear-shaped leaflets. These leaflets are eared on both sides at the base,
sinuated (dented) on their edges, of a stiff texture, and glossy on both sides,
the lower ones being conspicuously deflexed (thrown back). The abundant
minute, black spore masses are irregularly scattered over the whole of their
under-side.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 48.
P. (Goniophlebium) Reinwardtii—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; Rein-wardt’-i-i
(Reinwardt’s). A synonym of P. subauriculatum.
P. (Campyloneuron) repens—Camp-yl-on-eur’-on ; re’-pens (creeping),
Linneus.
In this stove species, native of Mexico, the West Indies, and Brazil, and
which, Lowe states, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1841,
the fronds are produced from a slender but firm, wide-creeping, tortuous
rhizome, and borne on firm stalks lin. to 5in. long. They are entire or
slightly undulated, 6in. to 18in. long, lin. to 3in. broad, sharp-pointed at their
extremity, and very gradually narrowed at the base; their texture is some-
what leathery, their colour bright green, and their upper surface dotted over
with white scales. The round and conspicuous spore masses are disposed in
POLYPODIUM. 203
rows extending from the midrib to the edge of the frond.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v.. p. 39. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 192. Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 9B.
P. (Goniopteris) reptans — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; rep’-tans (creeping),
Swartz.
This pretty and distinct, stove species, native of the West Indies,
Guatemala, and Brazil, is very variable. Its fronds, often decumbent and
rooting at their extremity, are borne on tufted, slender, wiry, naked stalks lin.
to 8in. long. The leafy portion, 4in. to 12in. long and lin. to 3in. broad, is
divided into leaflets }in. to 1din. long, often eared at the base, the lower ones
being short-stalked. The texture is soft and papery, and the under-side is
naked or slightly hairy. The abundant sori (spore masses) are irregularly
scattered over the whole of the under-surface.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p- 6. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 193. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, i., t. 348.
P. r. asplenioides—as-ple-ni-6-i’-des (Spleenwort-like), Link.
A variety of larger dimensions and of more upright habit than the typical
species.
P. rhodopleuron — rhod-op-leur’-on (red-veined). This is synonymous
with P. plestosorum.
P. rigescens—rig-es’-cens (stiff), Bory.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of Cuba, Chili, and Brazil,
also of Bourbon Island and Fernando Po. Its erect fronds, 6in. to 12in. long
and jin. or more in width, are produced from a stout-creeping rhizome
densely clothed with dull brown scales, and borne on wiry, naked or slightly
downy stalks lin. to 3in. long; they are cut down to the rachis into close,
entire, blunt, narrow-oblong leaflets of a stiffish texture, naked on both surfaces,
the under-side being sometimes glaucous (bluish-green). The sori (spore
masses) are disposed in rows of four or five on each side of the midvein.
P. firmum of Klotzsch is very closely related to this species.—Hooker and
Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 216.
204 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Drynaria) rigidulum — Dryn-a’-ri-a ; rig-id’-ul-um (slightly rigid),
Swartz.
A stove species, native of Malaysia and Queensland, frequently met with
in gardens under the name of P. diversifolium. Its fronds, produced from
a stout, wide-creeping rhizome, are of two distinct forms: the barren ones
are stalkless, 6in. to Yin. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, and cut down about half-
way to the rachis into blunt lobes; the fertile ones, 2ft. to 4ft. long and 1ft.
to lift. broad, are long-stalked and distinctly pinnate, with leaflets lin. or
more apart. These leaflets are 6in. to 12in. long, }in. to 4in. broad, narrowed
or stalked at the base, and more or less deeply notched along the margin.
The texture of the fronds is somewhat leathery, they are of a glossy nature
and naked on both sides, and the spore masses, disposed in a single row half-
way between the edge and the midrib, are immersed.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 98; Garden Ferns, t. 5. Nicholson, Dic-
tionary of Gardening, iii., p. 193. Beddome,
Ferns of British India, t. 314.
P. (Phegopteris) rigidum — Phe-gop’-
ter-is'; rig’-id-um (rigid), Hooker and
Greville.
A very variable, stove species, native of
Guatemala and Peru, the forms of which differ
from those of Aspidium (Polystichum) aculeatum
only in the want of an involucre. It is
essentially distinct from P. rigidum of Lowe,
which is a plant with entire (undivided) fronds,
of upright habit, very thick texture, and glossy
appearance.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 310 ;
Fig, 58. Polypodium rivale ‘ agi i
ica lui Species Filicum, iv., p. 246. Lowe, Ferns
British and Exotic, ii., t. 37a.
P. (Drynaria) rivale—Dryn-a’-ri-a ; ri-va/-lé (brook-loving), Mettenius.
This distinct, stove species, which is the Drynaria mollis of Beddome,
is a native of the North-East Himalayas; it produces from its stout,
creeping rhizomes clothed with narrow, transparent scales of a bright rusty-
POLYPODI/IUM. 205
colour, two very distinct forms of fronds. The barren ones, 4in. to 6in.
long and 2in. broad, are cut down three-quarters of the way to the rachis into
blunt lobes, while the fertile ones, lift. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 8in. broad, and
distinctly stalked, have blunt, entire lobes 2in. to 3in. long, din. broad, reaching
down nearly or quite to the rachis. Both kinds are of a soft, papery texture,
and their spore masses are disposed in a single row on each side of and close
to the midrib. Fig. 58 is reduced from Col. Beddome’s “Ferns of British
India,” by the kind permission of the author.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p- 367. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 216.
P. (Phegopteris) Robertianum — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Ro-ber-ti-a’-num
(Robert’s), Hoffmann.
This distinct and pretty, hardy Fern, popularly known as the “ Limestone
Polypody,” “Smith’s Polypody,” and the “ Rigid Three-branched Polypody,”
was formerly, and is now by some authors, looked upon as a variety of
P. Dryopteris. Bolton was the first to point out the difference between
P. Robertianum and P. Dryopteris, and Hoffmann to pronounce it a distinct
species, which T. Moore and Lindley. have retained. It is of very similar
appearance, though a much larger and more robust Fern, and its fronds are
covered with a down that gives it the appearance of being dusted over with
lime. Another specially: distinct character resides in the development of its
fronds, which never assume the appearance of three little balls like those of
P. Dryopteris, and, contrary to that popular species, P. Robertianum seems
to delight in sunshine. It is a native of England, Wales, France, Hungary,
Germany, Switzerland, Canada, Norway, and Asia, and is found in a wild
state only on limestone soil, though, under cultivation, it thrives in light soil
without additional limestone. Its natural presence in any part of Ireland has
not until now been recorded, and, although, generally speaking, it is a North-
of-England Fern, it has not been discovered in Scotland and has only seldom
been found in Wales (principally in Denbighshire). T. Moore, in “ Ferns of
Great Britain and Ireland,” remarks that in the West of England it only
descends to 250ft. above the sea, and in the North it ascends to 900ft. Lowe
also states that Dr. Hooker found it on the Himalayas at elevations of from
5000ft. to 8000ft. In England it has been gathered about Matlock Bath and
on the roadside under the Lover’s Leap, at Buxton, in Derbyshire ; near
206 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Settle, in Yorkshire; at Arncliff, Gordale, and White Scars, near Ingleton; at
Shedding Clough, near Burnley, and near Lancaster ; in Leigh Woods, near
Bristol ; and on Cheddar Cliffs and Box Quarries, near Bath, in Somersetshire.
Although the plant was only first recognised as a native of England by the
late Sir E. Smith, formerly President of the Linnean Society, the “ Limestone
Polypody”’ was known to such old authors as Clusius Tabernemontanus, and
in Johnson’s edition of Gerarde’s ‘ Herbal” it is figured and described as
Dryopteris Tragi. P. calcarewm is another name for this species.
The fronds of P. Robertianum are distinctly bipinnate, with the lowest
pair of leaflets occasionally twice cleft again on the posterior side ; they are
6in. to 18in. long, somewhat rigid, upright, and produced from a creeping
rhizome of a dark brown colour. The small, round sori (spore masses) are
scattered over the whole under-surface, where they become partially confluent.
—Hooker, British Ferns, t. 5. T. Moore, Ferns of Great Britain and
Ireland, t. 6. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 28. Correvon, Les
Fougéres rustiques, p. 149. Lowe, Our Native Ferns, 1., t. 5.
P. (Phymatodes) rostratum—Phy-
mat-o’-des ; ros-tra’-tum (beaked),
Hooker.
A small-growing, greenhouse species,
native of Khasya, Bhotan, and Mishmee,
in the Eastern Himalayas. Its entire (un-
divided) fronds, 2in. to 4in. long, in. to
lin. broad, and borne on firm, naked stalks
lin. to 2in. long, are produced from a
Fig, 59. Polypodium rostratum
( nat. size). thread-like, wide-creeping rhizome clothed
with narrow scales. They are gradually
narrowed to both ends, and have their edge entire; their texture is
leathery, and the large sori (spore masses) are disposed in single rows
near the midrib. This Fern delights in decomposed vegetable matter, and
makes a pretty specimen when grown on a Tree-Fern trunk. Fig. 59 is
reduced from Col. Beddome’s “Ferns of British India,” by the kind
permission of the author.—Hooker, Species Filicwm, v., p. 66; Second
Century of Ferns, t. 53. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 159.
POLYPODIUM. 207
P. (Goniopteris) rubrinerve—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; rub-rin-er’-vé (having
red nerves), Baker.
This strong-growing Fern, native of Aneiteum and Fiji, is considered as
scarcely more than a variety of P. urophyllum.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p. 315.
P. (Phegopteris) rufescens — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; ru-fes’-cens (reddish),
Blume.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Java, Ceylon, New
Caledonia, and Queensland. Its broadly-triangular fronds, 1ft. to 14ft. long
and Qin. to 12in. broad, are produced from a short-creeping rhizome and
borne on firm, erect, naked stalks lft. to 14ft. long. The lower leaflets, much
the largest, are deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A), 6in. to 8in. long, and
3in. to 4in. broad, and their unequal-sided, spear-shaped leafits are bluntly
lobed, the lowest nearly down to the rachis. The fronds are of a somewhat
leathery texture and naked or slightly downy on both sides, and the spore
masses are disposed in one row each side of and close to the midvein.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 257. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
ii, p. 193. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 236.
P. rufulum—rv’-ful-um (reddish). This is synonymous with P. lepidopteris
rufulum.
P. rugulosum—rug-ul-o’-sum (wrinkled). A synonym of P. punctatum
rugulosum.
P. (Phymatodes) rupestre—Phy-mat-o’-des ; ru-pes’-tré (rock-loving),
Blume.
A stove species, native of Java and the Philippine Islands, with fronds
4in. to 8in. long and lin. to 13in. broad, produced from a woody rhizome and
borne on firm, erect stalks 4in. to 8in. long. They are simple (undivided), sharp-
pointed at their summit, of a very leathery texture, and naked on both sides.
The spore masses are disposed in two rows between the main veins, and not
immersed. This must not be confounded with the P. rupestre usually met with
in gardens under the name of Niphobolus rupestris, which is a totally
different plant, and is properly known as P. serpens—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 64. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iu., p. 193.
208 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Phymatodes) saccatum—Phy-mat-o'-dés ; sac-ca’-tum (in a bag),
Lowe. :
This stove species, native of Java, is a distinct and very handsome Fern,
with pendulous fronds 2ft. to 23ft. long, cut down to a winged rachis into
spear-shaped, sharp-pointed leaflets 8in. to 10in. long and about 1}in. broad ;
they are of a parchment-like texture, bright green, and shining. The spore
masses, disposed in a regular row on each side of the midveins, are deeply
immersed and form elevated tubercles on the upper side of the fronds.—Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 59.
P. (Phymatodes) salicifolium — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; _ sal-ic-if-ol’-i-um
(Willow-leaved). This is a variety of P. lycopodioides.
P. (Phymatodes) samarense—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; sam-ar-en’-s¢ (native of
Samar), Jettenius.
This stove species, native of the Philippine Islands, has much the
appearance of a Niphobolus, through the dense coating of dirty-white down
over the under-surface of its leathery fronds, which are lft. to 2ft. long, din.
to 3in. broad, and quite entire. These fronds are produced from a wide-
creeping rhizome of a firm nature, and are borne on firm, erect stalks lin.
to 4in. lorig. The upper half of the fertile fronds is contracted, and the spore
masses occupy the entire surface of the contracted portion.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 356. ;
P. samoense—sam-i-en’-sé (from Samoa), Baker.
A small-growing, stove species, with nearly stalkless, entire fronds 3in.
to 6in. long, bluntish at their summit, very gradually narrowed in their lower
part, of a somewhat leathery texture, and almost naked on both surfaces. The
small and numerous spore masses form an irregular, wavy line near the edge,
which is nearly entire——AHooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 321.
P. (Phegopteris) sandvicense—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; sand-vic-en’-sé (from
the Sandwich Islands), Hooker and Arnott.
This stove species, of robust habit, native of the Sandwich and Society
Islands, has ample and much-divided fronds 3ft. or 4ft. long, 2ft. or more
in breadth, borne on stout, naked stalks 2ft. long and of a glossy nature.
POLYPODIUM. 209
The lowest leaflets are 1ft. to 14ft. long and Gin. to Sin. broad ; their pinnules
(leafits), spear-shaped, spreading, 3in. to 4in. long, and 1}in. broad, are again
divided into narrow egg-shaped segments bitten off on the lower side, and
deeply cleft on the upper one into narrow, toothed lobes. They are naked
on both sides, and have their spore masses disposed usually one near the base
of each lobe. This must not be confounded with P. sandvicense of Hooker,
which is synonymous with P. steqnogrammoides.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
iv., p. 267. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 193.
P. (Phymatodes) sarcopus—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; sar’-cop-us (having a fleshy
foot or stalk), De Vriese and Teysmann.
A stove species, native of the Celebes, with oblong, simply-pinnate fronds
1ft. to 14ft. long, 6in. to 8in. broad, borne on stout, naked stalks 6in. to
Jin. long and of a fleshy nature. The strap-shaped, entire leaflets, about
Zin. long, are dilated at the base, of a somewhat leathery texture, and naked
on both surfaces. The spore masses, disposed in a single row midway between
the midrib and the edge of the leaflets, are immersed in a pit with a distinctly-
defined border, and form a much-raised, nippled surface on the upper side.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 514.
P. sarmentosum—sar-men-to’-sum (flexible), Brackenridge.
A small-growing, stove species, of little decorative value, seldom more
than 6in. high and of a somewhat leathery texture. It is a native of the
Sandwich Islands.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 195.
P. Schkuhri— Schkuhr’-i (Schkuhr’s). This is synonymous with
P. elasticum.
P. (Phlebodium) Schneiderii — Phleb-o’-di-um ; Schnei-der’-i-i
(Schneider’s), Schnecder.
This may be considered the most striking and at the same time the most
interesting hybrid artificially raised. It originated among some seedlings of
P. aureum and P. vulgare elegantissimum, the spores of which had been
purposely sown together. While in a young state the offspring showed very
little difference from P. aureum, but its fronds, at first entire and conspicuously
undulated, became more and more divided, and on the same plant one could
VOL. II. P
210 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
at one time see fronds entirely similar to P. awreum, and others partaking to
a great extent of the divided character peculiar to P. v. elegantissimum, As
Fig. 60. Polypodium Schneiderii
(4 nat. size).
the plant increased in age and in size, the cutting of its fronds also became
more distinct, for, while they retained the glaucous (bluish-green) colour of
those of P. aureum, and were produced from a similarly thick, fleshy rhizome
POLYPODIUM. 211
clothed with silvery scales, they were divided quite as much as those of
P. v. elegantissimum, and they eventually became of a broader and more
triangular shape, their leafy portion measuring Qin. each way. The leaflets
are now so closely set as to be almost overlapping; they are divided into
pinnules (leafits) 3in. to 43in. long, and these are again cut into deeply-cleft,
undulated lobes of a most pleasing nature, a character which the plant has
developed only after the drawing (Fig. 60) had been made. The fronds are
borne on comparatively short, round stalks of a stiff, wiry nature, and 6in. to
Jin. in length: these, in their young state, show a few white, chaffy scales,
similar to those seen in P. aurewm. It is too soon to speculate on the
sporidiferous character of this hybrid in relation to either of its supposed
parents, as the plant has not yet produced fertile fronda.
P. (Phymatodes) Schomburgkianum — Phy-mat-o’-dés; Schom-
burgk-i-a’-num (Schomburgk’s), Kunze.
The undivided fronds of this stove species, native of Guiana and the
Amazon Valley, are produced from a rhizome sometimes lin. thick and densely
clothed with spear-shaped scales; they are borne on firm, upright stalks
lin. to 2in. long, and measure sometimes 1}ft. in length and 3in. in breadth
at their middle, being narrowed at both ends. Their texture is leathery, they
are naked on both sides, and their margin is so thickened that no distinct
main veins are apparent. The sori (spore masses), large and not immersed,
are disposed in single rows not far from the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
¥, p. 63.
P. (Phymatodes) Schraderi—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; Schra’-der-i (Schrader’s),
Mettenius.
This is a small-growing species, of botanical interest only. Its somewhat
leathery fronds, seldom more than Sin. long, are gradually narrowed both
ways, and have large spore masses disposed in a single row on each side of,
and close to the midrib. It is a native of Cape Colony and Natal.—/Hooker,
Species Filicum, v.. p. 59.
P. scolopendrioides—scol-op-en’-dri-3-i’-des (Scolopendrium-like). This
is synonymous with P. trifurcatum.
p 2
212 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Goniophlebium) Scouleri — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; — Scouw’-ler-i
(Scouler’s), Hooker and Greville.
This greenhouse species, in general habit much resembling our common
Polypody, is a native of North-west America. Eaton, in his exhaustive work
on “Ferns of North America,” states that, in the vicinity of Mount Shasta
and Crescent City, California, and northwards to British Columbia, it is found
growing on trees and stumps, less frequently on the ground. Its simply-
pinnate fronds, borne on firm, naked stalks 3in. to 4in. long, are produced
from a stout, wide-creeping rhizome clothed with spear-shaped scales of a rusty-
brown colour. They are Gin. to 12in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, and cut down
to the rachis into closely-set, blunt leaflets of a very leathery texture, dark
green, and naked on both sides. The very large and prominent sori (spore
masses) are found mostly on the upper leaflets, or sometimes towards the
ends of most of them, and disposed in a single, regular row on each side
of and close to the midrib—AHooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 19. Hooker
and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 56. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iil., p. 193. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i., t. 26.
P. sechellarum—-se-chel-la’-rum (from the Seychelles), Baker.
A small-growing, stove species, of purely botanical interest, with strap-
shaped, pendulous fronds of a rigid and somewhat leathery texture, thinly
clothed on both surfaces, especially at the edge, with fine, soft, brown hairs.
It is a native of the Seychelles and Mauritius—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p- 508.
P. Seemannii—See-man’-ni-i (Seemann’s). A synonym of P. blechnoides.
P. (Phymatodes) selligueoides — Phy-mat-o'-dés ; sel-li-gué-8-i’-des
(Selliguea-like), Baker.
This small-growing, stove species, native of New Caledonia, is of little
decorative value, as its spear-shaped fronds, sharp-pointed at their summit and
gradually narrowed at the base, are seldom more than 6in. in length and barely
lin. in breadth.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 513.
P. sepultum—-sep-ul’-tum (inclosed). This is a: variety of P. lepidopteris.
POLYPODIUM. 213
P. sericeo-lanatum—se-ric’-é-o-la-na’-tum (silky-woolly), Llooker.
A distinct-looking, stove species, native of the Andes of Columbia and
Ecuador, with flaccid, drooping fronds Ift. to 2ft. long, 14in. to 3in. broad,
divided to the rachis into blunt, entire leaflets about lin. long, of a thick
texture, and densely matted on both sides with soft, silky hairs of a greyish
colour.. The spore masses are disposed in two long rows.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 221.
P. (Niphobolus) serpens—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; ser’-pens (creeping), Jorster.
This greenhouse species, usually found in gardens under the name of
Niphobolus rupestris, is a native of Australia and New Zealand. It produces
from a wide-creeping rhizome clothed with scales of a rusty-brown colour its
small, round, barren fronds and its longer and narrower fertile ones, some-
times 6in. long and seldom more than din. broad. Both kinds are of a
leathery texture and have their under-surface densely coated with a whitish
substance of a woolly nature. The large and prominent sori (spore masses)
ultimately cover the whole of the upper part of the fertile fronds. P. serpens
of Swartz is synonymous with P. Swarizii, a plant of smaller dimensions.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 46. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, 1., t. 20.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i., p. 193.
P. (Goniophlebium) serratifolium—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; ser-ra-tif-ol’-
i-um (saw-toothed-leaved). A variety of P. subauriculatum.
P. serrulatum—ser-rul-a’-tum (slightly saw-edged), Mettenius.
A stove species, of botanical interest only, with fronds seldom exceeding
6in. in length. It has a range of habitat extending from the West Indies
and Mexico to Brazil, Peru, and Juan Fernandez; it is also found in
Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Sandwich Islands.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
iv., p. 174, Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i., p. 193.
P. (Grammitis) sessilifolium—Gram-mi’-tis ; ses-sil-if-ol’-i-um (stalkless-
leaved), Hooker.
This stove species, native of Malaysia and the Philippine Islands, is of
small dimensions. Its entire fronds, gradually narrowed below the point,
bluntish, and with the edge slightly undulated, measure from 3in. to 6in. in
214 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
length and barely tin. in breadth; their texture is somewhat leathery and
both sides are naked. The abundant- oblong sori (spore masses) are placed
end to end in two long rows close to the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
iv., p. 168, t. 272a. .
P. setigerum—se-tig’-er-um (bristly), Blume.
A stove species, native of Java, with entire (undivided) fronds 8in. to
12in. long and din. to fin. broad, borne on densely-tufted stalks 2in. to 3in.
long thickly clothed with long, soft hairs of a rusty-brown colour. They are
sharp-pointed at the extremity, and the lower part is narrowed rather suddenly ;
they are of a somewhat leathery texture and thinly clothed on both surfaces
with long, soft hairs like those of the stalks. The numerous round sori
(spore masses) are disposed in long rows close to the midrib.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 171; Second Century of Ferns, t. 41.
P. Sieberianum — Sie-ber-i-a’-num (Sieber’s).
This is synonymous with P. cyatheefolium.
P. simplex—sim’-plex (simple, undivided). A
variety of P. lineare.
P. (Phymatodes) sinuosum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ;
sin-ti-o’-sum (wavy-edged), Wallich.
This small-growing, stove species, native of
Malaysia, the New Hebrides, and the Solomon
Islands, is very distinct through its barren and
fertile fronds being totally dissimilar. The former,
3in. to 6in. long and Hin. to lin. broad, have their
Fee Pah eanhia ances edge entire, whereas the fertile ones are longer and
(4 nat. size). have their edge undulated. Both fronds are of a
leathery texture and naked on both sides. Their
large, round or oblong spore masses are situated at or near the margin of the
frond, in which they are immersed. Fig. 61 is reduced from Col. Beddome’s
“Ferns of British India,” by the kind permission of the author.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 61, t. 274. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii.,
p. 193. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 8.
POLYPODIUM. 215
P. Skinneri—Skin’-ner-i (Skinner’s), Llvvker.
A stove species, native of Guatemala, producing from a wide-creeping
rhizome clothed with broad, pale scales, fronds 6in. to 9in, long and 1}in. to
2in. broad. These, borne on rigid stalks 2in. long, are cut down nearly or
quite to the rachis into numerous close, narrow, slightly-notched leaflets of
a somewhat leathery texture, and thinly clothed on their under-surface with
minute scales. The spore masses are disposed in two long rows.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 276s.
P. solidum—sol’-id-um (firm), Mettenius.
The fronds of this stove species, native of Java, are produced from a stout
rhizome clothed with rusty-brown scales, and borne on firm, erect, naked
stalks lin. long. They are from 6in. to Sin. long, Zin. broad, and cut down
nearly to the rachis into close, distinctly-toothed, bluntish lobes of a leathery
texture and naked on both sides. The spore masses are disposed in one
regular row on each side of the midvein.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 193.
P. (Phymatodes) soridens—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; sor’-id-ens (having toothed
sori), Hooker.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of Borneo, producing from
a wide-creeping rhizome clothed with rough, reddish scales, its rigid, leathery
fronds, 4in. to 12in. long, din. to din. broad, very gradually narrowed to both
ends, and glossy on both sides. The barren ones are entire, while the fertile
ones are undulated, forming lobes in each of which one spore mass is
immersed ; these produce a very distinct, nipple-like appearance on the upper
surface.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 61, t. 2838.
P. sororium—sor-o’-ri-um (related), Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth.
A stove species, native of Cuba, Mexico, and Peru, with fronds lft. to
2ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, borne on erect, naked stalks Gin. to 12in. long,
and produced from a stout, wide-creeping rhizome densely clothed with small,
pale brown scales. The lowest leaflets, which are the largest and stalkless,
often measure 6in. in length; they are sharp-pointed and slightly undulated
at the edge, of a soft, papery texture, and naked on both sides. The spore
masses are disposed in distinct rows nearer the midrib than the edge—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 219. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 198.
216 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Dictyopteris) sparsiflorum — Dic-t¥-op’-ter-is ; spar-sif-lo’-rum
(having scattered flowers), Hooker.
This robust-growing, stove species, native of Sierra de Crystal and Old
Calabar, West Tropical Africa, produces from a thick aud conspicuously-
knotted rhizome its fronds 2ft. to 3ft. long and Ift. or more in breadth.
These are borne on stalks 14ft. long, and furnished with leaflets 7in. to Sin.
long, ldin. to 2in. broad, sharp-pointed at their summit, narrowed at the
base, of a soft, papery texture, and naked on both sides, The small and
abundant sori (spore masses) are irregularly scattered over the whole under-
surface.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 92.
P. spectabile — spe:-ta’-bil-é (remarkable). This is synonymous with
Nephrodium villosum. '
P. (Phymatodes) spectrum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; spec’-trum (spectral),
Kaulfuss.
This stove species, better known in gardens under the name of Colysis
spectra, is a plant of distinct appearance, native of the Sandwich Islands.
Its fronds, produced from a creeping rhizome of a woody nature, and borne
on erect, naked stalks 3in. to 4in. long, are somewhat halbert-shaped, their
central lobe being sharp-pointed, while the lateral ones are sometimes rounded ;
they are of a firm texture and naked on both sides. The small and abundant
spore masses are irregularly scattered over the whole under-surface.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 74.
P. (Drynaria) splendens—Dryn-a’-ri-a ; splen’-dens (splendid), Hooker.
In this stove species, native of Singapore and the Philippines, the fronds,
which are produced from a rhizome of a woody nature and clothed with grey
scales, are barren in their lower part and fertile in their upper portion only ;
they are almost stalkless, 2ft. to 3ft. long and lft. or more in breadth. The
barren leaflets are 4in. to 8in. long, lin. to 2in. broad, and closely set, while
the fertile ones, though of the same length, are distant, strap-shaped, and
only jin. to din. broad. The abundant oblong spore masses fill up the
whole under-surface of the fertile leaflets except the midrib—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 96.
POLYPODIUM. 217
P. (Phegopteris) splendidum -— Phe-gop’-ter-is ; splen/-did-um
(splendid), Kaul/uss.
A stove species, of large dimensions and somewhat arborescent habit,
native of Brazil, where it is said to be common. Its ample and much-divided
fronds, 4ft. to 6ft. long, borne on strong, smooth stalks 2ft. or more in
length, have their lower leaflets 1ft. to 1}ft. long, Gin. to 8in. broad, and
furnished with distinct leafits, which are again divided into numerous blunt,
entire lobes of a soft, papery texture, and slightly hairy underneath. The
spore masses are disposed in a row on each side of and close to the midrib.
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 312.
P. sporadocarpum-—spor-ad-oc-ar’-pum (spore-fruited). This is a variety
of P. aureum.
P. sporadolepis—spor-ad-ol’-ep-is (having scaly spores), Kunze.
This is 4 stove species, native of Colombia and Ecuador, closely
resembling P. plebeiwm, but of a slenderer habit, and furnished with narrower,
distant leaflets and an ebeneous (blackish) rachis—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p. 336.
P. Sprucei—Spru’-cé-i (Spruce’s), Hooker.
A stove species, of botanical interest only, with entire fronds, seldom
more than 2in. high and very hairy on both sides. It is a native of Eastern
Peru.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 172.
P. (Goniophlebium) squamatum—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; squa-ma/-tum
(scaly), Linneeus.
This stove species, native of the West Indies, Mexico, and Peru, is
provided with a stout, wide-creeping rhizome clothed with spear-shaped scales,
-from which its fronds, borne on rigid stalks 6in. to 12in. long and of a scaly
nature, are produced. These fronds are Gin. to 12in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad,
and cut down nearly or quite to the rachis into bluntish leaflets lin, to 2in.
long, dilated and often united at the base. The under-surface is densely
coated with minute scales of a rough nature, and the large and copious spore
masses are disposed in one row on each side of the midvein.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 209. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 193.
218 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. squamulosum—squa-mul-o’-sum (scaly), Kunze.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of Brazil and St. Catharine’s
Island; it is a very interesting and distinct Fern, and was introduced into
the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1843. Its barren and fertile fronds are totally
dissimilar: the former are spathulate (spoon-shaped) and about 3in. long ;
the latter, on the contrary, are so contracted as to become quite strap-shaped
and almost linear. Both kinds are of a leathery texture, whitish in the young
state, but becoming pale brown with age. The spore masses, of a conspicuous
bright yellow colour, are disposed in one row on each side of the midrib.
The venation is, like that of P. lycopodioides, very pretty, but, the fronds being
less transparent, the veins are not so plainly visible—Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, i., t. 50; i, t. 39B.
P. (Goniopteris) stegnogrammoides—Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; steg-nog-ram-
mo-i’-des (Stegnogramma-like), Baker.
This stove species, native of the Sandwich Islands, is of a somewhat
arborescent habit and large dimensions. Its simply-pinnate fronds, borne on
firm, upright stalks 12ft. to 2ft. long, are 2ft. to 8ft. long and lft. or more
broad. Their leaflets are 6in. to 9in. long, 1}in. broad, sharp-pointed at the
apex, bluntly lobed about a quarter of the way down, of a somewhat leathery
texture, and slightly hairy underneath. The spore masses are disposed in rows
near the midrib. P. sandvicense of Hooker is identical with this species.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 5.
P. (Phymatodes) stenophyllum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; sten-oph-yl’-lum
(narrow-leaved), Blume.
This stove species, native of Malaysia and the Philippine Islands, is
provided with a moderately thick, wide-creeping rhizome densely clothed with
narrow scales of a pale colour, from which the entire fronds, borne on firm
stalks lin. or more long, are produced. These fronds are 4in. to 9in. long, Hin.
to 3in. broad, and gradually narrowed to both ends; they are of a very
leathery texture and naked on both sides. The spore masses, which form
a single row close to the edge, are completely immersed and very prominent
on the upper side.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 65. Beddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 234.
POLYPODIUM. 219
P. (Phymatodes) stigmaticum — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; stig-mat’-ic-um
(dotted), Presi.
A stove species, of small dimensions and of botanical interest only, native
of Colombia. Its nearly stalkless, entire fronds (Fig. 62), 4in. to din. long
and about lin. broad, are produced from a wide-creeping, slender, scaly
rhizome ; they are rounded at the extremity, gradually
narrowed towards the base, of a somewhat leathery
texture, and naked on both sides. The spore masses
are disposed on the connected veinlets. This species is
closely related to the better-known P. lycopodioides,
but is of thinner texture—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p- 86. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 194-
P. (Niphobolus) stigmosum — Niph-ob’-ol-us ;
stig-mo’-sum (dotted), Swartz.
This stove species, native of Malaysia, New Guinea,
and° Northern India, where it is said to occur up to
2000ft. elevation, may be readily distinguished from all
other species belonging to the group by the much 6? Frond of Polypodium
: : : tigmati
larger size of its fronds, which are 14ft. to 2ft. long, et
2in. to 3in. broad, and borne on firm, erect stalks lin. erent
to Gin. long ; they are sharp-pointed at the summit, gradually narrowed at the
lower part, of a somewhat leathery texture, smooth on the upper surface, and
woolly underneath. The very small, quite continuous sori (spore masses) are
disposed in several rows, sometimes covering the whole frond, except the very
base.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 50. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii, p. 194. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 120.
P. (Goniophlebium) subauriculatum — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; sub-
aur-ic-ul-a’-tum (slightly eared), Blume.
This stove species, native of Malaysia and the Philippine Islands, is
probably one of the best-known and most extensively cultivated of the whole
genus. It is a very useful and decorative plant, and as a basket Fern for
the warm house it has hardly any equal (see Plate), its graceful fronds, which
are produced from a wide-creeping rhizome clothed with small, dull-coloured
220 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
scales, attaining 8ft. to 10ft. or more in length and 8in. to 12in. in breadth.
They are borne on firm, naked stalks Gin. to 12in. long and of a glossy
nature ; their leaflets, 4in. to 6in. long and in. to lin. broad, are slightly
toothed in young plants, whereas in older specimens the fronds have their
leaflets set farther apart and narrower, with smooth edges, rounded or even
auricled (eared) at the base. The sori (spore masses), as in several other
species, are immersed in the leaflets, forming little protuberances on their
upper surface. P. Reinwardtii is synonymous with this species.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 32. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 194.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, i, t. 37. Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 78.
P. subauriculatum is a Fern which can with great advantage be utilised
for covering dead trunks of Tree Ferns; in such positions it makes a very
beautiful object and grows apace, as it delights in sending its roots and
rhizomes into partly-decayed vegetable matter. In the centre of a warm
conservatory it makes a Fern surpassing all others in elegance, and where
there is plenty of height to allow the fronds space to hang, a specimen with
numberless fronds 10ft. to 12ft. long is a sight not easily forgotten. If grown
in a basket, it will derive great benefit from a small portion of chopped
sphagnum added to the mixture of soil, and will stand a fair amount
of strong light.
P. s. serratifolium — ser-ra-tif-ol’-i-um (having saw-toothed leaves),
Brackenridge.
This variety differs from the typical species in having the leaflets of its
fronds deeply toothed.
P. subdigitatum—sub-dig-it-a’-tum (almost digitate), Blume.
A beautiful and well-marked, greenhouse species, native of Northern
India, being found in Nepaul and Sikkim at ‘elevations varying between
7000ft. and 8000ft. Its ample, much-divided fronds, borne on firm, naked
stalks 1ft. or more in length, are 2ft. or more in length and 1ft. to 14ft. broad.
The lower leaflets are the largest, frequently measuring Qin. in length and
4in. in breadth. The leaflets are cut into spear-shaped leafits often 2in. long,
which in their turn are subdivided into segments with blunt lobes. They
POLYPODIUM. 221
are of a soft, papery texture and dark green colour, and the spore masses are
disposed at their extremity.—//ooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 256. Beddome,
Ferns of British India, t. 259.
P. subfalcatum—sub-fal-ca’-tum (somewhat sickle-shaped), blume.
This distinct, greenhouse species, of small dimensions, is a native of
Northern India, occurring at various elevations up to 8000ft. Its erect and
somewhat hairy fronds, 6in. to 9in. long and jin. to lin. broad, are borne
on stalks less than lin. long, thinly clothed with soft, spreading hairs.
The close, spreading, sharply-toothed leaflets are of a soft, papery texture,
and slightly hairy on both sides. The small,
round spore masses are disposed in rows, one
to each tooth, half-way between the midrib and
the margin. Fig. 63 is reduced from Col.
Beddome’s “Ferns of British India,’ by the
kind permission of the author.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 193. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii, p. 194. Beddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 76.
P. (Niphobolus) subfurfuraceum—Niph-
ob’-ol-us ; sub-fur-fur-a’-cé-um (somewhat
scurfy), Hooker.
A strong-growing species, producing from a
short-creeping rhizome its entire fronds 1}ft. to
2ft. long, 4in. to 5in. broad, sharp-pointed at
; Fig. 63, Polypodium subfalcatum
their summit, gradually narrowed at their lower ( nat. size).
part, of a leathery texture, naked on their upper
surface, but somewhat rough with a woolly substance underneath. The spore
masses are disposed in one or two irregular rows of six to ten each,—
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 52. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 259.
P. (Phegopteris) submarginalis—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; sub-mar-gin-a’-lis
(nearly marginal), Langsdorff and Fischer.
A stove species, native of Brazil and Venezuela, with fronds 2ft. long
and Sin, to 10in, broad; their leaflets, 4in, to Sin. long, are deeply cleft into
222 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
somewhat sickle-shaped segments, along the margins of which the spore
masses are disposed in a regular line, and so closely as to eventually become
confluent.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 49.
P. subpetiolatum—sub-pet-i-ol-a’-tum (short-stalked), Hooker.
This robust-growing, stove species is a native of Mexico, Guatemala, and
Cuba, and, according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew,
in 1845. Its simply-pinnate fronds, of a particularly arching habit, are
produced from a stout, underground, fleshy rhizome, densely clothed with
rusty-brown scales. They are borne on very short stalks, measure 3ft. or
more in length and 6in. to 8in. in breadth, and are furnished with numerous
closely-set leaflets 3in. to 4in. long and destitute of a footstalk. The leaflets
are bluntish at their extremity, rounded or slightly eared at the base, of
a pale green colour, and peculiarly soft in texture. The spore masses are
disposed in rows nearer the midrib than the edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
iv., p. 220. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 194. Lowe, Ferns
British and Exotic, it., t. 11.
P. s. biserratum—tbis-er-ra’-tum (twice-serrated), Mertens and Galeotti.
Mr. Baker gives this as merely a variety of the above, with fronds much
more elongated, leaflets more numerous, and spore masses more distant.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 337.
P. subpinnatifidum — sub-pin-na-tif’-id-um (somewhat deeply cleft),
Hooker.
A small-growing, stove species, native of Java and the Sandwich Islands.
It has almost stalkless fronds, 4in. to 6in. long, cut down nearly to the
rachis into lobes, the upper edge of which is nearly straight and horizontal,
and the lower one very oblique; they are of a somewhat leathery texture
and naked on both sides. The spore masses are disposed one in each
lobe.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 177.
P. subserratum—sub-ser-ra’-tum (somewhat saw-edged), Hooker.
This stove species, native of Borneo, produces from a creeping rhizome
fronds 8in. long and 2in. broad, cut down nearly to the rachis into close,
POLYPODIUM. 223
blunt, entire lobes only din. broad. They are borne on erect, rigid, slender
stalks 4in. to 5in. long, clothed with short, black hairs, are of a soft, papery
texture, and are naked on both sides—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 202.
P. subsessile—sub-ses’-sil- (almost stalkless), Baker.
A stove species, native of Colombia, Guiana, and Ecuador, having
distinctly-pinnate fronds 6in. to 18in. long and 1#in. to Yin. broad, and with
scarcely any stalk. The distant, linear, bluntish leaflets are entire or slightly
notched, and suddenly enlarged at the base so as to be almost or quite
connected ; the lower ones are reduced to a mere zivzag wing to the rachis.
The fronds are of a soft, papery texture, naked or even glossy on both sides,
and the spore masses are disposed in two long rows.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 192, t. 275z.
P. (Phymatodes) superficiale — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; sup-er-fic-i-a’-lé
(superficial), Blume.
A greenhouse species, of little decorative value, with entire fronds gradually
narrowed at both ends; it is characterised in the group by its large, copious,
irregularly-scattered spore masses. It is a native of Northern India, where
it is found at various elevations from 3000ft. to 6000ft—Hovker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 71. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 75.
P. (Goniophlebium) surrucuchense — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; sur-ru-
cuch-en’-sé (native of Surrucuchu), Hooker.
In this stove species, native of Ecuador and the West Indies, the distinctly-
pinnate fronds, borne on firm, naked stalks 6in. to 12in. long and of a glossy
nature, are produced from a stout rhizome densely clothed with grey, spear-
shaped scales ; they are from lft. to 2ft. long, Sin. to 12in. broad, and furnished
with numerous leaflets 4in. to 6in. long, of a leathery texture, and naked on
both sides, with prominent spore masses disposed in a single series.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 80; Icones Filicum, t. 69. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 194.
P. (Phymatodes) Swartzii—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; Swartz/-i-i (Swartz’s), Baker.
A stove species, of botanical interest only, also known as P. serpens of
Swartz, native of Cayenne and the West Indies. It produces from a slender,
224 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS. +
wide-creeping rhizome its entire, nearly stalkless fronds, seldom more than
4in. long.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 35. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, ili., p. 194.
P. sylvaticum — syl-vat’-ic-um (sylvan). This is a form of Aspidium
aculeatum.
P. (Phegopteris) tarapotense—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; ta-ra-pot-en’-sé (from
Tarapota), Baker.
The handsome and much-divided fronds of this stove species, native of the
Andes of Kast Peru, are borne on stout, brown stalks lft. or more in length,
clothed with large, brown, spear-shaped scales; they are 2ft. to 23ft. long,
1ft. broad, oblong, and tripinnatifid (three times divided nearly to the midrib).
The short-stalked, spear-shaped leaflets are cut down to the rachis into notched,
bluntish leafits of a moderately firm texture, dark green on both sides, and
slightly hairy on their under-surface. The sori (spore masses) are disposed
in a single series midway between the midrib and the edge of the leafits—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 505.
P. (Dictyopteris) Tatei—Dic-t¥-op’-ter-is ; Ta’-te-i (Tate’s), Baker.
A stove species, native of Chontales, Nicaragua, with fronds pinnate
(divided to the midrib) in the lower part only, their upper half showing only
short, blunt lobes. These fronds are borne on naked stalks 6in. or more in
length, and their leafy portion measures 2ft. to 3ft. in length and 1ft. to 14ft. in
breadth ; they are of a firm, parchment-like texture and dark green in colour,
and the scantily-produced spore masses are irregularly scattered, mostly near
or at the edge.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 506.
P. taxifolium—tax-if-ol’-i-um (Yew-leaved), Zinneus.
This distinct, small-growing, stove species, native of Guatemala, Ecuador,
and South Brazil, produces from a stout, scaly rhizome fronds 6in. to 12in.
long, 14in. to 3in. broad, and cut down to the rachis into close, entire, blunt
leaflets seldom more than Zin. broad. These leaflets are of a somewhat
leathery texture, dark green in colour, and bear their spore masses close to
the midveins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 200.
POLYPODIUM. 225
P. tenellum—ten-el’-lum (very tender), Forster.
This very distinct, greenhouse species, native of Australia, New Zealand,
and New Caledonia, is provided with a wide-climbing rhizome of a woody
nature, from which the fronds, borne on firm, nearly naked stalks 2in.
to 3in. long and jointed near the base, are produced. These fronds are,
when fully developed, of a naturally drooping habit,
lft. to 2ft. long, Qin. to 4in. broad, and furnished
with entire or slightly-notched leaflets 2in. to 3in.
long, narrowed to both ends, of a soft, papery
texture, and naked on both sides. The spore masses
are disposed in rows near the edge. P. Filipes is
SS SSS
a name applied to this plant when in a young state
(Fig. 64).—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 217.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 194.
P. (Dictyopteris) tenerifrons — Dic-ty-op’- Fig. 64, Rhizome, with Fronds, of
ter-is; ten-er’-if-rons (tender-fronded), Hooker. Polypodium at ina
: . young state
A distinct-looking, stove species, native of Moul- Gnaett xedneed,
mein and West Tropical Africa, with fronds deltoid
(in shape of the Greek delta, A), produced from a small, creeping rhizome of
a fragile nature, and borne on tender stalks 8in. to 12in. long. They are 6in.
to 12in. each way, distinctly pinnate in their lower part, and pinnatifid only
in their upper portion; their texture is very thin and their colour bright
green. The spore masses are disposed in rows near the main veins.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 104. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 4.
P. tenuifolium—ten-t-if-ol’-i-um (slender-fronded), Humboldt, Bonpland,
and Kunth.
The distinctly-pinnate fronds of this stove species, native of the West
Indies and Colombia, are produced from a stout rhizome clothed with reddish-
brown scales, and borne on slender, naked, erect stalks 2in. to 3in. long ;
they are 8in. to 12in. long, 13in. to 2in. broad, and cut down to the rachis
into distant, narrow leaflets of a soft, papery texture and naked on both sides.
The slightly-immersed spore masses are disposed in two rows of six to ten
each to a leaflet. P. Otites is identical with this species.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 192. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 194.
VOL. III. : Q
226 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. tetragonum — tet-rag-o’-num (four-angled). A garden synonym of
P. androgynum.
P. Thwaitesii—Thwaites’-i-i (Thwaites’s), Beddome.
This small-growing, stove species is of botanical interest only, its some-
what spear-shaped, blunt, leathery fronds, of a dull green colour, being seldom
more than 4in. in length. It is a native of Ceylon.—Beddome, Ferns of
British India, t. 188. Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 508.
P. (Goniophlebium) thyssanolepis—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; thys-san-
ol’-ep-is (having fringed scales), A. Brongniart.
A small-growing, stove species, native of Mexico and Peru, provided with
a slender yet firm, wide-creeping rhizome, from which the fronds, borne on
stiff, erect stalks 3in. to 12in. long and of a scaly nature, are produced. These
fronds are 3in. to Yin. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, and only once divided to the
midrib, with blunt, ascending, strap-shaped leaflets, all except the lowest
enlarged at the base ; they are of a thick and somewhat leathery texture, dull
green, and nearly naked on their upper surface, while their under-side is
densely clothed with small, distinctly-fringed scales. The spore masses are
disposed in a single series near the midveins.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p- 512. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 194.
P. (Goniopteris) tomentosum — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; to-men-to/-sum
(downy), Bory.
This distinct, stove species, native of Madagascar, produces fronds ltt.
long and Gin. to 9in. broad, on rather slender, erect, short stalks of a densely
hairy nature. The lowest leaflets, which are the largest, are distinctly stalked,
din. to 4in. long, about jin. broad, and have their edge nearly entire or
slightly lobed. The fronds are of a soft though rather thick texture, and
clothed on both surfaces with soft, brown hairs. The small and abundant
spore masses are scattered over the whole of the under-surface.——Aooker,
Species Filicum, v., p. 14.
P. tovarense—to-va-ren’-sé (from Tovar, Colombia), Klotzsch.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, with fronds of a flaccid nature,
borne on very short, wiry, naked stalks. These fronds are 4in. to 12in. long,
POLYPODIUM. 227
din. broad, and cut down nearly to the rachis into lobes nearly as broad as
deep, irregular in shape, and notched on their upper edge; their texture is
somewhat leathery, their colour pale green, and they are naked on both sides.
The large and conspicuous spore masses are arranged one to three in the
centre of the lobes.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 324.
P. trichodes—trich-o’-des (hair-like), Reinwardt.
The natural habitat of this magnificent, delicate-looking, greenhouse species
is somewhat doubtful, for, while Nicholson gives it as a native of the East
Indies and dates its introduction into this country to 1840, Lowe states that
“ P. trichodes came up spontaneously at the Royal Gardens, Kew, in the year
1849.” In general appearance it is not unlike a gigantic Asplenium (Athyrium)
Filiz-femina. Its handsome fronds, borne on strong stalks scaly at the base
and hairy upwards, are from 3ft. to 5ft. long, twice or three times divided to
the midrib, and furnished with finely-cut, bluntly-lobed segments; they are
of a soft, papery texture, vivid green in colour, and smooth on both sides.
The abundant round, brownish spore masses are disposed one to five to
a segment.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 2. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, il., p. 194.
P. trichomanoides—trich-om-an-0-i/-des (Trichomanes-like), Swartz.
A stove species, of little decorative value, its simply-pinnate fronds, of
a somewhat leathery texture and slightly hairy on both sides, being seldom
more than 4in. long, and borne on tufted, short stalks clothed with soft,
spreading hairs. It is a native of Cuba, Brazil, Ecuador, Juan Fernandez,
Ascension Island, &ce—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 178. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 194. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 2.
P. (Niphobolus) tricuspe—Niph-ob’-ol-us ; tric-us’-pé (three-pointed),
Swartz.
This greenhouse species, native of Japan and Korea, is the only one of
the group in which the fronds are not quite entire. These are produced from
a stout, woody rhizome, and borne on firm, erect stalks 6in. to 8in. long.
Their leafy portion, 2in. to 4in. each way, halbert-shaped, and of a leathery
texture, is naked and dark green on their upper surface, and densely matted
Q 2
228 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
underneath ; the central lobe is broadly spear-shaped, and the lateral ones,
spreading and much smaller, are distinctly auricled (eared) at the base. The
minute and abundant spore masses are disposed in rows of three or four
between the main veins and .of nine to twelve between the midrib and the
edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 44.
P. (Phymatodes) trifidum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; trif’-id-um (thrice-cut), Don.
This greenhouse species, of medium dimensions, also known in gardens
under the name of P. oxylobum, is a native of China, Japan, and Northern
India, where it is found up to 7000ft. elevation. Its fronds, 6in. to 12in.
long and Gin. to 8in. broad, are produced from a stout rhizome clothed with
narrow, rough scales of a rusty-brown colour, and borne on firm, erect stalks
3in. to 6in. long and of a glossy nature; they are composed of a terminal
lobe and from one to five pairs of similar lateral ones, ‘4in. to 6in. long and
narrowed to the point. The fronds are of a leathery texture, naked on both
sides, and have their spore masses disposed in a single series, and one only
between each main vein.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 77. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 194.
P. trifurcatum—trif-ur-ca’-tum (thrice-forked), Linnaeus.
This stove species, native of Jamaica, whence it was introduced into
England in 1824, is also known under the name of P. scolopendrioides. Its
specific name, ¢rifurcatum, was founded on a forked form figured by Plumier.
Tt@ fronds, borne on stalks 3in. to 5in. long and more or less hairy, are
produced from stout, creeping rhizomes densely clothed with narrow scales.
They are Gin. to Yin. long, lin. or more in breadth, and cut into broad,
blunt, entire lobes of a leathery texture and naked on both sides. The
abundant and conspicuous spore masses are disposed in two rows in each lobe
and immersed.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 194. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, ii., p. 194. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 41a.
P. (Goniophlebium) trilobum—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; tril/-ob-um (three-
lobed), Cavanilles.
A greenhouse species, native of Chili, producing from a stout, scaly
rhizome broadly-triangular fronds Gin. to 12in. each way and borne on firm,
POLYPODIUM. 229
erect, glossy stalks 4in. to Gin. long. The fronds are formed of an entire or
slightly-toothed terminal leaflet and one to three similar ones on each side ;
these are 3in. to 4in. long, of a somewhat leathery texture, and naked on
both sides. The oblong spore masses are quite immersed.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 22.
P. (Phymatodes) triquetrum—Phy-mat-o’-dés ; tri-quet’-rum (three-
sided), Blume.
The fronds of this stove species, native of Java, are produced frora
a stout, woody rhizome densely covered with blunt scales, and borne on firm,
erect stalks 4in. to 8in. long. The barren and the fertile ones are distinct in
shape, the former being 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, sharp-pointed, and
with an entire edge; while the fertile ones are longer and narrower. Both
are of a very leathery texture and naked on both sides. The spore masses,
which are not immersed, are disposed in two close rows between the main
veins, five to eight between the midrib and edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 63. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 194.
P. (Phegopteris) unidentatum — Phe-gop’-ter-is ; u-nid-en-ta’-tum
(once-toothed), Hooker and Arnott.
A stove species, of large dimensions, native of the Sandwich Islands,
producing ample fronds 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more in breadth, and deltoid
(in shape of the Greek delta, A). These fronds are borne on tufted stalks
1ft. long, and clothed with rough, dark brown scales, especially towards their
base. The lowest leaflets, which are the largest and of the same shape as
the frond itself, are 6in. to Qin. long, 4in. to 5in. broad, and furnished with
spear-shaped leafits, cut into distinct segments, which are deeply cleft, of
a soft, papery texture, and naked on both sides. The spore masses are
disposed close to the margin.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 267. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 194.
P. (Phegopteris) unisorum—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; u-nis-or’-um (having one
sorus), Baker.
This very distinct, little, stove species, native of the Sandwich Islands,
is a botanical curiosity. Its oblong-spear-shaped fronds, 2in. to 3in. long and
230 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
lin. broad, borne on slender, tufted, dark purplish-brown stalks lin. long,
are composed of horizontal leaflets terminating in a roundish lobe, and are
provided with one or two similar lobes on each side. These leaflets are of
a leathery texture, naked on both sides, and have one large sorus (spore
mass) at the base of each lobe.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 307.
P. (Goniopteris) urophyllum — Go-ni-op’-ter-is ; u-roph-yl’/-lum (tail-
leaved), Wallich.
This strong-growing, stove species, native of Ceylon, Malaysia, and
Queensland, produces from a creeping rhizome its fronds, which are 2ft. to
4ft. long, lft. to 14ft. broad, and borne on stout, upright stalks 2ft. or more
in length. They are composed of a terminal leaflet, and have usually several
on each side, which are sometimes lft. long and more than 2in. broad ; their
edge is entire or very slightly lobed, their extremity sharp-pointed, and
their base narrowed and maimed. The texture is somewhat leathery, and the
spore masses are disposed sometimes in two close rows
fj and sometimes in one row only.— Hooker, Species Filicum,
MW v., p. 9. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 239.
Wy
WZ
fe P. u. rubrinerye—rub-rin-er’-vé (having red nerves),
Baker.
Though considered as scarcely more than a variety
of P. urophyllum, this Fern, native of Aneiteum and the
Fiji Islands, is distinct through the dark green colour
of its leaflets, naked on both sides, and also through
the reddish tint of its midribs.— Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 315.
P. (Goniophlebium) vacciniifolium — Go-ni-
Fig, 65. Creeping Rhizome of oph-leb’-i-um ; vac-ci-ni-if-ol/-i-um (Whortle-
Peyp sali Be ie berry-leaved), Fischer and Langsdorff.
Though of small dimensions, this stove Fern, native
of the West Indies, Brazil, and St. Catharine Island, is very distinct and
interesting. Its stalkless or nearly stalkless fronds (Fig. 65), produced from
a slender and very wide-creeping, densely-scaly rhizome, are of two different
POLYPODIUM. 931
forms: the barren ones, roundish or elliptical, are of a dark green colour and
very conspicuously veined ; the fertile ones are longer, narrower, and _ strap-
shaped. Both kinds are of a leathery texture and quite naked on both sides.
The large spore masses are disposed in one series only.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 35. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iti., p. 194. Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 41a.
P. (Goniophlebium) vacillans — Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; vac-il’-lans
(wavering). A garden synonym of P. loriceum latipes.
P. variabile —var-i-a/-bil-é (variable). A synonym of P. heteromorphum.
P. Veitchii—Veitch’-i-i (Veitch’s), Baker.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Japan, with three-
or five-lobed fronds in shape of the Greek delta, A, and lin. to 14in. long.
These are produced from a slender, creeping rhizome clothed with pale brown
scales, and born on very slender stalks less than lin. long; they are of
a somewhat thin texture, smooth, and of a pale green colour, and their oblong
segments, Hin. to $in. broad, are blunt and minutely notched, the lowest side
ones reaching down nearly to the rachis. The sori (spore masses) are globose,
large for the size of the plant, and form a single row nearer the midrib than
the edge. This species is allied to the Himalayan P. erythrocarpum.—Baker,
Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1880, p. 494.
P. (Phymatodes) venosum — Phy-mat-o'-dés ; ve-no’-sum (veined).
A synonym of P. lycopodioides.
P. venulosum—ve-nul-o’-sum (small-veined), Blume.
This distinctly-pinnate, stove species, native of Malaysia, much resembles
the better-known P. pectinatum in habit. Its fronds, cut down to the rachis
throughout into close, horizontal leaflets, are 1ft. to 14ft. long, lin. to l4in.
broad, and borne on tufted, rigid, wiry stalks lin. to 3in. long; they are of
a somewhat leathery texture, dark green, and naked on both sides. The spore
masses are abundant and immersed.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 223.
P. venustum —ven-us’-tum (charming). This is a garden synonym
of P. himalayense.
232 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Goniophlebium) verrucosum—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; ver-ru-co’-sum
(warted), Wallich.
A really magnificent, stove species, of large dimensions, native of Malaysia
and the Philippine Islands. Its distinctly-pinnate fronds, 3ft. to 4ft. long and
1ft. broad, are borne on firm, erect, naked stalks 14ft. to 2ft. long, and are
of a slender, pendulous habit ; they are furnished with numerous leaflets
6in. to 8in. long, Zin. to jin. broad, quite entire, and slightly hairy on both
sides. The spore masses, disposed in one regular row on each side of the
midrib, are prominent, and, being deeply immersed, form distinct protuberances
on the upper surface of the frond.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 31; Garden
Ferns, t. 41. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil., p. 195. Lowe, Ferns
British and Exotic, ii., t. 3. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 257.
P. villosissimum—vil-lo-sis’-sim-um (very hairy), Hooker.
This small, greenhouse species, native of Sierra Leone and Fernando Po,
is very distinct on account of the very hairy nature of its fronds and the
densely scaly nature of the stout, creeping rhizome from which they are
produced. The fronds are Gin. to 9in. long, Zin. to 14in. broad, and cut down
within a short-distance of the rachis into close, entire lobes of a leathery
texture, densely clothed on their under-side with long, soft, brown hairs.
The somewhat tufted stalks on which these fronds are borne, and which
measure 2in. to 4in. in length, are also clothed with fine, soft, spreading
hairs of the same colour. The sori (spore masses) are disposed in two rows
near the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 197.
P: (Goniophlebium) villosum—Go-ni-oph-leb’-i-um ; vil-lo’-sum (hairy),
Karsten.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of the Andes of New
Granada, with spear-shaped, distinctly-pinnate fronds produced from a woody
rhizome of a densely scaly nature and about }in. thick. These fronds, which
are gradually reduced at the base, are Yin. to 12in. long, 2in. to 24in. broad,
and furnished with twenty to thirty pairs of blunt, strap-shaped, entire
leaflets barely }in. broad and all enlarged at the base. They are of °°
a somewhat leathery texture, and very thick; their upper surface, of a dull
green colour, is nearly naked, and their under-side is densely clothed with
POLYPODIUM. 233
overlapping, spear-shaped, pale brown scales. The spore masses, which are
much raised, are disposed in a single row on each side of and close to the
midvein. P. (Phegopteris) villosum of Fée is synonymous with Nephrodium
pubescens.—looker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 512.
P. (Phegopteris) Vogelii—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Vo-gel/-i-i (Vogel’s), Hooker.
This beautiful, robust-growing Fern, native of Fernando Po, is very closely
related to P. conneeum, of which it is probably only a variety, with much-
divided fronds 4ft. or more in length and 2ft. broad, borne on. stalks
lift. to 2ft. long and furnished with narrow scales at their base. The
most distinctive characters, however, reside in the thicker texture of the
leafy portion, and in the larger sori (spore masses).—/ooker, Species
Filicum, iv., p. 271.
P. vulgare—vul-ga’-ré (common), Linneus.
Of the five species recognised as native of the British Islands—P. alpestre,
P. Dryopieris, P. Phegopteris, P. Robertianum, and LP. vulgare—the last,
popularly known as the “Common Polypody,” is the only one of an evergreen
nature ; it is as highly ornamental in midwinter as at any other time of the
year. It is one of the oldest Ferns accepted as truly British, for Dr. William
Turner, in the Second Part of his “ Herbal,’ published as far back as 1562,
gives, besides its description, a very fair woodcut of P. vulgare, which he
designates the ‘‘ Englishe Polypody, the Walle Ferne, or Oke Ferne.’’ Its
habitat, however, is far from being limited to the British Islands, where,
according to Thomas Moore, in “ The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland,”
it is stated to occur from the coast-level in the West of England to an
elevation of about 2100ft. in the Highlands of Scotland. Moore says: “ This
common English Fern appears to be also abundant over Europe, extending
from the Scandinavian Kingdoms throughout Central. and Western Europe to
Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, and Corfu on the Mediterranean side, and to Spain
and Portugal on the Atlantic side; whence it extends into Africa by the
Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Isles, occurring along the northern shore
of the Continent, as at Algiers, and again appearing in South Africa, in the
country of the Kafirs. In Asia, it is found in Siberia, and thence eastwards
to Kamtschatka, and westwards over the mountains of Western Asia to
Erzeroum, but appears wanting on the opposite side of the Continent, there
234 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
being no certain information of its occurrence either in China or India. In
North-West America it is widely dispersed, being found at Port Mulgrave,
Sitka, and the Slave River; thence through Columbia to Canada and the
United States on the one hand, and to California, Mexico, and Guatemala
on the other.”
The Common Polypody is so universally distributed throughout the
United Kingdom (where it is found growing naturally on walls, on roofs of
cottages, in hedges, on sandy banks, and particularly on old branches
of trees), that it is unnecessary to give
here a list of its haunts. On account of
its importance, however, we cannot refrain
from quoting here a very instructive
extract from E. J. Lowe’s excellent work,
“Qur Native Ferns” (vol. i, p. 25),
which runs as follows: ‘“ From the habit
of this plant a character is added to the
landscape where it grows. A group of
pollard Willows clothed with Polypodium
vulgare are both singular and interesting.
Fig. 66. Polypodium vulgare, showing (1) Habit and The Matlock and Cromford Woods are
(2) Portion of detached Frond
(1, much reduced ; 2, 4 nat. size).
carpeted over with this species, the
rhizomes spreading along the rocks and
amongst the moss in the wildest profusion. In higher, more exposed,
and consequently more bleak situations, the form becomes compact and
the size considerably stunted. A very dwarf variety, scarcely differing
from the normal form, occurs along the raised banks of the hedges in
the salt districts about Northwich, especially near Wincham, and a similar
variety I noticed, subsequently, on Helvellyn and Fairfield, in the Lake
District.”
Although the dimensions of the fronds of P. vulgare are greatly
influenced by the situation in which it grows, it may be stated generally that
they vary from 6in. to 12in. in length and from 3in. to Gin. in breadth, that
they are borne on firm, erect stalks 2in. to 4in. long, and that they are cut
down nearly or quite to the rachis into close, entire or slightly toothed,
usually blunt leaflets of a soft, papery, or sometimes stiffer texture and naked
POLYPODIUM. 235
on both sides. The sori (spore masses), usually disposed on the upper portion
of the fertile fronds, are at first much depressed and hardly noticeable ; but
when the fronds approach maturity, they become very attractive through
the orange-tawny colour and the shining nature of the little knobs disposed
in two regular rows on each leaflet (Fig. 66). P. (Drynaria) vulgare is
a synonym of P. Phymatodes.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 205; British
Ferns, t. 22. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 195. Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, i, t. 6; Ferns British and Exotic, i., t. 38. Eaton, Ferns of
North America, i., t. 31. Correvon, Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 142. Druery,
Choice British Ferns, p. 119.
P. vulgare is found most useful for adorning the hardy rockery, where
it proves very effective when growing in a mass, and the ease with which it
can be managed, coupled with its evergreen nature, greatly adds to its value
as a hardy decorative plant. In the culture of this species it is well to
imitate nature as closely as possible. To that effect it is necessary that the
spot selected should be shady, cool, and damp, yet without stagnant moisture.
The soil which best suits this species is one composed of leaf-mould, or a
vegetable compost, interspersed with a cool but not too moist clay or garden
mould. Following nature, the rhizomes should not be buried in the ground,
but fastened close down to it, the roots alone being covered. Another very
important point in connection with the cultivation of the Common Polypody
is that it must be planted where its rhizomes can take undisturbed possession
of the place selected, as it is only when the plants are well established that
they produce really beautiful foliage.
Besides being so highly useful for cultivation out of doors, the Common
Polypody and its several varieties are well adapted for the ornamentation
of the cool Fernery under glass, where they may be used with great
advantage and effect. Nearly every position is adapted to their requirements,
although the more elevated parts of the rockwork are preferable, and the
shady parts of the Fernery are also more suitable than those which are
exposed to strong light.
The only position in which these plants do not thrive is one in which
they are continually exposed to the dripping of water, for even occasional
thorough dryness at the roots does not cause the immediate destruction of
the fronds. In fact, as Mr. Stansfield, who makes a speciality of hardy
236 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
British Ferns, and who has most carefully studied their varied wants, truly
remarks, “No Ferns are more patient of neglect than the Polypodium
vulgare, though the cultivator will hardly be tempted to neglect it, or any
of its most beautiful varieties, which are perhaps the freest-growing. They
all particularly delight in the decaying trunks of old trees, so that in forming
a rockery, either in or out of doors, it is well to introduce some old stumps
for the purpose of fixing the rhizomes upon them, and filling the crevices
with a compost of fibrous peat, leaf-mould, and silver sand. In order to help
the establishing of the Ferns, which should be planted in close proximity to
some decaying wood, they should be securely fastened to the ground with
wooden pins in the first instance, taking care that the spot where they are
planted be thoroughly drained. In the greenhouse they also thrive equally
well in shallow pots or pans filled with the same compost, provided that
these be well drained.”
P. vulgare and its varieties are usually propagated by division, which
may be done at almost any time of the year, though spring is the most
suitable season. :
The Common Polypody is given to variation to such an extent that in
Mr. P. Neill Fraser’s list, published in 1865, over sixty forms are enumerated,
some of which, it is to be feared and regretted, have now completely
disappeared from collections. Some of the varieties differ from the species
only through the crested character of the fronds, which in most cases attain
a greater development than those of the typical plant; other varieties are
rendered more or less distinct by the notched nature of their leaflets or by
the plumose appearance of their fronds; while others, on account of their
fronds becoming decompound (much divided), are so unlike those of the
typical plant as to require the knowledge of the botanist to point out that
all these widely-different forms are really related to P. vulgare. The most
distinct varieties are here described :
P. v. acutum—ac-u’-tum (sharp-pointed), Moore.
This variety, originally found at Hartley Mandit, near Alton, Hants, and
subsequently on rocks in North Wales, in the meadows near Malden and Ewell,
Surrey, and in Cobham Park, Kent, differs from the normal species only in
the tips of the leaflets tapering into a long, sharp point. When in its
POLYPODIUM. 237
perfect character it forms a very elegant Fern——Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i.,
fig. 7. Moore, Nature-printed British Ferns.
P. v. a. Stansfieldii—Stans-field’-i-i (Stansfield’s), Lowe.
This broad-fronded variety, with long, narrow, acutely-pointed leaflets,
is distinct from the one just described and much handsomer. According to
E. J. Lowe, it was originally discovered near Cark, in Lancashire, by Mr.
Stansfield, and subsequently near Settle and near Milnthorpe by other
collectors.— Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., t. 9.
P. v. attenuatum—at-ten-ii-a’-tum (diminished), Wollaston.
In this variety the fronds are large and provided with narrow and much-
attenuated leaflets ; these are distantly placed, alternate (not opposite), slender,
and of a thin texture—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, 1., fig. 10.
P. v. aurito-dentatum — au-ri’-to-den-ta’-tum (eared and toothed),
Monkman.
The fronds of this singular variety, originally found growing upon a wall
near Lake Windermere, are normal in outline and provided with leaflets
strongly eared next the rachis and deeply toothed on their inferior margin. It
is a pretty Fern, of constant characters.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 8.
P. v. auritum—au-ri’-tum (eared), Moore.
This variety is readily distinguished by the ear-like appendage or leafit
attached, sometimes to the anterior, and at other times to the posterior, base
of the leaflets of its fronds, which are normal in outline. It seems to have
occurred simultaneously in various places, as, according to Lowe, it was
gathered near Windermere, near Sett'e, at Heldenley, near Malton, Fountain’s
Abbey, Keswick, and Bowness, and in North Wales.—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, i., fig. 9. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii, p. 195.
P. v. bifido-cristatum—bif’-id-o-cris-ta’-tum (twice-cleft and crested),
Moore?
Druery, in his excellent work ‘Choice British Ferns,” states that this is
a long, narrow, robust, crested form ; its short leaflets are fanned out at the
tips into rounded crests, and the frond-tip, repeatedly divided, forms a large,
flat tassel— Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 120.
238 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. v. bifidum—tbif’-id-um (forked), Moore.
A distinct and good variety, which has been found in various parts of
the Lake District, in Wales, on the Yorkshire Hills, at Arnside, near
Milnthorpe, in the Valley of the Conway, at Matlock, near Ambleside, at
Chaigeley Manor, near Clitheroe, &c. Its leaflets are variously forked,
occasionally three or four times cleft, sometimes almost branching and
developing into P. v. ramosum. Unfortunately, this variety is not of a very
constant nature, as Lowe states, in “Ferns British and Exotic” (vol. i,
p- 1138), that several beautiful plants of it which he collected at Matlock
lost nearly all their bifid character either under
. pot-culture or when planted in the open Fernery.
W iL, He adds that in 1853 in a wood near Cromford,
sh Ce Derbyshire, he came upon a patch half-a-dozen yards
SS = Ai ing square of P. v. bifidum, the fronds of which were
as TOG divided almost to the apex.—Lowe, Our Native
SON Le Ferns, i., fig. 12; Ferns British and Exotic, i,
~ f y b. E
Si AN’ + We p. 113. Moore, Nature- printed British Ferns.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 195.
P. v. cambricum — cam’-bric-um (Welsh),
_ Linneus.
This may be considered, not only as the most
distinct form of Polypody, but also as one of the
most beautiful Ferns in cultivation. It is the true
plumose form of the species, is of a dense and very
Fig. 67. Frond of Polypodium pleasing habit, and is constantly barren. Its beautiful
i brit : : :
a fronds (Fig. 67), which are much thinner and more
aia delicate in texture than those of the normal plant,
attain sometimes 1}ft. in length and often measure Sin. in breadth. Through
their divisions being broadly toothed next to the midrib and divided into
strap-shaped segments, these fronds, which are broadly egg-shaped, are rendered
particularly plumose by the overlapping of the divisions, which gives the
plant a particularly leafy appearance so thoroughly different from anything else
in cultivation, that it seems more like a distinct species than a mere variety.
—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i. fig. 18. Moore, Nature-printed British Ferns.
POLYPODIUM. 239
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 195. Druery, Choice British
Ferns, p. 120.
The Welsh Polypody is no new or modern form, for it was known as
a British variety as far back as 1686, when we find it mentioned in the
‘Historia Plantarum” of Ray, who says that he received it from Sir Hans
Sloane, and that it was first discovered near Dennis Powis Castle, near Cardiff.
Since then it has been gathered in various places, notably at Chepstow, in
Monmouthshire, near Dundry Church, in the neighbourhood of Bristol, and
also at Braid Hall, near Edinburgh; and Moore, in his “ Nature-printed
Ferns,” states that he has received it from Mr. E. J. Lowe, who found it in
a wood near Macclesfield, and that Mr. EK. T. Bennett also sent him specimens
from the neighbourhood of Ross, in Herefordshire, which were almost identical
in structure with the Welsh plant. On account of its thoroughly sterile
character, it is difficult to imagine how this beautiful Fern has managed to
spread to localities so far apart; for, although it has always proved constant
under cultivation like other plumose forms of Ferns, it has never been known
to produce any fertile fronds either in cultivation or in a wild state.
Although quite hardy, P. v. cambricum makes a splendid pot plant when
grown in the cold frame or in the greenhouse, the pleasing pale green colour
of its foliage being particularly attractive among other Ferns.
P. v. coriaceo-bifidum — cor-i-a’-cé-o-bif’-id-um (leathery and forked),
Monkman.
This variety, originally discovered at Low Hutton, near Malton, is
a short-fronded, upright-growing plant of a remarkably leathery texture. The
leaflets, particularly the lower pairs, are forked (as is also the frond occa-
sionally), and their margins are frequently saw-toothed. The fructification is
particularly large, the spore masses almost joining, and in the autumn the
vivid yellow colour of the spore masses gives the whole plant quite a golden
appearance. Mr. Monkman, who, in 1857 or 1858, found this variety growing
on a dry wall, states that, though quite constant in a wild state, it is not
so permanently bifid as could be desired under cultivation until well established,
having been left undisturbed at the roots. He therefore advises plunging the
pot, when full, into a larger one rather than repotting the plant when
apparently needed.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 15.
240 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. v. cornubiense—cor-nu-bi-en’-sé (Cornish), Moore.
Referring to this beautiful variety, which he describes at great length in
the ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle,” Moore says that it was found many years ago
in Cornwall, and has received more than one name, but that the present one
is adopted as it is significative of the habitat, just as P. v. cambricum is for the
“Welsh Polypody.” It has also been called P. v. Whytei, having been
gathered by the Rev. Mr. Whyte, and P. v. eleyantissimum, being very elegant
in outline. It is a remarkable form, in which scarcely any traces of the
typical plant are left; indeed, were it not for occasional fronds reverting
sometimes entirely and sometimes partially to the type, it would be difficult
to discern that the two plants are related to each other; but the production
of these fronds is conclusive proof of the specific and varietal relationship. By
the uncommon nature of its finely-divided fronds, which, however, are not
transparent and rarely exceed 10in. in length, this variety resembles the well-
known “Killarney Fern” (Trichomanes radicans), or, as Moore says, “it has
much more the appearance of an exotic Davallia than that of the wild
Polypody of our hedgerows and pollard trees.” Although exquisitely delicate
in appearance, it is nevertheless a free grower and one of the most distinct
Ferns known. It reproduces itself very freely from spores, most of the
young seedlings retaining the finely-divided character of the parent.—Moore,
Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1876, p. 465.
P. v. crenatum—cre-na’-tum (notched), Moore.
This variety, gathered near Ruthin, at Conway Castle, at Saltwood, also
at Muckross, in Ireland, and on the Carberry Island, near Athlone, has broad,
ege-shaped fronds much larger and of a much thinner texture than those of
the typical species. The margins of the leaflets are notched and sometimes
undulated, and the spore masses are sometimes oblong.—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, i., fig. 16. Moore, Nature-printed British Ferns.
P. v. cristatum—cris-ta’-tum (crested), Moore.
In this distinct and beautiful variety, of Irish origin, the points of each
frond are branched and crested, and all its leaflets terminate in small, crested
tufts, so as to form a frilled margin all around the fronds, which are Gin. to
Yin. long. The large and prominent spore masses cover the whole under-side
POLYPODIUM. 241
of the upper half of the frond quite to the extremity, where it is more or less
branched.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., t. 78; New and Rare Ferns, t. 26x.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 195.
P. v. dentatum—den-ta’-tum (toothed), JA/onkman.
This extremely handsome, large-growing variety, whose fronds often attain
13ft. in length and 8in. or Yin. in breadth, was originally found growing upon
a bridge in the grounds of Fountains Abbey, Ripon, Yorkshire. In general
outline it somewhat resembles P. v. acutum, but when well established has its
leaflets, especially the lower ones, very deeply toothed and sometimes forked.
—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 17.
P. v. denticulatum—den-tic-ul-a’-tum (small-toothed), Moore.
A variety with fronds of normal size and shape, but with leaflets
showing small teeth on their margins. It has been found near Hereford,
and near Hutton Railway Bridge, in
the neighbourhood of Malton; and, 4
according to Moore, a very similar
plant is also found in Portugal and
in North America.—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, i., fig. 18. Moore, Nature-
printed British Ferns.
P. v. elegantissimum—e-leg-an-
tis’-sim-um (most elegant),
Moore.
This variety (Fig. 68), though
closely related to P. v. cornubiense,
Fig. 68. Polypodium vulgare elegantissimum
is quite distinct from that form, its (} nat. size).
fronds being broader and much more
finely divided. It also produces now and again some fronds partly like
the species and partly compound, but very seldom reverts to the type,
like P. v. cornubiense does. The name elegantissimum is also applied to
cornubiense.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 195. Druery, Choice
British Ferns, p. 120.
VOL. III. if
24.2 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS
P. v. faleatum—fal-ca’-tum (sickle-shaped), Kellogg.
In this variety, which, according to Katon, is found growing sometimes
on trees and sometimes in crevices of rocks in Shoalwater Bay, Washington
Territory, and near Port Orford, Oregon, the leaflets, very gradually narrowed
to an acute point, are finely toothed. Eaton states (“Ferns of North
America,” vol. i, p. 202) that “the fronds are ample, about 1ft. long,
and broader in the middle than at the base,” and that “they are much
thinner in texture than those of P. vulgare, to which Baker has referred
the plant.”—Eaton, Ferns of North America, i. t. 26. Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 334.
P. v. grandiceps — gran’-dic-eps (large-headed). A synonym of P. v.
multi fido-cristatum.
P. v. hibernicum — hib-er’-nic-um (Irish). Synonymous with P. »v.
semilacerum.
P. v. interruptum—in-ter-rup’-tum (interrupted), Moore.
This variety, more curious than beautiful, was originally discovered at
Tunbridge Wells. Its fronds are of normal shape and ordinary dimensions,
but some of the leaflets in their lower half are found either totally wanting
or maimed in such a way as to be occasionally forked or curiously cleft.—
Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 19. Moore, Nature-printed British Ferns.
P. v. lobatum—lob-a’-tum (lobed), Sidebotham.
The fronds of this handsome variety have their lower leaflets large and
distinctly eared on their upper edge next the rachis and notched, and the
spore masses are of a particularly small size. It was originally found near
Ambleside, and later on near Bowness and near Beddgelert, in North Wales.
—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 20.
P. v. marginatum—mar-gin-a’-tum (edged), Moore.
This form of variation, though frequent in Scolopendrium, is very rarely
met with in other genera; its peculiarity consists in the splitting of the
epidermis on the margins of the lobes and in its receding, generally on the
POLYPODIUM. ‘ 243
under-side of the frond, towards the midvein. The present form was found
simultaneously in Kent and at Windermere. Sometimes its leaflets, which
Fig. 69. Polypodium vulgare vars. (1) marginatum and (2) truncatum
(4 nat. size).
are conspicuously saw-toothed (Fig. 69), are also eared at the base.—Lowe,
Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 22; New and Rare Ferns, p. 65. Moore, Nature-
printed British Ferns. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 195.
R 2
244 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. v. multifido-cristatum — mul-tif’-id-o—cris-ta’-tum (much cleft and
crested), Moore.
This splendid variety, also found in gardens under the name of grandiceps,
is totally distinct from any other form of Polypody. Its marked feature
resides in its repeatedly short and leafy forkings, each alternate one crispy,
the whole forming a handsome, dense, flattish or circular crest or tassel,
produced at the expense of the leaflets, which are comparatively few.—Lowe,
Our Native Ferns, i fig. 25. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii.,
p- 195. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 122.
P. v. multiforme—mul-tif-or’-mé (of many forms), Moore.
A very large-growing variety, with long-stalked fronds, which are broad,
divided and lobed somewhat like the better-known semilacerum, but differing
from that variety in being irregular and in having a horn-like projection of
the midrib of many of the abruptly-ending leaflets, which are deeply notched,
such fronds appearing as if the upper part had been suddenly stopped in
growth or broken out. This variety is extremely variable in size and form ;
it was originally found at Windermere, and subsequently in County Cork, and
in Wass Woods, near Coxwold, Yorkshire.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 26.
P. v. obtusum—ob-tu’-sum (blunt), Stansfield.
A pretty, small-fronded variety, found simultaneously in North Wales
and in Devonshire. It is distinguished by the rounded edges of the leaflets,
which are very blunt—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 27.
P. v. omnilacerum—owm-nil-ac’-er-um (wholly torn), Moore.
This very elegant and distinct variety, originally found near Goodrich
Castle, Ross, Herefordshire, is somewhat like P. v. cambricum, from which,
however, it essentially differs in being at all times fertile. It is nearly
upright in habit, and its fronds, Ift. » to 13ft. long, are provided with
leaflets narrowish at the base, widening towards the middle, and tapering
beyond. These leaflets are deeply cut into rather narrow, often much
attenuated, sharp lobes, which, towards the centre of the leaflets, are often
much jagged, particularly from the lower margin. Usually the fronds are
considerably longer than those of P. v. cambricum, the leaflets having their
POLYPODIUM. 245
divisions more acute and more regular than those of that variety. This form
is constant under cultivation. While young, the leaflets are sharply and
deeply toothed—exceedingly saw-edge-like: when stronger, these teeth lengthen
into slender lobes, which are again a little torn, or toothed.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, i., t. 73. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 122. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iti., p. 195.
P. v. ovatum—o-va’-tum (egg-shaped), Moore.
Originally discovered at Ballyvaghan, in the West of Ireland, and
found to be common in Madeira and the Azores, this variety is allied to
P. v. denticulatum; the fronds, however, vary in size, are egg-shaped rather
than oblong, and are also of a much more leathery texture, with leaflets
more obscurely toothed, the lowest being horizontal, and the upper ones
decreasing in size.—-Moore, Nature-printed British Ferns. Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, i, p. 46.
P. v. pulcherrimum—pul-cher’-rim-um (very beautiful), Joore.
In this variety, which was originally found near Milnthorpe, we have
a truly handsome and distinct Fern, equal in beauty to, if not even surpassing,
P. v. omnilacerum and P. v. cambricum. It may indeed be considered as
intermediate between these two lovely varieties, showing to a great extent
the beautiful bipinnatifid character of the latter; but its fronds seldom attain
more than 1ft. in length, though they possess the same divisions of the
leaflets and the imbricated pinnules (overlapping leafits). On the other hand,
instead of being constantly barren, they are abundantly fertile, like those of
P. vw. omnilacerum, and, also like them, are of a thicker and much firmer
texture than those of the ‘Welsh Polypody.” It may also be remarked
that the leaflets and leafits are blunt and rounded at their extremity, instead
of being sharp-pointed like those of P. v. omnilacerum.—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, i., fig. 28.
P. v. ramosum—ra-mo’-sum (branched), Moore.
This may be described as a more developed form of P. v. bifidum,
frequently branched in the stalk of the leafy portion, and again divided. It
is furnished with variously-bifid leaflets, which, when the process of forking
246 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
is carried far enough, frequently form wide crests of a peculiarly flat nature.
—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 29. Moore, Nature-printed British Ferns.
Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 122.
P. v. semilacerum—se-mil-ac’-er-um (half-torn), Link.
This is the P. v. hibernicum, or “Irish Polypody,” of Moore, and the
most compound of all the permanent fertile forms of the species known in
cultivation. It is also called the “Dargle Fern,” having originally been
found near the Dargle Valley, Wicklow, where the fronds are well marked,
and at Killarney. Its habitat is not, however, limited to Ireland, for Lowe
states that it has also been found in a wild state in Devonshire, Norfolk,
Kent, Monmouth, and Carnarvonshire, as well as on the Carberry Island
in Lough Ree, near Athlone. Though not characteristic until it has attained
a good size, this is an exceedingly handsome Fern, and quite constant under
cultivation. Its long-stalked and nearly upright fronds, Ift. to 14ft. in
length and Gin. in breadth, are very deeply bipinnatifid in their lower part,
and become fertile and pinnatifid towards their summit, the fructification
being bold and prominent. The under-side of the frond is of a pale green
or somewhat glaucous colour, and the leafits, or lobes, are narrow, sharp-
pointed, and saw-toothed.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., t. 8. Moore, Nature-
printed British Ferns. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 195.
P. v. serratum—ser-ra’-tum (saw-toothed), Moore.
In the most typical state of this form, which is somewhat variable, the
leaflets are deeply serrated. The fronds are large—more than lft. long and
from 4in. to 6in. broad. When well grown it approaches P. v. semilacerum
in form, and sometimes, having rounded, enlarged teeth, it also approaches
P. v. crenatum. This variety has been found in Guernsey, at Milnthorpe,
Conway, Fountains Abbey, Byland Abbey, Bowness, Lancaster, in Westmore-
land, &c.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i, fig. 30. Moore, Nature-printed
British Ferns. .
P. v. serrulato-bifidum — ser-rul-a’-to—bif’-id-um (small-toothed and
forked), Monkman.
This handsome form, originally found at High Hutton, near Malton,
is, like most of the bifid forms, somewhat inconstant in cultivation. Its long,
POLYPODIUM. 247
narrow fronds have their lower leaflets pretty uniformly divided, and all
are finely toothed, especially towards the summit.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns,
i, fg dl
P. yv. serrulatum—ser-rul-a’-tum (small-toothed), Moore.
A dwarf variety, with fronds of normal outline. It was simultaneously
found in Devonshire and near Malton, growing on trunks of trees. It is
distinguished by the teeth of the leaflets being very minute—JLowe, Our
Native Ferns, i., fig. 82. Moore, Nature-printed British Ferns.
P. v. sinuatum—sin-u-a’-tum (waved), Moore.
This variety, originally found at Tunbridge Wells, is allied to
P. v. interruptum. Its fronds are short and broad, and the leaflets, long
and undulated at their edges, are rarely ever divided at their summit.—Lowe,
Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 33. Moore, Nature-printed British Ferns.
P. v. s. Monkmanii—Monk-man’-i-i (Monkman’s), Moore.
A very dwarf-growing and extremely variable form, originally found
at Hest Bank, Morecambe Bay. Its fronds vary as widely as possible in
general appearance, being depauperated, multifid, laciniated, interrupted, and
in other respects very irregular. The leaflets are often much shortened,
forked, notched, cleft, and occasionally united throughout, sometimes totally
wanting.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., tig. 34.
P. v. trichomanoides—trich-om’-an-i-i’-des (Trichomanes-like), Moore.
This variety, whose origin is practically unknown, though it is supposed
to be a break from P. v. cornubiense, is undoubtedly the most beautiful
of its section. All that is known about its first appearance is that it
was brought from the South of England by Messrs. J. Backhouse and Sons,
who distributed it about 1873. Its beautiful fronds, 1ft. or more in length,
are of a slightly arching habit; they are highly compound, every leafit
being so divided and lacerated that, instead of the usual flat surface, the
frond is converted into a plumose mass of most delicate and charming
appearance.— Rk. Potter, Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1884, p. 435. Druery, Choice
British Ferns, p. 121.
248 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. v. truncatum—trun-ca’-tum (maimed), Moore.
In this variety, which was found simultaneously in Ireland and near
Windermere, the fronds attain Ift. or more in length. They are sometimes
maimed, the leafy portions wanting and the veins projecting, forming irregular
points. The leaflets, of normal dimensions, are finely saw-toothed (Fig. 69,
p. 243).—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 21. Moore, Nature-printed British
Ferns.
P. v. Whytei—Why’-té-i (Whyte’s). Another name for P. v. cornubiense.
We have described above all the handsomest forms of the Common
Polypody. There are others which are cultivated especially on account of
their strange appearance. Among these are the following: P. v. glomeratum,
of Mullins, which C. T. Druery terms an oddity, every frond and division
branching repeatedly anyhow, no two being alike. P. v. cambricum Prestonii,
of Preston, is a sub-variety of smaller dimensions and of a still more plumose
character than the Welsh Polypody, from which it is issue. P. v. variegatum,
of Stansfield, found simultaneously at Oldstead, Yorkshire, and near Cark,
Lancashire, is another curiosity. The fronds are much like those of
P. v. acutum, from which it is distinguished only by the variegation, being
distinctly striped with yellowish-white. In some instances, instead of being
striped, the fronds are marbled above with yellow blotches. Unfortunately,
when the plant grows vigorously, the variegation is not very constant, but,
when in character, it is very pretty. Equally curious and interesting is
P. v. suprasoriferum, of Wollaston, a plant which he found near Woolbeding,
Sussex. Its narrow-spear-shaped fronds, furnished with toothed and some-
what auricled (eared) leaflets, are rendered very interesting through the unique
disposition of their fructification. When barren, its fronds appear nearly
normal, though the leaflets are disposed farther apart than those of the typical
plant: when fertile, however, they have a particularly strange aspect, on
account of the sori (spore masses) being in many instances disposed along the
margins of the upper surface of its very narrow fronds. P. v. Thompsonii,
of Monkman, is an erect-growing form of dwarf habit, with leaflets nearly,
and in some instances quite, overlapping ; this was found at Mulgrave Woods,
near Whitby. But the most curious of all the known varieties of the
Common Polypody is undoubtedly P. v. compositum, of Wollaston, a form
POLYPODIUM. 249
found simultaneously near Nettlecombe and near Windermere; it apparently
embodies all the different variations shown by other forms. As a truly
composite sport it is particularly interesting, some of its fronds, which reach
lift. long, being, like those of P. 1. ramosum, branched for two-thirds of
their stalks ; others are partly forked, as in the variety bifidum, and partly
serrated, as in the forms serratum and omnilacerum; while others again are
either much enlarged and plumose, like those of cambricum and semilacerum,
or sometimes eared, like those of aurttum.
P. Wageneri—Wa’-gen-er-i (Wagener’s). Synonymous with P. pectinatum.
P. (Dipteris) Wallichii—Dip’-ter-is ; Wal-lich’-i-1 (Wallich’s), R. Brown.
This is a very singular and thoroughly distinct, stove species, native of
the sub-tropical region of Northern India, and said by Beddome to occur in
Khasya, Bhotan, and Assam, and on the Pundoa Mountains. Its curious
fronds, in two distinct halves, borne on stalks 2ft. to 3ft. long, are lft. to 3ft.
in length and much broader; the main lobes reach three-quarters of the way
down, and have their edges not at all toothed, while their ultimate lobes are
sharp-pointed. These fronds are of a leathery texture, dark green on their
upper surface, and dirty-white or light rusty colour beneath ; their main veins,
which are very prominent, are repeatedly forked, and the small and abundant
spore masses are generally disposed in distinct rows, not confluent, but equally
distributed over the surface, and often of a gummy nature.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 99. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 80.
P. (Drynaria) Willdenovii—Dryn-a’-ri-a ; Will-den-o’-vi-i (Willdenow’s),
Bory.
A handsome, stove species, native of Mauritius and Bourbon Island ; it
must not be confounded with P. Willdenovii of Blume, which is synonymous
with P. propinguum. It is a plant with barren and fertile fronds totally
different: both kinds are produced from a thick rhizome of a woody nature,
clothed with narrow, crisped scales. about in. long and of a bright rusty-
brown colour, and are of a leathery texture. The barren fronds, 4in. to 6in.
long and 3in. to tin. broad, have their lobes short, blunt, and rounded ; the
fertile ones, 13ft. to 2ft. long and Gin. to 10in. broad, have their upper lobes
4in. to din. long, narrow, sharp-pointed, and reaching down to the rachis, the
250 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
lower ones shorter and blunt, with a narrow wing running down the stem to
the base. The spore masses, slightly immersed, are disposed in one row on
each side of the midvein. When dry the fronds emit a very pleasing almond
odour.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 97. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
Tig Ps. lias
P. (Phegopteris) Wrightii—Phe-gop’-ter-is ; Wright’-i-i (Wright’s), Baker.
This stove species, of small dimensions, produces from an upright-growing
rootstock of a woody nature its spear-shaped, simply-pinnate fronds, which
are Gin. to Yin. long, and borne on tufted grey stalks of similar length. The
stalked leaflets are square and eared on the upper side, wedge-shaped and
maimed on the lower side at the base; they are of a rigidly leathery texture,
dull green in colour, and naked on both sides. The sori (spore masses) are
disposed in a single row not far from the edge of the leaflets.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 304.
P. Xiphias—Xiph’-i-as (swordfish), Moore.
The specific name of this very curious stove Fern refers to the peculiar
shape of its fronds, which in outline resemble the figure of the swordfish. It
is a native of the South Pacific Islands. The plant is provided with a wide-
creeping rhizome, about as thick as a goose-quill, and clothed with brownish
scales, from which the fronds, 1ft. or more long, 4in. across in their widest
part, and terminating in a tail-like appendage about 2in. long, are produced.
The fronds gradually narrow downwards, with a slight wing extending to the
very base, being elliptic-oblong in shape, of a firm though not leathery
texture, and somewhat undulated.at the edge. The tail-appendage and about
one-third of the base of the frond are barren, but the rest of the under-
surface is copiously and pretty equally dotted over with medium-sized, round
sori (spore masses), which, though apparently irregularly disposed, in reality
form thinly-furnished lines, four in number, between the main veins, the lines
becoming lost towards the margin of the frond.—Moore, Gardeners’ Chronicle,
1881, p. 331. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 592.
P. zeylanicum—=zey-lan’-ic-um (Cingalese), Mettenius.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Ceylon, provided with
a strong, wide-creeping rhizome clothed with broad, grey scales. Its entire
POLYPODIUM. 251
(undivided) fronds, borne on stalks lin. or more in length, clothed with soft,
spreading hairs, are Sin. to 12in. long, }in. broad, sharp-pointed at their
summit, but very gradually narrowed to the base, and slightly waved along
the edges; they are of a leathery texture and naked on both sides. The
spore masses are disposed in long rows midway between the midrib and the
edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 169, t. 2723. Beddome, Ferns of
Southern India, t. 237.
P. Zollingerianum—Zol-lin-ger-i-a’/-num (Zollinger’s). Synonymous with
P. heterocarpum.
Fig, 70. Polypodium zostereforme
G nat. size).
P. (Phymatodes) zostereeforme — Phy-mat-o’-dés ; z0-ste’-rw-for’-mé
(riband-shaped), Wallach.
This singular-looking, stove species, of small dimensions, is a native of
Tenasserim, Burmah, and Moulmein. Its riband-like fronds, 4in. to Gin. long,
very narrow, with edge entire, and gradually narrowed to the base, are produced
from a wide-creeping, slender rhizome of a fragile nature and scaleless ; they
are borne on very slender short stalks (Fig. 70, reduced from Col. Beddome’s
252 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
“Ferns of British India,” by the kind permission of the author) ; their texture
is soft and papery, and their colour dark green. The spore masses are
disposed in irregular rows between the midvein and the margin.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 64. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 123.
SoS
POLYSTICHUM—Pol-ys’-tich-um. See Aspidium.
PROFEREA—Prof-er’-é-a. See Nephrodium.
PROSAPTIA—Pros-ap’-ti-a. See Davallia.
PSEUDATMYRIUM—Pseud-ath-yr’-i-um. See Polypodium.
PILERIS RE GINAVCRISmAgA
CHAPTER Al,
PTERIS, Linneus.
(Pter’-is. )
Bracken or Brake.
HE genus Preris (the old Greek name for a Fern, used by
Dioscorides, and derived from pteron, a feather, probably in
allusion to the shape of the fronds) is large and cosmopolitan,
comprising, besides the hardy British species P. aguilina and
its varieties, numerous stove and greenhouse exotic species
exhibiting very extensive variation as regards size, texture, and cutting of the
fronds, as well as modes of growth, and including plants of almost every
kind of division and venation.
Though there are no species of Péteris with entire (undivided) fronds
known, those with fronds simply pinnate (only once divided to the midrib),
and those with the lower leaflets slightly pinnate below, with a long, narrow
terminal point, are abundant and show great variation in the dimensions and
texture of their foliage. The most striking, as also some of the best-known
species belonging to these groups, are P. cretica, P. longifolia, and P. serrulata,
all of which are of medium dimensions only. Yet in P. moluccana and
P. litobrochioides we have two gigantic-growing plants with foliage of the same
description. There are also species with fronds twice or three times divided
to the rachis, such as P. quadriaurita and P. tremula; these are strong-
growing kinds forming a striking -contrast with the comparatively small
plants belonging to the Doryopteris section, in which the fronds are of very
254 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
peculiar forms and of a leathery texture, as may be readily judged from
P. (Doryopteris) palmata and P. sayittifolia.
Whatever their dimensions, the above-named plants have their fronds
produced from either single or tufted crowns; but there are other species in
which the fronds are produced from and disposed along a creeping rhizome.
Foremost among the strongest growers of these are P. aquilina (our common
Bracken) and P. incisa, while among the smaller-growing species P. scaberula
may be named as one of the most: distinct. If we compare the gigantic
drooping P. moluccana and the equally strong-growing but upright P. tremula
with such species as P. pedata and P. sagittifolia, the fronds of which seldom
attain more than Qin. in length, we at once realise a striking contrast, in
shape as well as in dimensions.
Pteris, in Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum,” is Genus 31, and
forms an important portion of tribe Pteridee. Its distinguishing characters
reside in the disposition of the sori (spore masses), which are marginal (attached
to the edge of the leaflets or of the leafits), and disposed in a narrow,
continuous line, occupying a slender, filiform (thread-like) receptacle in the
axis of the involucre, which is of the same shape as the spore masses and
usually of a parchment-like texture. This involucre, which at first quite covers
the spore masses, eventually becomes more or less spreading as ripening
proceeds. In some species the veins are free, while in others they are more
or less anastomosing (intercrossing each other), and it is principally on
these latter characters that the genus has been subdivided into the following
sections :
AmpPHIBLESTRA (Am-phib-le’-stra), Presl. This sub-genus, which, up to
the present, comprises but one species, has veins copiously intercrossing each
other and free veinlets.
Campreria (Camp-te’-ri-a), Presi. A sub-genus composed of a few strong-
growing species with veins all free, except that those of the last divisions
but one are more or less connected by arching veins at the very base.
Doryorterts (Dor-y-op’-ter-is), J. Smith. In this sub-genus, of thoroughly
distinct outward appearance, the fronds are small, sagittate (arrow-shaped), or
sub-pedate (their subordinate parts having a palmate arrangement), and borne
on distinct footstalks. The veins copiously intercross each other, and they
have no free veinlets,
PTERIS. 255
Evrreris (Eup’-ter-is), or true Pteris, Linneus. This sub-genus is the
most extensive of the whole genus, and embraces: Plants with simply-
pinnate fronds (e.g., P. longifolia); plants having their lower leaflets forked
or slightly pinnate below, with a long, narrow, entire terminal leaflet (¢.g.,
P. serrulata) ; plants with their lowest leaflets again pinnate (¢.9., P.
mutilata) ; plants with their lowest leaflets at least bipinnatifid, or twice
divided nearly to the midrib (e.y., P. quadriaurita) ; and plants with their
lowest leaflets much larger than the others, often nearly equalling the central
portion of the frond (e.., P. longipes). The species in this sub-genus have
all their veins free.
HeETEROPHLEBIUM (Het-er-oph-leb’-i-um), Fée. The few plants comprised
in this sub-genus have their veins free below, but intercrossing each other
towards the margin.
Lirosrocuta (Li-tob-roch’-i-a), Presl. This somewhat extensive sub-
genus is composed of plants having the same habit as Eupéeris, but with veins
copiously intercrossing each other and without free veinlets.
Pasta (Pes/-i-a), St Hilaire. According to strict technical characters,
this sub-genus, also known as Ornithopteris of Agardh, which differs
from the rest of the genus in habit of growth, has as good a claim to be
placed in Lindsaye as Pteridee. The fronds are produced from a creeping
rhizome, upon which they are distantly placed ; their veins are free, and
they are furnished with an involucre of a more or less distinctly double
nature.
The geographical distribution of the genus Pleris is as extensive as that
of any other, these useful plants being found in many parts of the Old
and New Worlds alike. While Europe produces such popular species as
P. aquilina, P. arguta, P. cretica, and P. longifolia, Tropical America supplies
us with P. chilensis, P. coriacea, P. laciniata, P. palmata, P. pulehra,
P. sagittifolia, &e. Again, we have in P. macilenta, P. scaberula, and
P. tremula three most distinct plants native of New Zealand, though the
last-named is also found wild in Australia and in company with the equally
distinct and no less beautiful P. incisa and P. wumbrosa. Tropical Africa and
Japan come in for their share in the distribution of Pveris, the latter country
giving us P. semipinnata, P. serrulata, P. Wallichiana, &c., while from the
former we have /?. biaurita, P. flabellata, P. marginata, P. quadriaurita, &e.,
256 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
and species native of India are well represented by P. ensifornmus, P. longi-
pinnula, P. ludens, &c., as distinct from each other as they are from species
of other origin.
Culture.
The plants belonging to a genus with such an extensive habitat must
of necessity require different treatment according to the locality whence they
have been introduced ; consequently, while we have several species of Pteris
which thrive in stove temperature only, and one at least which is. perfectly
hardy, there are others—and these indeed are the majority—for which a
greenhouse temperature is the most suitable. Pterises are not fastidious as
regards soil: and a mixture of two parts peat, one part loam, and one part
sand suits most of them. The majority of them thrive as well in a place
exposed to strong light as in a shady one, but this does not apply to the
beautifully-variegated P. quadriaurita aryyrwa, P. cretica albg-lineata, P.
aspericaulis tricolor, and P. ensiformis Victoria, all of which, either in their
natural habitats or under cultivation, need a subdued light. The cause of
these plants being frequently met with in a stunted condition and having
a burnt appearance is generally attributable to the effects of strong light, and
this is readily understood when we consider the natural conditions under
which the plants flourish, being always found in the dense shade of forests
where the annual rainfall is very heavy, and rarely if ever growing in Bamboo
forests where the shade is partial only.
With the exception of a few species provided with creeping rhizomes,
and which may be propagated by division, all Pterises are readily increased
from spores, which are abundantly produced and germinate very freely.
Several species of this genus have, under culture, developed to a marked
degree a tendency to variation; thus we have lightly-crested and _heavily-
tasselled forms of P. cristata and P. serrulata; the robust-growing P. tremula
has also produced crested, tasselled, and variegated forms ; while in P. eretica
Ouvrardi we have a plant so far removed from the species from which it is
supposed to be issue as to possess a habit entirely different from any other
known species. Most, if not all, the varieties so created artificially also possess
a power of reproduction which is equal to that of the typical species.
PTERITS. 257
Principal Species and Varieties.
P. (Litobrochia) aculeata—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; ac-u-lé-a/-ta (prickly), Swartz.
A stove species, of large dimensions, found in the West Indies and
Mexico, and extending southward to Brazil and Peru. — Its ample fronds,
borne on stalks 2ft. or more in length and rough with raised points, are
composed of a terminal leaflet 6in. to 12in. long, eut down nearly to the
rachis into lobes l}in. to 2in. long and Hin. broad, and of numerous lateral
leaflets, the upper ones simple, the lower ones compound, sometimes 14ft. long
and 9in. broad, with numerous deeply-cleft leafits on both sides. They are
naked on both surfaces, of a soft, papery texture, and their spore masses do
not reach the points.—Hovker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 224.
P. adiantoides (or adiantifolia)—ad-i-ant-i-i’-dés (or ad-i-ant-if-ol’-i-a)
(having leaves like an Adiantum).
This very pretty and distinct-looking Fern, known in gardens under
both names, for which we can find no authority, is Pellea adiantoides.
P. albo-lineata — al-bo-li-né-a’-ta (white-lined). A variegated form of
PB. arated.
P. (Campteria) anamallayensis — Camp-te’-ri-a ; an-am-al-lay-en’-sis
(from the Anamallay Mountains), Beddome.
This species, which is said to ascend in the Himalayas to 4000ft. elevation,
cannot be clearly distinguished from P. biaurita.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p- 164. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 45.
P. (Peesia) aquilina—Pes’-i-a; aq-uil-i/-na (eagle-like), Linneus.
This, one of the commonest of all British Ferns, possesses a remarkably
wide range of habitat, being found throughout Europe as far as Lapland ;
in the Caucasus, the Ural and Altai Mountains, Siberia, China, and
Kamtschatka ; throughout India, Ceylon, Penang, Java, &c.; also at the
Cape of Good Hope, at Sierra Leone, in Senegambia, Bourbon, Mauritius,
Algiers, Madeira, the Azores, the Cape de Verde Islands, Guatemala, California,
Mexico, Canada, Massachusetts, and Kentucky. Hooker states, in the
VOL. IIi. 8
258 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
“Synopsis Filicum,” that while in Scotland P. aquilina ascends to 2000ft.,
it reaches 7000ft. in the Cameroon Mountains, about 8000ft. in the Himalayas,
and 9000ft. in Abyssinia. In Great Britain and Ireland it is found growing
from the level of the sea to an altitude of 2000ft., and is thoroughly distinct
by its habit as well as through its peculiar mode of growth, which is not
shared by any other native Fern.
The common “ Brake Fern,” or “Bracken,” has from time immemorial
been known as a British plant. Turner, in the second part of his ‘ Herbal,”
published in 1562, gives a lengthy description of the various supposed healing
virtues attributed by the superstitious people of his time to the influence of
Bracken seed when gathered on Midsummer Eve—statements which are all
more or less ludicrous, and have long been completely refuted. It is so
generally distributed all over the United Kingdom, being met with on exposed
barren heaths and under the shelter of woods, that it is unnecessary to
particularise the localities in which it is found. Though not nearly so
particular as to the place in which it grows as are most of our other native
Ferns, and thriving in any soil, except a chalky one, the Bracken does
best when the latter is of a sandy nature, and, despite its somewhat common
appellation, it is, when growing luxuriantly, one of the handsomest of British
Ferns. In sheltered spots, the pale colour of its light, feathery fronds, which,
under the influence of shade and moisture, attain their maximum of growth,
renders them particularly effective ; whereas the growth of the plants exposed
to the effects of full light makes up for its deficiency in size, its beautiful
foliage then assuming a glowing yellowish-red tint, which it retains for
a very long time.
Of all our numerous native Ferns the Bracken is undoubtedly the one
which is put to most profitable uses, for it possesses a few undeniably good
qualities. As a vegetable manure it has few, if any, equals, for when burnt
its ashes will yield double the quantity of salts produced by the burning of
most other vegetables. Dr. Sprengel, who recommends this Fern as
a specially good manure, says that it is most valuable through its richness
in nitrogen, he having found that 100lb. of its dry foliage contains no less
than yy5lb. of nitrogen. On account of its particularly strong, astringent
nature, the Bracken is used in many places abroad in preparing and dressing
kid and chamois leather. As a good litter in the stable and the fold, it is
PTERTS. 259
known to every farmer. It is also very rich in potash, and its ashes have
on that account been extensively used in glass-making. Bracken is also
used in very large quantities for packing, as it forms an excellent substitute
for shavings or other more expensive materials. The fattening qualities of
this Fern are so well known that at Nettlecombe, in Somersetshire, it is
(or was) customary to gather the young shoots of it and to simmer them in
water for a couple of hours: as this cools it forms a strong jelly very useful
for feeding pigs.
P. aquilina is provided with a stout, wide-creeping rhizome, which usually
remains underground, and from this the fronds are produced, being placed
at somewhat long intervals along its whole length. The fronds are borne
on strong, erect stalks 1ft. or more in length, straw or pale chestnut coloured,
and naked. The leafy portion, 2ft. to 4ft. long and Ift. to 2ft. broad, is
broadly triangular, with only the uppermost leaflets simple (undivided) ;
those next in order are spear-shaped, cut down nearly or quite to the rachis
into short, triangular leafits of a somewhat leathery texture, and with
involucre double, or the inner one obsolete. They are of a somewhat leathery
texture, and naked, or slightly downy, on both surfaces. — Hooker, Species
Filicum, i., p. 196. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 240.
Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 42. Eaton, Ferns of North America,
i, t. 35. Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., t. 61. Correvon, Les Fougeéres
rustiques, p. 89.
It is acknowledged by all who have tried the experiment that the
Bracken can rarely be grown successfully in pots for a long time; but it
forms a noble ornament when planted in a deep, sandy soil, where the
development of its fleshy rhizomes is not interfered with. In such a position
it should be covered with old leaves every winter, or with its own if
these are not required for other purposes. Its propagation takes place
naturally by means of the spores, for it requires special care in transplanting,
and can only be successfully moved when dormant in winter.
Several varieties of P. aquilina are known in cultivation, but with the
exception of those described on pp. 260 and 261, few of them are constant.
B. S. Williams states (“Select Ferns and Lycopods,” p. 325) that he also
received specimens of a variegated variety from Yorkshire; this, we presume,
has not been constant, as it is not now found in any collection.
260 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. a. caudata—cau-da’-ta (tailed), Linneus.
This West Indian variety, readily distinguished by the narrow form of its
elongated leafits, or rather of their terminal lobe, is also a native of some
parts of North America, as Eaton states that “it is not rare in Florida, and
has been collected in Southern Alabama, and perhaps also in other parts
of the Gulf States.”’—Eaton, Ferns of North America, 1. t. 35. Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 163.
P. a. cristata—cris-ta’-ta (crested), Moore.
A very distinct form, which appears to have been gathered in several
parts of the United Kingdom at the same time, and which is to this day
frequently met with in the neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells. Its fronds
are normal in size, but the summit of each leaflet shows various forms of
cristation.— Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 828.
P. a. crispa—cris’-pa (crisped), Wollaston.
This pretty form, originally found on Hampstead Heath, is of a somewhat
variable nature, sometimes having the margins of its leafits entire, waved,
and thrown ‘back, while in other cases they are more or less deeply notched
and smooth.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., p. 413.
P. a. esculenta—es-cul-en’-ta (edible), Forster.
In this variety, which is commonly called the “ Edible Fern of Tasmania,”
but which is also found in New Zealand and Australia, and occurs abundantly
in South America, the ultimate divisions are narrower than in the typical
plant ; they are suddenly decurrent at the base, where they are connected
by a narrow lobe.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 163. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 241. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i., t. 35. Lowe,
New and Rare Ferns, t. 49.
P. a. furcans—fur’-cans (forked), Lowe.
The fronds of this variety, which was originally found near Birmingham,
are provided with broad leafits, the leaflets being irregular and, like the
summit of the fronds, multifid (variously branched).—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, ii., figs. 829 and 830.
PTERIS. 261
P. a. lanuginosa—la-nu-gin-o’-sa (woolly), Bongard.
A variety of a downy nature, said by Eaton to be common in the region
west of the Rocky Mountains, and to be especially luxuriant in Oregon and
Washington Territory — Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., t. 35.
P. areolata—ar-é-ol-a’-ta (furnished with little cells). Synonymous with
P. undulata.
P. arguta—ar-gu’-ta (sharply notched), Azton.
This interesting, tall-growing, stove species is a native of Madeira,
St. Helena, the Canaries, the Azores, and Portugal. According to Lowe, it
was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, as far back as 1778. Its ample
fronds, 1ft. to 3ft. long and lft. or more in breadth, are borne on strong,
upright, glossy stalks lft. or more in length, of a bright straw or reddish-
brown colour, with two narrow blackish bands. The terminal leaflet, Gin.
to 9in. long and 14in. to 2in. broad, is made up of numerous narrow, pointed
lobes, which reach down nearly to the rachis,and are slightly toothed when
barren. The lateral leaflets, of which there are several on each side, are similar
to the terminal one, but usually show on their lower side one or two leafits
(pinnules). The whole of the leafy portion is of a soft, papery texture, pale
green in colour, and naked on both sides. The sori (spore masses), nearly
grin. broad, do not usually extend beyond the lower half of the lobes.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii., p. 184. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 241.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 41.
P. argyrea—ar-gyr-e’-a (silvery). This very popular Fern is a form of
P. quadriaurita.
P. ascensionis—as-cen-si-o’-nis (from Ascension Island). A variety of
P. flabellata.
P. aspericaulis—as-per-ic-au’-lis (rough-stalked), Wallich.
A very handsome, stove Fern, of dwarf and compact habit, native of India.
It produces from an upright rootstock fronds 13ft. long and of a smooth,
glossy nature. These are composed of one terminal and two or three pairs
of lateral leaflets, the lowest pair being usually divided into two parts; they
are almost stalkless and opposite, deeply cleft or even pinnate, with narrow
262 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
sickle-shaped, rather blunt leafits (pinnules) slightly toothed at the edges and
minutely white-dotted beneath. The spore masses are disposed chiefly on
the middle parts of the leafits. As the specific name implies, the stalks are of
a rough nature; the colour of the leafy portion of the fronds is also very
attractive, being bright claret when quite young, but turning to a bronzy,
metallic hue, and subsequently to a bright green colour.—Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 241. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iv., t. 8.
Fig. 71. Pteris aspericaulis tricolor
(much reduced),
P. a. tricolor—tric’-ol-or (three-coloured), Moore.
One of the most charming Ferns ever introduced into cultivation
(Fig. 71), being graceful in habit, of medium dimensions, and splendidly
variegated with green, white, and red, forming a striking and very pleasing
contrast. It is a native of Malaysia, whence it was introduced in or about
1862. The formation of the fronds, which occasionally attain 2ft. in length,
is similar to that of the typical species, from which it is distinguished by the
colour of the fronds: these, when young, are of a purplish-red or bright
PTERIS. 263
rose coloyr, and when mature show leafits of a vivid dark green on their
upper portion, while their basal part is silvery-grey, the rachis or midrib
being of a bright purplish colour, which is retained as long as the frond
lasts. The diversity of colours in the fronds at the same time on each plant
adds considerably to its beauty. — Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii, p. 241. Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, t. 9. Botanical Magazine (as
P. quadriaurita tricolor), t. 5183.
P. (Litobrochia) atrovirens — Li-tob-roch’-i-a; a/-tro-vir’-ens (dark
green), Jlldenow. ;
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of the Guinea Coast and
Angola, with fronds Ift. to 2ft. long, borne on more or less prickly stalks
about lft. long. In general outline this plant much resembles the better-
known P. quadriaurita, from which it is principally distinguished through
the intercrossing of the veins of its fronds, and through its pinnules heing
sometimes, but not always, furnished beneath with a row of weak prickles.
Another distinctive character is that the spore masses do not reach to the
point of the segments. This species is also known as P. spinulifera.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 221. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
is Pe el. é
P. (Litobrochia) aurita—Li-tob-roch’-i-a; au-ri/-ta (eared). A variety of
P. ineisa.
P. Bausei—Baus’-é-i (Bause’s), Moore.
One of the most striking of all the known garden hybrids, clearly showing
the distinctive characters of the parents from which, according to its raiser,
it is issue. These are stated to be P. semipinnata and a crested form of
P. serrulata, and P. Bausei appears, in habit, size, and formation of fronds,
to be intermediate between the two. Its densely-tufted fronds, about lft.
long and of a particularly erect and stiff nature, are borne on stalks 6in.
long and of a deep chestnut-brown colour. The leaflets scarcely exceed Zin.
in length; the lowest are bipinnate, having four to six strap-shaped, narrow
leafits (pinnules), the latter gradually diminishing in number upwards towards
the summit of the frond, which for about half its length is simply pinnate,
and usually, though not invariably, terminates in a tassel of greater or lesser
264 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
development. The very compact habit of this Fern, which retains its foliage
for a lengthened period, renders it a most useful decorative plant for the warm
conservatory and intermediate house.—Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iv., p. 596.
For several years this Fern had been considered barren, and, notwith-
standing repeated and numerous sowings by various cultivators in this country,
no seedlings had been raised. Its fertile character has, however, now been
decidedly proved, Mons. Arthur van den Heede, of Ghent, having succeeded
in raising a great number of seedlings, among which several departures -or
variations from the type are noticed, some being indeed heavily crested, while
others have lost the stiff, upright habit of the parent, and are of a much
more elegant outline ; but they all retain the dark glossy colour of the original
plant, both in their leafy portion and in the stalks.
P. (Campteria) biaurita—Camp-te’-ri-a ; bi-au-ri’-ta (two-eared), Linneus.
This robust-growing, stove species, which differs from P. quadriaurita
principally in its leaflets being less deeply cleft, and in the bases of the
segments being connected by an arching wing, is a native of West Tropical
Africa, Bourbon, Mauritius, the Himalayas (where it is found up to 4000ft.
elevation), Ceylon, Java, and Tropical America, from the West Indies south-
wards to Brazil. Its ample fronds, borne on strong, upright, straw-coloured
stalks 1ft. to 2ft. long, are composed of a terminal leaflet Gin. to 12in. long
and 14in. to 2in. broad, and of several lateral ones on each side, cut down
within jin. of the rachis into numerous spreading, narrow-oblong lobes lin.
long and barely 4in. broad. The lowest pair of leaflets are usually once forked.
The texture of the fronds is somewhat leathery, and they are of a pale green
colour and naked on both sides. The spore masses extend along the whole
length of the lobes.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 204. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 241. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii.,
t. 50. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 44.
P. Boivini—Boi-vi’-ni (Boivin’s), Synonymous with Pellwa Boivini.
P. (Litobrochia) brasiliensis—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; bras-il-i-en’-sis (Brazilian).
A variety of P. denticulata.
PTERIS. 265
P. brevisora—brev-is-o’-ra (having short sori), Baker.
A robust-growing, stove species, native of theeCameroon Mountains and
Fernando Po, where it occurs at from 4000ft. to 7000ft. elevation. Its fronds,
which are borne on strong, erect stalks 2ft. to 4ft. long and quite smooth, are
composed of a terminal leaflet 1ft. to 2ft. long and 6in. to Yin. broad, and of
two opposite lateral ones, which are nearly as large. The pinnules (leafits),
4in. to 6in. long, are again divided into numerous segments, which are narrow-
oblong, blunt, and very slightly toothed; they are of a soft, papery texture,
and the spore masses are disposed in a continuous line along the border
of each segment.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 162; Second Century of
Ferns, t. 59.
P. calomelanos — cal-om-el’-an-os (beautiful black). The plant found in
gardens under this name is the same as Pelle@a calomelanos.
P. chilensis—chil-en’-sis (Chilian), Desvaue.
This greenhouse species, of large dimensions and upright habit, is a native
of Chili and Juan Fernandez. ° It is closely related to P. tremula, from which
it is distinguished principally by the shape of its segments, which are broader
and shorter, and also by its barren fronds, which are finely toothed. The
fronds are of a soft, papery or slightly leathery texture, and naked on both
surfaces, and the spore masses extend from the base to the extremity of the
segments.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i1., p. 175, t. 120.
P. (Litobrochia) ciliaris—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; cil-i-a’-ris (fringed), Eaton.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Cuba, with fronds
distinctly tripinnate (three times divided to the midrib) and borne on naked,
polished, straw-coloured or bright brown stalks about Ift. long ; they are Qin.
to 12in. long and 6in. to 9in. broad, and their terminal leaflet is toothed when
barren. The lateral leaflets vary according to their position, the uppermost
pair being simple and the next forked at the base, while the lowest, about 2in.
apart, are broadly triangular, 2in. to 3in, each way, and furnished with leafits
having two segments on each side. The fronds are of a soft, papery texture,
and naked on both sides, and their spore masses do not extend quite to the
extremity of the leatits—AHooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 170.
266 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Doryopteris) collina — Dor-¥-op’-ter-is ; col-li’-na (hill-loving).
Synonymous with P. palmata.
P. (Litobrochia) comans—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; com’-ans (hairy), Forster.
This stove species, with ample and distinctly-bipinnate fronds, borne on
erect, naked stalks lft. or more in length and of a glossy nature, is a native
of Juan Fernandez, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, and Tasmania. The leafy
portion of its fronds is composed of a terminal leaflet 1ft. or more in length,
cut down nearly to the rachis into long, narrow lobes, which are sometimes
4in. long and 3in. broad, and bluntly toothed when barren. There are also
a few opposite pairs of lateral leaflets, sometimes 14ft. long and 6in. broad,
the lowest sometimes slightly compound at the base. The fronds are of
a soft, thin, papery texture and naked on both sides, and the spore masses
do not extend quite to the summit of the segments.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
ii, p. 219. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ili., p. 241.
P. c. Endlicheriana—End-lich-e-ri-a’-na (Endlicher’s), Agardh.
In this variety the fronds, which usually are much larger than in the
species, have smaller lobes, with undulated margins ; their lower leaflets are
very compound, and their leafits, 6in. to 9in. long, show numerous deeply-cleft,
spear-shaped segments on both sides.—Hooker, Icones Plantarum, t. 973.
P. concinna—con-cin’-na (neat). A variety of P. mutilata.
P. coriacea—cor-i-a’-cé-a (leathery), Desvauz.
A stove species, of robust habit, native of Tropical America, from
Venezuela along the Andes to Peru. Its fronds, 2ft. or more in length and
deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A), are borne on erect, straw-coloured
stalks 1ft. to 2ft. long and of a rough nature. The terminal leaflet is
6in. to Yin. long, with numerous sickle-shaped lobes on each side ; the lower
lateral ones are slightly compound below, the lowest pair being nearly as
large as the central portion of the frond; all are of a leathery texture, and
their rachises (midribs) are densely clothed with minute prickles, which extend
also along the midribs of the ultimate divisions beneath. The spore masses
reach nearly to the extremity of the segments or lobes. — Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 192, t. 124.
PIE Ss GRE sie Ag es MuAnNa
PTERTS. 267
P. crenata—cre-na’-ta (scalloped). The plant usually found in gardens
under this name is LP. ensiformis.
P. cretica—cre’-tic-a (Cretan), Linnaeus.
This deservedly popular, greenhouse species is one of the most useful
Ferns for decorative purposes, and the few varieties which have been produced
through cultivation are all worthy of special attention. It is a native of Crete,
Corsica, Italy, Abyssinia, Bourbon, Natal, Cape Colony, the Caucasus, Persia,
Japan, the Himalayas (where it is said to occur at 9000ft. elevation), the
Neilgherries, &c., and Eaton states that it is found growing in shady woods
in Middle and Eastern Florida. According to Lowe, it was cultivated in
the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1820. Its fronds, 6in. to 12in. long and
4in, to Sin. broad, are borne on erect, wiry stalks Gin. to 12in. long. The
lateral leaflets (usually two to six opposite stalkless pairs) are broadest and
finely toothed when barren; the lower
pairs are often cleft nearly to the base
into two or three narrow leafits. They
are of a somewhat leathery texture and
naked on both surfaces, and the involucre
(covering of the spore masses) is of a
pale colour and of a parchment-like
texture—Hooker, Species Pilicum, i,
p. 159. Nicholson, Dictionary of Grar-
dening, iii., p. 241. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, iii., t. 43. Eaton, Ferns of
North America, i., t. 64.
This species has been greatly in-
fluenced by cultivation, and forms have
been produced which, though neither
named nor described, bring it gradually
into closer relationship with the more slender-habited P. serrulata. Other
Fig. 72, Pteris cretica albo-lineala
(much reduced).
varieties, however, have been obtained which have been found so essentially
distinct as to attract the attention of botanists, and have been duly named and
described. All of these, so far as we are aware, have the power of repro-
ducing themselves true from spores. The following are the most important :
268 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. c. albo-lineata—al’-bo-li-né-a’-ta (white-lined), Hooker.
This very pretty and highly-decorative form differs from the species only
in the broad belt of white down the centre of each leaflet (Fig. 72), of
which it occupies one-half of the breadth. It is usually considered as a native
of Japan: in contradiction to this, however, Lowe (‘‘ New and Rare Ferns,”
p- 59) says “it was introduced into England in 1860, having been received
from the Botanic Gardens of Java.” He also adds that some hundreds of
plants of it had been raised at the Royal Gardens, Kew, from spores and that
every one was quite true, not a single normal green frond being found among
them. It is also stated in the “Synopsis Filicum” (p. 154) that it had been
gathered in Brazil by Dr. Glaziou. — Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 154.
Botanical Magazine, t. 5194.
P. c. major—ma’-jor (greater). This is identical with P. ¢. Ouvrardi.
P. c. Mayii—May’-i-i (May’s), Moore.
In this remarkable variety the variegated character observed in P. c. albo-
lineata is retained, the white band in each leaflet forming a striking and most
pleasing contrast with the bright green colour of the edge (see Coloured
Plate). The plant, however, is of dwarfer habit and smaller dimensions, and
is further rendered very attractive by the cristation of its fronds, all the
leaflets, either barren or fertile, terminating in crests of various sizes. This
elegant form also reproduces itself true from spores.
P. c. nobilis—no’-bil-is (noble), May.
This variety is totally different in habit from those already described, being
of a stiff, upright growth throughout. Barren and fertile fronds alike are
borne on stiff stalks of a brownish colour ; they are of about uniform size, and
their leafy portion is of a very pleasing pale green colour. This form is
constant under cultivation, and may be readily propagated from spores.
P. c. Ouvrardi—Ouv-rar’-di (Ouvrard’s), Schneider.
The classification of this beautiful and exceedingly useful, greenhouse
Fern (see Plate) is very doubtful, as the plant is undoubtedly a form
intermediate between P. cretica and P. umbrosa, an improvement on both as
a decorative subject and yet so thoroughly distinct in itself as to be more
Pteris cretica Ouvrardi
(much reduced)
PTERIS. 269
than a mere variety of either. It is of garden origin and was raised in
Mr. J. Ouvrard’s Nursery, at Child’s Hill, Kilburn, where both the above-
named species were then grown in large quantities. Its very handsome
fronds, borne on stalks Ift. to 2ft. long, are Ift. to 14ft. long, of upright
habit, and very robust. In this way it is very distinct from P. eretica, and
it differs essentially from P. umbrosa through its mode of growth, the fronds
being produced from a spreading central crown and not from an underground,
creeping rhizome, as are those of the latter species. This Fern, which is also
sometimes met with in gardens under the name of P. cretica major, is so
well appreciated by the decorator that it has, for his purpose, entirely
supplanted the two species from which it is supposed to be issue. It is
a quicker grower than either of these and reproduces itself true from spores.
P. c. stenophylla—sten-oph-yl’-la (narrow-leaved), Hooker.
In this variety, which is not the result of cultivation, but which occurs
spontaneously in Northern India and the Philippine Islands, the fronds are
digitate (disposed like fingers), being composed of three to five leaflets only ;
these are narrow, entire or nearly so, and clustered at the summit of the
stalks.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 130. Eaton, Ferns of North
America, ii., p. 145.
P. crispa—cris’-pa (curled), The plant found in gardens under this name
is synonymous with P. straminea.
P. (Litobrochia) Currori—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; Cur-ro’-ri (Dr. Curror’s), Hooker.
This gigantic-growing, stove species, with ample fronds several feet long
and 2ft. or more in breadth, borne on stout, erect, naked stalks of a peculiar
straw colour, is a native of West Tropical Africa, having been discovered at
or near Elephant’s Bay, and also on the Mountains of Fernando Po, where it
occurs at elevations varying between 3000ft. and 5000ft. The terminal
leaflet is deeply lobed ; the lateral ones, 16in. long and Sin. broad, are
numerous and disposed in opposite, stalkless pairs, with the margin deeply and
broadly waved. Their texture is soft and papery, and they are slightly hairy
on-both surfaces. The spore masses are disposed in numerous patches, which
are sometimes interrupted and very short.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i, p. 232,
t. 140. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i., p. 241.
270 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. Dalhousize—Dal-hou’-si-w (Lady Dalhousie’s), Hooker.
A stove species, of large dimensions, native of Penang and Java, and very
distinct from any other species in the group. Its fronds, 2ft. to 3ft. long,
lft. to 14ft. broad, and borne on strong, upright, polished stalks about 1ft.
high, are three or four times divided nearly to the midrib. In their upper
portion they are composed of unbranched leaflets ; in their lower parts the
leaflets, sometimes Ift. long, are furnished with simple or occasionally branched,
narrow segments of a somewhat leathery texture and naked on both surfaces.
The spore masses, which do not reach to their extremity, are covered with
a narrow involucre of a parchment-like texture. — Hooker, Species Filicum,
ii, p. 170, t. 1214. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 191.
P. decomposita—de-com-pos’-it-a (much divided), Baker.
This very distinct and remarkable, greenhouse species is a native of the
Andes of Peru, where it occurs at 10,000ft. elevation. It is of robust habit,
with fronds 3ft. to 4ft. long, their lowest leaflets often measuring 2ft. in
length, with many pinnules (leafits) divided again into deeply-cleft segments.
The fronds are of a stiff and somewhat leathery texture and naked on both
surfaces, and the spore masses do not extend to their “extremities.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 479.
P.(Doryopteris) decora— Dor-¥-op’-ter-is; dec-o’-ra (decorous), Brackenridge.
A stove species, of small dimensions, native of the Sandwich Islands.
Its singular and pretty fronds, borne on erect, wiry stalks Gin. to 8in. long
and of a dark chestnut-brown colour, are 3in. to 4in. each way, and are
composed of a narrow terminal lobe, two or three pairs of similar lateral ones,
and below these two pairs of compound leaflets, the lowest cut down again
into three divisions. They are of a leathery texture, naked on both surfaces,
and the spore masses reach to the extremity of the lobes.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, i., p. 210.
P. decussata—dec-us-sa’-ta (cut crosswise). Synonymous with P. patens.
P. deflexa—de-flex’-a (deflexed), Link.
This stove species, which is found in Tropical America, from the West
Indies southward to Brazil and Peru, has its ample fronds, 2ft. to 4ft. long,
PTERITS. 271
borne on strong, upright, naked stalks 2ft. or more in length. The terminal
leaflet, Gin. to 9in. long, ends in a long point, and has numerous linear-oblong
lobes on each side; the lateral leaflets, which are numerous, are similar to
the terminal one, but the lowest pair are much larger than the others, being
often more than lft. long and Gin. to 9in. broad, with numerous leafits on
each side. The fronds are of a leathery texture and naked on both sides,
and the spore masses reach nearly to their extremity— Hooker, Species Filicum,
i, p. 190. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 241.
P. (Litobrochia) denticulata—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; den-tic-ul-a’-ta (slightly
toothed), Swartz.
This stove species, native of Tropical America, from the West Indies
southward to Brazil, much resembles P. cretica in general aspect. Its fronds,
lft. to 2ft. long and 8in. to 12in. broad, are borne
on slender, naked stalks about 1ft. long and of a
wiry nature. Their leaflets, when barren, are finely
toothed along the edges (Fig. 73), and in the
lower part of the frond they are often deeply cleft
into narrow leafits, especially on the lower side.
The fronds are of a’ somewhat leathery texture,
and naked on both sides, and the spore masses do
not reach quite to their extremity.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 215. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 241. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, iv., t. 1.
P. d. brasiliensis—bras-il-i-en’-sis (Brazilian),
Raddi.
In this variety, the leaflets, which are broader
than in the type, being Gin. to 9in. long and
lin. broad, are also more divided.—Hooker, Species Fig. 73, Barren Upper Pinna of
i ae Pteris denticulata
Filicum, i., p. 214.
(nat. size).
P. (Litobrochia) elata—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; e-la’-ta (tall), Agardh.
A tall-growing, stove species, native of Tropical America, from Panama
southward to Ecuador, Its ample fronds, three times divided, are borne on
279 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
upright, straw-coloured stalks 2ft. to 3ft. long and glossy. The terminal
leaflet, 1ft. to 14ft. long, is cut down nearly or quite to the rachis into
numerous narrow lobes on each side, finely toothed when barren. The upper
lateral leaflets, Gin. long, are not cut down to the rachis; the lower ones
equal in size and cutting the terminal one, and make the frond 2ft. to 3ft.
broad at the base. All are of a somewhat leathery texture and naked on
both sides, and the spore masses fall short of the points of the segments.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 223. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iil., p. 242.
P. elegans—e’-leg-ans (elegant). A garden name for P. nobilis.
SSH
SS
— SSA ELS
EF ee
a <Q
Ee a
a & B
oO KS
ee
Fig. 74, Pteris ensiformis
(nearly nat. size).
P. ensiformis—en-sif-or’-mis (sword-shaped), Burmann.
This greenhouse species, of small dimensions, better known under the name
of P. crenata, has a wide range of habitat, being found from the Himalayas
to Ceylon, Chusan, and the Loo-Choo Islands, southward to Tropical Australia,
and eastward to Samoa and Fiji. Its fronds, borne on slender, erect, straw-
coloured stalks 3in. to 6in. long,
composed of a long terminal leaflet and from two to four pairs of lateral ones,
are Gin. to 12in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, and
much resembling those of P. eretica, but the fertile ones, slightly compound,
are cut down to the rachis below into two to six sharply-toothed _leafits
(Fig. 74, reduced from Col. Beddome’s “Ferns of Southern India,” by the kind
PTERIS. 273
permission of the author). Their texture is leathery, they are naked on both
surfaces, and the involucre covering the spore masses is of a brownish colour.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 163, t. 127.
P. e. variegata — var-i-eg-a’-ta (variegated). This is an older name
for P. e. Victoria.
P. e. Victorize—Vic-to’-ri-w (Victoria’s), W. Bull.
This variety, which is exactly the same plant as P. e. variegata of Moore,
previously introduced, is a remarkably slender and graceful form, producing
two entirely distinct sorts of fronds, the barren ones being small and prostrate,
while the fertile ones, upright and abundant, are 1}ft. to 1ft. long,
composed of narrow leaflets about 4in. broad, and beautifully variegated
throughout.
Although this elegant Fern reproduces itself very freely from spores, some
of the seedlings are thoroughly distinct. Among these we may particularly
note regine, which has the variegation running in narrow stripes to the
margins of the leaflets, and is of more vigorous growth than Victorve ; and
cristata, a form with very prettily and regularly crested fronds, which are
also beautifully and distinctly variegated.
P. esculenta—es-cul-en’-ta (edible). A variety of P. aquilina.
P. excelsa—ex-cel’-sa (high), Gaudichaud.
This stove species, which greatly resembles P. quadriaurita, but is much
larger, is a native of the Philippine and Sandwich Islands; it is also said to
occur in the Himalayas up to 8000ft. elevation.—Hooker, Species Filicum, in,
p. 183, t. 186. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 218.
P. fallax—fal’-lax (deceptive). Synonymous with Pellea intramarginalis
serratifolia.
P. felosma—fel-os’-ma (heavy-smelling). A form of P. quadriaurita.
P. flabellata—fla-bel-la’-ta (fan-shaped), Thunberg.
A greenhouse species, found in Cape Colony, and northward to Bourbon,
Abyssinia, and Fernando Po. It is closely related to P. arguta. Its fronds,
1ft. to 3ft. long and lft. or more in breadth, are borne on strong, upright
VOL. III. T
274 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
stalks lft. or more in length and of a glossy nature. The terminal leaflet,
6in. to 12in. long and 2in. to 3in. broad, is made up of numerous narrow
lobes, which reach down nearly to the rachis and are finely toothed when
barren. The several pairs of lateral leaflets are similar to the terminal one,
the lowest showing one to three small pinnules (leafits) at the base on the
lower side. The fronds are of a soft, papery texture and naked on both
surfaces, and the narrow sori (spore masses) form a continuous line along
nearly the whole length of the leafits—Hooker, Species Filicum, li; p. 185.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 242.
P. f. ascensionis—as-cen-si-o’-nis (from Ascension Island), Swartz.
This variety is of much smaller dimensions than the species, its lower
leaflets sometimes showing several small, compound leafits on both sides. It
naturally grows in a very exposed situation and has more or less horizontal
fronds with ascending or nearly upright leaflets —Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p. 161.
P. (Litobrochia) Fraseri—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; Fra’-ser-i (Fraser’s), Mettenius.
This very distinct, stove species, native of the Andes of Ecuador, is a
strong-growing plant, with fronds broadly triangular, three times divided,
measuring about 3ft. each way, and borne on tufted, naked stalks sometimes
4ft. to 5ft. long. Both surfaces are smooth and of a bright green colour.
The fertile portions are narrow, and the sori (spore masses) extend to their
extremity.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 480.
P. geranifolia — ger-an-if-ol’-i-a (Geranium-leaved). The plant found in
gardens under this name is Pellea geranicfolia.
P. Ghiesbreghtii — Ghies-bregh’-ti-i (Ghiesbreght’s). A variety of
P. laciniata.
P. (Litobrochia) gigantea — Li-tob-roch’-i-a; gig-ant-e’-a (gigantic),
Willdenow.
A very large-growing, stove species, native of the West Indies, Colombia,
and Peru, with fronds three times divided and borne on stout, erect, naked
stalks 2ft. to 3ft. long. The terminal leaflet, 1ft. long and 3in. broad, is cut
PTERIS. 275
down to a broadly-winged rachis into numerous narrow, sickle-shaped lobes,
which are slightly and bluntly toothed when barren; the lateral ones are
numerous and often measure 13ft. in length and 4in. in breadth. The leaflets
are further divided into pinnules (leafits) nearly 2in. long. The texture of
the fronds is leathery, and they are naked on both sides, the spore masses
falling short of the extremity of the segments.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
ii, p. 217.
P. glauca—glau’-ca (bluish-green). Synonymous with Pelle@a glauca.
P. gracilis—grac’-il-is (slender). Synonymous with Pellewa gracilis.
P. (Meterophlebium) grandifolia—Het-er-oph-leb’-i-um ; gran-dif-ol’-i-a
(large-leaved), Linneus.
This stove species, of medium dimensions, which, according to Lowe, was
introduced into England in 1793, is a native of the West Indies, Mexico, and
Fig. 75. Pinna of Pteris grandifolia
(nat. size).
Peru. Its simply-pinnate : (once-divided) fronds, lft. to 2ft. long, are borne
on erect, straw-coloured stalks 6in. to 12in. long. The leaflets are narrow,
tapering to a sharp point (Fig. 75), of a leathery texture, and naked on both
surfaces. The spore masses are often continuous along the whole length
of the leaflets—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 201, t. 1138. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 242. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic,
iii, t. 49.
P. (Litobrochia) grandis—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; gran’-dis (large). A garden
name for P. nobilis.
tr 2
276 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. Griffithii—Grif-fith’-1-1 (Griffith’s), Hooker.
A small-growing, stove species, native of Northern India, with broadly
spear-shaped fronds 6in. to 8in. long, borne on slender, erect stalks of the
same length and of a wiry nature. The upper lateral leaflets are simple and
not more than jin. apart; the lower ones are 2in. to 3in. apart and are
divided to the midrib, their lowest leafits being fre-
quently divided again; all are of a somewhat leathery
texture, naked on both surfaces, and the involucre
which covers the spore masses is narrow and of a
parchment-like texture. Fig. 76 is reduced from Col.
Beddome’s “Ferns of British India,’ by the kind
permission of the author.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
ii, p. 170, t. 1234. Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 24,
P. (Litobrochia) Mzenkeana — Li-tob-roch’-i-a ;
Heenk-é-a’-na (Henke’s), Presi.
A stove species, native of Guatemala, New Granada,
and Peru, with ‘fronds only once divided to the midrib,
of a leathery texture, and naked on both surfaces. The
spore masses do not reach quite to the extremity of the
leaflets. This species is of little decorative value.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 213.
Fig. 76. Pteris Grifithii P. hastata — has-ta’-ta (spear-shaped). This is
(4 nat. size). synonymous with Pellwa hastata.
P. heterophylla—het-er-oph-yl’-la (having variable fronds), Linneus.
This stove species, native of Brazil and the West Indies, is of medium
size only. Its broadly-triangular fronds, Gin. to 12in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad,
and three times divided to the midrib, are borne on wiry, slender, naked stalks
of a peculiar straw-colour. With the exception of two or three of the
uppermost leaflets, all are compound, with leafits again deeply cleft, their
ultimate segments being egg-shaped, sharply and deeply toothed, wedge-shaped
and entire at the base, of a thin, papery texture, bright green and naked on
PTERIS. 277
both surfaces. The involucre covering the spore masses is broad, pale, and
of a parchment-like texture.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 166. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 242.
P. Mookeriana—Hook-er-i-a’-na (Hooker’s), Agardh.
This stove species, of small dimensions, is a native of Adam’s Peak,
Ceylon, where it occurs at about 2000ft. elevation. Its fronds, Yin. to 12in.
long and Gin. to Yin. broad, are borne on naked, erect, pale stalks 6in. to
12in. long; they are composed of a long, entire terminal leaflet and from
two to six pairs of stalkless, opposite lateral ones, the lowest of which is
forked at the base on one or on both sides. The fronds are of a leathery
texture, naked on both surfaces, and the narrow involucre covering the
spore masses is of a brownish colour.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 16d.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 242. Beddome, Ferns of Southern
India, t. 40.
P. (Litobrochia) incisa—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; in-ci’-sa (cut), Thunberg.
This strong-growing, thoroughly distinct, greenhouse species, which, in
gardens, is better known under the name of Litobrochia vespertilionis, or
‘Bat-winged Fern,” has a very wide range of habitat. According to Lowe,
it is a native of Australia and New Zealand, and was raised from spores in
the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1838; but it is also found all over Tropical
America, from the West Indies and Columbia, southward to Chili, Juan
Fernandez, and Brazil; on the Himalayas, in Cape Colony, in West Tropical
Africa, &c. Its handsome fronds, often several feet long, are bi- or tripinnate
(twice or three times divided to the rachis) and borne on stout, erect, polished,
straw-coloured or light brown stalks, sometimes slightly rough towards the
base. The uppermost leaflets only are simply pinnate, those next in order
being divided into numerous deeply-cleft leafits 2in. to 3in. long and opposite,
the lowest often quite close to the stalk; all are of a soft, papery texture,
pale green above, and of a glaucous (bluish-green) colour beneath. The sori
(spore masses), which are sometimes interrupted and sometimes form a con-
tinuous line, often reach the point of the leafits—Hooker, Species Pilicum,
ii, p. 230. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 242. Lowe, Ferns
British and Exotic, ii., t. 44.
278 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. i. aurita—au-ri’-ta (eared), Blume.
This form is readily distinguished from the typical plant through its
lowest pair of leafits being quite entire and closely pressed against the stalk
at the base of the leaflet. Fig. 77 is reduced from Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns
of Southern India,” by the kind permission of the author.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 231. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 221.
™
VY
a ad
oy
A >
News
SS:
A
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Fig. 77, Pinna of Pteris incisa aurita
(nearly nat. size).
P. intramarginalis—in-tra-mar-gin-a’-lis (involucred within the margin).
A garden name for Pellea intramarginalis.
P. irregularis—ir-reg-ul-a’-ris (irregular), Kaulfuss.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of the Sandwich Islands.
It resembles P. Dalhousie, but is distinguished by its leafits being pinnate
instead of mostly forked.—Hooker, Species Filicwm, ii., p. 173.
P. (Litobrochia) Junghuhnii—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; Jung-huhn/-i-i (Jung-
huhn’s), Baker.
A stove species, native of Java, much resembling P. quadriaurita, but of
firm texture and with leaflets having an undivided central space more: than
din. in breadth.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 170.
PTERTS, 279
P. Kingiana—King-i-a’-na (King’s). This is a variety of the popular
P. tremula.
P. (Litobrochia) Kunzeana—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; Kunz-é-a’-na (Kunze’s),
Agardh.
A strong-growing, stove species, native of Tropical America, its habitat
extending from the West Indies and Ecuador southward to Peru. Its ample
fronds, borne on strong, erect, straw-coloured or reddish-brown stalks 3ft. long,
have their terminal leaflet 1ft. long, 3in. broad, and cut down two-thirds of
the way to the rachis into numerous narrow, sharp-pointed, sickle-shaped lobes.
The numerous lateral leaflets are disposed in nearly opposite pairs, the lower
ones being stalked ; the lowest pair are large, deltoid (in shape of the Greek
delta, A), compound below, and furnished with smaller similar-shaped leafits ;
all are of a leathery texture and naked on both surfaces. The spore masses
fall short of the extremity of the leafits—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii,
p: 221, = 139.
P. laciniata—lac-in-i-a’-ta (torn), Willdenow.
This stove species, sometimes found in gardens under the name of
Lonchitis hirsuta, is a native of the West Indies, Mexico, and Peru. Its
fronds, deltoid and tripinnatifid (in form of the Greek delta, A, and three
times divided nearly to the midrib), are 1ft. to 2ft. long, and borne on stout,
erect stalks 1ft. or more in length and very hairy. The lower leaflets, 1ft.
to 14ft. long and Gin. to 9in. broad, are furnished on each side with numerous
spear-shaped leafits, which are cut down to a broadly-winged rachis into lobes
din. long and fin. broad. These lobes are of a soft, papery texture, hairy on
both surfaces, and the spore masses do not reach their point.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 176, t. 1328. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil., p. 243.
P. 1. Ghiesbreghtii—Ghies-bregh’-ti-i (Ghiesbreght’s), J. Smith.
This plant, which is the Lonchitis Ghiesbreghtii of Linden, is a variety
with foliage less hairy throughout.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 160.
P. (Litobrochia) lancezefolia—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; lan-cé-2-fol’-i-a (having
spear-shaped leaves), Agardh.
A stove species, from Madagascar, with simply-pinnate fronds 1ft. to 13ft.
long, 6in. to Yin. broad, and borne on erect, pale, glossy stalks. The narrow,
280 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
entire, slightly-stalked leaflets are 4in. to 6in. long and 3in. broad, and the
lowest of them are disposed about lin. apart ; they are of a somewhat leathery
texture, and naked on both surfaces. The very narrow spore masses fall short
of the points of the leaflets.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 212.
P. (Amphiblestra) latifolia — Am-phib-le’-stra ; 1a-tif-ol’-i-a (large-
leaved), Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth.
The fronds of this stove species, native of Venezuela, are lft. to 2ft. long,
and are composed of a large terminal leaflet and a pair of lateral ones. The
former has an oblong-triangular, waved, and pointed
extremity, while the latter, sometimes 1ft. long and 2in.
broad, are nearly entire; all are of a soft, papery
texture, and have their principal veins running nearly
parallel, about lin. apart. The spore masses seldom
extend to the extremity of the lateral leaflets, while the
terminal one is usually barren. PP. latifolia of gardens
is identical with Pellwa adiantoides.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 233.
P. (Litobrochia) leptophylla—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ;
lep-toph-yl’-la (slender-leaved), Swariz.
A very pretty and thoroughly distinct, delicate-
looking, stove species, of small dimensions, native of
Brazil, and, according to Lowe, raised in the Royal
Gardens, Kew, in 1834. Its finely-divided fronds, 9in.
to 12in. each way, are borne on erect, slender, straw-
coloured stalks 6in. to 9in. long. A few of their upper
leaflets are simple; the largest of these are less than
Fig. 78. Central Pinna of | lin. long, about Zin. broad, and strongly toothed
Pteris leptophylla ? 7
ies deel when barren, but smooth when fertile; the central
ones (Fig. 78) are spear-shaped and deeply cleft into
narrow leafits; while the lowest are deltoid (in form of the Greek delta, A)
and furnished with numerous leafits often 2in. long and again deeply
cleft. The fronds are of a soft, papery texture, greyish-green in colour, and
naked on both surfaces. The spore masses sometimes, but rarely, reach the
PTERIS. 281
points of the leafits—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 216; Garden Ferns,
t. 23. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 243. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, ili., t. 47.
P. litobrochioides—li-tob-roch’-i-3-i/-dés (Litobrochia-like), Klotzsch.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of British Guiana and the
Amazon Valley. Its fronds, 2ft. long and 14ft. broad, are borne on strong,
upright, naked stalks of a bright chestnut-brown colour ; they are composed
of a terminal leaflet 1ft. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, cut down to within a short
distance of the rachis into numerous spreading, narrow, entire lobes; and of
three or four lateral leaflets on each side similar to the terminal one, the lowest
3in. or 4in. distant at the base, all unbranched and of a leathery texture. The
fronds are naked on both surfaces, and the spore masses reach nearly to the
extremity of the lobes.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 178.
P. (Meterophlebium) lomariacea—Het-er-oph-leb’-i-um ; lo-ma-ri-a/-cé-a
(Lomaria-like), Kunze.
This stove species, of small dimensions, with fronds about 4in. each
way, and borne on wiry, dark chestnut-brown stalks Gin. to 12in. long, is
a native of British Guiana, Peru, and Brazil. It closely resembles the better-
known P. palmata in habit, differing from that popular species principally in
the nature of its venation.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 164.
P. longifolia—long-if-ol’-i-a (long-leaved), Linnaeus.
This deservedly popular, greenhouse species, particularly useful on account
of its decorative qualities and easy culture, is said by Lowe to have been
introduced into England in the year 1770. Its range of habitat is unusually
extensive, it being found wild in tropical and warm temperate regions all
round the world. Its fronds, broadly spear-shaped in form, are simply pinnate
(only once divided to the rachis), lft. to 2ft. long, and 6in. to Qin. broad ;
they are borne on stout, upright stalks 6in. to 12in. long and more or less
densely clothed in their lower part with narrow scales of a pale brown colour.
The sessile (stalkless) leaflets, 3in. to 6in. long and seldom more than jin.
broad, are sometimes slightly eared at the base; they are of a somewhat
leathery texture and naked and dark green on both surfaces. The sori
282 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
(spore masses) fall short of the points of the leaflets, and are covered by an
involucre of parchment-like texture and of a yellowish-brown colour.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 157. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii, p. 243. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii, t. 42. Beddome, Ferns of
Southern India, t. 33. Eaton, Ferns of North America, ii., t. 78.
It is worthy of remark that although hundreds of thousands of plants
of this species are annually grown for market, no variation has ever been
found amongst them. The only deviations from the typical plant at present
known are the following, neither of which owes its existence to culture:
ror]
P. 1. Mariesii—Ma-ries’-i-i (Maries’s), Schneider.
This exceedingly pretty variety, found growing wild by Mr. Ch. Maries
in Penang, is remarkable for the elegance of its fronds, which, like those of
the species, are simply pinnate, and for its habit, which is compact, yet very
graceful. The fronds are abundantly produced from a rootstock which, unlike
that of the species, branches very freely ; their rachis (stalk of the leafy
portion) is of a very slender nature, and the leaflets, much narrower than
those of P. longifolia and reaching nearly to the base of the stalk, are slightly
undulated and of a most pleasing pale green colour. This variety has been
found to propagate itself perfectly true from spores, which are produced
very freely.
P. 1. nobilis—no’-bil-is (noble), Baker.
This is a gigantic form, of upright habit, introduced from the South Sea
Islands in 1884. It differs from the species only in the dimensions of its
fronds, which are 4ft. to bft. long, and furnished with narrow leaflets 8in. to
10in. long.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 597.
P. longipes—long’-ip-és (long-stalked), Don.
A stove species, native of the Eastern Himalayas, Ceylon, and New
Guinea. Its fronds are composed of a terminal leaflet about Gin. long and
lin. broad, with numerous lobes on each side, and of numerous lateral leaflets,
disposed about lin. apart: the upper ones are simple and about Gin. long;
the lowest are compound, sometimes nearly as large as the central portion of
the frond, being 1ft. long and Gin. broad ; all are of a soft, papery texture,
PTERIS. 283
and naked on both surfaces. The spore masses fall short of the extremity
of the leafits. P. pellucens is identical with this species—Hooker, Species
Filicum, ii., p. 191. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 243.
P. longipinnula—long-ip-in’-nul-a (having long leafits), Wallich.
This species, which is found in India, Borneo, and Japan, and which is
stated to occur at elevations between 2000ft. and 4000ft. on the Himalayas,
is so closely related to P. quadriaurita that Baker considers it as very
doubtfully distinct from that species—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 159.
P. (Doryopteris) ludens—Dor-y-op’-ter-is ; lu’-dens (sportive), Wallich.
This very distinct, stove species, native of Malaysia and the Philippine
Islands, is of medium dimensions only, and produces, from a wide-creeping
rootstock thicker than a crow’s quill, barren and
fertile fronds which are totally distinct from each
other. The former, borne on slender, nearly
black, polished stalks 3in. to 4in. long, vary in
shape from triangular with two slightly-deflexed
basal lobes to hastate (halbert-shaped), and have
their margin entire. The fertile ones are borne
on stalks often 1ft. long; they are 4in. to 6in.
7)
jay7-
1s
lage
SH
va
each way, and are cut down into five narrow-
spear-shaped lobes, one (the terminal) erect, two
:
ESAS
k
BS
:
spreading, and two (the lowest ones) deflexed, all
of which except the terminal one are sometimes
again forked (Fig. 79, reduced from Col. Beddome’s
“Ferns of British India,” by the kind permission
of the author). They are of a leathery texture,
and the sori (spore masses) form a continuous line
_ round the margin.—Hooker, dae nici, Fig. 19. Pteris ludens
ii, p. 210. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 27. (4 nat. size).
P. (Litobrochia) macilenta — Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; mac-il-en’-ta (thin),
Cunningham.
This particularly well-marked, greenhouse species, is a native of New
Zealand only. Its fronds, produced from a compact crown, and borne on
284 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
naked, straw-coloured or brownish stalks 6in. to 12in. long, are from lft. to
3ft. long. The terminal leaflet is cut down nearly to the rachis into several
deeply waved and toothed, oblong lobes on each side; the lateral leaflets are
numerous, the upper ones being 2in. apart at the base and cut down quite to
the rachis below into deeply-lobed, triangular leafits, while the lower ones are
lft. long and very compound; all are of a thin, papery texture, and pale
green in colour. The spore masses do not reach quite to the point of the
leafits. — Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 219. Micholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 243.
P. (Litobrochia) macroptera — Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; mac-rop’-ter-a (large-
winged), Link.
A somewhat coarse-growing, stove species, native of Brazil, with fronds
2ft. or more in length, 1ft. to 14ft. broad, cut down very nearly to the rachis
in the upper part into numerous narrow lobes, the lowest of which are 6in.
to 9in. long, with about lin. between them at the base, the point being very
gradually narrowed. The lateral leaflets are few (often a single pair only)
and resemble the terminal one, but are smaller. The fronds are of a soft,
papery texture, bright green in colour, and naked on both surfaces. The
spore masses do not reach to the extremity of the leafits—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 169. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 243. Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, iv., t. 7.
P. madagascarica—mad-ag-as-car’-ic-a (Madagascarian), Agardh.
A strong-growing, stove species, with ample, bipinnate fronds composed
of a terminal leaflet and of several pairs of stalked lateral ones furnished with
stalked leafits 2in. long and deeply toothed towards the point. The texture
is leathery, and the involucre covering the spore masses is narrow and of
a firm nature.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 171, t. 122a.
P. (Litobrochia) Mannii—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; Man’-ni-i (Mann’s), Baker.
This stove species is of little decorative value, though of very distinct
appearance. Its fronds, 1ft. to 14ft. long, 6in. to Qin. broad, and of a soft,
papery texture, are borne on slender, zigzag stalks 3ft. or more in length and
of a downy nature. It is a native of Fernando Po.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 168.
PTERTS. 285
P. marattizefolia—mar-at-ti-2-fol’-i-a (Marattia-leaved), Hooker.
A very distinct, stove species, native of Chili and Chiloe, with ample,
bipinnate fronds borne on stout, erect, four-angled, straw-coloured, glossy
stalks. Their upper portion is only once divided into several narrow lobes
prominently toothed towards the base. The lower leaflets, 6in. to 12in. long,
are pinnate, being furnished with similar lobes on both sides and again
compound with smaller -leafits on both sides at the base. The texture of the
fronds is somewhat leathery, and they are naked on both surfaces. The spore
masses fall short of the extremity of the leafits—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii.,
p- 177, t. 1228.
P. (Litobrochia) marginata—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; mar-gin-a’-ta (margined),
Bory.
A strong-growing, stove species, native of Malaysia, the Philippine Islands,
Mauritius, West Tropical Africa, &c. Its fronds are borne on strong, upright,
naked, brownish or straw-coloured, polished stalks 1ft. or more in length ;
they are composed of a terminal leaflet 6in. to 9in. long and 4in. to lin.
broad, cut down nearly to the midrib into’ numerous closely-placed lobes on
each side, which are very slightly toothed when barren, and of numerous
lateral leaflets also closely set. These fronds are naked on both surfaces, and
are of a soft, papery texture, with the spore masses falling rather short of the
point of the leaflets—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 225.
P. (Campteria) maxima—Camp-te’-ri-a ; max’-im-a (greatest), Baker.
A strong-growing Fern, of little decorative value, and which Baker
considers as scarcely more than a variety of P. biaurita. It is a native of
the Isle of Mayotte——Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 480.
P. (Litobrochia) Milneana—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; Mil-né-a’-na (Milne’s), Baker.
This robust, stove species, native of Fiji and the Solomon Islands,
somewhat resembles P. guadriaurita in habit. Its fronds, 2ft. to 3ft. long,
are borne on strong, upright, yellowish-brown, polished stalks; they are
furnished on each side with numerous leaflets, which are cut down throughout
nearly to the rachis into narrow-oblong, sickle-shaped lobes, with a similar
but smaller one at the base on the lower side, all being of a soft, papery
texture, and naked on both sides. The spore masses fall short of the
286 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
extremity of the lobes. P. tripartita is another name for this species.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 226, t. 1388. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 243. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 220.
P. moluccana—mol-uc-ca’/-na (Moluccan), Blume.
This strong-growing, stove species, native of Malaysia, is a very distinct
and ornamental Fern. Its ample fronds, borne on strong, polished, dark brown
stalks, are 2ft. to 3ft. long, elegantly pendulous, and once divided to the
midrib into numerous leaflets, which are disposed in opposite pairs. They are
lft. to 14ft. long, din. to Zin. broad, wedge-shaped at the base, and finely
toothed towards their point ; their texture is somewhat leathery, their colour
bright green on both surfaces, and they are of a shining nature. The spore
masses are covered by a narrow involucre of a parchment-like texture —
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 158, t. 1128. Micholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 243.
P. mutilata—mut-il-a’-ta (mutilated), Linneus.
This stove species, native of: the West Indian Islands, is very distinct.
Its fronds, either barren or fertile, are deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A),
about 6in. each way, with a narrow, entire point and several entire leaflets
cut into narrow leafits on each side. The barren fronds are borne on slender,
naked, straw-coloured stalks 5in. to Gin. long; while the stalks of the fertile
ones are stouter and Qin. to 12in. long. The divisions of the barren fronds
are shorter and broader than those of the fertile ones, not toothed, but abruptly
pointed at their extremity, and furnished with a crisp, white border of a tough,
gristly nature. Both kinds are naked and shining on both surfaces. The
spore masses are covered by a narrow, parchment-like involucre.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii, p. 164, t. 131a. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
lil, p. 243.
P. m. concinna—con-cin’-na (neat), Heward.
In this variety the fronds are more compound than is usually the case in
the typical species.
P. nemoralis—nem-or-a’-lis (grove-loving). According to Baker, the plant
known in gardens under this name is not distinct from P. biaurita.
PTERITS. 287
P. nitida—nit’-id-a (bright), Mettenius.
A very distinct, stove species, of small dimensions, native of the banks
of the Gaboon, West Africa, and readily distinguished through the wide-
creeping, slender rhizome from which its fronds are produced. These fronds
are deltoid (in shape of the Greek delta, A), 9in. to 12in. long, and four times
divided nearly to the midrib; their lower leaflets, much the largest, are
stalked, deltoid, and have the lower leafits on the lower side abundantly
produced. The ultimate lobes are oblong, blunt at the extremity, and wedge-
shaped at the base; they are of a thin but firm texture, naked on both
surfaces, and of a bright green colour. The sori (spore masses) do not reach
either the tip or the base of the lobes, and they are covered by a narrow,
smooth involucre of a peculiar grey colour.—Hooker, Species Filicum, p. 479.
P. (Doryopteris) nobilis—Dor-y-op’-ter-is ; no’-bil-is (noble), J. Smith.
This very handsome, stove species, also known in gardens under the
names of P. elegans and Litobrochia grandis, is a native of Southern Brazil.
Its fronds, borne on naked, wiry stalks 1ft. or more in length, vary considerably
as regards both size and shape, according to the age of the plant. In its
young state it produces only single, heart-shaped fronds; but those eventually
produced are halbert-shaped and finally somewhat palmate in form, with the
terminal and the upper lateral leaflets entire, and the lower lateral ones divided
into two or four spear-shaped leafits on their lower side. It then forms a
beautiful object, as the fronds, thick and of a very leathery texture, are of
a bright green colour, and their centre, as well as that of their leaflets and
leafits, is ornamented with a broad band of white, more intense in the middle
and gradually fading towards the edges. The spore masses form a continuous
line extending from the base to the tip of the divisions—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 167.
P. novee-caledonize—nov’-a-cal-e-do’-ni-w (from New Caledonia), Hooker.
Referring to this gigantic-growing, stove species, which is of little
decorative value, Mr. Charles Moore, of Sydney, who discovered it, states that
the fronds are sometimes 10ft. in height ; in some specimens, the lower leaflets,
which measure nearly 1ft. in length and Qin. in breadth, have five large leafits
on each side.—Hooker, Species Filicum, u., p. 189.
288 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Doryopteris) ornithopus — Dor-¥-op’-ter-is ; or-ni/-thop-us (bird’s-
foot-like), Mettenius.
This is a very pretty, stove species, of small dimensions, native of Southern
Brazil. It much resembles the better-known P. palmata as regards texture
and venation, but essentially differs from that popular species in having on the
fertile fronds several narrow segments like the claws of a bird, radiating from
an undivided centre.— Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 166.
P. Ouvrardi—Ouv-rar’-di (Ouvrard’s). A form of P. cretica.
P. paleacea—pal-é-a’-cé-a (scaly), Roxburgh.
A very strong-growing, stove species, of little decorative value, native of
St. Helena, in the upper exposed part of Diana’s Peak. Its fronds, 1ft. or
more each way, are borne on strong, erect stalks 2ft. to 4ft. long, of a reddish-
brown colour, and clothed throughout with large, brown scales.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii., p. 186. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 243.
P. (Doryopteris) palmata — Dor-y-
op’-ter-is ; pal-ma’-ta (hand-shaped),
Willdenow.
This small, stove species, also known
in gardens as Doryopteris collina, is very
distinct and deservedly popular, being of
easy culture and of great decorative value.
It is a native of Tropical America, its
habitat extending from the West Indies and
Colombia southward to Peru and Rio Janeiro;
Fig. 80. Portion of Mature Fertile Frond of and, according to Lowe, its introduction into
ie re the Royal Gardens, Kew, dates from 1840.
Its fronds, which are of two distinct forms,
are abundantly produced from a thick, fleshy crown. The barren ones, which
measure about 4in. across, are composed of five or more triangular lobes, of
which the terminal one is the largest ; they are borne on chestnut-brown,
polished stalks only about 4in. long. The fertile fronds are borne on stalks
sometimes lft. long; they have the same hand-shapéd outline, but they are
cut down to a broadly-winged centre into narrow lobes of which the upper
PTERTS. 289
ones are entire, and the lower ones again cut on the lower side (Fig. 80).
All are of a thick, leathery texture, dark green in colour, and naked on
both sides. The spore masses extend to the point of the lobes or segments.
—RHooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 166; Garden Ferns, t. 22. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 244. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic,
iii, t. 37. 2
P. palmata possesses the peculiarity of reproducing itself from bulbils
borne at the top of the stalk, just at the point of junction with the leafy
portion. The quickest way of propagating it in quantities is by means of
spores, which are freely produced; yet the bulbils will, if pegged down on
the ground without being severed from the parent plant, make young plants
in a very short time.
Although great quantities of this interesting species are grown annually,
it is subject to very little variation. The only form deserving special attention
is a variegated one sent to us by its raiser, Mons. Arthur van den Heede, of
Ghent, who has himself named it Doryopteris palmata argenteo-striata. It
partakes of all the characters and decorative qualities of the species, from
which it is distinct through the numerous and conspicuous white stripes
with which its fronds are ornamented.
P. Pancheri—Pan’-cher-i (Pancher’s), Baker.
A stove species, of medium dimensions and little decorative value, with
simply-pinnate fronds 2ft. to 2%ft. long, including the smooth, straw-
coloured stalks. It is a native of New Caledonia.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p. 479.
P. (Campteria) patens—Camp-te’-ri-a ; pat’-ens (spreading), Hooker.
This stove species, also known in gardens under the name of P. decussata,
is a native of Ceylon, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands. It is of large
dimensions, its ample fronds, 3ft. to 4ft. long and 2ft. or more in breadth,
being borne on upright, glossy, chestnut-brown stalks lft. or more in length.
They are composed of a terminal leaflet 6in. to 9in. long, with several narrow-
linear lobes on each side, the barren ones slightly toothed, and of numerous
lateral leaflets, similar but larger, sometimes 1}ft. long, the lowest forked.
All are of a somewhat leathery texture and naked on both sides. The spore
VOL. Ul. U
290 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
masses extend nearly to the end of the segments.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
i, p. 177, t. 137. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 244. Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 205.
P. (Doryopteris) pedata—Dor-¥-op’-ter-is ; ped-a’-ta (footed), Linnaeus.
This pretty, dwarf-growing, stove species, native of the West Indies and
Brazil, closely resembles P. palmata, from which, however, it is readily dis-
tinguished by its smaller size, as well as by its decidedly three-parted fronds,
which are never proliferous.—Hooker, Filices Exotice, p. 34. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 244. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic,
iii, t. 35.
P. pellucens—pel-lu’-cens (pellucid). Synonymous with P. longipes.
P. pellucida—pel-lu’-cid-a (pellucid), Presi.
This stove plant, native of Malaysia, the Philippine Islands, and the
Guinea Coast, although in the typical state different from P. cretica, is not
considered by Baker as_ specifically distinct—Hooker, Species, Filicum, ii.,
p- 161, t. 1293. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 38.
P. (Litobrochia) podophylla—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; pod-oph-yl’-la (having
foot-like fronds), Swartz.
This is a strong-growing, stove species, native of Mexico and the West
Indies. Its ample and three times divided fronds are borne on straw-coloured,
glossy stalks, and are 4ft. or more in length. Their terminal leaflet, 6in. long
or more, is cut down two-thirds of the way to the rachis into numerous
narrow-sickle-shaped lobes, which are finely toothed when barren. The lateral
leaflets, disposed in closely opposite pairs, are furnished with numerous lobes
similar to those of the terminal one; they are of a thick texture and naked
on both surfaces, and the spore masses fall short of the point of the lobes.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 227; Garden Ferns, t. 55. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 244.
P. (Litobrochia) pulehra—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; pul’-chra (fair), Schlechtendahl.
This greenhouse species is a native of Mexico, where it is said to be found
up to 5000ft. elevation. Its ample fronds are furnished on each side with
PTERIS. 291
numerous stalkless, narrow leaflets, which are 4in. to 6in. long, about 3in.
broad, slightly toothed towards the point, of a leathery texture, and naked on
both surfaces. The spore masses do not extend to the point of the leaflets—
Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 213
P. pungens—pun’-gens (prickly), Willdenow.
A strong-growing, stove Fern, closely resembling P. quadriaurita, from
which species it is distinguished only by the prickly character of its stalks.
It is a native of the West Indies.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 182.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 244.
P. quadriaurita—quad-ri-au-ri’-ta (four-eared), Retz.
This species, which thrives in the cool and the warm house alike,
possesses a very wide range of habitat, and is accordingly very variable in
habit and in dimensions. It is found all round the world within the Tropics,
and a little beyond them. Its fronds vary from Gin. to 2ft. or 3ft. in length
and from 4in. to 12in. in breadth; they are borne on naked or slightly rough,
straw-coloured stalks usually Ift. to 2ft. long, and consist of a terminal
leaflet cut down nearly to the rachis into numerous close, parallel, narrow-
oblong lobes, and of several pairs of lateral leaflets 6in. to 12in. or more in
length, the lowest usually compound, with one or two similar but smaller
leafits branching from them at the base on the lower side. The texture of
the fronds is somewhat leathery, and they are naked on both surfaces. The
sori (spore masses) are often continuous along the whole margin of the
segments.— Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 179, t. 13848. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 244. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 30.
Among the many variations which have been observed in this species the
most striking are the following:
P. q. argyrea—ar-gyr-x’-a (silvery), Moore.
A very handsome and deservedly popular Fern, introduced from Central
India. Its fronds, including the stalks, often attain 44ft. or Sft. in length
and 23ft. in breadth. The leaflets, which end in a tail-like point, and their
leafits, which are usually blunt, are regularly adorned in their centre with
a broad band of purest white, which forms a most pleasing contrast
u 2
292 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
with the bright green colour of ‘the other parts of the plant (Fig. 81).—
Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, t. 10. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
lii., p. 244.
P. q. felosma—fel-os’-ma (heavy-scented), J. Smith.
A strong-growing variety, introduced from Jamaica in 1822. It differs
from the species in its finer-cut foliage, which is of a dull green colour and
has a strong and peculiar scent—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iv., t. 2.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil., p. 244.
Fig. 81. Pteris quadriaurita argyrea
much reduced).
P. q. sulcata—sul-ca’-ta (furrowed), Link,
This variety somewhat resembles P. q. felosma in general appearance,
though of much dwarfer habit and destitute of the strong odour which
characterises that variety. It was introduced from Jamaica into the Royal
Gardens, Kew, in 1841. Its fronds, which seldom exceed 3ft. in length,
“WITOAILLLIOVS SIlaisiel
PTERIS, 293
including their stalks, are of a deep green colour and smooth on both sides.
—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iv., t. 5. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 244.
P. reginze—re-gi’-ne (Queen’s). This and P. r. cristata are sub-varieties
of P. ensiformis.
P. rugulosa—rug-ul-o’-sa (slightly wrinkled), Ladillardiére.
A stove species, native of New Caledonia, producing from a wide-creeping
rhizome its ample fronds, which are four times divided nearly to the midrib
and furnished with closely-set, short-stalked, spear-shaped leaflets less than
lft. long. The leaflets are again divided into close and almost stalkless,
spear-shaped leafits, and these are in their turn cut into segments that are
wedge-shaped on the lower side at the base, the lowest being deeply cleft into
oblique, blunt lobes. The fronds are of a somewhat leathery texture, dull
green in colour, and finely wrinkled, especially below. The edge of the fertile
segments is revolute, and the spore masses reach to the midrib.—MHooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 480.
P. sagittata—sag-it-ta’-ta (arrow-shaped), This
is synonymous with Pella sagittata.
P.(Doryopteris) sagittifolia—Dor-y-op’-ter-is;
sag-it-tif-ol’-i-a (arrow-fronded), Raddi.
This very pretty and thoroughly distinct, dwarf-
growing, stove species is a native of Brazil, and,
according to Lowe, was introduced into the Royal
Gardens, Kew, in 1841. Its sagittate (arrow-shaped) Fig. 82, Lower Portion of Frond of
Pteris sagittifolia
(% nat. size).
fronds, 4in. to 6in. long from the top of the stalk
to their extremity and 2in. to 3in. broad, are borne
on naked, blackish stalks 4in. to 6in. long and of a polished nature; they are
entire, but furnished with two basal lobes which are triangular and sharp-
pointed (Fig. 82 and Coloured Plate), as is the extremity of the frond itself.
These fronds, of a leathery texture, are mostly fertile, and the spore masses,
which form a continuous line all round the margin, are furnished with a
narrow indusium.—Hooker, Filices Exoticw, t. 39. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 244. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii., t. 36.
294 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. (Pesia) scaberula—Pws’-i-a ; scab-er’-ul-a (slightly rough), Richard.
This exceedingly pretty, compact-growing, greenhouse species, native of
New Zealand, is of such totally distinct appearance that, to the casual observer,
it appears much more like a finely-cut Davallia than a Pteris. The plant is
provided with wide-creeping rhizomes of a wiry nature, from which its spear-
shaped and finely-divided fronds, borne on
somewhat rough stalks 6in. to 12in. long, are
produced. These fronds are tri- or quadri-
pinnatifid (three or four times divided nearly
to the midrib), 1ft. to 14ft. long, and 6in. to
» aw 9in. broad ; their lower leaflets are cut down
7 ree &)
OF Ay A
TM A
; ; to the rachis into numerous leafits on .each
Fig. 83. Pinna of Pteris scaberula ; : : .
Gi nats alec side (Fig. 83), which are again cut down into
oblong, toothed segments of a somewhat leathery
texture and of a pleasing pale green colour. The abundant spore masses
occupy, when mature, nearly the whole of the fertile segments, except the
midrib.— Hooker, Species Filicum, ii, p. 174, t. 93a. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, ili., p. 244. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iv., t. 10.
P. scabra—scab’-ra (rough), Bory.
A stove species, which, although very distinct, is of little decorative value.
Its fronds, 2ft. or more in length and lft. to 14ft. broad, are borne on strong,
upright, dark chestnut-brown, glossy stalks 1ft. to 2ft. long; they are
composed of a terminal leaflet and several pairs of lateral ones, of such
a leathery texture that the specimens can scarcely be fastened down on
paper. It is a native of Mauritius and Bourbon.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
i, p. 187, t. 138.
P. semipinnata—se-mip-in-na/-ta (half-pinnate), Linneus.
This singular-looking, upright, greenhouse species, of medium dimensions,
is a native of Hong-Kong, Japan, the Philippine Islands, and Borneo, and is
also found on the Himalayas at an elevation of 4000ft. Its curious, broadly
spear-shaped fronds, 1ft. to 13ft. long and 6in. to 9in. broad, are of a peculiarly
upright habit and borne on strong, erect, bright chestnut-brown, shining stalks
lft. or more in length. Their upper part is cut down nearly to the rachis
PTERIS. 295
into numerous closely-set, entire lobes, their lower two-thirds being provided
with six or eight pairs of opposite leaflets, the largest of which are 3in. to
6in. long, with a long, narrow, entire point, and a broad, entire wing on the
upper side of the midrib, but with several leafits lin. to 2in. long on their
lower side (Fig. 84). Their texture is scarcely leathery, the barren segments
or leafits are finely toothed, and they are smooth on both surfaces. The spore
masses, disposed in a continuous line from the base
of: the leafits, fall short of their extremity.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, ii, p. 169; Garden Ferns, t. 59.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 245.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iv., t. 9. Beddome,
Ferns of Southern India, t. 34.
P. serrulata—ser-rul-a’-ta (saw-edged), Linneus.
Probably this is the commonest and best-known
of all the species in the genus; but it is also the
most useful for house and Fernery decoration, its
elegant habit, easy cultivation, and lasting qualities
rendering it especially adapted for that purpose. It
is essentially a greenhouse Fern, requiring neither
AMIS:
care nor trouble in its management, and is a native
of China, where it is very common; it has also been
received from Japan, and Eaton states (‘‘ Ferns of
North America,” vol. ii, p. 240) that in North
America, where it is called the ‘Chinese Brake,” it
is found on shaded banks of rivulets in forests near ee TTT
Mobile, Alabama, and on walls in the city of Charleston, semipinnata
in South Carolina. According to Lowe, this useful =
species was introduced into England in 1770.
Its slender fronds, 9in. to 18in. long and 6in. to Qin. broad, are borne on
naked, pale brownish stalks 6in. to 9in. long and of a wiry nature. Their
main rachis (midrib of the leafy portion) is margined with a wing which
grows gradually narrower downwards and forms the terminal leaflet at the
summit of the frond. The lateral leaflets are disposed in six or more pairs,
usually, but not regularly, opposite; the upper ones are simple and 4in. to
296 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
6in. long, while the lower ones are provided with several long, narrow leafits
on each side; the edge of the barren ones is conspicuously saw-toothed, and
the fertile ones show a narrow involucre of a parchment-like texture covering
the spore masses.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 167. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 245. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii., t. 40. Eaton,
Ferns of North America, ii., t. 78.
Pteris serrulata is extremely variable, and through its variations it is
brought into close connection with P. cretica. Although some of the
numerous varieties produced by cultivation are not of sufficient interest to
deserve special notice, and are only found to be distinct from one another when
submitted to close comparison, there are other forms which are thoroughly
distinct either in habit, size, or general appearance. Cristation is the form of
variation which, as a rule, is most noticeable, though there are some others,
and it is worthy of notice that most of the varieties thus obtained possess
the power of reproducing themselves true from their spores. The following
are the most distinct forms known:
P. s. angustata—an-gus-ta’-ta (narrow), Moore.
In this variety, of very elegant habit, the fronds have their leaflets
narrower than those of the species; they are of a peculiar light green colour,
of dimensions about equal to those of the typical plant, finely toothed
throughout, and terminate in loose, narrow tassels.—Micholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 245.
P. s. Applebyana—Applé-by-a’-na (Appleby’s), Moore.
The fronds of this variety are long, much branched, and pendulous; the
narrow leaflets, also beautifully pendent, have their extremity furnished with
a much-divided and fringed, moss-like tassel. — Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 245.
P. s. corymbifera—cor-ymb-if’-er-a (corymb-bearing), Moore.
The fronds of this very handsome variety generally reach from 1ft. to
1}ft. in length; they are of a peculiarly erect habit, and all their leaflets,
being much shortened, form dense, crisp, corymbiferous heads of a pleasing
bright green colour.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iti., p. 245.
PTERTS. 297
P. s. cristata—cris-ta’-ta (crested), Moore.
This variety is very variable. Its fronds, instead of being lengthened
into a terminal leaflet, have a more or less rounded form, produced through the
Fig, 85, Pteris serrulata cristata
@ nat. size).
cristation of the leaflets, which appear to be all of nearly equal length. The
original P. s. cristata is of upright habit (Fig. 85), but many seedlings raised
from it have a more or less drooping character.—Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 245.
298 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. s. c. compacta and densa—com-pac’-ta, den’-sa (compact, dense), May.
These sub-varieties differ from cristata principally in their close, dense
habit and dwarf stature. The fronds of densa are particularly elegant through
the crests of all the leaflets being very delicately fringed.
P. s. ec. Dixoni—Dix’-on-i (Dixon’s), Moore.
This sub-variety is readily distinguished from the shen through its
leaflets being much broader than those of the type, beautifully pendulous, and
terminating in loose crests.
P. s. c. major—ma’-jor (greater), Moore.
Of all the sub-varieties raised from P. serrulaia, this one, also known as
the Chiswick variety, is undoubtedly the most beautiful. Its fronds frequently
attain 3ft. in length including their stalks; they are of a strong, firm nature
and of a very dark shining green colour. Although of exceptionally large
dimensions and heavily weighted with large, conspicuous tassels at their
extremity, they possess a remarkably fine habit, and the entire plant has the
appearance of an elegant vase of verdure. Although mock-fertile fronds are
produced in abundance, this sub-variety is barren, and can therefore only be
propagated by the division of the crowns.
P. s. c. parvula—par’-vul-a (small), Schneider.
A plant of very dwarf habit. Its short, stiff, erect fronds, seldom more
than 10in. high including the stalks, have all their leaflets densely crested,
and form a subject of unique appearance.
P. s. ec. semifastigiata — se-mif-as-ti-gi-a/-ta (slightly fastigiate or
pyramidal), Moore.
The growth of this very distinct plant is compact and upright. Its
fronds have their lower portion developed as in the normal form, but their
summit forms a large and broadly-crested corymb of a crisp nature and of
a pleasing bright green colour.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 245.
P. s. gloriosa—glo-ri-o’-sa (glorious), May.
This is much in the way of P. s. cristata major, but of a more pendulous
habit ; the cristation is also of a finer nature, each leaflet being many times
PTERTS. 299
™~
divided at its summit and each division terminating in a deeply-cut or
fimbriated, fan-shaped crest.
P. s. gracilis—grac’-il-is (slender), May.
A compact and very distinct variety. Its slender, arching fronds, which
are of the same length as those of the typical P. serrulata, are furnished with
very narrow leaflets, which do not show any signs of cristation, but are of
a most elegant outline.
P. s. Leyi—Ley’-i (Ley’s), Moore.
Of all the freaks of nature in connection with P. serrulata, this variety
is undoubtedly the most extraordinary. Its fronds, of normal size, are of
upright habit, and their leafy portion is reduced to a broad wing which runs
along the rachis and for about lin. at the base of the leaflets. The leaflets
are reduced to a narrow, thread-like process 2din. to 4in. long, curved upwards
and very elegant. This curious plant reproduces itself true from the spores,
which are disposed on the margins of the broad wing only, the other parts of
the leaflets never showing any sign of
fructification. It frequently happens
that among seedlings of it plants with
more or less crested fronds are found,
and this character is retained, though
it hardly adds to the beauty of the
subject.
P. s. polydactyla—pol-yd-ac’-tyl-a
(many-fingered), Moore.
This variety, which is normal as
far as size and habit are concerned,
has all the points of its leaflets several
times forked and frequently much Fig. 86. Pteris serrulata tenuifolia, showing Habit and
portion of detached Frond
(Habit, § nat. size; Portion of Frond, nat. size).
lengthened out.— Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, ill., p. 245.
P. s. tenuifolia—ten-t-if-ol’-i-a (slender-fronded), Moore.
Although the foliage of this light and graceful form is as fine and as
elegant as that of P. s. gracilis, the plant itself differs considerably from that
300 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
variety through its habit, which is quite distinct. Its fronds, instead of being
arching, are almost or quite upright, and their leaflets, though quite as narrow
as those of gracilis, are shorter and of a more rigid nature.—Micholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 245.
P. Smithiana—Smith-i-a’-na (Smith’s). A variety of P. tremula.
P. spinulifera — spi-nul-if’-er-2 (spine-bearing). This is synonymous
with P. atrovirens.
P. (Litobrochia) splendens — Li-tob-roch’-i-a; splen’-dens (shining),
Kaulfuss.
A strong-growing, stove species, native of Brazil, with ample fronds
borne on erect, dull, slightly rough stalks. These fronds are divided to the
midrib into numerous narrow, almost stalkless leaflets 1ft. or more in length,
lin. broad, and sharply toothed towards their extremity; they are of a
leathery texture and naked on both sides. The spore masses, which fall
short of the point of the leaflets, ultimately hide the narrow involucre which
at first covers them.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 211.
P. Stelleri—Stel-le’-ri (Steller’s). The plant usually found in gardens under
this name is synonymous with Pella gracilis.
P. straminea—stra-min’-é-a (straw-coloured), Mettenius.
This greenhouse species, of medium dimensions, also known in gardens
under the name of P. crispa, is a native of Chili. Its fronds, which somewhat
resemble a congested form of the popular P. tremula, are 1ft. to 14ft. long
and are borne on straw-coloured stalks of the same length. The leaflets
occupy an ascending position; the lowest, much the largest, are furnished
on both sides with leafits, the lowest of which are again divided ; the others
are cut down to a narrow wing along the rachis into spear-shaped segments,
narrowed to a point, and sharply but closely toothed. The fronds are of
a bright green colour, and their spore masses fall short of the point of the
segments.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 479. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 245.
P. sulcata—sul-ca’-ta (furrowed). A variety of P. quadriaurita.
PTERIS. 301
P. tremula—trem’-ul-a (trembling), R. Brown.
This strong-growing, greenhouse species, commonly called the “ Australian
Bracken,” has, as much on account of its decorative qualities as through its
excellent constitution, become a very popular Fern. It is also a native of
New Zealand and Tasmania. Its ample fronds, 2ft. to 4ft. long and quite
2ft. broad, are borne on strong, upright, naked, bright chestnut-brown stalks
lft. to 2ft. long. Besides the terminal leaflet,
which consists of a few closely-placed, entire Vii
lobes, there are, according to the size of the ING Z
fronds, from four to six pairs of lateral leaflets. WE
The upper leaflets are simply pinnate, with wl ee.
entire leafits on each side, the largest being Wig
about 6in. long and more than lin. broad ; WWZE.
the lower ones are often very compound, Se Ey jg
sometimes lft. long, and twice divided to the ~ WZ
midrib (Fig. 87). The fronds are of a soft, Ee
papery texture, bright green in colour, and SSS,
naked on both sides. The abundant spore = Ca, EF
masses are of a pronounced reddish-brown “SSN GE, ft
colour and sometimes fill up the whole of the SMyy He
nee SWE
leafits except the midrib.—Hooker, Species ee ee’
Filicum, i., p. 174, t. 1208. Micholson, Dic- \ eee NZS
LIRR Wi oZ
tionary of Gardening, iii., p. 245. Lowe, ZN
Ferns British and Exotic, iui., t. 45. : Lop ie =
Although this species is annually grown een
by hundreds of thousands for decorative pur- Fig. 87, Pinna of Pteris tremula
. (4 nat. size).
poses, it has produced comparatively few
varieties of real merit. The following are all that are in cultivation at
the present time :
P. t. elegans—e’-leg-ans (elegant), May.
In this variety, which is of smaller dimensions than the type, the lateral
leaflets are forked or slightly crested at their extremity, while the fronds
terminate in a crest of repeatedly-divided segments, the weight of which causes
them to droop and gives the plant:a light and elegant appearance.
302 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
P. t. flaccida—flac’-cid-a (weak), May.
In this variety, which is as free-growing as the type, the fronds have
a bright, shining surface, their leaflets are narrower than those of the type,
and the terminal leafits are much elongated and slightly twisted.
P. t. foliosa—fol-i-o’-sa (leafy), Schneider.
This variety is readily distinguished from the species by its broader
fronds, the leafits of which are rounder, much larger, and overlapping ; also
by the very pleasing pale green colour of the entire plant, which is of a
denser habit.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 597.
P. t. grandiceps—eran’-dic-eps (large-headed), May.
The fronds of this form are of an elegantly-arching or somewhat
drooping habit; their extremity consists of a large, flattish, finely-tasselled
crest consisting of four or five principal divisions and numerous furcations.
The leaflets and leafits also terminate in smaller crests.—Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iv., p. 597.
P. t. Kingiana—King-i-a’-na (King’s), Endlicher.
This vigorous, noble-looking variety, of somewhat drooping habit, is
a native of Norfolk Island, and, according to Lowe, was introduced into the
Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1831, by Allan Cunningham. It differs from the
species principally in its general habit and also in its segments being much
larger (sometimes 13in. long and nearly Hin. broad), without being toothed.
—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iii:, t. 46. Hooker, Species Filicum,
i, p. 188.
P. t. Smithiana—Smith-i-a’-na (Smith’s), Smith.
This is no doubt the most striking form of P. tremula that has been
obtained from cultivation. Indeed it has very little outward resemblance
to the typical plant, being of a dense, compact, upright, rigid habit. Its
fronds, which attain 2ft. to 23ft. in height including the stalks, are extremely
irregular in their development: sometimes the whole frond consists of a large,
multifid tassel, while in other cases there are a few lateral leaflets to each
branching of the frond, and each one is terminated by a crest of a pleasing
bright green colour.
PTERTS. 303
P. t. variegata—var-i-eg-a’-ta (variegated), May.
This variety, of much smaller dimensions than the type or any of the
other known varieties, is beautifully and very distinctly marked with a white
band running along the centre of the leaflets and leafits, and forming a very
pleasing contrast with the bright green colour of their edges.
P. tricolor—tric’-ol-or (three-coloured). This is a variety of P. aspericaulis.
P. tripartita—trip-ar-ti’-ta (thrice-parted). Synonymous with P. Milneana.
P, umbrosa—um-bro’-sa (shady), A. Brown.
This very handsome, greenhouse species, native of New South Wales and
Australia, was, according to Lowe, introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew,
in 1824. It is a tall, erect-growing plant, with fronds 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in.
to 12in. broad, and of a particularly drooping character. These fronds are
borne on strong, reddish-brown stalks 1ft. to 14ft. long, and are composed of
a terminal leaflet and from six to nine pairs of lateral ones, all of which run
down the stalk at the base, so as to form a broad wing which extends nearly
or quite from the base of one leaflet to the next. In the barren fronds the
leaflets have finely-toothed edges, while in the fertile ones they are narrower
and smooth on the edge. The lowest leaflets in each frond are usually divided
into from two to four leafits, but the others are entire; all are of an elegantly
pendulous nature, leathery in texture, and dark shining green in colour. The
spore masses are disposed in a continuous line extending to within lin. of
the point of the leaflets and leafits; they are green when young, afterwards
of a conspicuous reddish-brown colour, and are turned back so as to cover the
edges.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., -p. 162, t. 1308. Micholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 245. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 39.
P. undulata—un-dul-a’-ta (wavy), Moore.
A very handsome, evergreen, stove Fern, native of Fiji, somewhat
resembling P. Endlicheriana; it differs, however, in the undulated nature of
the margins of its segments, which are also less pointed. The stalks, 14ft.
long, are of a dark chestnut-brown colour. The fronds, 2ft. long and 2ft.
broad, are triangular and pinnate, with leaflets cleft more than half-way to
the midrib and divided so as to leave a broad, wavy wing to the rachis. The
804 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
broad, undulating surface of the arching fronds gives them a distinct and
very pleasing character. P. areolata is identical with this species.—Moore,
Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1867, p. 348. Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 480.
P. (Litobrochia) vespertilionis — Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; ves-per-ti-li-o’-nis
(bat-winged). Synonymous with P. incisa.
P. (Litobrochia) vestita—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; ves-ti’-ta (clothed), Baker.
A stove species, of medium dimensions, native of Peru, with fronds 1ft.
to 2ft. long, borne on slender, upright stalks 1ft. or more in length, hairy
when young, but smooth and straw-coloured later on. The terminal leaflet,
1ft. to 1}ft. long and 2din. broad, is cut down to a broadly-winged stalk into
numerous sickle-shaped lobes; the lateral leaflets resemble the terminal one,
but are smaller and tail-like at the point; all are of a soft texture and hairy
‘on both surfaces. The spore masses, which are confined to the inner two-
thirds of the leaflets, are covered with an involucre which consists principally
of a dense fringe of strong hairs.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 169.
P. Victoriz—Vic-to’-ri-e (Victoria’s). A variety of P. ensiformis.
P. (Litobrochia) Vieillardi—Li-tob-roch’-i-a ; Vieil-lard’-i (Vieillard’s),
Mettenius.
This stove species, native of New Caledonia, is very distinct, being the
least-divided of the sub-genus. Its fronds, which are borne on erect, wiry,
chestnut-brown stalks 6in. to 12in. long, are composed of a terminal leaflet
6in. long and lin. broad, and of two smaller lateral ones; they are of
a leathery texture and naked on both sides. The spore masses extend to
the extremity of the fronds.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 167.
P. (Peesia) viscosa—Pes’-i-a; vis-co’-sa (clammy), Moore.
A stove species, native of Jamaica, Venezuela, and Peru, and provided
with a wide-creeping rhizome densely clothed with narrow, dark brown scales.
The fronds, produced on these rhizomes and borne on stalks 1ft. or more in
length, are large and much divided. Their upper leaflets, small and spear-
shaped, are pinnatifid (divided nearly to the midrib) ; the lower ones, 1ft.
to 2ft. long and Gin. to Yin. broad, are furnished on each side with numerous
spear-shaped leafits, which are cut down into deeply-lobed segments about.
PTERTIS. 805
zin. long and }in. broad ; the texture of all is somewhat leathery, and they
are densely clothed on both surfaces with viscid glands. The spore masses
are covered with a double involucre of a parchment-like texture, the inner
one being sometimes obsolete.—Hooker, Species Filicum, ii., p. 200, t. 121s.
P. (Campteria) Wallichiana—Camp-te’-ri-a ; Wal-lich-i-a’-na (Wallich’s),
Agardh.
This is a very robust-growing, greenhouse species, native of Japan and
the Himalayas, where it is said to occur at 8000ft. elevation. Its ample,
thrice-divided fronds are borne on strong, bright chestnut-brown, glossy stalks
5ft. to 6ft. long. The central leaflet, often 2ft. long and 1ft. broad, is furnished
on each side with many spear-shaped, stalkless leafits cut down nearly to the
rachis into numerous narrow-oblong lobes nearly entire when barren; the
lateral leaflets, as large as the central one, are again forked; all are of
a soft, papery texture and pale green in colour. The spore masses are
disposed along nearly the whole length of the leafits—Hooker, Species Filicum,
i, p. 206. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 217.
'
PYCNOPTERIS—Pyc-nop’-ter-is. See Nephrodium.
RHIPIDOPTERIS—Rhi-pid-op’-ter-is. See Acrostichum.,
RMIZOGLOSSU M—RBhi-zog-lis’-sum. See Ophioglossum.
VOL. 11.
CHAPTER XIL
SADLERIA, Kaulfuss.
(Sad-ler’-i-a.)
SIN Hooker’s ‘Synopsis Filicum” Sadleria forms Genus 35,
occupying a position between Blechnum and Doodia. This
genus, which was named in honour of Joseph Sadler,
Professor of Botany at Perth, comprises but two species of
stove Ferns of arborescent habit, only one of which—S.
cyatheoides—has yet been introduced in our gardens. This is a very
handsome plant, combining the habit of a small Cyathea with the fructifi-
cation of a Blechnum. The distinguishing character of the genus resides in
the disposition of the sori (spore masses), which form a continuous line
close to the midrib on both sides, where they are placed on an elevated
receptacle and covered with a narrow involucre of a somewhat leathery
texture, at first wrapped over the spore masses, but afterwards spreading.
The conspicuous veins in the leafits form a series of distinct costal arches.
Culture.
S. cyatheoides is a vigorous grower, requiring no special care, and thriving
under warm treatment, in a mixture of two parts peat, one part loam, and
one part silver sand, with abundance of moisture at all times of the year.
It is usually propagated by means of spores, received from its native habitats,
none of the cultivated plants having as yet shown signs of fructification,
SExwe
(dadategecese
x
WM det date LO pM
ie CEE Wi MARR ANS Ra
i i 3
AiG LGN wk Ahad Adder
UN NG KZ <— WER ga 142, :
y “ G . a ithe 1 elt id Mi i“
MY NX Mi ME ‘
Le
Sadleria cyatheoides
(much reduced).
SADLERIA., 307
S. cyatheoides—cy-ath-é-5-i/-dés (Cyathea-like), Kaulfuss.
This handsome species (see Plate), of recent introduction in gardens, is
a native of the Sandwich Islands and Sumatra. Its fronds, 4ft. to 6ft. long
and 9in. to 18in. broad, are borne on strong, upright stalks 6in. to 18in.
long, naked except at the base, where they are densely clothed with long,
narrow, light brown scales. The leaflets, 8in. to 12in. long and in. to fin.
broad, are cut down to the rachis into numerous connected, narrow leafits,
barely 3in. broad and somewhat bluntish at their extremity. The whole of
the leafy portion of the frond is of a leathery texture and of a very pleasing
light green colour. The plant is said to form a stem 3ft. to 4ft. high, but
we are not aware that any of these stems have found their way to Europe,
the specimens in commerce being home-raised seedlings.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iii., p. 65. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 341.
S. squarrosa—squar-ro’-sa (scurfy), Gaudichaud.
This species, also native of the Sandwich Islands, is very different in
habit from S. cyatheoides and of much smaller dimensions. Its fronds, lft. to
13ft. long and Gin. broad, are borne on erect stalks 6in. to 8in. long, densely
clothed with rough scales of a reddish-brown colour. They are furnished
with twelve to eighteen pairs of narrow-spear-shaped leaflets, 3in. to 4in. long,
din. to 3in. broad, cut down to the rachis into quite distinct, oblong-sickle-
shaped leafits of a dark green colour and leathery texture. The spore masses
are disposed in shorter rows, and these are also situated farther from the
midrib, than in S. cyatheoides—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 187.
SAGENIA—Sag-e’-ni-a. See Nephrodium.
SALPICHLANA—Sal-pich-le’-na. See Blechnum.
SCMAFFNERIA—Schaff-ner’-i-a. See Scolopendrium.
x 2
CHAPTER XIII.
SCMIZAA, Smith.
(Schiz-2’-a.)
Comb or Rush Ferns.
HE name of this small, widely-diffused genus, composed of
plants totally distinct in habit from all other known Ferns,
is derived from schizo, to split, in allusion to the fan-shaped
or multifid nature of the fronds of most species. In Hooker’s
“Synopsis Filicum” Schizea forms Genus 64, and comprises
plants with fronds terete (cylindrical) or nearly so, with pinnate fertile
segments and biserial capsules ; others with fronds distinctly flattened, pinnate
fertile segments, and biserial capsules; and a few with fertile segments digitate
(hand-shaped) rather than pinnate and quadriserial capsules. The distinctive
character of the genus, besides the peculiar appearance of the plants of
which it is composed, lies in the nature of the fructification, which consists
of sessile (stalkless), two-valved capsules opening down the side, disposed in
either two or four rows covering one side of close, distichous (two-rowed)
spikes which form separate fertile segments at the extremity of the fronds.
The genus belongs to the sub-order Schize@acew, which also embraces the
better-known genera Anemia, Lygodium, Mohria, and Trochopteris.
Schizea has representatives in Cape Colony, New Zealand, various parts of
Australia, North and South America, and the West Indies, where they are
usually found growing in marshy places, but exposed to the action of light—
a circumstance which may easily be accounted for by the rush-like nature of
their fronds.
SCHIZAA, 309
Culture.
On account of the difficulties with which their culture is beset, Schizaas
are seldom met with in general collections; yet some of the species are well
worth a little extra attention. It may be useful to note that where they are
found to thrive under cultivation they are invariably grown in a compost of
roughly-broken peat and loam, in about equal parts, with ample drainage ;
for, although growing naturally in swampy places, they, under culture, greatly
dislike stagnant water, though they require frequent and copious waterings
at the roots. A position where they are under the influence of ventilation
is also beneficial We have never heard of an instance of Schizeas being
raised from spores, although these have frequently been received in England,
especially from Australia.
Principal Species.
S. australis—aus-tra’-lis (Southern), Gaudichaud.
A small-growing, stove species, native of the Falkland and Auckland
Islands, and of dense habit. Its very short, dark chestnut-brown stalks,
channelled in front, pass gradually into the wiry, nearly cylindrical fronds,
which are lin. to 2in. long. The fertile segments, somewhat, erect, show
about six short, stout, nearly spreading spikes on each side—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 428.
S. bifida—bif’-id-a (twice-cleft), Swartz.
This greenhouse species, native of New Zealand and Temperate and
North Australia (whence it was introduced in 1822), is one of the most
robust-growing, as also one of the most decorative, of the whole genus. Its
chestnut-brown, dense stalks pass gradually into the fronds, which are Gin.
to 18in. long, forked generally below the middle, sometimes forked again,
casually simple; they are rush-like in texture and of a very wiry nature,
with a prominent, rough midrib, and two narrow, thick wings. The fertile
segments, somewhat erect or recurved, are unilateral (one-sided), showing from
ten to twenty slender, upright spikes on each side-—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p- 429. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i., p. 383.
310 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. dichotoma—dich-ot’-om-a (repeatedly forked), Swartz.
This is a stove species, native of Cuba, Venezuela, Peru, Australia, New
Zealand, Malaysia, the Neilgherries, &c. The fronds, fan-like in general outline,
6in. to Yin. each way, and many times forked, are borne on firm, erect, glossy
stalks Gin. to 18in. long, channelled on the face above. The fertile segments
show from four to ten spreading spikes on each side.—
Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 17. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 383.
S. digitata—dig-it-a’-ta (hand-shaped), Swartz.
In this stove species, native of the Himalayas,
Ceylon, and the Philippine, Malayan, and Fiji Islands,
the stalks, brownish, and nearly cylindrical, pass
gradually into the fronds, which are 2in. to 3in. long,
flattened, with the midrib prominent beneath, and
crowned. at the summit with fertile spikes 14in. long,
naked beneath, with the capsules disposed in four rows
and the edge much inflexed. Fig. 88 is reduced from
Col. Beddome’s “Ferns of Southern India,” by the
kind permission of the author.—Hooker, Garden Ferns,
t. 54. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 383.
Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 268.
S. elegans—e’-leg-ans (elegant), Swartz.
The habitat of this stove species extends from the
Fig. 88. Schizwa digitata
ik, aoe West Indies and Mexico to Brazil, whence it was
introduced in 1819. Its fronds, borne on firm, erect,
naked stalks 6in. to 12in. long, are like the letter V in outline, 4in. to 8in.
each way, and repeatedly forked or cleft, their divisions varying greatly in
number and breadth. The fertile segments, distinctly stalked, show from six
to fifteen close, spreading, narrow-cylindrical spikes on each side.—Hooker,
Garden Ferns, t. 54. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 383.
S. fistulosa—fis-tul-o’-sa (roundish and hollow), Labillardiére.
A greenhouse species, native of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and
Chili. Its dense, chestnut-brown stalks pass gradually into the fronds, which
SCHIZAA. 311
are 4in. to 12in. long, rigid, and rush-like; they are nearly round, being
simply channelled in front. The fertile segments, somewhat upright and about
lin. long, show from ten to twenty close, slender spikes on each side.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 429.
S. malaccana—mal-ac-ca/-na (Malaccan), Baker.
In this stove species, native of Malaysia and the Philippine Islands, and
which, according to Beddeme, grows at an elevation of 3500ft. on Mount
Gedé, in Moulmein, the stalks are weak, flexuose, nearly cylindrical, and not
distinguishable from the fronds themselves, which, whether barren or fertile,
are similar. The fertile segments are erect, often disposed in two series, and
show from three to six slender, spreading spikes on each side.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 428. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 255.
S. pectinata—pec-tin-a’-ta (comb-like), Smth.
A greenhouse species, native of Cape Colony. Its very dense, chestnut-
brown stalks pass gradually into the fronds, which are 4in. to 8in. long, rigid
and rush-like in texture, with a broad, central midrib, and two narrow, thick,
revolute edges. The fertile segments, nearly horizontal, show from ten to
fifteen slender, vertical spikes on each side.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 429.
S. penicillata—pe-nic-il-la’-ta (pencil-like). Synonymous with S. pennula.
S. pennula—pen’-nul-a (small-winged), Swartz.
This is a very distinct, stove species, native of the West Indies, New
Caledonia, the Isle of Pines, and the Seychelles, and said to have been
introduced in 1816. Its dense, brownish, somewhat cylindrical stalks, lin.
to 2in. long, pass gradually into the fronds, which are 1ft. or more in length,
very thick, triquetrous (furnished with three sharp angles), and crowned at
their summit with from six to twelve slightly three-angled, fertile spikes
which are din. to ldin. long, hairy beneath, with the capsules usually disposed
in four rows.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 54. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 383.
S. pusilla—pus-il/-la (dwarf), Pursh.
This greenhouse species is essentially a native of North America, where
it is commonly known as the “New Jersey Schizwa.” According to Eaton, it
312 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
is found in the central and eastern counties of New Jersey, usually growing
in the drier parts of sphagnous swamps, among White Cedars. Its curious
little fronds are produced from a horizontal, creeping rootstock, bearing only
a few barren and a few fertile ones. The latter, 3in. to 4in. long, are roundish,
wiry, much contorted, and curled; the barren ones, much shorter, are also
much twisted and slightly flattened. The fertile segments, of a somewhat
erect habit, are unilateral, showing about six rather stout spikes on each side.
This species is said to be hardy in the South of England.—Hooker and Greville,
Icones Filicum, t. 48. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 383. Eaton,
Ferns of North America, t. 24.
S. robusta—ro-bus’-ta (robust), Baker.
Although much larger in all its parts than S. australis, this plant, native
of the Sandwich Islands, is considered by Brackenridge as simply a tropical
form of that species.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 429.
S. rupestris—ru-pes’-tris (rock-loving), R. Brown.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Temperate Australia,
whence it was introduced in 1822. Its stalks, only about lin. long and nearly
cylindrical, pass gradually into the fronds, which are grass-like and flattened,
almost fleshy in texture, 3in. to 4in. long, with a slender midrib. The fertile
segments, solitary and somewhat upright, show from six to ten slender,
spreading, toothed spikes on each side-——Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum,
t. 47. Hooker, Garden Ferns, t. 42.
S. Sprucei—Spru’-cé-i (Spruce’s), Hooker.
This is a very distinct, stove species, discovered on the banks of the
Rio Negro. Its fronds are produced from a somewhat upright rootstock of
a woody nature and borne on firm, dense, erect stalks Yin. to 12in. long,
clothed, especially below, with rough, brownish scales. They are very thick
in texture, naked, 6in. to 8in. long, nearly din. broad at their widest part,
narrowed gradually downwards, and bear at their summit from one to six
long-stalked fertile segments lin. to 2in. long, with the rachis spirally
recurved. The very numerous fertile spikes are woolly beneath.—Hooker,
Icones Plantarum, t. 1016.
SCHIZAA, 318
S. tenella—ten-el’-la (very delicate), Kaulfuss.
A greenhouse species, of medium dimensions, native of Cape Colony, with
dense, chestnut-brown stalks passing gradually into the fronds, which are 6in.
to 8in. long, not very rigid, with a broad, distinct midrib and two equal
wings. The fertile segments, somewhat upright and nearly in. long, are
unilateral, showing from four to eight rather stout spikes on each side.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 428.
SCHIZOLOM A—Schiz-ol-o’-ma. See Lindsaya.
CHAPTER XIV.
SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith.
(Scol-op-en’-dri-um.)
Hartstonque.
ESV GIICHOLSON, in his excellent and exhaustive “ Dictionary of
9] Gardening” (vol. iti., p. 393), tells us that Scolopendrium is
the ancient Greek name of the genus used by Theophrastus,
and that it was said to be so called because the numerous
parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede
(scolopendra). The popular appellation, Hartstongue, is derived from the shape
of the frond of the only British species, S. vulgare.
Scolopendrium, which in Hooker’s “Synopsis Filicum” forms Genus 41
and represents the entire tribe Scolopendriew, contains only nine species, most
of which, though existing in the form of dry specimens, are as yet unknown
in gardens. In accordance with their various modes of venation, the species
have been divided as follow :
ANTIGRAMME (An-tig-ram’-me), Presl. The fronds of the plants of this
sub-genus have a distinct midrib, and their veins intercross each other towards
the edge.
Camprosorus (Camp-tos-o’-rus), Zink. In this sub-genus the fronds
have their veins intercrossing each other near the midrib, but they are free
outward. The sori (spore masses) are usually disposed in opposite pairs,
but more or less divaricating (branching off at a high angle and spreading
irregularly in various directions).
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 315
Evsconopenprium (Eu-scol-op-en’-dri-um), or true Scolopendrium, Smith.
The fronds of the species in this division have their veins free or only
casually intercrossing each other.
ScHaFryertA (Schaff-ner’-i-a), Fée. The only species at present known
belonging to this sub-genus has fronds with no distinct midrib, but veins
flabellate (fan-shaped) and uniting towards the edge.
In their fructification the plants belonging to Scolopendriee are closely
allied to those belonging to Asplenicw. Their sori are similar to those of the
latter tribe, being attached to the veins, oblique with regard to the midrib,
or occasionally almost parallel with it, linear or oblong. Their involucres
(coverings), however, instead of being single and opening towards the midrib,
are arranged in pairs and open towards each other.
The species of Scolopendrium, though not numerous, are widely distributed.
One at least, S. vulgare, is a native of Great Britain as well as of some other
parts of Europe, the United States of America, Japan, &c.; while another,
S. Hemionitis, though not found in the United Kingdom, is a native of various
parts of Southern Europe. 8. rhizophyllum, or, as it is commonly called, the
‘Walking Fern,” is essentially a North American plant; in S. sébiricum we
have a Fern whose habitat extends from Siberia to Kamtschatka and Japan ;
while S. nigripes, S. brasiliense, and S. plantagineuwm are of South American
origin, and even the Philippine Islands have produced S. pinnatum.
Culture.
On account of their extensive geographical distribution, Scolopendriums
are adapted for either the stove, the greenhouse, or the hardy Fernery. The
best-known and most extensively cultivated is undoubtedly the common
Hartstongue, S. vulgare, of which an almost unlimited number of beautiful
or merely curious forms are found in gardens. These, through the extremely
varied nature of the outline of their foliage, present a wonderful series of
interesting variations from the normal state of the plant. They thrive
best in a compost of a light, sandy nature, made up of two parts leaf
mould or peat, one part loam, and one part silver sand, and are particularly
useful for growing by the edge of water or in shady places, where it is
often difficult to cultivate other plants with success.
316 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
With the exception of the varieties of S. vulgare, which are usually and
with greater certainty increased by the division of their crowns (and a few
by means of the bulbils produced on their fronds), the propagation of
Scolopendriums is effected by spores, which are abundantly produced and
germinate freely.
Principal Species and Varieties.
S. (Antigramme) brasiliense—An-tig-ram’-me ; bras-il-i-en’-sé (Brazilian),
Kunze.
This stove species, which, according to Lowe, was introduced into the
Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1836, is a native of Brazil. Its fronds, 6in. to 12in.
long and lin. to 14in. broad, taper towards both ends and are borne on short,
hairy stalks; they are of a leathery texture and their veins intercross one
another about two-thirds of the distance from the midrib to the edge. The
spore masses are confined to the free veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 3.
Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, v., t. 148.
S. Douglasii—Doug-las’-i-i (Douglas’s). Synonymous with S. plantagineum.
S. Durvillei—Dur-vil’-lé-i (Durville’s), Bory.
In this singular-looking species, native of Ualan, the fronds, which are
produced from a firm, wide-creeping rhizome, and borne on firm, erect, naked
stalks 2in. to din. long, vary from simple, oblong-spear-shaped, 6in. long, Lin.
broad, with the edges notched and the base eared, to broadly triangular and
twice divided half-way to the midrib, with several leaflets on each side cut
down nearly to the rachis into narrow, toothed or pinnatifid lobes; they are
of a somewhat leathery texture and naked on both sides. The spore masses
reach from the midrib two-thirds of the way to the edge without any raised
line between them.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 247.
S. Memionitis—He-mi-on-i’-tis (Hemionitis-like), Swartz.
A greenhouse species, popularly known as the “Mule’s Fern”; it is
a native of Southern Europe, being found in the South of France, Italy,
Spain, and the Mediterranean Islands, and is no doubt related to the common
S. vulgare, but its fronds, borne on slender and slightly hairy stalks 4in. to
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 317
6in. long, are in the form of an arrow, distinctly heart-shaped at the base,
with sometimes short and rounded, at other times prominent and almost
sharp, lobes. Their texture is also thinner than that of S. vulgare, their veins
are more branched, and their spore masses are much shorter. This species
thrives best in a warm, sheltered situation in a shaded rockery.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 2. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 393.
Correvon, Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 123.
S. Krebsii—Krebs’-i-i (Krebs’), Kunze.
This singular and very interesting, greenhouse species, by some authors
placed in the genus Lomaria, of which it possesses only the outward
appearance, is a native of Natal and the Cape of Good Hope. Its distinctly-
pinnate fronds, 1ft. to 14ft. long and borne on short stalks, are produced from
a half-erect rootstock. They are broadly spear-shaped, with an abruptly-
pointed extremity and numerous smooth, spreading leaflets of a leathery
texture; these are about 3in. long, stalkless, spear-shaped, and heart-shaped
above and below at the base. Every leaflet has a large number of parallel
rows of-sori directed from the midrib towards the edge at a sharp angle
with the former.—Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, v., t. 56. Botanical
Magazine, t.. 4768.
S. (Schaffneria) nigripes — Schaff-ner’-i-a; nig’-rip-és (black-footed),
Hooker.
A stove species, native of Mexico and Guatemala, with ovate or roundish
fronds lin. to 1din. broad, of a thick, leathery texture, borne on black, polished
stalks lin. to 2in. long and jointed at the summit. The spore masses are
disposed in irregular, linear or oblong patches.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum,
p. 247.
S. officinarum — of-fic-i-na’-rum (officinal). This and S. officinale are
synonymous with S. vulgare.
S. pinnatum—pin-na’-tum (once-divided), J. Smith.
The fronds of this stove species, native of the Philippine. Islands, are
borne on compressed, greyish stalks, and are 2ft. to 4ft. long. They are
composed of an entire, terminal leaflet 4in. to 6in. long, 1din. to 2in. broad,
318 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
and proliferous at its extremity, and of from one to six pairs of similar lateral
ones, of a somewhat leathery texture. The spore masses, din. to #in. long,
are disposed in oblique lines.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 2. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 393.
S. (Antigramme) plantagineum—An-tig-ram’-me ; plan-ta-gin’-é-um
(Plantago-like), Schrader.
A stove species, also known as S. Douglasii, native of Brazil. Its egg-
shaped fronds, Gin. to 10in. long and 3in. to 5in. broad, are either rounded
or heart-shaped at the base, with the edge entire, and are borne on firm,
grey, naked stalks Gin. to 9in. long; their texture is leathery and their veins
intercross each other within about }in. of the edge. The spore masses are
confined to the free veins.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p. 3. Hooker and
Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 150.
S. (Camptosorus) rhizophyllum — Camp-tos-o’-rus ;_ rhi-zoph-yl/-lum
(having rooting fronds), Hooker.
This singular, greenhouse species, popularly known as the “ Walking
Fern” or the “Walking Leaf” of America, seems to be a species long
known in England, as, according to Lowe, it had probably been introduced
as early as 1680. Eaton, in his excellent work, “Ferns of North America,”
states that it occurs in many places in Western New England, but that it is
rare in the East; also that it is common from Canada to Virginia, Alabama,
Wisconsin, and Kansas, where it is generally found in patches of considerable
extent, growing on mossy rocks, especially on those of a limestone nature,
which it prefers, and in the crevices of which the finest specimens are usually
found firmly rooted. Probably the earliest notice of the Walking Leaf is in
Ray’s “Historia Plantarum,” vol. ii, p. 1927, published in 1688. It is there
described as “ Phyllitis parva sazatilis per summitates folii prolifera.” Other
early accounts of this singular plant may be found in the “ Species Plantarum ”
of Linnzus and of Willdenow, and in the second edition of Gronovius’s “ Flora
Virginica,”
The whole plant consists of a few fronds, growing from the end of
a very short yet creeping rootstock, and supported on slender, naked, chestnut-
brown stalks lin. to 4in. long. Their leafy portion, 4in. to Qin. long and
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 319
comparatively narrow, rarely rises erect, but is usually decumbent. The
wings of the stalks widen out into a wedge-shaped base which is sunk between
two basal auricles (ear-like appendages). These auricles are scantily developed
in small fronds, but in larger ones they are more or less prominent, making
the base of the frond either heart-shaped or halbert-shaped. In some specimens
the auricles are drawn out into slender points as rauch as 4in. long. The
upper part of the frond is scarcely wider than the stalk and commonly
produces at the extremity a proliferous bud, which very frequently takes root
and develops into a new plant (Fig. 89). The fronds are of a leathery
Fig. 89. Rooting Frond of Scolopendrium rhizophyllum
(nat. size).
texture, deep green in colour, with the midrib a little paler than the rest and
prominent on the under-surface. The short, irregular, linear-oblong spore
masses are disposed on the marginal veinlets—Hooker, Species Filicum, iv.,
p. 4. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 393. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, v., t. 144. Eaton, Ferns of North America, i, t. 8.
S. (Camptosorus) sibiricum—Camp-tos-o’-rus ;_ sib-i’-ric-um (Siberian),
Hooker. -
This hardy species, native of Western Siberia, Kamtschatka, Tsus-Sima,
and Japan, is a singular plant, producing two totally distinct kinds of fronds.
Both are of a somewhat leathery texture arid borne on stalks that are 2in.
to 8in. long, naked, green upwards, and dark brown below. The barren ones,
only lin. long and barely }in. broad, are egg-shaped and sharp-pointed, while
the fertile ones, 6in. or more in length and }in. broad, have their extremity
lengthened and rooting like that of S. rhizophyllum, but they are gradually
320 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
~
narrowed instead of being auricled at their base. The spore masses are either
linear or oblong. This species succeeds well planted out in a sheltered and
shady place, especially when kept in a vertical position amongst stones.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, iv., p.4; Second Century of Ferns, t. 35. Correvon,
Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 124.
S. vulgare—vul-ga’-ré (common), Smith.
On account of the shape of its fronds, this ornamental, hardy species,
also known as S. officinale and S. officinarum, is popularly called the “‘ Common
Hartstongue” Fern. It is a native of various parts of Hurope, Madeira, the
Azores, and the Caucasus, as well as Japan and North and South America ;
but there are no records of its having been found in any part of India.
Eaton, in “Ferns of North America” (vol. i, p. 248), states that it is found
growing in the crevices of broken lime rock, in deep ravines in Onondaga
and Madison Counties, New York, Owen Sound, Ontario, and Canada, and
that, though among the rarest of American Ferns, it is a common plant in
Europe. Correvon states (‘ Fougéres rustiques,” p. 120) that it is abundant
on the Jura Mountains and all over the Alps in limestone parts, that it is
also spread over the German States, Austria-Hungary, and all the South-West
of Europe, and is very plentiful in England and Ireland, but scarce in Scotland.
It is really one of the commonest of our British Ferns, and is to be found in
almost every county of the British Islands.
Mr. W. Johnson, in his “British Ferns,’ published in 1861, states
(p. 264) that the “Hartstongue Fern” was known to Turner, Gerarde, Ray,
and other ancient herbalists as Phyllitis, and that a variety with the extremity
of the fronds divided into irregular ends is described and depicted by Gerarde
under the name of Phyllitis multifida. He says that Gerarde found it in the
garden of Master Cranwich, a chirurgeon dwelling at Much-Dunmow, in Essex,
“who,” he adds, “gave me a plant for my garden.” Although it is also
stated that Mr. C. Johnson found specimens 4ft. long and nearly 4in. broad
in the open vault near the great: hall of Conway Castle, the normal fronds of
this species are 6in. to 18in. long and ldin. to 3in. broad; they are borne
on stalks 4in. to 8in. long and hairy at the base, are strap-shaped, entire,
usually bluntish at their summit, and heart-shaped at the base. Their texture
is somewhat leathery and their colour usually bright green; their fructification
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 321
is abundant, generally more so towards the extremity. The linear (narrow)
spore masses are mostly disposed in parallel pairs, oblique with regard to the
midrib, and of a brownish-black colour which has a most pleasing effect, the
contrast with the bright green tint of the frond being very striking.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, iv., p. 1; British Ferns, t. 37; Icones Plantarum, t. 488.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 393. Haton, Ferns of North
America, 1., t. 32. Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i, t. 49. Correvon, Les
Fougeéres rustiques, p. 119.
The Hartstongue is readily propagated by division and is also reproduced
from spores, which, however, are exceedingly variable. The predisposition to
variation in this species is such that it is not unusual to find in a batch of
seedlings raised from spores gathered from the typical plant that the deviations
from the type are more numerous than the normal forms. As an illustration
of this we may here reproduce a statement made by Correvon, in_ his
“Fougeres rustiques” (p. 121): “In 1885 spores of S. vulgare, gathered in
the ‘Jardin Alpin,’ were by us sown in a pan—a sowing which caused us
the greatest surprise by its results. Very few of the young plants produced
had retained the characters peculiar to the normal or typical form; the fronds
of many of them were lacerated along the edges, and of a much darker colour
than those of the type; others, and these were the most numerous, had their
fronds divided and the stalks suddenly digitate. In some cases that division took
such a shape as to form a regular crest composed of pinnules and segments.”
The really distinct varieties of S. vulgare, either naturally produced or
resulting from cultivation, are’ very numerous, upwards of a hundred having
received first-class certificates at the Royal Horticultural Society’s Meetings ;
and their various characters are so different from the normal form that a mere
description of the usual fronds gives a very inadequate idea of the extensive
variations found among the representatives of this species. The varieties
described below are those which are the most distinct and at the same time
the most ornamental, and most of these are to the present day found in
private collections.
S. v. acrocladon—ac-roc’-lad-on (branched at the summit), Lowe.
A variable form, originally found near Ambleside, with fronds normal
except at their summit, where they are divided into numerous finger-like lobes.
VOL. II. %
322 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Including the stalks, the fronds seldom exceed lft. in length.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., fig. 600. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, il., p. 393.
S. v. bimarginato-cordatum — bim-ar-gin-a’-to—cor-da’-tum (double-
margined, heart-shaped), Moore.
In this singular and pretty form, the much-contracted, narrow fronds,
scarcely more than lin. broad, have their upper surface very warty; they also
show double marginal ribs at their back, and bear at the base, next the
stalk, two large, roundish or heart-shaped lobes.—Druery, Choice British
Ferns, p. 136.
S. v. bimarginato-multifidum—bim-ar-gin-a’-to—mul-tif’-id-um (double-
margined, much cleft), Moore.
The fronds of this variety, }in. or less in breadth, are double-margined
on their under-side; their upper surface is broken up into a quantity of very
thickly-set, more or less variable-sized projections and depressions slanting
outwards, often slightly pouched here and there, and projecting irregularly
beyond the margin. They have a large, much-divided summit, made up of
narrow branches bearing spore masses along their margins.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., fig. 674.
S. vy. bimarginatum—bim-ar-gin-a’-tum (double-margined), Lowe.
This very curious, distinct, and constant form was originally found at
Rotherham, in Yorkshire, and subsequently at Brecon, at Ulverston, and at
Oldstead, and has been raised from spores by Mr. C. Elworthy. Its fronds,
6in. to 9in. long and jin. to Zin. wide, are truncate at the base and usually
simple, though sometimes multifid at their summit. Their margin is cut into
narrow, shallow lobes, which are toothed or twice cleft. The lobes are
margined on both surfaces and their upper surface is irregularly broken into
cavities and excrescences.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 649.
S. vy. capitatum—cap-it-a’-tum (headed), Lowe.
A very distinct form, originally found near Littleham, in Devonshire,
with a crimped margin becoming flat near the rachis. The base of the fronds
is lobed on one side only, and their summit, being much branched, forms
a compact, multifid head.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., p. 338.
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 323
S. v. ec. Forsteri—Fors’-ter-i (Forster’s), Druery.
This sub-variety is quite distinct, its branched stalks, with no leafy
portion to speak of, terminating in dense, rounded crests of a pale green
eolour.—Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 137.
S. v. Claphamii—Clap-ham’-i-i (Clapham’s), Moore.
A singular and distinct form, found at Grassington, Wharfedale, Yorkshire,
with fronds 14ft. long, 2in. broad, furnished at their base with a pair of
narrow, sharp-pointed lobes. They are crisped and irregularly cleft along
their margins, their summit is branched, and the branches are repeatedly
forked.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 727. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 393.
S. v. Cliftii—Clift’-i-i (Clift’s), Lowe.
This variety, originally found in North Wales, is very distinct and pretty.
Its fronds, about 1ft. long, have their lower half naked, the leafy portion
being narrow, of a leathery texture, with a smooth, even margin ; it terminates
in a large, compact, much-branched head, very leafy, and uncut on the margins.
—TLowe, Our Native Ferns, u., fig. 640.
S. v. conglomeratum—con-glom-er-a’-tum (massed together), Lowe.
Though somewhat resembling the better-known S. v. glomeratum, this
variety, found at Truro, differs essentially from that form in being of a less
leafy character, that is, more deeply cut at the summit and more or less
depauperated (impoverished) between the crest and the plain portion of the
fronds, which is almost reduced to the stalk itself. This variety is perhaps
better known as the Truro form of glomeratum.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns,
i, fig. 691. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 137.
S. v. congregatum—con-greg-a’-tum (collected), Lowe.
This is a very distinct, large-growing, multifid variety. The stalk is
twin-branched near the base, then naked for about 3in., when it branches
again; the summit of the leafy portion of each frond expands into a large,
multifid, crisped, narrowly-cleft, compact, bushy head.—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, ii., fig. 772.
: y 2
324 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. v. Coolingii—Coo-ling’-i-i (Cooling’s), Lowe.
This is one of the few varieties known to be proliferous. It is a very
handsome plant, of dwarf habit, with short fronds branching near the base ;
their stalks are branched a second time, while the leafy portions are repeatedly
branched, their divisions being wavy and finger-like, forming a_ ball-like
object seldom more than 6in. in height. Numerous little bulbils are found on
the edge of their leafy portion—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii, fig. 744.
S. v. coronare—cor-o-na’-ré (crowned), Lowe.
A beautiful variety, raised from spores by Mr. E. J. Lowe. It has more
or less oblong-egg-shaped fronds about Qin. long, usually lobed on one side
only at the base, slightly wavy along the margins, and notched below the
contracted part, where the stalk divides into a numerously-branched, flat head,
din. across.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i, fig. 718.
S. v. Cousensii—Cou-sens’-i-i (J. Schott Cousens’), Moore.
A wild find of very remarkable character, the fronds being repeatedly
branched like those of S. v. Wardii, but forming much larger, rounded heads
of foliage, consisting of innumerable small, fan-shaped lobes, of which the late
Thomas Moore counted 166 in one frond, each being again subdivided into
smaller lobes. The plant becomes a spherical mass and occasionally bears
marginal bulbils—Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 138.
S. v. crenato-lobatum—cre-na’-to—lo-ba’-tum (jagged-lobed), Moore.
A very interesting variety, normal in size and general outline,
though its fronds, which along their margins are distinctly jagged and lobed,
are sometimes widest at their middle. They attain from lft. to 1}ft. in length
and their abundant and prominent spore masses show on the upper surface,
where they appear very large-—Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, p. 56; Our
Native Ferns, ii., fig. 594.
S. crenato-multifidum—cre-na’-to—mul-tif’-id-um (jagged and multifid),
Moore.
This handsome form is said by Lowe to have been gathered by several
persons in various limestone districts. The fronds are conspicuously jagged
along the margins and have a marginal line on their under-surface ; they are:
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 325
repeatedly forked at their summit, measure from lft. to 2ft. in length and over
lin. in breadth, and are very scaly, especially near the midrib.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, u., fig. 605.
S. v. crispum—cris’-pum (frilled), Gray.
Though this is one of the oldest known varieties, it is also one of the
most beautiful in cultivation ; it is an easily-grown plant, of excellent habit,
with elegant, frilled fronds of normal size. It is singular that this permanently
barren form should have been found in a wild state in so many places, where
it must have sprung up spontaneously, as there are no records of spores having
ever been found on either cultivated or wild plants of it; yet it has been
gathered in Guernsey, at Barnstaple, at Byland Abbey, and at Furness Abbey.
A well-grown plant of S.v. crispum makes a splendid object for the outdoor
or indoor Fernery; its luxuriant spreading fronds, 2in. broad, deeply and
regularly wavy, and furnished at their base with unusually large lobes, when
viewed edgewise, exactly resemble a frill—Zowe, Our Native Ferns, in,
p. 859. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 137.
Mr. Druery judiciously remarks: ‘The crispum section represents the
plumose form of this species, the leafy portion being very much developed, so
that a more or less deep frill is formed on each side of the main stalk, and
it is worthy of notice also that the most highly developed forms are perfectly
barren. The wild finds of this description have been many, and though
there are about a dozen forms sufficiently distinct to be easily discriminated
by the eye, it would be impossible to convey the difference clearly in writing.”
The most distinct are: amplum, cristatum, grandidens, and multifidum, of
Lowe; majus, of Jackson; bulbiferum, fertile, jfimbriatum, and Stansfieldii,
of Stansfield.
S. v. crista-galli—cris’-ta—gal’-li (cock’s comb), Wollaston.
This beautiful form, though somewhat allied to the better-known S. v.
multifidum, is yet very distinct. Its handsome fronds, 12in. to I4in. long,
1din. to 24in. broad, heart-shaped at the base, and more or less wavy in the
lower portion, have their margins notched and terminate in a compactly crispy
tuft of inward-folding, slightly-twisting leaflets. It was originally found at
Glanville’s Wootton, in Dorsetshire, but was subsequently gathered at Nettle-
combe, at Malham, and on Whitbarrow.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, u., p. 314.
326 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. v. cristatum—cris-ta’-tum (crested), Moore.
As Mr. Charles T. Druery rightly remarks, “there are a great many
slightly different forms to which this name properly applies, the crests varying «|
only in character and size”; all of these are very handsome, and differ
from most if not from all other crested forms inasmuch as the fronds, with
the exception of the crest, are normal in size and
outline. In the present case they are much divided
and form tasselled heads (Fig. 90); they seldom
exceed Sin. in length.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii,
t. 50a. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 138.
There are several sub-varieties in cultivation,
differing principally in dimensions, such as S. v. ¢.
majus and S. v. ¢. minus, larger and smaller forms
respectively, but the most distinct, and undoubtedly
also the most interesting, is
S. vy. c. viviparum—vi-vip’-ar-um (viviparous),
O’ Kelly.
Fig, 90. Frond of Scolopendrium This is a very singular wild find, native of
vulgare cristatum .
Ghat sine Ireland, with short, somewhat square, pointed lobes
at the base of its fronds, which are slightly contracted
just below a neat, semicircular crest. The great peculiarity of this Fern
consists in the formation, on the upper surface, under close treatment, of
numerous warty ridges, which develop into clusters of tiny plants (Fig. 91).
It is not only curious and distinct, but also very pretty.—Druery, Choice
British Ferns, p. 138, fig. 29.
S. vy. cristulatum—cris-tul-a’-tum (small-crested), Cropper.
This is one of the prettiest of all crested forms; it is of medium
size and habit. The fronds branch low down into several ramifications, each
of which is tipped with a compact, ball-shaped, moss-like crest of a dark
green colour.—Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 187.
S. vy. digitatum—dig-it-a’-tum (having fingers), Wollaston.
This, undoubtedly one of the most beautiful of the many crested forms
of the Hartstongue, was originally raised from spores by Mr. Wollaston,
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 327
although it was eventually found wild at South Weald, Brentwood, Essex.
Its short, often twin-stalked, nearly erect fronds are much branched in their
central part, where they form a dense tuft of crowded, much overlapping
segments, which terminate in a repeatedly short, branched head, of which
the ultimate branchlets or lobes are deeply cut
and crispy; each fan-like frond is about Qin.
wide.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., p. 267.
S. v. Elworthii — El-wor’-thi-i (Elworth’s),
Moore.
A singular, dwarf-growing variety. Its
fronds, not including the stalks, are scarcely
more than 2in. long and 3in. broad; they
consist of three branches, one of which is
usually three times divided, the branches being
fan-shaped and deeply cut, with wavy, overlapping
lobes.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 632.
S. v. endiveefolium — en-di-ve-fol’-i-um
(Endive-leaved). A commercial name
for S. v. laceratum.
S. v. fimbriatum—fim-bri-a’-tum (fringed),
Allchin.
‘This very distinct and extremely pretty
variety, also known in gardens as S. v. mar-
ginatum tenue, was originally found in Guernsey.
It is a distinct form of the marginatum section,
with two kinds of fronds: the broader ones are
: ‘ Fig. 91. Scolopendrium vulgare
6in. long, jin. broad, contracted at the base, eristatiin 7VRRT OR
and irregularly fringed along their margins ; the (3 nat. size).
narrower are Yin. to 12in. long, din. wide, and
nearly erect. So narrow is the leafy portion, which is of very thick texture,
that on either side it is only of the same width as the stalk itself. The
margins are finely fringed.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 642.
328 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. v. fissum latum—fis’-sum la’-tum (split and broad), Moore.
A large-growing form, found near Nettlecombe, producing fronds 2ft. in
length and fully 2in. in breadth, deeply and irregularly cut along the margins,
slightly wavy, narrowed to the base, and sharp-pointed at their summit. The
large and irregular spore masses are produced in great abundance.—Lowe,
Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 653.
S. v. flabellatum—fia-bel-la’-tum (fan-shaped), Moore.
This is a constant and very handsome form, with repeatedly-branched,
fan-shaped fronds 6in. to 8in. long and as much across in their multifid
portion. In their lower part these fronds are normal, but in their upper half
the stalk becomes repeatedly branched, the whole forming a scarcely crested,
nearly flat frond.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 661.
S. v. Glavei—Gla’-vé-i (Glave’s), Lowe.
In this singular form, raised from spores, the fronds, 6in. long, of which
the lower 4in. consists of the naked stalks, are repeatedly branched into a
number of almost leafless, narrow divisions, which are torn and toothed on
the margins.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 672. *
S. v. glomerato-variabile — glom-er-a’-to—var-i-a/-bil- (heaped-up and
variable), MJonkman.
One of the most interesting and beautiful forms raised from spores. Its
fronds, about 16in. long, have their basal Gin. naked ; they vary in width
across the head from 6in. to 10in., and there are seldom two fronds exactly
alike: most of them, however, are repeatedly branched and their leafy portion
is handsomely crested.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii, fig. 724.
S. vy. glomeratum—glom-er-a’-tum (heaped-up), Moore.
A very fine and beautiful form, originally found in Jersey, with fronds
nearly upright, twice branched, each branch again three or four times branched,
the ultimate ones more or less deeply lobed, and the lobes broadly blunt-
toothed. Sometimes the disposition differs in the stalk branching at the
base of the frond, which is thus in two close parts, each being again
three or four times short-branched, and each series of ramifications standing’
in a different position, thus collectively forming a dense, globular, crispy mass.
3in. to din. across.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii, fig. 690.
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 829
S. v. Gloverii—Glo-ver’-i-i (Glover's), Stans/field.
A dwarf, much-branched variety, somewhat resembling a diminutive S. v.
glomeratum. The stalks of the fronds are several times repeatedly branched,
and their leafy portion, also repeatedly branched or divided, forms a mass of
cresting with smooth and rounded edges.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 752.
S. v. grandiceps—gran’-dic-eps (large-headed), Lowe.
This variety, of obscure origin and of somewhat large dimensions, is one
of the finest crested forms in cultivation. The branching of the stalk takes
place in the centre of the frond, where it divides
into a large and much-branched, very leafy, double
cockscomb-like head (Fig. 92). It is peculiar in
frequently bearing a sharp, cockspur-like projection
near the base of the stalks.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns,
i, fig. 723: Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 140.
S. vy. Mendersonii—Hen-der-son’-i-i (Henderson’s),
Willison.
This is a very pretty form, only din. or Gin, in 9% Frond of Scolopendrium
vulgare grandiceps
height, originally found near Whitby. The stalks @nuch reduced).
branch at the base, and each one again forks about
lin. above the base; these branches almost immediately divide into dwarf
fronds, normal in their lower portion, but divided again at their summit into
beautifully-crested heads, resembling five or six multifid fronds.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., fig. 689.
S. v. Mookerii—Hook’-er-i-i (Hooker’s), Zovwe.
A beautiful form, raised from spores by Mr. E. J. Lowe. Its massive
fronds are nearly or quite triangular, being as broad at the base as they are
long, namely 6in. They are very leafy, lacerated here and there, much divided
along their margins, with lobes overlapping, and terminate in a round, tasselled
summit.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 693.
S. v. Jamesii—James’-i-i (James’s), Lowe.
This singular Fern, with fronds of a very leathery texture, was raised
from spores by Mr. James, of Vauvert. The slightly-crisped fronds are of
330 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
a curious shape, being halbert-shaped at the base and very variable at the
summit, where they are usually much divided after the manner of stag’s
horns. The spore masses, which are formed within the narrow margins of
the fronds, appear on their upper surface like a row of beads.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., fig. 680.
S. vy. jugosum—jug-o’-sum (full of ridges), Moore.
Originally found in Guernsey, and subsequently at Barnstaple and at
Ottery St. Mary, this variety is easily distinguished through the thickening
of the veins which bear the spore masses.
The fronds also show a series of her-
baceous ridges or sorus-like excrescences
on their upper surface, on the opposite
side to the spore masses proper. Their
length varies from lft. to 14ft—Lowe,
Our Native Ferns, ii., t. 523; New
and Rare Ferns, t. 248.
S. v. Kelwayii—Kel-way’-i-i (Kel-
Fig. 93. Scolopendrium vulgare Kelwayit ways), alli
a saat ates Undoubtedly this is one of the
prettiest forms in cultivation ; its good
habit (Fig. 93) and its medium dimensions render it a very useful and desirable
plant for decoration. The fronds, which seldom exceed 10in. in total height,
are borne on slender yet stiff stalks branching near the base, and branching
again 3in. to 4in. higher up. The whole of the leafy portion is repeatedly
forked, being formed of densely-overlapping lobes and of a most pleasing
green colour.—Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 137, fig. 28.
S. v. keratoides—ker-at-d-i’-des (horn-like), Lowe.
This variety, one of the most interesting in cultivation, was raised from
spores by Mr. A. Clapham. The total length of the fronds is about 9in., and
their leafy portion is very narrow at the base. Their stalks branch about 3in.
above the base, and branch again two or three times, all the parts of the
fronds being narrow and jagged ; they terminate in a crest made up of
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 331
narrow, very irregular divisions of a stag’s-horn-like appearance, which
suggested the name.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 775. Druery, Choice
British Ferns, p. 140. ;
S. v. laceratum—lac-er-a’-tum (torn), Moore.
A strikingly handsome variety, better known perhaps in gardens under
the name of S. v. endivefolium; it was originally found at Taunton, and
subsequently in Yorkshire. Though a very old plant, it is one of the most
beautiful and distinct forms met with in collections to this day. Its fronds
are variable, frequently short and broad, though sometimes lft. long ; they
are comparatively broad at the base and more or less crested at their summit.
The margins are so deeply cleft into projecting lobes, that, as Mr. Chas. T.
Druery remarks, “in this form the Hartstongue seems to aim at bearing
pinne (leaflets) like other Ferns, the margin running out into long, some-
times crested points.” The basal lobes, which usually are the longest
(frequently 4in. long and lin. wide), bear pronounced flat crests ; in the other
parts of the fronds the lobes considerably overlap, and frequently the extremity
of the frond consists of a frilled tassel of great beauty. This variety possesses
the property of reproducing itself fairly true from ‘spores.—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, ii. fig- 610. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 140.
S. v. lacertum—lac’-er-tum (lizard-like), Lowe.
According to Lowe, this most singular variety was originally found at
the Woodlands, near Whitby, by Mr. W. Willison, and called by him “ The
Lizard,” from the fact that the extremity of the frond frequently resembles
the tail of the lizard, and that the lateral lobes, few in number, bear some
resemblance to the paddles of this reptile. The fronds otherwise are of normal
dimensions —Lowe, Our Native Ferns, it, fig. 715.
S. v. lato-digitatum — la’-to—dig-it-a’-tum (having broad fingers),
Stansfield.
A beautiful and constant variety, raised from spores by Messrs. Stansfield,
of Todmorden. The fronds, about 8in. long and nearly 2in. broad, are” yuite
normal below, the stalk branching about 4in. from the base into a wide,
finger-shaped head nearly 6in. broad, solid and leafy, with a margin irregularly
but profusely cleft (Fig. 94)—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, u.., fig. 769.
832 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. v. Malcomsonize—Mal-com-son’-i-z (Miss Malcomson’s), Stansfield.
A fine form, originally found at Clonmel by the lady to whom it is
dedicated. The normal part of its fronds is divided into two parts at the
base, and about 2in. below the summit they branch again into a large, nearly
circular head; they become narrower
near the summit of each tip and then
expand into a large, dense, hand-like
head, with narrow lacerations.—Lowe,
Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 768.
S. v. marginatum—mar-gin-a/-tum
(edged), Moore.
It may appear strange that such a
distinct and singular form should have
been found in so many localities ; but,
according to Lowe, it was first dis-
covered at Nettlecombe, then near Sel-
worthy, in Somerset ; at Ilfracombe and
Combe Martin, Devon ; at Enys, Penryn,
Cornwall ; at Littlehampton, Sussex ; at
Stroud, Gloucestershire ; at Grassington,
Fig. 94. Frond of Scolopendrium vulgare lato-digitatum Yorkshire } in the Isle of Wight, and
(4 nat. size). in Guernsey. Its erect fronds, about
lft. long and lin. in breadth, are of
a very thick texture and dark green in colour; their margins are a. little
wavy and lobed, the lobes being blunt-toothed. On the under-surface, nearly
parallel with the midrib, but somewhat nearer to the margin, are two skin-like
lines, which, in fertile fronds, break up into ragged, projecting points Hn. long,
rather closely set and spore-bearing ; the fertile parts are on and outside of
these lines only.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 609. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, ili., p. 394. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 140.
Of the numerous sub-varieties of S. v. marginatum in cultivation, the
most distinct are: marginato-irregulare, marginato-multiceps, and marginato-
multifidum, of Moore ; marginato-laceratum, of Clapham ; marginato-triforme,
of Padley; and S. v. m. tenue is a garden name for S. v. fimbriatum.
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 333
S. v. multifidum—mul-tif’-id-um (much cut), Gray.
This beautiful and distinct form was originally found at Littlehampton,
and subsequently at Nettlecombe ; at Frenchay, near Bristol ; in Cumberland ;
at Ruthin, Colin Glen, Kilmoganny, Kilkenny, and Black Head, Clare, &c.
-Its fronds, of normal dimensions, and 2in. to 3in. broad, are divided near
the top, each branch being again’ once or twice forked and their ultimate
segments deeply cleft into angular lobes, thus forming a broadish, dense,
flattish tuft—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 646. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 394.
S. v. omnilacerum—om-nil-ac’-er-um (wholly torn), Lowe.
This elegant variety, which has the appearance of being pinnate, was raised
from spores by Mr. Glave, of Scarborough. Its fronds, 18in. to 20in. long
and comparatively narrow, are cleft almost to the midrib, the lacerations being
furnished with spore masses all along their margins and toothed at their
extremity.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 741.
S. v. patulum—pat’-ul-um (spreading), Lowe.
A very large form of S. v. ramosum, found at Littleham, Devonshire. The
stalk branches in the middle of the frond, and each of these branches is
repeatedly divided.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 641.
S. v. peraferens—pe-raf’-er-ens (pocket-bearing), Wollaston.
This variety, originally found in Ireland, is rendered very peculiar by the
presence of a pouch which is produced at the summit of its otherwise normal
fronds. These are 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. broad, heart-shaped at the base,
and somewhat wavy along the margins. The midrib is occasionally prolonged
in the shape of a horn projecting through the membrane which forms the
pouch.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii, fig. 599. Druery, Choice British
Ferns, p. 141.
S. v. pinnatifidum — pin-na-tif’-id-um (cut half-way to the midrib),
Moore.
In this singular and pretty variety, raised from spores by Mr. Elworthy,
of Nettlecombe, the fronds, 10in. long and jin. broad, are of a peculiar shape,
334 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
being narrow at the base, gradually widening upwards, and broadest at their
summit, where they are rounded ; they are pinnatifid on both sides, with deep,
open sinuses (depressions).—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 762.
S. v. polymorphon—pol-ym-orph’-on (of many forms), Lowe.
This remarkably handsome form was originally found in Devonshire. Its
robust fronds, 16in. to 18in. long, are lobed on one side of the base only and
increase in width to their centre, where they frequently measure close upon 3in.
About 23in. below their summit the midrib divides and forms a compact,
multifid, leafy head, fully Gin. wide, and composed of leafy, angular-pointed
segments. It is singular that in this variety the fructification is restricted to
the multifid portion.— Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 732.
S. vy. projectum—pro-jec’-tum (projecting), Moore.
A distinct variety, found at Ilfracombe, Nettlecombe, Kendal, Newick,
Tenby,- and Scarborough. It is of large dimensions, its fronds being some-
times nearly 2ft. long and 2hin. broad, except across the projecting lobes,
where they measure fully 4in.; they are heart-shaped at the base, and
gradually taper to a point at the summit. Their peculiarity consists in the
broadish, sharp-pointed lobes, which here and there project lin. beyond the
general outline of the frond; these projections are confined to the upper half
of the fronds.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 731.
S. v. proliferum—pro-lif’-er-um (proliferous), Wollaston.
This extremely curious variety, raised from spores by Mr. Wollaston,
belongs to the marginatum group, the upper surface of its short, narrow fronds
being irregularly warty and there producing tiny bulbil-plants ; their under-
surface has the ragged-pointed lines of S. v. marginatum, with the midrib often
projecting like a little horn. Occasionally the fronds are without any leafy
portion, being composed entirely of stalk and midrib, and these taper and
are pointed like an awl.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 630.
S. vy. ramo-cristatum—ra’-mo-cris-ta’-tum (branched, crested), Moly.
This variety must not be confounded with S. v. ramoso-cristatum of
Moore, as it is thoroughly distinct. Druery describes it as a unique wild
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 385
find of extraordinary beauty, and Fig. 95 shows it to be a plant quite distinct
from any other known form. The frond is divided into distinct leaflets
which end in a very elegant crest.—Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 142.
S. vy. ramo-marginatum — ra’-mo-mar-gin-a’/-tum (branched, margined),
Clapham.
This exceedingly beautiful variety—one of the most distinct of the many
crested forms of the Hartstongue—was raised from spores by Mr. A. Clapham,
of Scarborough. It is usually twin-stalked,
each stalk bearing twice or thrice-branched,
nearly erect fronds, the lower portion of
which is much narrowed, seldom exceeding
din. in breadth. Hach branch ends in a nearly
circular, flattish crest 2in. to 3in. wide, con-
sisting of many branchlets overlapping near its
circumference, but gaping and marginate below.
In fully-developed specimens, the length of the
fronds varies from 9in. to 12in., and their
breadth across the terminal tassel is about 6in.
—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 778; New — Fig. 95. Frond of Scolopendrium vulgare
and Rare Ferns, t. 23. Druery, Choice British eee
Ferns, p. 142.
(4 nat. size).
S. v. r.-m. proliferum—pro-lif’-er-um (proliferous), Sim.
A small-growing form of S. v. ramo-marginatum, with broader and more
leafy fronds, scarcely marginate, but producing freely on the surface of its
more or less irregular fronds tiny bulbil-plants, from which it is readily pro-
pagated.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, p. 306.
S. v. ramoso-cristatum—ra-mo’-so-—cris-ta’-tum (branched, crested), Moore.
A very handsome form, of upright habit, raised from spores by Mr. A.
Clapham, and distinct through its fronds being destitute of all leafy character
in their lower half and branched in their upper half, where they are furnished
with repeatedly multifid branchlets, bearing segments crested in a crisped
manner.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 737.
336 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. v. ramosum—ra-mo’-sum (branched), Willdenow.
Though an old variety, having been known, according to Lowe, since
the time of Plukenet, this is exceedingly handsome. Its short, dense fronds,
of nearly erect habit, consist of a multiplication of furcations ; the stalk, which
starts singly from the crown, becomes branched like the limbs of a tree, the
midrib being’ often again branched below and each branch bearing a dense,
multifid, crisped tuft—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., fig. 686.
S. v. r. Majus—ma’-jus (greater), Clapham.
Though raised from spores by Mr. Clapham, this handsome form was
also found in a wild state at Haburn Wike, near Scarborough. Its fronds,
fully 14ft. long, are provided with very thick stalks branching into several
broad, leafy portions, heart-shaped at their base, attenuated at their extremity,
and somewhat wavy along their edges.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., t. 55.
S. v. reniforme—re-nif-or’-mé (kidney-shaped), Williams.
This singular variety, more curious than beautiful, produces fronds which
sometimes are truly kidney-shaped ‘and at other times are variously lobed. It
was originally found in Devonshire, then at Oldstead, and again in the
Channel Islands.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, i., t. 50; New and Rare
Ferns, t. 47.
S. v. sagittato-crispum—sag-it-ta’-to—cris’-pum (arrow-head-shaped and
crisped), Moore.
A very distinct variety, with much crisped or waved fronds 12in. to 14in.
long, 3in. broad, and elongated at their base into a pair of sharp-pointed lobes.
This plant, which produces spore masses in abundance, was originally found
at Petersfield, Hampshire, and eventually at Ottery St. Mary, and at Barnstaple,
Devonshire.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., p. 324.
Ss. v. sagittato-cristatum—sag-it-ta’-to—cris-ta’-tum (arrow-head-shaped
and crested), Clapham.
This handsome, strong-growing form, originally found near Scarborough
and later on in Devonshire and in several other localities, is somewhat. variable
in form. Its fronds, slightly undulated or wavy, are of medium size and
arrow-shaped at the base; the enlarged lobes, though -generally pointing
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 337
downwards, are occasionally directed upwards, and the summit of the frond
is usually crested and somewhat multifid (Fig. 96).—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, ii, p. 239; New and Rare Ferns, t. 5138. Druery, Choice British
Ferns, p. 142.
S. v. sagittato-projectum — sag-it-ta’-to — pro-
jec’-tum (arrow-head-projecting), Moore.
A magnificent variety, found simultaneously in
County Clare and in North Wales. Its somewhat
wavy fronds are arrow-shaped at the base, and their
summit is sometimes
more or less distinctly crested. The edges of the
fronds, which are of the same width at their base
Fig. 97, Frond of Scolopendrium
vulgare sagittato-projectum
abruptly pointed, sometimes
and summit (Fig. 97), are
deeply cut into irregular,
sharp-pointed lobes, some Hin.
long. — Lowe, Our Native
Ae Fig. 96. Frond of Scoiopendrium
Ferns, 1L., fig. 745. Druery, vulgare sagittato-cristatum
Choice British Ferns, p. 142. (much reduced).
S. v. sagittatum—sag-it-ta’-tum (arrow-head), Allchin.
A singular form, originally found at Tiverton, with
fronds lft. long, broadest in the centre, and somewhat
resembling a Roman sword in general outline. These
fronds are provided with a pair of pointed lobes at
their base, and their margin is rendered irregular
through the presence of conspicuous, pointed lobes,
which project beyond the general outline—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, u., fig. 722.
S. v. scalpturatum—scalp-tur-a’-tum (carved), Moore.
This form, as handsome as it is curious, was
& nak aes originally found in Guernsey.
Its stiffsh fronds, 1ft.
long and lin. to 1}in. broad, are of a_ particularly
thick texture and of a peculiar deep green colour; they are heart-shaped or
rounded-lobed at the base near the stalk. The upper surface is flat to the
VOL, III.
Z
338 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
thickened margin, and there is apparently carved or broken up into small,
almost stalked, flattish, thickly-set lobes, variable in outline, and forming
confused, conspicuous lines. The spore masses are frequently disposed on the
upper surface of the fronds.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 619.
S. v. spirale—spi-ra’-lé (spiral), Moore.
This singular, pretty, and distinct form, producing thick, leathery fronds
twisted like a corkscrew and terminating in a sharp point, was found
simultaneously in Guernsey and at Nailsworth, Gloucestershire. It usually
measures from 3in. to Sin. in height, and is perfectly constant.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., fig. 631. Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 142.
S. v. striatum—stri-a’-tum (striped), Moore.
A more or less distinctly marked variety, with broad fronds of a
somewhat wavy nature, obliquely streaked with yellowish-green on a deep
green ground, giving the whole plant a striated appearance.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., p. 320.
S. v. sublineato-striatum — sub-lin-8-a’-to-stri-a’-tum (somewhat lined
and striated), Lowe.
A very interesting variety, originally found in Devonshire. The fronds,
of normal dimensions, are deeply cleft at their edges and margined with a line
along their under-surface. It differs from other marginate varieties in having
raised lines across the upper surface of the fronds, and the veins, being of
a particularly dark colour, give the plant a striped appearance.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., t. 53a; New and Rare Ferns, t. 51a.
S. v. submarginatum—sub-mar-gin-a/-tum (somewhat margined), Wollaston.
A very handsome form, with gracefully-arching, deep green fronds 1}ft.
to 2ft. long, having their margins cleft into irregular lobes, as if torn, and
these marginate-toothed. On the under-surface, following the irregularity of
and near to the marginal lobes, is a thin, irregular line, sometimes altogether
absent from parts of the frond. This plant has been found in Treland, in
Guernsey, and in various parts of England.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii,
t. 524; New and Rare Ferns, t. 24a.
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 339
S. vy. subpinnatum—sub-pin-na’-tum (somewhat pinnate), Moore.
A singular, dwarf variety, originally found at Ilfracombe, with fronds
6in. long, 2in. broad, and split to. the midrib into several irregular, rounded
lobes, wedge-shaped at the base-—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 611.
S. v. supralineatum—sup-ra-lin-é-a’-tum (lined above), Moore.
In this very distinct form, which was originally found at Settle, in
Yorkshire, and eventually in various parts of England, the fronds, 6in. to
12in, long and lin. to 2in. broad, have an excurrent membrane developed on
their surface. Their base is usually heart-shaped, their extremity blunt or
somewhat lobed, and the margins, which show on each side an interrupted,
membrane-like line, irregularly lobed or toothed, are occasionally wavy.—Lowe,
Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 620.
S. v. suprasoriferum—sup-ra-so-rif’-er-um (bearing sori above), Lowe.
A most singular and interesting form, with fronds of normal dimensions,
being 1ft. or more long and lin. to 2in. broad, notched along the margins, and
bearing spore masses on their upper as well as on their under surface. It
has been found in many localities in Great Britain—Lowe, Our Native
Ferns, ii., t. 56a.
S. v. undulato-ramosum—un-dul-a/-to-ra-mo’-sum (waved and branched),
Lowe.
A fine variety, of large dimensions, with wavy fronds much branched at
their summit, each branching portion being again conspicuously wavy. It
was originally found in Devonshire.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 623.
S. v. undulato-rigidum—un-dul-a’-to-rig’-id-um (rigidly wavy), Druery.
This stiff-growing form of S. v. crispum is thoroughly distinct on account
of its being constantly fertile. Its greatest claim to cultivation, however, lies
in the fact that its spores invariably yield a proportion of the beautiful
S. v. crispum fimbriatum.—Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 143.
S. v. undulatum—un-dul-a’-tum (wavy), Moore.
This is a pretty form, allied to S. v. crispum, with regularly wavy fronds
of a less crispy nature, narrower, and distinct in being always fertile——Lowe,
Our Native Ferns, ii., fig. 654.
Zz 2
340 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. v. variegatum—var-i-eg-a’-tum (variegated), Moore.
There are several varieties of this Fern, with foliage of a more or less
distinctly-marked nature, each form bearing in commerce the name of its
discoverer ; thus we have variegatum Claphami (Lowe, “ Our Native Ferns,”
ii, t. 448), a form of normal dimensions, beautifully variegated with white,
but not quite permanent. Then there is variegatum Elworthii (Lowe, “ Our
Native Ferns,” ii., fig. 738), which is a handsome permanent variety of a narrow
normal form, much and conspicuously variegated. Another form, of dwarfer
habit than either of the above-named, is variegated with yellowish-white and
not very permanent ; this is called variegatum Willisonii, and was found wild
in North Yorkshire—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., p. 332; New and Rare
Ferns, p. 58.
S. v. Wardii—Ward’-i-i (Ward’s), Clapham.
This. very distinct form, of dwarf habit, was raised from spores by
Mr. Glave, of Scarborough. Its singular fronds are borne on long stalks and
form a small, massive, multifid head with a round outline, composed of
repeatedly scarcely-branched, more or less crowded, very crispy parts, of which
the marginal ones are cut into very irregular lobes, and these are very
irregularly narrow-toothed and faintly marginate. In the close, moist atmos-
phere of a glass structure the fronds of this pigmy variety, seldom 6in. high,
become profusely studded all over with tiny bubil-plants—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., fig. 677.
SCYPHULARIA—Scyph-ul-a’-ri-a. See Davallia.
SELLIGUEA—Sel-li’-gué-a. See Gymnogramme.
SITOLOBIUM-—Si-tol-ob’-i-um. See Dicksonia.
SOROMANES—So-rom’-an-és. See Acrostichum.
CHAPTER XV.
SPMAROPTERIS, Waillich.
(Spheer-op’-ter-is. )
=~|)\|HE name of this genus is derived from sphairo, a globe, and
A] Pteris, a Fern, in allusion to the fructification being covered
by a globose involucre. Spheropteris is a division of the
tribe Dicksoniew, and in Hooker and _ Baker’s ‘ Synopsis
Filicum” forms Genus 12. It is monotypic, that is to say it
comprises but one species ; this requires stove temperature, a shady situation,
and an abundance of water at the roots all the year round. It is propagated
by spores, which are freely produced when the plant has attained its full
development. Podeilema of R. Brown and Nematopiera of Kunze are
synonymous with this genus.
S. barbata—bar-ba’-ta (bearded), Wailich.
This plant is a native of Nepaul, Sikkim, and Khasya, and Beddome
states that it is found on the Western Ghats of the Neilgherries. Its fronds,
2ft. to 3ft. long, are tripinnate (three times divided to the midrib), and their
oblong leafits are deeply pinnatifid. The base of the robust stalks is densely
clothed with long, brown, sharp-pointed scales of parchment-like texture, while
the stalks of the leaflets are also furnished with smaller ones. The spore
masses, of a globose form, are disposed on the back of a vein or veinlet
and contained in a large receptacle; the involucre (covering), of the same
shape, at first encloses the whole sorus (spore mass), but at length bursts
342 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
vertically into two spreading lobes or lips. Peranema cyatheoides is another
name for this species. — Hooker, Species Filicum, i. p. 58. Nicholson,
Dictionary. of Gardening, iii, p. 470. Beddome, Ferns of Southern
India, t. 73.
STEGNOGRAMMA—Steg-nog-ram’-ma. See Polypodium.
STENOCHL/AENA-—Sten-och-le’-na. See Acrostichum.
STENOLOMA-—Sten-ol-o’-ma. See Davallia.
STRUTHIOPTERIS—Stru-thi-op’-ter-is. See Onoclea.
SYNAPMLEBIUM—Syn-aph-leb’-i-um. See Lindsaya.
SYNGRAMME—Syn-gram’-me. See Gymnogramme.
TANIOPSIS—Ten-i-op’-sis. See Vittaria.
CHAPTER XVI
TAENITIS, Swartz.
(Ten-i’-tis.)
Fillet or Ribbon Ferns.
y|N Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum” Tenitis (which
derives its name from tainia, a fillet or ribbon, in allusion to
| the linear leaflets) forms a part of the tribe Grammitidee, as
J} Genus 57. It comprises only six known interesting species,
all of which require stove treatment. Their sori (spore masses)
are linear, but the line of fructification, either central or sub-marginal, though
usually uniform, is sometimes interrupted. Some of the species scarcely differ
from Teeniopsis (included under Vittaria) in fruit, but in all of them the
veins intercross each other.
Culture.
The plants comprised in this genus require a soil of a peaty nature (two
parts peat to one of loam), a moist atmosphere, and abundant shading. They
are generally propagated by the division of the crowns.
Species and Varieties.
T. angustifolia—an-gus-tif-ol’-i-a (narrow-leaved), R. Brown.
This species, native of Cuba and North Brazil, has simple (undivided)
fronds 1ft. to 14ft. long, }in. to fin. broad, very gradually narrowed to a
344 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
sharp point above, and below to the base or a short stalk. They are of
a somewhat leathery texture and of a flaccid nature, with a distinct midrib.
The spore masses are sunk in a groove a short distance from the edge
Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 187. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iv., p. 4.
T. blechnoides—bléch-né-i’-dés (Blechnum-like), Swartz.
In this very distinct species, native of Malaysia and the Philippine
Islands, the fronds, produced from a creeping rhizome, are borne on firm,
naked, glossy stalks 8in. to 12in. long. They are simply pinnate (only once
divided to the midrib), lft. to 2ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, and provided
with leaflets 6in. to 9in. long, lin. to 2in. broad, oblong-spear-shaped, sharp-
pointed, with the edge thickened and wavy, and wedge-shaped at the base.
The fertile leaflets, which are narrower, are also the more numerous. All
are of a leathery texture and have their spore masses disposed in a continuous
line about midway between the edge and the midrib.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 188. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 4.
T. b. interrupta—in-ter-rup’-ta (interrupted), Wallich.
A variety readily distinguished from the foregoing species by its smaller
leaflets and especially by the disposition of its spore masses, which form an
interrupted line much nearer the edge.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum,
t. 63. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening; iv., p. 4.
T. furcata—fur-ca’-ta (forked), Willdenow.
According to Nicholson, this West Indian species was introduced as
far back as 1824. Its fronds, 6in. to 18in. long, are produced from
a somewhat creeping rhizome of a densely woolly nature. They are once
or twice forked and furnished with long, narrow, spreading, entire, sharp-
pointed lobes 4in. to 8in. long and about din. broad. These lobes are of
a leathery texture, smooth on the upper surface, while their under-side is
thinly clothed with minute scales. The spore masses are irregularly disposed,
close to the margin, in either a continuous or an interrupted line. This and
T. blechnoides are the only two known species with divided fronds.—Hooker,
Species Kilicum, v., p. 188. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 4.
TAENITIS. 3845
T. lanceolata—lan-cé-ol-a’-ta (lance-shaped), R. Brown.
This West Indian species is provided with a very stout, creeping
rhizome, from which its simple (undivided) fronds, borne on firm, upright
stalks lin. to 2in. long, are produced. They are 6in. to 12in. long, lin.
to Yin. broad, gradually narrowed from the centre to both ends, with the
edge entire but often crisped; they are of a firm, leathery texture, naked,
and their midrib is very distinct. The spore masses are disposed in either
continuous or interrupted lines near the edge of the contracted upper third
or quarter of the frond.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 186. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 4.
T. marginalis—mar-gin-a’-lis (marginal), Moore.
This species, native of Java, is very closely related to 7. lanceolata,
from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its smaller size and
by the absence of the midrib.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 397.
T. obtusa—ob-tu’-sa (blunt), Hooker.
A very small-growing species, native of Borneo, with entire (undivided)
fronds produced from a creeping rhizome and borne on slender, glossy,
naked stalks 2in. to 3in. long. The leafy portion of the fronds, 13in. to
2in. long and din. to Zin. broad, is oblong, blunt at the summit, and
rounded at the base. They are of a leathery texture, with spore masses
disposed in a continuous line jin. from the edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p- 186; Second Century of Ferns, t. 94.
TMAMNOPTERIS—Tham-nop’-ter-is. See Asplenium.
CHAPTER AVL
TMYRSOPTERIS, Kunze.
( Thyr-sop’-ter-is. )
aw ERIVED from ¢hyrsos, a bunch or raceme, and Preris, a Fern,
this name alludes to the fructification in the genus, which
is disposed in racemose bunches. In Hooker and Baker's
“Synopsis Filicum” Thyrsopteris forms a division of the
tribe Cyatheew as Genus 3. It is composed of a solitary and
most interesting species, which, according to Nicholson, was introduced from
Juan Fernandez Island in 1854. It is a thoroughly distinct plant, requiring
only greenhouse temperature, shade, and an abundance of water at the roots.
The fructification is totally different from that of any other known Fern,
and consists of the two or three pairs of lower leaflets of the frond being
tripinnate (three times divided to the midrib), each pinnule (leafit) becoming
a raceme of stalked, cup-shaped involucres. Although fertile fronds have at
various times been produced in this country and every possible attention has
been paid to the sowing of their spores, there is no record of any young
plants having been so raised, and the propagating of this handsome Fern has
therefore been limited to the rooting of the lateral shoots which are produced
on the trunk.
T. elegans—e’-leg-ans (elegant), Kunze.
This beautiful plant is said to produce, in its native habitats, trunks
15ft. high, but in this country we have never had the advantage of seeing
THYRSOPTERTS. 347
trunks or stems more than 1ft. high. Yet even these produce fronds of
large dimensions, borne on strong stalks 3ft. to 4ft. long and densely covered,
especially towards their base, with long, narrow scales of a rusty-brown colour.
The leafy barren portion of the fronds appears to be much divided, though
only bipinnate ; it is broadly triangular, of a bright green colour, and shining.
Fig. 98. Fertile Portion of Frond of Thyrsopteris elegans
(nat. size).
The fertile portions, situated at their base (Fig. 98), are originally of the
same colour, but, as the fructification ripens, they turn to a light brown
colour, and they have all the outward appearance of miniature bunches of
grapes hanging down from the stalk when the spores are ripe.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, i., p. 65. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 36.
CHAPTER 2.0 1i1
TODEA, Willdenow.
(To’-dé-a.)
Crape Ferns.
the memory of Henry Julius Tode, an experienced mycologist
living in Mecklenburg in the latter part of the eighteenth
century) vary greatly in appearance and texture, some having
leathery foliage of a very resisting nature, while that of most
species is finely divided, very fragile, and transparent. Todea, which in
Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum”’ forms Genus 63, is a division of the
sub-order Osmundacee, and is divided into Todea proper, or Eutodea, of which
up to this date only one species is known, and Leptopteris, in which section
all the species with transparent or filmy foliage are contained. The species
are almost confined to the South Temperate zone, and their distinctive
character resides in the production and disposition of the spore masses which
are contained in capsules, as in Osmunda, but situated on the back of the
leafy portion of the frond, while the general habit of the plants is that of
the Polypodiacee.
Culture.
~
All Todeas require greenhouse treatment, and, with the exception of
T. barbara and its variety, which do not suffer from exposure to air and
light, all are much benefited by close confinement. Indeed, condensed
TODEA, 3849
moisture is absolutely necessary to their well-being, and this cannot be
obtained without a close atmosphere. No sun should ever be allowed to
shine on plants of the Leptopteris section, and the less they are disturbed
at the roots the better they fare: the hot, dry atmosphere of the
summer months is undoubtedly their greatest enemy. The soil in which
Todeas thrive best is a compost of peat and silver sand, to which a small
portion of partly-decomposed sphagnum may be added with advantage.
Todeas are easily propagated from their spores, which are produced in
abundance and germinate readily when sown under favourable conditions ;
but they are of comparatively slow vegetation, and seedlings require a
longer time than most other Ferns to form young plants.
Principal Species and Varieties.
T. africana—af-ric-a’-na (African). Synonymous with 7. barbara.
T. arborea—ar-bor’-é-a (arborescent), A common garden name _ for
T. barbara.
T. barbara—bar’-bar-a (Barbary), Moore.
This highly decorative species, also known in gardens under the names of
T. africana, T. arborea, and T. rivularis, is a native of New Zealand,
Temperate Australia, Tasmania, Natal, and Cape
Colony. It is a robust-growing plant, forming
in time trunks of extraordinary thickness in
comparison to their height, and producing at the
same time great quantities of fronds 3ft. to 4ft.
long, often 1ft. broad, on stout, erect, quite naked
stalks, 1ft. or more in length. Their leaflets,
closely set, spreading, -6in. to Sin. long, and Fig. 99. Barren and Fertie Pinnuees
ldin. to Yin. broad, are furnished with close, ae py He
narrow leafits, the edges of which are more or
less distinctly toothed, while the upper ones are distinctly connected at their
base. The fronds are of a leathery texture, dark green, shining, and naked
on both sides. The densely-set spore masses, when mature, fill up the
¥
350 . THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
whole under-surface of the leafits on which they are placed (Fig. 99).—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 427. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iv., p. 50.
As a decorative Fern this has few equals, especially where plants are
required for very small fancy vases. Good plants of it can be grown in
comparatively small pots, and its lasting qualities are unsurpassed by any
other known Fern grown for the decoration of the drawing-room, it being
but little affected by smoke or gas.
T. b. Vromii—Vrom’-i-i (Vrom’s).
For the name of this variety, which was originally introduced into
England from Belgium, we cannot find any authority. The plant itself is
quite distinct from 7. barbara: its fronds are much longer, less triangular
in shape, and of a pale green colour; they are borne on shorter stalks,
being furnished with leaflets nearly to their base, and these are also of
a longer shape and less distinctly toothed. This variety, which is a quicker
grower than 7. barbara, possesses the same decorative qualities as that
useful species. In gardens it is known simply under the name of
T. Vromit.
T. (Leptopteris) Fraseri—Lep-top’-ter-is; Fra/-ser-i (Fraser’s), Hooker
and Greville.
This species, which is the strongest-growing and also the least pellucid
of all plants in the section Leptopteris, is a native of the Blue Mountains,
Australia, where it is said to be rare, and New Caledonia. It never forms
a stem, but with age produces a fibrous trunk much in the same way as
Osmundas do, and this measures sometimes 14ft. to 2ft. high. The fronds,
which are distinctly bipinnate (twice divided to the midrib), are borne on
firm, erect, naked stalks 6in. to 9in. long; they are often 2ft. long, 1ft. broad,
and furnished with closely-set, spear-shaped leaflets 4in. to Gin. long, narrowly
winged along the midrib, and divided into narrow-oblong leafits which are very
sharply toothed. The general colour of the plant is a bright light green,
forming a pleasing contrast with the light red colour of the stalks when
young.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 101. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iv., p. 50.
TODEA. 851
T. (Leptopteris) grandipinnula— Lep-top’-ter-is ; gran-dip-in’-nul-a
(having large leafits), Moore.
Although a home-raised plant, this very remarkable Fern—undoubtedly
the most transparent of the whole genus—is so very similar to 7. Moore, of
Baker, that it is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish one from the other.
We have consequently considered it more satisfactory to reproduce Thomas
Moore’s description and the comments he published when the plant first
made its appearance :
“This handsome Fern sprang up in one of Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons’
houses, under conditions that render it probable it may be of hybrid origin ;
in fact, it originated in the close neighbourhood of 7. Fraseri, which had been
standing in company with 7. hymenophylloides, and several distinct forms were
noticed among the seedlings which sprang up in this position, most of them
being of a semi-depauperated character. The present, however, proved to be
from the first a fast grower, with a singularly leafy development, which gives
to it an aspect quite unlike that of any other known species or variety of
this remarkable genus. The obvious and characteristic peculiarity of the
plant is the broad leafy aspect of the fronds, in which both leaflets and leafits
are very much overlapped at the edge in consequence of their free growth,
both of them being broad-egg-shaped in form and unequal in development,
so that both fronds and leaflets are irregular and unsymmetrical in outline.
Whether it be regarded as a hybrid form with the parentage above suggested,
or whether it is a foliose sport from 7. hymenophylloides, which may possibly
be the case, it is a novelty for the Fern-house, and one deserving the full
appreciation of the cultivator.
“The fronds, which are broadly-egg-shaped in outline and tripinnate
(three times divided to the midrib), are borne on green, circular stalks
Gin. to Yin. long and almost naked. Their leafy portion, composed of sessile
(stalkless) leaflets, is 1ft: to 14ft. long, and their oblong-egg-shaped leafits,
closely set and overlapping, are deeply cleft; their lobes, distinctly wedge-
shaped, have their blunt extremity cut into two or three bluntish teeth or
sometimes into short linear segments. The spore masses are disposed on
the basal undivided portion of the veins.”
To the foregoing remarks we may add that, although a fairly large batch
of seedlings, all exactly resembling each other, were raised first, we have been
352 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
‘ unable to raise any more from the spores produced on the said plants, which
invariably failed to germinate-——Thomas Moore, in Gardeners’ Chronicle,
June 12, 1886, p. 752.
T. (Leptopteris) hymenophylloides—Lep-top’-ter-is ; hym-en-oph-yl-
16-i’-dés (Hymenophyllum-like), Richard and Lessert.
This very handsome species (Fig. 100), better known in gardens under
the name of T. pellucida, forms a thick, fibrous trunk, from which its fronds,
of a very transparent nature, are produced in abundance. These fronds are
borne on firm, erect stalks 6in. to 12in. long, frequently measure 2ft. in length
an
syne Seah
a SN
Pee
PED AS ONS
Sy
Fig. 100. Todea hymenophylloides, showing Habit and detached Pinnule
(Habit, much reduced; Pinnule, nat. size).
and 1ft. in breadth, and are tripinnatifid (three times divided half-way to the
midrib). The dark green, spear-shaped leaflets, 4in. to 6in. long and 3in. to
1zin. broad, are closely set, and the lowest are of about the same dimensions
as the others. The closely-set leafits, narrow-oblong in shape, in. to 1fin.
long, and Zin. broad, are cut down to the midrib into simple or forked, very
narrow segments. This species is of easy cultivation and reproduces itself
very readily from spores.—Hooker, Garden Ferns, t. 54; Icones Plantarum, t. 8.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 50.
TODEA. 853
T. h. compacta—com-pac’-ta (compact).
This variety, for the name of which we cannot find any authority, is
far closer and denser than the type. It should be borne in mind _ that
T. hymenophylloides is of a very variable nature when raised from spores, and
this predisposition to variation was sufficiently illustrated by a group of
a dozen or more seedlings, all different from one another, exhibited at the
great Fern Conference held at Chiswick in 1890. The’ plants were selected
from a large batch of seedlings raised at Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons’ nursery,
Chelsea, in 1884, and showed very strange departures, some being depauperated,
while others had all their leaflets terminating in a long, tail-like process ; but
none of them possessed the power of reproducing themselves, and, therefore,
could not be increased.
T. intermedia—in-ter-med’-i-a (intermediate), Veitch.
A robust-growing and very handsome form, raised in Messrs. J. Veitch
and Sons’ nursery, at Chelsea. It appears to be intermediate between
T. hymenophylloides and T. superba. In the size, as also in the cutting of
the leaflets, it agrees with the former; but the lower leaflets, instead of being
as large as the others, are very gradually reduced, as is the case in 7. superba,
and their stalks are densely covered with short, woolly hairs. The same plant
has evidently made its appearance spontaneously in New Zealand, as may
be gathered from a note in Hooker’s Synopsis Filicum, p. 428, and also from
L’ Illustration Horticole, t. 90. It reproduces itself fairly true from spores.
T. (Leptopteris) Moorei—Lep-top’-ter-is ; Moor’-e-i (Moore’s), Baker.
A beautiful species, native of Lord Howe’s Island. Its broadly-oblong
fronds, 14ft. to 2ft. long, including the stalk, and 1ft. broad, are furnished
with overlapping, spear-shaped, stalkless leaflets 1Zin. to 2in. broad. The
leafits, also stalkless and spear-shaped, are very closely set and are cut down
nearly to the stalks into bluntish, strap-shaped lobes toothed on the outer
edge. The fronds are naked on both surfaces, their texture is thicker than in
the other species, and the oblong spore masses are placed against the midrib
near the base of the leafits——Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 524.
T. (Leptopteris) pellucida—Lep-top’-ter-is ; pel-lu’-cid-a (transparent).
Synonymous with 7. hymenophylloides.
VOL. III. 2A
854 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
T. (Leptopteris) plumosa—Lep-top’-ter-is ; plu-mo’-sa (feathery), Moore.
A very pretty seedling, raised in Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons’ nursery,
where a considerable number of plants of identical character, but differing
from the supposed parent, have been obtained from a sowing of T. superba.
We can only suppose they are accidental hybrids, brought into existence by
the casual intermixture of spores of some other Todea with those which were
purposely sown. 7. plumosa is of dwarf, compact habit, and of a pale green
colour when young. The surface of the fronds is moderately bristly with the
small, erect segments, as in TJ. intermedia, but the fronds are shorter and
Une Ae
fr Wher WANE {
Fig. 101. Todea superba
(much reduced).
more egg-shaped, and the stalks are also wanting in the woolly nature which
is peculiar to that plant—Thomas Moore in Gardeners’ Chronicle, May 4,
1878, p. 565.
T. rivularis—ri-vul-a’-ris (brook-loving). Synonymous with T. barbara.
T. (Leptopteris) superba—Lep-top’-ter-is ; sup-erb’-a (superb), Colenso.
This remarkable plant, known in gardens as the “Crape Fern,” the
“Prince of Wales’s Feather Fern,” and the “New Zealand Filmy Fern,”
is undoubtedly the most striking as well as the most beautiful species
TODEA. 355
known (Fig. 101). Although gathered by Forster in New Zealand, during
Captain Cook’s voyage, it appears to have remained unknown to any
other botanist until the Rev. W. Colenso detected it, in 1838, on the
Tongarou Mountain, and again in 1841 on the mountain range near
Waikare Lake, where it was growing luxuriantly in decomposed _leaf-soil.
It is said to inhabit principally the dells of the shaded forests of the
Northern Island, New Zealand: there the specimen in Hooker’s Herbarium
was gathered by Forster, to whom, as truly remarks Sir W. J. Hooker,
the discovery of this beautiful plant is really due.
T. superba does not form a stem, but produces a somewhat erect,
fibrous trunk, of a woody nature in the interior, reaching at the most
13ft. in height. Its handsome fronds, 2ft. to 4ft. long and 6in. to 10in.
broad, are borne on firm, erect stalks 2in. to 3in. long; they are
tripinnatifid (divided three times nearly to the midrib), and their narrow,
spear-shaped leaflets are closely set, the central ones being 4in. to din.
long and the lower ones gradually reduced. The leafits are divided into
simple or forked, linear segments, and the stalks of the leaflets are densely
woolly underneath.—Hooker, Icones Plantarum, t. 910; Second Century of
Ferns, t. 10. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 50.
T. Vromii—Vrom’-i-i (Vrom’s). A variety of T. barbara.
T. (Leptopteris) Wilkesiana—Lep-top’-ter-is ; Wilkes-i-a/-na (Wilkes’),
Brackenridge.
This beautiful and very rare, miniature Tree Fern, native of Fiji and
the New Hebrides, was first discovered by a botanist attached to the
United States Exploring Expedition in Ovolau, one of the Fiji Islands,
where it was found growing in humid mountain forests. It is closely
allied to 7. Fraseri, but is of larger growth, with an arborescent habit,
and has the lower leaflets distinct and deflexed and the stalk of a more,
or less hairy nature. Mr. Baker classes it as a variety of 7. Fraseri, but
the two plants are sufficiently distinct for all garden purposes.
Mr. Brackenridge describes the trunk as being from 18in. to 20in.
high and 1}in. in diameter, scaly towards the top, and producing near the
base black, wiry roots about the thickness of a crow-quill, the surface of
2a 2
356 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
the trunk being roughened by the raised scars of fronds that have fallen
off. The summit is crowned by from ten to twelve spreading fronds 2ft.
or more in length, 1}ft. wide at their broadest part, and broadly spear-
shaped. The leaflets are sessile (stalkless), oblong-spear-shaped, spreading,
the two or three lower pairs distant and deflexed. The pinnules (leafits) are
blunt-oblong, obliquely wedge-shaped at the base, toothed, transparent, and
marked with numerous small, brown spots. The stalks of the leaflets are
winged and clothed with short hairs. The slender, tree-like habit of the plant
gives it quite a distinct aspect amongst its allies. This interesting species,
which requires a little warmer treatment than the others, was introduced
in 1870.—Thomas Moore in Gardeners’ Chronicle, June 11, 1870, p. 795.
TRICMOCARPA—Trich-oc-ar’-pa. See Deparia.
TRICHOMANES RADICANS AND T. RENIFORME.
CHAPTER XIX,
TRICHOMANES, Smith.
(Trich-om’-an-és. )
Bristle Ferns.
HE name Trichomanes is the old Greek one used by Theophrastus,
A] and derived from thriz, trichos, a hair, and manos, soft,
in allusion either to the delicate nature of the fronds, or more
probably to the peculiar soft, hairy nature of the rhizomes
with which the majority of the species are provided. In
Hooker and Baker’s “ Synopsis Filicum,” Trichomanes forms an important
part of the tribe Hymenophyllew as Genus 17. It was formerly divided into
Cephalomanes, Crepidomanes, Didymoglossum, Feea, Hemiphlebium, Hymeno-
stachys, Involucraria, Lacostea, Lecanium, Microgonium, Phlebiophyllum, &c.
Most of the foregoing names were given by the late Dr. Van den Bosch, who
made a special study of the tribe; his ‘‘ Hymenophyllaceew Javanice” contains
engravings of many of the species, which, in point of beauty and delicacy of
execution, have rarely been equalled. The tribe Hymenophyllee was, by
Van den Bosch, divided into 24 genera, and comprised no less than 450
so-called species; but the various characters which he held as distinctive
were of so superficial a nature that none of his species have been maintained,
and the tribe, as at present constituted, comprises only three genera:
Hymenophyllum, Loxsoma, and Trichomanes.
This genus is composed of about 100° species of Ferns, inhabiting
tropical and temperate regions; in fact, the geographical range of the
358 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
species may be said to be very similar to that of Hymenophyllum, to which,
so far as outward appearances only are concerned, Trichomanes bear a very
great resemblance. The plants forming this genus also agree with the
Hymenophyllums in habit of growth and in delicacy of texture, the
character furnished by the shape of the involucre dividing a very natural
tribe into two nearly equal halves. In Trichomanes, as in Hymenophyllum,
the fronds vary in shape and cutting from simple (undivided) to decompound-
multifid (many times divided), and the sori (spore masses) are marginal,
always terminating a vein, and more or less sunk in the frond. The
involucre and receptacle, however, are different: the former is tubular, closely
corresponding with the frond in texture, with its mouth either truncated,
winged, or slightly two-lipped; the latter, as fine as a thread, is elongated,
often extending considerably beyond the mouth of the involucre, and shows,
especially at the base, some stalkless, depressed capsules surrounded by an
entire, broad, nearly transverse ring, bursting vertically.
In the “Synopsis Filicum,” the genus Trichomanes is divided into two
sub-genera as follow:
Frea (Fe’-é-a), Van den Bosch. The plants in this sub-genus produce
barren and fertile fronds entirely distinct. While the former are pinnatifid
(deeply cleft nearly to the midrib), the latter consist simply of a narrow,
distichous spike, formed of two rows of spore masses regularly disposed on
the two opposite sides of a common axis or midrib.
Eutricnomanes (Eu’-trich-om’-an-és), or true Trichomanes. This, as
stated in the “Synopsis Filicum” (p. 72), includes numerous genera of
Presl and Van den Bosch, founded primarily on the texture of the frond
(whether it is composed of one or of more than one layer of. cellules) ;
secondarily, upon whether the mouth of the involucre is entire or two-
lipped ; and, thirdly, on the degree to which the frond is divided and the
character of the venation. Lutrichomanes is by far the most important
sub-genus; it is composed of plants with barren and fertile fronds
uniform or nearly so, and comprises :
(1) Plants with fronds entire or slightly lobed, without a distinct central
midrib, the veins radiating from the base in a fan-like manner. This
section is best represented by the popular ‘New Zealand Kidney Fern,”
T. reniforme.
TRICHOMANES. 859
(2) Plants with fronds entire or slightly lobed, but provided with: a
central midrib extending from the base to the summit. The North American
T. Petersii is perhaps the best illustration of the character of this section.
(3) Plants with fronds entire below, palmate or digitate (hand-shaped or
fingered) above. The’ pretty little Japanese and Indian 7. parvulum is an
excellent example of this section.
(4) Plants with fronds more or less deeply cleft, but not truly pinnate,
and with the main rachis (stalk) distinctly winged throughout. TJ. alatum is
the best representative of this section.
(5) Plants with fronds more or less deeply cleft, but not truly pinnate,
and with the main rachis hardly, if at all, winged in the lower part. The
most distinct illustration of the character of this section is found in the
“Killarney Fern,” 7. radicans.
(6) Plants in which the main rachis is quite free or only very slightly
winged towards the summit, the fronds are simply pinnate, and their leaflets
are not divided. The characters of this section are well shown in 7. pinnatum.
(7) Plants in which the main rachis is quite free or only very slightly
winged towards the summit, the fronds are decompound (much-divided),
slender, and flaccid, and their ultimate segments are very narrowly linear or
filiform (thread-like). TZ. trichoideum well illustrates this section,
(8) Plants with decompound fronds, borne on a main rachis of a rigid
nature, with their ultimate segments of a somewhat leathery texture, which
characters are well shown in 7. maximum.
The genus Trichomanes is represented in Great Britain by a solitary plant,
T. radicans, and there are no other species known to be native of Europe.
Culture.
With the exception of a few species which undoubtedly require more than
greenhouse temperature, the Trichomanes may without danger be submitted to
the treatment recommended for Hymenophyllums (see Vol. II., p. 300). When
not otherwise stated in the descriptions of the species, they may be considered
as thriving under the cool treatment recommended for Filmy Ferns generally.
To the particulars which have already appeared in Vol. I. (pp. 73 to 81)
respecting the culture of Filmy Ferns we may add that, whereas we do not
360 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
advocate for either Hymenophyllums or Todeas the use of stone, this material
is essential to the well-being of certain Trichomanes.
As will be noticed in the descriptions of the species here given,
many of the plants are provided with rhizomes, and these are in most
instances of a very different nature from those of Hymenophyllums, as the
greater part of them possess a very strongly-marked power of adhesion: it
is for these species especially that the stone is necessary. While some of the
kinds with slender, though equally hairy rhizomes, such as TZ. humile,
T. pyaidiferum, T. trichoideum, and T. venosum, which in their natural
habitats are usually found clothing Tree-fern stems, prefer rambling through
decaying vegetable matter, others, also provided with very slender rhizomes,
prefer sandstone, or stone of a very porous and soft nature—this is
particularly the case with such species as 7. Colensoi, T. exsectum, T. parvulum,
T. tenerum, &c. It has been noticed, however, that species provided with
stout, hairy, creeping rhizomes, such as 7. javanicum and T. radicans, thrive
best when in close proximity to stone of a harder nature, to which they will
cling with great tenacity. Where necessary these peculiarities will be
mentioned with the plants described. It may be well to note here that
whenever stone is used it is necessary that a little peat of a sandy-fibrous
nature should be placed at its base to establish the plant.
As regards light, moisture, and ventilation, we need not here repeat what
has already been stated in the chapter specially devoted to Filmy Ferns in
Vol. I. (pp. 73 to 81), as the particulars there given are all that is requisite
for the successful culture of these plants.
The propagation of Trichomanes is usually effected by division of the
rhizomes, although it also sometimes takes place by means of proliferous buds.
For instance, 7. pinnatum is conspicuously proliferous at the extremity of its
fronds, where, when touching the ground, they frequently root of their own
accord. In the same way a form of 7. radicans, named proliferum, found in
Ireland, may be increased by the rooting of the bulbils produced on the upper
surface of its fronds. Trichomanes may also be propagated by means of spores,
but this is a somewhat, tedious process; in 1886 a batch of several hundred
young 7. radicans were raised in that way in Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons’
nursery at Chelsea, and, strange as it may appear, the species reproduced
itself without any noticeable deviation whatever from the normal form. The
TRICHOMANES. 861
young plants thus produced had a much handsomer appearance than those
resulting from the division of the rhizomes, as they grew more symmetrically
and also more vigorously, but this hardly compensated for the length of time
which seedlings take to develop, for the plants which in 1886 were only in
2hin. pans were produced from spores sown on turfy peat in 1882. The
experiment, however, was interesting from the fact that the young subjects
thus obtained under artificial conditions were the first of which there is any
record, and they conclusively proved that, with a certain amount of patience,
Trichomanes may, like most other Ferns, be propagated from spores, especially
when these can be gathered and sown immediately.
Principal Species and Varieties.
T. achillezefolium—ach-ill-e’-w-fol’-i-um (Achillea-leaved). Synonymous
with 7. rigidum.
T. alabamense—al-ab-a-men’-sé (from Alabama). A variety of 7. radicans.
T. alatum—al-a’-tum (winged), Swariz.
This beautiful Fern, native of the West Indies and Brazil, is very variable
in dimensions and hairiness. Its more or less broadly spear-shaped fronds,
3in. to 12in. long, lin. to 4in. broad, and borne on tufted stalks 2in. to 4in.
long and winged above, are two or three times cleft nearly to the midrib,
with leaflets cut in the same way and lobes often again sharply toothed ;
they are of a delicately membranous texture, and of a very transparent pale
green colour, which produces a charming effect when the fronds are laden
with moisture. This species, also known as 7. attenuatum, thrives best on
a piece of Tree-fern stem.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 123. Hooker
and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 21. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iv., p. 80.
T. anceps—an’-ceps (double). Synonymous with 7. Prieurii.
T. angustatum—an-gus-ta’-tum (narrowed). The plant usually met with
in gardens under this name is 7. tenerum. .
362 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
T. apiifolium—ap’-i-if-ol’-i-um (Apium-leaved), Presi.
This species resembles the better-known 7. maximum in general outline,
but it is of more graceful habit, the texture of its fronds is more delicate,
and the involucres are much smaller and shorter, being almost like those of
Hymenophyllum. It is a native of the Philippine Islands and Polynesia, and -
its fronds sometimes attain nearly 2ft. in length, including their dark, strong,
hairy stalks—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 187. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 80.
T. assimile—as-sim’-il-é (assimilated), Mettenius.
A small-growing species, native of Aneiteum, producing from a slender
rhizome oblong-spear-shaped fronds 2}in. long, lin. broad, three times deeply
cleft, and proliferous from the stalk, which is about 1}in. long and winged
throughout.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 464.
T. attenuatum—at-ten-i-a’-tum (attenuated). Synonymous with 7. alatum.
T. auriculatum—aur-ic-ul-a’-tum (eared), Blume.
This is one of the loveliest of Ferns; it has a remarkably extensive
habitat, being found in Japan, Formosa, Northern Hindostan, the Philippines,
Java, and Guiana, where, according to Backhouse, it climbs on rocks, and
also to the tops of the loftiest trees. Its fronds, which are almost stalkless,
6in. to 12in. long, lin. to 2in. broad, and twice divided nearly to the
midrib, are produced from strong, wide-creeping rhizomes, and have their
rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) very slightly winged throughout or above
only. They are composed of shortly-stalked leaflets, obliquely wedge-shaped
at the base, and exquisitely transparent. This plant is also known in
gardens under the name of 7. dissectum.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 82.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 80. Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 182.
T. Bancroftii—Ban-crof’-ti-i (Bancroft’s), Hooker and Greville.
A dwarf species, with wavy, crispy, transparent fronds, 3in. to 6in. long
and lin. broad, and borne on stalks that are lin. to Qin. long and_ broadly
winged to the base; they are broadly egg-shaped, and deeply cleft into
oblong, blunt, notched segments, usually overlapping (Fig. 102) and of a deep
TRICHOMANES. 363
green colour. This species is a native of Jamaica, Peru, Brazil, and British
Guiana.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 204. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iv., p. 80. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, viii., t. 9G.
T. Barklianum — Bark-li-a’-num (Barkly’s),
Baker.
This species, which in the “Synopsis Filicum”
is given as “a very interesting novelty, the discovery
of which we owe to Sir Henry Barkly, the Governor
of Mauritius, and Lady Barkly, who found it at — Fig. 102. Portion of Fertile Frond
of Trichomanes Bancroftii
(nat. size).
Tamari Cascade, Mauritius,” is one of the very
smallest known; its little fronds, narrow-oblong,
entire, and undulated at the edge, seldom reach 3in. in length, including
their short stalks.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 74.
T. bicorne—bic-or’-né (having two horns), Hooker.
This species, which in some respects resembles 7. alatum, is found
growing on logs or roots of trees, in the dense, moist forests of the Amazon,
and at St. Gabriel, Rio Negro; it is also plentiful on decayed logs on the
Catingas, North of Brazil. Its strong rhizome is scarcely creeping, and its
egg-shaped fronds, 2in. to 3in. long and lin. to I4in. broad, are twice or
three times deeply cleft to a narrow-winged stalk. The remarkable feature in
this species is the involucre, which is sunk between the two horns as it were
of the apex of a segment. TJ. bicorne requires a warm temperature.—Hooker,
Icones Plantarum, t. 982; Second Century of Ferns, t. 82.
T. bipunctatum—bip-unc-ta’-tum (two-dotted), Poiret.
A distinct species, known also under the names of 7. capillatum and
T. Filicula. It has a very wide range of habitat, being found in Mauritius,
‘Bourbon, Madagascar, Natal, Assam, Japan, Ceylon, Java, Borneo, &e. It is
provided with a wide-creeping, slender rhizome, from which its egg-shaped
fronds, borne on naked stalks lin. to 2in. long and slightly winged above,
are produced ; they are three times deeply cleft, and their rachis (stalk of the
leafy portion) is winged throughout.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 81.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 80. Beddome, Ferns of British
India, t. 283.
364 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
T. (Feea) botryoides—Fe’-é-a ; bot-r¥-d-i/-des (bunch-like), Kaulfuss.
This species, also known as feea nana, produces from its somewhat
upright, tufted rootstock, barren and fertile fronds, which are totally distinct.
The former, 2in. to 3in. long, lin. or more in breadth, and borne on very
short stalks, are deeply cleft to a slightly-winged stalk, their extremity rooting
and very proliferous. The fertile fronds are lin. to 2in. long and narrow;
usually their upper part only is of a leafy nature—Hooker, Species Filicum, i.,
p- 115. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 80.
T. brachypus—brach’-yp-us (short-footed), Kunze.
Partly-decayed wood suits this species, which is a native of Tropical
America, being found from the West Indian Islands southward to Peru
and the South of Brazil. Its long, wide-creeping rhizome, of a wiry nature,
produces nearly stalkless fronds 3in. to 6in. long, 13in. broad, and cut
down to a broadly-winged stalk into oblong, blunt, nearly entire, and very
transparent leaflets—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 121.
T. brevipes—brey-ip’-és (short-footed), Baker.
The rhizome in this Philippine Islands species is woolly and provided
with numerous short-branched rootlets. Its broadly egg-shaped fronds, almost
stalkless and 2in. to 38in. long, are fully pinnate or have their rachis
slightly winged at the summit; their lowest leaflets are again deeply cleft
into narrow segments of a very transparent nature.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, i., p. 140; Lcones Plantarum, t. 705.
T. brevisetum—brev-is-e’-tum (having short bristles). Synonymous with
T. radicans.
T. capillatum—cap-il-la’-tum (hairy). Synonymous with 7. bipunctatum.
T. caudatum—cau-da’-tum (tailed), Brackenridge.
An elegant little species, native of the Fiji Islands, Tahiti, and New
South Wales. It is closely allied to the better-known 7. tenerwm, from
which, however, it is readily distinguished through its stronger, habit, its
darker colour, and its broader though more divided _ leaflets—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 85.
TRICHOMANES, 365
T. Colensoi—Col-en’-s5-i (Colenso’s), Hooker.
This elegant, delicate-looking species, of a particularly slender nature,
was first discovered in the interior of the Northern Island, New Zealand,
by the Rev. W. Colenso, who states that he found it growing profusely
on the deep sides of a dark ravine on the banks of a rivulet, which
meandered through the dense and ever-humid forest of the mountainous
region between Waikare Lake and Rua Tahuna. Its wide-creeping, slender
rhizome is naked, and its oblong-spear-shaped fronds, 2in. to 4in. long, are
borne on naked stalks lin. long; they are fully pinnate, with distant,
stalked leaflets cut down quite to the stalks, and very narrow segments.
This species grows best on porous stone-——Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 85;
Second Century of Ferns, t. 79.
T. crinitum—cri-ni’-tum (hairy), Swartz.
This species, native of the West Indies and the Andes of Ecuador, is
very distinct on account of the hairy character of its foliage, the slender
stalks of its fronds being as hairy as the leaflets, which reach down very
nearly to the rachis and are cut about half-way down into narrow segments
with ciliated margins. This plant thrives best on wood.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, i.. p. 181. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 80.
T. crispum—cris’-pum (curled), Linneus.
_ According to Lowe, this very handsome and distinct species, native of
South and Tropical America and the West Indies, was first introduced into
the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1851. Its fronds, 4in.-to 12in. long and lin.
to 2in. broad, are produced from a short rhizome and borne on_ strong,
wiry, woolly stalks 2in. to 6in. long; they are spear-shaped, remarkably
transparent, and simply pinnate. The leaflets are lin. long, blunt, oblong,
spreading or even deflexed, and bear a few stiff hairs on their edges.
This species requires stove temperature, and prefers wood to grow upon.
—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 12. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 80. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, viii., t. 10a.
T. curvatum—cur-va/-tum (curved). The plant known by this name is
identical with J. javanicum.
366 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
T. digitatum—dig-it-a’-tum (having fingers), Swartz.
This small species, native of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Java, is very
distinct, its fronds, irregular in general outline, being divided nearly to the
base or to a broadly-winged: rachis into long, broadly-branched segments. It
succeeds best on porous stone.-—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 119. Beddome,
Ferns of British India, t. 301.
T. dissectum—dis-sec’-tum (dissected). Synonymous with 7. auriculatum.
T. (Feea) elegans—Fe’-é-a ; e’-leg-ans (elegant), Rudge.
A most distinct species, producing from a tufted rootstock barren and
fertile fronds of totally different characters. The former, of a drooping
character, are pinnatifid, 6in. to 8in. long, 2in. broad, and borne on stalks
2in. to 3in. long ; they are broadly spear-shaped, with leaflets nearly horizontal,
crowded, somewhat sickle-shaped, finely toothed along their edges, and
frequently terminating in a tail-like process proliferous at the extremity. The
fertile fronds, 6in. to 12in. long and of erect habit, are extremely narrow and
undivided, seldom 4in. broad, and fringed on each side with coarse, hair-like,
slender spore-receptacles. The plant is a native of Tropical America, from
Trinidad and Mexico southward to Peru.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 114.
Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, t. 648.
T. elongatum—e-long-a’-tum (lengthened). A variety of 7. rigidum.
T. ericoides—er-ic--i/-des (Erica-like), Hedwig.
A very singular plant, native of Borneo, Java, Samoa, and Bourbon, and
requiring a higher temperature than most other species. Its curious-looking
fronds, 3in. to 8in. long, 2in. to 2}in. broad, are produced from a strong,
wiry rhizome of a woolly nature, and borne on upright stalks lin. to 4in.
long, wiry, and not at all winged. Their leaflets and leafits spread in all
directions and are not at all flattened. 7. longisetum is another name for
this species—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 87.
T. erosum—e-ro’-sum (bitten). Synonymous with 7. muscoides.
T. exsectum—ex-sec’-tum (cut out), Kunze.
A lovely species, native of Juan Fernandez and Southern Chili, where
it is said to grow hanging from the roofs of damp caverns. The fronds,
TRICHOMANES. 367
6in. to 12in. long, produced from a wide-creeping, slender rhizome, are
extremely delicate and membranous, and resemble thin, flat, much-branched,
green sea-weed. Their segments are narrow, smooth, either simple or forked,
and blunt. The plant thrives equally well on hard wood or stone.—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 85. Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, t. 64a.
T. Filicula—Fil-ic’-ul-a (little Fern). Synonymous with 7. bipunctatum.
T. fimbriatum—fim-bri-a’-tum (fringed). A synonym of T. superbum.
T. floribundum—flo-rib-un’-dum (bundle-flowered). Synonymous with
T. pinnatum.
T. foeniculaceum—fe-nic-ul-a’-cé-um (Fennel-like), Bory.
This species, of medium dimensions, is a native of Mauritius, Bourbon,
Borneo, and Rockingham Bay, Australia. Its fronds, borne on slightly-tufted,
erect, wiry stalks 2in. to 4in. long, are 4in. to 8in. long, 2in. to 3in.
broad, erect, rigid, and broadly egg-shaped; their lower leaflets, about 14in.
long, are cut down nearly or quite to the stalk, and are divided into
deeply-cleft leafits, which in their turn are cut into thread-like segments.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 135.
T. gemmatum—gem-ma’-tum (bud-bearing), J. Smith.
A species having a strong, wiry rhizome covered with numerous long,
black, wiry fibres, from which are produced its upright, broadly egg-shaped
fronds, 2in. to 6in. long, lin. to 2in. broad, and borne on wiry stalks
lin. to 3in. long and winged above. The leaflets are cut down to a
narrowly-winged rachis into leafits with deeply-forked, thread-like segments.
This species is a native of South America and Malaysia—Hooker, Species
Filicum, i, p. 135. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 80.
T. giganteum—gig-an-te’-um (gigantic), Bory.
This species, native of Mauritius, Bourbon, Malaysia, the Fiji Islands, &c.,
is very handsome and one of the most distinct of the genus. Its fronds,
which are produced from a wide-creeping rhizome of a woolly nature, and
borne on strong, upright stalks 4in. to Gin. long, are ege-shaped and
distinctly quadripinnatifid (four times cleft almost to the rachis); they
368 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
measure lft. to 13ft. in length and Gin. to Yin. in breadth. The leafits
are cut down very nearly to the rachis, and their divisions are again deeply
pinnatifid. The ultimate segments, very narrow and distinctly flattened, are
dark green and shining, though very transparent.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
1, p. 137; Icones Plantarum, t. 702.
T. Martii—Hart’-i-i (Dr. Hart’s), Baker.
A finely-divided species, native of Sierra Leone. Its fronds are borne
on stalks that are 2in. to 4in. long, and winged at the upper part; they
are 3in. to 6in. long, and composed of from eight to twelve pairs of stalkless
leaflets, the ultimate segments of which are oblong and _ blunt.— Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 80.
T. hispidulum —his-pid’-ul-um (slightly hairy), Mettencus.
From a_ sub-erect, woody rootstock, this species, native of Borneo,
produces its triangular fronds, which are Gin. to 12in. long, and borne on winged
stalks 3in. to 6in. long. The main rachis is narrowly winged throughout,
and the closely-set, triangular leaflets are dark olive-green.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 466.
T. humile—hum’-il-é (dwarf), Forster. ;
Though of small dimensions, this species, native of Java, New Zealand,
and the Pacific Islands, is very interesting. Its tiny, creeping, deeply-
intermatted rhizomes produce in abundance oblong-spear-shaped fronds, which
are lin. to 2in. long, Zin. broad, and twice deeply cleft nearly to the midrib
into simple or once-forked, narrow lobes. They are of a very transparent
nature, and form a dense mat when grown on a piece of dead Tree Fern.—
Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 35. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iv., p. 80.
T. incisum—in-ci’-sum (cut), Synonymous with 7. sinuosum.
T. intramarginale—in-tra-mar-gin-a/-lé (margined within), Hooker and
Greville.
A small-growing species, native of Ceylon, with slender, wide-creeping,
woolly rhizomes, from which oblong-spear-shaped fronds, lin. to Qin. long
TRICHOMANES.
369
and twice cleft nearly to the midrib, are produced.
The segments, few in
number and narrow, are either simple or forked, and of a somewhat leathery
texture.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t.
Filicum, p. 79.
211. Hooker, Synopsis
Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 208.
T. javanicum—ja-van’-ic-um (Javanese), Blume.
This very distinct species, also
known as 7. curvatum, is a native
Borneo, Java, and
Its
tufted nature, is provided with nu-
The
broadly-spear-shaped fronds, 2in. to
of Malaysia,
Madagascar. rootstock, of a
merous strong, wiry roots.
8in. long and lin. to 2in. broad,
are borne on wiry, upright stalks
lin. to 4in. long, sometimes naked,
sometimes woolly ; they are once
fully pinnate, with the leaflets often
lin. long, oblong, blunt or sharp-
pointed, obliquely wedge-shaped at
the base, and finely toothed (Fig. 103,
reduced from Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns
of British India,” by the kind per-
mission of the author). Although
their texture is somewhat leathery,
the fronds are beautifully trans-
parent.— Hooker and Greville, Icones
Filicum, t. 240. Nicholson, Dic-
tionary of Gardening, iv., p. 80.
Beddome, Ferns of British India,
t. 180.
\
<<
Z SS 7
Fig. 103. Trichomanes javanicum
( nat. size).
T. Kaulfussii—Kaul-fus’-si-i (Kaulfuss’), Hooker and Greville.
A very distinct species, native of the West Indies, Guiana, and North
Brazil.
VOL. II.
Its broadly-spear-shaped fronds, 4in. to 12in. long and 1din. to 2in.
2B
370 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
broad, are produced from a wide-creeping, strong, woolly rhizome; they are
deeply cleft nearly to the broadly-winged stalk, and are borne on strong,
compressed stalks 2in. to 4in. long and winged above, their main rachis
(stalk of the leafy portion) being densely and the surface of the lobes slightly
hairy. This species requires a higher temperature than most of the Trichomanes
in cultivation. — Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 10. Micholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81. Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, t. 6388.
T. Kraussii—Kraus’-si-i (Dr. Krauss’), Hooker and Greville.
This is a small, elegant, creeping Fern, native of Guiana and the West
Indian Islands, where it grows on trunks of trees. It is of upright habit,
with fronds lin. to 3in. long, oblong, narrower at the base than in their
centre, and cut down to a winged stalk into oblong, stalkless lobes that are
deeply toothed or cleft and of a very transparent
nature (Fig. 104).—Hooker and Greville, Icones
Filicum, t. 149. Nicholson, Dictionary of Garden-
ing, iv., p. 81. Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, p. 164.
T. Kunzeanum—Kunz-é-a’-num (Kunze’s). A
variety of 7. radicans.
T. labiatum—lab-i-a’-tum (lipped), Baker.
In this species, native of British Guiana, the
fronds are variable in shape, roundish and _heart-
shaped at one or both ends, or somewhat egg-shaped
/\ and narrowed at the summit; they are of a dark
green colour, yet quite transparent, and the fertile
Fig. 104. Mature Fertile Fronds of — ones show a distinct midrib.—Nicholson, Dictionary
Trichomanes Kraussii
6$ iats, eine, of Gardening, iv., p. 81.
T. Lambertianum—Lam-bert-i-a’-num (Lambert's), Hooker.
This species, native of Peru, is a singular plant, for its narrow-oblong
fronds, borne on stout stalks 4in. to 5in. long and densely clothed with long,
fine, reddish-brown hairs, are provided with very closely-crowded leaflets and
segments cut more than half-way to the rachis, which is densely woolly.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 83.
TRICHOMANES. 371
T. Leprieurii—Le-prieur’-i-i (Le Prieur’s). Synonymous with 7. Prieurii.
T. longisetum—long-is-e’-tum (having a long bristle). Synonymous with
T. ericoides.
T. lucens—lu’-cens (shining), Swartz.
A very distinct species, native of Tropical America, with rootstock scarcely
creeping. Its oblong-spear-shaped fronds, borne on stout, tufted stalks 2in.
to din. long and densely clothed with long, fine, rusty-coloured hairs, are
Gin. to 18in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, and fully pinnate. The leaflets are very
closely set, often overlapping, are cut about half-way to the midrib, and are
of a delicately transparent nature.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 139, t. 41a.
T. Luschnatianum — Lusch-nat-i-a’-num (Luschnat’s). A variety of
LT. radicans.
T. macilentum—mac-il-en’-tum (thin), Van den Bosch.
A native of Trinidad, Demerara, and the northern provinces of Brazil. It
is closely allied to 7. Bancroftii, from which, however, it may easily be distin-
guished by the more divided nature of its fronds, which are 2in. to 6in. long,
and also by its creeping rhizome.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 204.
T. maximum—max’-im-um (greatest), Blume.
This is a very strong-growing species, native of Java, Borneo, and the
Polynesian Islands. Its handsome, erect, egg-shaped fronds, 1ft. to 13ft. long
and 6in. to Qin. broad, are borne on strong, erect stalks 3in. to 6in. long,
and are four times divided nearly to the midrib. The broadly-spear-shaped
leaflets sometimes measure 6in. in length and 2in. in breadth, and the leafits,
lin. or more in length, are cut down to the stalk into segments, which are
again deeply cleft, of a somewhat rigid texture, dark green in colour, and very
transparent. This species succeeds equally well on wood or on stone of
a porous nature, but requires a little higher temperature than most of the
Trichomanes in cultivation.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 1387. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81.
T. meifolium—me-if-ol’-i-um (Spignel-leaved), Backhouse.
One of the most beautiful of all Filmy Ferns. Its noble plumes of tufted
fronds are fully 2ft. high; they are spear-shaped and very finely divided,
, 22
372 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
being cut into slender, linear segments, some of which standing forward, as
in the well-known Todea superba, give the whole plant an effect of almost
incomparable softness and richness. It is a native of the mountains of Java,
where it occurs at elevations varying between 4000ft. and 7000ft.—Backhouse’s
Catalogue of Filmy Ferns, 1871, p. 17.
T. membranaceum—mem-bra-na’-cé-um (membranous), Linneus.
This species, native of Tropical America, is of most singular appearance.
Its nearly stalkless fronds, of a thin and transparent nature and nearly round,
are 2in. to 3in. broad and more or less deeply cut from the- circumference
towards the centre, with rounded lobes conspicuously scaled on their margins
—a character unique in the genus. This plant succeeds best on porous stone.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, t. 115. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81.
T. Morierii—Mor-ier’-i-i (Morier’s). Synonymous with 7. trichophyllum.
T. muscoides—mus-ci-i’-des (moss-like), Swartz.
This species, native of Tropical America, Asia, Polynesia, and Africa,
is also known as 7. erosum. It produces from a slender rhizome shortly-
stalked fronds lin. to 3in. long, }in. to din. broad, varying in shape from
linear-oblong to spoon-shaped, nearly entire or bluntly lobed, especially above.
—Hooker, Species Filicum, i p. 117. Beddome, Ferns of British India,
p. 304.
T. (Feea) nanum—Fe’-é-a ; na-num (dwarf). A synonym of 7. botryoides.
T. obscurum—ob-scu’-rum (obscure). Synonymous with 7. rigidum.
T. olivaceum—ol-i-va’-cé-um (olive-green). A variety of 7. pywidiferum.
T. paryulum—par’-vul-um (rather small), Pozret.
This small-growing species, native of Japan, China, Java, Madagascar, &c.,
is a remarkably pretty plant, of easy culture either on a fragment of
Tree Fern or on a piece of fibrous peat. Its very attractive little fronds,
produced from wide-creeping, thread-like, interlaced rhizomes, and borne on
very short, slender stalks, are round or nearly so in general outline, wedge-
shaped at the base about din. each way, and cut like a fan about half-way
down from the outer edge in the direction of the base into narrow, irregular
TRICHOMANES. 373
segments (Fig. 105, reduced from Col. Beddome’s “ Ferns of British India,”
by the kind permission of the author). They are of a very transparent
nature.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 118, t. 39a. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 81. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 179.
T. peltatum—pel-ta’-tum (peltate),
Baker.
A very curious species, of small
dimensions, discovered in Samoa (where
it clothes the branches of trees) by
the Rev. T. Powell, who states that
it is quite peculiar in habit. ‘“ The
different branches of the caudex,”
writes the discoverer, “run upwards, Fe TOR Tehonanan panei
but so closely together that the margins ( nat. size),
of the fronds overlap each other. The
fronds all lie flat upon the tree, so that the whole Fern has much the
appearance of a delicate foliaceous lichen or frondose Jungermannia.”—Hooker,
Synopsis Filicum, p. 73.
T. Petersii—Pe-ters’-i-i (Peters’), Asa Gray.
According to Eaton, this tiny plant is found growing in broad patches
in the shade on sand rocks kept constantly moist by the running water
near the Sipsey River, in Winston County, Alabama, where it was first
discovered by the Hon. Thomas Minett Peters in January, 1853, and in
other neighbouring places, but always near running water. Its fronds,
produced from a thread-like rhizome, are seldom more than 4in. long and
vary in shape from linear to spoon-shaped; they are sometimes entire and
sometimes notched or slightly lobed.—Hooker, Icones Plantarum, t. 986.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81. Hooker, Second Century of
Ferns, t. 86. Eaton, Ferns of North America, t. 24, fig. 2.
T. pinnatifidum—pin-na-tif’-id-um (pinnatifid), Van den Bosch.
A species of medium dimensions, native of Jamaica, with fronds 2in. to
4in. long, borne on slender stalks lin. to 2in. long and winged above. These
874 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
fronds are broadly spear-shaped in general outline, and are cut down to within
a short distance of the midrib into narrow segments lin. long, with deep,
rounded lobes.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 78.
T. pinnatum—pin-na’-tum (pinnate), Hedwig.
This species, native of Tropical America, and as beautiful as it is curious,
is also called T. floribundum. Its fronds are produced from an upright, tufted
rootstock, and borne on strong, naked or slightly hairy stalks 3in. to 12in.
long and of a wiry nature; they are simply pinnate (once divided), 4in. to
18in. long, 3in. to 12in. broad, and often proliferous and rooting at their
summit, where they terminate in a tail-like process. They are composed of
from two to ten pairs of very transparent leaflets and a terminal one, all
of them 2in. to 6in. long, about fin. broad, sharply and finely toothed, the
upper edge being usually free from the stem at the base, while the under-one
is attached to it and often furnished with a broad wing. The spore masses are
disposed all round the leaflets. This species succeeds best on a mossy piece
of Tree Fern and in a temperature higher than that required for most of
the Trichomanes.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 9. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81.
T. pluma—plu’-ma (feather-like), Hooker.
This beautiful and rare species is a native of Borneo, where it was
discovered near Sarawak by T. Lobb, growing amongst decayed logs and
moss. Its elegant fronds, 6in. to Yin. long including their wiry stalks, are
produced from a thick, short, scarcely creeping rhizome; they are three or
four times divided to the rachis, and their segments, which are hair-like and
stand out on all sides, form a thickened mass of foliage as delicate as the
finest sea-weeds.—Hooker, Icones Plantarum, t. 997; Second Century of Ferns,
t. 97. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81.
T. Prieurii—Prieur’-i-i (Le Prieur’s), Kunze.
This magnificent species, which in gardens is better known under the
name of 7. anceps, and is also called T. Leprieurit, is a native of the West
Indies, Peru, and Brazil. It is of erect and somewhat rigid habit. The fronds,
produced from an upright rootstock and borne on strong, tufted stalks 4in.
TRICHOMANES. 875
to 8in. long and either naked or only slightly hairy, are 1ft. to 14ft. long,
6in. to 12in. broad, broadly egg-shaped, and three or four times divided nearly
to the midrib. The main rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) is very narrowly
winged throughout or above only. The lower leaflets, 4in. to 6in. long, are
divided into pinnules (leafits), which are again deeply cleft into rather distant,
long, narrow, sharply-toothed segments. The texture of the fronds is somewhat
leathery, their colour is dark green, and they are slightly hairy on their upper
surface.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i. p. 135, t. 406; Garden Ferns, t. 11.
Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, t. 65.
T. proliferum—pro-lif’-er-um (proliferous), Blume.
A pretty, slender-growing species, usually easily recognisable by its
peculiar proliferous, branching habit, though the fronds are very variable in
outline. The fronds are produced from a wide-creeping, densely-interlaced
rhizome, and are borne on slender stalks lin. to 3in. long, each stalk supporting
one to three deeply-divided fronds, with narrow segments repeatedly branched
and divided nearly to the central rachis.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 118,
t. 398. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 262.
T. pyxidiferum—pyx-id-if’-er-um (box-bearing), Linneus.
A very variable species, native of the West Indies, Brazil, and Peru,
where it grows on trunks of Palms and other trees. It is a plant with wide-
creeping, rather slender rhizomes of a woolly nature, and narrow-oblong
fronds lin. to 6in. long and lin. to 13in. broad, borne on naked stalks lin. to
2in. long and winged above. The leaflets are divided nearly to the midrib,
and the leafits are again deeply cleft into narrow, transparent segments.
T. Vieillardi is synonymous with this species.—Hooker and Greville, Icones
Filicum, t. 206. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81. Lowe, New
and Rare Ferns, p. 161.
T. p. olivaceum—ol-i-va’-cé-um (olive-green), Kunze.
In this variety the segments are broader and less divided than in the
type, and the wing of the rachis is somewhat crisped. Like the original
species, 7. p. olivaceum thrives best on a piece of hard wood, and requires the
close, humid atmosphere of the warm house.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 81.
376 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
T. radicans—ra-di’-cans (rooting), Swartz.
This species, extensively known under the popular name of “ Killarney
Fern,” and also called 7. brevisetum, is of a very cosmopolitan character. It
is the only representative of the genus found in Europe, and is undoubtedly
the most beautiful of all the Filmy Ferns. It is first mentioned as a British
Fern by Dillenius in the third edition of Ray’s ‘“ Synopsis,” . published in
1724. He states that it was found by Mr. Richardson, at the head of Elm
Crag Well, at Bellbank, near Bingley, Yorkshire, in which locality it was
also found in 1758 by Bolton, who then remarked that it was plentiful in
that district—now, unfortunately, only remembered as a habitat of days
gone by. The copper plates given by Dillenius establish the identity of the
plant beyond any doubt, even if his description were not sufficient for the
purpose. He describes it as “Filiz humilis repens, foliis pellucidis et
splendentibus, caule alato” (Dwarf creeping Fern, with transparent and
shining leaves, and with winged stems). The above-named place is the only
spot in England where the finding of the Killarney Fern has been recorded.
According to Lowe (“Our Native Ferns,” vol. ii, p. 448), it has been found
growing luxuriantly in some abundance in various places, extending over
several miles in Wales, and the naming of 7. radicans cambricum confirms the °
statement, but the localities have been kept secret on account of the dread
of its extermination by collectors, this beautiful Fern being much sought
after, as may be gathered: from the statement that although Bolton found it
in abundance near Bingley in 1758, he could only find one root in the same
locality in 1782. In Ireland it is commoner, for, besides such well-known
localities as the Powerscourt Waterfall and the waterfall above Turk Cottage,
Killarney, where it has been found exposed to the spray on shady banks and
rocks, this Bristle Fern is also reported from various stations in the
counties of Cork, Kerry, Waterford, Wicklow, &c.; but we cannot find any
record of its existence in Scotland.
The cosmopolitan character of the Killarney Fern is shown in_ its
geographical distribution, as may be seen by the following notes extracted
from Lowe’s excellent work, “Ferns British and Exotic” (vol. viii, p. 43):
“It was observed by Swartz, Bancroft, and Purdie in the woods in Jamaica.
In Brazil, according to Raddi, Forbes, Macrae, Scouler, Gardner, Sinclair, and
Vautier, the variety Andrewsii appears to occur, bearing fronds from Gin. to
TRICHOMANES. 377
18in. in length; according to Colonel Hall, a similar form exists in the forest
of Esmeraldas, El Equador. In the Azores, Dr. Hochstetter and Mr. H. C.
Watson discovered it at an elevation of from 2000ft. to 3000ft. above the
level of the sea. It is also a native of Spain, Teneriffe, the Canary Isles,
Madeira, Mexico, New Granada, Venezuela, Brazil, the Sandwich Islands ; and
Beddome, in his ‘Ferns of British India,’ gives an illustration (t. 18k) of the
plant as found on the Khasya Hills.” aton also states, in his “ Ferns of
North America,” that it is found in Alabama, and gives an illustration of it.
The fronds of 7. radicans (see Coloured Plate) are produced from a wide-
creeping rhizome of a hairy nature, which has a great predilection for stone,
clinging thereto with great tenacity. They are borne on stalks 2in. to 6in.
long, naked or nearly so, and sometimes winged in their upper part. The
leafy portion of the frond varies from 4in. to 12in. in length and 2in. to 6in.
in breadth; it is three times deeply cleft nearly to the rachis, which is very
narrowly winged. The leafits are again deeply cleft into deeply-toothed
segments, and their texture, though transparent, is particularly firm.—Hooker,
British Ferns, t. 42. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81. Louwe,
Our Native Ferns, ii., t. 71; Ferns British and Ezotic, vii., t. 94. Beddome,
Ferns of British India, t. 181. Moore; Nature-printed British Ferns, t. 48.
T. radicans is a very variable species, and some of its numerous forms
are very beautiful. The following are among the most distinct :
T. r. alabamense—al-ab-a-men’-sé (native of Alabama).
For this name, under which a remarkably pretty form is grown in this
country, we cannot find any authority. But Eaton, in his “Ferns of North
America” (p. 180), gives a description of the plant, which he also illustrates
(t. 24, fig. 1), under the name of 7. radicans, or “ Alabama Bristle Fern,”
and which corresponds exactly with the plant known in gardens as
T. alabamense. He adds that it grows on shaded or overhanging sandstone
cliffs constantly moistened by spray, and that it was first discovered by the
Hon. T. M. Peters, in July, 1852, in Winston County, Alabama, and eventually
in many places in North America.
For the history as well as for the description of his 7. radicans, Katon
refers to Williamson, who, in his “Ferns of Kentucky” (p. 123), states:
“T discovered it growing in more than a dozen localities under the Green
378 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
River Country Cliffs. It was found in every instance on the under-side of
an overhanging rock, generally considerably withdrawn from the light, never
reached by the direct rays of the sun. It does best on a moist rock, where
it is bedewed. by spray from falling water or where the clear, trickling water
keeps the fronds constantly moist. Each frond of this Fern has an interesting
history ; from first to last they live many years. The whole under-surface
of the rock is one matted mass of roots and stems, covered with innumerable
translucent fronds in all stages of growth and maturity. The young frond
gradually expands and slowly attains full size. In two or three years perhaps
the fruit begins to develop on the edges of the fronds, at the tips of the
veins. This fruit is clustered in a cup around a fine hair which comes from
its centre. The hair, or bristle, continues to grow in length, and the fruit to
develop at its base around it. As the bristle grows in length—sometimes
it is found lin. long—the ripe fruit is shed, so that there remains about the
same quantity of fruit always at the base of the hair. The whole life of the
frond may be half-a-dozen years.” The dimensions of the fronds, given as
from 3in. to 7in. long and _ less, sometimes
much less, than 2in. broad, as well as their
Vip wy being produced from a creeping rhizome lft.
‘\ h Wy long, but less than a line thick, and their
RWWA WP being borne on short stalks winged from the
a WY “yp very base to the top of the fronds, unmistak-
aS
is
EE
ably point out that this is the 7. alabamense
we Mi: 4 M VW,
Sl Kp NW of gardens.
QW ae
SS T.r. Andrewsii—An-drew’-si-i (Andrews’),
— Newman.
Fig. 106. Portion of Frond of Trichomanes 2 d :
bi staana This variety, found in 1842 at Iveragh,
(4 nat. size). Ireland, by Mr. Wm. Andrews, of Dublin, is
very distinct. It differs from the species in
having narrower, more spear-shaped fronds, in their leaflets being more distant
and distinct (Fig. 106), in the stalk being more elongated and less winged,
and in the involucre being quite sunk in the margin of the frond.—Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, i, fig. 859; Kerns British and Exotic, viii, p. 43. Moore,
Nature-printed British Ferns, t. 48c.
TRICHOMANES. 879
T. r. cambricum—cam’-bri-cum (Welsh).
For the name of this variety we cannot find any authority. It differs
from the species in the leafy portion of its handsome fronds being broadly
triangular and in their leafits being quite wedge-shaped at the base and also
much more numerous.
T. r. concinnum—con-cin’-num (neat), Moore.
A very pretty form, with egg-shaped fronds borne on short, scarcely-winged
stalks, and leaflets closely set. The pinnules (leafits) are somewhat more
elongated and narrower than those of the species.
T. r. dilatatum—di-la-ta’-tum (enlarged), Backhouse.
This differs from the species, and indeed from all other known varieties,
by its large, very dark green fronds, and by its leafits, which are much less
divided than in the type and broadly winged.—Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii.,
p. 450. Mcholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81.
T. r. dissectum—dis-sec’-tum (cut), Moore.
A variety somewhat similar in size and form of frond to 7. r. cambricum,
but with leafits cut again into narrow segments; sometimes these segments
are wedge-shaped at the base, when the plant is called 7. r. d. cuneatum,
for which name we cannot find any authority.
T. r. Kunzeanum—Kunz-é-a/-num (Kunze’s), Hooker.
The fronds of this variety, native of Brazil, are lft. to 14ft. long, of
a somewhat leathery texture, with the stalk and rachis scarcely, if at all,
winged ; the leaflets are distant, stalked, the leafits deeply cleft, and their
lowest lobes again cut into very long and narrow segments.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, i, p. 127, t. 39p.
T. r. Luschnatianum—Lusch-nat-i-a’-num (Luschnat’s), Pres.
This beautiful variety, also a native of Brazil, is readily distinguished
from all others through its fronds being quite stalkless, the leaflets reaching
to near the rhizome, and the leafy portion being spear-shaped and tapering to
a narrow point.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 81. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 81.
380 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
T. r. proliferum—pro-lif’-er-um (proliferous), Druery.
A very curious form, found wild in Ireland. The fronds, when fully
developed and matured, are dotted over with small bulbils, from which young
plants are easily raised.—Druery, Choice British Ferns, p. 148.
T. reniforme—re-nif-or’-mé (kidney-shaped), Forster.
This, the ‘‘ Kidney Fern of New Zealand,” is a plant of very peculiar habit
(see Coloured Plate), provided with naked rhizomes of a particularly wiry
nature. Its fronds, kidney-shaped and entire, with a deep notch at the base,
are 2in. to 4in. broad and very transparent, though somewhat thick ; they
are borne on naked, wiry stalks 4in. to 8in. long, and, when fertile, the spore
masses are arranged in a very regular manner all around their outer edge, and
disposed at the end of almost every vein. This plant succeeds best on soft
sandstone broken into small pieces and mixed with rough, fibrous peat.—
Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum,.t. 31. Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 115;
Exotic Ferns, t. 2. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81. Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, viii., t. 9a.
T. rigidum—rig’-id-um (rigid), Swartz.
A very striking and distinct species, native of Brazil, Peru, the West Indies,
the Philippine Islands, and Ceylon. The fronds, which are broadly egg-shaped,
2in. to 8in. long, and 2in. to Gin. broad, are borne on tufted, erect, wiry stalks
2in. to 8in. long and naked or very slightly winged above; they are three
or four times divided nearly to the midrib, and their lower leaflets, 2in. to 3in.
long, are divided into leafits which are again deeply cleft into narrow, toothed,
very dark green lobes of a somewhat leathery texture. This species is also
known as 7. achille@folium, T. obscurum, and T. Seemanni.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, i., p. 133.
T. r. elongatum—e-long-a’-tum (lengthened), Cunningham.
This variety differs from the typical plant in having deltoid fronds ; their
leaflets and leafits, often overlapping, have broader segments and often
terminate in a tail-like process.—Hooker, Icones Plantarum, t. 701.
T. rufum—rw’-fum (reddish), Baker.
This pretty species, of medium dimensions, native of Demerara, is very
distinct. Its simply-pinnate fronds, 10in. long and 14in.. broad, are pale green
TRICHOMANES. 3881
above, and, like their short stalks, most profusely clothed underneath with
long, reddish, woolly hairs. The very transparent leaflets overlap each other.
—WNicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 81.
T. scandens—scan’-dens (climbing), Linneus.
A lovely, delicate species, native of Jamaica and Mexico, where it is found
growing on trees. Its wide-creeping rhizome is of a wiry nature, and its
fronds, 6in. to 18in. long and 3in. to 6in. broad, are borne on strong, erect,
naked stalks 2in. to 4in. long. These fronds are cut quite to the stalk,
which sometimes is slightly winged and hairy; their pinnules (leafits) are
divided down to a narrow wing into segments that are again pinnatifid about
half-way down, with the margins finely hairy.— Hooker, Species Filicum,
i, p. 140. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 82. “Lowe, New and
Rare Ferns, t. 62a.
T. Seemanni—See-man’-ni (Seemann’s). Synonymous with 7. rigidum.
T. Sellowianum—Sel-lo-wi-a’-num (Sellow’s), Hooker.
A very pretty species, native of Brazil, with narrow-spear-shaped fronds
of a bright green colour, borne on stalks densely clothed with short hairs ;
their oblong, blunt segments are waved at the edges, where there are a few
short hairs.— Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 82.
T. setigerum—se-tig’-er-um (bristly), Hooker.
A species of medium dimensions, native of Borneo. Its tufted, narrow or
narrow-spear-shaped, simply-pinnate fronds are borne on perfectly cylindrical
stalks 2in. to 9in. long and furnished with hair-like scales. The leaflets are
again deeply divided into hand-shaped leafits with elongated and very narrow
ultimate segments.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 82.
T. sinuosum—sin-t-o’-sum (wavy), Richard.
This species, native of Tropical America and the West Indies, is provided
with a somewhat strong, wide-creeping, wavy rhizome, from which the narrow-
spear-shaped fronds, borne on stalks scarcely 2in. long, are produced. The
leaflets are cut down to a broadly-winged rachis ; they are of a bright green
382 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
colour and their texture is delicately membranous. 7. inciswm is another name
for this species—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 13. Lowe, Ferns
British and Exotic, viii, t. 10G. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
Iva Ps Oey
T. Smithii—Smith’-i-i (Smith’s), Hooker.
This elegant, drooping species, native of the Philippine Islands, somewhat
resembles the better-known 7’ tenerum. Its delicate-looking, oblong-spear-
shaped fronds, 4in. to 8in. long and lin. to 1}in. broad, are borne on slender,
naked stalks lin. to 2in. long; they are of a flaccid nature and are divided
three times nearly to the midrib, which is only slightly winged towards the
summit. The leaflets have their divisions usually simple, occasionally forked,
long, narrow, and very transparent.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 1383
Icones Plantarum, t. 704.
T. (Feea) spicatum—Fe’-é-a ; spi-ca’-tum (spiked), Hedwig.
This thoroughly distinct species, of medium dimensions, is a native of
the West Indies, Panama, Guiana, and Ecuador. Its barren and fertile fronds,
which are produced from a tufted rootstock, are dissimilar. The barren ones,
spear-shaped and shorter than the others, are borne on stalks lin. to 2in.
long, and their leafy portion, deeply cleft nearly to the midrib, usually
measures 4in. to 6in. in length and 1}in. in breadth; their segments are
almost horizontal, oblong, and notched on the margins. The fertile fronds,
narrow and erect, are composed of a rachis and two rows of spore masses,
without any connecting membrane. This species thrives best on wood ; it
requires a higher temperature (65deg. to 75deg.) than most of the Trichomanes,
and a very humid but airy atmosphere.—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 114;
Garden Ferns, t. 60. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 82. Lowe,
New and Rare Ferns, t. 67c.
T. Sprucei—Spru’-cé-i (Spruce’s), Baker.
A species much resembling the better-known 7. gemmatum, but its fronds,
3in. to 4in. long, ldin. to Qin. broad, and of a very transparent nature, have
a broadly-triangular outline; they are also more deeply divided, and their
segments are distinctly flattened Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 87.
TRICHOMANES 383
T. strictum—stric’-tum (straight), Menzies.
This species, native of New Zealand, has spear-shaped fronds 4in. to Gin.
long, three or four times divided nearly to the stalk, which is narrowly winged.
The* crowded and spear-shaped leaflets have their lower leafits deeply cleft
into strap-shaped lobes, the whole being of a very pale green colour.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, i., p. 136.
T. superbum—sup-erb’-um (superb), Van den Bosch.
This beautiful species, which requires a higher temperature than most
of the Trichomanes, is of very distinct habit. Its broadly-egg-shaped fronds,
4in. to 9in. long and 2in. to 4in. broad, are produced from a strong, wide-
creeping rhizome, and their strong stalks are 2in. to 5in. long and winged
nearly down to the base. The lower leaflets are divided more than half-way
to the stalk into oblong, toothed lobes. This plant, which is a native of
Trinidad and British Guiana, is also found in gardens under the name of
T. jfimbriatum.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 78. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 82.
T. tenerum—ten’-er-um (slender), Sprengel.
A pretty little species, of particularly slender habit, native of Tropical
America. Its creeping rhizomes are very slender, though woolly. The spear-
shaped, flaccid, pendulous fronds, 3in. to 8in. long and 1fin. broad, are three
times cut nearly to the rachis. The distant, flaccid leaflets are cut again into
deeply-cleft, pale green leafits and segments of a very transparent nature.
T. angustatum is a garden name for this species.—Hooker and Greville, Icones
Filicum, t. 166. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 82. Lowe, New
and Rare Ferns, t. 67a.
T. trichoideum—trich-3-i’-dé-um (hair-like), Swartz.
This most lovely, delicate-looking, thread-like Fern—undoubtedly the
most finely-divided of all kinds known in cultivation—is a native of Ecuador,
Brazil, and the West Indies, where it grows on trunks of trees. It is of
upright habit, with slender, creeping rhizomes, from which its spear-shaped
fronds, 4in. to 8in. long and lin. to 2in. broad, are produced in abundance.
These fronds are borne on very slender, naked stalks lin. to 2in. long, and
884 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
are three times divided nearly to the rachis, which is only very slightly
winged at the extremity. The leafits are again divided into hair-like segments,
which are of a membranous texture and have a central. vein only.—Hooker
and Greville, Icones Filicum, t. 199. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv.,
p. 82. Lowe, New and Rare Ferns, t. 678.
T. trichophyllum—trich-oph-yl’-lum (having hair-like fronds), Moore.
This is a very finely-divided species, native of Borneo and New Caledonia.
Its oblong fronds, 2in. to 4in. long and lin. to 14in. broad, are borne on
cylindrical stalks of a wiry nature, lin. to 2in. long, and produced from
a densely-tufted rootstock. The rachis (stalk of the leafy portion) is stiff and
cylindrical throughout. The leaflets much overlap each other, and their leafits
are copiously cleft into bristle-like segments fin. to }in. long and spreading
in all directions. The abundant spore masses are placed near the base of the
pinnules (leafits) on the upper side. 7. Morierii is another name for this
species.— Moore, Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1862, p. 45. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 82.
T. yvenosum—ve-no’-sum (veined), R. Brown.
A distinct and pretty species, of small dimensions, native of Australia,
Tasmania, and New Zealand, where it is invariably found growing on trunks
of trees and frequently of Tree Ferns, which are densely clothed with it. The
thread-like rhizome may attach itself to a piece of stone, but it much prefers
rambling among the roots of a Tree Fern. The fronds, of a grass-green colour
and very transparent, are seldom more than 3in. long under cultivation,
although in their native habitats they reach nearly twice that size; they are
distinctly pinnate, with distant leaflets, which are sometimes pinnatifid, although
usually simple, narrow, and toothed.—Hooker and Greville, Icones Filicum,
t. 78. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 82. Lowe, Ferns British
and Exotic, viii., t. 9B.
T. VWieillardi—Vieil-lard’-i (Vieillard’s). Synonymous with 7. pywidiferum.
The Trichomanes above described represent only a portion of the species
at present known in culture and in herbaria, for in the second edition of
Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum” (published in 1873) no less than
TRICHOMANES. 385
one hundred species are fully described. Among the foregoing, however,
may be found all those that are possessed of any particularly decorative
qualities. A certain number of plants of very small dimensions (not exceeding
lin. in height), although not really ornamental, are sufficiently distinct and
interesting from a botanical point of view to be here mentioned. A full
description of each of the species enumerated in this list is given in Hooker
and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum.”
alternans, Carruthers.
apodum, Hooker and Greville.
Armstrongit, Baker.
. melanopus, Baker.
. Motleyt, Van den Bosch.
pinnatinervum, Baker.
Powellii, Baker.
punctatum, Poiret.
. pusillum (quercifolium), Swartz.
reptans, Swartz.
sawatile, Hooker.
concinnum, Mettenius.
cuspidatum (Bojert), Willdenow.
denticulatum, Baker.
exiguum, Baker.
flabellatum, Bory.
latemarginale, Eaton. . saxifragotdes, Presl.
lineolatum, Hooker.
T. Lyallii, Hooker.
T. Mannii, Baker.
| viridens, Mettenius.
a a a ee ve =
. vittense, Baker.
VOL. III. 20
CHAPTER XX,
TROCHOPTERIS, Gardner.
(Troch-op’-ter-is. )
Wheel Fern.
NLY one species of this genus is at present known in herbaria,
and, so far as we are aware, it is not in cultivation.
Trochopteris is a division of the sub-order Schizwacew, and
forms in Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum” Genus 67.
The name is derived from trochos, a wheel, and pteris, a Fern,
in allusion to the appearance of the plant, the fronds of which resemble
the leaves of a Geum, and are disposed in a dense, rosulate tuft. The
distinctive characters of the genus reside in the habit of the plant, which
resembles a dwarf Anemia, but with fertile and barren parts of the fronds
not distinct, and in the disposition of the fructification, the capsules being
small, stalkless, and placed irregularly round the edge of the under-side of
the slightly-contracted lower lobes of the leafy fronds. The plant not being
grown in Europe, we cannot give any information respecting its culture.
T. elegans—e’-leg-ans (elegant), Gardner.
A stove species, native of South Brazil and Cuba. Its fronds, lin. long
and little more than 3in. broad, are borne on very short stalks; they are
lyrate-pinnatifid (having several pairs of small lobes with deep depressions
between them), of a soft, papery texture, and hairy on both surfaces. The
upper lobes are rounded and not deep, and the lowest pair reach down nearly
to the midrib and have laciniated edges.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 436.
CHAPTER XXI.
VITTARIA, Smith.
( Vit-ta’-ri-a.)
Ribbon Ferns.
N)FHIS small genus, almost entirely composed of tropical plants
sl] with free veins and grass-like fronds of a somewhat leathery
texture, derives its name from vitia, a ribbon, in allusion to
the narrow fronds of all the species which are comprised in it.
In Hooker and Baker’s “ Synopsis Filicum” it forms Genus 56,
and represents a sub-division of the tribe Grammitidee. Although very
interesting in themselves, Vittarias are not of much decorative value; they
are very difficult of discrimination, and, although Fée (who has published an
elaborate, illustrated monograph of the genus in which, he relies to a large
extent upon microscopic characters—the shape of the spores and abortive
capsules) describes a great number, we have considered it advisable to
follow Hooker and Baker, who admit only about a dozen species. These,
according to the disposition of the spores, are divided into two sections
as follow :
Evvirraria (Hu-vit-ta’-ri-a), or true Vitiaria. In this division are
embraced plants with spore masses sunk in a distinctly two-lipped marginal
groove.
Tzyiopsis (Teen-i-op’-sis), J. Smith. The plants of this section, which
is by far the larger of the two, have their spore masses disposed in a line
that is slightly intramarginal (situated about jin. from the margin), with the
unaltered edge of the frond produced beyond and often rolled over it.
2c2
388 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Culture.
Vittarias succeed well in sandy peat and under the influence of a moist,
stove temperature. Their propagation is usually effected by division of the
crowns.
Principal Species.
V. (Euvittaria) elongata — Eu-vit-ta/-ri-a ; e-long-a’-ta (lengthened),
Swartz.
This species, also known in gardens under the names V. ensiformis,
V. zosterefolia, and others, is found in the Himalayas, New South Wales,
Ceylon, the Mascarene Islands, and the Seychelles, and on the Guinea Coast.
Its fronds, 6in. to 18in. long, but seldom more than Hin. broad, are either
sharp-pointed or bluntish at their summit, their lower part being narrowed
very gradually to the base; they are of a somewhat leathery texture, with
the midrib faint or distinct. The spore masses are quite sunk in a marginal
groove, with two nearly equal lips, which open outwards.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 395. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 188. Lowe,
Ferns British and Exotic, ii., t. 653. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India, t. 21.
V. ensiformis—en-sif-or’-mis (sword-shaped). Synonymous with V. elongata.
V. (Teeniopsis) faleata—Ten-i-op’-sis ; fal-ca’-ta (sickle-shaped), Kunze.
In this species, native of Malaysia, the fronds, 4in. to 5in. long and in.
broad, are blunt at their summit and their lower part is gradually narrowed
to the base; they are of a leathery and very thick texture; with a distinct,
raised midrib extending to the summit in the barren fronds, but lost in the
fertile ones.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 182.
VY. filifolia—fi-lif-ol’-i-a (having thread-like leaves). A synonym of V. lineata.
V. (Teniopsis) Gardneriana—Ten-i-op’-sis ; Gard-ner-i-a’/-na (Gardner’s),
Fee.
A species native of the Organ Mountains, Brazil, with fronds 1ft. or more
in length, jin. broad, sharp-pointed at their summit, gradually narrowed at
the base to a short, slender stem ; they are of a very thin texture and show
a slender, immersed midrib extending from the base to the summit. The spore
VITTARIA 889
masses are disposed in a broad, superficial, slightly intramarginal line, with
the edge produced beyond but not wrapped over it.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
v., p. 178.
VY. (Teeniopsis) lineata—Ten-i-op’-sis ; li-né-a’-ta (lined), Swartz.
The fronds of this curious species, which is found in Japan, the West
Indies, Peru, the Mascarene Islands, and Cape Colony, on the Himalayas, &c.,
are so very narrow that they have more the appearance of leafless stems than
of fronds. They are 6in. to 18in. long, but barely jin. broad, gradually
narrowed downwards to a stout, compressed stem, which gradually passes
into the frond, the edge often being reflexed; they are of a firm texture and
have a distinct, raised midrib running from their base to their summit.
V. filifolia is identical with this species—Hooker, Species Filicum, p. 180.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 188. Lowe, Ferns British and
Exotic, ii., t. 65a.
V. (Teeniopsis) remota—Ten-i-op’-sis ; rem-o’-ta (distant), [ée.
In this species, native of the West Indies and Ecuador, the fronds, lft. to
2ft. long, in. broad, and of a moderately firm texture, are gradually narrowed
to the base or a short, compressed stem ; their dark-coloured midrib, distinct
below, is often lost before it reaches the summit. The spore masses are
disposed in a broad, superficial, distinctly intramarginal line, the edge of
which is not at all wrapped over it.—Hooker, Species Filicum, p. 185.
V. (Teeniopsis) scabrida—Ten-i-op’-sis ; scab’-rid-a (rough), Klotzsch.
A small-growing species, of little decorative value, native of Mexico and
Brazil. Its spore masses are sunk in an intramarginal groove, with the
flattened, thick edge of the frond produced beyond it.— Hooker, Species
Filicum, v., p. 182.
V. (Teeniopsis) scolopendrina — Ten-i-op’-sis ; scol-op-en-dri/-na
(centipede-like), Thwaztes.
This is the largest and most decorative of all the Vittarias at present
known. Its fronds, lft. to 14ft. long and #in. broad, are sharp-pointed at
the summit, very ‘gradually narrowed to the base, have their edge entire,
and are of a thick texture ; their thick, blackish midrib, grooved in front
390 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
below, is sometimes nearly lost upwards. The spore masses are disposed in
broad, continuous, sub-marginal lines, with the firm, unaltered edge of the frond
at first wrapped over them. This plant is a native of New Guinea, Malaysia,
the Neilgherries, Ceylon, the Seychelles, &c.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v.,
p. 117. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 188.
V. (Teeniopsis) stipitata—Ten-i-op’-sis ; sti-pit-a’-ta (stalked), Kunze.
The habitat of this species extends from Columbia to Peru. Its fronds,
13ft. to 2ft. long and scarcely fin. broad, gradually taper below into a long,
slender stem ; they are of firm texture, with an indistinct midrib except
towards the base. The spore masses are sunk in a groove within the margin,
with the. flattened, thickened edge of the frond produced beyond it.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, p. 179.
V. (Teeniopsis) stricta—Ten-i-op’-sis ; stric’-ta (upright), Carmichael.
A species from Tristan d’Acunha, with thick fronds 14ft. long, jin. broad,
and narrowed below to a compressed stem; a stout midrib extends to their
summit, the spore masses occupying the whole space between it and the
much-reflexed edge.—Hooker, Species Filicum, v., p. 182.
V. (Tzeniopsis) sulcata—Ten-i-op’-sis ; sul-ca/-ta (furrowed), Kuhn.
This species, native of Ceylon and the Society Islands, produces from
a short-creeping rhizome its strap-shaped, stalkless, blunt fronds, which are
narrowed to the base, 2in. to 4in. long, and }in. broad. The midrib is visible
only in the barren lower half of the fronds. The spore masses are disposed
in a deep, intramarginal furrow confined to the very much thickened upper
half of the frond, where the midrib and veins are quite lost.—Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 518.
V. zosterzefolia — zo-ste-re-fol’-i-a (Zostera-fronded). Synonymous with
V. elongata.
In addition to the species above described, we may mention V’. (Te@niopsis)
debilis of Kuhn, and J. (7.) pumila of Mettenius, both diminutive plants of
botanical interest only.
CHAPTER 2,
WOODSIA, R. Brown.
(Wood’-si-a. )
b]
WIN Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis Filicum’
Genus 11. It is dedicated to the memory of Joseph Woods,
fourteen species of small-growing, much-tufted, greenhouse
and hardy Ferns, of distinct appearance and very neat habit.
All are of soft texture and of a deciduous nature; their stalks are often
jointed and separating at the joints. The distinctive characters of Woodsia
reside principally in the globose shape of the spore masses and in the inferior,
soft, membranous involucre, from the first calyciform or more or less globose
-and sometimes enclosing the sorus (spore mass), at length opening at the
top, its margin or mouth being irregularly lobed or fringed. According to
the nature of the involucre the genus Woodsia is divided as follows:
Evuwoopsta (Eu-wood’-si-a), or Woodsia proper, with involucre smaller
than the sorus, but fringed with hairs, which extend beyond it; and
PuysemMatium (Phy-se-mat/-i-um), in which the involucre is larger than
the sorus and not ciliated.
Culture.
Most of the known Woodsias are found in cold and temperate climates.
North America is particularly rich in them, and the genus is well represented
in Great Britain by two species, WW. hyperborea and IV. ilvensis, both of
Woodsia forms . |
author of “The Tourists’ Flora,” and is composed of about.
392 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
which are of particularly distinct character, and rank among the rarest of
our native Ferns. As a rule, Woodsias may be said to flourish where but
little soil is allowed around their roots, in crevices of damp rocks, or upon
the rocks themselves, generally in fairly exposed situations. They are well
adapted for growing in small intermediate and hardy Ferneries, where they
form suitable companions to Asplenium Ruta-muraria, A. Ceterach (or
Ceterach oficinarum as it is more commonly called), A. Trichomanes, &c.,
and they may also be successfully cultivated in pots. They require a very
open soil, composed of turfy peat and light loam in equal parts, with a free
admixture of finely-broken charcoal, sandstone, or silver sand. Thorough
drainage is essential, and the crowns of the plants should be kept above
the soil and surrounded by a few small stones: the effect of this arrangement
is to keep the roots in a permanently moist state without using much water,
as they are particularly averse to stagnant moisture.
Woodsias are usually increased by the division of their crowns, an
operation which is attended with most satisfactory results when performed
during their resting period—from November to March. They may also be
propagated by means of their spores, which are produced in abundance
and germinate freely, especially when sown in a temperature of 65deg.
to 70deg.
Principal Species and Varieties.
.
W. alpina—al-pi’-na (alpine). A common garden name for W. hyperborea.
W. Brownii—Brown’-i-i (Brown’s). Synonymous with Hypoderris Brownit.
W. (Physematium) Burgessiana—Phy-se-mat’-i-um ; Bur-ges-si-a/-na
(Burgess’s), Gerrard.
A species found along the Tugela River, Natal. It has spear-shaped
fronds 6in. long, 2in. broad, of a soft, hairy nature, and pinnate, their
stalkless leaflets being oblong and deeply cleft into broad lobes that are
toothed at the summit. The small and sparsely-produced spore masses are
covered by a thin, parchment-like involucre opening at the summit, at
length breaking down into a very irregular margin. — Hooker, Synopsis
Filicum, p. 46.
WOODSTA. 393
W. (Physematium) caucasica — Phy-se-mat’-i-um; cau-cas’-ic-a |
(Caucasian), J. Smith.
This species, better known in gardens under the name of W. fragilis,
is a native of the Caucasus, where it is found in rocky places, at elevations
varying between 1000ft. and 6000ft. Its spear-shaped fronds, about 8in.
long, are twice divided to the midrib; their stalkless leaflets, spear-shaped
or broadest at the base, are nearly opposite and again pinnate, the lobes or
leafits being oblong, sharp-pointed, and toothed on their margins. The
comparatively large spore masses are disposed two on each lobe or leafit
and are situated one on each side near the margin.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
i, p. 62. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 216.
W. (Physematium) elongata — Phy-se-mat’-i-um; — e-long-a’-ta
(lengthened), Hooker.
A native of North-west India, where it occurs at 10,000ft. elevation.
Its oblong fronds, 8in. to 12in. long, are pinnate; their oblong, blunt leaflets
are rather distant, stalkless, and cut more than half-way down into short,
rounded, somewhat toothed lobes, each bearing one spore mass on _ the
lower anterior veinlet—AHooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 62, t. 21c. Beddome,
Ferns of British India, t. 14.
W. fragilis—frag’-il-is (fragile). A name used in gardens for W. caucasica
and W. mollis.
W. glabella—glab-el’-la (nearly smooth), Brown.
This pretty little, delicate-looking Fern, which, Baker says, may possibly
be a glabrous form of W. hyperborea, is essentially a North American plant.
Eaton, in his excellent work, “Ferns of North America,” says that it grows
on moist, mossy cliffs in the northern parts of New Hampshire, Vermont,
and New York, and from the Saguenay River and Montmorency Falls to
the Arctic Circle. It also occurs in Alpine and Arctic Europe, Siberia,
Kamtschatka, and on the islands near Behring’s Strait. In habit it is much
like Asplenium viride, with narrow fronds tapering a little below, pinnate,
and perfectly smooth. These fronds, lin. to 4in. long, tin. broad, and produced
from an ascending rootstock, have their leaflets set far apart, all broadly
triangular, very blunt, and cut into a few short, rounded or somewhat
394 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
wedge-shaped, entire lobes.—AHooker, Species Filicum, i, p. 64. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 216. Laton, Ferns of North America, ii,
t. 60. Correvon, Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 68.
W. guatemalensis—gua-tem-a-len’-sis (from Guatemala). Synonymous
with W. mollis. 2
W. hyperborea—hyp-er-bor’-é-a (from the extreme North), R. Brown.
This species, known also in gardens under the name of W. alpina, has
a remarkably wide range of habitat, being found in the Arctic regions and
on high mountains in the temperate zone in Europe, Asia, and America.
According to Lowe, it occurs in Sweden, Norway, Russia, Germany, France,
Switzerland, Spain, Hungary, Silesia, Siberia, &c., and also in the Punjab, on
the Himalayas. Eaton states, in ‘‘Ferns of North America” (vol. ii, p. 108),
that the limits of its habitat in British America have not been ascertained, and
that it grows in the northern parts of Vermont and New York. He adds,
“T am indebted to Mr. D. A. Watt for a very copious series of specimens
collected by himself on a moist, mossy bank near the Falls on the Riviere du
Loup, and within reach of the spray from the Falls, in September, 1865, and
on moist, mossy banks in a ravine at Temiscouata, Canada Hast, 1868.” Ray
mentions W. hyperborea as a British plant in .the second edition of his
‘Synopsis Stirprum Britannicarum” (published in 1696), where it is described
by Mr. Lhwyd, its discoverer, as “Mili alpina pedicularis rubre foliis
subtus villosis” (Alpine Fern, with red-stemmed leaves hairy underneath). It
was also described and engraved during the same year in Plukenet’s
“ Almagestum Botanicum” (p. 150, t. 89, f 8). Mr. Lhwyd says he never
saw it except on wet, lofty rocks called Clogwyn-y-Garnedh, near the top of
Snowdon, and that it was rare even there. It springs there from the edges of
the rocks, and is not erect, but somewhat reclining. Dr. Richardson adds, in
the third edition of the same “Synopsis,” that “it grows on a moist, black
rock, almost at the top of Clogwyn-y-Garnedh, facing north-west, directly
above the lower lake.” Besides the above-named locality, Lowe states that
this species “has been found in various places in Scotland, viz., by
Professor Balfour near Crieff, on Ben Chonzie, Perthshire; also in Glen
Isla, Forfarshire ; and on Glen Fiadh, Clova Mountains. Mr. Dickson and
WOODSITA. 3895
Mr. W. Wilson found it on Ben Lawers, Maeldun-Crosk, and Craig Challiach,
in Perthshire; and Mr. J. T. Syme, between Glen Lochy and Glen Dochart.”
The fronds (Fig. 107), narrowly spear-shaped, pinnate, and 2in. to 6in. long,
are abundantly produced from a clustered rootstock, hidden by a mass of
stalk-bases, which persist long after the fronds have fallen off. The stalks are
articulated, and, like the midrib of the leafy portion, slightly hairy beneath.
The somewhat triangular leaflets are deeply cleft into
roundish or egg-shaped lobes of a pale green colour. &
—Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 64; British Ferns, an?
+ at F 5 SO
t. 7. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 216. ae
Lowe, Our Native Ferns, ii., t. 69. Eaton, Ferns of he Se
ee
North America, t. 60. Moore, Nature-printed British
Ferns, t. 478. Correvon, Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 66.
W. ilvensis—il-ven’-sis (from Elba), R. Brown.
Like the foregoing species, this has a very wide
range of habitat, which in fact is very similar to that
of W. hyperborea, and, like that species also, this is
one of the rarest of British Ferns. We have it on
the authority of Lowe that the Rev. W. Little found
it in Scotland, near Loch Skene, in Dumfries-shire; ' 12%. Pe
Mr. P. Gray, to the north of Moffat; Mr. W. Stevens,
abundantly on the hills dividing Dumfries and Peebles-shire ; and that by
various other persons it has been collected near Crieff, on Ben Chonzie,
Perthshire, and on Ben Lawers by Mr. J. Backhouse, who also saw it on
the Clova Mountains, at Glen Fiadh, &c. Eaton, in “Ferns of North
America” (vol. ii, p. 112), states that “it is found on high, exposed rocks
and in their crevices, in the mountainous regions of the Northern United
States, and throughout British America, as far as the Rocky Mountains
and Norway House, on the Saskatchewan River. In New England it is
sometimes found at low elevations near the sea, as on Mount Desert Island,
Maine. It is particularly fine and abundant on the tops of the mountains
above West Point, on the Hudson River, and along the Saguenay River,
in Canada.” It is also found in the Caucacus, in Siberia, and all through
Northern. Europe.
f
396 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
The spear-shaped fronds (Fig. 108) of this species, 2in. to 6in. long
and pinnate, are produced from a clustered rootstock. They are provided
with stalkless, blunt, oblong leaflets, broader at the base, slightly hairy
above, and deeply cleft into many oblong, obscurely-toothed lobes of a dull
green colour. The rachis (stalk of
the leafy portion) and the secondary
midribs have their under-side clothed
with reddish, chaffy scales.—Hooker,
Species Filicum, i., p. 63; British
Ferns, t. 8. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 216. Lowe, Our
Native Ferns, ii., t. 70. Eaton, Ferns
of North America, t. 60. Moore,
Nature-printed British Ferns, t. 47a.
Correvon, Les Fougéres rustiques,
p. 67.
W. incisa—in-ci’-sa (cut). This is
Fig. 108. Woodsia ilvensis
(4 nat. size). synonymous with W. obtusa.
W. (Physematium) insularis—Phy-se-mat’-i-um ; in-sul-a’-ris (insular),
Hanee.
A small-growing species, of little decorative value, native of China.—
Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 47.
W. lanosa—la-no’-sa (woolly), Hooker.
This distinct species is a native of Northern India; it has been found on
the mountains of Kumaon at 11,000ft. to 12,000ft. elevation, and in Sikkim
at altitudes varying between 14,000ft. and 16,000ft. Its oblong, pinnate
fronds are quite shaggy with copious, soft, long, rusty-coloured hairs, mixed
with very narrow, long, chaffy scales. The leaflets, somewhat heart-shaped
and toothed, are scarcely cleft again. This plant has much the appearance of
a densely-woolly form of W. hyperborea.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 47.
Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 341.
W. Lyallii—Ly-al’-li-i (Lyall’s). Synonymous with W. scopulina.
WOODSTA.
397
W. (Physematium) manchuriensis—Phy-se-mat’-i-um ; man-chu’-ri-
en’-sis (Manchurian).
A species of medium dimensions, native of Manchuria and Japan. Its
oblong-spear-shaped, sharp-pointed fronds, 6in. to 8in. long, are once divided
to the midrib into stalkless leaflets lin. or more in length, of a thin texture,
and deeply cleft into oblique, egg-shaped, blunt, entire or slightly wavy lobes,
each of which bears one spore mass only. — Hooker, Second Century of
Ferns, t. 98.
W. (Physematium) mollis—Phy-se-mat’-i-um ; mol’/-lis (soft), J. Smith.
According to Lowe, this species, also known in gardens under the names
of W. fragilis and W. guatemalensis, and native of Mexico, Guatemala,
Minas-Geraes (Brazil), and the
Andes of Peru and Quito,
was introduced into the Royal
Gardens, Kew, in 1841. Its
fronds, which are spear-shaped
and pinnate, are generally
densely clothed, especially be-
neath, with soft, jointed hairs ;
their oblong-spear-shaped leaflets
are somewhat blunt, stalkless,
and deeply cleft into oblong or
oval, stalkless pinnules (leafits),
rounded at the summit and
notched on the margins.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, 1.,
p. 60. Mcholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iv., p. 216.
Fig. 109. Woodsia obtusa
G nat. size).
W. (Physematium) obtusa—Phy-se-mat/-i-um ; ob-tu’-sa (blunt), Torrey.
According to Lowe, this somewhat strong-growing species, native of North
America, Peru, and Uruguay, was cultivated in the Royal Gardens, Kew, as
far back as 1836. Eaton, in his splendid work on “Ferns of North America,”
states (vol. ii., p. 190) that it grows on rocks and stony hillsides and is not
398 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
rare from New England to Wisconsin and southwards to Georgia, Central
Alabama, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory ; that it also occurs in British
Columbia, where Dr. Lyall found it on the Galton Mountains, but that it is
not known in the eastern provinces of Canada. Although its fronds, produced
from a tufted rootstock, are usually 6in. to Yin. long and 2in. to 3in. broad,
Eaton states that they occasionally measure 1}ft. long and 4in. broad at their
middle ; they are borne on non-articulated stalks 3in. to 6in. long, and are
(Fig. 109) twice divided to the midrib. The stalkless leaflets are opposite
and cut into oblong leafits that are rounded at the summit and notched along
the margin. W. incisa and W. Perriniana are identical with this species.—
Hooker, Species Filicum, i., p. 63 ; Garden Ferns, t. 43. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iv., p. 216. Eaton, Ferns of North America, t. 71. Lowe,
Ferns British and Ezotic, vii., t. 29. Correvon, Les Fougéres rustiques, p. 68.
W. (Physematium) oregana — Phy-se-mat’-i-um ; or-eg-a’/-na (from
Oregon), Eaton.
This species is essentially of North American origin. Eaton states (‘‘ Ferns
of North America,” vol. ii., p. 185) that it is found growing in dense patches
in the crevices of rocks, often where much exposed to the sun, from Oregon
and British Columbia eastward to Lake Winnipeg and the Kewcenaw Peninsula
of Michigan, and southward to Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; he
adds that it has also been found in California, forming “masses around lava
rocks in high plateaus along the Pitt River. Its oblong-spear-shaped fronds,
3in. to 4in. long, are borne on densely-tufted, non-articulated stalks 2in. to 4in.
long; they are twice divided to the midrib and their leaflets are cut into
blunt, oblong, notched lobes of a dark green colour and smooth on both sides.
—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 48. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv.,
p. 217. Haton, Ferns of North America, t. 71. Correvon, Les Fougéres
rustiques, p. 69.
W. Perriniana—Per-ri-ni-a’-na (Perrin’s). Synonymous with W. obtusa.
W. (Physematium) polystichoides—Phy-se-mat’-i-um ;_pol-ys’-tich-
6-i’-dés (Polystichum-like), Eaton.
A very pretty, free-growing species, native of Japan, with spear-shaped,
simply-pinnate fronds 8in. to 10in. long. The stalkless leaflets are about
WOODSTA. 399
lin. long, sharply eared at the superior base, entire or slightly notched at
the extremity, and slightly hairy on both sides ; their colour is a bright
green and their texture is thicker than that of most of the other species in
cultivation.— Hooker, Second Century of Ferns, t. 2. Nicholson, Dictionary of |
Gardening, iv., p. 217.
W. p. sinuata—sin-it-a’-ta (wavy), Hooker.
This form, native of Manchuria, differs from the typical plant only in the
greater size of its leaflets, which are broader, more blunt, and so much waved
along the edge as to be lobed or even pinnatifid (divided nearly to the
midrib).—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 48.
W. p. Veitchii—Veitch’-i-i (Veitch’s), Moore.
On account of the thick, silvery down with which all the parts of the
plant are clothed, this is a very decorative form. As regards the dimensions,
habit, and hardihood, it is equal to the typical species. This lovely variety
is a native of Ta-lien-kwan, Yellow Sea, China.— Hooker, Garden Ferns,
t. 32. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 217.
W. (Physematium) scopulina—Phy-se-mat/-i-um ; scop-ul-i/-na (brush-
like), Eaton.
Although Baker considers this to be scarcely more than a variety of
W. obtusa, Eaton, who states that it is found growing in dense masses on rocks
and in crevices from Oregon to Mono Pass, California, and extending eastward
to Dakota, Minnesota, and Colorado, says that it is so much like W. oregana
that, unless the specimens are in good condition, it is difficult to distinguish
them. Eaton further says that the most important distinction rests in the
indusium, which is not always in condition to admit of satisfactory examination.
W. Lyallii is synonymous with this species.—Hooker, Synopsis Filicum, p. 48.
Eaton, Ferns of North America, t. 71.
CHAPTER XAUL
WOODWARDIA, Smith.
(Wood-ward’-i-a. )
Chain Ferns.
HIS genus, which is a part of the tribe Blechnew, and was
A] named after Thomas Jenkinson Woodward, an English
botanist, is composed of about half-a-dozen distinct species,
of large or medium dimensions. In Hooker and Baker’s
Woodwardia forms Genus 36. Its dis-
tinctive character resides in the disposition of the sori (spore masses), which
?
“ Synopsis Filicum,’
are linear (narrow) or linear-oblong, and sunk in cavities of the frond placed
in single rows parallel with and contiguous to the midribs of the pinne and
pinnules (leaflets and leafits); they are covered by an involucre of a somewhat
leathery texture, of the same shape as the spore masses, and closing over
the cavity like a lid. In Woodwardia proper the veins always form a series
of costal arches, while in the remainder of the species they are either quite
free or anastomosing (intercrossing each other).
Although only a small genus, Woodwardia is sub-divided, according to
the nature of the veins, into three sections as follow :
AncuHISTEA (Anch-is’-té-a), Presi. The plants of this section have uniform
fronds, with all their veins free between the sori and the margin.
Evuwoopwarpia (Eu-wood-ward’-i-a), or true Woodwardia. In this
section the fronds are uniform, and their veins form at least one series of
areolations (cells or cavities) between the sori and the margin.
OLATA.
CE
WooDWARDIA
WOODWARDIA. 401
Lorinseria (Lor-in-se’-ri-a), Presl. In outward appearance the plants
belonging to this section are totally different from those of the two foregoing
sections: their fronds are dimorphous, the barren and the fertile ones being
quite distinct, and their veins anastomosing throughout.
Culture.
Woodwardias are indigenous to the North Temperate zone, extending
but very slightly within the tropics. They all possess a decorative character
for either the cool greenhouse, the conservatory, or the hardy Fernery,
according to their requirements. Few Ferns are as effective as W. radicans or
W. orientalis, grown either on the rockery or in a hanging basket in the
conservatory ; while W. areolata (or, as it is usually called in gardens,
W. angustifolia) and W. virginica are very ornamental when planted in
a marshy part of the hardy Fernery. The compost in which Woodwardias
thrive most luxuriantly is a mixture in equal parts of fibrous loam, peat or
leaf-mould, chopped sphagnum, and silver sand, with abundance of water at
the roots all the year round. It is of the utmost importance that these
plants should be strictly kept under cool treatment, as when subjected to
heat they soon become a prey to thrips and scale, whereas when grown in
a cool atmosphere they are usually very clean plants.
Although Woodwardias may be, and sometimes are, propagated from
spores, they are usually increased by means of the young bulbils produced
either towards the end of their fronds, as in W. radicans and its varieties,
or over the whole of their surface, as in W. orientalis. The hardy kinds are
also easily multiplied by the division of their rhizomes—an operation which
is more successfully performed from November to March than at any other
time of the year.
Principal Species and Varieties.
W. angustifolia—an-gus-tif-ol/-i-a (narrow-fronded). Synonymous with
W. areolata.
W. (Lorinseria) areolata—Lor-in-se’-ri-a ; ar-é-ol-a’-ta (areolate), Moore.
Though not very widely distributed, this handsome species (see Coloured
Plate), of essentially North American origin, is, according to Eaton, plentiful . .
*
VOL. III. 2D
402 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
in certain localities from Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, where it is
found growing in swampy woods, and apparently never very far from the
coast. According to Lowe, it was introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew,
in 1830. The barren and fertile fronds are totally different ; both kinds are
produced from a rootstock sometimes 1ft. long, often branched, round, about
Fig. 110, Barren Frond of Woodwardia areolata
G nat. size).
tin. thick, of a very dark brown colour, and bearing black, fibrous roots along
its whole length. The barren fronds (Fig. 110) are by far the more
abundant ; they are borne on a short, slender stem, are 9in. to 12in. long and
6in. to 8in. broad, and are furnished with numerous pairs of oblong-spear-
shaped, wavy leaflets, 3in. to 4in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, of a soft, papery
texture, and naked on both surfaces. The fertile fronds, considerably taller
WOODWARDIA. 408
than the barren ones, and borne on a longer and much darker-coloured stalk,
are erect, and provided with narrow-linear leaflets, disposed fin. to lin.
apart. W. angustifolia is synonymous with this species. Hooker, Species
Filicum, iii., p. 70 ; Garden Ferns, t. 61. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iv., p. 217. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iv., t. 46.
W. (Lorinseria) Marlandii—Lor-in-se’-ri-a ; Har-land’-i-i (Harland’s),
Hooker.
A species from Hong-Kong, with barren and fertile fronds totally
different. The former vary in shape from narrowly-spear-shaped and
undivided to broadly-egg-shaped with one or two spreading spear-shaped
lobes 3in. to 4in. long and 4in. to fin. broad, reaching down to a broadly-
winged midrib; they are borne on erect, nearly naked stalks Gin. to 8in.
long, are of a leathery texture, and are naked on both surfaces. The fertile
fronds are provided with more numerous and narrower lobes, the lowest pair
often quite free from the others.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iii, p. 70; Filices
Exotice, t. 7. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 217.
W. (Anchistea) japonica — Anch-is’-té-a; jap-on’-ic-a (Japanese),
Swartz.
This species, native of China and Japan, has broadly-egg-shaped fronds
1ft. to 14ft. long, 9in. to 12in. broad, and borne on erect stalks Gin. to 12in.
long and scaly below. The spear-shaped leaflets, often 6in. long and 13in.
broad, are deeply cleft into lobes about }in. broad, which reach half or
two-thirds of the distance down to the rachis. The lines of spore masses,
which margin the midribs of the leaflets, are confined to the upper part of the
upper ones.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iii, p. 69. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 217.
W. orientalis—or-i-en-ta’-lis (Eastern), Swartz.
A very distinct and highly decorative species, found from Japan southward
to Formosa. It has somewhat the habit of the better-known W. radicans,
to which it is closely related, but in general appearance its fronds are readily
distinguished from those of that species (1) by their much more leathery
texture, (2) by their deep crimson colour when young, and (3) by the
numberless minute bulbils, or gemmiferous buds, which are produced on their
2D2
404 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
upper surface when mature—all characters which do not exist in W. radicans.
W. orientalis is a strong-growing plant with fronds 4ft. to 8ft. long and 13ft.
to 2ft. broad, borne on stout, round stalks densely clothed at the base with
large, chaffy, pale, spear-shaped scales. The spear-shaped leaflets, sometimes
more than lft. long, are cut down below nearly to the rachis into wavy or
deeply-cleft leafits sometimes 4in. long, those of the under-side being usually
shorter and the base of the leaflets being deprived of them.—Hooker, Species
Filicum, iii., p. 68. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 217
W. radicans—ra-di’-cans (rooting), Smith.
This exceedingly handsome, strong-growing, evergreen Fern derives its
specific name from the viviparous character of its fronds, which, unlike those
of the foregoing species, have only from two to four large bulbils produced at
their extremity ; these root into any damp material with which they may be
brought into contact, rapidly forming young plants similar to the parent. It
is a native of Madeira, the Canary Islands, the South of Europe, Peru, Mexico,
&e. In North America, Eaton says (‘‘Ferns of North America,” vol. ii,
p- 118), it is found “by living streams in shaded places, especially in
valleys and cafions of the coast ranges, and of the Sierra also, in California
from Long Valley to San Diego, and other localities.” Beddome ‘gives it as
a native of the Himalaya Mountains, where it is found at altitudes varying
between 4000ft. and 5000ft. Lowe also states (“Ferns British and Exotic,”
vol. iv., p. 108) that Leibmann found it at elevations of from 4000ft. to
8000ft. ; Galeotti from 9000ft. to 12,000ft., and Dr. Schiede at Jalapa. He
adds that it was introduced into the Royal Gardens in 1779. Its elegantly
pendulous fronds, borne on strong, round stalks lft. to 2ft. long, are 3ft. to
Gft. long, 1}ft. to 2ft. broad, and simply pinnate. The oblong-spear-shaped
leaflets, about 1ft. long, are cut down below within a short distance of
the rachis into finely-toothed, spear-shaped, bright green leafits. Near the
extremity of each frond usually one plant (sometimes as many as four) is
produced, which will grow to a considerable size whilst on the frond ; indeed,
it is not at all uncommon to see plants with half-a-dozen fronds: 1ft. long
receiving all their support from the parent frond.—Hooker, Species Filicum,
iil. p. 67. Lowe, Ferns British and Ewotic, iv.,t. 44. Eaton, Ferns of North
America, t. 61. Beddome, Ferns of British India, t. 88.
WOODWARDIA, 405
-
W. r. Brownii—Brown’-i-i (Brown’s). Synonymous with IV. r. cristata.
W. r. Burgesiana—Bur-ges-i-a’-na (Burges’s), Stans/ield.
This variety, introduced from the Azores, is of quite distinct appearance.
Its very handsome, light, elegant fronds, which sometimes attain 24ft. in.
length, have their leaflets and leafits uniformly depauperated ; they are ot
a somewhat harsh, leathery texture and beautifully saw-toothed throughout.
It is as proliferous as the species from which it is issue, and is readily
propagated by the pegging-down of the bulbils borne at the extremity of the
fronds.
W. r. cristata—cris-ta’-ta (crested), Moore.
In this variety, which was originally discovered in the Island of St. Michael
by Mr. George Brown, the leaflets and leafits of the fronds, which are much
shorter than those of the typical plant, are extensively subdivided ; the latter
are deeply cleft at their summit and form along the sides of the fronds a row
of tufted branches or crests starting from the leaflets almost at right angles.
The terminal crests, larger than the lateral ones, are frequently 4in. in width
and are composed of innumerable small, excurrent points. This variety is
readily increased by the viviparous buds which are produced at the ends of
the fronds, as in the typical plant, and it is also worthy of notice that the
characters peculiar to cristata are quite apparent in young plants only a few
inches high. JW. r. Brownti is another name for this variety.
W. (Anchistea) virginica—Anch-is’-té-a ; vir-gin’-ic-a (Virginian), Smith.
A very pleasing, hardy Fern, of deciduous nature and essentially of North
American origin. Eaton says that it is ‘‘a rather rare Fern, though plentiful
in certain localities; it grows in swamps often where the depth of water
renders the plant almost inaccessible.” The same authority gives its range of
habitat as fronr Canada and New England to Florida, westward to Louisiana.
According to Lowe, it was cultivated in the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1834,
but Nicholson gives 1774 as the date of its introduction into Britain. Its
oblong-spear-shaped fronds, ft. to 13ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, and borne
on strong, erect stalks 1ft. to 14ft. long, are produced from a rootstock nearly
as thick as a man’s little finger: this creeps just beneath the surface of the
firm mud at the bottom of the shallow ponds in which it prefers to grow.
406 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Eaton further states that “in season, when the ponds are nearly dry, the
rootstock may be traced a long distance from the fronds”; and as illustrating
this remark he adds: “I have torn up a rootstock 10ft. long and over 6ft.
undecayed ; it is irregularly branched, soft and fleshy.” The leaflets are
narrow-spear-shaped, 4in. to 6in. long, about lin. broad, and cut down nearly
Fig. 111, Pinna of Fertile Frond of Woodwardia virginica
(nat. size).
to the rachis into broadly-oblong lobes of a pale green colour. The sori
(spore masses) are very conspicuous.—Hooker, Species Filicum, iii., p. 69.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iv., p. 218. Eaton, Ferns of North America,
t. 52. Lowe, Ferns British and Exotic, iv., t. 45.
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INELLA
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CHAPTER XXIV,
SELAGINELLA, Spring.
(Sel-a-gin-el’-la.)
Club Mosses.
SAVIN his exhaustive and excellent work, the “Handbook of the...
Fern-Allies,” Mr. J. G. Baker very succinctly enumerates and
describes those plants which, like Ferns, produce spores from
which they are or may be readily increased. Under the
appellation of “Fern-Allies” Baker gives the classification
and descriptions of Azolla, Equisetum, Isoetes, Lycopodium, Marsilea, Pilularia,
Psilotum, Salvinia, Selaginella, and Tmesipteris. Of the above-named genera,
all very interesting in themselves, Selaginella is the only one which, from
a decorative point of view, deserves special attention. Whereas one may
occasionally, but very seldom, find in cultivation one or a few of the plants
belonging to the other genera, Selaginellas are extensively grown both in
private establishments and in nurseries. It may in fact be said that of all
“Fern-Allies” this is the only genus which deserves and receives any
attention at the hands of gardeners, who frequently, though erroneously, refer
to these plants as Lycopodiums, from which they differ in their dimorphic
spores and sporangia.
The distinguishing characters of Selaginella reside in the disposition of
the leaves, which are arranged on two planes, those of the upper plane usually
much smaller than those of the lower, and in the presence of sporangia of
two kinds: macrosporangia and microsporangia, not contained in any exterior
wrapper, but placed in the axils of altered or unaltered leaves upon
408 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
a produced or condensed stem, so as to form a dense spike at the end of the
leafy branches. The microsporangia, which are by far the more plentiful,
contain numerous very minute, dust-like microspores. The macrosporangia,
which contain four or fewer macrospores — much larger, globose, generally
chalk-white, and furnished with three ribs, which develop a minute female
prothallium, remaining permanently attached to the spore—are few and are
confined to the base of the spike.
The name Selaginella is a diminutive of Selago, the old name for another
Lycopod. The genus is a very extensive one, comprising upwards of 300
species of stove, greenhouse, and hardy, evergreen plants much resembling
mosses ; but, on account of the difficulties attending their importation. and
the germination of their spores after a long journey, a great number of
them are not in cultivation, In his admirable work above quoted, Baker
divides the Selaginellas into six series as follow:
I. Decumpentss (De-cum-ben/-tes). This is the most extensive series ;
it comprises dwarf species with the main stem decumbent and _ root-fibres
extending to its upper nodes. They may be (1) persistent species with leaves
of firm or moderately firm texture, continuous stems, and leafy branches, like
the Asiatic and European S. helvetica and the West Indian S. serpens ; or (2)
persistent species with articulated stems, such as the West Indian S. Martensii
stolonifera ; or (3) fugacious species—tropical annuals of the rainy season—
with continuous stems such as the Asiatic S. nipponica or the American
S. apus.
II. Ascenpentes (As-cen-den’-tes). The plants forming this series have
ascending stems, branched to the base, with the root-fibres confined to the
nodes of the lower half. They may be (1) persistent species with continuous
stems and broad, leafy branches, such as the West Indian S. setigera, the
African S. Kalbreyeri, or the American S. Martensii; or (2) persistent species
with articulated stems, such as S. Galeottei; or (3) fugacious species—tropical
annuals of the rainy season—with unjointed stems, such as S. Poulteri.
III. Rosurar# (Ros-ul-a’-tez). In this series, the plants have their
stems densely tufted, curling up in drought, sometimes, but not always,
branched down to the base, the root-fibres being confined to the base.
S. involvens, of the Old World, and 8S. lepidophylla, of the New World, well
illustrate this series.
SELAGINELLA. 409
IV. Sarmentos# (Sar-men-to’-se). This series is formed of persistent
species with elongated stems, branched nearly or quite to the base. These
characters are well shown in the Polynesian S. gracilis, the Asiatic
S. inequalifolia, and the Hast Indian S. Wallichit.
V. ScANDENTES (Scan-den’-tes). Three species only are included in this
series, and these are persistent, with wide-climbing, continuous stems.
S. Willdenovit (S. cesia arborea of gardens) furnishes the best illustration in
this case.
VI. Caurescentes (Cau-les-cen’-tes). The plants comprised in this
series are persistent species with upright stems, simple in the lower part,
decompound ‘and frond-like upwards, with the root-fibres confined to the base ;
as seen in the Asiatic S. cawlescens, in the African S. Vogelit (S. africana of
gardens), and in the American S. hematodes.
As may be seen from the foregoing list, the first and second series are
divided in their turn into groups according to their foliage being fugacious or
persistent, and their stems continuous or articulated, each group in Baker’s work
showing the number of known species peculiar to separate habitats, which
are divided into African, American, Asiatic, Australian, and European. The
above arrangement is very comprehensive, and anyone particularly interested
in this beautiful genus cannot do better than refer, for further and more
detailed particulars, to Baker’s “Handbook of the Fern-Allies.” The only
drawback in connection with this work—and it is a serious one in the case of
gardeners—consists in Baker’s nomenclature and the gardeners’ nomenclature
being much at variance. The names under which certain old species have
long been known by gardeners—such as S. africana, S. cwsia arborea,
S.. conferta, S. denticulata, S. Willdenovii, which have individually become
S. Vogelii, S. Willdenovii, S. canaliculata, S. Kraussiana, and S. Braunti—
are, for the most part, simply garden names adopted and consecrated by
usage ; but as we have been unable to refer these to any authorities, we have
deemed it more in accordance with the plan of our work to adopt or retain
the names having for authorities such specialists as Baker, Spring, &c., and
under which these plants have for upwards of twenty years been known in
our botanic gardens and herbaria. However, with a view to facilitating the
adoption of these names by the general publie and cultivators, we give the
garden names in their proper alphabetical order.
410 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
Culture.
The habitat of the genus Selaginella is comparatively restricted: two
species only extend their range into Europe; the Selaginellas of the Cape,
Temperate Australia, and South Temperate America are neither numerous nor
remarkable ; and the greater part of the species come from Tropical America,
so that the genus may be said to be concentrated in the tropical zone. Most
of them are of very easy culture, and as a rule invaluable for decorative
purposes ; their elegance can hardly be overrated, and their powers of endurance
in many instances prove sufficiently satisfactory to enable growers to utilise
them for decoration.
Selaginellas are readily propagated trom cuttings made from their creeping
stems, which emit roots at nearly every joint. The layering of the fronds by
pegging firmly on a constantly damp, mossy surface is a rapid method of
producing very handsome plants, and this operation may be performed with
equal success at almost any time of the year. In private establishments
especially, where the demand for decorative plants is great, and where greater
difficulties are encountered in the propagation of Ferns, these useful plants may
be increased at a rapid rate and with comparatively little trouble.
With very few exceptions, Selaginellas require a warm, close, moist
atmosphere, where draughts are carefully excluded, although some of them are
quite at home in a temperate house, and a few are even hardy in.a sheltered
position out of doors. The temperature most suitable for the bulk of them is
from 65deg. to 70deg., and they will, by growing more luxuriantly, give even
more satisfaction if the atmosphere can be kept at from 70deg. to 75deg. all
the year round.
There are various ways of growing Selaginellas. They delight in any
light soil, and it should be kept open by intermixing charcoal or small
potsherds through it. Growing them in shallow pans is the best method of
cultivation, as, with the exception of the plants belonging to the rosulate
section, they all require room to spread, and most of them root upon the surface
of the soil only. They should be kept on the shady side, or at one end
of the house; in any case it will be found beneficial to have them in
such a position that there may be a certain amount of constant moisture
SELAGINELLA. 411
about them. To that effect, they should be placed on a solid bed which
constantly gives off moisture, or, if this is impracticable on account of the
house being provided with permanent stages, these should be covered with
sphagnum, to be kept wet; and the pans should not be allowed to rest
directly on the moss, but be set up above it upon three small pots or on
an inverted pan, so as to avoid all direct contact with the saturated material.
Plants so arranged will derive all the benefit of the surrounding moisture
without their soil becoming sour. Although they have a particular dislike to
standing permanently in the wet, Selaginellas require copious waterings at the
roots, and for that reason it is necessary that their pots or pans shall be
thoroughly well drained. They should not be syringed overhead, or only
very sparingly during the hot summer days, as their massive though. feathery
fronds cannot long endure being wetted.
Principal Species and Varieties.
S. affinis—af-fi’-nis (related), A. Braun.
This stove species, better known in gardens as S. rigida, is a native of
Guiana. Its stems, lft. or more in length, and of a trailing nature, are
jointed at the nodes, and forked low down into copiously-divided branches.
The fruiting spikes are }in. to tin. long.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies,
p. 638. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 409.
S. africana—af-ric-a’-na (African). A garden name for S. Vogelit.
S. albo-nitens—al-bo-nit’-ens (shining-white), Spring.
A greenhouse species, of slender, trailing habit, with stems copiously
pinnate, their upper branches simple, and the lower slightly divided. The
leaves of the lower plane, spaced on the main stem, are spreading, spear-shaped,
bright green, very narrow, unequal-sided, and shortly ciliated ; those of the
upper plane are one-third as long and distinctly cuspidate (having a sharp,
. stiff point). The fruiting spikes are jin. to fin. long.—Baker, Handbook
of the Fern-Allies, p. 72. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 409.
S. amoena—am-e’-na (pleasing). A variety of S. caulescens.
S. apoda—ap’-od-a (footless). A garden name for S. apus.
412 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. apus—a/-pus (footless), Spring.
This greenhouse species, more extensively known in gardens under the
names of S. apoda and S. densa, is a native of Canada and the United States
of America, where it occurs as far as Texas, and is interesting geographically
as a representative in the temperate zone of a characteristically tropical group.
Its slender, trailing, densely-matted stems, lin. to 4in. long, are either simple
or forked. The leaves of the lower plane are spaced below the tips of the
branches, egg-shaped or unequal-sided ; those of the upper plane are shortly
pointed. The fruiting spikes, fin. to din. long, are usually erect. This is
one of the most useful species for pot culture and for edging. S. a. denticulata
is synonymous with S. ludoviciana.—Baker, Handbook of the FIern-Allies,
p. 71. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii. p. 409.
S. argentea—ar-gen’-té-a (silvery). A variety of S. caulescens.
S. atroviridis—a’-tro-vir’-id-is (dark green), Spring.
This strong-growing, stove species is one of the most distinct in cultivation ;
its peculidt, metallic, dark green colour and its upright habit render it quite
different from any other species in cultivation. It is a native of Madras,
Malaysia, South China, Hong-Kong, and Formosa. The stems, lft. long,
are flat on the back, have the root-fibres confined to their lower part, and are
repeatedly branched. The leaves of the lower plane, closely disposed on both
stem and branches, are rather firm in texture, unequal-sided, broadly rounded,
more or less distinctly ciliated, and overlap the stem on the upper side at the
base; the leaves of the upper plane are half as long, oblong, with a sharp
point, and much overlap. The fruiting spikes, which are square, are generally
from jin. to lin. long.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 77. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 409.
S. azorica—az-or’-ic-a (from the Azores), Baker.
A small, greenhouse species, of little decorative value; native of the
mountains of the Azores.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p- 50.
S. Bakeriana—Ba-ker-i-a’-na (Baker’s), Bailey.
‘A very pretty, widely-trailing, greenhouse species, native of Queensland,
and much in the way of S. uncinata. The bright green leaves are moderately
eo
SELAGINELLA. 413
firm in texture and the copious fruiting spikes are square, lin. to 2in. long,
and slender.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 49.
S. bellula—bel’-lul-a (very pretty). This is the same plant as S. perelegans,
which is a variety of S. inwqualifolia.
S. brasiliensis—bras-il-i-en’-sis (Brazilian), A. Braun.
A small, greenhouse species, common in the Southern half .of Brazil ;
it is closely allied to S. apus.—Baker, Mandbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 70.
S. Braunii—Braw’-ni-i (Braun’s), Baker.
This handsome, greenhouse species, native of West China, is generally
found in gardens under the names of S. Willdenovii and S. pubescens. It is
a distinctly-marked plant, with upright stems lft. to 1}ft. long, of a soft,
fragile nature, simple in the lower half, divided and flexuose in their upper
portion. The regular, short leaves are liable to be turned inwards at both
edges ; they are of a dark green colour, moderately firm in texture, and do not
overlap the somewhat hairy stems. The abundant fruiting spikes are short
and square.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 96. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, ill., p. 409.
S. Brownii—Brown’-i-i (Brown’s). A form of S. Kraussiana.
S. caesia—ce’-si-a (grey). A garden name for S. uncinata.
S. c. arborea—cw'-si-a ; ar-bor’-8-a (tree-like),
The beautiful plant extensively grown in gardens under this name, for
which we cannot find any authority, is S. Willdenovii, of Baker. It is also
frequently met with in commerce under the name of S. levigata, but not of
Baker.
S. canaliculata—can-a-lic-ul-a/-ta (channelled), Baker.
This handsome, strong-growing, stove species, better known in gardens
under the names of S. caudata, S. chinensis, S. conferta, and S. sinensis, is
a native of the Eastern Himalayas, Burmah, South China, Malaysia, and the
Philippine Islands. Its sub-erect, sarmentose stems reach from 3ft. to 4ft. in
length ; they are provided with lateral branches 4in. to 6in. long, sometimes
flexuose and more lengthened, and their lower branchlets are copiously
414 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
divided. The leaves of the lower plane are crowded, oblong, pointed at the
upper corner, of a bright green colour, moderately firm in texture, nearly
square on the lower side at the base, and do not overlap the stem. The
leaves of the upper plane, broadly spear-shaped and sharp-pointed, are half as
long as the others, and the fruiting spikes are from Hin. to lin. long.—Baker,
Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 91. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iii., p. 409.
S. caudata—cau-da’-ta (having a tail). Synonymous with S. canaliculata.
S. caulescens—caul-es’-cens (stemmed), Spring.
One of the handsomest of all the cultivated Selaginellas and a native of
Japan, China, and the East Indies, where it is said to ascend to 6000ft.
elevation. The stems, generally 6in. to 12in. long, are stiffly upright,
unbranched in their lower half, with very small, closely-pressed leaves, and
much divided in their upper half. The branchlets, close and deltoid (in shape
of the Greek delta, A), are twice or three times divided to the stem into
narrow segments, which are liable to curl up when exposed to drought. The
leaves of the lower plane are crowded, sickle-shaped, sharp-pointed, bright
green, firm in texture, rather unequal-sided, shortly ciliated on the upper side
at the base, and slightly overlap the stem; those of the upper plane, a third
or one-fourth as long, are sharp-pointed and much overlap. The fruiting
spikes are square, and from jin. to Zin. long.— Baker, Handbook of the Fern-
Allies, p. 94. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 409.
S. c. amoena—am-e’-na (pleasing), Spring.
This variety, which differs from the typical plant through the upper part
of its stems, 1ft. long, being triangular and pinnately branched, with spreading,
distant, acuminate leaves, is a native of Mexico. It is a very useful subject
for indoor decoration, the colour of the whole plant being a bright and cheerful
green, and its foliage being of a particularly resisting nature in the dry
atmosphere of a room.—WNicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 409.
S. c. argentea—ar-gen’-té-a (silvery), Spring.
In this variety, native of Malaysia, the branchlets are larger and more
compound than in the type. The leaves of the lower plane, broadly spear-
SELAGINELLA. 415
shaped, are bright green on their upper surface and whitish-green beneath.—
Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 95. . Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
ili., p. 409.
S. ce. japonica—jap-on’-ic-a (Japanese), Macnab.
In gardens this variety is extensively grown under the name of S. ¢. minor.
It is of small dimensions, seldom exceeding 4in. in height, and its branchlets
are not so much divided as those of the typical plant. The leaves of the
lower plane are broadly egg-shaped, those of the main stem and branchlets
are nearly as broad as long, and the colour of the whole plant is a very
pleasing pale green.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 95. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 409.
S. c. minor—wmin’-or (small). This is identical with S. ¢. japonica.
S. chinensis—chi-nen’-sis (Chinese). A garden name for S. canaliculata.
S. cognata—cog-na’-ta (related). A garden name for S. Lobbit.
Ss. conferta—con-fer’-ta (clustered). A garden name for S. canaliculata.
S. convoluta—con-vol-u’-ta (wrapped together), Spring.
This stove species, found from Mexico to South Brazil, belongs to the
rosulate section. Its densely-tufted stems, 3in. to 6in. long, are compound
nearly to the base, their branches being between simply pinnate and fan-shaped.
The leaves of the lower plane conspicuously overlap, and are ascending, egg-
shaped, bright green, firm and rigid in texture; those of the upper plane,
half as long, are oblique and sharp-pointed. The fruiting spikes are square,
and measure jin. to din. long.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 88.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 409.
S. cuspidata—cus-pid-a’-ta (stiff-pointed), Link.
A stove species, native of Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, and New Granada,
and belonging to the rosulatw section. Its stems, about 6in. long, are densely
tufted and branched nearly or quite from the base, where they are simply
pinnate, their branchlets being copiously branched again. The leaves of the
lower plane are crowded, ascending, egg-shaped, sharp-pointed, pale green,
416 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
white, edged, and rigid in texture; those of the upper plane are nearly as
long and have the same sharp-pointed character. The fruiting spikes are
yin. to din. long.
S. ec. elongata—e-lon-ga/-ta (lengthened), Spring.
In this variety the stems, which reach lft. or more in length, are simple
in the lower part, and their primary branches are more elongated and more
pinnate than in the type.
S. ec. Emiliana—E-mil-i-a’-na (Emilie’s), Van Houtte.
This form, better known in commerce as S. Emiliana, is, undoubtedly,
the best grower of the whole section, and a plant of unsurpassed merit for
decoration. Its handsome branches, 6in. to Yin. long and copiously divided,
are abundantly produced; they are of a pleasing light green colour, and
upright when young, becoming horizontal, if not pendulous, and of a bright
though darker green colour with age. Very handsome, bushy plants of this
variety can be grown in comparatively small pots.—Baker, Handbook of the
Fern-Allies, p. 89. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p-. 409.
S. delicatissima—de-lic-a-tis’-sim-a (very delicate), A. Braun.
This greenhouse species, of which the fruiting spikes are unknown, is a
very pretty but delicate plant, with thread-like, trailing stems, forked and
copiously branched. It was introduced by Linden,-but whence is unknown.
— Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 42. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iii., p. 409.
S. densa—den’-sa (dense). A garden name for 8. apus.
S. denticulata—den-tic-ul-a’-ta (small-toothed), Link.
This greenhouse species, of prostrate, trailing habit, very much resembles
the better-known S. helvetica, from which, however, when in fructification, it
is readily distinguished by its square fruiting spikes, only din. long and
stalkless. It is a native of the Mediterranean region, being found from
Madeira and the Canaries to Syria. In exposed places the whole plant
sometimes turns bright red when old.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies,
p. 37. Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 409.
SELAGINELLA. 417
The plant usually found in commerce and very extensively grown for
decorative purposes, under the name of S. denticulata, is S. Kraussiana of
A. Braun.
S. dichrous—dich’-ré-us (two-coloured).
The plant grown in gardens under this name, for which we can find no
authority, is a form of S. Vogelti.
S. distorta—dis-tor’-ta (distorted), Spring.
A greenhouse species, more curious than ornamental, native of the mountains
of Central and Southern Brazil Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 61.
S. d. major—ma’-jor (larger), Baker.
A more luxuriant form, with stouter stems, lft. or more in length, and
often excurrent (protruding at the end), and with the leaves of the lower
plane also larger and spreading or rather ascending.—Baker, Handbook of the
Fern-Allies, p. 61. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 409.
S. divaricata—di-va-ric-a’-ta (divaricate, straggling). One of the numerous
garden forms of S. Martensii.
S. Douglasii—Doug-las’-i-i (Douglas’s), Spring.
This greenhouse or nearly hardy plant, of small dimensions, native of
British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington Territory, is a well-marked species,
with pale, roundish, trailing stems 3in. to 6in. long, forked low down, and
pinnately branched, their lower branches being much divided. The leaves of
the lower plane, crowded or slightly spaced, are somewhat ascending, pale
green, firm in texture, blunt, and nearly flat; they have both sides eared and
ciliated at the base, and their upper side much overlaps the stem. The leaves
of the upper plane are half as long, oblique-oblong, and sharp-pointed. The
fruiting spikes are. din. to lin. long.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies,
p. 47.
S. elongata—e-lon-ga’-ta (lengthened). A variety of S. cuspidata.
S. Emiliana—E-mil-i-a’-na (Emilie’s). A form of S. cuspidata.
VOL. II.
tw
pe]
418 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. erythropus—er-yth’-rop-us (red-footed), Spring.
A beautiful, stove species, native of the West Indies, Chili, mia Central
Brazil, and extensively cultivated in gardens under the name of S. umbrosa.
Its stems, about 6in. long and of a bright crimson colour, are simple in their
lower half or third and branched upwards; the lower branches are broadly
triangular and three times divided again. The leaves of the lower plane,
oblong or broadly spear-shaped, are of a bright green colour, moderately firm
in texture, unequal-sided, broadly rounded, strongly ciliated, and overlap the
stem on the upper side at the base ; those of the upper plane are half as long
and sharp-pointed. The fruiting spikes are square.—Baker, Handbook of the
Fern-Allies, p. 103. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 410.
S. e. major—ma’-jor (large), Spring.
In this form the stems are more branched than in the type, their
unbranched. part is longer, and all the leaves are closely pressed against it.
—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 103.
S. e. setosa—se-to’-sa (bristly).
According to Baker, the plant grown in gardens under this name, for
which we can find no authority, is but a small, starved form of the species.
—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 103.
S. filicina—fil-ic-i’-na (Fern-like). The plant known by this name is
identical with S. hematodes.
S. flabellata—fla-bel-la’-ta (fan-shaped), Spring.
A stove species, of large dimensions, found in the tropical and sub-tropical
regions of America and Asia. Its upright stems, lft. to 2ft. long, are simple
in the lower half and divided in their upper half, the broadly-triangular
branches being repeatedly divided into little branchlets. The leaves of the
lower plane are sharp-pointed, ascending, of a bright green colour, moderately
firm in texture, and distinctly overlap the stem on the upper side at the ~
base ; those of the upper plane are only from one-fourth to one-third as long,
egg-shaped, and sharp-pointed. The fruiting spikes are square and jin. to
lin. long.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 98. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 410.
SELAGINELLA. 419
S. flagellata—flag-el-la’-ta (whip-like), Spring.
This stove species, of botanical interest only, is a native of French Guiana,
where it is found growing on the banks of the streams of Upper Oyapok.
—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 73.
S. flagellifera — flag-el-lif’-er-a (whip-bearing). A form of S. plumosa
of Baker.
S. flagelliformis—flag-el-lif-or’-mis (whip-shaped). A garden name for
S. plumosa.
S. flexuosa—flex-ii-o’-sa (bending to and fro), Spring.
This stove species, of little decorative value, is a native of South Brazil,
where it is said to be common.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 57.
S. formosa—for-mo’-sa (beautiful). A garden form of S. Martensit.
S. fulcrata—ful-cra/-ta (fulerate, propped), Spring.
A large and somewhat coarse-growing, greenhouse species, native of the
Eastern Himalayas and the mountains of Burmah.—Baker, Handbook of the
Fern-Allies, p. 97.
S. Galeottei—Gal-é-ot’-té-i (Galeotti’s), Spring.
A stove species, of semi-erect habit, said to be common in Mexico. Its
slender stems, lft. to 2ft. long, are provided with roots from their lower half
and are sometimes whip-like at their summit; they are flat on the back,
bisulcate (twice furrowed) on the face, and copiously branched. The leaves of
the lower plane, although close on the branchlets, are spaced on the branches
and stem; they are oblong-spear-shaped and sharp-pointed, of a bright green
colour, moderately firm in texture, broadly rounded on the upper side at the
base, and eared on the lower. The leaves of thé upper plane are one-third
to half as long as the others, oblong, sharp-pointed, and much overlap. The
fruiting spikes are square and 4in. to hin. long.—Baker, Handbook of the
Fern-Allies, p. 81. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 410.
S. gracilis—grac’-il-is (slender), Moore.
A very elegant, stove species, of light, slender habit, native of the South
Sea Islands. Its somewhat upright stems, 2ft. to 3ft. long and somewhat
2E2
420 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
rough, are pinnately branched; the branches are abundantly produced, spear-
shaped, and 4in. to 5in. long, and their branchlets are simple, the lower ones
being about lin. long. The leaves are of a dark, shining green on their
upper surface, and moderately firm in texture; those of the lower plane are
broadly sickle-shaped, rounded at the base, and attached to the stem on the
lower side, while those of the upper plane are broadly spear-shaped, slightly
incurved, and sharp-pointed. The fruiting spikes are square and 4in. to lin.
long.— Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 90. Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 602.
S. grandis—gran’-dis (great), Moore.
This stove species, also known in gardens as S. platyphylla, is a native
of Borneo. Its erect stems, 14ft. to 2ft. long, simple in their lower and
divided in their upper half, are produced from a creeping, rooting base or
stolon as thick as an ordinary lead-pencil. The nature of their branching is
midway between fan-shaped and pinnate, and they are of a bold yet graceful
habit (see Coloured Plate). The leaves of the lower plane are crowded, spear-
shaped, very sharp-pointed, bright green, of a moderately firm texture, and
slightly ciliated on both margins ; those of the upper plane, one-third as long,
are blunt, broadly egg-shaped, and much overlap. The entire leafy portion
is of a clear grass-green above and paler beneath. The tail-like fruiting spikes,
lin, to 13in. long, which are abundantly produced, add greatly to the appear-
ance of this magnificent plant.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 98.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
S. hematodes—hezm-at-o’-dés (bloody), Spring.
One of the handsomest of all the known Selaginellas ; it is a stove species,
native of the Andes of Venezuela, Peru, and Ecuador. Its robust, erect stems,
1ft. to 2ft. long, of a bright crimson colour, are unbranched in their lower half,
while in their upper half the leaves, much spaced and divided, form a massive
yet feathery mass of foliage. The leaves of the lower plane, egg-shaped and
sharp-pointed, are ascending, bright green, and of a moderately firm texture ;
those of the upper plane are small and oblique-oblong. The fruiting spikes,
lin. to 1}in. long, are square and abundantly produced. SS. filicina is identical
with this species.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 108. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
ea) NCE 2
We
os a >
Roe” =
Fp Mess
(Habit, | nat. size; Portion of Stem, } nat size),
Selaginella incequalifolia perelegans, showing Habit of Plant and Portion of detached Stem
SELAGINELLA. 421
S. helvetica—hel-ve’-tic-a (Swiss), Link.
This, the Lycopodium helveticum of Linneus, is a dwarf-growing,
greenhouse species, native of Central Europe, Siberia, Persia, North China,
and Japan. Its very densely-matted, trailing stems, 2in. to 3in. long, are
slender, pale-coloured, forked at the base, distantly pinnately branched, with
short, slightly-divided branches. The leaves of the lower plane, oblong or
broadly egg-shaped, are closely set, rounded on both sides at the base, pale
green, and of a moderately firm texture; those of the upper plane are half as
long and sharp-pointed. The fruiting spikes, nearly cylindrical and 4in. to
lin. long, are distinctly stalked.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 37.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
S. ineequalifolia—in-e-qua-lif-ol’-i-a (unequal-leaved), Spring.
This free-growing and very decorative, stove species is a native of the
Eastern Himalayas and of the mountains of Burmah. Its somewhat erect,
sarmentose stems, which reach a length of 3ft. to 4ft., are provided with oblong-
spear-shaped, much-divided lateral branches about 6in. long. The leaves of
the lower plane, broadly egg-shaped and pointed at their summit, are bright
green, of a moderately firm texture, rounded on the upper side at their base,
and do not overlap the stem; those of the upper plane are half as long,
oblique-egg-shaped, and short-pointed. The fruiting spikes are square, and
measure iin. to din. long—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 91.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
S. i. perelegans—per-e’-leg-ans (very elegant), Moore.
A pretty variety, known also in commerce as S. bellula. It is easily
distinguished from the typical plant by its dwarf stems, seldom more than
1ft. long, their branches being shorter, more triangular, and much more divided
at the base (see Plate, for which we are indebted to Messrs. W. and J.
Birkenhead). The fruiting spikes, which are abundantly produced, are often
lin. long.— Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 91.
S. involyens—in-vol’-vens (rolled-up), Spring.
One of the prettiest of the small-growing Selaginellas in cultivation ; it is
a greenhouse species, native of Japan, Corea, China, the Philippine Islands,
and the Eastern Himalayas. The stems, all produced from a central crown,
422 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
are very densely tufted, 2in. to Gin. long, two or three times divided and
branched nearly or quite from the base, the branching of all grades being
half-way between fan-shaped and pinnate. The leaves of the lower plane,
egg-shaped but distinctly pointed, are much crowded, bright green, very thick
and rigid in texture, and nearly equal-sided ; those of the upper plane, nearly
as long, are broadly spear-shaped and terminate in a distinct, sharp, short point.
The fruiting spikes, sparingly produced, are short and square-—Baker, Handbook
of the Fern-Allies, p. 87. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
S. i. texta—tex’-ta (woven), J. Makoy.
In this very peculiar form, which originated in Belgian gardens, the
branches are generally simple, though sometimes slightly forked, and average
about 6in. in length.—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
S. i. variegata—var-i-eg-a’-ta (variegated), Moore.
This form is distinguished from the typical plant only in having the
tips of some of the branches creamy-white (see Plate, for which we are
indebted to Mr. William Bull).—Micholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iil.
p. 411.
?
S. japonica—jap-on’-ic-a (Japanese). A variety of S. caulescens.
S. Kraussiana—Kraus-si-a’-na (Krauss’), A. Braun.
An extremely useful species, which in gardens is found under the names
S. denticulata and Lycopodium denticulatum; it has a very wide range of
habitat, being a native of Cape Colony, Natal, Fernando Po, the Cameroon
Mountains, the Azores, Madeira, &c. Its trailing stems, 6in. to 12in. long,
are jointed at the nodes, flat on the back, roundish on the face, with copiously-
divided branches. The leaves of the lower plane are oblong-spear-shaped,
bright green, of a soft texture, and slightly overlap the stem; those of the
upper plane are one-third as long, and egg-shaped. The short fruiting spikes
are square.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 65. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
This species has produced three varieties, which in gardens are known as
follow: aurea, with yellow leaves; Brownii, a dwarf, green form from the
Azores ; and variegata, having the tips of the young growths quite white.
POETS
SS
Se
Sis ee
= SS
res
oe
SDSS
we
Selaginella involvens variegata
(3 nat. size).
SELAGINELLA. 4.23
S. levigata—lwx-vig-a’-ta (smooth), Baker.
A stove species, native of Madagascar, with erect stems lft. to 1}ft. lone,
simple in the lower half, broadly triangular in the upper half, the stalked
branches, also broadly triangular, being again divided into branchlets Yin. to
3in. long. The leaves of the lower plane, oblong-spear-shaped and sharp-
pointed, are crowded, of a bright green colour, firm in texture, and do not
overlap the stem; those of the upper plane are very small, spear-shaped, and
sharp-pointed. The fruiting spikes are square and din. to lin. long. This
must not be confounded with S. lwrigata of commerce, which is identical with
S. Willdenoviii—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 100. Nicholson,
Dictionary of (Gardening, iii, p. 411.
S. 1. Lyallii—Ly-all’-i-i (Lyall’s), Spring.
This variety differs from the species in having its fronds more divided,
and their lower branches again twice forked, with final divisions sometimes
lin. long. The fructification is also thoroughly distinct: large but short
fruiting spikes, like Juniperus seeds in miniature, are borne at the extremity
of the branchlets (but very sparingly).—Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
Ties Py SLL,
S. lepidophylla—lep-id-oph-yl’-la (scaly-leaved), Spring.
This stove species, popularly known as the “ Resurrection Plant,” is
a native of Tropical America, where it is found in exposed places from Texas
and Mexico to Peru. It belongs to the rosulatv section, and its densely-
tufted stems, 2in. to 4in. long, are branched to the base. The leaves
of the lower plane, evy-shaped, blunt, and minutely ciliated, considerably
overlap, are of a rigid texture, green on the face, and paler on the back, and
when old are tinted reddish-brown ; those of the upper plane are nearly
as long. The fruiting spikes are square and Hin. to dn. long.—Saker,
Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 88. Nicholson, Dictionary of Cardeniny,
ll, p. 411.
S. Lobbii—Lob’-bi-i (Lobb’s), -Ioore.
In gardens, this very handsome plant, native of Borneo and West
Sumatra, is also known as S. coynata. Its robust, almost climbing stems
424 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
reach from 3ft. to 4ft. in length; their broadly-spear-shaped branches, about
Gin. long, are wedge-shaped at the base and furnished with branchlets which
are forked in their lower and simple in their upper half. The leaves of
the lower plane are sickle-shaped and sharp-pointed, bright green, moderately
firm in texture, and do not overlap the stem; those of the upper plane are
one-third as long and sharp-pointed. The square fruiting-spikes are terminal
on the branchlets.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 90. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, ii, p. 411.
S. ludoviciana—lu-doy-ic-i-a’-na (Louisianian), A, Brawn.
A very dwarf-growing, greenhouse species, closely allied to S. upus, and
native of Alabama and Louisiana. It is the S. apus denticulata of Spring.
—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 70.
S. Lyallii—Ly-all’-i-i (Lyall’s). A variety of S. leviyata.
S. Martensii—Mar-tens’-i-i (Martens’), Spring.
Next to S. Araussiana (S. denticulata of gardens), this greenhouse species,
native of Mexico, where it is abundant, is the commonest Selaginella in
European gardens. Its stems are 6in. to 12in. long, upright or nearly so,
abundantly furnished with long root-fibres, much divided (the branching being
between pinnate and fan-shaped), either flat or roundish on the back, and
strongly angled in the lower part on the face. The leaves of the lower plane
are usually crowded, oblong-spear-shaped, bright green, moderately firm in
texture, unequal-sided, and slightly overlap the stem on the upper side at the
base ; those of the upper plane are half as long, oblique-oblong in shape,
terminating in a sharp, long point, and much overlapping.—LBahker, Mandbook
of the Fern-Allies, p. 80. Nicholson, Dietionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
Under cultivation this species has produced several varieties, the most
distinct of which are here described. Their names are of purely garden
origin, and are not mentioned by any acknowledged authorities.
S. M. divaricata—di-va-ric-a’-ta (straggling).
A form with fewer and more divaricating branchlets than in the type ;
it has also smaller and less crowded leaves, of a pale green colour.
SELAGINELLA. 425
S. M. formosa—for-mo’-sa (beautiful).
This variety is of a much slenderer habit than the typical plant ; its
stems, more erect and of a softer nature, are more divided, and their branchlets
have a peculiar drooping habit and are pale green in colour.
S. M. stolonifera—stol-o-nif’-er-a (stolon-bearing).
In habit, this variety resembles formosa, but its slender, light branchlets,
as well as the stems, are conspicuously upright.
S. M. variegata
The only distinctive character of this form, which is extensively grown
var-i-eg-a’-ta (variegated).
for decorative purposes, resides in the nature of its foliage, which is copiously
blotched with creamy-white all over the plant.
S. molliceps—mol’-lic-eps (soft-stemmed), Spring.
With this very pretty, stove species, of small dimensions, S. rubricaulis
of A. Braun and of gardens is identical. Its dense, upright stems are of
a pale reddish colour, about Gin. long, and copiously divided, their lower
branches being again several times forked. The leaves of the lower plane
are oblong-spear-shaped, sharp-pointed, very unequal-sided, rounded at the
base, and slightly overlap the stem on the upper side at the base; those of
the upper plane are half to one-third as long, egg-shaped or broadly spear-
shaped, and sharp-pointed. The fruiting spikes, abundantly produced, are
resupinate (so turned or twisted that their under-side becomes the upper side)
and jin. to Jin. long —Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 120. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, ui, p. 411.
S. mutabilis—mu-ta’-hil-is (changeable). Synonymous with S. serpens.
S. nitens—nit’-ens (shining), Butker.
This stove species, closely allied to S. flabellata, but of smaller dimensions,
is a native of Fernando Po and the Cameroon Mountains.—Luker, Hoidbook
of the Fern-Allies, p. 98.
S. oregana—or-eg-a’-na (from Oregon), Luton.
This singular and very pretty, greenhouse species was discovered by
General Kautz in 1855, hanging in dense masses from branches of trees in the
426 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
moist forests of Oregon. The stems are pendent, of a peculiarly flaccid nature,
lft. or more in length, and much branched. The leaves, uniform on both
planes, are narrow-spear-shaped, deep green, grooved on the backs, and sharp-
pointed, but not bristle-tipped. The slender, square fruiting spikes resemble
the sterile branchlets—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 35.
S. patula—pat’-ul-a (spreading), Spring.
A greenhouse species, of small dimensions, native of Jamaica and common
in cultivation. Its slender, trailing stems, of a pale colour and Gin. to Qin.
long, are angled on the faces, with a long, whip-like tip and numerous
closely-arranged branchlets. It grows very close to the ground, and is at
once distinguished from the better-known S. serpens by its tail-like or whip-
like stem, and by its fewer but more divided branches. The fruiting spikes
are abundantly produced, square, and jin. to din. long.—Baker, Handbook of
the Fern-Allies, p. 46. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
S. perelegans—per-e’-leg-ans (very elegant). A variety of S. ineequalifolia.
S. Pervillei—Per-vil’-lé-i (Perville’s). Another name for S. Vogelit.
S. pilifera—pil-if’-er-a (hair-bearing), A. Brawn.
A greenhouse species, belonging to the rosulate section, and rare in
cultivation. It is a native of the plateau of Central Mexico, where it is found
at G000ft. to SOO0O0ft. elevation. The stems are densely tufted, 3in. to +in.
long, and copiously divided, the branching of all grades being midway between
pinnate and fan-shaped. This species appears to be intermediate between the
two popular species, S. involvens and S. lepidophyllan—Buker, [Tandbook of the
Fern-Allies, p. 88. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 411.
S. platyphyla—plat-yph-yl’-la (flat-leaved). A synonym of S. grandis.
S. plumosa—plu-mo’-sa (feathery), Baker.
This stove species, of medium dimensions, has a wide range of habitat,
being found on the Eastern Himalayas and the mountains of the Indian
Peninsula and Ceylon, also in Burmah, Malaysia, South China, &e. — Its
pale-coloured, trailing stems, 6in. to 12in. long, often forked low down, are
profusely branched, and their branches are copiously divided again, with
SELAGINELLA. 4.27
root-fibres extending to the upper nodes. The leaves of the lower plane are
oblong or broadly spear-shaped, sharp-pointed, of a bright green colour,
moderately firm in texture, heart-shaped on the upper side, and conspicuously
overlap the stem; those of the upper plane are half as long, egg-shaped, and
much overlap. The fruiting spikes, abundantly produced, are square and
#in. to din. long. S. flagelliformis is a garden name for this species.—Daker,
Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 50. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
lity Pe #11,
S. p. flagellifera—tae-el-lif’-er-a (whip-bearing), Bull.
A variety, native of the Fiji Islands, distinguished froin the type by its
branchlets terminating in a whip-lke process.—Bahker, [Handbook of the Fern-
Aities, p. ol.
S. Peppigiana—Pep-pig-i-a’-na (Peppie’s), Spring.
A greenhouse species, native of the Andes, from New Granada to Peru.
Its trailing stems are lft. to 2ft. long, forked at the base, jointed at the nodes,
flat on the back, furrowed on the face, and copiously branched. The leaves
of the lower plane are oblong-spear-shaped, bright green, of a moderately firm
texture, much spaced, and scarcely overlap the stem; those of the upper
plane are oblique-oblong, with a distinct, sharp point. The fruiting spikes
are square and jin. to in. long—Buher, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 62.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i., p. 411.
S. Poulteri—Poul’-ter-i (Poulter’s), Veztch.
This remarkably pretty, greenhouse species is a native of the Azores. In
habit it closely resembles 8. delicatissima, but it is of a much more robust
constitution, and its foliage, of a peculiar dark green colour, is of a much
thicker texture. The very slender stems are three or four times forked, and
the leaves of the lower plane slightly overlap them. The slender fruiting
spikes are jin. to lin. long.—LBulker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. S4.
Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i., p. 411.
S. pubescens—pu-bes’-cens (downy). A synonym of S. Braunte.
S. rigida—rig’-id-a (rigid). A garden name for S. afinis.
428 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. rubella—rub-el’-la (reddish), Moore.
A greenhouse species, distinct in habit and general appearance, introduced
into cultivation (from what country is unknown) about 1870. Its somewhat
upright stems, about Ift. long, are of a reddish-brown colour and branched, the
lower branches being again divided into five to seven branchlets. The leaves
of the lower plane are oblique-oblong, moderately firm in texture, and of
a dark green colour, turning reddish with age; those of the upper plane are
half as long and much overlap. The fruiting spikes are square and fin. to
lin. long.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 81. Nicholson, Dictionary
of Gardening, ili, p. 412.
S. rubricaulis—rub-ric-au’-lis (red-stemmed). This is synonymous with
S. molliceps.
S. serpens—ser’-pens (winding), Spring.
This remarkably pretty, stove species is very useful for covering bare
surfaces of rocks or brickwork, upon which it thrives without soil. It is
a native of the West Indies, and is also known in commerce as S. mutabilis
and S. variabilis: these garden names are indicative of the changes which
take place in the colour of the leaves at different times of the day. The stems,
densely matted, quite trailing, and 6in. to Qin. long, are copiously branched.
The leaves of the lower plane are crowded, blunt, and moderately firm in
texture ; those of the upper plane are one-third as long and sharp-pointed.
The square fruiting spikes are din. to din. long.—Baker, Handbook of the
Fern-Allies, p. 46. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 412. |
S. setosa—se-to’-sa (bristly). A variety of S. erythropus.
S. sinensis—sin-en’-sis (Chinese). A garden name for S. canaliculata.
S. spinulosa—spi-nul-o’-sa (having small spines), Spriny.
A stove species, of very small dimensions, native of Java, with very slender
and little-branched, trailing stems lin. to 2in. long. The fruiting spikes are
very short and square.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allics, p. 65. Nicholson,
Dictionary of Gardening, iii, p. 412.
S. stolonifera—stol-o-nif’-er-a (stolon-bearing). A variety of S. Wurtensit,
(OZIs “yRIt ¥)
pp o//aSso} pjjaulsy]/9g
at
kee
Ss) OS “Ni
Z DEELECLZGEE <
Z CRE =
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au in, Sd es
LLL EN NEF
TS
SELAGINELLA. 4.29
S. suberosa—sub-e-ro’-sa (somewhat gnawed), Spring.
A greenhouse species, native of the Khasya Mountains, Sikkim, Assam, &c.,
with densely-tufted, somewhat upright stems, often above lft. long, pale shining
brown, branched, and having root-fibres extending sometimes half-way up them.
The leaves of the lower plane are oblique-spear-shaped, sharp-pointed, very
distant and spreading on the main stem, bright green, unequal-sided, broadly
rounded, and shortly ciliated ; those of the upper plane are half as long,
oblong in shape, with a distinct, sharp point. The fruiting spikes, copiously
produced, are jin. to fin. long and resupinate (so turned and twisted that the
parts that are naturally undermost become uppermost).—Bahker, [andbook of
the Fern-Ailies, p. 119. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, ii., p. 412.
S. sulcata—sul-ca’-ta (furrowed), Spring.
This small, greenhouse species is said to be very common in Southern
Brazil. The stems, trailing in the lower half, are usually upright in their
upper half, flat on the back, deeply twice-furrowed down the face, and jointed
at the nodes. The fruiting spikes are square and Hn. to jin. long.—Buaker,
Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 63. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening,
iil., p. 412.
S. tassellata—tas-sel-la’-ta (tasselled), Pull.
A stove species, as beautiful as it is thoroughly distinct from all others
in cultivation (see Plate, for which we are indebted to Mr. Wm. Bull). Its
erect stems, of a fleshy nature, are pinnately branched from their base to their
extremity, and the branches and their branchlets are flat. The leaves, with
which the branches are densely furnished, are sharp-pointed, of a pale green
colour, stiff in texture, and overlap the stem. The fruiting spikes, abundantly
produced, conspicuously pendent, and unusually long, are quadrangular, and
greatly add to the beauty of the plant, to which they impart a tasselled
appearance. This species is a native of Brazil—Nicholson, Dictionary of
Gardening, iv., p. 602.
S. texta—tex’-ta (woven). A variety of S. muvolvens.
S. umbrosa—um-bro’-sa (shade-loving). This is a garden synonym of
S. erythropus.
430 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
S. uncinata—un-ci-na’-ta (hooked), Spring.
This is the proper name for the well-known and _ much-appreciated
greenhouse species usually found in gardens under the name of S. cwsia. Its
weak, slender, straw-coloured stems trail to a length of 1ft. to 2ft., when they
usually terminate in a long, whip-like process ; they are furnished on each side
with short branches, which are much divided. The fruiting spikes are square
and jin. to din. long. This elegant species is much grown on account of its
beautiful metallic-blue colour.—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 48.
S. variabilis—var-i-a’-bil-is (variable). Synonymous with S. serpens.
ea
nw ZN Fd
EZ,
iS
Seger
Fig. 112. Portion of Stem of Selaginella Victoria
(5 nat. size).
S. Victorize— Vic-to’-ri-w (Victoria’s), Joore.
This lovely, stove species, of slender, graceful habit, native of Borneo, Fiji,
and San Cristoval, may be best described as a plant intermediate between
S. Wallichti and S. canaliculata, Its stems, 3ft. to 4ft. long, are furnished on
SELAGINELLA. 431
each side with leaflets Gin. to 9in. long, the upper branchlets of which are
simple, while the lower ones are occasionally forked or slightly pinnate. The
leaves of the lower plane, which are crowded, are sickle-shaped, sharp-pointed,
of a dark bright green colour, and firm in texture; those of the upper plane,
one-fourth as long, are shortly sharp-pointed and much overlapping. The
fruiting spikes are square and lin. to 2in, long (Fig. 112, for which we are
indebted to Mr. Wm. Bull) —Buker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 90.
S. viridangula—vir-id-ang’-ul-a (green-angled), Spring.
A very distinct, strong-growing, stove species, native of the mountain
forests of Fiji. Its somewhat upright stems, 3ft. to 4ft. long, are furnished
with broadly-triangular branches sometimes Ift. in length; these have their
branchlets again divided into ultimate segments }in. to lin. long and bright
green at the base. The leaves of the lower plane are sickle-shaped, sharp-
pointed, of a bright green colour, and moderately firm in texture, and do
not overlap the stem; those of the upper plane are very small, oblong, and
terminate in a distinct, sharp point. The fruiting spikes are square and lin.
to 2in. long.—Buker, Hundbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 92.
S. viticulosa—vi-tic-ul-o’-sa (tendrilled), Adotzsch.
A very pretty, stove species, of small dimensions, native of Central
America and Venezuela. Its stems are about 6in. long, simple in their lower
part, broadly triangular and divided upwards, their broadly-triangular branches
being twice or three times divided. The leaves of the lower plane are spear-
shaped, sharp-pointed, of a bright, pleasing green colour, soft in texture, and
much overlap the stem on the upper side at the base ; those of the upper
plane, one-third as long, are egg-shaped and sharp-pointed. The fruiting
spikes are short and square—Baker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 102.
S. Vogelii—Vo-gel’-i-i (Vogel’s), Spring.
This distinct, stove species, frequently found in gardens under the names
of S. africana and S. Pervillei, is a native of the Guinea Coast, Cameroon
Mountains, Zanzibar, and Madagascar. The upright stems, lft. to 2ft. long,
are simple in the lower half and often pink-tinted, and are broadly triangular
and much divided in the upper half. The leaves of the lower plane are
spear-shaped, sharp-pointed, spaced, even on the branchlets, and do not overlap
432 THE BOOK OF CHOICE FERNS.
the stems ; those of the upper plane are minute, egg-shaped, and sharp-pointed.
The fruiting spikes are square and Jin. to din. long. S. V’. dichrous is a form
with foliage bright red beneath—Buker, Handbook of the Fern-Allies, p. 100,
S. Wallichii—Wal-lich’-i-i (Wallich’s), Spring.
A most distinct, stove species, native of the Eastern Himalayas, Malaysia,
and New Guinea. Its beautifully-branched stems, of upright habit and 2ft.
to 3ft. long, have pinnate branches invariably simple and Gin. to Yin. long.
The leaves of the lower plane are crowded, oblong-spear-shaped, pointed at
the upper corner, and equal-sided, the upper ones growing gradually smaller ;
those of the upper plane, one-fourth as long, are shortly sharp-pointed and
much overlap. The colour of the whole plant, which makes a magnificent
specimen, is shining dark green, and the point of each branchlet is adorned
with a square fruiting spike about lin. long. When well grown, S. Wallichii
resembles a good specimen of Gleichenia flabellataa—Baker, Handbook of the
Frern-Allies, p. 90. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, iii., p. 412.
S. Willdenovii—Will-den-o’-vi-i (Willdenow’s), Baker.
This is not the S$. Willdenovii of gardens, the plant usually found in
commerce under that name being S. Braunti of Baker. The species here
described is that which in commerce is grown under the names of S. cesiu
arborea and S. lerigata. It is an exceedingly robust-growing and equally
beautiful, stove species, native of the Himalayas, Cochin China, and Malaysia.
The strong stems climb to a length of 20ft. or more; they are furnished with
lateral branches 1ft. to 2ft. long and divided into short branchlets. The beauty
of this species resides in the magnificent peacock-blue colour of its foliage: this
is intensified when the plant is grown in a moist, shady place, for it then
assumes a bright metallic colour, sometimes reflecting a most lovely blue. The
fruiting spikes are square and jin. to lin. long—Buker, Handbook of the
Fern-Allies, p. 93. Nicholson, Dictionary of Gurdening, iii., p. 412.
LIN DE 2s.
A. | Acrostichum (cont.) :
Abacopteris, ii. 463, iii. 85
Aconiopteris, i. 179. See
Acrostichum |
gorgonea, i. 202
subdiaphana, i. 230
Acrogens, i. 108
Acrophorus, ii. 113. See
Dayallia
affinis, ii. 118
assamicus, ii. 120
hispidus, ii. 144
Hookeri, ii. 124
hymenophyllus, ii. 137
Acrostiches, i. 179, ii, 282,
iii. 74
Acrostichum, i. 179
accedens, i. 181
acrocarpum, i. 182
acuminatum, i. 182
alienum, i. 183
alpestre, i. 183
amygdalifolium, i. 183
apiifolium, i. 184
apodum, i. 184
appendiculatum, i. 184
articulatum, i. 185
aspidioides, i. 185
asplenifolium, i. 185
assurgens, i. 186
Aubertii, i. 186
aureo-nitens, i. 186
aureum, i. 186
auricomum, i. 188
auritum, i. 188
axillare, i. 189
Barteri, i. 189
Bellermanianum, i. 189
bicuspe, i. 190
bifurcatum, i. 190
Blanchettii, i. 205
Blumeanum, i. 191
Boryanum, i. 191
Burchellii, i. 191
callefolium, i. 205
canaliculatum, i. 191
eardiophyllum, i. 192 |
caudatum, i. 217 :
cervinum, i. 193
ciliatum, i. 193
cinnamomeum, i. 193
Ceenopteris, i. 193
VOL. III.
conforme, i. 195
v. laurifolium, i. 195
c. marginatam, i. 195
ce. obtusifolinm, i. 195
contaminans, i. 233
costatum, 1. 233
crinitum, i. 195 -
crispatulum, i. 233
cubense, i. 197
cultratum, i. 197
Cumingii, i. 197
curvans, i. 234
cuspidatum, i. 197, 227
decoratum, i. 198
decrescens, i. 198
decurrens, i. 198
dendricolum, i. 198
Dickenii, i. 198
dimorphum, i. 199
discolor, i. 199
dissimile, i. 234
drynarioides, i. 199
Feei, i. 199
ferrugineum, i. 200
flabellatum, i. 200
flaccidum, i. 200
flagelliferum, i. 200
fluviatile, i. 201
feeniculaceum, i. 201
Fraseri, i. 202
furfuraceum, i. 202
gaboonense, i. 302
Gardnerianum, i. 302
glabratum, i. 202
gorgoneum, i. 202
gratum, i. 203
Harlandii, i. 203
Herminieri, i. 203
heterolepis, i. 204
heteromorphum, i. 204
Heudelotii, i. 204
hybridum, i. 204
Karstenianum, 1. 234
laminarioides, i. 205
lanceolatum, i. 205
latifolium, i. 205
laurifolium, i. 206
Lechlerianum, i. 206
lepidotum, i. 207
leptopbyllum, i. 207
Linbergii, i. 204
Lindeni, i, 207
| A
crostichum (covt.) :
Lindigii, i. 208
lineare, i. 208
Lingua, i, 208
Linnzanum, i. 208
longifolium, i. 205
luridum, i. 208
magnum, i. 209
Mandoni, i. 209
marginale, i. 209
margivatum, i. 195
Matthewsii, i. 210
melanopus, i. 210
Mettenii, i. 210
micradenium, i. 210
minus, i. 211
Mulleri, i. 211
muscosum, i. 211
nicotianzfolium, i. 212
nigresceng, i. 212
Norrisii, i. 212
nutans, i. 183
obductum, i. 213
obtusifolium, i. 195
oligarchicum, i. 213
ornatum, i. 213
osmundaceum, i. 214
ovatum, i. 215
pachyphyllum, i. 215
paleaceum, i. 228
palustre, i. 215
pandurifolium, i. 215
Patini, i. 216
peltatum, i. 216
p. gracilimum, i. 217
perelegans, i. 217
petiolosum, i. 217
piloselloides, i. 227
pilosum, i. 218
platyrhynchos, i. 218
plumbicaule, i. 219
Plumieri, i. 233
polyphyllum, i. 219
prestantissimum, i. 219
Preslianum, i. 220
Prestoni, i. 220
proliferum, i. 233
pubens, i. 220
punctulatum, i. 220
pygmeum, i. 221
quercifolium, i. 221
Raddianum, i. 221
rampans, i, 221
Acrostichum (cont.) :
repandum, i. 221
reticulatum, i, 222
rigidum, i, 222
rivulare, i. 222
rufidulum, i, 222
salicinum, i. 223
samoense, i. 223
scandens, i. 223
Schlimense, i. 224
Schmitzii, i. 224
scolopendrifolium, i, 224
semicordatum, i. 225
serratifolium, i. 225
serratum, i. 225
setosum, i. 233
Sieberi, i. 225
simplex, i. 225
Smithii (var. of
folium), i. 227
sorbifolium, i. 226
s. cuspidatum, i. 226
s. Smithii, i. 227
s. variabile, i. 226
spathulatum, i. 227
spicatum, i. 22
Sprucei, i. 227
squamipes, i. 228
squamosum, i. 228
squarrosum, i. 228
stelligerum, i. 228
stenopteris, i. 229
stigmatolepis, i. 229
stramineum, i. 229
strictum, 1. 220
subdiaphanum, i. 230
subrepandum, i. 230
succiseefolium, i. 230
taccefolium, i. 230
t. trilobum, i. 231
tahitense, i. 231
Tatei, i. 231
tectum, i. 231
tenuifolium, i. 231
terminans, i. 233
tomentosum, i. 232
tovarense, i. 205
tricuspe, i. 232
trilobum, 1. 231
undulatum, i. 28:
variabile, i. 226
villosum, i. 233
v. Plumieri, i. 233
sorbi-
434
INDEX.
Acrostichum (cont.):
villosum setosum, i. 233
v. undulatum, i. 233
virens, i. 233
contaminans, i. 233
. costatum, i. 233
. erispatulum, i. 233
. proliferum, i. 233
. terminans, i. 233
viscosum, i. 234
vy. curvans, i. 234
v. dissimile, i, 234
v. Karstenianum, i. 234
v. xanthoneuron, i. 23
Wallii, i. 234
Welwitschii, i. 235
Wilkesianum, i. 235
Wrightii, i. 235
xanthoneuron, i. 284
Actiniopteris, i. 236
radiata, i. 237
r. australis, i. 239
Adder’s-tongue, iii. 21
Common, iii. 27
Adenophorusg, iii. 85
Adiantopsis, ii. 30.
Cheilanthes
californica, ii. 35
capensis, ii. 36
chlorophylla, ii. 36
dichotoma, ii. 39
incisa, ii. 46
Kirkii, ii. 46
pedata, ii. 53
pteroides, ii. 54
radiata, ii. 55
regularis, ii. 56
Schimperi, ii. 57
Seemanni, ii. 58
Adiantum, i. 240
emulum, i. 245
swthiopicum, i. 246
. assimile, i, 247
. uw. cristatum, i. 247
. chilense, i. 248
. emarginatum, i. 248
. seabrum, i. 249
we. sulphureum, i. 249
affine, i. 250
album, i. 662
a. crispum alpinum, ii. 66
amabile, i. 303
amcenum, i. 286
andicolum, i. 201
aneitense, i. 250
asarifolium (var. of reni-
forme), i. 319
assimile (var. of sthiopi-
cum), i. 247
Bausei, i. 251
bellum, i. 252
Bennettii, i. 252
Birkenheadii, i. 252
Bournei (var. of cuneatum),
adasaada
See
S8esa8 B
i, 270
brasiliense (var. of curva-
tum), i. 277
bulbiferum (var. of Capillus-
Veneris), i. 257
Burnii, 1. 253
Adiantum (cont.):
caleareum, i. 253
Capillus-Junonis, i. 254
Capillus-Veneris, i. 254
C.-V. bulbiferum, i. 257
C.-V. cornubiense, i. 257
C.-V. crispulum, i. 257
C.-V. daphnites, i. 258
C.-V. depauperatum, i. 258
C.-V. digitatum, i. 259
C.-V. fissum, i. 259
C.-V. Footi, i. 259
C.-V. grande, i. 259
C.-V. Hookeri, i. 260
C.-V. imbricatum, i. 260
(.-V. incisum, i. 260
C.-V. i. Footi, i. 261
C.-V. Kalon. i. 261
magnificum, i. 261
C.-V. Mairisii, i. 261
C.-V. Moritzianum, i. 262
C.-V. ramulosum, i. 262
C.-V. rotundatum, i. 262
c.-V. undulatum, i. 263
eardiochlena, i. 314
caudatum, i. 263
vu. Edgeworthii, i. 263
chilense (var. of
opicum), i. 248
ciliatum, i. 263
Collisii, i. 264
colpodes, i. 265
concinnum, i. 265
cv. Flemingi, i. 266
cv. latum, 1. 266
convolutum, i. 266
cornubiense (var. of Capil-
lus-Veneris), i. 257
crenatum, i. 267
crispulum (var. of Capillus-
Veneris), i. 257
cristatum, i. 268
cubense, i. 269
cultratum (var. of trapezi-
forme), i. 328
cuneatum, i. 269
v. Bournei, i. 270
cv. deflexum, i. 270
c. dissectum, i. 271
c. elegans, i. 271
ce. gracillimum, i. 2
c. grandiceps, i. 27
v. Lawsonianum, i. 272
Cc
G
c
¢
c
G
eethi-
. Legrandi, i. 278
. Luddemannianum, i. 273
. mundulum, i. 274
. Pacottii, i. 274
. schizophyllum, i. 275
. strictum, i. 275
ce. versaillense, i. 275
Cunninghamii, i. 250
curvatwm, i. 276
vc. brasiliense, i. 277
cyclosorum, i. 277
Daddsii, i, 277
daphnites (var. cf Capillus-
Veneris), i. 258
decorum, i. 278
deflexum (var.
tum), i. 270
of cunea-
Adiantum (cont.):
deltoideum, i. 278
depauperatum (var. of
Capillus-Veneris), i. 258
diaphanum, i. 279
digitatum, i. 280
dissectum (var. of cunea-
tum), i. 271
dolabriforme (var. of lunu-
latum), i. 298
dolosum, i. 280
Edgeworthii (var. of cau-
datum), i. 263
elegans (var. of cuneatum),
i, 271
emarginatum (var. of
ethiopicum), i. 248
excisum, i. 281
e. Leyi, i. 281
e. multifidum, i. 281
e. nanum, i. 282
faleatum, i. 333
Farleyense, i. 282
Feei, i. 284
Fergusoni, i. 285
festum, i. 286
fissam (var. of Capillus-
Veneris), i. 259
flabellulatum, i. 286
flexuosum, i. 284
Footi (var. of Capillus-
Veneris), i. 259
formosum, i. 287
fovearum, i. 295
fragile, i. 288
fragrantissimum, i. 288
fulvum, i. 289
Funckii (var. of trapezi-
forme), i. 330
Galeottianum, i. 290
Ghiesbreghtii, i. 290
glaucescens, i. 291
glaucophyllum, i. 291
gracillimum (var. of cunea-
tum), i. 272
grande (var. of Capillus-
Veneris), i. 259
grandiceps (var. of cunea-
tun), i. 272
grossum, i. 291
Hendersonii (var. of tetra-
phyllum), i. 327
Henslovianum, i. 292
Hewardia, i. 292
hians, i. 293
hirtum, i. 293
hispidulum, i. 294
Hookeri (var. of Capillus-
Veneris), i. 260
imbricatum (var. of Capil-
: lus-Veneris), i. 260
incisum, i. 204
intermedium, i. 295
Kalon (var. of Capillus-
Veneris), i. 261
Kaulfussii, i. 205
Kunzeanum (syn. of crista-
tum), i. 268
letum, i. 292
Lathomi, i. 296
Adiantum (cont.):
Lawsonianum (var. of cun-
eatum), i. 272
Legrandi (var. of cunea-
tum), i. 273
Leprieurii, i. 296
Lindepi, i. 296
Lobbianum, i. 316
lucidum, i. 297
Luddemannianum (var. of
cuneatum), i. 273
lunulatum, i. 297
1. dolabriforme, i. 298
macrocladum, i. 314
macrophyllum, i. 298
m. bipinnatum, i. 300
m. striatum, i. 300
macropterum, i. 280
magnificum (var. of Capil-
lus-Veneris), i. 261
Mairisii (var. of Capillus-
Veneris), i. 261
mexicanum, i, 291
microphyllum, i. 301
monochlamys, i. 301
monosorum, i. 302
Moorei, i. 303
Moritzianum (var. of Capil-
lus-Veneris), i. 262
mundulum (var. of cunea-
tum), 1. 274
neoguineense, i. 304
nigrescens, i. 304
novee-caledonia, i. 305
oblique-truncatum, i. 333
obliquum, i. 305
vo. minus, i. 306
obtusum, i. 306
Oweni, i. 306
Pacottii (var. of cuneatum),
i. 274
palmatum, i. 308
Parishii, i. 308
patens, i. 309
pectinatum, i. 310
pedatum, i. 310
pentadactylon (var. of tra-
peziforme), i. 328
peruvianum, i. 313
philippinense, i. 319
Phyllitidis, i. 313
polyphyllum, i. 314
populifolium, i. 321
princeps, i. 315
prionophyllum, i. 326
pteroides, 1i. 54
pubescens, i. 294, 315
pulchellum, i. 316
pulverulentum, i. 316
pumilum, i. 317
radiatum, ii. 55
ramulosum (var. of Capil-
lus-Veucris), i. 262
reginey, i. 317
Reichenbachii, i. 292
reniforme, i. 317
r. asarifolinm, i. 319
rhodophyllum, i. 320
rhomboideum, i. 333
rigidulum, i. 320
INDEX.
Adiantum (con/.):
roseum, i. 320
rotundatum (var. of Capil-
lus-Veneris), i 262
rubellum, i. 321
Sanctwe-Catherine (var. of
trapeziforme), i, 329)
scabrum (var. of wthiopi-
cum), i. 249
schizophyllum (var. of
cuneatum), i. 275
scutum, i. 290
Seemannii, i. 321
sericeum, i. 322
serratodentitum, i. 306
sessilitolinm, i. 292
setulosum, i. 274)
Shepherdi, i. 322
sinuosum, i. 323
speciosum, i. 280
strictum (var.ofcuneatum),
i, 275
subcordatum, i. 823
subvolubile, i. 32h |
sulphureum (var. of ethio- |
picum), i. 249 i
tenerum, i. 324
t. Farleyense, i. 325
tetragonum, i. 325
tetraphyllum, i. 326
t. acuminatum, i. 326
t. gracile, i. 326
t. Hendersoni, i. 327
tinctum, i. 327
trapeziforme, i. 327
t. cultratum, i. 328
t. pentadactylon, i. 325
t. Sanctze-Catherinag, i. 329
t. 8.-C. Funckii, i. 330
triangulatum, i. 295
undulatum (var. of Capil-
lus-Veneris), i. 262
varium, i. 333
Veitchianum, i. 330
velutinum, i. 330
venustum, i. 331
versaillense (var. of cunea-
tum), i. 275
Victoriz, i. 332
villosissimum, i. 332
villosum, i. 332
Wagneri, i. 333
Waltoni, i. 334
Weigandii, i. 334
Wilesianum, i. 267
Williamsii, i. 335
Wilsoni, i. 280
Zahnii, i. 321
Adventive buds, i. 82
Aglaomorpha, iii. 85.
Polypodium
Meyeniana, iii. 175
Alabama Bristle Fern, iii. 377
Lip Fern, ii. 33, iii. 47
Aleuritopteris, ii. 30.
Cheilanthes
argentea, ii. 33
a. chrysophylla, ii. 34
See
See
aurantiaca, ti. 84
aurea, ii, 34
Aleuritopteris (cont.) :
Borsigiana, ii. 34
farinosa, ii. 40
mexicana, ii. 40)
rufa, ii. 56
Allantodia, i, 337
australe, i. 659
Brunoniana, i. 338
Allosorus, ii. 30, 65. See
Cheilanthes, Cryptogram-
me, Pellwa, and Pteris
alabamensis, iti. 47
ambiguus, ili. 47
andromediefolius, iii. 47
angustifolius, iti. 48
aw. cuneatus, ili, 49
asperus, lil. 40
atropurpureus, ili. 49
Barklyw, iii. 51
bellus, iii. 51
Boivini, iti. 51
brachypteron, iii. 52
consobrinusg, iii, 55
crispus, li. 67
densus, iii. 57
flavescens, ili. 58
glaucus, iii. 60
intramarginalis, iii. 62
i. serratifolius, iii. 63
involutus, iii. 63
longimucronatus, ii, 64
marginatus, iii. 63
mucronatus, ili. 64
nitidulus, iii. 65
ornithopus, ili. 65
pectiniformis, ili. 67
pulchellus, iii. 68
robustus, ili. 69
sagittatus, iii. 70
ternifolius, iii. 71
Wrightiana, iii. 64
ii, iil ee)
Alpine Bladder Fern, ii. 94
Polypody, iii. 96
Shield Fern, i. 458
Alsophila, i. 339
aculeata, i. 3841
zethiopiea, i. 342
alternans, i. 342
alutacea (var. of infesta),
i. 357
Andersoni, i. 343
armata, 1. 343
aspera, 1. 344
aterrima, i. 345
atrovirens, i. 346
australis, i. 346
bipinnatifida, i. 347
blechnoides, i. 347
Boivini, i. 347
Bongardiana (var. of lunu-
lata), i. 361
capensis, ii. 288
caracasana, i. 348
caudata, i. 348
chimborazensis, i. 349
Colensoi, i. 349
comosa, i. 349
concinna, i. 350
Alsophila (cont.):
conjugata, i. 350
contaminans, i. 351
Cooperi, i. 351
crenulata, i. 352
erinita, 1. 250
Currori, i. 342
decipiens, ii. 290
decomposita, i. 365
decurrens, i. 352
elegans, i. 353
¢. crenata, i. 353
elongata, 1. 353
excelsa, i, 354
falcata, i. 354
ferox, i. 341
frigida, i. 355
Gardneri, i. 366
gibbosa, i. 355
gigantea, i. 356
glabra, i. 356
glauca, i. 351
Glaziovii, i. 356
Godmani, i. 356
infesta, i. 357
i. alutacea, i. 357
i. lasiosora, i. 357
i. phalerata, 1.357
i. Van-Geertii, i. 357
intermedia (var. of lunu-
lata), i. 861
khasyana, i. 359
lasiosora (var. of infesta),
i. 357
latebrosa, i. 358
1. Oldhami, i. 359
Leichardtiana, i. 359
leucolepis, i. 360
Loddigesii, i. 360
lunulata, i. 360
1. Bongardiana, i. 361
1. intermedia, i. 361
1. Veitchii, i. 361
]. vitiensis, i. 361
lurida, i. 361
Macarthurii, i. 359
Macgillivrayi, i. 361
marginalis, i. 362
melanopus, i. 362
mexicana, i. 362
microphylla, i. 363
Miersii, i. 363
Moorei, i. 359
myosuroides, i. 363
nigra, 1. 364
nitens, i. 344
novee-caledonix, i. 364
oblonga, i. 364
obtusiloba, i. 365
Oldhami (var. of latebrosa),
i, 358
oligocarpa, i. 365
ornata, 1. 366
paleolata, i. 366
paucifolia, i. 366
phalerata (var. of infesta),
i. 357
phegopteroides, i. 367
podophyla, i. 367
Peeppigii, i. 368
Alsophila (cont.):
praeciucta, 1. 368
procera, i. 368
pruinata, 1. 369
pterorachis, i. 370
pubescens, i. 370
pungens, i. 370
pycnocarpa, i. 371
radens, i. 372
Rebecca, i. 372
Robertsiana, i. 373
sagittifolia, i. 373
Salvin, i. 373
samoensis, 1. 374
Schiedeana, i. 374
Schlimii, i. 374
Scottiana, i. 374
senilis, 1. 366
setosa, il. 296
Sprucei, i. 375
squamulata, 1. 319
subglandualosa, i. 375
Tenitis, i. 376
tomentosa, i. 376
tristis, i. 376
truncata, i. 377
Van-Geertii (var. of infesta),
i. 357
Veitchii (var. of lunulata),
i. 361
vernicosa, i. 8377
villosa, i. 378
vitiensis (var. of lunulata),
i. 361
Wallacei, i. 378
Wendlandii, i. 378
Amauropelta, ii. 463
Amblia, ili. 85
American Rock-Brake, ii. 69
Amorphous, i. 109
Ampelopteris, iii, 85
Amphiblestra, iii, 254.
Pteris
latifolia, ili. 280
Amphicosmia, ii. 286.
Hemitelia
bella, ii. 288
capensis, ii. 288
platylepis, ii. 294
speciosa, ii. 296
Walkere, ii, 297
Anapeltis, iii. 85
Anaxetum, ill. 85
Anchistea, iii.
Woodwardia
japonica, iii. 403
virginica, ill, 405
Anemia, i. 380
adiantifolia, i. 382
affinis, i. 383
aurita, i. 383
bipinnata, i. 353
Breuteliana, i. 384
candata, i. 384
cheilanthoides, i. 394
ciliata, i. 389
collina, i. 385
cuneata, i. 385
deltoidea, i. 394
dentata, i. 386
272
See
See
400.
436
INDEN.
Anemia (cont.):
dichotoma, i. 386
Dregeana, i. 386
filiformis, i. 384, 386
flexuosa, 1. 394
fraxinifolia (var. of Phylli-
tidis), i. 392
Gardneri, i. 388
Gardneriana, i. 388
glareosa, i. 388
Gluziovii, i. 388
hirsuta, i. 389
hirta, i. 384, 385
Langsdorffiana, i. 389
mandioccana, i. 389
mexicana, i. 390
millefolia, i. 391
oblongifolia, i. 391
Phyllitidis, i. 391
P. foetida, i. 392
P. fraxinifolia, i. 392
P. lineata, i. 392
P. plumbea, i. 393
P. tessellata, i. 393
radicans, i. 384
repens, i. 389
rotundifolia, i. 393
ruteefolia, i. 393
Schraderiana, i. 394
Seemanni, i. 391
tomentosa, i. 394
trichorhiza, i. 395
Tweediana, i. 395
villosa, i. 394
Wrightii, i. 395
Anemidictyon, i. 380.
Anemia
Phillitidis, i. 391
P. fostidum, i. 392
P. fraxinifolium, i. 392
P. lineatum, i. 392
P. plumbeum, i. 393
P. tessellatum, i. 393
Schraderianum, i. 394
Tweedianum, i. 395
Anetium, ii. 281. See Hemio-
nitis
Angiopteris, i. 397
evecta, i. 398, ii. 438
list of supposed species of,
i. 400
Anisocampium, ii. 463
Anisogonium, i, 480,
Asplenium
alismefolium, i. 493
cordifolium, i. 523
decussatum, i. 528
esculentum, i. 537
Kunzei, i. 594
lineolatum, i. 601
Smithianum, i. 6147
Annual Maidenhair, ii. 259
Anogramme, ii. 233
Antheridia, i. 114
Antherozoa, i. 115
Antherozoids, i. 114
Antigramme, iii. 314.
Scolopendrium
brasiliensis, ili. 316
plantaginea, iii. 318
See
See
See
|
|
Antrophyum, i. 402
Boryanun, i. 403
Brookei, i. 409
callefolium, i. 404
cayennense, i. 403
coriaceum, 1. 404
ce. nanum, i. 404
Cumingii, i. 404
ensiforme, i. 404
giganteum, i. 405
immersum, i. 405
lanceolatum, i. 405
latifolium, i. 405
latipes, i. 408
Lessonii, i. 407
lineatum, i. 406
Mannianum, i. 406
niphoboloides, iii. 137
obtusum, i. 403
parvulum (var. of planta-
gineum), i. 408
plantagineum, i. 407
p. angustatum, i. 408
p. parvulum, i. 408
Polytzenium, i. 406
pum'lum, i. 405
reticulatum, i. 408
semicostatum, i. 408
subfalcatum, i. 409
subsessile, i. 409
Ants, transport of scale in-
sects by, i. 172
Apalophlebia, iii. 85
Apogamy, i. 139
Apospory, i. 139
Arbvrescent Ferns, i. 12
Archegonia, i. 115
Arthropteris, ii. 463, iii. 85
Aspidium, i. 410
abbreviatum, i. 414
acrocladon (vars. of acu-
leatum and angulare),
i. 420, 427
acrostichoides, i. 415
a. grandiceps, i. 416
a. incisum, i. 417
a. Schweinitzii, i. 417
aculeatum, i. 417
w. acrocladon, i. 420
argutum, i. 421
Braunii, i. 418
. erassum, i. 421
. eristato-gracile, i. 421
ciistatum, i. 421
densum, i. 421
. furcatum, i. 422
. interruptum, i. 422
lobatum, i. 422
1. acutum, i. 423
. multifidum, i. 423
. plumosum, i. 423
. proliferum, i. 124
a. pulcherrimum, i. 424
w. pulchrum, i. 424
acutum (var. of angulare),
i. 428
alatum (var. of angulare),
i. 420
amabile, 1. 425
angulare, i. 426
FP EEE RE EEE ES
ee
Aspidium (cont.):
angulare acrocladon, i. 427
a. acutilobum, i. 428
a. acutum, i. 428
alatum, i. 429
aristatum, i. 429
Baylie, i. 434
. biserratum, i. 429
. brachiatum, i. 430
concinnum, i. 430
confluens, it. 435
cornutum (sub-var. of
grandidens), i. 434
cristatum, i. 431
ernciatum, i. 431
Elworthii, i. 431
grandiceps, i. 432
grandidens, i. 433
g. angustatum, i. 433
g. Baileyanum, i. 433
g. cornutum, i. 434
g. Grayii, i. 434
imbricatum, i. 434
indivisum, i. 434
interruptum, i. 435
latipes, i. 435
lineare, i. 435
. oxyphyllum, i. 436
parvissimum, i. 436
plumosum, i. 437
. polydactylum, i. 437
premorsum, i. 437
proliferum, i. 438
p. angustatum, i. 438
p. Footii, i. 438
p. Padleyanom, i. 439
p. Wollastoni, i. 439
pumilum, i. 440
ramosissimom, i. 440
rotundatum, i. 440
setaceum, i. 441
. tripinnatum, i. 441
truncatam, i. 442
. varians, i, 442
Wollastoni (var. of
angulare pumilum), i. 439
angulatum, i. 443
anomalum, i. 443
argutum (var. of aculea-
tum), i. 421
aristatum, i. 443
a. coniifvlium, i. 444
w. Variegatum, i. 444
aspera major, i. 458
auriculatum, i. 445
uw. lentum, i. 446
a. marginatum, i. 446
a. obliquum, i. 446
biaristatum, i. 425, 416
brachiatum (var. of angu
lare), i. 430
caducum, i. 446
cxspitosum, i. 447
calcareum, i. 447
capense, i. 448
caryotideum (var. of f lea-
tum), i. 450
confertum, i. 462
coniifolium, i. 444
coriaceum, i. 448
ee
FSP PES
pppss Pp
PRPEPEE PSP EES EPP PEE EPP RPE EES
Aspidium (cont.):
eristatum (vars. of aculea-
tum and angulare), i.
421, 431
dilatatum, ii. 495
falcatum, i. 448
f. caryotideum, i. 450
f. Fortunei, i. 451
f. pendulum, i. 451
falcinellum, i. 452
Filix-mas and vars., ii. 509-
520
flexum, i. 452
foeniculaceum, i. 452
Footii (var. of angulare
proliferum), i. 438
frondosum, i. 453
Germinyi, ii. 563
glandulosum, i. 453
grandiceps (vars. of acrosti-
choides and angulare),
i. 416, 432
heracleifolium (var. of
trifoliatum), i. 475
Hookeri, 1. 454
ilicifolium, i. 455
interruptum (vars. of
aculeatum and angulare),
i. 422, 435
juglandifolium, i. 455
lachenense, i. 456
laserpitiifolium, i. 457
lentum (var. of auricula-
tum), i. 446
lepidocaulon, i. 457
lineare (var. of angulare),
i, 435
Lonchitis, i. 458
L. confertum, i. 461
luctuosum, i. 425
marginatum (var. of auricu-
latum), i. 446
melanocblamys, i. 461
melanostictum, i. 451
membranaceum, i. 462
meniscioides, i. 462
mohrioides, i. 462
Moritzianum, i. 425
mucronatum, i. 463
multifidum, i. 465
munitum, i. 465
nephrodioides, i. 455
nicaraguense, i. 466
obliquum (var. of auricula-
tum), i. 446
obtusum, i. 467
ocellatum (syn. of aurieu-
latum), i. 445
oculatum, i. 467
ordinatum, i. 425
Padleyanum (var. of angu-
lare proliferum), i. 439
parvissimum (var. of angu-
lare), i. 436
Plaschnikianum, i. 468
platanifolium, i. 468
plumosum (vars. of aculca-
tum and angulare), i.
423, 437
Prescottianum, i. 468
INDEX,
457
Aspidium (conf.): Asplenium (con!.): Asplenium (cont) : Asplenium (cont.):
proliferum, i. 169
pumilum (var. of angulare),
i. 440
punctilobulum, ii. 184
pungens, i. 469
remotum, ii. 562
repandum, i. 470
rhizophyllum, i. 470
Richardi, i. 470
rotundatum (var.
lare), i. 440
rufo-barbatum, i. 418
Seemanni, i. 471
semicordatum, i. 471
setosum, i. 471, ii. 568
sikkimense, i. 472
squarrosum, i. 424, £73
Thomsoni, i. -£73
trapezioides, i. 477
triangulare laxum, i. 473
triangulum, i. 473
t. ilicifolium, i. 474
trifoliatum, i. 475
t. heracleifolium, i. 475
tripteron, i. 475
tsus-simense, 1. 425, 476
of angu-
varium, i. 476
vestitum, i. 425, 477
viviparum, i. 477 \
Wollastoni (var. of angu-
lare proliferum), i. 439 |
Aspidotis californica, ii. 36
Aspidiew, i. 410; ii. 192, 462,
584; iil. 3 |
Aspleniew, i. 337, 449
Asplenium, i. 479
abscissum, i. 483
achillezfolium, i. 484
acuminatum, i. 454
acutum (var. of Adiantum- |
nigrum), i. £85
adiantoides, i. 485
Adiantum-nigrum, i. 485
A.-n. acutum, i. 488
n, decompositum, i. 488
. grandiceps, i 489
-n. incisum, i. 489
n. leptorache, 1. 490 |
n. microdon, i. 490
-n, obtusatum, i. 491 |
n
n
D
Bi
. oxyphyllum, i. 491
. ramosum, i, 491
variegatum, i. 491
|
|
PEEP bbb bbb
affine, dis 492
alatum, i. 492
alismefolium, i. £93
alternans, i. 494
alternifolium, 1. 582
ambiguum, i. 646
angolense, i. 45
angustatum, i. £95
angustifolium, i. 495
angustum, i. 497 :
anisophyllum, i. 497
apicidens (var. of Vieil: |
lardii), i. 660
appendiculatum, i. 498
arborescens, i. 498
arcuatum, i. 498 f
Arnottii, i. £99
aspidioides, i. £09
a. scandicinum, i. 499
atrovirens, i. 500
attenuatum, i. 500
aureum (var. of Ceterach),
i. 516
auriculatum, i. 501
auritum, i. 502
australasicum
Nidus), i. 619
axillare, i. 502
bantamense, i. 503
Baptistii, i. 503
Beddomei, i. 525
Belangeri, i. 504
bifidum, i. 504, 601
biforme, i. 531
bipartitum, 1. 505
bipinnatum, i. 505
biseectum, i. 505
borbonicum, i. 506
borneense, i. 506
Bourgwi, i. 575
brachypteron, i. 506
Brackenridgei, i. 507
Bradleyi, i. 507
brasiliense, 1. 508
brevisorum, i. 508
Brownii, i. 659
bulbiferum, i. 509
b. Fabianum, i. 510
b. laxum, i. 510
b. 1. pumilum, i. 600
b. Martensianum, i. 510
b. Shuttleworthianum, i.
510
canariense, 7. 516
Carruthersii, i. 511
caudatum, i. 511
Ceterach, i. 513
. aureum, i. 516
. crenatum, i. 517
.¢. minor, i. 517
. depauperatum, i. 517
. Kalon, i. 517
. ramoso-cristatum, i. 518
.Tamosum, i. 518
. sinuatum, i. 517
. variabile, i. 518
chimborazense. i. 518
chinense, i. 519
cicutarium, i. 519
Colensoi, i. 521
compressum, i. 521
contiguum, i. 523
cordifolium, i. 523
coriaceum, i, 524
crenatum, i. 524
crenulatum, 1. 524
crinicaule, i. 525
cultrifolium, i. 526
cuneatum, i. 526
Currori, 1. 526
cyathewfolium, i. 527
Dalhousie (syn. of alter-
nans), i. 494
davallioides, i. 52
decurrens, i, 527
(var. of
QAMAQQaAlae
decurtatum, i. 528
decussatum, 1. 528
dentatum, i. 529
dichotomum, i. 530
dimidiatum, i. 530
dimorphum, 1. 531
diplazioides (syn.
nottii), i. 400
divaricatum, i. 532
divergens, i. 533
diversifolium, i. 531
Dregeanum, 1. 533
ebenoides, i. 533
ebenum, i. 53-4
elegantulum, i. 592
ensiforme, i. 636
erectum, i. 603
erosum, i. 536
esculentum, i. 537
exiguum, i. 575
extensum, i. 537
Fabianum (var.
ferum), i. 510
Fadyeni, i. 538
falcatum, i. 525, 538
fejeense, 1. 539
Fernandesianum (var. of
lunulatum), i. 603 |
ferulaceum, i. 539 |
Filix-foemina, i. 541 }
F.-f. acrocladon, 1. 544
.acuminatum, i. 545
.angustum, i. 569
. apiculatum, i. 545
. Applebyanum. i. 546
Barnesii, i. 546
. calothrix, i. 546
-f. capitatum, i. 547
. Clarissimum, i. 547
commune, i. 569
. conioides, i. 548
. contortum, i. 549
. coronatum, 1. 541
. corymbifero - depan-
eratum, i. 550
. corymbiferum, i. 549
. ¢, Lowei, i. 550
ane strictum, i, 550
. Craigii, i. 550
. erispum, 1. 950
. cristatum, i. 550
cv. eristato-polydacty-
12, 1.551
_¢. eristulatum, i. 551
. eyclosorum, i. 569
. dareoides, i. 551
depauperatum, i. 551
dissectum, 1. 551
doodioides, 1. 552 |
of Ar- |
of bulbi-
pe eer eee
fat Pa a tf Pf Pa Pa tf Pf Pa
et ths tte th tp tn
i
s
Edwardsii, i. 553
Elworthii, i. 553
exile, i. 569 |
Fieldia, i. 553
. F. compositum, i. 554
_F. c. multifidum, i. 554
. F. imbricatum, i. 555
_ EF. pumilum, i. 555
. flexuosum, 1. 555
. Fraserii, i. 555
sd Sd atid die Ee ee ea Te
te He te He te te th th ‘
Filix-femina Friselliw, i.
556
_ F. cristatum, 1. 556
. FF. nanum, i. 556
f. F. ramosum, i. 556
. grandiceps, i. 557
. Grantiz, i. 557
. ineisum, i. 558,
-f. Jonesii, i. 558
. laciniatum, 1. 559
. 1. dissectum, i. 559
. 1. majus, i. 559
-f. 1. minus, i. 559
-f. 1. Padleyi, i. 559
-f. latifolium, i. 560
f
aff
5OL
-f. minimum, 1. 560
. Monkmanii, 1. 560
-f. Moorei, i. 562
. multifidaum, i. 562
-f. orbiculatum, i. 562
.f. plumosum, i. 503
.-f, polyclados, i. 563
.-f. Pritchardii, i. 563
-f. P. cristatum, i. 564
wf. ramosum, i. 564
-f. scope, i. 564
—f. stipatum (a syn. of
Granti«), i. 557
-f. subcruciforme, i. 565
-f. sublunatum, i. 565
-f. tridentato-multifidum,
1.565
-f. uncum, i. 566
-f. velutinum, i. 566
-f. Vernonia, i. 566
.-f. Victoria, 1. 567
-f. V. gracilis, i. 568
-f. V. lineare, i. 568
-f. Willisonii, i. 569
fimbriatum, i. 560
Finlaysonianum, i. 570
firmum (a syn. of abscis-
sum), i. 183
fissum, i. 570
flabellifolium, i.
f. majus, i. 572
flaccidum, i. 572
taj ba bed a
=
571
flavescens, i. 575
flexuosum, i. 573
foecundum, i. 522
fceniculaceum (var. of fra-
grans), i. 578
foliolosum, i. 573
fontanum, i. 574
f. Bourgei, i. 575
f. exiguam, i. 575
f. refractum, i. 5
formosum, i. 575
fragile, i. 577
fragrans, i. 577
f. feeniculaceum. i.
Franconis, 1. 578
furcatum, 1. 575
Gardneri, i. 579
Gautieri, i. 580
cemmiferum, i. 590
germanicum, i. 580
Ghiesbreghtii, i. 582
Gibertianum. i. 582
2
Vas, 630
5738
438 INDEX.
Asplenium (cont.): Asplenium (cont.): Asplenium (cont.): Asplenium (cont.):
giganteum, i. 633
Glaziovii, i. 587
Glennici, i. 583
Godichandii, i. 583
Goringianum pictum, i. 583
G. tricolor, i. 583
gracilescens, i. 584
grammitoides, i. 584
grandifolium, i. 584
Grevillei, i. 585
Griffithianum, i. 585
Halleri (syn. of fontanum),
i. 574
Hallii, i. 586
Hancei (syn. of crinicaule),
1. 525
hastatum, i. 586
Hemionitis, i. 586
H. cristatum, i. 587
H. multifidum, i. 587
herbaceum, i. 587
heterocarpum, i. 588
heterodon, i. 664
hians, i. 588
hirtum, i. 589
Hohenackerianum, i. 589
Hookerianum, i. 521, 589
horridum, i. 590
ineequale, i. 601
incisum, i. 591
irregulare, i. 592
Jamesoni, i. 592
japonicum, i. 593
javanicum, i. 338
Klotzschii, i. 593
Kraussii, i. 593
Kunzei, i. 594
laciniatum, i. 594
letum, i. 594
lanceolatum, i. 595
1, bifidum, i. 596
1. crispatum, i. 597
l. excisum, i. 597
1. incisum, i. 597
1, Kitsoniw, i. 597
1, microdon, i. 597
lanceum, i. 598
laserpitiifolium, i. 598
latifolium, i. 599
laxum pumilum, i. 600
Lechleri, i. 600
Linckii, i. 600
lineatum, i. 601
lineolatum, i. 601
longicauda, i. 601
longissimum, i. 602
lucidum (var. cf obtusa-
tum), i. 623
lunulatum, i. 603
1. Fernandesianum, i. 603
1. reclinatum, i. 603
macrocarpum, i. 604
macrophyllum, i. 604
magellanicum, i. 605
Mannii, i. 605
marginatum, i. 605
marinum, i. 605
m. coronans, i. 608
m. crenatum, i. 608
marinum imbricatum, i.
608
. incisum, i. 609
. interruptum, i. 609
. laxum, i. 610
mirabile, i. 610
. multifido-irregulare, i.
610
. parallelum, i. 610
. plumosum, i. 610
. ramo-plumosum, i. 611
. ramosum, i. 611
ramo-trapeziforme, i.
612
m. subbipinnatum, i. 612
m. Thompsoniz, i. 612
m. trapeziforme, i. 613
m. variabile, i. 613
Martensianum (var. of bul-
biferum), i. 510
maximum, i. 613
melanocaulon, i. 613
Michauxii, i. 614
monanthemum, i. 614
montanum, i. 616
mucronatum, i. 616
multifidam, i. 617
multisectum (syn. of aspidi-
oides), i. 499
museefolium (var. of Nidus),
i. 619
myriophyllum, i. 617
Nidus, i. 618
N. australasicum, i. 619
N. musefolium, i. 619
nigripes, i. 620
nitens, i. 620
nitidum, i. 620
nobile (var. of viviparum),
i. 663
normale, i. 621
novie-caledonia, i. 622
obliquum, i. 622
oblongatum, i. 622
obtusatum, i. 622
o. difforme, i. 623
o. lucidum, i. 623
uv. Lyalliiy i. 624
obtusifolium, i. 624
obtusilobum, i. 624
odontites (syn. of flacci-
dum), 1. 572
oxypbylum, i. 626
paleaceum, i. 626
pallidum, i. 627
palmatum (syn. of A.
Hemionitis), i. 587
parvulum (syn. of trilo-
bum), i. 658
persicifolium, i. 627
Pe'rarcha, i, 628
pinnatifidum, i. 628
planicaule, i. 629
plantagineum, i. 629
polyodon, i. 680
polyphyllum (syn. of acumi-
natum), i. 484
polypodioides, i. 630
Powellii, i. 630
BEHEE
BREESE
premorsum, i. 631
prolongatum (var. of rute-
folium), i. 687
pulchellum, i. 631
pumilum, i. 632
rachirhizon (var. of rhizo-
phorum), i. 635
Rawsoni, i. 633
reclinatum (var. of lunula-
tum), i. 603
refractum, i. 57%, 633
repens, i. 633
resectum, i. 634
rhizophorum, i. 634
r. eyrtopteron, i. O34
r. flabellatum, i. 634
z. rachirhizon, 1. 635
rhizophyllum, i. 636, iii. 318
Richardi. i. 636
rutefolium, i. 636
r. prolongatum, i. 637
Ruta-muraria, i. 637
R.-m. attennatum, i. 639
R.-m. cristatum, i. 639
R.-m. cuneatum, i. 639
R.-m. proliferum, i. 639
R.-m. ramo-depauperatum,
i, G39
R.-m. ramosum, i. 640
R.-m. trifoliatum, i. 640
salicifolium, i. 640
Sandersoni, i. 640
sandwichianum, i. 641
scandens, i. 642
schizodon, i. 660
Schkuhrii, i. 593, 642
scolopendrioides, i. 643
Seelosii, i. 643
Seemannii, i. 643
septentrionale, i. 643
serra, i. 645
Shepherdii, i. 645
8. inequilaterum, i. 646
Shuttleworthianum (var. of
bulbiferum), i. 510
Simonsianum, i. 646
simplicifrons, i. 646
Skinneri, i. 646
Smithianum, i. 647
spathulinum (syn. of affine),
i, 492
speciosum, i. 617
spinulosum, i. 648
splendens, i. 648
Sprucei, i. 648
stenophyllum, i. 649
subsinuatum (syn. of lan- |
ceum), i. 598
sundense, i. 662
sylvaticum, i. 610
tenellum (syn. of lunulatum
reclinatum), i. 603
tenuifolium, i. 650
thelypteroides, i. 650
Thunbergii (syn. of auri-
culatum), i. 501
Thwaitesii, i. 651
Trichomanes, i. 652
T. acrocladon, i. 65-4
Athyrium, i. 480.
Trichomanes biceps, i. 654
T. bifurcum, i. 654
T. confluens, i. 656
T. cornuto-ramosum, i.
654
. corymbiferum, i. 655
. cristatum, i. 655
imbricatum, i. 656
incisom, i. 65€
i. Claphami, i. 657
i. laciniatum, i. 657
lobatum, i. 657
majus, i. 658
multifidum, i. 655
. ramo-depauperatum, i.
655
. ramo-lobatum, i. 655
. ramosum, i. 656
. serratum major, i. 658
. subsequale, i. 658
trilobum, i. 658
umbrosum, i. 659
varians, i. 659
Veitchianum (syn. of Belan-
geri), i. 504
Vieillardii i. 660
V. apicidens, i. 660
violescens (Darea violes-
cens), i. 601
viride, i. 660
v. multifidum, i. 662
vitteforme, 1. 662
viviparum, i. 662
v. nobile, i. 663
vulecanicum, i. 664
Wightianum, i. 664
woodwardioides, i. 665
zamioides, i. 665
zeylanicum, i. 665
See Asple-
BHHH SSS88H458HH
nium
achilleefolium, i. 484
aspidioides, i. 499
a. scandicinum, i. 499
axillare, i, 502
brevisorum, i. 508
erenatum, i. 524
decurtatum, i. 528
Filix-foemina and vars., i.
541-569
fimbriatum, i. 569
foliolosnm, i. 573
Goringianum pictum, i. 583
G. tricolor, i. 583
Hohenackerianumn. i. 589
macrocarpun, i. 604
Michauxii, i. 614
nigripes, i. 620
oxyphyllam, i. 626
Skinneri, i. 646
spinulosum, i. 648
thelypteroides, i. 650
umbrosum, i. 659
woodwardioides, i. 665
Australian Bracken, iii. 301
Tree Ferns, i. 12
Axillary receptacle, definition
of, i. 109
Azolla, iti. 407
INDEX. 439
Blechnum (con!.): | Campteria, ili. 254. See Pteris | Cheilanthes (cont.):
B. unilaterale, ii. 14 anamallayensis, iii, 257 | californica, ii, 35
volubile, ii. 15 biaurita, iil, 264 | eandida (syn. of Notho-
Balantium, ii. 166. See Dick-
sonia
Brunonianum, ii. 127
Culeita, ii. 176
Baskets, culture in, i. 164
Ferns for, i. 69
Bat-winged Fern, iii. 277
Bead Ferns. ii. 212
Bear’s-foot Fera, ii. 1
Bear’s-paw Fern, iii. 1
Beds for Ferns, 1. 146
Beech Fern, iii. 189
Beetle-trap, i. 176
Bird’s-nest Fern, i. 618
Black Maidenhair Spleenwort,
i. 485
Bladder Ferns, ii. 93:
Alpine, ii. 94
Brittle, ii. 98
Deep-cut, ii. 99
Mountain, 1. 102
Red-stalked, ii. 99
Toothed, ii. 100
Blechnew, ii. 1, 198; iii. 400
38
we
73
Blechnidium, ii. 1. See
Blechnum
melanopus, ii. 9
Blechnopsis, ii. 1. See
Blechnum
orientalis, ii. 12
Blechnun, ii. 1
arcuatum, ii. 3
asplenioides, ii. 3
australe, ii. 3
boreale, ii. 407
brasiliense, ii. 4
b. corcovadense, ii. 5
b. ¢. erispum, ii. 5
cartilagineum, ii. 5
Fendleri, ii. 6
Findlaysonianum, ii. 6
Florida, ii. 13
fraxinifolium, ii. 9
glandulosum, ii. 6
gracile (var. of longifolium),
ii. 9
hastatum, ii. 7
levigatum, ii. 7
Lanceola, ii. 8
L. trifoliatum, ii. 8
longifolium, i. 9
1. fraxineum, ii. 9
1. gracile, ii. 9
melanopug, ii. 9
nitidum, ii. 10
n. contractum, ii. 10
occidentale, ii. 11
o. multifidum, ii. 12
orientale, ii. 12
plantagineum, ii. 13
polypodioides, ii. 14
rugosum, ii. 13
serrulatum, ii. 13
Spicant and vars., ii. 407-
416
striatum, ii. 14
triangulare, ii. 14
Botrychium, ii. 16
australe (var. of ternatum),
u. 21
dancifolium, ii. 17
lanuginosum (var. of virgi-
nianum), ii. 22
Lunaria, 11. 18
lunarioides (var. of terna-
tum), ii. 21
obliquum (var. of terna-
tum), i. 21
rutaceum, ii. 19
r. lanceolatum, ii. 19
r, matricariwfolium, ii. 20
simplex, ii. 20) |
subcarnosum, ii. 17
ternatum, ii. 21
t. australe, ii. 21
t. lunarioides, ii. 21
t. obiquum, ii. 21
virginianum, ii. 22
v. lanuginosum, ii. 22
Bracken, iii. 253
Australian, iii. 301
Common, iii. 258
Brainea, ii. 2%
insignis, ii. 24
Brake Ferns, iii. 253 :
Australian, ii. 301
Chinese, ili. 295
Common, iii. 258
Rock, ii. 65
Brick burrs for rockwork, i.
157
Bristle Fern, iii. 357
Fern, Alabama, iii. 377
British Ferns, crested, i.
Brittle Fern, ii. 98
Maidenhair, i. 324
Broad Prickly-toothed Buck-
ler Fern, ii. 495
Buckler Ferns, i. 410, ii. 462:
Broad Prickly-toothed, ii.
495,
Common, ii. 509
Concave, ii. 468
Crested, ii. 486
Female, ii. 576
Hay-scented, ii. 467
Mountain, ii. 547
Pinder’s Hill Prickly-
toothed, i. 498
Rigid, ii. 563
Bud-bearing Ferns, i. 82
Bulbil-bearing Ferns, i. 82
47
Cc.
Ceenopteris, i. 480
Californian Gold Fern, ii.
275
Lip Fern, ii. 35
Maidenhair Fern, i. 248
Callipteris, i. 480, ii. 24
Calymmodon, iii. 85
decussata, iii. 289
maxima, iii, 285
patens, iii. 259
Wallichiana, iii. 305
Camptodiam, ii. 463
Camptosorus, ili. 314. See
Scolopendrium
Campyloneuron, iii. 86. See
Polypodium
angustifolium, iii. 101
a. ensifolium, ii. 101, 134
decurrens, iii. 124
ensifvlium, iii. 134
Fendleri, iii, 136
lucidum, iii. 167
magnificum, ili, 136
nitidum, iii. 167
repens, ill. 202
Capillus-Veneris, i. 242
Cases of Ferns. i. 161
Selections for, i. 167
Cassebeera, ii. 25
gleichenioides, ii. 2
pinnata, i. 20
pteroides, ii. 54
triphylla, ii. 26
Caterpillars, i. 175
Cephalomanes, iii. 357
Ceratodactylis osmundioides,
i. 872
Ceratopteris, ii. 27
thalictroides, ii, 28
Ceropteris, ii. 232. See Gym-
nogramme
argentea, i. 236
a. aurea, ii. 256
calomelanos and vars., ii.
238-243
pulchella, ii. 268
p. Wettenhalliana, ii, 268
sulphurea, ii. 272
tartarea and vars., ii, 273,
274
triangularis, ii. 275
trifoliata, ii. 275
Ceterach, i. 480, 513. See
Asplenium
aureum, 1. 500
canariense, i. 516
officinarum and vars.,i.513-
518
Sealy, i. 513
Ceteracke, i. 514
Chain Ferns. iii. 400
Chamisso’s Shield Fern, i. 465
Cheilanthes, ii. 29
alabamensis, iii. 47
allosoroides, il. 32
anthriscifolia, 11. 340
arabica, ii. 32
argentea, li. 33
a. chrysophylla, ii. 34
aurantiaca, i. 34
aurea, ii. 34
Borsigiana, il. 34
Bradburii, ii. 61
bullosa, ii. 35
chliena candida), ii, GUL
capensis, li. 36
chlorophylla, ii, 36
chusana. li. 53
Clevelandi. it. 37
contigua, ii. 37
Cooper, ii. 38
corlacea, ii. 3U
cuneata, ii. 38
Dalhousia, ii. 38
dealbata, ii. 41
dichotoma, ii. 39
Eatoni, ii. 39
elegans, ii 52
Ellisiana (var. of hirta), ii.
£5
farinosa, ii. 40
Fendleri, ii. 41
ferruginea (syn. of Notho-
chlena ferraginea), ii.
608
flexuosa, li. 42
fragilis, ii. 42
fragrans, ii. 42
frigida, ii. 47
glandulosa, ii. 13
gracilis, ii. 47
gracillima, ii. £3
hirta, ii. 44
hispanica, ii. 15
invisa. li. 46
Kirkii, ii. 46
Kubnii, ii. £6
lanosa, ii. 47
lanuginosa, il. 17
lendigera, ii. 47
leucopoda, ii. 48
Lidgatii, ii. 48
Lindheimeri, ii. 10
Lindigii, ii. 40
Matthewsii, ii. 49
mexicana, il. 10)
micromera (var. of micro-
phylla), ii. 51
microphylla, 11. 50
m. micromera, li. 51
m. Moritziana, ii. 51
wultifida, ii. 51
myriophyla. ii.
mysurensis, 11. 53
nitidula, tii. 65
odora, ii. 42
pedata, ii. 53
persica. ii. 60
Preissiana, ii. 5S
pteroides, 11. 5-4
pulchella, ii. 5-4
radiata, ii. 55
Regnelliana, ii. 55
regularis, ii. 56
rufa, ii. 56
rufescens, il. 38
scariosa, li. 57
Schimperi, ii. 57
Seemanni. ii. 58
Sieberi, ii. 4S
speciosissima, il. 58
me
oO
44.0
INDEX.
Cheilanthes (cont.):
spectabilis (syn. of chloro-
phylla), ii. 36
squamosa (syn. of Notho-
chlena squamosa), ii. 619
suaveolens, ii. 42
subvillosa, ii. 59
Szovitzii, ii. 59
tenuifolia, ii. 60
tenuis, ii. 61
tomentosa, ii. 61
varians, ii. 62
vestita, ii. 62
viscida, ii. 63
viscosa, il. 63
Wrightii, ii. 64
Cheiloplecton, iti.
Pelleea
auriculatum, iii. 50
Breweri, iii. 52
deltoideum, iii. 57
Fournieri. iii. 59
geraniefolium, iii. 59
gracile, iii. 60
microphyllum, iii. 64
Pearcei, ili. 67
pilosum, iii. 67
rigidum, iii. 68
Seemanni, iii. 70
Skinneri, iii. 70
Stelleri, iii. 60
45. See
Cheiroglossa, iii. 21. Sce
Ophioglossum
palmata, iii. 22
Chinese Brake, iii. 295
Christmas Fern, i. 415
Chrysodium, i. 179.
Acrostichum
aureo-nitens, i. 186
aureum, i. 186
axillare, i. 189
bicuspe, i. 190
Blumeanum, i. 191
cultratum, i. 197
fluviatile, i. 201
Hendelotii, i. 204
lanceolatum, i. 205
Lindigii, i. 208
minus, i. 211
pachyphyllum. i. 215
pandurifolium, i. 215
polyphyllum, i. 219
prestantissimum, i. 219
Raddianum, i. 221
reticulatum, i. 222
rivulare, i. 222
salicinum, i. 223
semicordatum, i. 225
serratifolium, i. 225
serratum, i. 225
tricuspe, i. 232
Waliii, i. 234
Chrysopteris, iii. 85
Cibotium, ii. 166, See Dick-
sonia
Barometz, ii. 173
Chamissoi, ii. 174
glaucum, ii. 179
guatemalense, ii. 180
See
Cibotium (cont.):
Menziesii, ii. 181
M. pruinata, ii. 182
princeps, ii. 83
regale, ii. 184
Schiedei, ii. 186
speciosum, ii. 175
spectabile, ii. 188
Wendlandii, ii. 188
Cincinalis, ii. 601.
thochlena
affinis, 11. 603
candida, i. 604
chilensis, ii. 605
chrysophylla, ii. 609
dealbata, ii. 606
Fendleri, ii. 608
flavens, ii. 609
Hookeri, ii. 611
nivea, ii. 615
u. Hookeri, ii. 616
sulphurea, ii. 619
s. candida, ii. 604
tenera, ii. 620
tricho nanoid’s, ii. 620
Cionidium, ii. 160. See De-
paria
Mooreéi, ii. 161
Classification for decorative
purposes, i. 8-102
See No-
| Clayton’s Cliff-Brake, iii. 50
Cleveland’s Lip Fern, ii. 37
Cliff-Brake Ferns, ili. 44.
Clayton’s, iii. 50
Oregon, ii. 57
Climbing Ferns, i. 57, il. 423
Clothed Lip Fern, ii. 62
Club Mosses, iii. 407
Cluster Lunaria, ii. 18
Moonwort, ii. 18
Cockroaches, i. 175
Ceelopteris, iii. 85
Coloured Ferns, i. 8, 29
Colysis, iii. 85. See Poly-
podium
spectra, ili. 216
Comb Ferns, iii. 308
Compital, i. 109
Compost, i. 144-160
Concave Buckler
468
Cool Fernery, i. 152
Cool-house, i. 152
Selections for, i. 8-102
Temperatures, i. 27
Cooper’s, Mrs., Lip Fern, ii.
88
Coptophyllum, i.
Anemia
auritum, i. 383
bipinnatum, i. 383
dichotomum, i. 384
millefolium, i. 391
Wrightii, i. 395
Costal sori, i. 109
Crape Ferns, iii. 348, 354
Craspedaria, il. 85
Creeping Ferns, i. 60
Water-Fern, ii. 576
Crepidomanes, iii. 357
Fern, ii.
381. See
Crested Buckler Fern, ii. 486
Ferns, i. 43
Shield Fern, ii. 486
Wood Fern, ii. 486
Cristation, i. 43
Crowns, division of, i. 129
Cryp-inus, iii. 85
Cryptogamia, i. 108
Cryptogramme, ii. 65
crispa, ii. 68
c. acrostichoides, ii. 69
c. Brunoniana, i. 70
Cryptosorus, iii. 86
Cultural directions, i. 144-168
Curious Ferns, i. 96
Curled Alpine White Maiden-
hair, ii. 66
Cushion Fern, ii. 176
Cyathea, ii. 71
aculeata (syn. of Alsophila
aculeata), i. 3841
affinis, il. 73
albifrons, ii. 73
aneitense, ii. 73
angolensis, ii. 74
arachnoidea, ii. 74
arborea, ii. 74
assimilis, ii. 75
aurea, ii. 75
barbata, ii. 75
Beyrichiana (syn. of Hemi-
telia setosa), ii. 295
Boivini, ii. 76 !
Brackenridgei, ii. 76 |
Brunonis, ii. 76
Burkei, ii. 80 |
camerooniana, ji. 76
canvaliculata, ii. 77
castanea, ii. 77
crenulata, ii. 77
Cumingil, ii. 78
Cunninghami, ii. 78
cuspidata, ii. 78
dealbata, ii. 79
divergens, ii. 80
Dregei, ii. 80
excelsa, ii. 80
frondosa, ii. 81
funebris, ii. 89
furfuracea, ii. 81
Gardneri, ii. 81
gracilis, ii. 82
Grevilleana. ii. 74
Hookeri, ii. 76, 82
horrida, ii. 292
Imrayana, ii. 82
ineana, ii. 83
insignis, ii. 83
integra, ii. 84
Kirkii, ii. 84
Lenormandi, ii. 84
Lindeniana, ii. 87
Lindsayana, i1. 85
Lobbiana, ii. 85
Manniana, ii. 85
medullaris, ii. 86
meridensis, ii. 87
mexicana, ii. 87
microphylla, ii. 87
| Cyathea (cont.) :
Milnei, ii. 88
Moorei, ii. 88
patens, ii. 88
petiolata, ii. 84
pilosa, ii. 89
princeps, ii. 83
sclervlepis, ii. 89
sechellarum, ii. 89
serra, ii. 90
sinuata, ii. 90
Smithii, ii. 296
speciosa, ii. 296
spinulosa, ii. 91
Sprucei, ii. 91
vestita, ii. 92
Welwitschii, ii. 92
Cyathez, ii. 71, 164, 286, 446 ;
iii. 346
Cyclodium, i. 411.
pidium
Hookeri, i. 454
meniscioides, i. 462
See As-
Cyclopeltis semicordata, i.
471
Cyrtomiphlebium, iii. 86. See
Polypodium
dubium, iii. 132
Cyrtomium, i. 411, 4138.
Aspidium
abbreviatum, i. 414
Anomophyllum, i. 451
caducum, i. 446
faleatum and vars., i. 448-
451
Fortunei, i. 450, 451
juglandifolium, i. 455
Cyrtophlebium, iii. 86
Cystopteris, ii. 93
alpina, ii. 94
bulbifera, ii. 96
fragilis, ii. 97
f. angustata, ii. 99
. cristata, ii. 100
. decurrens, ii. 100
. dentata, ii. 100
Dickieana, ii. 101
furcans, ii. 102
. interrupta, ii. 102
. sempervirens, ii. 102
. tenuis, ii. 102
montana, ii. 102
regia, ii. 94
rheetica, ii. 99
sandwicensis, ii. 98
tasmanica, il. 98
See
Mh Hh oh rh ER ER
D.
, Daddy-long-legs grub, i. 174
Danza, ii. 106
alata, ii. 107
crispa, ii. 107
elliptica, ii. 108
nodosa, ii 110
simplicifolia, ii. 110
Wendlandii, ii. 110
Dang Pashin, i. 366
INDEX.
44]
Darea, i. 480. See Asplenium
appendiculata, i. 498
Belangeri, i. 50-4
bifida, i. 504, 601
bipinnata, i. 505
borbonica, i. 506
brachyptera, i. 506
davallioides, i. 527
dichotoma, i. 530
dimorpha, i. 531
Dregeana, i. 533
ferulacea, i. 539
flaccida, i. 572
inequalhs, i. 601
irregularis, i. 592
Mannii, i. 605
multifida, i. 617
nove-caledoniz, i. 622
obtusiloba, i. 624
pallida, i. 627
Powellii, i. 630
Richardi, i. 636
ruteefolia, i. 636
r. prolongata, i. 637
scandens, i. 642
Thunbergii (syn. of auricn- |
lata), i. 501
tunbridgensis minor, ii. 330
violescens, i. 601
vivipara, i. 662
v. nobilis, i. 663
Dargle Fern, iii. 247
Davallia, ii. 112
aculeata, ii. 117
affinis, il. 118
alata, li. 128
alpina, ii. 118
amboynensis, ii. 119
angustata, ii. 119
assamica, ii. 120
bifida, ii. 120
Blumeana, ii. 121
brachycarpa (var. of gib-
berosa), il. 152
brachypoda, ii. 121
bullata, ii. 121
ealvescens, ii. 140
canariensis, li. 122
caudigera, ii. 159
cherophylla, ii. 123
ciliata, ii. 124
Clarkei, ii. 124
contigua, ii. 124
decurrens, ii. 124
Denhami, ii. 125
dissecta, ii. 125
divaricata, il. 125
dubia, ii. 127
elegans, ii. 127
e. dissecta, ii. 125
e. elata, ii. 128
e. polydactyla, ii. 128
Emersoni, ii. 128
epipbylla, ii. 129
falcinella, ii. 129
ferruginea, ii. 129
ferulacea, ii. 129
fijiensis, ii. 130
f. major, ii. 151
f. plumosa, ii. 131
Davallia (cont.):
firma, ii. 135
foeniculacea, ii. 131
fumarioides, ii. 132
Gaimardiana, ii. 146
gibberosa, ii. 132
g. brachyearpa, ii. 132
Goudotiana, ii. 132
Griffithiana, ii. 133
hemiptera, ii. 152
heterophylla, ii. 133
hirsuta, ii. 134
hirta, ii. 135
h. cristata, ti. 135
Hookeri, ii. 124
Hookeriana, ii. 136
hymenophylla, ii. 137
hymenophylloides, ii. 137
immersa, ii. 137
Imrayana, ii. 138
khasyana, li. 154
Kunzeana, ii. 356
Lenormandi, ii. 138
Lindleyi, ii. 153
Lobbiana, ii. 139
lonchitidea, ii. 149
Lorrainii, ii. 139
majuscula, ii. 139
Mannii, ii. 140
marginalis, ii. 140
Mariesii, ii. 140
M. cristata, ii. 142
mauritiana, ii. 142
meifolia, ii. 142
membranulosa, ii. 142
moluccana, ii. 143
Mooreana, ii. 145
Moorei, ii. 143
multidentata, ii. 143
nigrescens, ii. 14
nodosa, ii. 144
novees-zelandis, ii. 144
ornata (var. of (solida,
ii. 153
pallida, ii. 145
parallela, ii. 146
Parkeri, ii. 146
parvula, ii. 146
pectinata, ii. 147
pedata, 11. 148
pentaphylla, ii. 148
pinnata, ii. 148
platyphylla, ii. 149
polyantha, ii. 125
polydactyla (var.
gans), ii. 128
polypodioides, ii. 154
pulchella, ii. 150
pulchra, ii. 123
pyxidata, ii. 150
repens, ii. 151
retusa, ii. 152
scaberula, ii. 135
scabra, ii. 140
Schlechtendahli, ii. 152
sessilifolia, ii. 153
solida, ii. 153
s. ornata, ii. 153
spelunce, ii. 157
strigosa, ii. 154
of ele-
Davallia (cont.) :
strigosa rhomboidea, ii. 155
tenuifolia, ii. 155
t. stricta, ii. 156
t. Veitchiana, ii. 156
trichomanoides, ii. 129, 157
trichosticha, ii. 157
triquetra, 11. 158
Tyermanni, ii. 158
urophylla, ii. 159
vestita, ii. 159
villosa, ii. 1-40)
Wilfordii, ii. 159
Davalliex, ii. 12, 584
Decorative purposes, classifi- |
cation for, i. 8-102
Deep-cut Bladder Fern, ii. 19
Dennstexdtia, i. 166, 167.
See Dicksonia
davallioides, ii. 177
d. Youngii, ii. 178
punctiloba, ii. 183
Deparia, ii. 160
concinna, ii. 161
Macriei, ii. 163
Matthewsii. ii. 161
Moorei, ii. 161
nephrodioides, ii. 161
prolifera, ii. 163
Desmobrya, ii. 114, iii. 84.
See Davallia
Diacalpe, it. 164
aspidioides, 1. 164
Diblemma, iii. 86
Dicksonia, ii. 166
abrupta, ii. 169
adiantoides, li. 169
antarctica, li. 170)
anthriscifolia (var. of rubi-
ginosa), li. 185
apiifolia, ii. 171
appendiculata, ii. 172
arborescens, ii. 172
assamica, ii. 173
Barometz, ii. 173
Berteroana, ii. 173
Blumei, ii. 175
Brackenridgei, u. 174
Chamissoi, il. 174
chrysotricha, ii. 174
cicutaria, ii. 175
c. dissecta, ii. 175
c. erosa, li. 175
c. incisa, ii. 175
c. tenera, ii. 175
Culcita, ii. 176
cuneata, ii. 177
davallioides, ii. 177
d. Youngii, ii. 178
Deplanchei, ii. 178
dissecta (var. of cicutaria),
175
dubia, 11. 127
Elwesii, ii. 178
erosa (var. of cicutaria), il.
175
fibrosa, ii. 179
flaccida, ii. 179
glauea, ii. 179
cuatemalensis, ii. 180
Dicksonia (cont.) :
Hairy, ii. 183
Henriettw ii. 180
incisa (var. of cicutaria), ii.
175
Lathami, ii. 180
Lindeni, ii. 183
magnifica, ii. 175
Menziesii, ii. 181
M. pruinata, ii. 182
moluceana, ii. 182
pilosiuscula, ii. 184
Plumieri, ii. 183
pruinata (var. of Menziesii)
ii. 182
punctiloba, ii. 183
regalis, ii, 184
rubiginosa, ii. 184
xr. anthriscifolia, ii, 185
samoensis, ti. 185
seabra, ii. 185
Schiedei, ii. 186
Sellowiana, ii. 186
speciosa, ii. 175
spectabilis, ii. 188
Spruceana, ii. 186
squarrosa, ii. 187
strigosa, ii. 185
tenera (var. of cicutaria),
uu. 175
thyrsopteroides, ii. 188
Wendlandii, ii. 188
Youngiew, 1. 188
Dicksoniew, ii. 164, 166; iti.
11, 341
Diclosodon, ii. £65
Dictymia, iii. 86
Dictyogramme, ii. 232. See
Gymnogramme
japonica, ii. 256
j. tassellata, ii, 257
Dictyopteris, iii. 87. See
Polypodium
Barberi, ili. 109
cameroouiana, lii, 115
Cumingiana, iii. 168
difformis, iii. 126
ferruginea, iii. 136
heterosora, iii. 149
irregularis, iii. 126
macrodon, ili. 168
mezalocarpa, il. 172
polycarpa, iii. 197
sparsiflora, iii. 216
Tatei, iii, 224
tenerifrons, iii.
Dictyoxiphium, ii. 190
panamense, ii. 190
Didymochlwna, 1. 192
lunulata, ii. 193
polycarpa, ii. 194.
p. asplenioides, ii. 194
truncatula, ii. 193
Didymoglossum, iii. 557
Diellia. ii. 350. See Lindsaya
erecta, ii. 358
faleata, ii. 355
Michleriana, ii. 363
pumila, ii. 365
OOS
ees)
Digrammaria, ii. 23
Dimensions of Ferns, i. 19-28
Diplazium, i. 480. See Asple-
nium
ambiguum, i. 646
arborescens, i. 408
Arnottii, i. 499
bantamense, 1. 503
Brackenridgei, i. 507
chinense, i. 519
crenulatum, i. 524
cultrifolium, i. 526
cyathewfolium, i. 527
flavescens, i. 573
flexuosum, i. 573
Franconis, i. 578
giganteum, i. 633
Glaziovii, i. 587
Godichandii, i. 583
gracilescens, i. 584
grammitoides, i. 584
grandifolium, i. 584
herbaceum, i. 587
hians, i. 588
japonicum, i. 593
Klotzschii, i. 593
lanceum, i. 598
latifolium, i. 599
Lechleri, i. 600
maximum, i. 613
melanocaulon, i. 613
plantagineum, i. 629
polypodioides, i. 630
radicans, i. 632
sandwichianum, i. 641
Schkuhrii, i. 642
Seemannii, i. 643
Shepherdi, i. 645
S. inequilaterum, i. 646
speciosum, i. 647
Sprucei, i. 648
sylvaticum, i. 649
Thwaitesil, i. 651
zeylanicum, i. 665
Diplora, ii. 196
integrifolia, ii. 196
Dipteris, iii. 87, 127.
Polypodium
See
Distribution of Ferns, geo-
graphical, i. 4
Division, propagation by, i.
129
Doodia, ii. 198
aspera, li. 199
a. corymbifera, ii. 200
a. multifida, ii. 200
blechnoides, ii. 200
Brackenridgei (var. of
media), ii. 204
caudata, ii. 202
ce. confluens, ii 202
ce. Harryana, ii. 202
connexa (var. of media),
ii, 205
dives, ii. 203
duriuscula (var. of media),
li, 205
Doodia (cont.):
Harryana (var. of caudata),
ii. 202
Kunthiana (var. of media),
ii, 205
linearis, ii. 202
lunulata, ii. 203
media, i. 203
m. Brackenridgei, ii. 204
m. connexa, li. 205
m. duriuscula, ii. 205
m. Kunthiana, ii. 205
m. Milnei, ii. 205
m. Moorei, ii. 205
Doryopteris, ili, 254.
Pteris
collina, iii. 288
decora, iii. 270
ludens, iii. 283
nobilis, iii, 287
ornithopus, iii. 288
palmata, ili. 288
p. argenteo-striata, iii. 289
pedata, iii. 290
sagittifolia, iii. 293
Double Maidenhair, i. 275
Drooping Ferns, i. 69
Drymoglossum, ii. 206
carnosum, ii. 207
vc. minor, ii. 207
c. subcordatum, ii. 207
piloselloides, ii. 208
rigidum, ii. 209
Drynaria, iii. 87.
podium
conjugata, iii. 118
coronans, iii. 118, 147
diversifolia, iii. 204
Fortunei, iii. 138
Heracleum, iii. 147
Linnei, iii, 164
Meyeniana, iii. 173
mollis, iii. 204
morbillosa, ili. 147
philippinensis, iii. 175
propinqna, iii. 198
quercifolia, iii. 201
rigidula, iii. 204
rivalis, ili. 204
splendens, iii. 216
vulgaris and vars., iii. 193
See Puly-
Dryopteris, it. 463
Dryostachyum, iii. 86
Druery, Mr. C. T., on apos-
pory, i. 139
Drying fronds, i. 103
Dwarf Ferns, i. 23
Earth-worms, i. 176
Edible Fern of Tasmania,
iii. 260
Egenolfia, i. 180. See Acros-
tichum
appendiculata, i. 18-4
Elaphoglossum, i. 180.
Acrostichum
apodum, i. 184
Blanchettii, i. 205
callefolium, i. 205
curvans, i. 234
dimorphun, i. 199
dissimile, i. 234
Gardnerianum, i. 202
heteromorphum, i. 204
Karstenianum, i. 234
latifolium, i. 205
lepidotum, i. 207
leptophyllum, i. 207
Lindeni, i. 207
lineare, i. 208
Lingua, i. 208
longifolinm, i. 205
luridum, i. 208
magnum, i. 209
Matthewsii, i. 210
melanopus, i. 210
micradenium, i. 210
stigmatolepis, i. 229
tomentosum, i. 232
tovareuse, i, 205
t. curvans, i. 236
t. dissimile, i. 236
t. Karstenianum, i. 236
t. xanthoneuron, i. 236
xanthoneuron, i. 236
Elephant’s-ear Fern, i. 195
Elk’s-horn Ferns, iii. 74
English Maidenhair, i. 652
Polypody, iii. 233
Equisetum, iii. 407
Eremobrya, iii. 84
Eupodium, ii, 436.
Marattia
Kaulfussii, ii. 444
Evergreen Wood Fern, ii.
541
See
F.
Fadyenia, ii. 210
prolifera, ii. 211
Falkland Islands Shield Fern,
i, 462
Fancy ways of growing Ferns,
i. 161
Fan-Palm Fern, i. 236
Feather Fern, iii. 354
Fecundity, i. 108
Feea, iii. 358.
manes
botryoides, ili. 364
elegans, ili. 366
nana, iii. 364
spicata, iii. 382
Female Buckler Fern, ii. 576
Fern-cases, i. 161
Ferneries, i. 144
Fertilisation and propagation,
i. 108
Filicales, i. 108
See Tricho-
Filices, the Natural Order of
Ferns, i. 108
Fillet Ferns, iii. 343
See
Filmy Ferns, i. 73; ii. 299;
iii. 348, 357:
In cases, i. 163
New Zealand, iii. 354
Tunbridge Wells, ii. 330
Wilson’s, ii. 332
Fine-cut Stone Fern, ii. 98
Finger Fern, i. 514
Floating Stag’s-horn Fern, ii.
27
Florida Blechnum, ii. 13
Wood Fern, ii. 522
Flowering Fern, i. 380; iii. 30:
Indian, ii. 279
Mexican, ii. 372
Foes, insect, &c., i. 169
Forked Maidenhair, i. 644
Spleenwort, i. 6143
Forster Collection of Filmy
Ferns, i. 75, 77
Fragrant Wood Fern, ii. 523
Frankincense Fern, ii. 455
French Fern, i. 487
Fronds, drying, i. 103
Fumigation, i. 170
G.
Galeoglossa, iii. 86
Garden varieties, i. 10, 126
Gigantic non arborescent
Ferns, i. 19
Glaphyropteris, iii. 86
Glass for Ferneries, i. 145
Gleichenia, ii. 212
acutifolia, ii. 228
alpina (var. of dicarpa), ii.
219
Bancroftii, 11. 223
Bibree, ii. 215
bifurecata, ii. 222
Boryi, ii. 215
bracteata, ii, 222
circinata, ii. 216
v. glauca, ii. 216
c. Mendelli, ii. 216
c. semi-vestita, ii. 217
ce. speluncee. ii. 217
eryptovarpa, ii. 218
Cunningbami, ii. 218
dicarpa, ii. 219
d. alpina, ii. 219
d. hecistophylla, 11, 219
d. longipinnata, ii. 220
dichotoma, ii. 220
excelsa, ii. 223
flabeNata. ii. 222
flagellaris, ii, 222
furcata, ii, 228
gigantea, ii, 223
glauea, ii, 223
hecistophylla (var. of
dicarpa), ii. 219
Hermanni, ii. 221
levigata, ii. 222
longipinnata (vars. of
dicarpa and pubescens),
1. 220, 228
Gleichenia (cont.):
longissima, ii, 223
Matthewsii, i. 228
Mendelli (var. of circinata),
il. 216
microphylla, ii. 216
Milnei, ii. 224
moniliformis, ii. 225
Norrisii, ii. 225
pectinata, 11. 225
pedalis, ii. 226
pinnata, ii. 223
plumeformis, ii. 222
polypodioides, ii. 226
pubescens, ii. 226
p. longipinnata, ii. 228
quadripartita, ii, 228
revoluta, ii. 228
r. vestita, ii. 230
rufinervis, ii. 221
rupestris, li. 229
x. glaucescens, ii. 229
semivestita (var. of circi-
nata), ii. 217
simplex, ii. 229
spelunce (var. of
nata), ii. 217
tenera, ll. 229
tomentosa, ii. 228
umbraculifera, ii. 230
vestita, ii. 230
Gleicheniaces, ii. 212, iii. 82
Glyphotenium, ili. 86
Golden Polypody, iii. 104
Gold Fern, Californian, ii. 275
Ferns, i. 49, ii. 231
Ferns, King of the, ii. 239
Maidenhair Ferns, ii. 601
Goniophlebium, iii. 88. See
Polypodium
adnatum, ili. 94
amoenum, ili. 99
appendiculatum, iii. 197
argutum, ili. 103
Beddomei, iti. 110
brasiliense, iii. 113
californicum, ili. 114
Catharine, iii, 116
Catherine, iii. 167
caudiceps, iii. 116
chnoodes, iii. 117
ciliatum (var. of pilosel-
loides), iii. 195
colpodes, iii. 196
cordatum, iii. 119
cuspidatum, iii. 188
dissimile, iii. 117
ensiforme, iii. 134
erythrocarpum, iii. 134
fraxinifolium, iii. 139
glaucophyllum, iii. 142
gonatodes, iii. 196
grandiceps, iii. 144
grandidens (var. of persice-
folium), iii. 189
guatemalense, iii. 145
harpeodes, iii. 167
incanum, iii, 152
circi-
lachnopus, iii. 157
Goniophlebium (coné.):
latipes (var. of loriceum),
iii. 167
lepidopteris, iii. 160
1. rufalum, iii. 160
1. sepultum, iii. 161
loriceum, iii. 166
1. latipes, iii. 167
menisciifolium, ili. 173
molle, iii. 110
neriifolium, iii. 113
niponicum, iii. 180
patens, iil. 185
persicefolium, iii. 188
p. grandidens, iii. 189
piloselloides and vars., iii.
194, 195
platylepis, iii. 195
plectolepis, iii. 196
plesiosorum, iii, 196
p. appendiculatum, iii. 197
pubescens, iii. 199
rhodopleuron, iii. 196
Scouleri, iii. 212
sepultum, iii. 161
serratifolium (var. of sub-
auriculatum), iii. 220
squamatum, iii. 217
subauriculatum, iii. 219
s. serratifolium, iii. 220
surrucuchense, lii. 223
thyssanolepis, iil. 226
trilobum, iii, 228
vacciniifolium, ili. 230
vacillans, iii. 167
verrucosum, iii. 232
villosum, iii. 232
Goniopteris, iii. 88. See Poly-
podium
androgyna, iii. 100
asplenioides (var. of rep-
tans), iii. 203
borneensis, iii. 113
costata, iii. 119
crenata, iii. 120
diversifolia, iii. 129
Eatoni, iii. 133
excelsa, iii. 134
Ghiesbreghtii, iii. 141
Hillii, iii. 150
meniscioides, iii. 173
multilineata, iii. 177
muricata, iii. 177
oligophlebia, iii. 180
oppositifolia, iii. 180
pennigera, iii. 188
prolifera, iii. 197
refracta, iii. 202
reptans, iii. 203
r, asplenioides, iii. 203
rubrinervis (var. of uro-
phylia), ii. 230
sandvicensis, iii. 218
stegnogrammoides, iii. 218
tetragona, iii. 100
tomentosa, ili. 226
urophylla, iii. 230
u. rubronervis, ili. 230
Grammitidea, i. 492; ii. 206,
231, 282, 346, 458, 601;
iii. 343, 387
Grammitis, ii. 233, ili. 88.
See Polypodinm
australis, ii. 108
bisnleata, iii. 112
Ceterach, i. 514
Deplanchei, iii. 126
fasciata, iii. 135
graminea, iii. 145
marginella, iii. 170
Pervillei, ii. 189
sessilifolia, iii. 213
Grape-Fern, Lanceolate, ii. 19
Virginian, ii. 22
Green fly, i. 169, 174
Greenhou<e, selections for the,
i. 8-102
temperatures, i. 27
Green Spleenwort, 1. 660
Gymnocarpium, iii. 86
Gymnogramme, ii. 251
abyssinica, li. 234
alismeefolia, ii. 235
Alstonia (var. of calome-
lanos chrysophyl'a), ii.
240
Andersoni, ii. 235
angustifrons, ii. 236
argentea, li. 236
w. aurea, li. 236
ascensionis, li. 236
aspidioides, li. 237
asplenioides, ii. 237
aurea (var. of argentea), ii.
236
anreo-nitens, ii. 237
aurita, ii. 238
borneensis, ii. 238
calomelanos, ii. 238
. chrysophylla, ii. 239
c. Alstonia, ii. 240
v. grandiceps, ii. 240
v. Laucheana, ii. 241
.o. L. grandiceps, ii. 241
.¢. L’Herminieri, ii. 241
vc. Martensi, i. 241
c. Massoui, ti. 242
.c. Parsonsii, il. 242
. peruviana, ii. 243
. p. argyrophylla, ii, 243
.p. Mayii, li. 243
caracasana, ii. 243
caudiformis, ii. 244
cherophylla, ii. 244
cheilanthoides, ii. 245
chrysophylla (var. of calo-
melanos), ii. 239
cordata, ii. 246
dealbata, ii. 273
decomposita, ii. 247
diplazioides, ii, 248
elegantissima, ii. 248
elliptica, ii. 248
Féei, ii. 249
ferruginea, ii. 249
f. lanata, ii. 250
flabellata, ii. 250
flexuosa, ii. 250
vu
C
c
Cc
c
Cc.
Cc
u
c
c
443
Gymnogramme (cont.) :
Gardneri, ii. 250
gloriosa (var. of schizo-
phyla), ii. 271
gracilis, ii, 251
grandis, ii. 252
Hamiltoniana, ii. 252
Hanghtoni, ii. 252
heterocarpa, ii. 253
hirsutula, ii, 253
hirta, ii. 253
hispida, ii. 253
Hookeri, ii. 254
incisa, li. 255
insignis, ii. 255
involuta, ii. 255
japonica, ii. 256
j. tessellata, ii. 257
javanica, ii, 257
lanata (var. of ferruginea),
ii, 250
lanceolata, ii. 258
Lathamie, ii, 258
Laucheana (var. of calo-
melanos chrysophylla),
ii, 241
Lechleri, ii. 259
leptophylla, 1. 259
L’Herminieri (var. of calo-
melanos chrysophylla), ii.
241
Lobbiana, ii. 261
Lowei, li. 274
macrophylla, ii. 261
Maingayi, ii. 261
marginata, ii. 262
Martensii (var. of calomel-
anos chrysophylla), ii.
241
Massoni (var. of calomel-
anos chrysophylla), ii.
242
Matthewsii, ii. 262
Mayii (var. of calomelanos
peruviana), ii. 243
mexicana, ii. 262
microphylla, ii. 263
mohriexformis, ii. 263
Muelleri, i. 263
myriophylla, ii, 264
obtusifolia, ii. 265
ochracea (var. of tartarea),
il. 273
opaca, ii. 265
Ottonis, 11. 265
palmata, ii. 266
Parsonsii (var. of calo-
melanos chrysophylla),
li. 242
Pearcei, ii. 266
P. robusta, ii. 267
pedata, ii. 267
peruviana (var. of
melanos), li. 243
pilosa, ii. 268
pinnata, 11. 268
polypodioides, ii. 268
pulchella, ii. 268
p. Wettenhalliana, ii. 269
pumila, ii. 269
calo-
44.4,
INDEX.
Gymnogramme (cont.):
reniformis, ii. 270
rufa, ii. 270
ruteefolia, ii. 270
schizophylla, ii. 271
s. gloriosa, ii. 271
Schomburgkiana, ii. 272
Steltzneri (var. of tarta-
rea), ii, 274
sulphurea, ii. 272
tartarea, ii. 273
t. ochracea, 11. 273
t. Steltzneri, ii. 274
tomentosa, ii. 274
Totta, ii. 274
triangularis, ii. 275
trifoliata, ii. 275
vestita, ii. 276
villosa, li. 277
Wallichii, ii. 278
Wettenhalliana (var. of
pulchella), ii. 269
Wrightii, ii. 278
Gymnopteris, i.
Acrostichum
aliena, i. 183
contaminans, i. 233
costata, i. 233
erispulata, i. 233
flagellifera, i. 200
gaboonensis, i. 202
Harlandii, i. 203
Linnzana, i. 208
nicotianefolia, i. 212
oligarchica, i. 213
Presliana, i. 220
prolifera, i. 233
punctulata, i. 220
quercifolia, i. 221
repanda, i. 221
subrepanda, i. 230
taccefolia, i. 230
t. triloba, i. 231
terminans, i. 233
triloba, i. 231
variabilis, i. 232
virens, i. 233
. contaminans, i. 233
. costata, i. 233
. erispulata, i. 233
. prolifera, i. 233
v. terminans, i. 233
Gynosorium, iii. 86
Gymnotheca, ii. 436.
Marattia
alata, ii. 438
cicutefolia, ii. 440
Douglasii, ii. 441
laxa, ii. 445
180. See
Vv
Vv
v.
¥
See
H.
Hairy Dicksonia, ii. 183
Haplodictyum, ii. 463
Hard Fern, ii. 407
Hardy Fernery, i. 157
Hare’s-foot, ii. 112
Common, ii. 122
Hartstongue, iii. 314
Common, ili. 320
Hay-scented Ferns, ii. 183,
467
Hecistopteris, ii. 233
Helminthostachys, ii, 279
dulcis, ii. 280
zeylanica, ii. 280
Hemestheun, ii. 463
Hemidictyum, i. 480.
Asplenium
Ceterach and vars., i. 513-
518
Finlaysonianum, i. 570
Ghiesbreghtii, i. 583
marginatum, i. 605
Hemionitis, ii. 281
citrifolia, ii. 282
cordata, ii. 282
Griffithii, ii, 283
hedereefolia, ii. 284
lanceolata, ii. 284
palmata, ii. 284
pinnata, ii. 285
Zollingeri, ii. 285
Hemiphlebium, iii. 357
Hemitelia, ii. 286
andina, il. 287
apiculata, ii. 288
bella, ii. 288
calolepis, ii. 288
capensis, ii. 288
costaricensis, ii. 290
decipiens, ii. 290
denticulata, ii. 291
Durvillei, ii. 297
grandifolia, ii. 291
horrida, ii, 292
Karsteniana, ii. 292
Lindeni, ii. 292
Lindigii, ii. 293
macrocarpa, ii. 293
Melleri, ii. 293
Moorei, ii. 293
multiflora, ii. 294
petiolata, ii, 29-4
platylepis, ii. 294
setosa, li. 295
Smithii, ii. 296
speciosa, ii. 296
tahitensis, ii. 297
Walkera, ii. 297
Wilsoni, ii. 298
Hemlock Spleenwort, i. 519
Herbaria, drying fronds for,
i. 103
Heterogonium, ii. 233
Heterophlebium, iii. 255. See
Pteris
grandifolium, iii. 275
lomariaceum, ili. 281
Hewardia, i. 241, 243
adiantoides, i. 292
dolosa, i. 280
Holcochlena, iii.
Pella
angulosa, ili. 48
Burkeana, iii. 54
Holcosorus, iii. 86
pentagonus, iii, 112
See
45. See
Holly Fern, i. 458
Horned Maidenhair, i. 644
Moss, i. 644
Houses for Ferns, i. 144
Humata, ii.113. See Davallia
alpina, ii. 118
angustata, ii. 119
heterophylla, ii. 133
Imrayana, ii. 138
parallela, ii. 146
pectinata, ii. 147
pedata, ii. 148
sessilifolia, ii. 153
Tyermanni, ii. 158
' vestita, ii. 159
Hybridising, i. 124
Hydroglossum, ii. 424.
Lygodium
Lindeni, ii. 427
madagascariense, ii. 428
' Hymenodium crinitum (syn.
See
of Acrostichum crini-
tum), i. 195
Hymenolepis. i. 180. See
Acrostichum
californica, ii. 36
capensis, ii. 36
platyrhynchos, i. 218
spicata, i. 227
Hymenophyllee, ii. 299, 421;
iii. 357
Hymenophyllum, ii. 299
abruptum, ii. 302
eruginosum, ii. 302
andinum, ii. 303
asplenioides, ii. 303
attenuatum, ii. 319
axillare, ii. 304
badium, ii. 304
barbatum, ii. 305
bivalve, ii. 305
Blumeanum (var. of poly-
anthos), ii. 324, 325
borneense, ii. 305
Boryanum, ii. 307
brevifrons, ii. 302
Bridgesii, ii. 306
capillaceum, ii. 306
Catherine, ii. 306
caudiculatum, ii. 306
Cheesemanni, ii. 307
chiloense, ii. 307
ciliatum, ii. 307
ec. erispatum, ii. 308
crispatum, ii. 308
crispum, ii. 808
cruentum, ii. 308
demissum, ii. 309
denticulatum, ii. 310
dichotomum, ii. 310
dilatatum, ii. 311
elasticum, ii. 311
elegans, ii. 318
exsertum, ii. 311
falklandicum, ii. 312
fimbriatum, ii. 317
flabellatum, ii. 312
flexuosum, ii. 313
Forsterianum, ii. 313
fuciforme, ii, 314
Hymenophyllum (cont.):
gracile, ii. 314
Gunnii, ii. 315
hirsutum, ii. 315
hirtellum, ii. 315
interruptum, ii. 316
Jamesoni, ii. 316
javanicum, ii. 307
j. crispatum, ii. 308
j. flexuosum, ii. 313
khasianum, ii. 307
lanceolatum, ii. 317
L’Herminieri, ii. 318
Lindeni, ii. 318
lineare, ii. 318
magellanicum, ii. 319
Malingii, ii. 319
marginatum, ii. 319
microcarpum, ii. 319
microphyllum, ii. 320
microsorum, ii. 320
mnioides, ii. 320
Moorei, ii. 321
multifidum, ii. 321
myriocarpum, ii. 321
Neesii, ii. 322
nitens, ii. 312
nitidum, ii. 312
nudum, 1i, 322
obtusum, ii. 322
parvifolium, ii, 323
pastoense, ii. 323
pectinatum, ii. 323
Plumieri, ii. 308
polyanthos, ii. 324
p. Blumeanum, ii. 325
p- microsorum, ii. 321
protrusum, ii. 324
pulcherrimum, ii. 301, 325
pumilum, ii. 325
rarum, ii. 326
r. imbricatum, ii. 326
recurvum, ii. 326
reniforme, ii. 326
sabinefolium, ii. 326
seabrum, il. 327
sericeum, ii. 327
Simonsianum, ii. 328
Smithii, ii. 328
Sprucei, ii. 329
tasmanicum, ii. 317
tenellum, ii. 329
tenerrimum, ii. 329
tortuosum, ii. 330
triangulare, ii. 330
tunbridgense, ii. 330
undulatum, ii. 332
unilaterale, ii. 332
valvatum, il. 334
Wilsoni, ii. 333
Zollingerianum, ii, 334
Hymenostachys, iii. 357
Hypodematium, ii. 463
Hypoderris, ii. 335
Brownii, ii. 336
Seemanni, i. 337
Hypolepis, ii. 338
amaurorachis, ii. 339
anthriscifolia, ii. 340
Bergiana, ii. 341
INDEX.
445
Hypolepis californica (syn. of
Cheilanthes californica),
11.35, 342
distans, ii, 342
hostilis, 11, 342
millefolium, ii. 342
nigrescens, ii. 343
Purdieana, ii. 343
radiata, il. 55, 343
repens, li. 344
spectablis (syn. of Cheilan-
thes chlorophyVa), ii. 36
tenuifolia, ii. 344
Indian Flowering Fern, ii. 279
Indusium, i. 109
Insect pests, i. 169
Intramarginal sori, i. 109
Involueraria, iii. 357
Irish Polypody, iii. 246
Isoetes. iii. 407
Tsoloma, ii. 351.
saya
divergens, ii. 356
elongata, ii. 357
lanuginosa, ii. 361
microphylla, ii. 363
reniformis, ii. 366
retusa (syn.
retusa), ii. 152
sagittata, ii. 367
trichomanoides, ii. 369
Walkere, ii. 370
Ivy-leaved Fern, ii. 281
Fern, Common, ii. 284
J.
Jamesonia, ti. 346
imbricata, ii. 347
i. canescens, ii. 347
i. Pearcei, ii. 347
i. verticalis, ii. 347
Juno’s-hair Fern, i. 254
K.
Kaulfussia, ii. 348
eesculifolia, ii. 348
assamica, ii. 348
Kidney Fern, New Zealand,
iii. 380
Killarney Fern, iii. 376
Knagged Moss, i. 644
L.
Lace Fern. ii. 44, 52
Lacostea, iii. 347
Ladder Ferns, ii. 583
Lady Fern, i. 541
Lamb, Vegetable, ii. 173
Lanceolate Grape Fern, ii. 19
Lastrea, ii. 463.
See Lind-
of Davallia
See Aspi-
dium and Nephrodium
abrupta, ii. 166
acuta, il. 466
wmula and vats., ii.
469
albo-punctata, ii. 469
alsophilacea, ii. 470
ampla, 11. 471
amplissima, ii. 470
angustifrons, ii. £71
apiciflora, ii, 471
arborescens, ii. 472
aristata, 1. 445, 11. 553
a. variegata, i. 444
ascensionis. ii. 474
atrata, ii. 530
attenuata, ii. L74
augescens, ii. 567
aureo-vestita, ii. 475
barbigera, li. 475
Beddomei, ii. 476
Bergiana, ii. £76)
Blumei, ii. 534
Boivini, ii. 477
Bojeri, ii. 477
Boottii (var. of spinulosa),
li. 572
borneensis, il. +77
Boryana, ii. 478
Brackenridgei, ii. 479
Brauniana, ii. 479 |
Brunoniana, ii. 479 |
Buchanani, ii. 480 }
cana, li. 480
catopteron, il. 481
chinensis, ii. 481
chrysoloba, ii. £81
cirrhosa, ii. 482 |
Clarkei, ii. 482 |
cochleata, ii. 483
concinna, li. 483
costalis, ii, 484 |
crassifolia, ii. 454
crinita, i1. 485
cristata and vars., ji. 485. |
489
cubensis, ii. 489
Currori, ii. 490
cuspidata, ii. 490
davallioides, ii. 491
decipiens, ii. 491
decomposita, ii. 491
d. glabella, ii. 492
decurrens, ii. 493
decursivo-pinnata, ii. 493
deltoidea, ii. 494
deparioides, ii. 495 |
dilatata and vars., ii. 495--
502
diplazioides, ii. 502
dissecta, ii. 503
Eatoni, ii. 504
effusa, ii. 50+ |
elongata (var. of Filix-mas), |
ii. 514
Elwesii, ii. 505
eriocarpa, ii. 552
eriocaulon, ii. 505
erythrosora, 1. 505
467-
Lastrea (cont.):
Fairbankii, ii. 576
Falconeri, ii. 507
ferruginea, ii. 518
Filix-mas and vars., i}, 509-
521
F.-m. abbreviata, ii. 559
firmifolia, ii. 521
Fischeri, ti. 521
flaccida, ii. 521
flexuosa, ii. 522
floridana, ii. 522
foenisecii, ii, £67
fragrans, ii. 523
Fraseri, ii. S04 :
funesta, ii. 574
Funkii, ii. 524
fureata, ii. 524
Gardneriana, ii. 525
glabella (var. of decompo-
sita), ii, £2
glabra, 11. 525
Goldieana, ii. 526
gracilescens, ii. 527
gracilis (var. of sparsa), ii
571
Grisebachii, ii. 528
guatemalensis, iy, 220
Harveyi, ii. 529
hirtipes, ii. 530
hirta, ii. 531
hispida, ii. 532
Hopeana, ii. 523
Hornei, 11. 523
inequalis, ii. 523
insignis, li. 534
intermedia, ii. 534
Jenmani, ii. 535
Karwinskyana, ii. 535
Kaulfussii, ii. 536
lanceolata, ii. 586
lanciloba, ii. 536
latifrons, ii. 537 |
lepida, ii. 537
lepidota (var. of dilatata), |
ii. 501
Lepinei, ii. 538
Leprieurii, ii. 538
Lindeni, ii. 539
macrocarpa, i. 604
marginals, ii. 541
m. elegans, ii. 542
Malimowiczil, ii. 542
membranifolia, ii. 503
microbasis, li. 543
microsora, ii. 544
Milnei, ii. 544
montana and vars., ii. 547-
549
Napoleonis, ii. 550
noveboracensis, ii. 551
obtusiloba, ii. 552
odorata, ii. 552
opaca, ii. 553 |
Oreopteris, ii. 547
palustris, 11. 554 |
Parishii, ii. 555 |
patens, ii. 556
p. superba, ii. 556 i
patula, ii. 556 I
Lastrea (cont.
pedata, ii. 55
pilosissima, ii. 574
platypus, ii. 557
podophylla, ii. 558
Prenticei, ii. 55
Preslii, ii. 558
prolifiea, ii. 559
propinqua, ii. 510, 559
pseudo-mas, ii. 510,
560
pubescens, ii. 560
pumila (var. of Filix-mas),
ii. 498
purpurascens, ii. 570
Raddiana, ii. 581
recedens, ii. 561
recurva, ii. 467
remota, ii. 562
Richardsi, ii. 962
R. multifida, ii, 563
rigida, ii. 563
r. arguta, ii, 565
r. pallida, ii. 564
Salvini, ii. 565
sancta, li. 565
seabrosa, ii. 566
semihastata, ii. 567
setigera, ii. 567
setosa, li. 568
Sieboldii, ii. 568
Sloanei, il. 570
sparsa, li. 570
s. gracilis, ii. 571
Spekei, ii. 571
spinulosa and vars., ii. 571-
574
s. dilatata, ii. 495
8. remota, li. 562
Sprengelii, ii. 574
Sprucei, ii. 574
Standishii, i. 457
subquinquefida, ii. 57h
tenericaulis, ii. 567
tenuifolia, ii. 576
Thelypteris, ii. 576
Thwaitesii, ii. 577
tomentosa, 11. 577
undulata, ii. 578
varia (syn. of Aspidium
varium), i. £76, ii. 580
vestita, ii. 581
villosa, ii. 581
viscosa, ii. 581
Vogelli, ii. 574
Walker, ii. 582
Wardii, ii. 582
Lecanium, iii. 357
Lecanopteris, iii. 86
Lepicystis, iil. 86.
podium
sepulta, ii. 161
):
5
es
511,
See Poly-
| Lepidocaulon, ii. 584
Leptochilus lomarioides, i. 191
| Leptocionium, ii. 300. See
Hymenophyllum
affine, ii. 828
holochilum, ii. 328
Preslii, ii. 328
serrulatum, ii. 328
446
INDEX.
Leptogramme, ii. 232. See
Gymnogramme
asplenioides, ii. 237
aurita, ii. 238
diplazioides, ii. 248
gracilis, ii, 251
grandis, ii. 252
opaca, ii. 265
pilosa, ii. 268
polypodioides, ii. 268
Totta, ii. 274
villosa, ii. 277
Leptopteris, iii.
Todea
Fraseri, iii. 350
grandipinnula, iii. 351
hymenophylloides, iii. 352
h. compacta, iii. 353
Moorei, iii. 353
pellucida, iii. 352
plumosa, iii. 354
superba, iti. 354
Wilkesiana, ili. 355
Leucostegia, ii. 113,114. See
Davallia
affinis, 1. 118
assamica, ii. 120
cherophylla, ii. 123
Clarkei, ii. 124
falcinella, ii. 129
ferulacea, ii. 129
hymenophylla, ii. 137
immersa, ii. 137
membranulosa, ii. 142
multidentata, ii. 143
nodosa, ii. 144
novee-zelandia, ii. 144
parvula, ii. 146
pulchra, ii. 123
Limestone Polypody, iii. 205
Lindsea, ii. 250. See Lind-
saya
Lindsaya, ii. 350
adiantoides, ii. 353
borneensis, ii. 353
botrychioides, ii. 353
Catherine, ii. 353
caudata (var. of trapezi-
formis), ii. 369
concinna, ii. 354
cordata, ii. 354
cultrata, ii. 354
davallioides, ii. 356
divergens, ii. 356
dubia, ii. 356
elegans, ii. 368
elongata, ii. 357
ensifolia, ii. 357
e. Griffithiana, ii. 359
erecta, ii. 358
falcata, ii. 358
falciformis, ii. 358
filiformis, ii. 358
flabellulata, ii. 358
f. tenera, ii, 359
Fraseri, ii. 359
Griffithiana, ii. 357
Gueriniana, ii. 359
guianensis, ii. 360
g. botrychioides, ii. 353
348. See
Lindsaya heterophylla, ii.
360
h. Fraseri, ii, 361
horizontalis, ii. 369
humilis, ii. 353
Kirkii, ii. 361
lanuginosa, ii. 361
laxa (var. of trapeziformis),
ii. 369
L’Herminieri (var. of
trapeziformis), ii. 369
linearis, ii. 362
lobata, ii. 362
Lobbiana, 11. 354
Macgillivrayi, ii. 363
media, ii. 363
Michleriana, ii. 363
microphylla, ii. 363
oblongi olia, ii. 365
obtusa, i'. 362
ovata, ii. 364
parvula, ii. 364
pectinata, ii. 365
pendula, ii. 365
pumila, ii. 365
quadrangularis, ii. 369
recurvata, ii. 362
reniformis, ii. 366
retusa (syn. of
retusa), ii 152
rigida, ii. 367
sagittata, ii. 367
scandens, ii. 367
Seemanni, ii. 368
stricta, li. 368
tenera, ii. 368
trapeziformis, ii. 369
t. caudata, ii. 369
t. falciformis, ii. 358
t. laxa, ii. 369
t. L’ Herminieri, ii. 369
trichomanoides, ii. 369
Vieillardii, ii. 370
virescens, ii. 370
v. Vatherina, ii. 353
Walkera, ii. 370
Lindsayew, ii. 350, iii. 255
Lip Ferns, ii. 29:
Alabama, ii. 33, iii. 47
Californian, ii. 35
Cleveland’s, ii. 37
Clothed, ii. 62
Cooper’s (Mrs.), ii. 38
Plumier’s, ii. 50
Sticky, ii. 63
Webby, ii. 61
Woolly, ii. 47
Wright’s, il. 64
Lists, classified, i. 8-102
Litobrochia, iii, 254.
Pteris
aculeata, iii. 257
atrovirens, iii. 263
aurita (var. of incisa), iii.
278
brasiliensis (var. of denti-
culata), iii. 271
ciliaris, iii, 265
comans, iii. 266
Davallia
See
cv. Endlicheriana, iii. 266
Litobrochia (cont.):
Currori, iii. 269
denticulata, iii. 271
d. brasiliensis, iii. 271
elata, ili. 271
elegans, iii. 287
Fraseri, iii. 274
gigantea, iii. 274
grandis, iii. 287
Haenkeana, iii. 276
incisa, iti. 277
i. aurita, ili. 278
Kunzeana, iii. 279
lanceeefolia, iii. 279
leptophylla, iii. 280
macilenta, ili. 283
macroptera, ili. 284
marginata, iii. 255
Milneana, iii. 285
podophylla, iii. 290
pulchra, iii. 290
splendens, iii. 300
tripartita, iii, 286
vespertilionis, iii, 277
vestita, iii. 304
Vieillardi, iii. 304
Lizard, the, iii. 331
Llavea, ii. 372
cordifolia, ii. 373
Lomaria, ii. 374
acuminata, ii. 377
acuta, 11.377
adnata, ii. 378
alpina, ii. 378
andina, ii. 379
aspera, li. 379
attenuata, ii. 379
auriculata, ii. 380
australis, i. 330
Banksii, ii. 381
bipinnatifida (var. of dis-
color), 11. 387
blechnoides, ii. 381
Boryana, ii. 382
B. cycadoides, ii. 383
B. Dalgairnsix, ii. 383
B. robusta, ii. 383
capensis (var. of procera),
ii. 403
caudata, ii. 384
chilensis (var. of procera),
ii, 403
ciliata, ii. 385
ce. gigantea, ii. 385
Colensoi, ii. 401
costaricensis, ii. 385
crenulata, ii. 392
Cumingiana, ii. 401
eycadoides (var. of Bory-
ana), ii. 383
Dalgairnsiz (var. of Bory-
ana), ii, 383
Deplanchei, ii. 386
discolor, ii. 386
d. bipinnatifida, ii. 387
d. nuda, ii. 388
d. n. pulcherrima, ii. 389
diversifolia, ii. 389
Lomaria (cont.):
dura, ii. 389
elongata (var.
soni), ii, 401
emarginata, ii. 400
faleata, ii. 388
filiformis, ii. 390
fluviatilis, ii. 390
Fraseri, ii, 391
Germainii, ii. 392
Ghiesbreghtii, ii. 392
gibba, ii. 393
g. Bellii, ii. 394
g. crispa, ii. 394
g. platyptera, ii. 395
g. robusta, li. 395
g. rosea, ii. 396
. tincta, ii. 396
gigantea, ii. 380
Gilliesii (var. of procera),
ii. 405
glauca, ii. 396
Krebsii, iii. 317
lanceolata, ii. 397
Lenormandi, ji. 397
L’Herminieri, ii. 398
longifolia, ii. 405
magellanica, ii. 382
membranacea, ii. 399
nigra, ii. 399
nuda (var. of
ii. 388
onocleoides. ii. 399
opaca, ii. 400
ornifolia (var. of procera),
ii. 405
Patersoni, il. 401
P. elongata, ii. 401
Plumieri, ii. 402
procera, ii. 402
p. capensis, ii. 403
p. chilensis, ii. 403
p. Duttoni, ii. 404
p. Gilliesii, ii. 405
p. ornifolia, ii. 405
p. vestita, ii. £05
pumila, ii. 405
punctata, ii. 401
punctulata, ii. 406
rigida, ii. 389
robusta (vars. of Boryana
and gibba), ii. 383, 395
semicordata, ii. 407
spectabilis, ii. 405
Spicant, ii. 374, 407
. Aitkiniana, ii. 409
- anomala, ii. £10
a. minus, ii. 410
. brevifrons, ii. 410
caudata, ii. 410
concinna, ii. 410
contracta, ii. 411
c. ramosa, ii. 411
. erispa, li. 411
. cristata, ii, 411
. flabellata, ii. 412
. heterophylla, ii. 412
. imbricata, ii, 412
. i, erecta, ii, 413
. lancifolia, ii. 413
of Pater-
oq
discolor),
LANNDRNNEL NEELAM
INDEX
Lomaria (cof.):
Spicant multifurcata, ii. 413
S. polydactyla, ii. 414
S. ramo-cristata, ii. 412,
Ads |
S. ramosa, ii. 414
S. serrata, ii, 415
8
8
8
8
| Lygodium (cont.):
japonicum, ii. 427
lanceolatum, ii. 428
Lindeni, ii. 127
madagascariensis, ii, 428
microphyllum (var. — of
scandens), ii. 435
palmatum, i. 58, 11, 428
pedatum, ii. 125
pinnatifidum, ii. 430
polymorphum, ii. 434
poly-tachyum, ii. 431
reticulatum, ii. 431 |
scandens, ii. 427, 433
s. microphyllum, ii. 433
Schkubri, ii. 432
Marsh Fern, Lesser, ii. 576
Shield Fern, ii. 576
Marsilea, ii. 407
Matonia, ii. 416
pectinata, ii. 447
Mealy bug, i. 169. 172.
Medial receptacle, i. 109
Meniscium, ii. 448
angustifolium, ii. 449
cuspidatum, ii. 449
giganteum, ii. 450
Kapplerianum, ii. 451
macropbyllum (var. of reti-
culatum), ii. 451
molle (var. of reticulatum),
i. 451
Microlepia (cout.):
moluccana, ii. 145
pinnata, ii. 148
platyphylla, ii. 149
spelunee, ii. 157
strigosa, ii. 154
s. rhomboidea, ii. 155
tri hosticha, ii. 157
uropbylla, ii. 159
Wilfordii, ii. 159
Microsorium, ii. 454, iii. 86
Milfoil Spleenwort, i. 617
Miltwaste, i. 514
Miniature Fernery, i. 161
Minute Ferns. i. 23
Mohria, ii. 455
. serralata, ii, 415
. stricta, ii. 415
. subserrata, il. 415
. trinervis, ii. 116
8. t. coronans, ii. 416
S. variabilis, ii. 416
tenuifolia (syn. of Acros-
tichum tenuifolium), i.
231
tuberculata, ii. 405 semihastatum, ii. 133 palustre, ii. 452 achillezefolia (var. of caff-
vestita (var. of procera), spectabilis, ii, 427 pauciflorum, ii. 450 rorum), ii. 156
ii. 405 subalatum, ii. 43-4 reticulatum, ii. 450 caffrorum, ii. 456
Vieillardii, ii. 417 venustum, ii. 434 r. macrophyllum, ii. 451 ce. achillewfolia, ii. 156
vuleanica, ii. 417
zamivfolia, ii, 382
zamioides, ii. 382, 383
Lomariopsis, i. 226
cuspidata, 1. 226
Smithii, i. 227
variabilis, i. 226
Lonchitis, i. 412, 458; ii. 418
aspera major, i. 158
volubile, ii, 434 x. molle, ii. 451
r. sorbifolium, il. 451
salicifolium, ii. 451
serratum, ii. 452
simplex, ii. 452
sorbifolium (var. of reticu-
latum), ii. 451
Thwaitesii, it. 453
triphyllum, ii. 453
thurifraga, ii. bS7
Moisture, i. 144:
Monachosorum, iii. 86
Monogramme, ii. 458
darezcarpa, ii. 459
graminea, ii. 459
graminoides, ii. 459
immersa, ti. 459
Jungbuhnii, ii. 459
Maidenhair, i. 210
Annual, ti. 259
Brittle, i. 324
Ghiesbreghtii, iii. 279
hirsuta, iii. 279
Lindeniana, ii. 419
madagascariensis, il. 419
natalensis, ii. 419
occidentalis, ii. 419
pubescens, ii. 419
Californian, i. 248
Common, i. 254, 269
Curled Alpine White. ii. 66
Double, i. 275
English, i. 652
Forked, i. G4
Gold, ii. 601
t. simplex, ii. 452
Mertensia, ii. 212, 214. See
Gleichenia
Bibrew, ii. 215
eryptocarpa, ii. 218
Cunninghami, ii. 218
dichotoma, ii 220
linearis, ii, [50
rostrata, ii. 160
seminuda, ii. 460
subfalcata, ii. 460
trichoidea, ii. 161
Monstrosities, i. 13
Moonwort, ii. 16
Lophodium, ii. 463
Lopholepis, iii. 86.
podium
piloselloides, iii. 194
Lorinseria, iii. 401. See Wood-
Horned, i. 644
Rue, i. 638
Silver, ii. G01
Spleenwort, i. 652
Spleenwort, Black, i. 485
flabellata, ii. 222
flagellaris, ii, 222
hirta, ii. 223
longissima, ii, 225
Milnei, ii. 224
Cluster, ii. 18
Common, ii. 18
Mosses, Club, iii. 407
Mounds, planting on, i. 150
Mountain Bladder Fern, ii.
See Poly-
wardia White, ii. 66 Norrisii, ii. 225 102
areolata, iii. 401 Male Fern, ii. 509 pectinata, ii. 225 Buckler Fern, ii. 547
Harlandii, iii. 403 Fern, False, ii. 560 pedalis, ii, 226 Fern, ii. 553
Loxoscaphe, ii. 114. See} Marattia, ii. 436 pubescens, ti. 226 Parsley Fern, ii. 65
Davallia alata, ii. £38 quadripartita, ii. 227 Mule’s Fern, iii 316
foeniculacea, ii. 131 arguta, ii. 140 revoluta, li. 227 Museus corniculatus, i. 644
gibberosa, ii. 132 ascensionis (var. of frax- simplex, ii. 229 Myriopteris, ii. 30
g. macrocarpa, ii. 132 inea), 1. 443 tenera, ii. 229
nigrescens, ii. 144 attenuata, ii. 440 umbraculifera, ii. 230
Loxsoma, ii. 421 cicutefolia, it. 440 vestita, ii. 230
Cunninghami, ii. 122 Cooperii, ii. 441 Mesochleena asplenioides, ii. N.
Lunaria, Cluster, ii. 18. Douglasii, it. 441 195
Lycopodium, iii. 407 elegans (var. of fraxinea),| Mexican Flowering Fern. ii.
denticulatum, iii. 422 li. 445 aa Naked Stone Fern, i. G44
helveticum, iii. 421 fraxinea, ii. 442 Microgonium, iii. 357 Natural Fernery, i. 148
Lygodictyon, ii. +24. See f. ascensionis. ii. 443 Microgramme, iii. 86 Nematoptera. iii. 341
Lygodium See Da-
Forsteri, ii. 432
Lindeni, ii. 427
Lygodium, ii. 423
f. elegans, ii. 443
f. salicifolia, ii. 444
f. sambucina, ii. 444
Kaulfussii, ii. 438, £44
Microlepia, 11. 114.
vallia
amboynensis, il. 119
anthriscifolia, ii. 340
Neottopteris, i. 481
Nephroidium, ii. +62
abortivum, ii. 466
abruptum, ii. 466, 578
articulatum, ii. 425
Boivini, ii. 425
circinatum, ii. 425
dichotomum, ii. #25
digitatum, ii. 426
flexuosum, ii. 425
Forsteri, ii. 452
hastatum, ii. 43 4
heterodoxum, ii. 427
laxa, ii. 445
purpurascens, ii. 443
salicifolia (var. of fraxinea),
ii. 444
Verschaffeltiana, ii. 440
Marattiacew, i. 397; ii. 106,
348, 436, 438
Marginal sori, i. 109
Marginaria, iii. 86
caudigera, ii. 159
ciliata, ii. 124
Denhami, 11. 125
hirsuta, ii. 134
hirta, il. 135
h. cristata, ii. 135
Hookeriana, ii. 136
majuscula, ii. 139
marginalis, ii, 140
acutum, li. £66
eemulum, ii. 467
a. angustipinnulum, ii. 169
ee. ramosum, ii. 469
alatum, ii. 469
albo-punctatum, ii. 469
alsophilaceum, ii. 470
amboinense, ii. 470
amplissimum, ii. 470
448 INDEX
Nephrodium (cont.) : Nephrodium (cont.): Nephrodium (cont.): ' Nephrodium (cont.):
amplum, ii. 471 dilatatum cristatum, ii. 499 floridanum, ii, 522 | molle corymbiferum, ii. 546
angustifrons, ii. 471 d. dumetorum, ii. 499 foenisecii, li. 467 _ m. grandiceps, ii. 546
apiciflorum, ii. 471 | d. gracile, ii. 499 fragrans, ii. 523 ' montanum, ii. 547
arborescens, ii. 472 d. grandiceps, ii. 500 Fraseri, ii. 524 mm. caudatum, ii. 548
Arbuscula, ii. 472 | d. Howardii, ii. 500 funestum, ii. 574 » m. crispum, ii. 548
aridum, ii. 473 d. lepidotum, ii. 501 Funkii, ii. 524 m. cristatum, ii. 549
aristatum, i, 443, ii. 553 d. nanum, ii. 501 furcatum, ii. 524 m. Nowellianum, ii. 549
articulatum, ii. 557 d. ramosum, ii. 501 Gardnerianum, ii. 525 m. truncatum, ii. 549
ascensionis, ii. 474 d. Stansfieldii, ii. 502 giganteum, ii. 525 multijugum, ii. 549
asplenioides, ii. 474 d. tanacetifolium, ii. 502 glabellum (var. of decom- Napoleonis, ii. 550
atratum, ii. 530 diplazioides, ii. 502 positum), ii. 492 nevadense, ii. 550
attenuatum, ii. 474 dissectum, ii. 503 glabrum, ii. 525 nigrescens, ii. 551
augescens, ii. 567 distans, ii. 504 glandulosum, ii. 525 noveboracense, ii. 551
aureo-vestitum, ii. 475 Eatoni, ii. 504 Goldieanum, ii. 526 obtusilobum, ii. 552
barbigerum, ii. 475 effusum, ii. 504 gracile (var. of sparsum), odoratum, ii. 552
Barclayi, ii. 475 elatum, ii. 505 i. 571 opacum, ii. 453
Barteri, ii. 476 elongatum (var. of Filix- gracilescens, ii. 527 Oreopteris, ii. 547
Beddomei, ii. 476 mas), ii. 514 Griffithil, ij. 528 Otaria, ii. 553
Bergianum, ii. $76 | Elwesii, ii. 505 Grisebachii, ii. 528 pallidivenium, ii. 554
Blumei, ii. 53-4 | eriocarpum, ii. 552 guadalupense, ii. 528 palustre, ii. 554
Boivini, ii. 477 eriocaulon, ii. 505 guatemalense, ii. 529 Parishii, ii. 555
Bojeri, ii. 477 erythrosorum, ij. 505 Haenkeanum, i}. 529 patens, ii. 556
Boottii (var. of spinulosum), eusorum, ii. 578 Harveyi, ii. 529 p. superbum, ii. 556
ia. S72 excellens, ii. 506 heterophyllum, ii. 529 patulum, ii. 556
borneense, ii. 177 extensum, ii. 507 heterosorum, ii. 530 pedatum, ii. 557
Boryanum, ii. 478 Fairbankii, ii. 576 hirsutum, ii. 530, 552 pennigerum, ii. 557
Brackenridgei, ii. 479 | Faleoneri, ii. 507 hirtipes, ii. 530 pilosissimum, ii. 574
Braunianum, ii. 479 | Fendleri, ii. 507 hirtum, ii. 531 platypus, ii. 557
Brunonianum, ii. 479 ferox, ii. 508 hispidulum, ii. 532 podophyllun, ii. 558
Buchanani, ii. 480 ferrugineum, il. 508 hispidum, ii. 532 polymorphum, ii. 558
canum, ii. 480 Filix-mas, ii. 509 | Hookeri, ii. 473 Prenticei, ii. 558
catopteram, ii. 481 F.-m. abbreviatum, 11.511 | Hopeanum, ii. 533 Preslii, ii. 558
chinense, ii. 481 F.-m. a. cristatum, ii. 511 Hornei, ii. 533 procerum, ii. 558
chrysolobun, ii. 481 F.-m. acrocladon, ti. 512 Hudsonianum, ii. 578 prolificum, ii. 559
cicutarium, ii. 482 F.-m. Barnesii, ii. 512 inequale, ii. 533 propinquum, ii. 510, 559
cirrhosum, ii. 482 F.-m. Bollandie, ii. 512 incisum, li, 534 pseudo-mas, ii. 510, 560
Clarkei, ii. 482 F.-m. crispum, ii. 512 insigne, ii. 534 pteroids, ii. 560
coadnatum, ii. 483 F.-m. cristatum, ii. 513 | intermedium, ii. 534 pubescens, ii. 560
cochleatum, ii. 483 F.-m. c. angustatum, ii. 513) invisum, ii. 535 pumilum (var. of Filix-
concinnum, ii. 483 F.-m. c. fimbriatum, ii. 514 irregulare, ii. 537 mas), ii. 498
confluens, ii. 484 F.-m. dentatum, ii. 514 Jenmani, ii. 535 punctatum, ii. 561
costale, ii. 484 F.-m. elongatum, ti. 514 Karwinskyanum, ii. 535 punctilobum, ii. 184
crassifolinm, ii. 484 F.-m. foliosum, ii. 514 Kaulfussii, ii. 536 purpurascens, ii. 570
crinipes, ii. 485 F.-m. furcans, ii. 515 lanceolatum, ii. 536 Raddianum, ii. 581
erinitum, ii. 485 F.-m. grandiceps, ii. 515 lancilobum, ii. 536 recedens, ii. 561
cristatum, ii. 485 F. m. Ingramii, ii. 515 lanosum, ii. 62 recurvum, ii. 467
ce. Clintonianum, ii. 488 F.-m. Jervisii, ii. 516 latifolium, ii. 537 refractum, ii. 562
ce. uliginosum, ii. 488 F.-m. Loweie, ii. 516 latifrons, ii. 537 remotum, ii. 562
cubense, ii. 489 F.-m. Mapplebeckii, ii. 517 lepidotum (var. of dilata- Richardsi, ii. 562
cucullatum, ii. 489 F.-m. multicristatum, ii. tum), i. 501 R. multifidum, ii. 563
Cumingianum, ii. 489 517 lepidum, ii. 527 rigidum, ii. 563
Currori, ti. 490 F.-m. Pinderi, ii. 517 Lepinei, ii. 538 r. argutum, ii. 565
cuspidatum, ii. 490 F.-m. polydactylum, ii. 517 Leprieurii, ii. 538 x. palhdum, ii. 564
eyatheoides, ii. 490 F.-m. propinquum, ii. 518 Leuzeanum, ii. 539 sagittefolium, ii. 565
davallioides, ii. 491 F.-m. pumilum, ii. 518 Levyi, ii. 539 Salvini, ii. 565
decipiens, ii. 491 F.-m. ramo-cristatum, il. Lindeni, ii. 539 sanctum, ii. 565
decompositum, ii. 491 518 Lobbii, ii. 540 scabrosum, i1. 566
d. glabellum, i. 492 F.-m. ramosissimum, ii. 519 longipes, ii. 540 scolopendrioides, ii. 566
decurrens, ii. 493 F.-m. ramosum, ii. 519 macrophyllum, ii. 540 semibipinnatum, ii. 566
decursivo-pinnatum, ii. 493 F.-m. ramulosissimum, ii. mamillosum, ii. 541 semihastatum, 1i. 567
deltoideum, ii. £0:h 519 marginale, ii. 541 serra, ii. 567
denticulatum, ii. 494 F.-m. Schofieldii, ii. 520 m. elegans, ii. 542 setigerum, ii. 567, iii. 182
deparioides, ii. 495 F.-m. Scottii, ii. 520 Maximowiczii, ii. 542 ' setosum, ii. 568
dilatatum, ii. 495 F.-m. Willisonii, it. 520 melanocaulon, ii. 543 Sieboldii, ii. 568
d. angustipinnulum, ii. 498 F.-m. Winstanleyi. ii, 520 membranifolinm, ii. 503 Simonsii, ii. 569
d. Chanteria, ii. 498 firmifolium, ii. 521 microbasis, i. 543 singaporianum, ii. 569
d. collinun, ii. 498 Fischeri, ii. 521 microsorum, ii. 544 Skinneri, ii. 569
d. compactum, ii. 499 flaccidum, ii. 521 Milnei, ii. 544 _Sloanei, ii. 570
d. crispum, ii. 499 flexuosum, ii, 522 molle, ii. 544 | sophoroides, ii. 570
INDEX.
449
Nephrodium (cont.):
sparsum, il. 570
8s. gracile, ii. 571
Spekei, ii. 571
spinulosum, ii. 571
s. Boottii, ii. 572
. crispum, ii. 573
. dilatatum, ii. 495
. intermedium, ii. 573
. remotum, ji. 562
s. tripinnatum, ii. 573
Sprengelii, ii. 574
Sprucei, ii. 574
Standishii, i. 457
subcuneatum, ii. 574
subquinquefidum, ii. 574
subtriphyllum, ii. 575
tenericaule, ii. 567
tenuifolium, ii. 576
terminans, ii. 560
Thelypteris, ii. 576
Thwaitesii, ii. 577
tomentosum, ii. 577
truncatum, ii. 578
undulatum, ii. 578
unitum, ii, 579
u. glabrum, ii. 579
varium (syn. of Aspidium
varium), i. 476, ii. 580
venulosum, ii. 580
venustum, ii. 580
vestitum, ii. 581
villosum, ii. 581
viscosum, ii. 581
Vogelli, ii. 574
Walkere, ii. 582
Wardii, ii. 582
Wrightii, ii. 582
Nephrolepis, ii. 583
acuta, ii. 586
a. rufescens, ii. 598
Bausei, ii. 586
biserrata, ii. 586
cordata compacta, ii. 588
cordifolia, ii. 587
v. compacta, ii. 588
c. pectinata, ii. 589
davallioides, ii. 589
d. furcans, ii. 590
d. f. plumosa, ii. 592
Duffii, ii. 592
ensifolia, ii. 586
exaltata, ii. 593
e. hirsutula, i. 594
ve. neglecta, ii. 595
e. volubilis, ii. 595
faleiformis, ii. 595
floccigera, ii. 595
hirsutula (var. of exaltata),
ii. 594
imbricata, ii. 587
neglecta (var. of exaltata),
ii. 595
obliterata, ii. 597
obtusifolia, ii. 587
pectinata (var. of cordi-
folia), ii. 589
philippinensis, ii. 596
platy otis, ii. 586
pluma, ii. 596
VOls TL.
wu
nu OD
Nephrolepis plumosa (sub-
var. of davallioides fur-
cans), ii. 592
punctulata, ii. 586
ramosa, li. 597
rufescens, 11. 598
r. tripinnatifida, ii. 598
splendens, ii. 586
trichomanoides, ii. 597
tuberosa, ii. 587, 599
undulata, ii. 599
volubilis (var. of exaltata).
ii. 595
Zollingeriana, ii. 599
Nest Fern, i. 618
Neurogramme, ii. 233
New Jersey Schizva, iii. 311
New York Shield Fern, ii. 551
New Zealand Filmy Fern, iii.
354
New Zealand Kidney Fern, iii.
380
Niphoholus, iii. 88. See Poly-
podium
acrostichoides, iii. 92
adnascens, ill. 93
africanus, ill. 94
albicans, iii. 95
americanus, iii. 99
confluens, iii. 118
cuneatus, iii. 122
fissus, ii, 136
floccigerus, iii. 137
flocculosus, iii. 137
Gardneri, iii. 141
Heteractis (var. of Lingua),
iii. 164
Lingua and vars., iii. 162-
164
nitens, ili. 180
nummularizfolius, ii, 180
penangianus, iii. 187
pertusus, ili. 189
porosus, ili. 137
rupestris, iii. 213
serpens, ili. 213
stigmosus, ili. 219
subfurfuraceus, ili. 221
tricuspis, iii. 227
Niphopsis, iii. 86
Nomenclature, i. 2
Nothochlena, ii. 601
affinis, ii. 603
Brackenridgei, ii. 603
Buchanani, ii. 604
canariensis, ii. 604
candida, ii. 604
chilensis, ii. 605
chrysophylla, ii. 609
cinnamomea, ii. 606
dealbata, ii. 606
deltoidea, ii. 606
distans, ii. 607
Eckloniana, ii. 607
eriophora, ii. 608
Fendleri, ii. 608
ferruginea, ii. 608
flavens, ii. 609
fragilis, ii. 610
Nothochlena (cont.):
Fraseri, ii. 610
Gillesii, ii. 619
hirsuta, ii. 610
Hookeri, ii. 611
hypoleuca, ii. 611
ineequalis, ii. 612
levis, ii. 612
lanuginosa, ii. 613
Marante, ii. 613
mollis, ii. 614
Newberryi, ii. 615
nivea, ii. 615
n. Hook: ri, ii. 616
Parryi, ii. 617
persica, ii. (0
Pohliana, ii. 617
Rawsoni, ii. 618
sinuata, ii. 618
squamosa, ii. 619
sulphurea, ii. 619
s. candida, ii. 604
tenera, li. 620
trichomanoides, ii. 620
oO.
Oak Fern, iii. 130, 233
Ochropteris, ii. 1
pallens, iii. 2
Odontoloma, ii.
Davyallia
Blumeana, ii. 121
brachypoda, ii. 121
hymenopbylloides, ii. 137
Parkeri, ii. 146
pulchella, ii. 150
repens, ii. 151
retusa, ii. 152
triquetra, ii. 158
Oleandra, iii. 3
articulata, ili. 4
a. Welwitschii, iii. 5
114. See
C. longipes, iii. 5
C. Sibbaldi, iii. 6
hirtella (var. of neriiformis),
iii. 8
Moritzii (var. of musefolia),
iii. 7
musefolia, iii. 6
neriiformis, iii. 7
u. hirtella, iii. 8
nodosa, iii. 8
Sibbaldi (var. of Cumingii),
iii. 6
Welwitschii (var. of arti-
culata), iii. 8
Olfersia, i. 180.
tichum
cervina, i. 193
Onoclea, iii. 11
germanica, ili. 13
orientalis, iii. 13
sensibilis, iii. 14
s. obtusilobata, ili. 15
See Acros-
|
|
|
Onychium, iii. 16
auratum, iii. 17
capense, iii. 19
japonicum, iii. 18
lucidum, iii. 19
melanolepis, ii‘. 20
strictum, iii. 20
Oosphere, i. 115
Oospore, i. 115
Ophioderma, iii. 21.
Ophioglossum
intermedia, iii. 23
pendula, iii. 25
p. intermedia, iii. 23
Ophioglossacew, ii. 279, iii.
21
Ophioglossum, iii. 21
Bergianum, ili. 22
bulbosun, iii, 23
intermediun, iii. 23
lusitanicum, iii. 23
minor, ii!, 29
nudicaule, iii. 24
opacum, iii. 23
palmatum, iii. 24
pendulum, iii. 25
p. intermedium, iii. 23
reticulatum, iii. 26
tuberosum, iii. 23
vulgatom, iii. 27
v. ambiguum, iii. 29
v. pedunculosum, iii. 29
v. polyphyllum, iii. 29
Orchido-Fernery, Veitch’s, i.
154
Oregon Cliff Brake, ii. 57
Ornithopteris, ii. 255
Osmunda, iii. 30
bipinnata, li. 32
cinnamomea, ili. 33
Claytoniana, iii. 34
crispa (syn. of Crypto-
gramme crispa), ii. 67
gracilis (var. of regalis),
ii. 40
interrupta (syn. of Clay-
toniana), iii. 34
japonica (var. of regalis),
iii, 41
j. corymbifera (var. of re-
galis), iii. 41
javanica, iii. 36
lancea, iii. 37
palustris (var. of regalis),
iii. 43
Presliana, iii. 36
regalis, iii. 38
r. cristata, iii. 40
r. gracilis, iii. 40
r
&
See
. japonica, iii. 41
. j. corymbifera, iii. 41
r. palustris, iii. 43
spectabilis, ili. 40
Osmundacew, iii. 30, 348
Ostrich-feather Ferns, iii. 11,
13
Outdoor Fernery, i 157
Outdoors, selections for, i.
8-102
2G
INDEX.
Pachyderis, ii. 463
Pesia, iii. 255. See Pteris
aquilina and vars., ili. 257-
261
scaberula, ili, 294
viscosa, iii. 304
Palm Fern, i. 236
Paragramma, iii. 86
Parent-cells, i. 114
Parsley Fern, Mountain, ii.
65
Patania, ii. 167.
sonia
adiantoides, ii. 169
apiifolia, ii. 171
appendiculata, ii. 172
cicutaria and vars., ii. 175
cuneata, ii. 177
davallioides, ii. 177
d. Youngii, ii. 178
Elwesii, ii. 178
erosa, ii. 175
flaccida, ii. 179
Henriette, ii. 180
moluccana, ii. 182
rubiginosa, ii. 184
r. anthriscifolia, ii. 185
scabra, ii. 185
Peculiar Ferns, i. 96
Pelleza, iii. 44
adiantoides, iii. 46
alabamensis, ili. 47
ambigua, iii. 47
andromedefolia, ili. 47
angulosa, ili. 48
angustifolia, iii. 48
w. cuneata, iii. 49
aspera, ili. 49
atropurpurea, iii. 49
auriculata, iii. 50
Barklye, iii. 51
bella, iii. 51
Boivini, iii. 51
brachyptera, iii. 52
Breweri, iii. 52
See Dick-
Burkeana, iii. 54
calomelanos, iii. 54
consobrina, ili. 55
cordata, iii. 55
c. flexuosa, ili. 56
decomposita, iii. 48
deltoid a, iii. 57
densa, iii. 57
Doniana, iii. 57
falcata, iii. 58
flavescens, ili. 58
flexuosa (var. of cordata),
iii. 56
Fournieri, iii. 59
geraniivfolia, ili. 59
glauca, iii. 60
gracilis, iii. 60
Greggii, 1ii. 61
hastata, iti, 61
Pellwa (cont.):
intramarginalis, ili. 62
i. serratifolia, iii. 63
involuta, iii. 63
longimucronata, iii. 64
marginata, iii. 63
microphylla, iii. 64
mucronata, iii. 64
nitida, iii. 65
nitidula, iii. 65
ornithopus, iii. 65
pallida, iii. 66
para loxa, iii. 66
Pearcei, iii. 67
pectiniformis, iii. 67
pilosa, iii. 67
pulchella, iii. 68
rigida, iii. 68
robusta, iii. 69
rotundifolia, iii. 69
sagittata, iii. 70
Seemanni, iii. 70
Skinneri, iii. 70
Stelleri, iii. 60
ternifolia, iii. 71
Wrightiana, ii. 64
Peranema cyatheoides, iii.
342
Pests, insect and other, 1.169
Phegopteris, ii. 463; iii. 88,
189. See Polypodium
alpestris and vars., iii. 96- |
ampla, iii. 100
appendiculata, iii. 102
aquilina, iii. 102
asperula, ili. 103
auriculata, iii. 108
aurita, iii. 108
biserialis, iii. 111
Bojeri, iii. 112
cespitosa, iii, 114
ealearea, iii. 206
caudata, iii. 116
connexa, ili. 119
crinalis, iii. 121
cubana, iii. 121
cyatheeefolia, iii. 123
decussata, iii. 125
deflexa, iii. 125
Diane, ili. 176
distans, iii. 128
d. Griffithii, ii. 128
drepana, iii. 129
Dryopteris, iii. 130
erubescens, iii. 134
formosa, ili. 138
glandulifera, iii. 1-42
hastefolia, iii. 146
hexagonoptera, iii. 149
Hildebrandi, iii. 150
hirsuta, iii. 151
levigata, iii. 157
macrophylla, iii. 169
macroptera, iii. 169
Manniana, iii. 170
Photinopteris, i.
Phegopteris (cont.) :
mollis, iii. 176
obtusiloba, iii. 181
Oldbami, iii. 181
paleacea, ii. 183
platyloba, iii. 195
polypodioides, iii. 189
p. multifida, iii. 192
pteroidea, iii. 198
punctata, iii. 199
p. rugulosa, iii, 200
rigida, ili. 204
Robertiana, iii. 205
rufescens, iii. 207
sandvicensis, iii. 208
splendida, iii. 217
submarginalis, iii. 221
tarapotensis, iii, 224
unidentata, iii. 229
unisora, lii. 229
villosa (syn.of Nephrodium
pubescens), ii. 560, iii.
233,
Phlebiophyllum, iii. 357
Phlebodium, iii. 89.
Polypodium
areolatum, iii. 106
aureum and vars., ili. 104-
107
decumanun, iii. 124
dictyocallis, iii. 124
glaucum, iii. 107
inaequale, iii. 145
pulvinatum (var. of aureum),
See
iii. 106
Schneiderii, iii. 209
sporadocarpum, iii. 107
180. See
Acrostichum
drynarioides, i. 199
rigida, i. 222
Phyllitis multifida, iii. 320
parva saxatilis, iii. 318
| Phymatodes, iii. 89, 193. See
Polypodium
accedensg, iii. 91
affinis, ili. 94
alata, iii. 95
albo-squamata, iii. 96
angustata, iii., 101, 184
attenuata, iii. 114
bifrons, iii. 110
Billard.eri, iii. 111
eapitellata, ili. 155
crassifolia, ili. 120
c. albo-punctatissima, iii.
120
crassinervia, ili. 196
crispata, ili. 121
Cunninghami, iii. 122
dilatata, iii. 127
ebenipes, ii. 133
fusco-punctata, iii. 140
geminata, ili. 141
glabra, iil, 142
glauca, iii. 144
Phymatodes (conf) :
grandifolia (var. of mem-
branacea), iii. 173
Griffithian., ili. 144
hastata, iii 146
hemionitidea, iii. 146
heterocarpa, iii. 148
himalayensis, iii. 150
incurvata, iii. 153
insignis, iii. 153
irioides, iii. 154
juglandifolia, ii. 155
Labrusca, iii. 156
laciniata, iii. 157
lanceolata, iii. 158
Lehmanni, iii. 159
leiorhizon, iii. 159
Lenormandi, iii. 160
leucospora, iii. 161
Lindleyana (var.
mata), ili. 184
linearis, iii. 162
1. simplex, iii. 162
lomarioides, iii. 165
longifolia, iti. 165
longipes (var. of vulgaris),
iii. 193
longissima, iii. 166
lycopodioides and vars., iil.
167, 168
marginata, iii. 170
Melleri, iii. 172
membranacea, iii. 172
m. grandifolia, iii. 173
moulmeinensis, iii. 177
musvefolia, iii. 178
nigrescens, iii. 179
nigripes, iii. 179
normalis, iii. 180
ovata, iii. 183
oxyloba, iii. 228
palmata and vars., iii. 183,
184
percussa, iii. 188
platyphylla, iii. 195
of pal-
pustulata, iii. 200
rostrata, iii. 206
rupestris, iii. 207
saccata, iii, 208
salicifolia (var. of lyeopodi-
oides), iii. 168
samarensis, ili. 208
sarcopus, ili. 209
Schomburgkiana, iii. 211
Sehraderi, iii. 211
selligueoides, iii, 212
serpens, iii, 223
sinuosa, ill. 214
soridens, iii. 215
spectra, iii. 216
stenophylla, iii. 218
stigmatica, iii, 219
superficialis, iii, 22
Swartzii, iii, 223
trifida, iii, 228
triquetra, iii. 229
venosa, iil. 167
venusta, iii, 150
INDEX.
Phymatodes (rouf.):
vulgaris and vars., iii, 233
Zollingeriana, iii. 148
zostereformis, iii, 251
Physapteris, ii. 30, 52.
Cheilanthes
contigua, ii. 37
Katoni, ii. 39
Fendleri, ii. 41
gracillima ii. 43
lanuginosa, ii. 47
lendigera, ii. £7
Lindheimeri, ii. 40
myriophylla, ii. 52
Reegnelliana, ii. 55
scariosa, ii. 57
speciosissima, ii, 58
Szovitzii, ii. 59
tomentosa, ii. 61
Physematium, iii. 391.
Woodsia
Burgessianum, iii. 392
caucasicum, iii. 393
elongatum, iii. 393
insulare, iii, 396
manchuriense, ili. 397
molle, iii. 397
obtusum, iii, 397
oreganum, iii. 398
polystichoides
iii. 398
scopulinum, ili. 399
Pilulavia, iii. 407
Pinder’s Hill Buckler Fern,
ii. 498
Pitchers, culture in, i. 166
Plagiogyria, ii. 375.
Lomaria
adnata, ii. 378
costaricensis, ii. 385
glauca, ii. 396
semicordata, i. 407
Plantule-bearing Ferns, i. $2
Platycerium, iii. 74
zthiopicum, iii. 75
ew. angolense, iii. 76
alcicorne, ii. 76
a. majus, ili. 77
biforme, iii. 77
grande, iii. 78
Hilhi, iii. 79
Stemmaria, lil. 75
Wallichii, iii. 80
Platyloma, iii. 45. See Pellea
adiantoides, iii. 46
Bridgesii, iii. 53
Brownii, iii. 66
calomelanos, ili. 54
cordata, ili. 55
c. flexuosa, ili. 56
Doniana, iii, 57
falcata, iii. 58
flexuosa, ili. 56
hastata, ii. 61
nitida, iii. 65
pallida, iii. 66
paradoxa, iii. 66
rotundifolia, iii. 69
sagittata, iii. 70
See
See
and vars.,
See
Platyzoma, ili, 82
microphyllum, iii. 82
Plecosorus mexicanus, ii. 58
Pleocnemia, ii. 463. See
Nephrodium
excellens, ii. 506
gigantea, ii. 525
heterophylla, ii. 529
Leuzeana, ii. 539
Pleopeltis, iii, 86.
Polypodium
fossa, 11. 139
Pleuridium, iii. 86
Plumation, i. 133
Plumier’s Lip Fern, ii. 50
Pleurogramme, ii. 458.
Monogramme
immersa, ii. 159
seminuda, ii. 460
Podeilema, iii. 341
Podopeltis, ii. 463
Poesia, ili. 255. See Pawsia
Polybotrya,i. 180. See Acros-
tichum
acuminata, i. 182
aplifolia, i. 184
articulata, i. 185
aspidioides, i. 185
asplenifolia, i. 185
bifureata, i. 190
canaliculata, i. 191
caudata, i. 217
Lechleriaua, i. 206
nutans, i. 183
osmundacea, i. 214
plumbicaulis, i. 210
pubensg, i. 220
Wilkesiana, i. 235
See
| Polycampium, iii. 86
| Polypodiez, ii. 27
Polypodium, iii. 84
accedens, iii. 91
achillessfolium, iii. 92
acrostichoides, iii. 92
adenophorus, iii. 93
adnascens, ii. 93
adnatum, ili. 94
affine, iii. 94
africanum, iii. 94
alatum, iii. 95
albicans, 111. 95
albidulum, iii. 95
albo-punctatissimum
of crassifolium), iii. 120
albo-squamatum, iil. 96
alpestre, ili. 96
w. flexile, iii. 97
a. interruptum, iii. 98
a. laciniatum, 111. 98
a. lanceum, 111. 98
alternifolium, iii. 98
ambiguum, iii. 99
americanum, iii. 99
amcenum, ili. 99
amplum, ili. 100
andinum, iii. 100
androgynun, iii. 100
angustatum, iii. 101, 18+
angustifolium, iii. 101
a, ensifolium, iii. 102, 134
(var.
See
Polypodium (cont.):
451
apiculatum, iii. 102
appendiculatum, iii. 102,197 |
aquilinum, iii. 102 |
areolatum (var. of aureum), |
iii. 106 i
argutum, iii. 103
asperulum, iii. 103
asplenioides (var. of rep-
tans), iil. 203
athyrioides, iii., 104
attenuatum, iii. 114
aureum, iii. 104
a. areolatum, ili. 106 |
w. pulvinatum, iii. 106 :
w. sporadocarpum, iii. 107
auriculatum, iii. 108
auritum, ii. 108
australe, iii. 108
barbatulum, iii. 109
Barberi, iii. 109
Beddomei, iii., 110
biauriculatum, iii. 110
biforme, iii. 110
bifrons, iii. 110
bifurcatum, iii. 164
Billardieri, iii. 111 t
biseriale, ili. 111
biserratum (var. of subpetio-
latum), iii. 222
bisuleatum, iii. 112
blechnoides, iii. 112
Boivini, iii. 112
Bojeri, ii, 112
Boothii, iii, 113
borneense, iii. 113
brasiliense, ui. 113
Brongniartii, iii. 114 1
Brownii, iii. 114 !
cespitosum, ii. 114
calcareum, iii. 206
californicum. iii. 114
cameroonianun, iii. 115 i
capillare, iii. 115 |
capitellatum, iii. 155
Carrii, iii. 115
Catharine, ili. 116
Catherine, iii. 167
caudatum, iii. 116
caudiceps, iii. 116
chnoodes, iii. 117
chrysolepis, iii. 117
ciliatum (var. cf pilosel-
loides), 195
colpodes, iii. 196
concinnum, ili. 159
confluens, iii. 118
conjugatum, iii. 118
connexum, iii. 11!) |
cordatum, iii. 119 |
coronans, ili. 118, 147
costatum, iii. 119 |
crassifolium, iii. 120 |
c. albo-punctatissimum, iii.
120 |
erassifrons, ili. 120
crassinervium, iii. 196 |
crenatum, iii. 120 |
crinale, iii. 121
| P
olypodium (cont.):
crispatum, iii. 121
cubanum, ili. 121
cultratum, iii. 121
Cuningianum, iii. 168
cuneatum, ili. 122
Cunninghami, iii. 122
curvatum, iii. 122
euspidatum, lil. 188
cyatheefolium, iii. 123
daresforme, iii. 123
decorum, iii. 123
decumanum, ili. 124
decurrens, iil. 124
decussatum, iii. 125
deflexum, iii. 125
delicatulum, iii. 125
dependens, iii 125
Deplanchei, iii. 126
Diane, iii. 176
dictyocallis, iii. 124
difforme, iii. 126
dilatatum, iii. 127
Dipteris, iii. 127
discolor, iii. 128
dissimile, ii}. 117
distans, iii. 128
d. Griffithii, iii. 128
divergens, ii. 504
diversifolium, iii. 129, 204
drepanum, iii. 129
Dryopteris, iii. 130
dubium, iii. 132
FEatoni, iii, 133
ebenipes, ili. 133
effusum, ii. 504
elasticum, iii. 133
ensifolium, ili. 134
ensiforme, iii. 134
erubescens, iii. 134
erythrocarpum, iii. 13+
excelsum, iil. 134
exiguum, iii. 135
fallax, iii. 135
farinosum, iii. 135
fasciatum, iii. 135
Fendleri, iii. 136
ferrugineum, li. 136
Filipes, iii. 186, 225.
Filix-mas and vars., ii.
509-520
firmum, iii. 136
fissum, iii. 136
flabelliforme, ii’. 137
floccigerum, ii. 137
flocculosum, iii. 137
formosum, iii. 138
Fortunei. iii. 138
fossum, iil. 13°)
fraxinifolium, ili. 139
fureatum, iii. 139
furfuraceum, ili. 140
fuscatum, iii. 140
fusco-punctatum, iii. 140
Galeottei, iii. 140
Gardneri, iii. 141
geminatum, iii. 141
glabrum, iii. 142
elanduliferum, iii. 142
ere
INDEX.
Polypodium (cont.):
glandulosun, iii. 142
glaucophyllum, iii. 142
glaucum, ii. 107, 143
gonatodes, iii. 196
gracile, iii. 143
gramineum, ili. 143
grammitidis, iii. 143
grandiceps, iii. 144
grandidens (var. of per-
sicefolium), iii. 189
grandifolium (var. of mem-
branaceum), iii. 173
Griffithianum, iii. 144
guatemalense, iii. 145
guianense, i. 221
Guilleminianun, iii. 145
harpeodes, iii. 167
Hartwegianum, ili. 145
hastzolium, ili. 146
hastatum, iii. 146
hemionitideum, iii. 116
Henchmanni, ii. 147
Hendersoni, iii. 147
Heracleum, iii. 147
Heteractis (var. of Lingua),
iii. 164
heterocarpum, i. 148
heteromorphum, i. 149
heterosorum, i. 149
hexagonopterum, i. 149
Hildebrandi, iii. 150
Hillii, iii. 150
himalayense, iii. 150
hirsutulum, iii. 151
hirsutum, iii. 151
hirtellum, iii. 151
Hookeri, iti. 151
hymenophylloides, iii. 152
ineequale, iii. 145, 152
incanum, iii 152
incurvatum, iii. 153
insigne, iii. 153
integrifolium, iii. 154
irioides, ili. 154
irregulare, iii. 126
Jagorianum, iii. 154
juglandifolium, iii. 155
Karwinskianum, iii. 155
khasyanum, iii. 155
Krameri, iii.156
Labrusca, iii. 156
lachnopodium, iii. 156
lachnopus, iii. 157
laciniatum, ili. 157
levigatum, iii. 157
lanceolatum, iii. 158
Janigerum, iii. 158
lasiolepis, iii. 159
lasiostipes, iii. 159
latipes (var. of loriceum),
iii. 167
leirhizon, iii. 159
Lenormandi, iii. 160
lepidopteris, iii. 160
1. rufulum, iii. 160
1. sepultum, iii. 161
Polypodium (cont.):
leucosorum, iii. 161
leucosporum, iii. 161
ligulatum, iii. 161
Lindleyanum (var. of pal-
matum), iii. 184
Jineare, ili. 162
1. simplex, iii. 162
Lingua, iii. 162
L. corymbiferum, iii. 163
L. Heteractis, iii. 164
Linnwi, iii. 164
Lobbianun, iii. 164
lo varioides, iii. 165
longifolium, iti. 165 '
longipes (var. of Pbyma-
todes), iii. 193
longipinnulatum, iii. 166
longissimum, iii. 166
loriceum, iii. 166
1. latipes, iii. 167
lucidum, ili. 167
lycopodioides, iii. 167
1. owariense, ili. 168
1. salicifolium, iii. 168
macrocarpum, iii. 168
macrodon, iii. 168
macrophyllum, iii. 169
macropterum, iii. 169
madrense, iii. 169
magnificum, iii. 136 '
Mannianum, ii. 170
marginatum, iii. 170
marginellum, iii. 170
mediale, iii. 171
megalocarpum, iii. 172
melanopus, iii. 172
Melleri, iii. 172
membranaceum, iii. 172
m. grandifolium, iii. 173
menisciifolium, iii. 173
meniscioides, iii. 173
meridense, iii. 173
Meyenianum, iii. 173
millefolium, iii. 175
minutum, iii. 175
molle, iii. 110, 176, 204
moniliforme, ili. 176
morbillosum, iii. 147
Moritzianum, iii. 176
moulmeinense, iii. 177
multifidum, iii. 177
multilineatum, iii. 177
muricatum, i. £25, ii1.177 |
musz!olium, iii. 178
myriocarpum (var. of pellu-
cidun), ii. 187 |
myriophyllum, iii. 178
nanum, iii. 179
neriifolium, iii. 113 |
nigrescens, iil. 179 |
nigripes, iii. 179
nigrocarpum, ii. 566
niponicum, iii. 180
nitens, iii. 180
nitidum, iii. 167
Polypodium (cont.):
normale, iii. 180
nummulariefo'ium. iii. 180
obliquatum, iii. 181
obtusilobum, iii. 181
Oldhami, iii. 181
oligophlebium, iii. 182
oppositifolium, iii. 182
organense, iii. 182
ornatum, ili. 182
Otites, iii. 225
ovatum, iii. 183
owariense (var. of lyco-
podioides), iii. 168
oxylobum, ii. 228
paleaceum, ili. 183
palmatum, iii. 183
p. angu-tatum, iii. 184
p. Lindleyanum, iii. 184
palustre, ili. 184
papillosum, iii. 184
Para ‘isex, ili. 184
parasiticum, iii. 185
Parishii, iii. 185
parvulum, iii. 185
patens, iii. 185
Pearcei, iii. 186
pectinatum, iii. 186
pellucidum, iii. 187
p. myriocarpum, iii. 187
penangianum, ili. 187
pendulum, iii. 187
pennigerum, ili. 188
pentagonum, iii. 112
percussum, iii. 188
persicefolium, iii. 188
p. grandidens, iii. 189
pertusum, iii. 189
peruvianum, iii. 189
Pervillei, iii. 189
Phegopteris, iii. 189
P. multifidum, iii. 192
philippinense, iii. 175
Phyllitidis, iii. 192
Phymatodes, iii. 193
P. longipes, ili. 193
P. macrourum, iii. 193
Picoti, iii. 194
piloselloides, iii. 194
p. aurisetum, iii. 194
p. ciliatum, i. 195
platybasis, iii. 195
platylepis, iii. 195
platylobum, iii. 105
platyphyllun, iii. 195
plebcium, iii. 196
plectolepis, iii. 196
plesiosorum, iii. 196
p. appendiculatum,
197
plumula, iii. 133
polycarpum, iii. 197
porosum, iii. 137
iii.
proliferum, iii. 197
propinquum, ili. 198
pruinatum, iii. 198
pteroideum, iii. 198
puberulum, iii. 199
pubescens, iii. 199
Polypodium (cont.) :
pulvinatum (var.
reum), iii. 106
punctatum, iii. 199
p. rugulosum, iii 200
pustulatum, iii. 200
pygmeum, iii. 201
quercifolium, iii. 201
reclinatum, iii. 201
recurvatum, ili. 202
refractum, iii. 202
of au-
repens, iii. 202
reptans, iii. 203
r. asplenioides, iii. 213
rhodopleuron, iii. 196
rigescens, iii. 203
v. firmum, iii. 136
rigidulum, iii. 204
rigidum, i. 425, iii. 204
rivale, iii. 2u4
Robertianum, iii. 205
rostra'um, iii. 206
rubrinerve (var. of uro-
phyllum), iii. 230
rufescens, iii. 207
rufulum (var. of lepidop-
teris), iii. 160
rugulosum (var. of punc-
titum), iii. 200
rupestre, iii. 207, 213
saccatum, iii. 208
salicifolium (var. of lyco-
podioides), iii. 168
samarense, iii. 208
samoense, ili. 208
sandvicense, iii. 208, 218
sarcopus, li. 209
sarmentosum, iii. 209
Schkuhri, iii. 133
Schomburgkianum, iii. 211
Schraderi, iii. 211
scolopendrioides, ili. 228
Scouleri, iii. 212
sechellarum, iii. 212
Seemannii (syn. of blech-
noides), iii. 112
selligueoides, iii. 212
sepultum (var. of lepid-
opteris), iii. 161
sericeo-lanatum, ili. 213
serpens, iii. 213, 223
serratifolium (var. of sub-
auriculatum), ili, 220
serrulatum, iii. 213
sessilifolium, iii. 213
setigerum, iii. 214
Sieberianum, ili. 123
simplex (var. of lineare),
iii. 162
sinuosum, iii. 214
Skinneri, ii}. 215
solidum, ili. 215
soridens, ili, 215
sororium, iii. 215
sparsiflorum, iil. 216
spectabile (syn. of Nephro-
dium villosum), ii. 581
spectrum, iii. 216
INDEX.
Polypodium (cont.):
splendens, iii. 216
splendidum, iii. 217
sporadocarpum, iii. 107
sporadolepis, iii. 217
Sprucei, iii. 217
squamatum, iii. 217
squamulosum, iii. 218 '
stegnogrammoides, iii. 218
stenophyllum, iii. 218
stigmaticum, iii. 219
stigmosum, iii. 219
subauriculatum, iii. 219 |
». serratifolium, iii. 220
subdigitatum, iii. 220
subfaleatum, iii. 221
subfurfuraceum, iii. 221
submarginale, iii. 221
subpetiolatum, iii. 222
s. biserratum, iii. 222
subpinnatifidum, iii. 222
subserratum, iii. 222
subsessile, iii. 223
superficiale, iii. 223
surrucuchense, iii. 223 |
|
|
sylvaticum, i. 425
tarapotense, iii. 224
Tatei, iii, 224
taxifolium, iii. 224
tenellum, iii. 225 |
tenerifrons, iii. 225 ;
tenuifolium, iii. 225
tetragonum, iii. 100
thyssanolepis, ili. 226
tomentosum, ili. 226
tovarense, iii. 226
trichodes, iii. 227
trichomanoides, iii. 227
tricuspe, ili. 227
trifidum, iii, 228
trifurcatum, iii. 228
trilobum, iii. 228
triquetrum, ili. 229
unidentatum, ili. 229
unisorum, iii. 229
urophyllum, iii. 230
u. rubrinerve, iii. 230
vacciniifolium, iii. 230
vacillans, ili. 167.
variabile, iii. 149
venosum, iii. 167
venulosum, ili. 231
venustum, iii. 150
verrucosum, iii. 232
villosissimum, iii. 232
villosum, ii. 232
Vogelii, iii. 233
vulgare, iii. 233
. acutum, iii. 236
=
v
y. attenuatum, ili. 237
vy. aurito-dentatum, iii. 237
y. auritum, ili. 237
v. bifido-cristatum, iii. 237
v. bifidum, iii. 238
v. cambricum, iii. 2388
v. c. Prestoni, iii. 248
| Polystichum, i.
Polypodium (cont.) : |
vulgare compositum, iii. 248 '
v. coriaceo-bifidum, iii. 239
cornubiense, ii. 240
crenatum, iii. 240
eristatum, iii. 240
dentatum, iii. 241
denticulatum, iii. 241
elegantissimum, iii, 240
241
. faleatum, iii, 242
. glomeratum, iii. 248
. grandiceps, iii, 244
. hibernicum, iii. 246
. interruptum, ili. 242 }
lobatum, iii. 242
. marginatum, iii. 2-42
. multifido-cristatum, ii
24.4, '
multiforme, iii, 244 |
obtusum, iii. 244 ;
omnilaeerum, iii. 244
ovatum, ili. 245
pulcherrimum, isi. 245
ramosum, iii. 245
semilacerum, iii. 246
serratum, iii. 246
serrulato-bifidum, iii. |
246 l
. serrulatum, iii. 247
. sinuatum, ili. 247
. 8. Monkmanii, iii, 247
. suprasoriferum, ili. 245
A4a44445 S484228
aaas48248
. trichomanoides, ili. 247
. truncatum, ili. 248
. variegatum, iii. 248
. Whytei, iii. 240
Wageneri, iii. 186
444444444
=]
Een
ie}
5
3
we
°o
B:
5
=
bo
~
fea)
Xiphias, iii. 250
zeylanicum, ili. 150
Zollingerianum, iii. 248
zostereforme, iii. 251
_ Polypody, iii. 84
Alpine, iii. 96
Common, ili. 233
English, iii. 233
Golden, iii. 104
Trish, iii. 246
Limestone, iii. 205
Rigid Three-branched. iii.
205
Smith’s, iii. 205
Welsh, iii. 238
411. Sce
Aspidium
acrostichoides and vars., i.
415-417
aculeatum and vars.,i. 417- |
425
amabile, i. 425
angulare and vars., i. 426-
442
anomalum, i. 443
aristatum, i. 443
auriculatum and vars., i.
445, 446
458
Polystichum (cont.):
capense, 1. 448
Filix-mas and vars., il. 509-
520
flexum, i. 452
feeniculaceum, i. 452
frondosum, i. 453
glandulosum, i. 453
ilicifolium, i. 455
lachenense, i. 456.
laserpitiifolium, i. 45
lepidocaulon, i. 457
Lonchitis and vars.,i. 458-
461
melanochlamys, i. 461
melanostictum, i. 461
mobhrioides, i. 462
mucronatum, i. 463
multifidum, i. 465
munitum, i. 465
obtusum, i. 467
oculatum, i. 467
Plaschnikianum. i. 468
Pregcottianum, i. 468
proliferum, i. 469
pungens, i. 469
rhizophyllum, i. 470
Richardi, i. 470
rufo-barbatum, i. 418
Seemanni, i. 471
setosum, i. 471
sikkimense, i. 472
Thomsoni, i. 475
trapezioides, i. 477
triangulum, i. 473
t. ilicifolium, i. 474
tripteron, i. 475
varium, i. 476
vestitum, i. 477
viviparum, i. 477
Poschok, i. 366
Pots, culture in, i. 117
Preserving fronds, i. 103
Pricking-off, i. 121
Prickly Buckler
495, 571
Shield Fern, i. 417; ii
571
Primary petioles, ii. 1423
Ferns. ii.
Prince of Wales’s Feather
Fern, iii. 354
Proferea, ii. 463
_ Proliferous Ferns, i. $2. 131
Propagation, i. 117
Prosaptia, iu. 113.
Davallia
contigua, ii. 124
Emersoni, ii. 128
Prothallus, i. 113
Pseudathyrium, ili. 86
- Psilotum, iii. 407
Pteridex, iii. 1, 16, 44. 254
Pteris, iii. 253
aculeata, iii. 46
adiantoides, iii. 46
albo-lineata (var. of cretica).
ili. 268
avamallayensis, iii. 257
aquilina, iii. 257
a. caudata, iil. 258
See
Pteris (cont.):
aquilina crispa, iii. 258
a. cristata, iil. 258
a. esculenta, iil. 258
w. furcans, ill. 258
a. lanuginosa, iii. 261
areolata, ili. 304
arguta, ili. 261
argyreea (var. of quadri-
aurita), iii, 291
ascensionis (var. of flabel-
lata), iii. 274
aspericaulis, iii. 261
w. tricolor, iii, 262
atrovirens, iii. 263
aurita (var. of incisa), ili.278
Bausei, iii. 263
biaurita, ili, 20-4
Boivini (syn. of Pellwa
Boivini), iii. 51
brasiliensis (var. of denti-
culata), ili. 271
brevisora, iii. 265
calomelanos (syn. of Pellwa
calomelanos), iii. 54
chilensis, ili. 265
ciliaris, iii, 265
collina, iii. 285
comans, ili. 266
ec. Endlicheriana, ili. 266
concinna (var. of mutilata),
iii. 286
coriacea, ili, 266
crenata, iii. 272
eretica, ili. 267
albo:ineata, iii, 262
>, major, iii. 269
s. nobilis, iii. 268
. Ouvrardi, ili, 268
ce. stenophylla, iii. 269
crispa, li. 67, ili. 300
Currori, iii. 269
Dalhousie, iii. 270
decomposita, iii. 270
decora, iii. 270
decussata, lil. 289
deflexa, ili. 270
denticulata, iii. 271
d. brasiliensis, Wi. 271
elata, iii. 271
elegans, lii. 287
ensiformis, ili. 2
e. variegata, iii.
e. Victoria, ili. 273
e. V. cristata, ili. 2
e. V. regine, ili. 275
esculenta (var. of aquilina),
iii, 258
excelsa, iii. 273
fallax, Wi. 63
felosma (var. of quadri-
aurita), iii. 202
flabellata, 111. 273
f. ascensionis, ili. 274
Fraseri, iii. 274
geranifolia (syn. of Pelleea
geraniefolia). iii. 59
Ghiesbreghtii (var. of laci-
niata), ili. 279
6-6 G 6 6
&
2
te
me
A
mr
qr:
to
>
fea)
72
Ere
12
2
a
216 3
454
INDEX.
Pteris (cont.):
gigantea, ill. 274
glauca (syn. of Pellea
glauca), iii. 60
gracilis (syn. of Pellzxa’
gracilis), iii. 60
grandifolia, iii. 275
grandis, iii. 287
Herikeana, 1 iii. 276
hastata (syn. of Pellewa
hastata), iii. 61
heterophylla, iii. 276
Hookeriana, iii. 277
incisa, iii. 277
i. aurita, iii. 278
intramarginalis
(syn. of
Pellea intramarginalis), |
iii. 62
irregularis, iii. 278
Kingiana (var. ‘of tremula),
iii. 302
Kunzeana, iti. 279
laciniata, iii. 279
lancesfolia, iii. 279
latifolia, iii. 280
leptophyla, iii. 280
litobrochioides, iii. 281
lomariacea, iii. 281
longifolia, iii. 281
L nobilis, ili. 232
longipes, iii. 282
longipinnula, iii. 283
ludens, iii. 283
macilenta, iii. 283
macroptera, iii. 284
madagascarica, iii. 284
maratticefolia, iii. 285
marginata, iii. 285
maxima, iii. 285
Milneana, iii. 285
moluccana, ili. 286
mutilata, iii. 286
m. concinna, iii. 286
nemoralis, iii. 286
nitida, ili. 287
nobilis, iii. 287
nove-caledonice, iii, 287
ornithopus, iii. 288
Ouvrardi (var. of cretica), !
iii. 268
paleacea, iii. 288
palmata, ili. 288
p. argenteo-striata, iii. 289
Pancheri, iii. 289
patens, iii. 289
pedata, iii. 290
pellucens, iii. 283
pellucida, iii. 290
podophylla, iii. 290
pulehra, iii. 290
pungens, ili. 291
quadriaurita, ili. 291
q. argyrea, iii. 291
q. felosma, iii. 292
q. sulcata, iii, 292
|
|
Pteris (cont.):
reginee (var. of ensiformis), |
iii. 273
r. cristata (var.
formis), i iii. 273
rugulosa, iii. 293
sagittata, iii. 70
sagittifolia, ili. 293
scaberula, ili. 294
scabra, iii, 294
semipinnula, iii. 294
serrulata, iii. 295
. angustata, ili. 296
. Applebyana, iii. 296
corymbifera, iii. 296
. cristata, iii. 297
c. compacta, ili. 298
c. densa, iii. 298
ce. Dixoni, iii. 298
G
c
of ensi-
+, major, ili. 298
:. parvula, iii. 298
v. semifastigiata, iii. 298
gloriosa, iii, 298
gracilis, iii. 299
Leyi, iii. 299
polydactyla, iii. 299
tenuifolia, iii. 299
mithiana (var. of tremula),
ili. 302
spinulifera, iii. 263
splendens, iii. 300
Stelleri (syn. of Pellea
gracilis), iii. 60
straminea, iii. 300
suleata (var. of quadrian-
rita), iii. 292
tremula, iii. 301
t. elegans, iii. 301
t. flaccida, ili. 302
t. foliosa, iii. 302
t. grandiceps, iii. 302
t. Kingiana, iii. 302
t. Smithiana, iii. 302
t. variegata, ili. 303
tricolor (var. of asperi-
caulis), iii. 262
tripartita, iii. 286
umbrosa, iii. 303
undulata, ili. 303
vespertilionis, ii. 277
vestita iii, 304
DDLEADAHDOAE H
Nnnnn
Victoriz (var.of ensiformis),
ii, 273
Vieillardi, iii, 304
viscosa, iii. 304
Wallichiana, iii. 305
Pterozonium, ii. 233
Pulai Nock, i. 343
Puysheck Nock, ii. 290
Pycnopteris, ii. 463.
Nephrodium
Sieboldii, ii. 568
See
R.
Receptacle, i. 109
Red spider, i. 170
Red-stalked Bladder Fern, ii.
99
| Repotting, i. 147
Reproduction, i. 108,117
| Resurrection Plant, iii. 423
Rhipidopteris, i. 180. See
Acrostichum
| flabellata, i. 200
foeniculacea, i. 291
peltata, i. 216
|p. gracillima, i. 217
. Rhizoglossum. iii. 21.
| Ophioglossum
Bergianum, iii. 22
' Rhizomes,
| tioning of, i. 127
' Ribbon Ferns, iii. 3-43, 387
. Rigid Buckler Fern, ii. 563
Three-branched oer
iii. 205
| Wood Fern, ii. 565
Rock-Brake, ii. 65
| American, ii. 69
| Rockery, i. 149
| Rooting of proliferous and
viviparous growths, i. 129
Root-pruning, i. 15
Rounded Shield Fern, ii. 579
Royal Fern, iil. 38
| Rue Maidenhair, i. 638
Stone, i. 638
Wall, i. 637
| Rush Ferns, ii. 458, iii. 308
) Ruta-muralis, i. 638
Ruta-muraria, i. 638
See
Ss.
Sadleria, iii. 306
cyatheoides, iii. 307
squarrosa, iii. 307
Sagenia, ii.463. See Nephro-
dium
alata, ii. 469
Barclayi, ii. 475
Barteri, ii. 476
cicutaria, ii. 482
coadnata, ii. 483
confluens, ii. 484
decurrens, ii. 493
Griffithil, ii. 528
heterosora, ii. 530
irregularis, ii. 537
latifolia, ii. 537
Lobbii, ii. 540
macrophylla, ii. 540
mamiliosa, ii. 541
melanocaulon, ii. 543
nigrescens, ii. 551
polymorpha, ii. 558
semibipinnata, ii. 566
Simonsiil, ii. 569
singaporiana, ii. 569
subtriphylla, ii. 575
Salpichlena, i. 1
volubile, ii. 15
Salvinia, iii, 407
Seale Fern, 1. 513
pests, i. 169, 173
Sealy Ceterach. i. 513
Spleenwort, i. 513
division or sec- |
Schaffneria, iii. 315.
Scolopendrium
nigripes, iii. 317
Schizea, iii. 308
australis, iii. 309
a. robusta, iii. 312
bifida, iii. 309
dichotoma, ili. 310
digitata, iii. 310
elegans, iii. 310
fistulosa, iii. 310
malaccana, iii. 311
New Jersey, iii. 311
pectinata, iii. 311
penicillata, iii. 311
pennula, iii. 311
pusilla, iii, 311
robusta, iii. 312
rupestris, iii. 312
Sprucei, iii. 312
tenella, ili. 313
Schizeacerx, ii. 423, 455;
308, 386
Schizoloma, ii.
Lindsaya
cordata, ii. 354
ensifolia, ii. 357
Fraseri, ii. 359
Griffithiana, ii. 359
Gueriniana, ii. 359
heterophylla, ii. 360
Vieillardii, ii. 370
Scolopendriew, iii. 314
Scolopendrium, iii. 314
brasiliense, iii. 316
Durvillei, iii. 316
Hemionitis, iii. 316
Krebsii, ii. 406, iii. 317
nigripes, iii. 317
officinale, iii. 320
officinarum, iii. 320
pinnatun, iii. 317
plantagineum, iii. 31S
rhizophyllum, iii. 318
sibiricum, iii. 319
vulgare, iii. 320
v. acrocladon, iii. 321
v. bimarginato - cordatum,
ili. 322
v. bimarginato-multifidum,
iii. 322
4 bimarginatum, iit. 322
. capitatum, iii. 322
i Ss Hersteriy iii. aa
See
iii.
351. See
‘ be Seen a ili, 823
. congregatum, iii, B22
4-444444
Qs
260.
Ley
la
2
5
BS
Sr
=
2 ¢
to
ob
a
: coronare, ui “304,
Cousensii, iii, 324
v. crenato-lobatun, iii. 324
v. crenato-multifidum, iii.
324
v. crispum, iii. 325
v. vc. amplum, ili, 325
=
B25
ce. bulbiferum, iii. 325
y. ¢. cristatum, iii, 325
wc. fertile, iii, 325
INDEX.
Scolopendrium (cov/.):
vulgare crispum fimbriatum,
5: St A Ss
ps
4 4 4
a
a
at A A is
4
. crista-galli, iii. 825
ede desde ds x
. g. Truro form, ili. 323
Sa A a aA A
Addas 4444458
iii, 325 |
|
.¢. grandidens, iii. 325
vc. majus, iii. 3
c. multifidum, iii, 325
cristatum, iii. 326
¢. majus, iii. 326
c. minus, iii. 326
cv. Viviparum, iii. 326
|
. cristulatum, iii. 326
’ digitatum, iii. 326
!
Elworthii, iii. 327
endivefolium, iii. 331
fimbriatum, iii. 327
fissum latum, iii. 328
flabellatum, iii. 328
Glavei, iii. 328
glomerato-variabile,
328
glomeratum, iii. 328
ili. |
grandiceps, iii. 329
Hendersonii, iii. 329
,
keratoides, iii. 330
laceratum, ili. 3381
lacertum, iii. 331
lato-digitatum, iii. 331
Malcomsonix, iii. 332
marginato-irregulare, ili.
332
. marginato-laceratum, iii.
332
marginato-multiceps, ili.
332
. marginato-multifidum, iii.
332
marginato-triforme, ili.
Scyphularia, ii.
332
. marginatum, iii. 332 1
m. tenue, ili. 327
multifidum, iii. 333
omnilacerum, iii. 333 |
patulum, iii. 333
peraferens, iil. 333
pinnatifidum, ii. 333 }
polymorphon, iii. 334
projectum, iii. 334 |
proliferum, iii. 334 |
ramo-cristatum, iii. 334
ramo-marginatum, iii.
335
r.-m. proliferum, iii. 335
ramoso-cristatum, iil.
335
ramosum, iii. 336
r. majus, ili. 336
r. patulum, iii. 333
reniforme, iii. 336
sagittato-crispum,
336
iii
. sagittato-cristatum, iil.
336
Scolopendrium (cont.):
vulgare sagittato-projec-
tum, ili. 337
sagittatum, ili. 337
scalpturatum, ili. 337
spirale, iii. 338
striatum, iii. 338
sublineo-striatum,
338
submarginatum, iii. 338
subpinnatum, iii. 339
supralineatum, iii. 339
suprasoriferum, iii, 339
undulato-ramosum, iii.
339
v. undulato - rigidum, iii.
339
undulatum, iii. 339 |
variegatum, iii. 340
vy. Claphami, iii. 340 |
|
|
iii.
|
|
I
|
113. See
Davallia
pentaphylla, ii. 148
Sea Spleenwort, i. 605
Secondary petioles, ii. 473
Sectioning, propagation by, i
131
Selaginella, iii. 407
affinis, iii. 411
africana, iii. 431
albo-nitens, ili. 411
amcena (var. of caulescens),
iii. 414
apoda, ili. 412
apus, ili. 412
a. denticulata, iii. 424
argentea (var. of caules-
cens), iii. 414
atroviridis, iii. 412
azorica, ili. 412
Bakeriana, iii. 412
bellula, iii. 421
brasiliensis, iii. 413
Brownii (var. of Kraus-
siana), iii. 422
exsia, ili. 430
c. arborea, iii. £52
canaliculata, iii. 413
caudata, ii. 413
caulescens, iii. 414 |
c. amoena, iii. 414 |
cv. argentea, iii. 414 |
¢e. japonica, iii. 415
e. minor, iii. 415 |
chinensis, ili. 413 }
cognata, iii. 423
conferta, iii. 413
convoluta, iii. 415
cuspidata, iii. 415
ec. elongata, iii. 416
c. Emiliana, iii. 416
delicatissima, iii. 416
densa, ili. 412
denticulata, iii. 416, 422
dichrous (var. of Vogelii)
iii, 432
455
Selaginella (cont.) : |
distorta, i. 417 l
d. major, iii. 417
divaricata (var.
tensii), iii. 424
Donglasii, iii. 417 |
elongata (var. of cuspidata),
iii. 416
Emiliana (var. of cuspidata),
iii. 416
erythropus, iii. 418 |
e. major, ili. 418 |
e. setosa, iii. 418 |
|
of Mar-
filicina, iii. 420
flabellata, iii. 418
flagellata, iii. 419
flagellifera (var. of plumosa),
lil, 427
flagelliformis, iii. 427
flexuosa, ili. 419
formosa, (var. of Martensii), ,
ili. 425
fulcrata, iii. 419
Galeottei, iii. 419
gracilis, iii. 419
grandis, ili. £20
hematodes, iii. 420
helvetica, iii. 421
inzequalifolia, iii. 421
i. perelegans, iii. 421
involvens, iii. 421
i. texta, ili. 422
i. variegata, iii. 422
japonica (var.of caulescens),
ii. 415
Kalbreyeri, iii. 408
Kraussiana, iii, 122
K, aurea, iii. 422
K. variegata, iii. 422
levigata, ili. 423. 432
1. Lyallii, iii. 423 i
lepidophy lla, iii. 423 }
Indoviciana, iii. 42 1
Lyallii (var. of levigata),
ili, 423
M. divaricata, iii, 424
M. formosa, iii. 425
M. stolonifera, iii 425
M. variegata, ili. 425
molliceps, i. 425
mutabilis, iii. 428
nipponica, iii. 408
nitens, iii. 425 ;
oregana, iii. 425 |
patula, ii. 426
perelegans (var. of
qualifolia), iii. 421
Pervillei, iii. 431
pilifera, iii. 426
platyphylla, iii. 420
plumosa, ii. 426
p. flagellifera, iii. 427 |
Pceppigiana, iii. 427 !
Poulteri, iii. £27
pubescens, ili. 413
rigida, iii. 411
rubella, ii. 428
ine- |
Selaginella (cont.):
rubricaulis, iii, 425
serpens, ili. 428
setigera, iii. 408
setosa (var. of erythropus),
ii, 418
sinensis, iii. 413
spinulosa, iii. 425
stolonifera (var. of Mar-
tensii), iii. 425
suberosa, iii. 429
sulcata, ili, 429
tassellata, iii. 429
texta (var. of involvens),
iii, 422
umbrosa, iii. 418
uncinata, iii. 450
variabilis, iii. 428
Victoria, iii. 430
viridangula, iii, £31
viticulosa, iii. 431
Selections for different pur-
poses, i. 8-102
Sellignea, ii, 232. Seo
Gymnogramme
abyssinica, ii. 234
caudiformis, ii. 244
elliptica, ii. 248
Féei, ii. 249
Hamiltoniana, ii. 252
heterocarpa, ii. 253
involuta, ii. 255
japonica, ii. 256
j. tessellata, ii. 257
lanceolata, ii. 258
macrophylla, ii. 261
Maingayi, ii. 261
mexicana, ii, 262
palmata, ii. 266
pinnata, ii. 268
Wrightii, ii. 278
Sensitive Ferns, iii. 11, 15
Shading, i. 144
Shield Ferns, i. 410:
Alpine, i. 458
Chamisso’s, i. 465
Crested, li. 486
Falkland Islands, ji. 462:
Marsh, ii. 577
New York, ii. 551
Prickly, i. 411,
571
Rounded, ii. 579
Sierra, ii. 550
Soft Prickly, i. 412. 426
417;
Sierra Shield Fern, 1. 550
Silver Ferns, i. 49; ii. 40,
231
Maidenhair, ii. 601
| Sitolobium, ii. 167. See
Dicksonia
samoense, ii. 185
strigosum, ii. 185
Sizes of Ferns, i. 19-28
Slugs, i. 175, 177
| Small-growing Ferns, i. 23
456
INDEX.
Smith’s Polypody, iii. 205
Snails, i. 175
Soil, i. 144-160 geet re i, 27
| aa oe for the, i.
Soft Prickly Shield Fern, i. Struthiopteris, iii, 11.
|
See
412, 426 _ Onoclea
Sori, i. 109 germanica, iii. 13
Soromanes, i.181. See Acros- pennsylvanica, iii. 13
tichum Suckers, propagation by, i.
Ccenopteris, i. 193 137
serratifolium, i. 195 Synaphlebium, ii. 351. See
Spear-shaped Spleenwort, i. ; Lindsaya
595 | davallioides, ii. 356
Spheropteris, iii. 341 lobatum, ii. 362
barbata, iii. 341 medium, ii. 363
Spider, red, i. 170 Syngramme, ii. 232. See
Spleenwort, i. 479 Gymnogramme
Black Maidenhair, i. 485 alismefolia, 235
Forked, i. 643 borneensis, ii. 238
Green, i. 660 Lobbiana, ii. 261
Hemlock, i. 519 obtusifolia, ii. 265
Maidenhair, i. 652 Wallichii, ii. 278
Milfoil, i. 617 Syringing, i. 153
Sealy, i. 513
Sea, i. 605 |
Spear-shaped, i. 595
Toothed, i. 529 | Te
Sporangia, i. 109 |
Sporangiferous receptacle, i. Txeniopsis, iii. 387. See Vit-
109 i taria
Spores, i. 111 ’ debilis, iii. 390
propagation by, i. 118 | faleata, ii. 388
Sporules, i. 109 | Gardneriana, iii. 388
Spreading Wood Fern, ii. 556 | lineata, iii. 389
Squirrel’s-foot Fern, ii. 121 pumila, iii. 390
Stag’s-horn Fern, iii. 74 remota, ili. 389
Fern, Floating, ii. 27 scabrida, iii. 389
Stegnogramma, iii. 86 scolopendrina, iii. 389
Stems of Tree Ferns, re- stipitata, iii. 390
ducing, i. 16 stricta, iii. 390
Stenochlena, i. 181. See suleata, iii. 390
Acrostichum
decrescens, i. 198
laurifolia, i. 206
scandens, i. 223
sorbifolia, i. 224
tenuifolia, i. 231
Teenitis, iii. 343
angustifolia, iii. 343
blechnoides, iii. 344
b. interrupta, iii. 344
furcata, ill. 344
lanceolata, iii. 345
Stenogramme, ii. 233. See marginalis, iii. 345
Gymnogramme obtusa, iii. 345
aspidioides, ii. 237 Tasmanian Edible Fern, iii.
Stenoloma, ii. 115. See 260
Davallia
aculeata, ii. 117
bifida, ii. 120
Temperatures, i. 27, 151
, Terminal receptacle, i. 109
Testacclla slugs, i. 177
ferruginea, ii. 129 Thamnopteris, i. 481. See
fumarioides, ii. 132 : Asplenium
Goudotiana, ii. 132 | australasica (var. of Nidus),
Lenormandi, ii. 138 i, 619
Mannii, ii. 140 Grevillei, i. 585
meifolia, ii. 142 Nidus, i. 618
Schlechtendahlii, ii. 152 N. australasica, i. 619
tennifolia, ii. 155 N. musvefolia, i. 619
t. stricta, ii. 156 Simonsiana, i. 646
t. Veitchiana, ii. 156 Thanatophore, i. 171
Stenosemia aurita, i. 188 Thrips, i. 169
Sticky Lip Fern, ii. 63 Thyrsopteris, iii. 346
Stolons, propagation by, i. elegans, iii. 346
136 ' Tinted Ferns, i. 8, 29
Stone Fern, Fine-cut, ii.98 | Tmesipteris, iii. 407
Fern, Naked, i. 644 | Tobacco-steam for insect
Rue, i. 638 pests, i. 171
Todea, iii. 348
africana, iii. 349
arborea, iii. 349
barbara, iii. 349
Fraseri, ia 350
F. Wilkesiana, ili. 855
grandipinnula, iii. 351
hymenophylloides, iii. 352
h. compacta, iii. 353
intermedia, iii. 353
Moorei, iii. 353
pellucida, iii. 352 |
plumosa, iii. 354 |
rivularis, iii, 349 |
superba, iii. 354
Vromii (var. of barbara), |
iii. 350
Wilkesiana, iii. 355
Tomato fly, i. 170 |
Tongue Fern, Wood, ii. 206 |
Toothed Bladder Fern, ii. 100
Spleenwort, i. 529
Trailing Ferns, i. 60 |
Transparent Ferns, i. 73
Transverse sori, i. 109
Tree Ferns, i. 12, 166 |
Trichocarpa, ii. 160.
Deparia
Morrei, ii. 161
Trichomanes, iii. 357
achillezefolium; iii. 380
alabamense (var. of radi-
cans), iii. 377
alatum, iii. 361
alternans, iii. 385
anceps, ili. 374
angustatum, iii. 383
apiifolium, iii. 362
apodum, iii. 385
assimile, iii. 362
attenuatum, iii. 361
auriculatum, iii. 362
Barklianum, ili. 363
bicorne, ili. 363
bipunctatum, iii, 363 |
Bojeri, iii. 385
botryoides, ili. 364
brachypus, iii. 364
brevipes, in. 364
brevisetum, ili. 376
eapillatum, ili. 363
caudatum, iii. 364
Colensoi, iii. 365 |
concinnum, ili. 385
cormophyllum, ii. 290 |
crinitum, ili. 365
erispum, ili. 365
curvatum, iii. 369 |
cuspidatum, iii. 385
denticulatum, iii. 385
digitatum, iii. 366 |
dissectum, iii. 362
elegans, iii. 366 |
clongatum (var. of rigidum), |
ii. 380
ericoides, iii. 366
erosum, iii. 372
Trichomanes (cont.) :
exiguum, iii. 385
exsectum, ili. 366
Filicula, iii. 363
fimbriatum, iii. 383
flabellatum, iii. 385
floribundum, iii. 374
feeniculaceum, iii. 367
gemmatum, iii. 367
giganteum, iii. 367
hispidulum, iii. 368
humile, iii. 368
incisum, iii. 382
intramarginale, iii. 368
Pe iii. 369
Kunzeanum (var. of radi-
cans), iii. 379
labiatum, ii. 370
Lambertianum, ili. 370
oe lil. 385
lineolatum, i ii. 385
longisetum, iii. 366
lucens, iii. 371
Luschnatianum (var. of
STRATE: iii. 379
maximum, iii. 371
meifolium, iii. 371
melanopus, iii. 385
membranaceum, iii. 372
Motleyi, iii. 385
muscoides, iii. 372
nanum, ili. 364
obscurum, iii. 380
olivaceum, iii. 375
parvulum, iii. 372
peltatum, iii. 373
pinnatifdum, i iii, 373
pinnatinervum, iii. 385
pinnatum, iii. 374
pluma, iii. 374
Powellii, iii, 385
proliferum, iii. 875
punctatum, iii. 385
pusillum, iii. 385
pyxidiferum, iii. 375
p. olivaceum, iii. 375
quercifolium, iii. 385
radicans, ili. 376
t anereHse, iil. 3r7
dani eiout, iii. 379
. concinnum, ili. 379
:. dilatatum, iii. 379
. dissectum, ili. 379
r. d. cuneatum, iii. 379
r. Kunzeanum, ili. 379
». Luschnatianum. iii. 379
-, proliferum, iii. 380
reniforme, ili. 380
reptans, iii, 385
RR eH PRR GR
INDEX.
Trichomanes (cont.) :
rigidum, iii. 380
r. elongatum, ii. 380
rufum, iii. 380
saxatile, iii. 385
saxifragoides, iii. 385
scandens, iii. 381
Seemanni, iii. 380
Sellowianum, iii. 381
setigerum, ili. 381
sinuosum, ili. 381
spicatum, iii. 382
Sprucei, iii. 382
strictum, iii. 383,
superbum, ili. 383
tenerum, iii. 383
trichoideum, iii. 383
trichophyllum, iii. 384
venosum, iii, 384
Vieillardi, iii. 375
viridens, iii. 385
vitiense, iii, 385
Trochopteris, iii. 386
elegans, iii. 386
Tubercles, propagation by, i.
133
Tunbridge Wells Filmy Fern,
ii. 330
U.
Umbrella Ferns, ii. 212, 218
Underground Fernery, i. 150
| # . .
Variation under culture, i. 122
Variegated Ferns and Sela
ginellas, i. 36
Varieties raised in gardens,
i. 10, 126
Vases, culture in, i. 167
Vegetable Lamb, ii. 173
Veinules, 1, L00
Ventilation of Fern-houses,
i. 146
Venus’s-hair Fern, i. 254
Victoria Fern-cases, i. 162
Virgin cork, Ferns grown on,
1.165
Virginian Grape Fern, i. 22
Vittaria, iii. 387
debilis, iii. 390
elongata, iii. 388
ensiformis, ili. 388
faleata, iii. 388
filifolia, iii. 389
Gardneriana, iii. 388
lineat., ili. 889
pumila, 390
remota, ili. 389
scabrida, iii. 389
scolopendrina, iii. 389
stipitata, iii. 390
stricta, ii. 390
sulcata, 111. 590
zosterefolia, ili. 385
Viviparous and proliferous
Ferns, i. 82, 131
Walking Leaf, iii. 318
Wall Fern, iii. 255
Rue, i. 637
Warm Fernery, i. 152
Water Fern. Creeping, li. 576
Watering. i. 141-160
Webby Lip Fern, u. 61
Welsh Polypody, iii. 258
Wheel Fern, iii. 3886
Whip-stick Fern, i, 359
White fly, i. 169
Maidenhair, Curled. i. 66
Wilson’s Filmy Fern, 11. 332
Wood Ferns :
Crested, ii, 156
Evergreen, ii. 541
Florida, ii. 522
Fragrant, ii. 523
Rigid, ii. 565
Spreading, 11. 556
Woodlice, i. 175
Woodsia, iii, 391
alpina, iii, 34
Brownii (syn. of Hypoderris
Brownii). ii. 336
Burgessiana, iii. 392
cauecasica, iii. 393
elongata, ili. 393
fragilis, ii1. 397
glabella, iii. 393
enatemalensis. iii. 397
hyperborea, iii. 504
ilvensis, 111. 505
THE END.
Woodsia (cont.):
incisa, ji1.
BOS
insularis. iit. 396
lanosa, 111. 396
Lyalhi, iii. 899
manchuriensis, ili. 347
mollis, iil.
obtusa, iil. 397
oregana, iii. 398
B07
Perriniana, iii. 398
polystichoides, iii, 398
p. sinuata, iii. 399
p. Veitchii, iii. 399
seopulina, iii. 399
Wood Tongue Fern. ii. 206
Woodwardia, iii. 400
angustifolia, 111. 403
areolata, iii. 401
Harlandii, iii. 403
japonica, iii. 403
orientalis, ii. 403
radicans, ni. 404
r. Brownii, iii. 105
r. Burgesiana, iii. 405
r. cristata, iii, 405
virginica, iii. 405
Woolly Lip Fern, ii. 47
© Worms, i. 176
Wright's Lip Fern, ii. 64
Xiphopteris,
Pteris
x.
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