Full text of "A copy of the names of all the marriages, baptisms, and burials which have been solemnized in the Private Chapel of Somerset House : Strand, in the county of Middlesex, extending from 1714 to 1776, with an index and copious genealogical notes"

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CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

THIS BOOK IS ONE OF A
COLLECTION MADE BY

BENNO LOEWY
1854-1919

AND BEQUEATHED TO
CORNELL UNIVERSITY

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 1924 102 088 774

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Library

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'■^ o viT&Y\T

IC^. Cicowes ,U)vMt aw., avid -Sons, riT^^^erx K<^e->(t-rv^-
"ViOYx ol ^\ess.vs. C5^ovii.<Li. av^^oov^i Y'^''^^'^^\

Cajfjl 0f t|e flumes

OF ALL THE

JWatriages, Baptisms;, anb Burials

WHICH HAVE BEEN SOLEMNIZED

ptibat^ €^l)apei of Somerset Ifeotis^,

STRAND, IN THE COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX.

EXTENDING FROM

1714 TO 1776;

With an Index and Copious Genealogical Notes.

LONDON:

Printed for and Sold by JAMES COLEMAN,

GENEALOGICAL. AND HERALDIC BOOKSELLER,

22, HIGH STREET, BLOOMSBURY, W.C,
1862.

DEDICATION.

To the Lovers of Genealogy and all who desii-e to rescue fiura oblivion
any Genealogical facts.

I humbly dedicate this copy of the Names of all the Marriages,
Baptisms and Burials, many of them being those of Eminent Persons,
which have been solemnized at the Chapel of Somebsbt Housk, from
1714 to 1776, the commencement and end of the Registers.

There can be no doubt the fact of the Chapel having been a
Private one, and the Registers Private also, has occasioned much loss
of time, and in some cases created a difficulty, in proving the
Pedigrees of the parties herein named. The Chapel was shut up in
1777. It was removed to carry out improvements in 1790.

The Notes between brackets will be found interesting as well as
authentic ; having been supplied to me by an Accubatb Genealogist,

A Strictly Alphabetical Index is added.

It is hoped this little work will be as useful to others as it has
been to

Your Very Obedient

Servant

JAMES COLEMAN.

MARRIAGES

)C8Wtrset J^ouse ^f)apeL

>i<^\®[<

1714 Joseph Baker, married to Mary
Brougli.

A hUmk.

1718 Jolm Knapp, to Mary Wright.

Charles Selw-yir, to ]\'Iary Hiil>

lon.

[lie was M.P. for Ludgarshall, co-

Wilts., and died 9th June 1749 s.p.

She was dan. of Cook and

widow of Houblon, and buried

at Hampstead, co. Middx.]
July 7th Sir Edward Desbonverie, to
Mary Smith.

[He was the 2nd Bart, and died
1736, s.p. she was the youngest dau.
and co-heir of John Smith, esq. of
Beaufort-buildings, Strand, and died
Jan. 1721, both bm-ied at Britford,
near Salisbury.]

James Mathews, to Sarah Hnm-
plii'ies.

John Langham, to Mary Kemp-
stor.

Thomas Wren, to Rachel Wal-
ker.

Thomas dimes, to Am: Rip-
pon.

Henry Stephens, to Lydia Sal-
ter.

1718 Jonathan Tempest, to Mary

Fleetwood.

Blank.

1719 George AUestry, to Ann So-

ley.
■ John Wightwick, to Mary Gird
May 27 Simon Peter, to Ann Grey-
goose.
James Roth, to Christiana

Swajmey.
John Ravenhill, to Catherine
Dansey.
[He was of co. Hereford and she
dan. and sole heir of Wni. Dansey, of
Brinsop, in the same co., by Eliza-
beth dau. and coheir of Sir Francis
Russell, of Strensham, Isart.]

George Bincks, to Dorothy

Shelley.
EUerker Bradshaw, to Rebecca
Norther.
[Dan. of Sir Edward. Northey, knt.
Attorney General to Q Amie; mar-
riage settlement dated 21 & 22 July
1719 ; he was of Risby, oo. York
being only son and heir of Sir James
Bradshaw, knt. by Dorothy, sister
and heir of John Ellerker, of Risby
aforesaid. He died 28th June, 1742
aged 62, leaving no surviving issue
She died 2.5th July, 1770.]

jiAnniAGKS,

1719 George Rolfe, to Magdalen
Hargrave.
Theodoi'e Johnson, to Mary

Jones.
John Day, to Rebecka Bryant..
1720 Thomas Grime.s, to Henrietta
Mai'ia Howell.
William Co\vpei', to Mary
GoTigh.
July 3rd. Thomas Wentworth, Esq.
to Elizabeth Lord.
Stephen Hobberaa, to Jane Lnp-

ton.
Thomas Milles, to Ann Cutts.
Charles Hedges, to Catherine
Tate,
[He was of Finchley, co. Middx.
esq. and she one of the co-lieirs of
the Barony of Zouch, being dau. of
Bartholomew Tate, of Delapre co.
Northampton, esq. he died April,
1756, she survived her liusband and
was gTandmother of Cecil Bisshopp,
Lord Zoucli.]

John Joyens, to Martha Reeve.

1721 Chai-les Bawden, to Bethia

Thornton.

Robert Pritchai'd, to Phebe

Clark.

(Sif/'iP'/} Richard Synge, Chaplain.

Herbert Perrot Packington, to

Elizabeth Conyers.
[He succeeded his father in 1727
as 5th bart and dying at Leyden 1748
was there buried. She was the dau.
of John Conyers, of Walthamstow,
CO. Essex, married June, 1721, and
was buried at Hampton Lovet, 14th
•July 1758. Their grandaughter Eli-
zabeth, married Wm. Russell, esq. of
Powick. whose son assumed the
name of Packington, and was cr. a
bart. in July, 1846.

1721 Edmond Morris, esq,, to Ann

Campljell.
Harry Mander, Clerk, to P]li-

zabeth Chandler.
Sept. 19th. Wm. Northey, esq. ti.

Abigail Webster.

[Only dau. of Sir Thos. Webstei
bart. of Battle-Abbey, co. Snssex
He was son of Sir Edward Noi'they,
knt. Attorney- General to Queen
Anne, and v.-as of Compton Basset,
Wilts. Died 10th Nov. 1738 aged 4^
leaving issue.]

Thos. liannam, to Mai-tlm

Geering.
John Knapp, to Aim Bendishe.
Michael Parry, to Ehzabeth

Cook.
Dec. 21th Peter Chester, S.T.P,, ti-

Sarah Webb.
James Ashton, to ]\lai'garei

Sherman.
Charles Sambridge, to Frances

Speed
James Nicholson, to Ann

Evans.
1722 Richard Stainsby, to 3hir

garet Turner.
Hemy Neale Dutton, to Eliza.

beth ililler.

Wm. Lucas, to Mary Wliite.
John Bennington, to Margaret

Thomas.
Thomas Bromley, to Hester

Chatteverre.
George Golfitng, to ]Mary CcjI-

more.
Felix Calvert, to Mary Cal-
vert.

[ilary, dau. of Felix Calvert, nt
Hunsdon Herts marr'^. 6th Feb. 1723

MAHBIAOE8,

Felix Calvert, of Albmy Hall, in
tluit CO. lie was biu-ied there 6tli
May, 1755, and she 26th May, 1757;
lieing ancestors of Sir Harr}- Calvert
r-r. a bart., 1818.]

Peter Calvert, to Honour Cal-
vert.

[Dan. of Felix Calvert, of Albm-y
Hall, Herts.esq. married 14tli Feb.
1723, Peter Calvert, of St. George's
Hano^^er Sq. and had issue.]

William Nichols, to Hester
Darvill.
1723 April 2nd. William Strickland,
esq., to Catharine Sambrook.
Iilay 28th. Richard Harcourt, esq.,
to Elizabeth Banastre.
[See this match in Edmonson's
Baronagium, Vol. 3, p. 281.]

John Key, to Mary Thwaites.
Samuel Long, to Mary Tate.
[Second dau. and eventually co-
heir of Bartholomew Tate, of Dela-
pre, CO. Northampton, esq. marriage
licen. dated 17th Sept. 1723, at Vic.
Gen. Office ; he was of Longueville,
in the Island of Jamaica ; died 12th
J;iii. 1767, aged 56 and was bmied
there. She died 16th Junel765 age 63
and was buried in Biistol Cathedral;
leaving issue.]

Richard Armey, to Mary Lady-
man.
Thomas Valentine, to Mary
]\'Iarsh.

Clement Wcarge, esq., to Eliza-
beth Mountague.

[He was afterwards Sir Clement
Y/earge and Solicitor-General; he
died in St. Clements Danes, 6th April

1728,]

C)ct. I'Hh. Nicholas Fazakerly, esq.,
'0 Ann Lutwjrche
[H-j vvr.. o, barrister ci' the Middle

Temple, and M.P. for Preston, co.
Laiicashire; she was dau. of Thos.
Lutwyche, of Lutwyche, and mother
of the Countess Gower ; he died 26th
Feb. 1767, she died July, 1776, both
bmied at the Temple Church.]

Richard Merry, to Sarah Foster.

Thos Bdmonds,to Susanna Crau-
field,

Thos. Golder, to Marcia Stone
Richard Synge, Chapiam.

Daniel Minet, to Anna Maria

Atkyns.

[She of Moor-place, Herts., he a

merchant, of London ; born at Dover

1699,died May, 1730, both buried

at Dionis's Backchmxh, London.]

William Holland, to Martha
Fowke.
1724 Owen Haiswell, esq., to Ca-
therine Soley.
Rev. Thomas Dane, to Elizabeth
Broughton.
June 11th. Sir Wm. St. Quintin
bart., to Rebecca Thompson.
[The 4th bart., he died in 1771,
having had 4 sons and 4 daus. and
was succeeded by his son William,
on whose death in July, 1795, the ti-
tle became extinct ; she was the dau.
of Sir John Thompson, knt.. Lord
Mayor of London 1737, and died
1757.]

La^^Tcnce Morris, to Bridget

Nicholson.
William Warmon, to Ann

Wheeler.
John Gould, to Mary Bulke-
ley
Sept. 24th. William Jones, esq., to
Lady Frances Norton.
[Prances dau. of Ralph Freke, of
Hannington, Wilts, widow of Sir Geo.

MAUnlAGES,

Norton, of Abbots-Leigh, co._ Somer- |
set, cr. a knight 14th Dec. 16711
by whom she had Grace, only dau,
and heir, who mairied Sir Richard
Gethin, bart. but died Oct. 1697, aged
21, sans issue. The Will of Lady
Frances Norton, alias Jones, widow,
was proved 20th Feb. 1730 ; she was
buried in Westminster abbey, with
her dau. Lady Gethin. — Monlnscr.']

Edward Smallman, to Rosanna

Cart.
Edward Clarke, to Mary Wel-

lock.

1725 Richard Arnold, esq. to Judith

Shaw.
Timothy Fish, esq. to Mary

Hutchinson.
Richard Jackson, to Elizabeth

Warner.

William Southern, to Ann
Clarke.

Samuel Wiggett, to ]\rary Car-
penter.

1726 Roger Adams to Elizabeth

Philips.
[He of St. Brides, London, about
29, bach, she of Hertford, about 18
spin, with the consent of her aunt
Rachel, wife of Thomas Ween, the
guardian of the said minor, under

the will of , Merchant wid. her

grandmother ; marriage license at
Fac. office, dated 21st May, 1726.]

Sir John Shadwell, to Ann
Binns.
[Knighted I2th June, 1715, being
Physician to Q. Anne & K. George
I., he was son of the Poet-daureate,
died 4th Jan. 1747. This man-iage
is said in Malcolm's " Londinum
Redivivuni" to have taken place on
12th Islarch, 1725. Lady Shad-
well, wife of Sir John Shadwell, knt

Physician to his Majesty, died 14th
April, 1722, — Sfe Hist. Reo.]

William Ashby, to Ann Bul-
strode.

George Cressener to Mary Bur-
rige.

George James Guidott, to Eli-
zabeth Bainton.

James Cutts, to Mary Gibbons,

1727 German Chaworth, to Frau'^ps

Thwaite.
July 15 Sir John Frederick, bart to
Barbara Kinnersley.
(Son of Thomas Frederick, esq.
and grandson of Sir John F. Lord
Mayor of London, 1662. He was cr.
a bart, 1st June, 1723; she was the
dau. of Thomas Kinnersley, of Lox-
ley, CO, Stafford and died 1st Sept,
1749, at Rotterdam, aged 49 ; he
died 3rd Oct. 1755, aged 78 ; botli
buried at Hampton, co, Middlx.)

Thomas Peers, to Elizabeth

Fairbone.
William Mills, to Theodosia

Tenoe
John Barker, to Ann Bainbigg,
John Westly, to Elizabeth

Morgan,
Thomas Barret, to Elizabeth

Peters.

{Siyned), L B.

1728 John Norris, to Catherine

Thorpe

Thomas Warden, esq. to Mary
Pitt

George Knevett, to Anne Hai-
vey.

Robert Peake, to Leah Sum-
mers.

Geo Berkeley, to Ann Forestei .

MAKHIAGES.

ITl^S Fviclimond Pvigg-s, to Hannah
Banks,
ionali Bannister, to J\Iartlia

Terry
Jacob Hunter, to Catherine

C'uiike
C.liii Fo.^ter, tn Beulah Digby.
William Att\\-ood, to Christian
Poclcley .
1720 "SYiUiani Beddow, to Eliza-
beth Dmiton.
Henry Sayer, to Elizabieb EjTe
lUcliard Edwards, to Dorothy

:Miehel
John Hall, to Deljorah Pond.
Beniamin ^lariott, to Esther

Chambers.
William Green, to ]\'Iary Smith-
Thomas Coventry, to JaneGrat-

wick.
Ro^^Jand Child, to Arabella But-
ton.
1730 Joseph Tily, to Mary Kelson
Eennet,
Jnseph Bced, t(i Frances Jlaii-

der.
Fuehard Thorapsun, to Eliza-
beth Ives.

Blix)ik.

.folm Kenwarcl, to Alice Brook.

James Altham, to Mary Han-
way.
( Hl w-as Eector of Woodford and
Vicar oJ' La.tton, CO. Essex; she was
dau. of Thomas Hamvay, agent for
Victualling at Portsmouth and sister
t^ Jonas Hanway, esq.)

blank

1730 James Mundy, to Letitia

Strong

Uii.iik

llichard Acland, esq. to Ann
Bur-,-el,
Feb. 22nd Mark Halpenn, to the
Lady Elizabeth Lawley.
(Elizabeth, widow of John Perkins
was the second vd1<i of Sir Thomas
Lawley, 3rd \yxct. she died 2Stli Jan.
1739-io, Mr Halpen was formeily
an Apothecary. — :-ee the Ciuious
printed case of Mark Halpen, ap-
pellant and Elizabeth Halpen his
wife, commonly called Lady Lawley,
and others respondents, heard in the
House of Lords, Feb. 1734, by
which it appears that Sir Thomas
Lawle}', bart aged about 75, died
on 31.st Dec. 1729 and that his
widow immediately after the funeral
consented to maiTy the appellant,
provided he would conceal the same
for one year and allow her ' the
wearing of her weed,' .also that
the marriage took place in a bed
chambei' hired as a lodging, at the
house of IB'. Jones a .Je-weller, in
Great ISTeT^qoort Street, on the 24th
Jan. 1729-30, about 3 weeks after
the death of Sir Thomas. In the His-
torical Eegister, Vol XVI, page 19,
the mamage is said to have taken
place on the Sth April, 1731. when
pi'obalily, it was made public — the
date of Feb. 22nd. 1730 1 as in
the text is from Malcolm's " Londi-
num Redivivum.")

Blanlc.

Mathe\v Johnson, to Judith

Wyat.

John Cliitty, to Ann Palmei-.

1731 Thomas Geers, oUas Whit-
field, to Sarah Lutwych.

MAEEIAGES.

* !M;ij l.-,t. Sir "\"\'niiam Saiidorson,
bart. to Piiscilla Licknell.

(She was his 2nd wife and died
s.p. •26lh Jan. 1738-9; he was the
2nd Ijart. ai:d gentleman usher of
the bhack rod, and died 16th Jan
1754, leaving an only son the 3rd
bart. who died 30 Oct. 1760 aged 15
when the baronetcy became extinct)

* John Wentworth, to Ann John-
son.
* Insertfil afiencarih.

Robert Towers, to Elizabeth
Leonard.

Joh!i Chadwel, to Eliza1)eth
Thnrsby.

Richard Lambert, to Esther
Beck.

Robert Lowther, to Catherine
Pennington,

(Only dau. of Sir Joseph Penning-
ton, bart. she died Dec. 1764 and
was buried at Bath abbey ; he died
Sept. 1745 ; their son Sir James
Lo"i'\rther, bart was cr. Earl of
Lonsdale, 24th May, 1781.)

Blank.

Joseph Stanfield, to Ann Eaton.
Julj' 12th. George Fox, esq. to the
Hon. Lady Harriet Betison
fOnly dau. and heir of Robert
Benson, cr. Baron Bingley, 21st July
1713, who died without male issue
9th April, 1730; she succeeded to
Bramhampark, to lands worthX7000
a year and £100,000 in cash. Her
husband assmned the additional sur-
name of ' Lane ' and was cr. Ba
ron Pingley 13th of May, 1762, but
died 1773 s p. when the title became
extinct.)

Inank,

1731 John Davis, to Ann Bold.

Blank.

Samuel Porten, to Rebecca
Cock.

Blank.
Jolin Boultby, to Aim Cibber.
Blank.

{S'ljucd), L. B.

1732 Antony Nott, to Prudence

Warden.
Brice Fisher, to Ann dc la

Chambre.
Robert Wilson, to Elizabeth

Cliff

Jolm Temple to EHzabetli Cope-
land.
James Hustler, esq. of Oakham,
Yorkshire, toElizabethBooth,
of Colney-hatch, in Middlx.
(He was 4th but only survivuig
son and heir of Sir Wm. Huslter, of
Acklam, co. York ; sh.e the dan. and
co-heir of James booth, of Theo-
balds, Herts, esq.)

Charles Jefferys, to Susanna
Ford.

1733 Stephen Penton, to Mary Hil-

liard, of St. Clemant Danes,
(Perhaps of the family of Stephen
Penton, inducted to th Rectory i f
Wath. CO. York in 1693, who died
18th Oct. 1706. aged 67— See " To-
pographer and Genealogist," Vol
HI., pages 430 & 432.) '

['arry Nash, of Worcester, to
Hannah Owen, of Woi-cester.

J; >hnRoundtree, of (Tiristchurch
London, to Martha Sturt, of
Ripley, SuiTy

MAKniAGES.

17;j3 ThomaK ilartiii, to Bridget
Ai'aliulla Warnciigliani,
Bai'tliolomcw Burton, to Pliila-
dclpliia liei'iie.
l7.'>3--i' Steplicii Popliam, to Diaua
Shelton
JEansel Powel, esq., of Wel-
ling-tou, CO. Hereford, to Mar-
tha Hoai'e, of St. Giles's-in-
tlic-fields Westminister,
By Mr. Jolm Hill, Ecctor of Stour-
ton, \^'ilts.

[She w;is one of the dans. of Henry
Hoare, of London, banker, (then de-
ceased) and born lOtli Jan. 1708.
Slie had .£10,000 for her fortune.)

Andrew Haimc, or Hai'nc
\vidr., to Elizal:eth Shelley.

William Eeason, to Mar^- 01-

field.
Dowel Chelsey, to ^MaryLyddcll

widow.
Bartholomew ilay, to Elizabeth
Waylett.
17-35 Jolm Daniel Dreyer,to Sarah
Fenton.
Eicliard KnoUys, widower, to
Hamiah Salwey.
(Ho was a Cli3'mist, in Fleet
'^ti'eet, London and married to his
vnd wiie Haimah dau. of Eichai-d
Salway, of Stratford, co. Essex,
who died S.P. — by his l.st wife lie
was lather of Sir Francis Ivnollys,
bart.)

Jolm Pej^on, widower, to Su-
sanna t'alvert.
(Susanna, dan. of Felix Calvert,
of llunsdon, Herts, esq. 2nd wife of
John Pejrton, esq. who died 174<1
and mother of Sir Yelverton Pey-
ton, Sth bart., who died 18th Oct.
181-5, when the baronetcy became

extinct. — She was living a widow in
1782.)

Charles Coker, esq. to Eliza-
beth Wyime, widow.
Antony Bannister, widower, tei
Eebecca Streck.
1736 John Aris, to Sarah Marshall,
Thomas PimicU, widower
to Hannah Gifford, wddow.
Benjamin Bund, to Susannah

La-^vton.
Hill Mussenden, esq. of Her-
ingfleet, co. Suffolk, to Mar-
tha Johnson, of St.Martin's-
in-the-Fields.
Benjamin Stoakes, widower, to

Ann Shipton, widow.
Samuel Budd, to Eebecca Ja-

cobson.
George Budd, to Grace AVic-

ham.
Thomas Vernon, esq. widower,
to Elizabeth Nicoll, of Hen-
don, ]\Iidlx.
Thomas Waller, to Martha
Walthoe, of Kensing-ton.
1736-7 John Shower, to Elizabeth
Hmnall.
William Goudge, widower, to
ISIary Harbottle.
1737 Edward Hawke, Esq., of Ken-
sington, to Catharine Brooke,
of Kensington.
(Afterwards Edward, 1st Lord
Hawke the celebrated Admiral. She
was the dau. and sole heir of Walter
Brooke, of Bmtou-Hall, in the West
Eiding CO. of York; she died 28thOct.
1756 and he died, 17th Oct- 1781.)
Joseph Townsend, to Judith
Gore

MAnRIACiES,

1737 TlioniasDrury,esq. of Overton,
CO. Northampton, to IMartha
Tyveil, of EastTliorndon, Es-
sex.

( Afterward Sir Thos Drnry, bart.
of Overston, co. Nortliampton. She
was the dau. of Sir John Tyrell, of
Springfield, co. Essex, Sir Tliomas
died s.p.m. 19th Jan. 1759.)

Thomas Nicliols, to Sarah
Burch.
1737-S William Browne, widower,
to Jane Cooke of Ilampstead.

1738 Rev. Mr. Beaohcroft, of St.

Andre wUndershaft toSnsanna

Hudson, of Wanstcad, Essex.

Thomas Andre/on, to Lilly

Glass.
Walter Gary, widower, to Eli-
zabeth Collins.

1739 Richard Wright, to Margaret

Ridley, of St.Peter's in Ches-
ter.
William Jones, esq. of Hams-
bury Manor, Wilts, to Bleo-
nora Ernie, of Brimslade, in
CO. Wilts.

(Second dau. & co-heir of Edward.
Ernie, of Brimslade Park, Wilts,
Esq., married 21st June, 1739 ; her
husband died 13 Sept. 1753 aged 53,
and was buried at Ramsbury afore-
said, she was living 1792.)

John Wight, to Elizabeth
Desca, widow.

Nathaniel Trayton, to Phila-
delphia Parker, of Writtle,
Esse:;.

William Sumner, to El''.'..;l,eth
Tanner, tif St. John'r, Hack-
ney.
(He was of St. Andi-ew's Holborn,

aged 27, bachelor; she aged 25,.spin-
•ster, mar. lie, at Fac. office, dated
18th Sept. 1739.)

Abraham Robarts, of Stepney
to Elizabeth Wildey, of Step
ney.
Thomas Reynolds to Mary Cop-
ing.
1739-40 Bev. John Watson, of
Sandford, Essex, widower, to
Jane Bodens.

William Fcnncll, to Elizabeth
Howard-
March 5th, Sir Thomas Brand,
knt. of St. Marys-le- Strand,
CO. Middlesex, widr., to Jane
Hume, of St. Martins-in-the
Fields, in the said co.,spin.

(On the 7th Nov. 1761 died Sir
Thomas Brand, knt., aged 92, " for-
merly an Embellisher of Letters to
Eastern Princes." — See Gent. Mag.,
vol,. 31, page 539)

Edward Davis, of Northwick,
CO. Worcester, widower, to
Elizabeth Vaughan,
1740 Peter Taylor, to Jane Holt,
John Andrew, widower, to

Dorothy Thomas,
Richard Speed, to Sarah Brown
Eliakim Palmer, to Martha
Theobald,
1740-1 Joseph Boughton, to Ann
Peell,
Joseph Ward, esq, to Ann
Fountayiie, of Bedington,
Sm'rey, widow.
[Ann dau. of Sir Nicholas Carew,
bart. of Bedding-ton, co. Surrey,
mai'ricd l.st Thomas Fouiitajme,
esq. of Melton, co. York, who died
18th Jan. 1739-40 s.p. and 2ndly

M.VTiPIArJFS,

Joscpli Ward, of tlu- Inner Tcinple,
London esq.]

17-iO-l 'S'Javch, 1st Thomas Par-
ker, esq one of tlic Justices of
the ( 'ommon Pleas, widower to
MartliaCranmer, of tt. Clement
Danes, widow.

[i\lartha, 3rd dau. and co-lieir of
Edward. Str(jng of Greenwich, Kent
and relict of Henry Crammer — died
20th Oct. 1751. Her husband was
knighted 1712 ^^•hen Lord Chief
Baron of the Exchequer, and died
1781, aged 80, leaving issue by b th
liis wives.]

Norton iSTicliols, to Jane Ho-

yer.
William Fleet, of EastPeckham,

Kent to ElizabetliWestloroolie
Robert Fairfax, to j\Iartha

Collins.
Giidwin Prince, to Maiy King.
Richard Montagu, widower, to

Ann Graham.
William Coxe.MD.of Richmond,

Surrey, to Barbara Clark.

1741 George Carpue, to Rebecca

Staples.
Thomas Catlin, to Ann Watson
1741-2 Jolm Tunes, to Elizabeth
Crome, widow.

1 742 Jacob Fowler, to Sarah Sinith.
Henry Wright, of Ledget,

Norfolk, to Jane Grant.
Marmaduke Wallis, widower, to

jVtarj' Johnson.
Samuel Higgs, to Sarah Harris
Aug, 8th. Sir Richai-d Warwick

Bampfylde, of Poltimore, co.

Devon, bart. bachelor, to Jane

Codringtoii, of Wraxhall, So

merset, spinster.

[Dau. cWieiress of Col. Jolm Cod-
rington, M.P. for Bath, by Eliza
beth only dau. and heiress of Samuel
Gorges, esq. she inherited the ma-
nor and estate of A¥i'axhall, afore-
said, on the death of her Grandfa-
thei' Edward Gorges in 1708. Born
24th Oct. and baptised loth Nov.
1720, at Wraxhall aforesaid, and
bmi'ed there 24th Feb. 1789, having
survived her husband who died 15th
Aug. 1776. Their son Sir Charles
Wanviok Bampfylde sold the pro-
perty, at Wraxliall about a.d. 1800,
being father of tlie first Lord Polti-
more.]

Thomas Medlycott, esq widower
to Elizabeth Dawson, widow.

[He was of Venn House, in Mil-
borne port, co, Somerset ; she was
widow of Gilbert Dawson, and dau.

of Seyhard of co.Kent ; she died

Jan. 1763,aged 62 ; he died 21 July
follomng, aged 65, sp. his only child
having died young, in his lifetime,
his nephew Thomas Hutchings assu-
: med the name and arms of Medly-
cott, on succeeding to the property
and was father of Sir William Coles
Medlycott, cr. a bart. in 1808.]
1742-3 William Thomas, esq. to
JIargaret Sydserfe, of Stoke
Neivington, co. Middlesex.
' 1743 William Vigor, to Jane Ron-
deau, widow.
j John Conrand, to Ann Cokely.

Shardlow Wightman, widower,
to ilary Mee.
Jnly, 8th. Rev. ^Vadham Knatch-
bull, L.L.D. of ChilhamKent
bachelor, to Harriett Parry,
of Oakfield, Berks, spinstei'
[He was 4th son of Sir Edward
Ivnatchbull the 4th bart. and died

MARKIAGES

27tb Doc. 1760, aged 54, leaving
i.s.-ae. sliu wus the clau. of f'harles
I'aiT)-, and died 12th Oct. 1794, age

83.]

Alexander Pvoss, to Mary Win-
cott,

1743 Thomas Kamsden, esq. to Ann

Medows.
[Ann,dau. of Sir Phillip Medowes,
knt. Mai'shall, maiTied 14th July,
I'^S, Thomas TJamsden, son of Sir
Wm Eamsden, the 2nd bart. she
died 1761, he died 1791, s.p.]

Hugh James, to Jane Lloyd.

John Whitmore, Sarah Stevens.

John Ivehopp, to Arm She well.

Nov 12. William de Grey, esq. of the

Middle Temple, London, bach,

to Mary Cowqaer, of St. John's

V.'estminster, spinster.

[Cr. Barcn \\'alsinghaml780 after

having been Solicitor and Attorney

(jeneral and Chief Justice of the

c 'm-t of Common Pleas.]

John Brown, to Ann Sellis.

1744 Edmmid Sanxay, to MariaAn-
trobus, of Kidgley, co. Stafford.

Jolm Jackson, to Elizabeth
Lloyd, of Bath.

Robei't Weston, to Frances
Medows.

Cliarles Spencer, of Croydon,
Sm'rey, to Mary Morris, of
Croydon, Surrey.

Robert Dingley, to Elizabeth
Thompson, of Kerby Hall,
CO' York.

1744-5 Nathaniel Webb, of Bristol,
to Jane Man.

1745 John Robinson, widower, to
Mai-y J^Ioncaster, of Baddow,
Essex.

Herbert Lawrenc, to Elizabeth

Baldy.
Benjamin Olden toLydiaOwen.

1745 James Leman, to Deborali

T-riier.

Mathew Combe, to Hannah
Hahn.

Vacancy for a marriage solemnized
by Br Chapma.n^ Archdeacon of Svd-
bury, who neither left the licence nor
the names of the Couple.

1746 Charles AmUer, esq. to Ami

Paxton
Rev. John Irons, of Lyn.statl,

Kent, to Elizabeth Green^^ay
Stephen Dupuy, to Hannah

Haywood widow.
Robert Cartony, to Mary Rob-

insr>n . wid.

Richard Martyn,to Mary Gould,
wid.

Samuel Salt, esq. to Elizabeth
Benson.

1746 7 Jan. 6th. Edwin Lascelles,
esq. of Hare wood, co. York,
bachelor, to Elizabeth Hawses,
of Escrick, co. York, spinster,
a minor.
[Elizabeth, dau, and heir of Sii
Darcy Dawes, bai-t. 1st wife of Ed-
win Lascelles, cr. Baron Harewood
9th July, 1790; she died 31st Aue..
1764. at Bath, he died 25th Jan.
1795, when the title became ex-
tinct.]

Lawi'ence Williams, esq, widr.

toElizabeth Robinson, widow.

Jan. I9th. Moses da Costa, of Tot-

teridge, Herts, to Rachel

Mendes, alias da Costa, ol

St. Stephen Coleman Street.

Colonel Francis Leighton, ot

Bautsley, co. Montgomery,

to Renea Pinfold.

[There are several children of

Charles Pinfold, L.L,D. by Renea

his wife, bapt. between 1709 & 172.5

MAEHIAGES.

,it. St, Bennetts, Pauls wharf.]
1 747 William Walker, to Ann
EUcs.
Richard Noycs, esq, to Ann

Walker.
Thomas Lodington, to Ann
Broade, of Benifield, co.
Northampton.
Chiirles Hughes, to Esther

Peel.
George Fox, to Elizabeth Drink-
water, "widow.
John Shrimptou, of ]Sre\\-|5ort, in
Isle of Weight, to JaneOamey,
of Reading, Berks.
Richard Reynolds, to Ann
d'Oyly, of New Windsor Berks
Mathew Graves, widower, of
Serjeant's Inn, to Sarah Met
calf, of Sunbury, Middlesex.
Aug. 22nd. Sir Capel Molyneux, of
Dublin, in Ireland bachelor to
BlizabethEast, of St. James's
Westminster.
[Sister of Sir William East, of
Hall- place, Berks, hart, and first
wife of Sir Capel Molpienx, who
.succeeded his brother Sir Daniel
l\Iolyneux in 1738, as 3rd bart. he
died Aug. 1797, in his SOth year,
leaving issue.]

Peter Dervinc, to Elizabeth

Simpson, a minor.
John Wood, of Salisbnry to
EHzabeth Hull, of Salisbury,
widow,
1 k-c. 19th. Honorable Henry Con-
way, esq. to Lady dowager
Alesbury.
[Caroline, only dau, of General
John Campbell afterwards 4tli Duke
of Argyll, 3rd wife of Charles, 3rd

earl of Ailesbmy, to whom she was
married loth June, 1739. Henry
Seymour Conway, brother of Francis
1st Marquess of Hertford, died 9th
July, 1795 aged 75.]

1747-S Robert Winch, to Elizabeth
Giles.
Thomas Allan, widower, to

Elizabeth Penton, 'i\-idow.
Thomas Weldon, esq. of Nor-
wich, widower, to Mary
Wingfield, widow.
1748 James Phillijjps, to Mary Car-
ter.
Isaac Dimslate, widower, to

Jane Paskell.
Edmmid Easty, to Elizabeth

Thompson.
John Goaler, to Catherine Har-
ris.
Adam AUyn, to Bethia Lee.
George Wilson, to Mary Tur-

ton.
Benjamin Morris, to Hannah
Pierce, of Woodford, Essex,
Valentine Morris, esq. of St,
Awan, CO. Monmouth, to
Mary Mordaunt.
John Usher, to Susanna Cage,
Henry Plant, to Jane Hyland,
of Hillington, Middlesex, wid.
1748-9 William Ashe, of Heytes-
bnry, Y\^ilts. esq. bachelor,
to Honorable Catherine Pow-
let, of Edington, Wilts.
[2nd dau. of Lord Hari-y Powlett,
who became in 1754 the 4th DcLbe
of Bolton. — the marriage was on 4th
Jan. 1748-9. He died 11th .Inly,
1750 s.p. and was buried at Heytes-
bm-y. She re -married Feb. 175.5
Adam Drummond, esq. of IMeqcins

3IAREIAGES.

ill Scotland and died Stli Oct. 1774]
Philip Jennings to Ann Thomp-
son, of Coley. Berks,
^lathew Michel, of Chiltcrn,
Wilts, esq.to FrancesAshford-
by,of St.ClementDanes,Midx.
Xathaniel Hancock, to Eliza-
beth Amoutts.
17-10 Arthur Benjamin Lane, esq.
of Hampstead, Middlesex, to
Mary Clark.
Thomas Hutton, of Gainslaoro'
Lincolnshire, to Elizabeth
Dilorland, of Lamberhurst.
Alexander Thomas, widower, to
Elizabeth Thomps<jn, widow.
James Archer, to Elizabeth
White, of High Wickham,
Bucks.
John Owen, to Mary Siggins.
Thomas Smith, of Melton Mow,
bray, co. Leicester, to Cathe-
rine Knowles.
Richard Adkins, to Elizabeth
Lunn.
1749-50 Thomas Parry \vidower, to
Elizabeth Bell.
John Baker, M.D. of Richmond,
Surrey, to Sarah Wood, of
Richmond.
1 75iJ Robei-t Nettletou, esq. to Jane
Becher.
Samuel Brown, esq. to Sa-
rah Cottle.
Hans Buch, to Christiana Moore
Samuel Grace, to Esther Rutt.
Robert Hawkins, esq. widower,
of Carshalton,Sui'rey,to Mary
Monier, widow.
Thomas Ripley, jun, to Amy

Dawson.

[Thomas Ripley, of the city of
Westminster, esq. Comptroller-gene-
ral of all his Majesty's Works, who
stated that he was descended fronj
the family of Ripiley, co. York ; had
a grant of arms and crest 2Gth of
Mai'ch, 1742.]

Richard Combes, to Margarct
Barlow. widow.
1751 Robert Bright, to Fiancee
Henzey.
Robert Luson, widower, of Yai-
mouth, CO. Norfolk, to Jane
Vaughan.
Peter Peterson, to Eleanor

Toulson.
Edward Cartwiight, to Rebecca
Cart^vright.
Sept. 23rd Right Honorable John
Thynne, Lord Chedworth to
Martha Parker of St. Mar-
tins-in-the Fields.
[Martha dau. and co-heir of Sii'
Phillip Pai'ker Long, bart. married
John Thynne Howe, 2nd baron Ched-
worth; he died s.p. 10th May, 1762;
she died 30th Nov. 1775. The title
became extinct 29th Oct. 1804. they
are said to have been married by the
Rev. 'Mr. How, rector of Wichford
Magna, Wilts.]

William Jones, esq. widower,
to Elizabeth Herbez't, widow
William Dottin Battyn, esq. of
Walfield, Berks, to Harriet
Palmer, of Domey, Bucks.
[Dau. of Sir Charles Palmer, the
5th Ijai-t. who died 8th Nov. 1773 ;
her husband was of the Isle of Bar-
badoes and afterwards a merchant in
London.]

John Lewen Smith, to Mary
Lumley.

MARRIAGES.

Honorius Combauld, to J\[aa:M'-
i-et Reddall.
i 75l! Ricliard Shellej^, esq. widower
to Sarali Kendall, Avidow.
Gooro-e Longci'off', to Elizabeth
Ann l^foody.
[;jrd and yonngest dan. of George
IMoody, of St. Duustans in the West,
London ;she was Ijuried atHampstead
ill or Licfore 1 79 7 ; her husband, who
was of theStampOfRce.Linooln'.s Inn,
died 8th April, 1807, aged S2 and
was ;dso Imried at Hampstcad.]

llariel Marear, to Sophia Me"
3rcr.s.
1752 -Tames Powell, of Bow, Middle-
sex, to Ann Rhodes.

WilHam Cole, to Ann Gumme,
of Mersham, Kent,

Solomon Darolls, esq, to Ara-
bella Peterson.

[This Marriage is said to have
been at St. Georges Cha.pel near
Hyde Park corner. I suppose the
Chapel at Knightsbridge — Mr. Davis
in his history of that hamlet, has not
extracted .such an eutry from the
marriage register. Qy. if the nasne
.sliould not be Durell — Solomon Du-
tlII, esq. was appointed gentleman of
the horse, and equerj' to the Prmcess
of Wales in 1743 — His will is dated
.Tannary and proved Juljr, 1771 in
compliance with which Thomas
P^v.ans his son-in-law took the name
■md arms of Durell.]

LethieuUier Tooke, of Clapham,

Surrey, to Mary Santi,

widow ,of Claphanr.

[LethieuUier Tooke was a merchant

in London, and a resident in the

parish of St. Stephen's Ccileman St.,

lieing one of the well kno^'^■n family

of boo]"'''''riers, of which Benjamin &

Samuel Tooke tv.'o brothers, were

concctcd ^7lth Swift, Pope and tlic
"w-riters of that day. lie died 7tli Dec,
17o9, leaving a large family.]

Jeremiah Ives, esq. of Norwich,
widr, to Ehzabetli Little.

Thomas West, to Jane Weaver,

Tlioiuas Hulbcrt, of Spcen,
Berks, widower, to S.irah
Rutherford, \vido\v, of ('riiok-
bam, Berks.

Heni'y Broadky, esq. to Phila-
delphia Baillie.

Thomas Joyce, widower, to Sa-
rah Day.

Talbot Williamson, esq, to
Christian Gill;)ert

William le Marchant, esq. of

Gotswell, in the parish of

Speed Berks.'ividower.to Anna

]\Taria Bagnell.

[This marrige said in Gentleman's

INIagazine to be on 30th Sept. 1752.

The word is ' Speed' in the original

entiy — q. pro Speen ?]

Thomas Osgood, of Newljury,

Berks, to Jane Edmunds, of

Clapham, Stu-rey.
1753 Jolm Fry Hussey, of Ensham,

in the co, of Dorset, esq. widr

to j^Jary Abliiss ,
John Henry IMertins, widower,

to Ann Lloyd.
Rev. James Andrew, of Dr3-field
Gloucestershire. to Eliza

Vanhatten, of Dinton, Bucks.
SamuelGrindley, to Mary Clitlt
Isaac Moseley. to Honor Alston

a minor.
Thomas Harris, to Hannah

CuUum, wido\\-.
Richard Everest, widower, lo

MARRIAGES.

!•;

Mary Wardman, widow.

Alexander Douglas, widower, to
Mary Margaret Bo\vyer,

Jolui Bennett, of Warminster,
Wilts, to Mary Aldridge, of
ditto .

Legli Master, esq. of Winwick,
CO. Lanca.ster, to Katherine

' Hoskins, of Oxted, Surry.

Guilford Gibson, to Hannah
Robinson.

Josepb Poole, a minor, to Caro-
lina Newman.

Joseph Wellard, of Swans-
combe, Kent, widower, to
Margaret Wallace, of ditto.

Joseph Nicholson, of Chelsea,
to Letitia Dalton, of Ken-
sington.

George Juby, to Mary Gray.
- Benjamin Carpenter, esq. to
Mary Carr.
1754 Andrew Didier, M.D., to Ann
Bruce, widow.

William Beards, to Margaret
Morgan.
Sept. 26th. Soame Jenyns, esq. widr.
of Bottisham,.co. Cambridge,
to Elizabeth Gray, of the same
parish, spinster.

(A well known writer and wit,
married 1st, Mary, only dau. of Col.
Soame, of Dereham, co. Norfolk, and
2ndly, Elizabeth, dau. of Henry Grey
esq. of Hackney ; but died s.p. 13th
December, 1787.)

Thomas Sheppard, widoweT, of
Hertingfordbury, Herts, to
Ann Jones, of ditto.

William Dalton, to Frances

Carter, widow, of Balling-toiij
Suffolk.
175.5 June 4th. Hon. andRev. John
Aylmer, of Greenwich, Kent,
bachelor, to Elizabeth Vass"
mer, of Greenwich, spinster"
Married by special licence'

(He was 2nd son of Henry,2nd baron
Aylmer, in the kingdom of Ireland
and was prebendary of Bristol ; died
1793.)

July 17th. Rev. Dr. Balthazar Regis

of Edisham, Kent, widower,

' to Charlotte Clayton, of the

Royal Palace of Windsor,spin_

[Appointed Rector of Adisham,

GO. Kent, in March, 1717 ; died 5th

January, 1757.]

1756, April 8th. Sir Hanson Beiney,
of Kirby Bedon, co. Norfolk,
bart,, bachelor, to Catharine
Woolball, of Walthanistow,
Essex, spinster.

[The 6th bart. he died 1778,
leaving issue.]

1757 Antony Lucas, esq. of Gran-
tham, Lincolnshire, to Chi is-
tian Calcraft, of Grantham.

[Dau. of John Calcraft, of Gran-
tham, CO. Lincolnshire, died 24th of
January, 1784 aged 49 ; he died
29th June, 1789. Their issue took
the name of Calcraft.]

*1758 Sir Samuel Eludyer, knt. widr.

to Carolina BrudenelL
[He was knighted 19th Sept. 1755,
being of Lee, co. Kent, cr. a bart.
14th Nov. 1759, was lord mayor of
London 1761, died 18th Jan. 1768.
She was dau. and eventually co-heir
of the Hon. James Brudenell, bro-
ther of George, 3rd earl of Cardis-an

MAKEIAGES.

and niarrieJ 2iicl Sept. 1758 — From
this match the present Fludyer barts
descend.]

*Thomas Hodgetts, widower, of
Ashwood Lodge, eo. Statibi-d, to
INIargaret Ketelby, mdow.

[In the Gent.'s Mag. vol. 28, p.
244, the marriage of Thomas Hod-
getts , of Ash/"orrf Lodge, Staffordshire
esq. to Mrs. Johnston of Kitelby, is
said to have taken place on 22nd of
May, 1758.]

1764 Feb. 4th. Sir George Warren,
knight of the bath, of St James
Westminster, to Frances Bis-
hopp, of the Palace of St James
spinster, first Maid of Honour
to her Majesty.

[Frances, dau. of Sir Cecil Bishopp
bart. second wife of Sir George War-
ren, of Poynton, Cheshire, K.B. by
whom he had no issue ; by his first
wife iliss Revell, whom he married
in Majr, 1758 with ^200,000 fortmie
he had an only child, Elizabeth Har-
riet, who married Thomas James,
7th and last Lord Viscount Bulkeley
on the 26th April, 1777, from Graf-
ton Street, ancl died his widow 23rd

Fcl) 1826 aged 66, without issue leav-
ing the lai'ge estates of the- Wai-ren
family to Frances Maria, wife of the
4th Lord Vernon, and dau, and heir
of Admiral Su- John Borlase Warren
bait.., K B, in which family they
still remain. Sir George died 30th
Aug. 1801 ; his wido^iv on 15th
Feb. 1804.]

1769 May 0th Mr. Eobert Travis,
bachelor, of Allhallows Lom-
bard Street, London, to Miss
Catharine Gunning, .spinster,
of Somerset House.

[The youngest of the 3 beautiful
Miss Gmuiings, of whom one was
Countess of Coventry and the other
Dnchess of Hamilton, and afterward.?
Duchess of Ai-gyle.]

Nov. 23rd The Rev. Hem-y Bcau-
clei'k, bachelor, of >;omerset
House, to Miss Charlotte
Drummond, spinster, of St

Martins-in-the-Fields.
(See Note to baptism of their
child, on 6th Sept, 1770)

1776 John Crosse Crooke, esq, of
Hendon, Middlesex, to Eli-
zabeth Parry s

In the Original Register these two entries appear to be misplaced

BAPTISMS.

1 732 June 30tli Robert Wilson, educated a quaker, aged 19 years, 8

months and 26 days.

1733 Jane, dau. of Joseph and Jane Tyler.

1734 Edward, son of ditto. ditto.

Joseph, son of Joseph and Jane Dawson.

Joseph, son of Ralph and Catherine Clayton.
1740 Sarah, dau. of Daniel and Magdalen Maud, born a quaker, Aug.

19 1722.
1742 Jane, dau of Joseph and JaneDawson.

1744-5 Charles, son of Ralph and Catherine Clayton.
1743, Dec. 18th. Mary, dau. of Lord Harry Beauclerk, of Somerset
House,

1745, Sept. 2nd. Hem-y, son of ditto, born 12tli Aug. bajst,

by Rev. Mr. Bruce.

1746, Nov. 17th Charlotte, dau. of ditto, bapt, by Mr. George

Adams, the Reader.
1747-8, Jan. 8th Martha, dau. of ditto, born 12th Dec. 1747,

bapt. by the Rev. Dr. Bruce.

1749. Oct. 27th. Ann, dau. of ditto, born 5th, bapt. by the

Rev. Dr. Bruce.

(Lord Henry Beauclerk was 4th son of Charles, 1st Duke of St. Albans
He was Col of tfap 31st Regiment of foot, died 5th January, 1761, aged
59. having hp':^ icsae 2 sons viz : George, who died an infant, and Henry.
in Holy Orde.o, who left issue; also 6 daus., Diana, born 24th June 1741

-'' Baptisms

Maid of Honour to Queen Chfu'lotte — Hem-ietta, bom 26th Nov 1742;

Maiy, born 25tli Nov. 1743, married Rev. Walter Williams, Rector of

Pinner and Harrow, co. Middlesex. Charlotte, bom 24th Oct, 1746.

llartlia and Ann born as above mentioned,)

174.5 John, son of John Jones.

1745 6 Catherine Somerset Proctor, dan. of William Proctor.

1 749 William, son of Ralph Clayton.

1754 David, son of George and Catherine Garrick born April 4th bapt.

April 19th.
(Not the famous actor David Garrick, who was born in Hereford, &
bapt. at All Saints, there 28th Feb. 1716, but children of his brother
George hj Catherine Carrington his wife. David died 1795 and Na-
thaniel in 1788, both leaving issue. Their cxjusin the Actor had died
20th Januai-y, 1779)

1755 Nathan, son ditto.

John, son of John and Elizabeth BlackweU.

1756 Jane, dau. of Richard and Mary Burrow.

1757 John Lee.

1758 Anna Maria, dau. of Bibye Lake, esq. and Ann his wife.

( Probably a dau. of Bibye Lake, 2nd son of Sir Bibye Lake, 2nd bart.
by i\nn his mte, dau. of Henry Sperling, of D}Ties Hall, co. Essex.]

1767 Richard, son of Richard and Mary Cullum.

1768 Sarah, dau. of Mary Smith, formerly Cullum, and John Smith.
Ann, dau. of William and Hannah Latimei.

1769 William, son of ditto ditto.
1771 Arabella, dau. of ditto ditto.
1774 Catherine, dau. of ditto ditto.

1770 Arm Caroline, dau. of Hester and the Rev. Tallxit Keene.

Elizabeth Dorothea, dau. of Robert and Catherine Travis.
(See the marriage of her parents, 6th May, 1769.)

Sept. 6th Henry, son of the Hon and Eev, Henry Beauclerk.

(The Rev. Henry Beauclerk, only surviving son of Lord Henry Beau-
clerk aforesaid, Keotor of Greens Noi-ton co Northampton and of Leckain-

BAPTISMS. 21

stead Berks, married at this Chapel 23 Nov. l769,Charlott.e, dau. of John
Drumraond, esq. who died at Sherfield, Hants. 20th March, 1774 leaving
issue Henry, born 11th Aug. 1770 and bapt. as alx)ve, John bimi lotli
Feb. 1772 and Charles who died very young.)

1771 David Thomas, son of Thomas and Catherine Powell.

1772 Catherine, dau of ditto ditto.
1774 Henry Thomas, son of ditto ditto.

1773 Philip Francis, son of John and Margaret Irene Harcomt.
177-5 William, son of William and Martha Dixie.

*^* Malcolm says there are but 39 Baptisms from 17y2 to
1777, but by the above list there would appear to be only 36.

BURIALS.

IN THE VAULT LiNDEK

g)Owttset l^otise €^l)apcL

1720, Aug. 21st. Mrs. Lee, of Lord Litchfield's family,

1725, Sept. 21st. Mrs. Allen, of Somerset House.

Sept. 24th. Thomas Hutton, esq. Keeper of Somerset House.

(On 25th Sept. 1725, Mrs. Blessington, ^vife of Major Blessington, was
appointed under housekeeper at his Majesty's Palace of Somerset House
in the room of Thomas Hutton, esq. deceased.

1726, April 2nd. Miss Sophia How, of Somerset House.

(She was Maid of Honom' to Caroline, Princess of Wales, who after-
wards became Queen, and was dau. of General Emanuel Howe^ by Ru-
peita, natm'al dau. of the celebrated Prince Rupert.

1741 Daniel Bm-gess, aged 67.

1 746-7 Daniel, son of the above.

Mrs. Penelopy Hume.

Mrs. Bodens, (The first bm'ied by Dr. Bruce.)
1752 Mrs. Sarah Bowen

Mr. Thomas Bowen

Mrs. Ho
1756, Aug. 21st. WilHam Bowen, Esq.

BURIALS. 23

1758, Nov. 26th. William Proctor, Esq.
1770, May 20th. Mrs. Watson, daughter of Mrs. Bodciis, and .sister

to Colonel Bodens. *

Witness LEWIS BRUCE,
Chaplain.

From Michaelmas, 1775, the Chapel shut up by Order
from the Treasm-y, as it is to he taken down for the new plan of
buildings to be erected according to Act of Parliament.

All the Burials under Somerset House Chapel were by
warrants from the Lord Chamberlains OfBce.

LEWIS BRUCE.

* The last interment of which there were but fom'teen between
1720 and 1777.

THE END.

INDEX TO MAEEIAGES.

Abbiss, Mary.
Acland, Richard esq.
Adams, Roger
Adkins, Richard,
Aldridge, Mary
Alesbury, Lady Dowafjcr
Allan, Thomas
Allestry, George
Alston, Honor
AUyn, Adam
Altham, James
Ambler. Charles esq.
Andreion, Thomas
Andrew. Rev. James

,, John
Antrobus, Maria
Archer, James
Aris, John
Armey, Richard
Arnold, Richard esq.
Arnoutts, Elizabeth
Ashby, William
Ashe, William esq.
Ashfordby. Frances
Ashton. James
Atkyns, Anna Maria
Atwood, William
Aylmer, Honorable and Rev.

Bagnell, Anna Maria
Baker, Joseph

„ John M.D.
Baillie, Phillaclelphia
Bainbigg, Ann
Bainton, Elizabeth
Baldy, Elizabeth

Bamt'ylde, Sir Richard Warwick, bart. 42
Banastre, EHzabeth
Banks, Hannah

Bannister, Anthony

1 735

,, Jonah

1753

Barker, John

Barlow, Margaret

Barret, Thomas

Battyn, William Dottin esq.

■jI

Bawden, Charles

Beachcroft, Rev, Mr.

47-8

Beauclerk, Rev. Henry

,69

Becher, Jane

5fl

Beck, Esther

Beddow, William

Bell, Elizabeth,

49-.5U

Bendishe, Ann

Bennet, Mary Kelson

Bennett, John

Bennington, John

Benson, Elizabeth

Honorable Harriet

Berkeley, George

Berney, Sir Hanson bart.

Bicknell, Pricilla

48-9

Bincks. George

Binns, Ann

48-9

Bishopp, Frances

48-9

Bodens, Jane

39-4,0

Bold. Ann

Booth, Elizabeth

Boughton, Joseph

40-1

hn 55

Boultby, John

Bouverie, see Des Bourerie.

Bowyer, Margaret

Bradshaw EUerker

Brand, Sir Thomas

39-40

1752

Bright, Robert

Broade, Ann

49-50

Broadley, Henry esq.

Bromley, Thomas

Brook, Alice

Brooke, Catherine

,37

Brougt, Mary

bart. 42

Broughton, Elizabeth

-4

Brown, John

" Samuel esq.

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

2.J

„ Sarah
Browne. William
Bruce — See Alesbury.

J, Ann
Brudenell, Carolina
Bryant, Rebecca
Buch, Hans
Budd, George

,, Samuel
Bulkeley, Mary
Bulstrode, Ann
Bund, Benjamin
Burch, Sarah
Barrel, Ann
Burrige, Mary
Burton. Bartholomew

1740.
37-

.36

■26

Cage, Susanna

1748

Calcraft, Christian

Calvert, Felix

„ Honour

„ Mary

„ Peter

,, Susanna

Campbell, Ann

Carney, Jane

4-7

Carpenter. Benjamin, esq.

„ Mary

Carpue, George

Carr, Mary

Cart, Rosanna

Carter, Frances

„ Mary

Cartony, Robert

Cartwright, Edward

„ Rebecca

Cary, Walter

Catlin. Thomas

Chadwel. John

Chambers, Esther

Chambre — See de la Chambre

Chandler, Elizabeth

Chateverre, Hester

Chaworth. German

Chedworth, Right Hon. Lord

Chelsey, Dowel
Chester, Peter, S.T.P.
Child, Rowland
Chitty, John
Gibber, Ann
Clark, Barbara
,. Ph(Ebe
,. Mary
I Gierke. Ann
„ Edward
Clayton, Charlotte
Cliff, Elizabeth
I Clifft, Mary
[ Cock, Rebecca

Codrington, Jane
I Cokeiey, Ann
Coker, Charles, esq.
Cole, William
Collins, Elizabeth

„ Martha
Colmore, Mary
Combauld, Honorius
Combe, Mathew
Combes, Richard
Conrand, John
Conway, Hon. Henry
Conyers, Elizabeth
Cook, Elizabeth
Cooke. Catherine

,, Jane
Copeland, Elizabeth
Copping Mary
Costa, — See da Costa.
Cottle, Sarah
Coventry, Thomas
Cowper, William

,. Mary
Coxe. William, M.D.
Cranfield, Susanna
Cranmer, Martha
Cressener, George
Crome, Elizabeth
Crooke, John Crosse, esq.
Cullum, Hannah
Cutts, Ann
,, James

1734

■ 42

37-8

41-2

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

Elles, Ann

1747

Ernie, Eleanora

Da Costa, Moses

1746-7

., alias MeiideS; Rachel

46-7

Evans, Ann

Everest, Richard

Dalton, Letitia

„ William

Eyre, Elizabeth

Dane, Rev. Thomas

Dansey, Catherine

Darolls. Solomon, esq.

Fairbone, Elizabeth

1727

Darvill, Hester

Fairfax, Robert

Davis, Edward

39-40

Fazakerley, Nicholas, esq.

,, John

Fennell, William

39-40

Dawes, Elizabeth

46-7

Fenton, Sarali

Dawson, Amy

Fish, Timothy, esq.

„ Elizabeth

Fisher, Brice

Day, John

Fleet, William

„ Sarah

Fleetwood, Mary

Deards, William

Fludyer, Sir Samuel, knt,.

Dc Grey, William, esq.

Forester, Ann

De la Chanihre, Ann

Ford, Susanna

Dervine, Peter

Foster, Colin

Des Bouverie, Sir Edward

„ Sarah

Desca, Elizabeth

Fountayne, Ann

411-1

Didicr, Andrew, .MD.

Fowke, Martha

■ Digby, Beaulab

Fowler, Jacob

Dimslade, Isaac

Fox, George, esq,

Dingley, Robert

„ George

Douglas, Alexander

Frederick, Sir John, bart..

D'Oyly, Ann

Dreycr, John Daniel

Drinkwater, Elizabeth

Drummond, Charlotte

Geering, Blartha

1721

Drury, Thomas, esq.

Geers,— See Whitfield.

Dunton, Elizabeth

Gibbons, Mary

Dupuy, Stephen

Gibson, Guilford

Durell,— See Darolls.

Gifford, Hannah

Dutton, Henry Neale

Gilbert, Christian
Giles, Elizabeth

Gird, Mary,

East, Elizabeth

1747

Glass, Lilly

Easty, Edmund

Goaler, John

Eaton, Ann

Golder, Thomas

Edmonds, Thomas

Golding George

Edm.unds, Jane

Gore, Judith

iidwards, Richard

Goudge, William

36-7

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

GouE^h, Mary
Gould, John

„ Mary
Grace Samuel
Graham, Ann
Grant, Jane
Gratwick, Jane
Graves, Mathew
Gray. Elizabeth

„ Mary
Green, William
Greenway, Elizabeth
Grey, — See de Grey
Greygoose, Ann
Grimes, Thomas

,. Thomas
Grindley, Samuel
Guidott, George James
Gumme, Ann
Gimning, Catharine

Hahn. Hannah
Haiswell, Owen Esq.
Hall John
Halpenn, Mark
Hancock, Nathaniel
Hannam, Thomas
Hanne, or Harne, Andrew
Hanway, Mary
Harbottle, Mary
Harcourt, Richard Esq.
Hargrave. Magdalen
Harne, — see Hanne
Harris, Catharine

,, Sarah

„ Thomas
Harvey, Ann
Hawke. Edward Esq.
Hawkins, Robert Esq.
Haywood, Hannah
Hedges, Charles
Henzey, Frances
Herbert, Elizabeth

1720

Ilerne, Philadelphia

1733

Higgs, Samuel

•16

Hilliard, Mary

Hoare. Martha

33-4

Hobbema, Stephen

Hodgetts, Tlionias

Holland, William

Holt, Jane

.54

Hoskins, Katherine

Howard, Elizabeth

39-40

Howe,— See Chedworth in the note.

Howell, Henrietta Maria

Hoyer, Jane

Hul>lon, Mary

Hudson, Susanna

Hughes, Charles

.5,3

Hulbert, Thomas

Hull, Ehzabeth

Huniall, Elizabeth

36-7

Hume, Jane

39-40

Humphries, Sarah

Hunter, Jacob

Hussey, John Fry Esq.

53.

Hustler, James Esq.

.'i2

1745

Hutchinson, Mary

Hutton, Thomas

Hyland, Jane

3)
48-9
21

33-4
3)
36-7
23
19

48
42
53
28
.37
50
46
20
51
51

Innes, John
Irons, Rev. John
Ivehop, John
Ives, Elizabeth
,, Jeremiah Esq.

Jackson, John
„ Richard
Jacobson, Rebecca
James, Hugh
JefFerys, Charles
Jennings, Philip
Jenyns, Soame Esq.

1740-1
46
43
30
52

1744
25
36
43
32
48-9
54

INDEX TO MAREIAGES.

Johnson, Ann

1731

Leonard, Elizabetli

„ Martha

Little, EHzal)eth

„ Mary

Lloyd, Ann

„ Mathcw

„ Elizabeth

„ Theodore

„ Jane

Johnston. — See Note to Ketelhy.

Lodington, Thomas

Jones, Ann

.54

Long, Samuel

„ Mary

Longcroft, George

„ William Esq.

Lord, Elizabeth

„ William Esq.

Lovvther, Robert

„ William Esq.

Lucas, Antony Esq

Joyce, Thomas

,, William

Joyens, John

Lumley, Mary

Juby, George

Lunn, Elizabeth

Lupton, Jane
Luson, Robert

Lutton, Arabella

Kempster, Mary
Kendall, Sarah
Kennersley, Barhara

1718

52
27

Lutwyche, Ann

„ Sarah
Lyddell, Mary

Kenward, John

Ketelhy, Margaret

King, Mary

Knapp, John

,, John

^Jan, Jane

Knatchbull, Rev. Wadham

JIander, Frances

Knevett, George

„ Harry

Knowles, Catherine

Marcar, Miiriel

KnoUys, Richard

Marchant,— SeeLe

Ladyman, Mary 1723

Lambert, Richard 31

Lane, Arthur Benjamin Esq. 49

Langhan, John 18

Lascellas, Edwin Esq. 46-7

Lawley, Elizabeth, Lady 30

Lawton, Susanna ^6

Lawrence. Herbert 45

Lee, Bethia 48

Leighton, Col. Francis 46-7

Leman, James 45

Le Marchant, William Esq. 52

Marchant

Marsh, Mary
Marshall, Sarah
Mariott, Benjamin
JIartin, Thomas
JIartyn, Richard
Master, Legh Esq.
Mathews, James
May Bartholomew
Medlycott, Thomas
Medows, Ann
,, Frances

Mee, Jlary

Mendes,— See Da Costa.

Merry, Richard

Mertins,'John Henry

Metcalf Sarah

17:;i

4-1
43

20
31
57
22
51
49
2;i
51
29
23
31
34

1744-5

21
52

86
29
33
46
53
18
34
42
43
44
43

23
53

LNDEX TO MARRIAGES.

Meyers, Sophia
MicliL'l, Dorothy

„ Matliew Esq.
Minet, Uanicl
Miller, Elizabctli
Mills, Willjam
JliUes, Tliornas
Molyneux, Sir Capel, bart.,
Moncaster, Mary
Monier, Mary
Montagu, Richard
Moody, Elizabeth Ann
Moore, Christiana
Mordauiit, Mary
Morgan, Elizabeth

,, Margaret
Morland, Elizabeth
Morris, Benjamin

,, Edmund c;iq.

,, Lawrence,

,, Mary

,, \'alentine esq-
Moseley, Isaac
Mountague, Elizabeth
Mundy, James
Mussenden, Hill esq.

Nash, Harry
Nettleton, Robert e.sq.
Newman Caroline
Nichols, Norton

,, William
Nicholson, Bridget

„ James

,, Joseph
Nickols, Thomas
NicoU, Elizabeth
Morris, John
Northey, Rebecca

„ William esq.
Norton, Lady Frances

1752

Nott, Antony

17-32

2!)

Noyes, Richard, esq,

48-9

Olden, Benjamin

1745

Olfield, Mary

.33-4

Osgood, Thomas

Owen, Hannah

„ John

„ Lydia

27
54

P-

Packington, Herbert Perrot

1721

Palmer, Ann

„ Eliakini

„ Harriet

Parker, Martha

„ Philadelphia

„ Thomas Esq.

2.3

Parry, Elizabeth

7fi

„ llarrieit

,, Michael

„ Thomas

49-5(1

Paskell, Jane

Paxton, Ann

Peake, Robert

1733

Peel, Esther

Peell, Ann

40-1

Peers, Thomas,

Pennington, Catharine

Penton, Elizabeth

47-8

„ Stephen

Peter, Simon

Peterson, Arabella

„ Peter

Peters, Elizabeth

Peyton, John

Philips Elizabeth

Phillips, James

Pierce, Hannah

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

Pinfold, Renea
Pinnell, Thomas
Pitt, Mary
Plant, Henry
Pockley, Christian
Pond, Deborah
Poole, Joseph
Popham, Stephen
Porten, Samuel
Powel, Manse), esq.
Powell, James
Powlet Hon. Catherine
Prince, Godwin
Prttchard, Robert

Ramsden, Thomas, esq.
Ravenliill, John
Reason, William
Reddall, Margaret
Reed, Joseph
Reeve, Martha
Regis, Rev. Dr. Bathazar
Rey, John
Reynolds, Richard

,, Thomas
Rhodes, Ann
Ridley, Margaret
Riggs, Richmond
Ripley, Thomas
Rippon, Ann
Robarts, Abraham
Robinson, Elizabeth

., Hannah

,, John

„ Mary
Rolfe, George
Rondeau, Jane
Ross, Alexander
Roth, James
Roundtree, John
Rutherford, Sarah
Rutt, Esther

1746-7

St. Quention, Sir William Bart.

1724

Salt, Samuel esq.

4(i

Salter, Lydia

Salwey, Hannah

Sambridge, Charles

33-4

Sambrook, Catherine

Sanderson, Sir William Bart.

33-4

Santi, Mary

Sanxay, Edmund

48-9

Sayer, Henry

Sellis, Ann

Selwyn, Charles

Shadwell, Sir John

2(i

Shaw, Judith

Shelley, Dorothy,

,, Elizabeth

33-4

1743

„ Richard esq.
Shelton, Diana

52
33-4

Sheppard, Thomas

.54

33-4

Sherman, Margaret

Shewell, Ann

Shipton, Ann

Shower, Jo'm

36-7

55
23

Shrimpton, John
Siggins, Mary

47
49

Simpson, Elizabeth

Smallman,Edward

Smith, John Lewen

„ jNIary

., Mary

,, Sarah

., Thomas

39
46-7

Soley, Ann
„ Catlierine

19
24

53
45

Southern, William
Speed, Frances

25
21

,, Richard

Spencer, Charles

Stainsby, Richard

43
19

Stanfield, Joseph
Staples, Rebecca

31
41

Stephens, Henry

52
50

Stevens, Sarah
Stoakes, Bejamin

43
36

INDEX TO MARRIAGES

Stone, Mavcia

1723

„ Margaret

1722

Streck, Rebecca

Turton, Mary

Strickland, William esq.

Tyrell, Martha

Strong, Letitia

30
33

Stun, JIartha

Summers, Leah

Sumner, William

Swayney, Christiana

Usher, John

174S

Sydserfe, Margaret

42-3

Tanner, Elizabeth
Tate, Catherine

„ Mary
Taylor, Peter
Tempest, Jonothan
Temple, John
Tenoe, Theodosia
Terry, Martha
Theobald, Martha
Thomas, Alexander
„ Dorothy
,, Margaret
,, William esq.
Thompson, Ann
,, Elizabeth
„ Elizabeth
„ Elizabeth
,, Rebecca
„ Richard
Thornton, Bethia
Thorpe, Catherine
Thursby, Elizabeth
Thwaite, Frances
Thvvaites, Mary
Tily, Joseph
Tooke, Lethieullier
Toulson, Eleanor,
Towers, Robert
Townsend, Joseph
Travis, Robert
Trayton, Nathaniel
'burner, Deborah

1739
20
23
40
18
32
27
28
40
49
40
22
42-3
48-9
44
48
49
24
30
21
28
31
27
23
30
52
51
31
37
69
39
45

Valentine, Thomas
Vanhatten, Eliza
Vassmer, Elizabeth
Vaughan, Elizabeth

,, Jane
Vigor, William
Vernon, Thomas' Esq.

Walker, Ann

,, Rachael

,, William
Wallace, Margaret
Waller, Thomas
Wallis, Marmaduke
Walthoe, Martha
Ward, Joseph esq.
Warden, Prudence

,, Thomas esq.
W^ardman, Mary
Warmon, William
Warnengham, Bridget Arabella
Warner, Elizabeth
Warren, Sir George K,B.
Watson, Ann

„ Kev. John
Waylett, Elizabeth
Wearge, Clement esq.
Weaver, Jane
Webb, Nathaniel

,, Sarah
Webster, Abigail

1723
53
55

39-40
51
43
36

1747
18
47
53
36
42
36
40-1
32
28
53
24

64
41

39-41 1
34
23
52
44-5
21
21

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

Weldou, Thomas esq.

1747-8

Wightwick, John

1719

Wellard, Joseph

Wildey, Elizabeth

Wellock, Mary

Williams, Lawrance esq.

48-7

Wentworth, John

Williamson, Talbot est]

,, Thomas esq.

Wilson, George

West, Thomas

.52

,; Robert

Westbrooke, Elizabeth

Winch, Hobert

47-S

Westly, John

Wincot, Alaiy

Weston, Eobert

Wingfield, Mary

47-8

Wheel Lr, Ann

Wood, John

■17

Wliite, Elizabeth

„ Sarah

49-50

,. Mary

Woolball, Catherine

Whitfield, Thomas, alias Geers,

Wren, Thomas

Whitmore, John

Wright Henry

Wicliham, Grace

„ Mary

Wiggett, Samuel

„ Richard

Wight, John

Wyatt, Judith

Wightman, Sharclloiv

4:i

Wynne, Elizabeth

FINIS,

INDEX TO 15APTISMS

-Geaiiclerk, Ann

,. Charlotte

,. Henry

„ Henry

„ JNIartlia

„ Wary
Blackwcll. ,T,>hn
Burrow, Jane
Clayton, Charles

, , .Joseph

„ Willianr
( uUum, Kieh.'ird

„ — See Smith.
Dawson, Jane

,, Joseph
Dixie, Williai^i
Garriek, David

„ Nathan
Hareourt. Philip Francis

J "19

47-S

5t>

44-;

41
49
fiZ

41
75
54

Jones. John
Keene, Ann Caroline
Lake, Anna Maria
Latimer, Ann

,, Arahella

,, Catherine

,. William
Lee, John
Maud, Sarah
Powell, Catherine

;, D.ivid Thomas

,, Henry Thomas
Proctor, Catherine Somerset
Smith, Sarah

Travis, Elizalieth Dorothea
Tyler, Edward

,, Jane
Wilson, Robert

IM.j
70
38
68
71
74
CO
57
40
72
71
7-t
-15-Ii
68
70
34
33
32

[NDEX TO BURIALS.

Allen, Mrs.

Bodens Mrs.

Bowen, Mrs. Sarali
„ Mr. Thomas
,, William esq

Buroess; U.aniel
„ Daniel

1725

Holt, Mrs,

4(17

Howe, Miss Sophia

Hume, Miss Penelopy

Hutton, Thomas esq.

Lee; Mrs. of Lord Litt

Proctor, William esq.

46-7

Watson, Mrs.

V 1 N

IS.

1752
20
40 7
25
y 20
58
70

London; Printed by J. Bacon, 5, HcHid Court, Holboic, W.C.

LIST {)¥ SliFnSOKIBEilS.

Sib Chables Yu ltng, Gartcr-Kiug-at-Arms, HLTalds Cullege,
London.

George E. Adams, Esq., Rouge Dragon, Heralds College, London,

The Hon. Lord Monson, Burton Hall, Lincoln.

Rev. George H. Dashwood, Stow-Bardolph, county Norfolk.

Rev. Charles J. Robinson, Healaugh Vicai'age, Tadcaster. Yorlcsli',-?.

Rev. Humphrey F. Hall, Debden Rectory, Essex. (2 copies.)

Sidney Young, Esq., -i, Martins Lane, City, London. E.G.

J. H. Cooper, Esq,, Town Hall, Cambridge.

Dr. Tliorne, HaiTow Road, Paddington, London, W.

Dr. Rimbault, 29, St. Mark's Cresent, Regent's Park, London, IST.W.

F. G. West, Esq. Horham Hall, Essex.

George Burgess, Esq. Genealogist, 18, Lincoln Street, Bow Road,
London, E.

Dr. Sykes, Whitby, Yorkshire.

William Price, Esq., 4, Castle Street, Abergavenny.

Rev. Beaver H. W. Blacker, M.A., Eokeby, Blaokroek, Dublin.

B. H. Beedham, Esq. Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire.

Mr. Francis Lyne, Guildsborough, Northamptonshire.

James P. D. Camp, Esq. 36, Hoxton Square, London, N.

Valentine Hurst, Esq., Genealogist, St. John's Street, Smithfield,
London.

James Martin, Esq., Duke Street, St. James's, London, S.W.

Arthur John Knapp, Esq., Llanfoist House, Clifton, Bristol.
W. H. Cooke, Esq. F.S.A,, 4, Elm Court, Temple, London, E.G.

S. J. Addis, Esq. 49 & 50, Worship Street, Finsbuiy, London. N.E,
(3 Copies)

Mr. Charles Powell, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Mr. Richard Hart, Westbury, Gloucestershire.

Mr. William Coleman, Arlingham, (2 Copies)

Duncan Thackray, Esq. Armagh, Ireland-

ON THE

ENGRAVED PORTRAITS

PRETENDED POKTRAITS

MILTON.

JOHN FITCHETT MAESH, ESQ.

Extracted fkom the Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire
AND Cheshire. Vol. XII, 1859-60.

LIVERPOOL :

T. BEAKELL, PEINTEH, COOK STKEET.

isen.

CONTENTS.

iNTEODrCTORY OesERYATIOXS

POBTKAITS IMMEDIATELY OR REMOTELY DERIVED FKOM AUTHENTIC SOURCES, VIZ.

&C.

110

1]7

122 „ 124)

V^b „ 127)

Janssen's Portrait (num'bered 1 to

The Onslow Portrait ( ,, 5 ,,

Marshal's Eugraving ( „ 21 ,,

Faithorue's Engravrng ( ,, 24 ,,

Others derived from the Faithorne Portrait . ( ,, 54 ,,

The White Portrait ; or Simon's Fo. Mezzotint ( „ 07 „

The White-Eichnrdson Likeness ( ,, 70 „

The White-Vertue Likeness ; or Yerttie (1725) ( ,, 77 ,,

The White-A^andergucht Likeness . . . . ( ,, 89 ,,

The Baker Drawing, &c ( „ 02 ,.

Vertiie's Eugraving (1750) f ,, 105 ..

Portraits derived from Busts, Medallions, Seals

Hollis's Bust

Eichardsou's Etcdiings

Milton Victonoiis over Salmasiiis . . .

Eysbrack's Monument

Miscellaneous Busts

Medallions

Seals

Pretended Portraits

The Cooper Miniature

Du Eoveray's Print

Craig's Drawing

Peck's Mezzotint

The Elderton Miniature

Yertue's Eichardson Portrait

The Chesterfield Portrait

The Strawhen^ Hill Portrait

The Capel Lofft Portrait -

Portrait in Dr. "Williams's Library

Pye's Print

Page's Print

The Falconer Miniature

Notice of dndescribed Prints, Pictures, &c. .

20)

■ri)

6P,)
00)
CO)
76)
88 I
11!)
1-4)

:ij9j

110)
121,

128
131
137

130)
130)
UO)

141 „ liC)

- )

- )
15i)

- )
156 „ 157)

158 — )

159 — )

160 — )

161 „ 164)

147
148
149
150
151
152
155

PAGE

12
14
17
20
24
26
27
29
31
32
85
36
id.
37
89
id.
40
id.
41
id.
id.
45
46
id.
47
id.
48
id.
id.
49
50
id.
id.
' 62

ON THE ENGRAVED PORTExilTS AND PRETENDED
PORTRAITS OF MILTON.

Pry John FitcheU Marsh, Esq.

While volumes have been written on the portraits of Shakespeare, the
information obtainalile respecting those of Alilton is conlined to a few
scattered notes of his liiogi-aphers and commentators, the most copious
account being one in Todd's Life, copied, with some additions, from Mr.
Warton's note to Milton's Greijk epigram, " In efKgiei ejus sculptorem."
The reason for this scarcitj' of information is iiot that less is known of the
portraits of our greatest epic, than of those of our greatest dramatic poet,
but that, on the contrary, more being known, less has been left to con-
jecture ; but, unfortunately, the existing materials have been so used by
successive commentators — each adopting and adding to the mistakes of his
predecessors — as to produce an amount of confusion from which it is my
hope to assist in extricating the subject. The olijects I propose to myself
in the present paper are, to examine the relation in which the usually
received [lortraits stand to each other, to collect the scattered notices of
them, and thus to render them available for the illustration of a connected
series of representations of the poet's features. It is of engraved
POfiTRAiTS only that I propose to treat, having no opportunities for making
myself acquainted with the original pictures and drawings. The extent of
the materials for a catalogue is greater tlian perhaps would be generally
supposed : for while Granger's list comprises 37 portraits, Bromley's only
25, and Evans's 42, I have been enabled not only to compile a catalogue
of 164, but to produce upwards of 150 fir your inspection.

The portrait painted at the age of ten, now in the possession of iTr.
Disney; that at the age of twenty-one, purchased from the executor of
Milton's widow by Speaker Onslow; the print engraved by Marshal, for
the first edition of the minor poems, in 1645 ; and that prefixed to the

first edition of the History of Britain, inscribcil " Oul. Faitliorne ad vivum
" delin. et sculpsit, 1070," at tlie age of 0-i, funn a beiies of unqaestionalile
autlieuticity, taken at various periods of the Poet's life, and presenting
such maidvod difi'erence of feature as to create no risk of mistake or con-
fusion among them. Tlieir pecuharities and history will be more filly
noticed when we come to describe tbern in detail ; but tlie name of
Faithorne has been so unwarrantably rnixcd up with ihe mistakes and
falsifications which I shall presently have lo expose, that it will be con-
venient, before proceeding further, to describe the characteiistics by which
his celebrated engraving, and the large number, of portraits derived from
it, may be distinguished. Jf, in duiug tins, 1 say little about expression
and features, it is because they are more easily conveyed to the mind by
actual inspection than described by words, and because the caprice or
incompetence of engravers may readily produce such a vnriatiiai in them
as effectually to disguise the source from which their subject has been
derived ; whereas peculiarities of dress and attitude, though in some
I'ospects secondary considerations, are usually found so persistently pre-
served as to furnish satisfactory evidence of a coinmoii origin. The
Faithorne engraving, then, may be distinguished by the following charac-
teristics : — The i'ace is turned in the same direction as the bust. There
is a broad Genevan band,-- the nearer half of which lies quite straight,
and the other half falls in several folds, beneatti which is seen a tassel.

* .'\s we stiall liuvp to mention the distinguishing" costniues of the various portraits,
it will be well to explain the sense in which several terras are used, especially as the
name of the modern aciideniic badge cojmects the idea of " bands", in po2)ular estima-
tion, rather with the rjenevan han<l here referred to than wath the article of dress to
which the term " band" "was originally applied. The circnlar I'uff, witli its ample plaits,
is familiar to us in the portraits of Queen Elizabeth's courtiers. In the succeeding
reign (see Phniclic on British Cos'iimt;, ed. 18i7, p. 3oO), " the ri?^ was occasionally
" exchanged for a wide stiff collar, standing ottt ho]"izontally niid squarely, made of the
" same stutf, and starched and ^vircd as usual, but plain instead of plaited or pinched,
" and sometimes edged, like the rulf, with lace: these collars were called 'Bauds'" —
from which comes the term "band-hi.x" — and Fairliolt in the Glossary to his History
of Costume detiues the BA^^u as " a cnljar of linen or cambric, surrounding tlie neck,
*' and which v.'as stitfened with starch, or uuilei'prnpped ; or else allowed to fall upon the
" shoulders, when it was ternjcd a 'falling-hand'." The .lanssen portrait and that de-
scribed in the Gent. iWag. so closely resembling it (No. 4) furnish excellent illustrations
of the " hand" and '-falling-band" respccii\"ely : it is an error to confound either one
or the other with the " rnU'." Deprived or their laced edges — tlie sides cut away that
they might not fall over the shoulder — and the parts overhanging the chest cut square — ■
the transition is easy from the " falling-bands" to tlie " Geneva bands," which,
Mr. Planche observes, are "like those worn by our modern clergymen and councillors,
" except that instead of being two small pieces worn for distinction merely, they were
"bona fide collars, the ends of which hung negUgently out over the waistcoat." (p. 390.)
For a fair specimen of the transition here spoken of see the print numbered 151.

11. S. f.h 1.. :.: C. Vnr. XI

Ko. 1.

i'o! '. : air — F'M-'Ti-i an b';ne.:'av,

L'lpr];-||-|l.

Pur' I /111-, Troni '■ Gontlen-i j
vijI. lvm.

Frii-tTniL. — I'l-nrn ri 1 1 I'lns'vavrniL',
bv ^'. vHir.,

lv^^l■.^ha^^■ Errrrnv: > if.;.

The drapery, Nvliicli falls so as to cover tlie vest except tlie two upper
buttons, is ch'awn rather tight over the nearer shoulder. A thick fold, a
little below, takes a direction more nearly approaching the horizontal ;
and below tlrct, the edge or a thin fold of the material takes a peculiar
curve from one side of tlie figure to the other.

Leaving these distinctive marks to be borne iu mind when we come
to compare the portraits with which this original has been confounded,
I will proceed to notice the circumstances from which the confusion I
refer to has arisen. Several applications seem to have been made to
Deborah Clarke, Milton's youngest daughter, who survived him until the
year 17:27, for her opinion on the autlienticity of supposed portraits of her
father. The first is related in a letter from Vertue to IMr. Christian, the
seal engraver, preserved in the British "Museum, 'i- and is as follows :
" INIr. Christian — Pray inform my Lord Harleyf that I have on Thursday
" last seen the Daughter of Milton the Poet. I carry 'd with me two or
" three different Prints of Milton's picture which she immediately knew to
" be like her father & told me her mother in Law (if I living in Cheshire)
" had two pictures of him, one when he was a school boy & the other when
" about § twenty. Slie knows of no other picture of him because she was
"several jears in L'eland — both before & after his Death. She was the
" youngest of JMilton's daughters by his first wife and was taught to read
" to her father several Languages. Mr. Addison was desirous to see her
" once — & desired she would bring with her Testimonials of her being
" Milton's daughter. But as soon as she came into the Boom he told her
" she needed none, her face haveing much of the likeness of the pictures
" he had seen of him. For my part T find the features of her Face very

* Tliis letter has been printed in the Geiit. Mug. (IS-jl) ; in the Meuiuirs of Thuiuas
Hollis ; iind in Ivimey's and Masson's Biograpliies, and perhaps elsewhere. In some of
these the reference is 'to Harl. MSS. HWi, f. 17ii, and in others to Add. MSS. 5nlG*,
/'. 71. The Ihet is that the former is the original letter, and the latter a transcript of it
in the handwriting of Dr. Birch, which, though nearly accurate, has, from its not being
quite so legible as the original, led to inaccuracies in subsequent copies. Having
stumbled on tliis fact at the Museum, I took the trouble of collating the two manu-
scripts ; and tlie letter in the text is a literatim copy of the original.

+ Lord Henley. I Iiiiucij's L/Je of Millon, ]}. 3'-i'3.)

I The "if" is omitted ia Birch's copy. Vertue had originally written '■ is," but
altered it with the pen. The doubt expressed, though immaterial to our present p>u-pose,
is confirmatory of observations I have mude elsewhere on the inditference with which
Milton's widow was spoken of by his family.

§ '' Above" in Birch's copy.

"much like the Prints, I showd her the Paiuting 1 have to engrave
"which she beheves not to he her Father's picture, it being of a Brown
"complexion & black hair & curled locks — ou the contrarj' he was of a
" fair complexion a little red in his cheeks & light brown lanck hair. I
" desire you woud acqitaiot BIr. Prior I was so unfortunate to wait on him
" on Thursday morning last just after he was gone out of Town — it was
" with-' this intent, to enrjuire of him if he remembers a picture of Milton
"in the late Lord Dorsett's collection — as I am told this f was — or if lie
" can inform me how I shall enquire or know the truth of this affair. I
" shoud be much obliged to him — being very willing to have all certainty
" on that account before I begin to engrave the Plate — that it may be the
" more satisfactory to the Publick as well as to my self. The sooner you
" can communicate this the better — because 1 have to resolve which
" I cant well do till I have an answer, which will much oblige, Your
"Friend to command, Geo. Vertue. Saturdiiy, Aug. 12, 17-21. To Jlr.
" Charles Christian."

The elder Richardson, in his "Explanatory Notes and Piemarks on
" Milton's ' Paradise Lost,' " published in 1734, inserted an etching " from
" an excellent original in crayons," in his po^session, ami which he states
in his introduction (p ii.) he had reason to believe Milton sat fur not long
before his death. In a subsequent passage (p. xxxvi) be relates, as an
evidence of Deborah Clarke's tender remembrance of her fatlier, that
" this picture in crayons was shewn lier after several others, or which were
" pretended to be his. When those were shewn, and she was asked if she
" could recollect if she had ever seen such a face, ' No, no'; bat when this
" was produced, — in a transport — ' 'Tis my father — 'tis my dear father —
" I see him — 'tis him ;' and then she put her hands to several parts of her
" face- ' Tis the very man — here — here.' "

In the "Memoirs of Thomas Hollis," edited in 1780 by Archdeacon
Blackliurne, is inserted a print drawn and etched by Cipriani, from a
portrait in crayons in the possession of Messrs. Tonson, which, at p. 619,
is described as "a drawing in crayons by ^Villiam Faithorne, now in the

• " With" (iniitted in Bivcli's rdpy.

+ "As I aii) told //«?;■<? was" [IvUne]fs Life of Jlil/on, p, ^2i).) The difference iu
tlie seriae is considL^rable ; but the liisloiy of a poitraiL wLnch turned out not to repre-
sent iVrilton is nnimporfiint, except so far as it bears on the discussion re.specting tbe
t.'onpor miniature, to he nienlioued bcrcnfter.

"hands of Messrs. Touson, booksellers, iu Loudon;" aud it is related
that " about the year 1725 Mr. George Vertue, a worthy and emiuent
" British antiquary, went on purpose to see Mrs. Deborah Clarke, iMiltou's
" youngest and favorite daughter, and some time his amanuensis, who then
" lodged in a mean little street near Moorfields, where she kept a school
" for children for her support. He took this drawing with him, and divers
" paintings said to be of Milton, all which were brought into the room
" by his contrivance, as if by accident, whilst lie conversed wilh her. She
" took no notice of the paintings ; but when she perceived the drawing she
" cried out, ' 0 Lord ! that is the picture of my father — how came you by
" it?' Aud, streaking the hair of her forehead, added 'Just so my father
" wore his hair.' This daughter resembled Milton greatly."

There is no excuse for confounding the first of these three alleged visits
to Deborah Clarke — when, after confirming the authenticity of several
prints produced by Vertue, she condemned a painting which it was the
special object of his visit to shew her — with the interview related by
Plichardson, when his crayon drawing was shewn her by some person
unnamed, and recognized with apparent emotion after she had failed to
recognize the likeness of others. The third interview, as related iu
Hollis's Memoirs, is full of inconsistencies, which it will be more con-
venient to notice in another place. What I here wish to observe is, that
Hollis's biographer, in alluding to Tonson's crayon dra-wing attributed to
Faithorne, in no manner connects it with Pdchardson's ; nor does
Eichardson attribute his own crayon drawing to Faithorne, or mention
Vertue as the person who shewed it to Deborah Clarke. In fact, though
Cipriani's pencil has taken sad liberties with the expression, the Tonson
drawing, as represented by him, has the attitude and costume identifying
it with the Faithorne engraving ; and is likely enough to have been
Faithorne's original drawing in crayons — a mode of execution he is known
to have adopted. [See Walpole's Catalutjue of Engravers, l.sf cd., p. .58.)
With Richardson's etching it has no one point of identity. In the latter
the countenance is more upturned than in Faithorne's engraving ; and
the position of the head is such that the left shoulder and right clieek are
nearest to the spectator ; the collar, not at all partaking of any of the
forms of a band, has the ends separating from each other at something
less than a right angle, with cord aud tassels between, the sides al';o
approaching to straight lines; and the drapery falls from both shoulders so

as to form an aogle a little to the right of the buttons, of which a row of
five is exposed. But notwithstanding these marked distinctions, or rather
this total absence of anj' point of siniilarit)', the mention of two cra3'0D
drawings in couneclion witli visits to Jlilton's daughter has led to a series
of mistakes. Bishop Newton, at p. Ivi. of his life of Milton {BiiskervlUe
edilioii, noO), in a sliort notice containing another glaring mistake which
I need not stop to point out, confounds them lij speaking of the "portrait
" in crayons, drawn when Milton was aliout si\ty-two, and which was
" in the collection of Mr. Bidiardson, but h;is since been purchased by
" ]\rr. Tonson." This may be VUeinllij true; for Pdchardson's drawing, as
well as the otlier, may have eventually come into the possession of Tonson :
but the statement is not the less calculated to mislead. Accordingly
Warton gets deeper into the error, for he not only states, in his note at
p. 530 fed. 1791 ), that Faithorne's original engraving, which he had stated
in the preceding jiage to be from a dj'awing in crayons, " was copied by
" Vertue, one of his chief woiks, in \l'io" (though I shall endeavour to
shew yiresent'y that Vertue's portrait of that date had a connnon origin
with Itichaidson's etching, and little in comuion with I'aithoi'ne,) but in
the following page he states that " the Uichaidons, and next the Tonsons,
" had the admirable cr.iyon drawing above mentioned, done ijy tViithorne,
" tlie best likeness extant, and for which IMilton sate at the age of
"sixty-two;" and after cpioting, in relation to the same drawing, the
interview between Yeitue and Deborah Clarke, as told in Hollib's memoirs,
adds, " This head by Faitborne was etched by Bichardson, the father, about
" 1734, with the addition of a laurel crown to help the pjropriety of the
"motto." Symmoiis repeats the ermr (pp. Ol.j, 531, 1st ed.) : and to
make confusion worse confounded, Todd adopts verbatim the language of
Wartoii, but adds that the drawing successively in the possession of
Eicliaidson and Tonson was then in the possession of Mr. Baki r. who had
allowed an engraving tu be made from it for Todd's woi'k. On turning,
however, to the engra\ing last referreil to, we find it to be without one
point of iilentity with Faitijorne or Cipriani's portraits, but with sucli
rnai'ks of a common origin with Ftichardsou's as I shall piresently explain.
Lastlv. ]\Ir. Cunningham, in a note to his edition of Johnson's "Lives of
" the Poets" (I. 13 1 1, says — "The best portrait of Milton is that drawn
" and engr.iveil bv Faithorue, prefixed to Milton's ' History of Britain,'
" 107U, 4to : I'aithorne's original drawing is preserved, with other portraits

-^nonYTi'iOi73 Etchme", atKribLite'] to
Pvichai'j.^or).

Ivliller's En^ravine" for Tonsoa'i
Bas,' 'riTiue Edition, 175y.

Engraving fmm Mr. Bicker's C'ray-'n
lirav:rn^, for Todr]'.? Eoi^ion, IcOl.

E"np'raYrri£" for Heptme'st^iU's Edition.

" belongiug to Tonson, including the Eit-kat collection, at Bayfordbury,
"near Hertford, the seat of Mr. Baker." I should create additional con-
fusion if I were to go on repeating these statements in the language of
successive commentators ; but the errors of all of them are so completely
condensed in a paragraph of a dozen lines by Mr. Keightley, that I may
as well quote it: — "In 1070," he says, "was a portrait engraved by
" Faithorue, /'/o)« a crcn/oii drau:in<j by himself, \yilli this legend, 'Gul.
"'Faithorne ad vivum delin. et sculpsit. Johannis Miltoni efhgies.
"'jEtat. 02. 1070.' This engraving has been often copied, [he adds in
" a footnote, " there is one by Cipriani in Hollis's Memoirs,"] but as it was
" not in Faithorne's best manner, a new cop;/ was made for the first edition
" of Todd's Milton, from the original crayon chcuiing in the possession of
" William Baker, Esq. This drawing had passed through the hands of
" the Eichardsons ami Toiisons to those of Ilr. Baker. It T\'as at the
" sight of tills, when shewn to her by Vertue, the engraver, among other
" paintings and engravings, that Deborah Clarke made tire e.xclamation
" above related. All the best jiortraits of Milton are taken from it."
(Keiglitley's Life vf Milton, p. \'iU.) I have seen none of the drawings:
but if the slightest reliance is to be placed upon the engravings, a glance
at those published by Pdchardson, from the crayon drawing in his posses-
sion— by Hollis, from the crayon drawing in the possession of the Tonsons
(and likely enough, as I have stated, to have been Faithorne's original
drawing) — and by Todd, from the drawing in the possession of Mr. Baker,
would have shewn how distinct each was from tire other, wliatever of
common origin there may have been between the iirst and third. It seems
to me a most e.-^traordinary fact, that a careless statement of Bishop
Isewton, upwards of a century ago, so far from being detected, should have
gone on accumulating error as it pa>sed through successive hands until the
present time, without one of the gentlemen quoted thinking "ft necessary
to compare the published portraits whicli they thus hastily assumed to have
been engraved from a common original. In one instance it is curious to
watch the effect of the mistake while two disputants ai-e playing at cross
purposes on the subject. In the discussion to wdiich I shall have to make
more particular reference in speaking of the Cooper miniature, and in
which Sir Joshua Pieynolds, under the signature of " R. J.," discussed
with Lord Hailes its pretensions to be accepted as a portrait of Milton, the
former writes (Gent. Mag., LXI, G03): — " In regard to the drop serene wo

" can assure your correspondent that it is not visible in the miniature, and
" that he is mistahcn in saying that it is visible in the crayon picture by
" Faithorne." Lord Hailes replies (p. 880) with sarcastic ingenuity :^" It
" is said that the gutta serena, or rather its consequence, is not visible in
" Faithorue's drawing of Slilton. I never saw it ; but I supposed that it
" represented Milton as blind, because Richardson's etching represented
" him so : and if Ricljardson has misled me, I must regret that I put my
" trust in a painter and connoisseur." The explanation, is obvious.
Reynolds, whether speaking from a knowledge of the crayon drawing in
the possession of tlie Ton^ons, from Cipriani's copy from it, or from
Faithorne's engraving, was justified in describing it as giving no indication
of Milton's blindness ; whereas Hailes, imagining that he was speaking
of the same drawing, had reference to liicbardson's etching from another,
one of the special merits of which was its rendering of the peculiar expres-
sion arising from the gutta serena, on which sulject some observations of
Richardson are quoted below.

"VA'hat, then, was the "excellent original in crayons" from which
Richardson made his etching in 1734, and which was recognized by
Deboi'ah Clarke as so striking a likeness of her father ? In considering
this question I have Ijeen led to attacli an unexpected degree of importance
to a folio mezzotint, inscribed " Fi. AVbite ad vivum delin. .J. Simon fecit,"
the precise date of which I have been unable to ascertain. I am told it is
a rare print, though I find it marl^ed at a trifling price in Evans's cata-
logue, but I was not avrare of its rarity until after I had discovered its
importance. I have seen no copy except my own. There is none in the
British Museum ; and it is not mentioned either in Granger or Bi'ouiley.
Bryan, also, in his Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, fails to particu-
larize it among Simon's worl;s ; but his editor, Stanley, mentions Milton's
among the heads engraved by that artist. AVhat I here wish particularly
to remark, with reference to tliis portrait, is its exact correspondeuce with
Richardson's etching of 1734. The former continues the drapery lower
down the figure, so as, in fact, to constitute a half length ; but with this
exception, and the wholly unimportant one of the portrait being reversed,
every word of the description I have given of Pdchardson's etching is
pjrecisely applicable to Simon's mezzolint. The laureate wreath, however,
with which, in both, the head is encircled, and which at first seemed one of
the most satisfactory points of identity, presents a difficulty : the elucida-

tion of it will depend in a great measure on the date of Simon's print,
which I have not yet been able to ascertain. Eichardson expressly says
(p. ii.) : — " Tlie laurel wreath is not in the picture ; the two lines under it
" are my reason for putting it there — not what otherwise would be
"imagined : all the world has given it hini long since." The presence of
the laurel wreath in both prints cannot be explained away as a coinci-
dence : for leaf liy leaf, with the exception of a single leaf inserted in
Simon's (the highest of the further branch), but omitted in IJichardson's,
the one wreath is a servile copy of the other. If, then, Simon's mezzotint
was published pi'evious to 17o4, how comes it that Eichardson, tlms proved
to liave been familiar with it, avoids all allusion to it, asserts the wreath to
bo his own idea, and does not attrilnite the "excellent original," which he
says he " has reason to believe Milton sate for not long before his deatli,"
either to Boberl White or to any other artist by name ? If Simon's print
was published subsequent to 173-i, the identity of the wreaths proves him
to have been the cojiyist ; and if so, on wdiat evidence did he inscribe his
print with " E, White ad vivum delineavit ? " Tliese questions I am
cotnpelled to leave unanswered. Internal evidence would tend to the
conclusion that Simon's had priority in date, from the fact that the con-
tinuatioir of the folds, as above noticed, accounts for the- direction of the
lines of drapery in Eichardsou's etcliing, which are otherwise unmeaning.
The truth is worth arriving at, if possible.* The result would probably
affect the qucslit^n whether there i:- good ground for retaining the name of
White as the original artist, as 1 have ventured to do below for distinc-
tion's sake : but it would leave untouched the fact that the two prints had
a common origin in a portrait, the vot-acity of wdiich was confirmed by the
best authority — that of Slilton's d.iii,_;hter.

• The only clue I am aware of is the names of tlie tn'o firms of publishers — " sold
" by T. Bowles in Paul's Cliurch-yard and J. Bowles in Cornhill." Tlie period during
which tliese two firms existed contemporaneously might possibly be ascertained ; hut it
would only enable us to ascertain the minimum antiquity of the print ; for one of our
most eminent priulsellers tells me he has an impression of having seen it ^^ith an earlier
imprint than that of the firms of Bowles. The date of 1738 is assigned tiy Bromley to
a folio mezzotint of Pope by J. Faber, from a picture painted by Kneller in 1721, which
is stated to be " jiriuted for Thos. Bowles in St. Paul's Churchyard, and .Tolm Bowles
" and Son at the Black Horse in Cornhill." Simon's folio mezzotint of Shakespeare,
from a picture attributed to Zoust, is supposed by Boadeii and Wivell to ha-\-e been jiub-
lished in or about 172.5 ; and bis folio mezzotint of Pope, from a painting hy Dahl, is
dated by Bromley 1728 ; but the first was by another publisher, and the second has no
publisher's name. Bowles of the Black Horse is repeatedly mentioned in connection
with the life of Hogarth; see the papers in the first vol. of the Cornhill Jfagazine.

I consider the same originul lo have been ihe source from which, with
more or less artistic liceusc, were derived Vertue's celebrated head of
17'25 ; I. Vauderguclit's folio ; another en,i,'vaving hy Vertiie, greatly
altered in expression and costume, in 175t) ; and lastlj', an engraving by
Miller, inserted in an edition of ivewtou's Milton, published by the
Tonsons in 1750, and of which I consider the original is likely enough to
have been the drawing which passed from the possession of the Tonsons to
Mr. Baker, as stated by Todd and Cunningham, or at least another
drawing irorn the same original. All these portraits will be duly described
below, and treated (to borrow a jihrase from physical science) as iijplcal
forms, in connection with which I have thought it desirable to arrange the
various prints to which they have respectively given rise. That all these
are trustworthy representations of our great poet I am far from as-erting.
On the contraiy, the extent to which various engraver's have departed from
the originals they professed to copy is absurd enough ; but I have treated
them as autlieatic to this extent, that their origin can be traced directly
or reniiitely to portraits the histoiy of wliich is satisfactorily shewn, or
■which have been vouched by the family of the poet.

To these succeed the prints which have been derived from monuments,
busts and seals. Tliere remain a reniaikable vaiiety of portraits, which
have been published with the name of Milton, some of which may be —
others cannot possibly be — and none, in rny opinion, are satisfactorily
proved to be from pictures intended to represent him. The history of
these portraits, or pretended portraits, will more conveniently be noticed
when we come to describe them ; and I will now proceed with my cata-
logue in the order I have indicated,

JaXSSEn's POETP.AIT.

The name of this artist has been given by common consent — though I
know not on what authotity, prior to that of Cipriani, except the judgment
of connoisseurs — to the picture referred to liy Aubrey, in his notes written
shortly after Milton's death (/;. 3.'i7 in (Juilirin's repiinl): — "A" B"' 1019
" he was ten yeares old as by his picture and was then a poet : his school
" master then was a Puritan in Essex who cutt hi, liaire sliort," that is
not his Oi\n haif, but the hair of his pupil, as explained bv Professor
Masson (p. 51, n.j. It was one of tlie piitures which remained in the
possession of Milton's '^idow until her death in 17;i7, and were enumerated

in the testamentary inventory of her effects, which I had the jileasure of
bringing under the notice of the Historic Society in 1855. On the 3rd of
June, 17(30, it was purcliased by Mr. HoUis, at tlie sale by auction of the
effects of Mr. Charles Stanliope, who liad mentioned to him, about two
months before, tliat he had bought it of the executors of Milton's widow
for twenty guineas. {Memoirs of Tlioiiias Mollis, p. 95.) Wartou men-
tions that the price at which it was purcliased at Stanhope's sale was
thirty-one guineas, and that Lord Harrington wishing to have tlie lot
returned, Mr. Hollis replied that his lordsliip's whole estate should not
repurchase it. (Warton, p. 530 n., ed. 1791.) It was this picture which
Mr. Hollis was so careful to preserve on the occasion of his lodgings being
on fire a few months subsccpent to his purchase. The story is told in his
memoirs, p. 106. The picture passed, with the other antiquities and
cuiiosities collected by Mr. Hollis, to Mr. Thomas Brand Hollis, who left
them by will to his friend Or. Disney, and is now in the possession of his
grandson, Edgar Disney, Esq., of the Hyde, near Ingatestone. It is
described by Professor Masson as about twenty-seven inches by twenty in
si/e, with the frame, the portrait set in a dark oval, and with the words
"John Milton, getatis sure 10, Anno 1018" inscribed on the paint in con-
temporary characters, but no painter's name. This minuteness of descrip-
tion is important witlr reference to another portiait, to be mentioned
shortly, which has been confounded with the present one. The first
engraving from Mr. Disney's picture was that published in Hollis's
memoirs : —

1. lohn Milton. Drawn and etched MDCCLX by I. B. Cipriani, a Tttscan,
from a picture painted by Cornelius Johnson MDCXVIII, liow in tbe possession
of Tlionias HoUis, of Lincoln's Inne, F.R. and A.SS. Portrait enclosed in an oval
wreath of roses ; and below, as in all the prints engraved under the direction of the
HoUises, their favorite device of the Cap of Liberty. {See Dibdin's Lib, Cojii. 555 n.)
Subjoined ai-e some lines from "Paradise Regained," which Professor Masson con-
siders were really written by the poet with some reference to his own recollections
of himself as a child : —

" When I was yet a child, no childish i>lay
To me was pleasing," &c.
The print is mentioned in Granger and Bromley.

2. lohn Milton. /Etat. 10. From an original picture m the collection of
Thomas Brand Hollis, Esq., near the Hyde, Essex. Corneliits Janseu pinxit.

W. N. Gnnliner soulp. ; an oval, (j.'2x5.9*iij plute, 9.8 x O.'i ; published June 4,
1704, by Jolm and Jo^iah Bnydell and Georgo Nicol, in tlie sumptuous eelitiou of
the Poetical Works, in 3 vols, royal iVilic), known as Boydell's Milton.

3. Milton. jEtat. 10. Aftm- a pbotogTiiph from the original picture, in the

possession of Edgar Disney, Esq., of the Hyde, Ingatestone, Essex; engraved by
Edwai'd liadflviie ; a beai.Ulful line engraving, forming one of the illit-ilrations to
the first volume of Massou's Lil'e of Milton.

4. Anon. ^Vn engraving alnmst in outline, forming an illustration to the
'* Geulicman's Magazine" (1787), vol. Ivii, p. 750, in which is i^rinted a letter signed
"Z. Z.," dated from tJxford, ond sendi)jg the drawing from whicli this is engraved,
and which it states " a friend, who lives there, has obligingly suffered to be taken
"from a picture in his possession. It is oiu wnod. At top is ' A° IG'2-'!. ^t. suis
"'12.' In the hands of the figure is a book with 'Homer's Ilhtds ' oti the leaves.
" The hair is j'ed. Tliis drawing is very like, only perhaj^is somewhat older than
'* the picture." A c^irrespondent, at p. w02 of the same voluml^ points out the
identity of the portrait with that engraved by Cipriani in Hollis's Memoirs — adds
that the dates correspond (which, however, is not the case) — and signs his com-
munication " Q. E. D." This is getting on rather too fast, for it is evident there
were two portraits in existence ; but though, in additinn to the discrepancies
apparent from the above notice, the sketchy outline of the print shews a marked
difference in costume (tlie srpiare-frduted erect band of ]\Ir. Disney's portrait being
rejilaced by a falling-band of similar pattern +), the resemblance in feature between
the two portraits is too close to have been the result of accident. That a copy of
the original picture should have been taken while it was in the possession either
of Mrs. Milton, her executor, Mr. Stanhope, or Mr. Hollis, is improijable, and we
are (hiven to the conjecture either that the painter of Mr, Disney's jjortrait (wliellier
Janssen or some one else) wa.s taiiUed with a mannmism wliich ■wunld deprive his
pictures of all claim to individuiility, or that, being employed to ]';)lnt another
portrait of the young schtdar at tlie age of twelve he had maije free use of his
original picture. This snpposition would still lea\e an error of at least two years
unaccounted for, if the date 1023 hi' cuiTcci.ly printpd in tlie " ("iratL-man's Maga- .
'* zine," and I scarcely dare offer it even as a conjecture : but if it should turn out to
be correct, it would fnlbjw iluit thi:re niay yet be in existence an alnmst unknown
portrait of Milton, with better claims to authenticity than some which have had
Jheii' pretensions more loudly asserted.

The Onsloav Por/irAiT.
By ihis name is known tlie otlier of the two portraits enumerated in the
inventory of Mrs. Milton's effects. AVarton (p. 530, ed. 1791) says, that

* The measurements are throughout in inches and tenths.
+ See note on Buffs and Bands, ante.

No, -1.

No. 6.

" by some it is suspected not to be a portrait of Milton." By whom sus-
pected, or on what grounds, I know not. There are few portraits with a
better authenticated pedigree. Its existence, in the custody of ]\Irs.
Milton, was known to Aubrey, wlio wrote in IGSl (p. 337 of Godwins
reprint) : — " His widowe has his picture draune {very well and like) when
" a Cambridge schollar : she has liis picture when a Cambridge scliollar,
" which ought to be engraven ; for the pictures before his bookes" [alluding
to Marshal's in 1045 and Faithornc's in 1070] " are not at all like him : "
and made a memorandum (p 345,) to "write his name in red letters on
"his picture with his widowe to preserve." In 1721 Deborah Clarke
informed Vertue (see his letter above) that her mother-in law, if living,
in Cheshire, had two pictures of him, one wdien he was a school-boy, and
the other when he was about twenty. In 1731, only four years after Mrs.
Milton's death, we find it in the possession of Mr. Speaker Onslow, and
engraved by Vertue ; and as late as 1794 it was stated in the inscription
to the engraving in Boydell's Milton to be "in the possession of Lord
" Onslow, at Clandon, in Surrey, purchased from the executor of lililton's
" widow by Arthur Onslow, Esq., Speaker of the House of Commons, as
" certified in his own handwriting on the back of the picture." It is
mentioned by Professor Masson (vol. I, p. 978) that the picture is not now
in the possession of the present Earl of Onslow. The information I have
obtained as to its history since it left his lordship's custody and present
place of deposit is such as I do not feel warranted in making public. It
is much to be desired that this relic should find a permanent resting
place beside the Chandos Shakespeare in the National Portrait Gallery.
It seems to have been known to Warton, who observes that " the picture
" is handsomer than the engravings, and that the ruff is much in the neat
"style of painting ruffs about and before 1028." The engravings from
it are numerous : —

5. Joannes Milton. JEt. 21. Vertue, sc. Ex pictura archetypa qiite penes
est prsebonoratilem Artliurnm Onslow, Arm : Vertue sc. 1731. 4to. I extract
this description from Granger, having heeu unlucky in not meeting with a copy.
He mentions that it differs from the next described only in the inscription,
Bromley also mentions it.

6. loannes Milton. jEtatis XXI. G. Vertue sculp. 1731 ; in a square panel,
with ornamented top, surmounting and partly concealing the top and sides of an
oval. The name and age are on two ribaiids below, between which is a circular
escutcheon charged with a single-headed eagle (in which Vertue's heraldic know-

iedge was at fault, for the eagle borue by Milton was double-headed, as j^i'oved by

his two seals *), and heueath is a pedestal, ou the two ends of which stand busts of
IIoniiT and Virgil ; and ou the front is iuseribed " Naseuntur Poeti:c, non flunt."
Puhli^s]led in Bentlcy's edition of " Parachse Lost," 4to, London, 1732. Mentioned
in Grander and Bn^niley.

7. Tlje s;une jilate, with Dryden's lines substituted for the " Nascuntur Poeta,
''non hunt,"' and (lie date badly altered from 1731 to 1747, is prefixed to Newton's
etlition of "Paradise Lost," 2 vi.)ls. 4.to, London, 1749, which HoUis's biographer
(see p. 117) suppnsod to be the original coutUtiou of the plate.

8. loannes Milton. vEtatis suas 21. G. Yertue sculp. An oval, with sUght
scroll ornament at top, and below a riband, with name and age, above a plinth ; size
of plate G \ 3.8 ; published in Kewton's edition of " Paradise Eegained," 8vo.
London, 1773 ; mentioned by Granger and Eronilcy.

9. John IMilton. In the collection of the Pight Lion. Arthur Onslow, Esq^.
Speaker of the House of Common. I. Houbraken sculps. Anist. 1741. Impensis
I. & P. Knapton, Londoir, 1741. An oval, re2iresenting masonry, insciibed with
name; at foot a pedestal ; and in front of it oiiiaments consisting of a lyre sur-
mounted by che_rub bead, a book, serpent with apple, S:e. ; size of plate 14,2 x 8.9.
One of the series of foUo plates known as Houbraken's heads; mentioned by
Granger and Bromley.

10. Joannes Milton, .Etatis XXI. Andrew Miller fecit, Dublin, 1744; a copy
of the last in niezzotmt, including the ornaments, but reversed; and on the pedestal
the motto " Nascuntur Poetee, non fiunt ;" size of plate 13.6 X 10.1.

11. lohn Milton. Drawn and etclied MDCCLX by I. B. Cipriani, a Tuscan, at
the desire of Thomas Plollis, F.E. and A. S3., h-om a picture in the collection of
the Eight Hon. Arthur Onslow^ Speaker of the Commons Plouse of Parliament.
Portrait enclosed in an oval, formed by intertwining boughs of laiu-el, and below
Milton's sonnet — " How soon liAth time," ko. The print is mentioned by Granger
and Bromley, and forms one of the series in HoUis's Memou-s.

12. John Miltun. In the collection of the Eight Hon. Arthur Onslow, Esq.,
Goldar sculpt. Some further lettering has been badly erased. An oval, in a
rectangular frame of tooth and egg ijattern ; size of fi'ame 7,5x0.4.

13. John Milton. Published by E. Baldwin, at the Eose, in Pater Noster Eow,
1752, for the London Magazine. An oval, representing masonry of four voussoii's,
with name inscribed, and resting on a plinth ; size of plate 5.7 x4.1.

14. John Milton. An oval, representing masonry of sis vonssou's, with seg-
ments cut otf at top, bottom, and sides; no plinth; name at foot; size of plate
4.7x3.*/; in the fifth volume of the British Bi<jgraphy, xmblished by Baldwin,

'7 vols., 8vo, London, i7GG-72.

* See Masson's Life, vol. i., p. 4.

15. Jolm MIUoii. Ill same pliitt? with Alg'enion Sydney, John ITamden, niid
Andrew INfarvel ; lour ovals, in Bligluly ornamented frames, oonnef:ted hy inter-
lacing ornament : size of each frame 2.5 x 1.8.

l(i. .Tolni Jlilton. In same plate with Ben .Johnson, Eohert Boyle, Esq., nnd
John Loeke, Es.(. ; fonr plain ovals, 2 X 1.8: I. June si-.

17. lohu Milton. yEtat. 21. From an originiil pir-ture in the possession of
Lord Onslow, at Clanrton, in Surrey, purchased from the execntors of Milton's
widow hy Arthur Onslow, Esq., Speaker of tlie House of Commons, as certified in
his own handwriting on the back of the picture ; an oval, C.2 x 5.9, in plate,
0.8x0.7; W. N. Gardiner sculpt ; pnhlished June i, 179i, hy John and Jo.siah
Boydell and George Nicol ; in Boydell's Milton.

18. John Milton. yEtat. XXI. Woolnoth sc.

19. Anon. Cornelius Jnnsen ! W. C. Edwards. J. Yates, Printer. London,
John Macroue, St. Jnmes's S.picre, and E. Graves, King William Street, Strand. In
Macroue's edition, edited hy Sir Egerton Brydges. The assigning of the picture to
Cornelius Janssen has arisen from confoundir.g its history with that of the portrait
hrst described : the artist is wholly unknown.

20. Milton, £etat. 21. Engraved hy Edwai-d Radclyffe, after Vertue's engn-aving
in 17;J1, from the original iiictnre, then in tire possession of the Eight Hon.
Speaker Onslow ; in Masson's Life of JUilton,

Marsh.^l's Engeaving.
This poftnjit, which appeored in Humphrey Jloseley's original edition
of Milton's poems, in 104.5, is one of consitlerable rarity and importance.
It was the subject of the Greek epigram " In efligiei ejus sculptorem," in
which the poet gave vent to his dissatisfaction with the manner in which
Marshal had executed his task. \Yhether the complaint was dii'ecteJ
against the coarseness of the engraving, or the unfavorable representation
of IVIiltou's personal appearance, is a point which, though it has given rise
to some discussion, is not of much iirrporttince ; for it is generally believed
that Marshal was the designer as well as engraver of the head; and the
term " '(wypa<poc " in the epigram is applicalile to him in either capacity
Plorace Walpole says that Marshal was " employed by Moseley, the book-
" seller, to grave heads for books of poetry ; and from their great similarity
" in drawing and ornaments Vertue supposed that he drew from the life,
" though he has not expressed ad vhnun as was the custom txfterwards ; and
" he was confirmed in tliis conjecture by a priut of ?dilion, at the age of
"21, with which Milton, who was handsome, and Marshal but a coarse
" engraver, seems to have been discontented, by sutiie (ireek lines that are

■' added to the liottom of the plate. Vertue adds that from this to 1670
" he kuows no eugraving of Milton, when Faithorne executed one with
" cid vivum dclineavit et sculjisit ; and this Vertue held for the most
" authentic likeness of that great poet, and tliought Marshal's and Faith-
" erne's bore as much resemblance as could be expected between features
" of '21 and 02." [Walpoles Catiilotjiic oj Engravers, \st ed., p. 38.) The
fact just noticed, namely, that this print was the only engraved portrait by
which Milton's supposed features were known to the public between 1645
and 1670 — a period which embraced nearly the whole range of his con-
troversial writings — invests it with an importance far beyond its merits.
Salmasius, in a passage in his " Defensio Eegia," quoted by Walpole and
Warton, applies to it the epithet of "comptulam"; but this could only
have been meant to apply to the dress. The features would rather seem
to have justified some of the terms in wdiicli the same author, in his
posthumous work " Ad Joannem Miltonum Fiesponsio" attributes to Milton
" frontem ferream, cor plumbeum, animum improbum, malam linguam,
" stylum atrocem." {Besponsio, p. 2). The same impression as is indicated
by the epithet "comptulam" led the author of " Regii sanguinis clamor"
to taunt him with being a Narcissus ; to which Milton, in a passage in his
" Defensio pro se," also partly quoted by Warton, replies: — "Narcissus
"nunc sum, quia te depiugente nolui Cyclops esse; cjuia tu effigiem mei
" dissimillimam, prefixam poematis, vidisti. Ego vero si impulsu et ambi-
" tione librarii me imperito scalptori, propterea quod in urbe alius eo belli
" tempore non erat, infabre scalpendum permisi, id me neglexisse potius
" earn rem arguebat, cujus tu mihi nimium cultum objicis." [Prose TT'o)7i's,
ed. 1698, vol. 3, /'. 123.) This passage goes far towards settling the
question as to the date of the portrait. The engraving is spoken of as
having been executed " eo belli tempore" applicable to the date of its pub-
lication ; and no hint is given of its having been engraved, as Warton
assumes, from some earlier drawing or painting in 1629, so as to justify
the inscription of "Anno iEtatis Vigess: Pri:". The apparent age, which
in 1615 would be thirty-seven — the generally received opinion that Mar-
shal's prints were usually from the life — and the passage from Milton's
" Defensio pro se," in which he accounts for the badness of the likeness by
a reason which, though valid in relation to an original portrait in 1645,
could have no reference to an earlier one then copied, combine to shew
that in assigning the age of twenty-one to his print Marshal was as reck-

Nu. 31.

less of dates as of resemblance to Ids original. I have only cue conjecture
to offer towards explaining away the difficulty. Though it is impossible,
comparing the Marshal with the Onslow portrait, to treat the one as a copy
of the other, it is possible that llarshal may have been allowed access to
the Onslow portrait to aid him in the absence of the sitter ; and the adop-
tion of the date which actually belonged to the Onslow portrait may thus
in some way have originated. The engravings may be described as
follows :—

21. loiuuiis jriltciui Aiigli Elligies Anno ^"Etaus Vigess : Pii : (iusfriljed round
ail oval) W. M. Sculp. In Ihe liackgniuud au Arcadian .scene ; and iu the four
corners, outside the oval, the ]Mnses [Mclpouiene, Erato, Urania., and Clio, with
their names ; beneath, the Greek epigram ; * —

'A[J.aOu ytypa00rtt X^'-p'^ T)]l'(ft ^uv Uizova
^atyQ Tax '"^^' '^P^Q et^oc aurofl>v^(^ jiXkirojv.
Tav d' iKTViriiiTuv ovk kTriyvovr^Q, <pi\oi
VtXaT^ (pauXov ^vu^iifiyjixa ^wypci^oy.
the size of the plate is 5.7 x 3.6. Its market value is more proportioned to its
rarity than its beauty. An impression at the sale of Sir William jMusgrave's dupli-
cates sold for £i l?s., and the Sib/iolkccn Aiii/lo-Poelica quotes the price of a copy
of the minor poems, lni5, with the plate, at .£5, and another with Vanderguclit's
copy of it at i'l 11 j. Od. It is of course mentioned in all the works on English
engraved heads, and is mucli coveted by collectors.

23. Id. A gi5od modern copy of the same print is of freriueiit occurrence.

2:1. loannis Sliitoni Angli Effigies Anno yEtatis 21. M. A', dr. Guclit sc. A
reditced copy of the above ; the sides and top of the oval partly cut away; and the
four Muses in the corner omitted. This print is mentioned by Granger and
Bromley, aird was prelixed to Tonsoii's edition of "Paradise Eegaiued," ]2iuo,
London, 1713, the engraver innocently copying the Greek inscription and append-
ing his own name, without being aware tliat he was applying the censtn'e to himself.

* This epigram and other Greek verses of Mihon are tlie subject r^f a severe critif|ue
by Br. Bmirey, which formed an appendix to Warton's second edition of the Minor
Poems. Whatever may be their faults of syntax and prosody, it must he admitted that
the lines are destitute of ep)igrannnatic point, to air extent wliicli enables them almost to
defy translation ; but the following will convey something like the sense and spnit of
the original ; —

Who, that my real lineaments has scanned,

Will not in tins detect a hungier's hand?

My friends, in doubt on whom his art was tried,

lire idiot Htnner's vain attempt deride.
Milton's strictures on the engraver were nrade the subject of attack by Sahjiasitts, who,
in answer to a grossly oflensive play upon the Latin form of his name (for an explana-
tion of the allusion see Ov. Met. iv. 285) writes: — " Quis nomen Salnmcidis magis
" meretur, quam ille, qui quod est fasmiuarum sibi arrogat, et de solo formee liono
" n-loiiatur, qui etiam sculptoii auo versibus editis in vulgus maledixit, quod se minus
" formosum quam revera se esse pntaret, pinxerit ?" (Rcsponsio, p. 39.)

Wartun, in nuticiny tliis iu a unte to his iirst editieu (p. 54(i), iiiltlw tliat lie is " not
" suri' if Veitue liiis lint I'alb-n into Uie siiuic unhicky uiislnko." If so, I have not
nu't \\itli tliO print 1.»y Vertue to which he alludes; and iVmn the passage being'
omitted in Wj.rlon's second edition, and an allusion substituted to Vertiie's quota-
tion from the Odyssey, T presume the original observation was found to have been
written in error.

Fatthobne's Enghaytng.

The peculiarities; of this portrait of ]\Iiltou have been already sufficieutly
noticed. It is cue of tLe "pictures Lefire bis bool^s" condemned as not
at a.ll like bim in xVubroys note ; Lnt being the only likeness of tbe poet
taken at mature ago, and published in his hfetime, it has been more fre-
quently copied than any of the others.

2i. loaiinis Miltoni Eliig:ies .Etat. 02, 1G70, inscribed on the face of a low
pedestal, on the top of which is " Gul. Faithorne ad vivum Delin. et scnlpsit." The
portrait is an oval, of 4.0 ■< -1.2 inside measure; and the entire plate forms u 4tn,
measuring 7 x 5. '2 ; published, as before mentioned, in Milton's History of Britain,
in the year it bears date. It is mentioned in Granger and Emmley; and a good
impression of the ]date in its original state is worth a couple of guineas.

25. Id. A modern copy of the preceding. The hnpressions are common ; fmt
they are cxtrcniely coarse, and convey an ii.lea of the features very ditferent from the
original engi'aving, which, however, is not in Faithoiiie's best manner, and would
not justify' the compliment paid him by his fiiend Flatman, who says : —

" A ' Taitlioi'ne scailpsit' is a charm can save
From dull oblivion and a gaping grave,"

26. Joa.nnis Miltoni Eltl-ies Natus Anno lUOS, Obiit Anno 1074. Gul. Faithorne
ad vivnm Delin. et sculpsit. The oval as in the' fomier, but standing" on a deep
panelled stuface, having in front Milton's arms aiul crest, so as to f(.)rm a folio plate
8.5x5.2; in Toland's CLlition of the prose works, 1608, Each impression is, how-
ever, strnck cdf fi'oni two phit''s : for wlncli purp<ise the original, published in
I(i7l), has been cut away innnediately below the name of the engraver, and the
ohliqne lines forming the ends of the ripper surhice of the pedestal erased, and the
horizontal Ihies of shading continued to the edge of the plate. The fact of this
alteration having been made shews that the modern irnpressioi^s of the Fto plate are
copies, and arc not struck front the oiiginal plnte worn and retouclied.

27. I'lannis xMiltimi Efligies -Etat. (?2. Hi70. A plate so much in Faithorne's
manner that it has the appearance of his plate cut down at the sides, and without
the " Gul. Faithorne ail vivum delin. et sculpsit" on the tiip of the pedestal; but a
closer inspection shews in every part, ami especially by a reduction in the scale,
that this is a copy. Tiie entire plate measures (1.0x4. 'J, and the interior of the
oval 4.4x3.0. In the sale catalogue of Sii' Mark Sykes's collection (1824) is

No. 34.

tlescribcd a ('0[iy i>£' tlie Fiiitliornfi print "lipfnve tlte plate was redur-eJ." I iiiti not
iiware tliat the plate ever was reduci-'d, unless tLe removal of the lower portion fur
tlie purpose of the fulio impressions can be so described ; and believe the compiler
of the eatalo;Tiie ]iod derived his impression from a hasty inspection of the print
ntiw under description.

2S. loannts :\nhuni Etiigies -Etat. 63. 1G71. W. Bolle scnlpsit. A copy, on
a reduced stale, from Faithnniu's -itn, and similar in all the avriai-ements ; size of
plate 5.1 X 3.1 ; published in the " Arlis Logic® plenior Institutio," l"2mo, London,
1672, and again in the second edition of " Paradise Lost," in 1G74, and the third in
1078 ; mentioned by Griniger.

'-20. loannis Hiltoni EfQg"ies jEtat. 63. 1C71. No name of engraver; a close
copy of the last except in tiie features, the expressiLUi of which is considerably
varied, and the plate is a trifle smaller each way.

30. Mr. .John Milton nbt. anno 1074, cetat. 00. I. Simon fecit. Mezzotint;
oval, with a wavy fillet in the two upper corners ; size of plate 0.8 x 5. The only
copy I have seen is in the print room of the British Museum, and it is believed to
be a portion of the plate desciibed in Bromley's catalogue as a mezzotint, one of
four portraits, the others being Beaumont, Fletcher and Cowley : but the orna-
mentation is certainly different from those and other uniform portraits with which
I am acquainted, published by Bowles in sets of four, by Simon and Faber, all of
wMch are in ovals formed of palm branches. The folio mezzotint by Simou,
already alluded to and hereafter to be desciibed, must not be confounded with the
present print, which is copied fi'om the Eaitliorne j^ortrait.

31. Anon. E. White sculp. Portrait in an oval formed of leaves and bold and
peculiar scroll work ; and at f'.iot, in an ornamented parrel, Dryden's hacknied lines,
here published for the llrst time :^

" Three i^oets in three distant ages bom," Szc.

Size of plate 10.5x7; published in the fourth edition of "Paradise Lost,'' folio,
Loudon, 1C88, and various subser[uent editions; mentioned by Granger and
Bromley. The costume and attitude proclaim this to be a copy of the Faithorne
portrait ; and the features do not vary from it so far as to suggest a doubt on the
subject; but yet there is a marked change in them, consisting principally in an
increased roundness in the lower part of the face, and less seveiity in the expres-
sion. Both these distinguishmg features are also to some extent observable in the
folio mezzotint by Simon ; and if the original of the latter was, as it putports to
have been, a drawing from the life by Robert White, we may trace to the intlucnee
of his actual knowledge of Milton's features the slight deviation from the Faithorne
engraving, of which that now under discussion is evidently a copy.

32. loannis Miltoni Elfigies, ob. 1074, zEt. 00. G. Vertue sculp. Portniit in
an oval, of which the sides are partly concealed by a kind of architrave, and the top
by a curtain, looped up at the left corner by a loosely flowing fillet, and tevmiuating

iii a. tassel on ilie rigiit side. On the ctirtnin arc the poeLs name and date of death
ns aliove, and in a framed panel nt foot, -witLiu a peculiar scroll, Dryden's lines.
Tlic plate appeared in Timson's edition of tlie Poetical Works, in 2 vols., 4to,
London, 17'-iO ; mentioned hy Granger and Bromley ; size 8.8 X ("1.1. In tliis, as in
the last deisfribed print, tliere is a softened expression, to he accomited for by
Vertue's thorougli aciiuaiutiiuee with all the represent-atimts of the features of
JMilton, and among others the drtivdug attributed to Wliite, of which, I have come
to the conclusion, Vertue made a more direct use in his portrait of 1725.

30. Joannes Miltou. .-Etads LXII. lG-0. G. Yertne sculp. Closely resem-
bling the precedhig, and priibably an idferation of the same plate; the diflereuce
being that in the print now under description [he lettering on the curtain is the
name and age as above, and in the panel at lV)0t Dryden's lin-^s are replaced by a
quotation from Homer's Odyssey, 13. viii, 1. ("13. printed in four lines : —

" Toj/ Trepi ?.Iovg' K/ji'Xj/Tf," Sec.
Published in Bentley's ei.htion of '• Pa.radise Lost,'' 4to, London, 1733 ; mentioned
by Granger and Bromley.

3-i. Tbe same phite, with tlie date altered to 1747, was prefixed to the second
volume of Newtons edition of "Paradise Lost," 3 vols., 4ta, London, 1749, wbieh
Hollis's Biographer (see p. 117) treats as the original condition of the plate.

35. Anon. .J. Gwim sculp. Size 0.0 x 3.7. In the arrangement of the portrait,
enrtain, and scroll dieaded panel containuig Dryden's lines, tbere is evidence of this
plate having been copied from Vertue's first 4to print after Faithorne. It is a
coarse hut scarce print, and is found in Grierson's editimi of tlte " Paradise Lost''
and "Paradise Regained,'' published in Dublin in 17"-24: ; liut it has scarcely the
appearance of having been engTaved for the book, which is a 12mo, and the print
has to be folded both v^^ays to admit of its insertion.

36. Anon. G.Yertue sculp, (the G. and Y. combmed in one letter.) Pectangle;
with Dryden's lines and the iv.wjf " Drydcn" ai font. Granger describes a portrait
thus: — "I\Jilton; Yertue sc, sm. 12nio.'' There are several portraits prefixed to
Tonson's 12mo editions auil elsewhere, so similar to each other, and to wlfich
Granger's description may be intended to refer, that a minute account of this and
the two following prints may be desirable. The size of the engraving in the pre-
sent, exclusive of the lines, is 3.7x2.8; portrait faeiug towards its proper left;
in third line "thought" printed without a capital, and " Sm'pas'd" with capital and
one s in last syllable ; in fourth line no comma after " majesty"; in fifth "f/(rther
"gof''; and hi sixth ''former tu-o" in italics without capitals.

07. Same description except as follows: — size 3.8x2.0; "Thought" with ca-
pital; *' surpass'd'' without capital ; comma after " majesty"; " iValher go"; "Two"
in Pomau letters and a capital T ; no name of engraver.

38. Same description except as follows :— size 3.7x2.8; face towards proper
right ; " thought" without capital, and " SurviassM " witb ; comma after " majesty";

" tWrllier gCK/'; *' Former" with capiial ;nul '' ticu" in itulics witlmut ; ud uauie of
eiig'raver.

30. Milton. G. Vertne sculp. One of live ovals forndng an 8vo page, the
centre portrait Leing Cliaucer, and the others Milton, Butler, Cowley ami Wdler ;
mnntioned by Granger and "Wulpole. It forms one of the illustrations to Jacob's
Poetical Register, 2 vols., Svo, London, 1723, hut the plates have the appearance of
having been collected from various sources, and this may previnusly have appeared
elsewhere.

40. Anon. Porb-ait in Faithorne costume ^^e., but with still further (hvergence
in feature ; in a circle formed by a serpeut, hordered, at a distance of -^^ of an inch,
by a circular border, extended at the sides by two shells, and contracted at the top
by the boundary of the plate, and at the bottom by a pedestal with the inscription —

* * * * Cui mens divinior, atque os

Magna sonaturuui * * * *
size of entire engraving, which has the appearance of a -sigiiette, 3.8x2.0 ; men-
tioned by Granger, who ascribes it to Vertue.

Granger describes another plate : — " Milton; in a small round encompassed with
" a sei-pent ; Vertue sc." If this be a separate print I have not seen it, and know
not whether it wouhl be coiTectly inserted in this 2:)lace.

41. Anon. Portrait in a circle 1.2 in diameter, on a wreathed pedestal, betn'een
two sphynxes, in the attitude of heraldic supporters ; appears to be a vig-nette, or
cut from a larger plate.

42. The Effigie of John Milton : author of " Paradise Lost." In an oval, on a
diapered ground, and partly covered at foot by a border of acanthus leaves, sur-
rounding a vignette of the Temptation ; at the corners formed by the lower part of
the oval, are several volumes, of which two are open, and are inscribed with the
titles of "Comus" and " Lycidas." This is a carefully engraved i^late, measuring
probably about 4.7 x 2.7 ; but my copy, which is the only one I have ever seen, has
been somewhat cut down. The features have an expression differing considerably
from any of the Faithorne portraits before noticed.

43. Milton. G. Faithorne delt., Landon dirext. A copy of the Faithorne print
in outline, for the Hist, d' Angleterre.

44. Joannis MUtoai. ^t. LXII. MDCLXX. Gul. Faithorne ad viv. del.
Car. Knight sculp. A handsome engra\iiig, in an oval, standing on a pedestal, with
name and age as above on the front, and on the base " Sana posteritas sciet"; size
of plate 0.5 X 4.4 ; prefixed to Capel Lofft's second edition of the first and second
hooks of "Paradise Lost," published at Bury St. Edmunds in 1793. In the preface
to his first edition, published in 1702 (p. xxv), he says — -"If any engTa\ing accom-
"panies this edition, it will he only tlie portrait of Milton, in the most unembel-
'Mished style, from the engraving which was prefixed to the second edition.'' It is
curious that LofFt was at this time, as he admitted in his sultscqucnt edition, unac-

([iuuiilt'd wJlU the (.-Xibteure uf llic raitlioiue |jor(ntil, unU knew it. only I'rciii
Dulte's eo^,y.

45. Iiiliii ]\filloii, n;4ed l)'3. EugTiived frrun au ori;;iiial by ^Vi!lialll Faithunie,
publisliPfl li;70, Piil)lisli<Ml IS June, 1706, liy I. lI" H. KicLter. Au oval, ineasii-
liiig 5x4.4 ; prelixed to Itirliter's eilitiou of " Paradise Lost," 4to, London, 1704;
so that tlie above d;ite or tliat of tbe inipriiit of the vohime is an error,

40. i\Iihou. Fiiithorne phixt. ItlTO, \V().idmau, Jiin., set. Eectan^^nlar ; in
frame surmounted with a panel oontaiuiug a ti'nmpet and lam'el wreath, and at font
a Tvieatljed sarcophagus, insci-ihed with name as above ; size of engri'a.viui;' 5.'i x 3.0;
published Nov. 1st, 1807, by Mathews ami Leigh. It appears t<i be uniform mth
the series of portraits issued by the same publishers in the " Cabinet: or Monthly
" Report of Polite Literature," but 1 do not hnd it iuserli.'d in the volume of the dat^
it bears.

47. John l\IiUou. P. Egberts seulp No baekgTOund ; published by T. Dolby,
Get. 1, 1W21.

48. John Milton (facsimile of autograph"). IL Eobinson sc. London, William
Pickering, l^ol. A beautifully engraved oval, "-2.6x2.9; publisbed in his AJdine
edition of Milton.

40. .Inhn Milton (facsimile of autograph). Gul. Faith-u-ne ad "\'ivum del.
Cochran sculp. Engraved for Ivimey's Life of Milton : piTblished by Fliiugham
Wilson, 5. Jan., 1883.

00. John Mihnn. Engraved by W. C. F.dwards : publibbed by Westley and
Davis, London: prehxed in Fletelier's edition of tbe prose works, royal ^vo,
London, 1833; rectangle, 4.0x4 exclusive of lettering. The softened expression
already noticed indicates that this has beeu engraved from Vertue's copy of the
Faithorne pijrtrait.

51. Milton London, L. Tallis, S';n ; published in Lermard To\\msend's
"Alphabetical Chron^jlogy of Re-jutrkable Events."

52. An octagon. 3.7 x 3.1 ; a neatly hnished modem engraving, which, behig
only known to me by a proof befi.ire letters, I am unable to describe further.

53. Jo. Milton. 1031 (facsimile of autograph). Engraved by W. Humphreys,
from a print by Faithorne, London, William Pickering, Ap. 23, 1851- Eeetangoilar,
4.9 X 3. It ; and at foot, above the signature, a fa.csimile of iMilton's inscription in his
copy of Aratus, now in the British Museum : —

" Cum sole, et Luna semper Aratus erit,"

OtHEES rtERIVED FRO^t THE FaTTHOKNE PORTRAIT.

We come now to a class of prints, in which the hkeness presents so
great a divergence from the features we have been contemplating, that I
hiwe thought it best to class thern under a separate heading. The costume

and attitude evideuce their origin, remotely at least, from r'aitliorne's

portrait : and I tbiuli it probable that another drawing from it by Cipriani,

while ill the possession of the Tonsons, may have led the way to the great

variety of feature we shall shortly have to notice. The identity of Messrs.

Tonson's drawing with Faithorne's original I am not disposed to question ;

but the stoiy related in HoUis's memoirs (p. 619; of Vertue's going on

purpose to see Mrs. Clarke at her lodgings near Moorfields, and causing

divers paintings, and this drawing which he took with him, to be brought

into the room as if by accident, is inconsistent from beginning to end,

and suggests the idea that it had its origin in a confused recollection of

Vertue's and Richardson's accounts of two other interviews with Deborah

Clarke. That the scene described might have taken place in his own

studio would seem more possible : but that while calling on her at her

lodgings, painting after painting could have been brought into her own

room "as if by accident" without attracting her attention is inconceivable.

Her surprise at the sight of the drawing is scarcely less remarkable : for

if it was Faithorne's original, she must have known of its existence, and

been as familiar as we are with the engravings from it, even if she had

left her father's house before the original was taken, and had never seen it,

and I think the probability is it was taken before she went to Ireland.

The drawing however needed no such anecdote to authenticate it. If

it agreed with the Faithorue engraving, Vertue's own opinion to that

effect, formed on internal evidence, would have been infinitely more

valuable than Mrs. Clarke's ; and there is no apparent improbability of its

having been — what Hohis supposed it to be — the original of that engraving.

In the faithfulness of Cipriani's representation of the features I confess I

have less confidence, and I attribute, in a great measure, to the influence

of his engraving the great \'ariely of features found among subsequent

prints, the costume and attitude of . which attest their origin in the

Faithorne portrait.

C
54. lobn Milton. Drawn iiud etelied MDCLX, tiy I. B. Cipiinui, a Tu.scan, at

the desii-e of Tliomas HoUis, F.B. and A.SS., from a portrait in crayons, now in tlie
possession of Messrs. Touson, Booksellers in the Strand, London. Portrait en-
closed in an oval wreath of luiu-el ; and helow, the qnotation: —

" I sing with mortal voice uuchaug'd," itc.
The print is mentioned by Granger; and forms one of the HoUis series.

0.5. .John Milton. .1. Hall scnJpt. Printed for ,Iohn Bel), Marrh 1st, 1777.

An ovji.l siispeuiled iVorn areatb rtml riband : below, the nauie ou a label ; size
4x2.4.

50. III. Auotber, very similar, in Bell's Britisb Poets.

57. Miltou. From Vertue. MUton sculpt. Pnblisbeil by Hanison and Co.,
Dec, 1795. Oval, 1.9 X 1.4; eugi'aved as a ^dgnette illusti'ation to a sliort bio-
graphical notice. It may possibly have been copied from one of Vertne's 4to. prints ;
but the featm-es induce me to insert it in this place.

58. Anon. J. JliUer se. An oval much covered mth drapery ; and beneath,
111 a cii'cle, a lyre and laurel branches. This portrait is inserted here on the strength
of the costume : but both as regards it and many subsequent ones it will be un-
necessary to repeat that they preseut every shade of dissimilarity from the oi-iginal
from which they are derived.

59. Anon. Holluook sc. A bad copy of the last mentioned plate, but reversed,
and with Dry den's lines at foot ; prefixed to some copies of the pirose retranslation
of Paradise Lost from Eaymoud de St. JMaur, 8vo, Londou, 177u.

GO. I. jMiltou. N. Parr sculp. An oval, 1..3 ^ 1.2, suspended by a riband.

01. Milton. Bartolozzi sculp. A cfrcle, partly surrounded by laiurel branches
and fillet ; on a pedestal inscribed with name ; 4.7 X 2.8.

02. Miltou. Pi. II. Criunek sculp, "^'eiy similar to the last ; circle stu'mounted
by laurel boughs ; name ou panel ; size -3.8 x 2.0.

03. Anon. From an origiual paintiug. Heath sculp. Eesembling the pre-
ceding ; qy published iu Aikiu's British Poets, 1802.

04. Milton. Eugraved by W. T. Fry ; pulilished by Thomas Tegg ; in Howard's
Beauties of IMiltou. Ornamented rectangular frame, 4.2 x 2.5 ; the name on a
festoon overhanging the top. The portrait has a strong resemblance to Cipriani's
engraving.

05. Anon. One of three portraits, in chcles l^in. iu diameter, in the title page
of the Beauties of Milton, Thomson and Young, published by Kearsley, 12mo,
London, 1783.

CO. John Mhtou. A. Haenish delt., Schenck and jMcFarlane, Lithographers,
Edinburgh. Folio print.

The White Portbait, oe Simon's Folio Mezzotint.

The importauce I am incliued to attach to this porti'.ait and my reasons
for it have been discussed in my introductory observations ; and the de-
scription I liave ah'eady given renders unnecessary any further detaiL Tlie
doubt there suggested furnishes the reason for my having provisionally
given it an alternative title, until I am able to ascertain whether it was
published before or after 1734.

No. 7"

07, Mr. [ulm Milti.n. E. White ad vivnm delin. J. Siiiiou fecit. Sold by T.
Bowles ill Panl's Chnrcli yard and .T. Bowles in Cornliill. Mezzotint; size 11.2 x
9.3, within the plain oral frame ; and at foot Dryden's lines in double eohnuns. I
have elsewhere mentioned the apparent rarity of this head, i\nd the absence of
mention of it by Granger or Bromley. It is mentioned in the Catalogue of the
Sutherland collection (1837), a work which does more credit to its printer than its
compiler.

Cy. Milton. A composition, containing in the foreground a bust of Milton,
copied from the above, and in the backgTouud pictures of Cowley and Deuham, the
three names being inscribed on a panel at foot ; engi-aved by Anthony Cardon,
from a drawing by Thomas Ihviu.s, after the originals of Sir Peter Lely and R.
While, and published 1st November, 1S05, by .John Sharpe.

G9. An oval, 2.0 x -.3 ; known to me only by a proof before lette]'s. Though
without the wreath, the continuation do\vnwards of tbe folds of ch-apery depending
from the shoulders to the point at which they connect themselves with each other,
as noticed already, shews that this print has been copied from Simon's rather than
from Eiehardson's portrait.

The White-Eiciiaedson Likeness.

I have already stated the doubts, which nothing but proof of dates is
hltely to settle, whether Eichardsou or Simon copied from the other of
them the wreath which forms a distiuguisliiug feature of their respective
prints. If Richardson was the copyist, and concealed the source from
which he derived it, we have no reason to doubt the statement of Simon
that his Mezzotint was from an origintil drawing of Eobert White who was
contemporary both with him and Milton. If Simon was the copyist, we
have no artist's ntime to set up in opposition : and there is still room for
the possibility of his having had grounds, unknown to us, for attributing it
to White. Pending the solution of these doubts, I have assumed the
truth of the former alternative, and given the name of White to the
original drawiug in the possession of Richardson in 1734; and consequently
the joint names will properly belong to the class of portraits which were
derived from Eiehardson's study of that drawiug. It will be convenient to
introduce them by an extract from his preface to his " Expltmatory notes
"and Eemarks on Milton's Paradise Lost," published in 1734. At p. ii he
says: — "The print prefixed shews the face of him who wrote Paradise
"Lost, the face we chiefly desire to be acquainted with. 'Tis done from
" a picture wliich I have reason to believe he sate for not long before his
" death : I have therefore given a little more vigour to the print and but a

'i8

"little. The complexion mast be imagined as of one who bad been ftdr
"and fresh coloured. Toland says he was ruddy to the last. My picture
" and other information does not tell us that, but that he might have been
" so not long before. The colour of his eyes inclined to blue not deep ;
"and though sightless they were as he says himself 'clear to outward view
"of blemish or of spot;' he was told so and 'tis ceitaiu the gutta sereua
" which was his case does not appear to common eyes and at a little
"distance. But blindness even of that kind is visible in the colour,
"motion, and look of the eye wdiich has the sad unhappiness of being
" extinguished by it. 'Tis wonderfully expressed in the picture from
" whi(;h this print was made as well as the sett of the mouth and the rest
"of the air. I have imitated it as well as I could in a way of working
" which I never practised but on a few- plates and those in my youth,
" except an attempt on one or two near twenty years ago. The laurel is
" not in the picture. The two lines under it are my reason for putting it
"there— not what otherwise would be imagined: all the world has given it
" him long since."

70. Anon. Etching. J. E. sen. f. From iin excelt, orig. (crayons) in his col-
l(x:tion. Portrait with wreath as descrihed ahove, the face heiug turned to the
proper left, and, nnder it : —

" Nectens aut Paphia ^lyTti, ant Parnasside Lauri
Fronde comas, at ego secura pace quiescam. — Milton's Mansus."
It is mentioned in Granger and I'romley ; size of plate 6x4.

71. Anon. Etching, lettered as the preceding, and so closely resemhling it as
to he easily mistaken for it, hut differing iu size (hemg C.l x 3. .5), in the drapery
hcing continued a little Ictwcr down on the chest, and in the laurel hranch on tlie
right temple consisting of nine leaves instead of eleven.

72. JlUtoii. G. Barron delt. et fecit. An etching, copied from Eicliardson's
origmal, hut reversed.

7o. Anon. Eagraving reduced from Eichardson's etching, hut reversed as in
the last; size, exclusive of lettering (which is copied froiu Eichardson's), 4.3 x '2.7.

74. Auon. .J. Richardson f. An etching nrtich improved hy the omission of
the wreath; at foot are the following verses, signed J. E. Jnu.; —

" Authentic I-fomer Light's whole Fountain flows,
Immense ! Feirce Dazlmg yet, & Tnn-ent Glows :
His Temper'd Beam the Jlantuan Bard reflects,
Shines Sweeter, & his Fah-est Bays Selects :
Thine Milton Both, hut not Both These Alone,
Tliou, like Elvsium, Kuow'sl Another Sun."

N". 71.

No. 76

2<<)

Size 8 .< .1J. Wartcin's n.iie {p. 531 «/. 1791) .k'scrilH-s it as "audtiier rtclihiy oi
" Milton by Eii-lmrdsoii tlie yoimger, before lie was blind, and wlien niiicli TMunger
" tlian iiCty, accompanied witli six bombast rerscs, ' Amlientic IJoiucf,' &c.'' 1 know
not nliat autlioiity tbere may lie for attributing tins cUbin!-'; to tlie Younger Richard-
son. Ill niionier, it appears very like tbat of ibr lailier ; and tbe lettering seems to
attribute to the son notliing more tliau llie autlmrsbip of tbe crazy yerses.

70. Arron. Au Etcliing in Eichardsou's manner, and so described by Granger;
size 9.9 X 7.G ; without lettering; very similar bi the last, but on a larger scale, and
with a soniewlifit dirt'erent expression. Whether it is an etching liy tlie elder
Richardson is a question of some importance : for the driipcry, dilferiug from the
preceding in being more full o^er the shoulders, and meeting at an acute angle
over the cliest, points it out as a connecting link with what I have called lielow
the " Baker Drawing,'' to which the resemblance in this respect is striking; but I
am unalde to explain the precipe connection between them.

*»• Some other etchings by Ricliardson, which might perhaps have been placed
here, will be found described among the engTa\'iugs from Busts, Medallions &c,

70. Anini. Engraved by J. Roper. An oval, 2.6 X o j • fonning a vignette in
the eiigaaved title to Parsons's edition of Paradise Lost, roy. Hvo, London, 170G.

The White- Vii'ETUE Likeness, or Vebtde (1725).

I have adopted the first of these titles to indicate yrluit T believe to
have been the origin of this portiuit, which Granger estiroates among the
capital works of Yertue. No other person in his day was so well acquainted
with the features of Milton, so largely employed in reproducing the known
portraits of him, or more scrupulously faithful in doing so. When engaged
on his series of Twelve Heads of the Poets, it may well be supposed to
have been a reasonable ambition of Vertue to produce, from a careful
comparison of the vai'ious authentic portraits, a print which, without being
a servile copy of any of them, should embody his own ideal of the features
of the Poet. The print about to be noticed appears to me to answer this
description. The same drawing which served as an original to Simon and
Piichardson, or possibly Simon's mezzotint itself, (for Pdchardson's etching
was not published till nine years afterwards,) seems to have been adopted
as regards the attitude, and I think I can trace in tlie features a blending
of the expression of that drawing with the milder aspect of the Faithorne
portrait, as rendered in White's engraving of 1688 and Vertue 's own 4to
prints. The costume closely follows the same dra\ving, e.Kcept as regards
the arrangement of the drapery, the treatment of which is original, and
will serve us, as the distinguishing marks of the Faithorue engraving have

done alre;Kl3r, m Jetectmg the ongiu of subsequent prints. Mr. Cunnlng-
liam, in a note to his edition of Johnson's Lives (voL I, p. 131), passes
over Pdcliardson's etching with shght notice as a "compound portrait," and
ohserves that "posthumous additions of this kind are only impertinences at
" the best." I am not disposed in general to dissent from this proposition ;
but it seems hard that what is tlie daily practice of the sculptor — the pro-
duction, fi'om the best extant materials, of an ideal representation of the
features of illustrious men of a past generation— should be a privilege
wholly denied to the sister art; and a portrait so produced may surely
claim our approval in proportion to the authenticity of the originals relied
upon as authorities, and the conscientiousness and skill with which the
available materials have been used. Such a claim for indulgence would be
justly forfeited by any deception as to the original from which an engraving
purports to have been taken : but in the ptresent instance, though the size
and pretension of the plate would have led us to expect a statement of the
authority used, we find only the engraver's own name and the date of his
work — a circumstance which tends to confirm this explanation of the origin
of the portrait. The " oatat. 03, anno 1670," if my conjecture be correct,
is to be regretted, as tending to the practice I have just been condemning,
but I presume the artist only meant to indicate the age at which he con-
ceived his portrait to represent the features of Milton, namely the date of
the Faithorne engraving.

77. loaimes Milton. jEtat. 02. A.D. 1C70. Geo. Vertue sculp. 17-25. lu an
oval composed of ornamental masonry ; the age and date round tlic frame ; the
name on a hlock ahove ; at foot of the oval, an escutcheon containing what Is
intended for Milton's arms, hut the eagle is single headed as in another piint of
Yertue's ; and heneath, on a panelled hlock, Dryden's lines ; size of plate 14. i x 9.4.
lUustrissimo Dno. Duo. Algernon Comiti de Hertford Duo. Percy, etc, &c. Ohse-
qiieutissime D.D. I). G. ^"ertue. Mentioned in Granger and Bromley.

78. John Milton. iElat. G2. Engi-aved hy Owen h'om a ch'awing hy Vertue, in
the collection of Thomas Brand IloUis, Esq. Puhlished hy B. Wilks. Oval,
3.5 X S-7; and heneath, name and age on a panel. The execution is far fi-om doing
justice to Vertue's likeness ; hut the mention of the authority as a drawing hy
Vertue is eonfimiatory of the suggestioir made ahove as to the history of tJie pre-
ceding print.

79. John MUton. jEtat. C3. Yertuc delint. W. N. GartUner sculpt. From
the original ch'awing hy Vertue, in the collection of Thomas Brand HoUis, lisq., at
the Hyde, Essex. Oval, 0.3 X 0.9 ; puhlished June 4, 17'J4, hy John and Josiali

BoYtlell and George Nicol ; forniiug one of the series of throe portraits in Boydell's
jMilton, the otlter two I'eing the Janssen and Onsluw j^Mirtraits.

SO. John Milton. Blood so. Puhlished hy Lon;^nnm, llurst, liees & Oriiie,
1809; size of eng:raviDg' 4,1 x -.8.

81. Milton. Engi'aved hy E. Cooper. From an original pictm-e, f^r Lit Belle
Assenihlee ; size 5.ox4.7, eselnsive of lettering; pnhlished July 1, 1810, hy
J. Bell.

82. Jolin Milton, 1667 (facsimile of autograph). Puhlished hy William
Piekeiing, 1820 ; appeared in his three vulume edition of the Poetieal Works,
published in tliat year; size of engraving 5.0x3.7. The facsimile autograph is
copied from Milton's agreement with Samuel Symons, -which bears date the 27 th
April, ICiUT ; and the date attached to the si[;natnre in this print is only meant to
iuLlicate the period at which the facsimile represented the supposed handwriting of
the poet. Whether the sig-natm^e he really that of Milton is a question foreign to
oiu' piurpose, and is under cUscussion among more competent authorities.

83. John Milton (facsimile of autograph"). William Faithorne del. E. Hicks
sculp. Pnhlished by Thomas Kelly, Jmie 1, 1829. Size 0.1x2.4, exclusive of
autogi'aph and lettering ; a close cox)y of VerLue's 1725 engraving, though igiioruntly
attributed to Faithorne.

84. John Milton (facsimile of autograph). Vertue. W. C. Edwards. London,
John Macrone, 1835 ; published in the six volume edition of the Poetical Works
edited by Su- Egerton Biydges. The list of illustrations erroneonsly describes it as
a "Portrait of Milton in his C2nd year, from Faithorne's origiinrl <.h-awing.''

85. John Milton. Eectangle, 1.5x1.2, in a frame of outline scroll -work; no
name of engTaver.

8G. Jean Milton. Ne a Londres en 1608 mort en 1074 age de 00 ans. E. G.
Schmidt sculpsit. A Paris chez Odieuvre. Oval, 3.0 x '3, in a phdn fi-ame ; escut-
cheon with single headed eagle at foot ; the whole on a ^aedestul inscribed as above,

87. Jean Milton, autenr du Poeme du Paradis perdu et de celui du Paradis
retrouve, ne a Londres en 1608, mort en 1674. Suite de Desrochers. Se vend
Paris chez Petit. Oval, 3.9x3.3, formed of masomy; a scroll, at foot, inscribed
as above ; and below a tablet with six Unes of verse, commencing —

"Par' la sublimits de son double Poeme," &c.

88. J. Milton. Ne a Londi-es le 9 xbre 1008. Mort a Brunhill [BunhilL
fields] le 15 nbre 1074. F. Bonneville del. Oval, 4 x 3.4.

White- Vandergucht Engraving.

The attitude of the engraving next to be described proclaims its origin
in the same dra\YiDg as the original of the portraits last noticed, and is my
justification for the title I have given it. Yandergucht has altered the

features so as to represent a vouch 3-ouiigcr man than the Vertue engra-
vmy, and lias clothed the ligure in the slovenly undress in vogue among the
artists of Ins day.

80 (iioviiimi Milldii. Jnn. Vauil-r Guclit sculp. A liiipe ovul ; ami at foot au
esciUrli.Miii \YUl: tlic siii^;le liea.lcd eii-l", \Yiili lii'lni-t, rnv,r, nuil liiiiitivfiiuiu, and
THiiiMis iiruioucuts, Kiich as lias-ps, wreaths ttc. ; size <>! plule I'J <7.7; in tlie
Italian touislaliMn "f "Paradise Lost," Ijy Paulo RoUi, folio, London, I'OG ; meii-
tioneil l)y Grander.

no. loannes Milton N. Parr senlp. An oval, villi somewhat similar orna-
meuts : size of engravinp" 5.7 x '1.2.

91. Giovanni Millon. Antonio Baratti scnl. An oval, on a pedestal : size of
plate 6.2x2.9; in the edition of KoUi's translation, puhlished hi 13nio, Paris,
17oS.

The Bakt'e Drawing, &c.

In my introductory observations I quoted a ptissage from Todd's Life,
confounding Faithorne s and Richardson's drawings and one which, after
passing through the hands of the Tonsous to j\Ir. Baker, was engraved for
Todd's work. In a note at p. 141 of his second edition (1609) Todd
w'rites ; — " In the yetir 1670 there was another plate, by Faithorne, from a
" drawing in crayons by Faithorne, prefixed to his History of Britain. * *
" The piriut htis been several tiroes copied. By an ingenious young artist
" a new drawing was taken from Faithorne's picture, (supposed to be the
" best likeness extant of tlie poet, and for which he sat at the age of 6?,)
" by the kind permission of ^Villiam Baker, Esq., in whose possession it
" now is ; from which an engraving was made for my first edition of
" Milton's Poetical AVorks. From the same picture the neat engraving in
" the present edition is also made. '■'■ ■■'- '■■- The Piichardsons, and next
" the Tonsons, before Mr. Btiker, had the admirable crayon drawing above
" mentioned. * -•' ■■- This head by Faithorne was etched by Eichard-
" son, the father, about 1734, with the addition of a laurel crown to help
" the propriety of tlie motto." There is no question that the drawing
copied by Cipriani, and which I am ready to admit to have been Faithorne's
original drawing, was in the possession of the Tonsons, but I have pointed
out that it has no connection with the drawing copied by Richardson ; and
a glance at the engravings in Todd's Milton will shew that it had no more
connection with the original from which they were taken. The drawing
copied by Richardson maij hiive also piassed to the Tonsons, as stated by

No. 93

No. 94.

Newton, and after him by Warton and Todd. That belonging to INIr.
Baker no doubt passed to him from the Tousons. IVly conjecture is that
from the drawing copied by Eichardson, and which we have treated as an
origiual by White, or still uioro probably from the anonymous etching
(No. 75) which we have placed with those of Richardson, the Tousons had
a new drawing made, for the purpose of having it engraved for their
Baskerville edition (if " Paradise Lost," and that this is the drawing
belonging to ]Mr. Baker, and again copied and engraved for each of the
editions of Todd's iNlilton. I base this conjecture mahily on the fact that
the drapery of the portraits in the Baskerville Milton and in Todd's
editions shews an actual identity, though departing slightly from that of
the White and White-Piichardson portraits, except the large anonymous
etching (No. 75) to whi(;h the resemblance in this i-espect is very close.
The attitude also is identical ; and the features do not differ more than
may be accounted for to those wdio have gone thus far with me Ijy the
inevitable divergence of successive drawings, and from these again having
been copied by different engravers — more especially when we beai' in mind
that the tirst of them was Miller, whose engraving, it is fair to suppose,
bore about as much resemblance to the original from which he professed to
copy as that already described (No. 58) did to the Faithorne portrait.
These engravings, then, and some others which may possibly have lieen
derived from them, are arranged as follows : —

0'2. Auon. J. Sliller sc. Portrait in au irrcg'ular oval, enveloped in diapery,
wliiclj partly conceals a panel or pedestal, on wliich is a "viyuette representing;' tliC
expulsion; size 6.6 xiM; prefixed to the edition of "Paradise Lost" edited by
Newton, printed by Baskerville, and published by J. i: E. Tonson, Ito, Birniing-
hara, 1759.

93. The same print, without engraver's name, and cat down to the size of
&.8 X 3.6, to adapt it to an 8vo volume, was prelixed to Newton's " Paradise Lost,'
8th edition, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1778.

94. John Milton. Bom 1608. Died 1G74. T. Simpson del. .J. Baker scalp.
From the original th-awing by Faithorne, in the ]iossession of William Baker, Esq.
Size 4.7 X 3.7 ; prefixed to the first editiorr of Todd's Milton, 6 vols. 8vo, London,
1801. Simpson is the " ingenions young artist" refen-ed to in Todd's note. The
features have more of the expression of White's drawing" than the subsequent
engraving by CoUyer.

9.0. John Milton. Born lCl)8. Hied 1074. From thi- original painting by
Faithorne, in the possession of Wilhani Baker, Fsq. Drawn by T. Sinipsnu.

Engraved by J. (J<illyi'V. yiiiiie .size : pnljlislii'd in IHOI), in the S(?i-oncl edition . if
TodiVs iVniton.

06. .ToLin Miltim. Bom 1008. Died 1(174. From the ori,?iniil i.aiuting by
Faitliorne, in tlic possession of William Bnker, Esq, Drawn by T. Simpson.
EugTaved by T. A. Dean. Size 4.9x3.9; pnblislied in tlie tliirj edition of Todd s
Milton, in 18.26. It was also prclixed to tlie fourth edition in 1851, lettrred 'John
" Milton, Faithorne pinxit, Dean sculpt."

97. .John Milton. Fidthorne pinxt. Dean sculp. Published by ,1. G. ct K.
Eivijigton, 1833 ; preljxed to an edition of " I'aratlise Dost" issued by the Soeiriy
for Promoting Christian luiowledge ; size 3.0 >: 3 exelusive of letterii g ; a neat copy
of the 2^receding.

08. Jcdm Milton. .Etat. 62. Engraved by Holl. Published Nov. 23rd, 1799,
by T. lleptiiigstall. Oval, 4.4x3.4. I class this and the copies from it, and
several succeeding engravings, with the above, rather than nntltiph subdivisions ;
but there is a marked change of featiu-es, as well as costume, shewing that they are
from a different th-awing, as is evidenced, inileed, by the date, ai:d I have some
doubts wliether even from the same original portrait. A further issue of this print
is marked as "printed for Vernoi- & Hood and the other proprietors," and is pre-
fixed to Beusley's edition of " Paradise Dost,'' 8vo, Doudou, 1802.

99. John iMilton. EngTaved by J. Archer, for the select PorU-ail Gallery iu the
Guide to Knowledge. Rectangle, 4.6 x 3.8 exclusive of lettermg ; a close copy of
the preceding.

100. Milton. W. French sc. Jobii Tallis & Company, Dondon and New York.
A copiy of tlie same print; in a tasteless border of iiTcgiilar form, 6.2 in diameter,
of curtains, leaves, &c., forming a plate to Wright's Universal Pronouncing Dic-
tionaiT, royal 8vo, no date.

101. John Milton (with five lines of biographical notice engTaved). Dondon,
William Darton, 1822. No. 33 in the first vohnne of his " Cabinet of Portraits ; " a
copy froni the same, rather coarsely execnted in the chalk manner of engraving;
lyre and laurel wreath lightly sketched in behind the head ; size of plate 4.9 x 3.1.

102. JMilton. In a suspended frame, with ornamented corners, on the
bottom of which the name is inscribed; outside size 3.2x2.7; a copy of the
same.

103. Giovanni Milton. Onorate 1' altissimo Poeta. Engraved by Mariano
Bovd ; oval, 5.7x4.3. The costtime somewhat resembling some of the preceding
and the features more nearly approaching the White -Richardson type.

104. Giovanni Milton. Nato li 9 xbre 1008. Morto U 15 9bre 1074. B.
Musitelli inc. Prefixed tti Scolari's Saggio di Critica sul Paradiso Perduto, 4to,
Venezia, 1H18. A slight resemblance in costume is the oidy excuse I can allege
for assigning tlie present place to this <l)av\ov (}v<Tj-i.ijxi}ya ^wypc((/>oi'.

No. [)i

Vehtuk's E^•G^,AVTN^; (175(1).

There are several otlier engravings beariug the name of ^'ert^ll^ the
liistory of which 1 am unable to explain. The principal one bears the
above date ; and the drapery is so nearly identical with that of the prints
which I have classed together under the heading of the Baker drawing, and
especially that by Millei- in the Baskerville Milton, that I think it probable
it may have had a connection, more or less remote, with the drawing iu
the possession of the Tonsons. In features it is wholly unlike any of the
otlier portraits ; and the form of the collar in all the prints I have here
classed together differs from any of those we have been examining. The
others are quite unworthy of Vertue's reputation ; but some allowance
must be made for au engraver pursuing his art at the age of 72.

10'). MDtou. (;. Yei'tue. IT'iO. Portruit in a pLdii nval fnmie, resting on ii,
ppilestal, ou the top of wliicli iirr tlir- eni^Taver's name and date; at tlie top of tlie
frame is a long" nai'row oval, surrouiided with scroll and liUet, and inscribed with
the name of .MiUim : puhlislied in Newton's edition of " Paradise Lost," 2 vols 8vo,
London, 1750, and again iu I77S, and prohaljly otlier editions. This may be the
print referred to by Granger lunler the description of " Milton — oval — his name is
" in capitals at the top — Vertiie sc. 8vo." Bromley has copied Granger's
description.

106. John Milton. G. Vertne sc. (the G and V blended in a manner not
unusual in Vertue's prints). The lower part of the portrait shews a portion of an
oval frame ; the name on it panel beneatlr ; appears in Tonson's edition of " Paradise
Lost," 12nio, Londim, 1751.

107. .John Milton. G. V. sc, 1756. The size and arrangments exactly like
tlte preceding, but the features still more unsatisfactory. The monogram which
I liave transcribed as G, Y. scarcely admits of description witliout a facsimile.
The print appeared in one of tlie 12uio editions of " Paradise Lost,'' ptihlished with
Fenton's Life.

108. John Milton. Ornamented and engraved by J. Chapman, 1804. Pub-
lislied by .lames Candee. Prefixed to Evans's edition of " Paradise Lost,'' in two
volumes small 8vo ; an octagon, 2.4x1.0, surmottnted by a dove, and with
serpent, cross and other ornaments at foot ; the portrait evidently copied fronr the
preceding.

109. Milton. Engraved by Chapman. An oval, 1.7x1.3, forming a vignette
to the engraved title to a small edition of the Poetical Works, published by Snttaby,
in 1805, and furnishing a more pleasing version nf the s.mv portrait.

30
rORTRAITS DERIVED FROM BUSTS, MEDALLIONS, SEALS kc.

It is one of the disadvantages incident to the practice of the sculptors
art, that his services are frequently called into requisition for the purpose
of conferring posthumous honor on those whose features can onl}- lie
recalled by a comparison of extant portraits: and the resuU is that in
portrait sculpture we look not so much for a litei'al renderini,' of tlie
features of the original, as for a work of art, in which those I'eo lures are
impressed with the artist's idea of what is characteristic nf the man.
Whether any bust of ]\Iiltou, from which the engravings now to be noticed
have been taken, were from the life, is at least doubtful ; but the consider-
ations I have touched upon would render it unfair to class them on that
account among pseudo-portraits.

HoLLTs's Bust.
In Hollis's Memoirs (p. 513) it is stated that "Mr. Hollis, in a paper
" dated Jnly 80, 1757, says, ' i'or an original model in clay of the head of
" 'Milton i;9 12s., which I intended to have purchased myself had it not
" 'been knocked down to Mr. Reynolds by a mistake of Mr. Foi'd the
" 'auctioneer. Note, about two years before Mr. Vertue died he told me
" 'that he had been possessed of this head many years, and thiit he believed
"'it was done by one Pierce, a sculptor of good reputation in those times,
" 'the same who made the bust in marble of Sir Christopher Wren which
" 'is in the Bodleian Library. My own opinion is that it was modelled by
" 'Abraham Simon, and that afterwards a seal was engraved after it in pro-
" 'file by his brother Thomas Simon, a proof impression of which is now in
"'the hands of Mr. Yeo, engraver, in Covent Garden.'" A few lines
further on it is stated that " the bust probably was e.xecuted soon after
" Milton had written his Defensio pro populo Anglicano," and that '-Mr.
" Eej-nolds obligingly parted with this bust to Mr. Hollis for twelve
" guineas." I infer from this that Mr. Hollis's own memorandum referred
to the price at which the bust was sold to Re5molds. Warton states (p. 531
ed. 1791) that "Mr. Hollis bought it of Vertue" The inference from
Hollis's memorandum, written in the year after Yertue's death, is that the
latter had been the possessor before the sale at which it was knocked down
to Eeynolds. From this bust there have been various engravings : —

110, Atilloti. ,1. Ricliurilsnu detiii. G. Vertue sculp.sit. A bnsl ou a pertestal,
decoraU'iI witlt s'rpf'Ut and apple, and the priet's name iji.scril>ed on llie plinth-

riie bust stands in a vouiul-lieaJed uielie ; aiul tJie entire plale menstu-os 12 x 7. '2 ;
it appeii.re(.I iu the edition of MiJtou's Prose Works, 2 vols, f "lie, London, 1738;
iiieiitioned by Granger.

111. Milton. J. Kichardson deliu. G. Vertiie sculpsit. The same plate, cut
down a little above the spi-ing of the circular Lead of the niche above mentioned, so
as to reduce the size to 10x7.2, to adapt it tu Baron's edition of the Prose Works,
in '2 vols. Ito, London, 1753.

1 12. ^liJton. E. Verhelst fee. Mannheim. A small bust, unlike Milton iu
features, but indicating in costume and ornaments that it is inteiided fur a cnpy of
the preceLluig.

11:3. lohn Milton, drawn aud etched MDCCLX by I. B. Cipriani, a Tuscan,
from a bust in plaister, modelled from the life, now in the possession of Thomas
H'dlis, F.E. and A.SS. An oval encircled with palm, uniform with the other
HoUis portraits ; and beneath, the sonnet to Cyriac Skinner : —

" Gyriac this three years day," X'c.
It is mentioned by Grainger.

] 14, John MUton. Engraved by H. Meyer, from a drawing by Mr. Cipriani, iu
the possession of the Eev. Dr. Disney, published April 10, 1810, by T, Cadell and
W. Davies. A representation of the same bust in profile; but whether from a
di'awing by Cipriani, as stated, or only founded on that made for the print last
described, I am not aware.

115. Milton. Li//erai-y Magazine. A representation of the same bust, probably
coi'.ied fruui Vertue's print; size, exclusive of lettering, 3.5 x 2.8.

lir-;. John Milton. Literary Magazine. The same altered, and the title of the
periodical corrected as above.

Richardson's Etchings.

117. MIATQ (inscribed on the pedestal of a bust). J. Eichardson f ; and
beneath, the lines: —

" Forsitan & nostros ducat de Marmore Yultus,
Nectens ant Paphia Myrti, aut Parnasside Lam'i
Fronde Comas, at ego Secura Pace quiescam. Milton in Manso."
Size of plate 0.2 x 5.8. This is an etching mentioned in the Memoirs of Thomas
Hollis. At p, 511, tlie author — after introducing the subject of the Poems and Essays
of Samuel Say, 4to, London, 1715 — writes : — '■' Let us not forget for what purpose we
" brought this gentleman upon the carpet. It is for the sake of a print of a bust of
"Milton, prefixed to his second essay, which, if oui" judgment were asked, we
" should call a good one : the execution is by Mr. Richardson, Sen. : it is from
" Mr. Hollis' model in clay, ornamented by Eichai'dson, and is one of his sets o-j
"prints of Milton," Warton notices Mr. Hollis's bust, and says that "Eichardson
" etched it for the Poems and Critical Essays of S. Say, 1751, Ito,'' but adds, " -j
** believe this is the same etching that I have mentioned above to have been made
*' by old Eichardson, 1781, and which was now lent to Say's editor, 1751, for Sav's

a 8

■■ iLssiiys : nld liirhanlhuii \\;i>. iiul li\iiiy ui 1704." i B'arton's MUloii, \). O-il, ._•((.
Vi\)\.) It, must Im:' ;uliiiitti''] that tlio resemblance between tlie utelnii^- of 17;!-Jt
fNo. 70) ;tiia tliM.t under discnsMou i^ so idnse in i'eitture, attitude :md costume, and
fven in tlte addition of tlie wreath, that the latter print would he more correctly
described us a study nf Eiehardsnu from Ijis " exndlent original in crayons," adapted
to the form of a bu^^t, than as a ropy from Ihdlis's model in clay ; lu.it it is impossi-
ble that Warton could have compared the two etchiniis, or had more than the
vag'uest recollection of one wldle describing the other, when he expressed his
belief that the two plates wrre iileniical. His urgunjent, raore<'VPr, rests on an
error in dates. Say's Poems mnl Essays were published, not in 1.75-i, as thrice
stated by Warton in the course of four lines, but in 1745, on the (Jth of April in
which year the preface is dat^-d, while Richardson survived to the 2^{\\ of May
following. The publication of Say's Poems and Essays was posthumous, the
author having died in 17J:o ; and a postserijit acknowledges tliat "the subscribers
"are obliged to Mr. liichardsou for the line head of Milton, preiixed to tlie Essay
" tui the Numbers of Paradise Lost, who lent tlie plate etched by himselJ', to be
" used on this occasion." Granger's account of the print is that it " was done from
" a bust which belonged to the painter that etched the print ; the bust is said to
" iiave been done fron^ a mould taken from his face, and is indeed very like him,"
lie adds in a note, that " the prints of JMilton by Kiehardson are not eouimoii."

] 18. Milton (inseribeil fni the pedestal of a bust). Clark sc A sm;dl vignette,
ench.tsed in an abundance of foliated orunment; and probably u Imd copy of the
precetUng.

IID. M1\T12. J. Eichardson, 178H, A profile etching; in an oval 3 9x3.5;
bearing no resenjblaiice to luiy other po]'t)-ait of Milton already noticed, but a con-
siderable resemblance to Eirdiardson's profile eteliing of Pojie. Pdtdiardson's
tendency to reproduce in portraiture the leatures of other portraits fiom his own
hand is veiy remarkable ; and, but for the <dt.isi' resemblance whieh his etching of
1734 heai'b to the features iri Simon's mezz<.itint, would be sulllLient t'_> destrrty all
conhdence in the tbrmer evii-n as an iileid ptjrtrait- I have placed this print in its
present order from its apparent reseiiddance to a drawing from a medalliiin : hnt I
am not aware i:if any from which it can have been t-akeu. It is mentioned by
Granger and Bromley. The original di'awing is probably one described by Malone,
(Priors Life of M (done, p. 397, 390,) as being in profile, and marked "13th
"February 1737 P." This and another of Milton, " 4th December 1734 R.,"' and six
other d]-awings by Pdchardstui, were bought at the sale of his drawings in 1740-7
by his son, at whose sale in 1772 they were bought by ^^Ir. Parsons, a picture
cleaner, wdio sold them to Maloue. The liter;u-y coimectiun between Malone and
the younger James Boswell renders it probable that these were the " two beautiful
" pencil drawings of velluni, by the elder Eiehnnlson, portraits (d" Milton,'' whieh
formed hd. 3'JOO at the sale of BosweU's libj'ary in IfS-^o, and srdd for nineteen
shillings.

hU). Auon. A prolile in oval : strongly resi^mWiug llie [)iei--eJiiig, Ijut t-lothed
and with colliir lu the style of tlie Wliite- Rieliardson dniwiug.

J'-l. jMilton. F. P. The iiiitiids, as we arc informed liy Granger, are those of
Francis Perry. He was a pupil of Eichardsou. The etching, which is iu profile,
is a copy of the last btit one, but reversed.

Milton victoeious over Salmasius.

lJ-2. Anon. I.B.C.I.F. JMDCCLXVII. Life of M. l.y I. T., ed. 11, p. Ixxx.
A ijaarto plate, representing a terminal bust of jMilton, copied frojn PloUis's laist
above desciibed; on the face of the lenn is a voliiuje lettered " Def. pro pop.
■'Anglic."; and beneath, a palm branch, from which is suspended a medallion
representing, as we are informed below, Salmasius ; mentioned by Granger and
Bromley. The history of the print is given in the Memoirs of Thomas HoUis. At
p. ;'T1, after mentioning a projected edition of Milton's Prose Wm-ks, which became
aboi'tive in consequence of a misunderstandmg between Mr. HoUis and Miller, the
publishe]', it is stated that "some tinre before this transaction Mr. HoUis had
" settled with Mr. Cipriani, much as be said to his satisfaction, the sketch of a
*' print representing MDton victorious over Salmasius, which he undoubtedly
" intended for a frontispiece to the projected edition of the Prose Works jttst men-
" tioned. He did not, however, countermand this print upon his Llisappointment,
" ol 'Serving that it nright serve for some future edition of those works." In a sub-
seipient passiige (p. 38.3) the author proceeds to say : — " We have mentioned above
" tl.;it i\rr. H(dlis had, iu concert with Cipriani, settled the sketch of an emble-
" niatical print representing Alilton's victory over Salmasius, On the 13th of
".J;uruary [1*08] Mr, Cipriani brought bim a finished drawhig from that sketch,
" for which 3.[r. Hollis paid liim five guineas, and jjresented bim with two mm'e on
" account of the masterly execution of it. It was agreed between tliein at the same
"time that Cipriani should make an etcliing from that dra^viug, which was done,
" a! d a profif brought to Mr. lloUis by Cipiiani March .5, for which the artist had,
"as the price of his ingenuity, tw^enty gitineas, and live more as a present."

123 Aron. I.B.C.I.F. MDCCLXVII. J. Hopwood s. A reduced copy of
the preceduig; 4.4x3.2; the volume and palm branch being superseded by a fillet,
inscribed with the words " Defensio secunda," fi-om which the portrait of Salmasius
is suspended ; prefixed to the third volume of the works of Archdeacon ^Vrang■ham,
8vo, Lond'm, 1810.

124. John Milton. The same plate, altered by the erastnc of the fillet and
portrait from the face of the term, and the substitution of the Poet's name: and
beneath, in odd conjunction, the words "Do fermented liquors contribute to intel-
" lectual excellence ?"

PiYSBeack's Monument.

135. Milton. H. Gravelot deliii. Niithl. Parr sculp, llie name hiseribed on
the pedestal of a bust, the history of which is given on a panel below, namely : —

"ill tilt' year of miv Lord Clirist oiit^ tlioiisaiij seven Imudred and tliirty 3eveu
" Tliis Bast ol' tlie AntU'ir of Pariulice Lost was plaeed here by William Benson
" Esquire one of y" two Anditors of tlie Impress to His Majesty Iviug George the
'■ Serond fiirnierly Surveyor General of tin? ^^'orks to His Majesty King George the
" rirst. Rysbrack was the Statuary who oit it." This is the nrarble bust in
Westminster Abbey. It is stated in HoUis's Memoirs to be after his plaister bust
and the Faithorne (tawing in the possession of the Tousons, bitt chiefly the latter.
The print is a folio 12 x 7.5.

12(>. The monument of the eelebrated ,J(din Mhton as it now stands iu West-
minster Abbey. Drawn by Hamilton. Engraved by Thornton. A reduced copy
of the preceding iu 8vo.

127. Johannes Miltonus. M. Eysbraeliius niarm. sc. pro Gnl. Beirsono, arm.
G. Vandergnclit 1711, 4to. The above description is extracted from Granger.
Tlie print is mentioned also by Bromley, but I have not happened to meet
with it.

Miscellaneous Busts.

128. Milton. Engraved hj W. IJidley, from a ilrawing taken from a bust in the
possession of the propiietor ; pirintcd for C. Ci>oI;e, IbOO; in Cooke's edition of
Select Poets. I know notliing of the bust from ^■hich this purports to be taken.

120. Anon. A mhiiatnre bust, somewhat rcsenjbling the preceding.

IdO. Milton. Eichd. Smiike dclt. Abr. I-laimbach sctilpt. Pnlilished by
.lohnson & Co , lyitl, as a frontispiece to Cowper's Milton. A terniiual bust, differ-
ing from all the otlier likenesses; standing on a circtilar pedestal, against which is
reared a medallion of Cowper.

Medallions.

l:ll. lohnnnes Wiltonus. J. Hiilett drl. et sculp. A ito plate iu Peck's Miltou,
representing the ol.iverse and reverse of a medal : obverse, lobannes Miltontis.
Tanner f. Eeverse, E. Marmore in Ecclcsia Sancti Petii apitd Westmonasterium
erectore Gulielmo Beusono arm. Anno salutis hmnanEe MDCCXXX'711. Eys-
brachius sculpsit ; beneath, the rpuitaticui from the Odyssey: — " Tui' TTEpi Mover'
" l<pi\i}(re,^^ kc, and the dedication " Yiro ornatissimo Gulielmo Bensono arm.
*' Rliltoni sui Tabulam Iiauc merito votivarn D.D.D. Francns Peck, A.]\I.'' This
medal was struck at the expense of Mr. Benson, and given, as stated by Dr. Joseph
Warton in a note to his brother's edition of the minor poems (p. 362, ed. 1791;, as
prizes for the best veD'ses that were prodticed on Milton at all our great schools.

132, loanites IMiltonus. Gttls. Green, Jun., delin. J. Wood sculp. A profile
, forming a medallion vignette, 2.1 in diameter in tlie title page of Dobson's Latin
Translation of the Paradise Lost, 2 vols. 4to, Lmulon, 17.53 ; stated by Granger to
have been engraved front a medaUi(m which was done after the head on his monu-
ment by Eysbrack, and resemblitig that or HoUis's bust.

• I'^'-i Ii>iiiuies iMillou, Ei)yraved iu outline fnnii a medal: obverse, tlje bead,
uppai-ently designed chiefly nfter the type of tlie White portrait; reverse, the Tenip-
t:iti(m, partly siUTOunded with lillet inscribed " Dba diik-e cauit alter Homerus ; " iu
the exergTie the initiuls J. D.

134. Anon. A. Smith, A.R.A. sc. A medallion in prolile, forming a vignette
in title page to an edition of Paradise Lost published in I'^mo by Sharp, 180!*.

13-3. .John Jlilton. Chas. Heath sculp. PuhUshed by J. Mawrnan, &c., 1817 ;
u medallion in prohle.

13U. English Poets. Ten medalUon heads ranged on tlie side of a representa-
tion of Mount Parnassus. B. Snnrke del. J. Ivewton & J. Landseer fecit. Medal-
lions per .J. Newton. FoUo : the head of Milton, thougli m the form and style of a
medallion, is copied from the Faitliorue portrait.

Seals.

137. Milton. W. W. Eylauds sc. From a drawing of Mr. Deacon, taken from
an impression of a seal of T. Simon » in the possession of Mr. Yeo. This seid is
referred to iu HoUis's Memoirs, in a passage already (juoted in relation to Ilollis's
bust, with which it is stated this agi-ees ; but I confess I can see no resemblance.
The print is mentioned hy Bromley, and with approbation by Granger.

138. Milton. From an impression of a seal of T. Simon, in the possession of
Mr. Yeo. In the only copy I have happened to meet with, a worn plate appearing
in an edition of the Poet's works published hy J. Smith, High Holborn, 1830, a
close inspection detects traces of the words " engraved by" beneath the oval to the
left, and a name to the right which I am unable to decipher. Granger mentions a
print which he desciihes as "Jlhlon; from a tlrawing of Mr. Deacon taken from
" an impression of a seal of T. Simon, in tlie possession of Mr. Yeo," Query
whether this description is intended for the present print, or for either of those next
to be described.

139. Wntun. T. Holloway, sculpsit. From an impression of a seal of T.
Simon, iu the possession of the Lite Mr. Y'eo ; published August 15, 1801, hy
J. JMawmau, &c.

liO. Milton. E. E. Eomuery sculp. A close and well executed copy of the
preceding. I am tidd it is a rare, if not an tmpublished print.

PRETENDED PORTRAITS.

The Coopeb Miniature.
In proceeding to treat of those engraved heads, published with the name
of Milton, the history of which I do not consider satisfactorily authenti-

* Mr. HoUis is stated to have had a small steel puncheon of Milton's head, a full
front, for a seal or ring, by the same T. Simon, who did many more of Milton's party in
the same way. I have been favored by Albert Way, Esq., with an impression in wax
from a steel puncheon answering this description and admii-ably exectited.

cated, the lirst rank i^ fitl\' orcupied l>j' one \\hieh, if the test I had
adopted had been puhhr arcyptaiice, I liiust have placed among the
autheiitir portraits : for none (jf those which will remain to be described
have been so often or so well engra\"ed as that which goes Ij}' the name of
the (.'ooi]er mniiatnre. It was liuiight for (jne lumdred guineas, ui 178i,
by Sir Joshua Pie^-nolds, from a picture dealer named Hunt, who ''had
" obtaiiied it from a common i'urniture broker, wlio could not rememlier
" the time nor manner in whieli lie came lij' it." (yorllicote's Lili; of
Eeijnolih, ito eiL, p. olO.j It was marked " S.C. 1G53"; and on the liadi;
was written, " This picture belongM to Deliorali Milton wdio was lier
" Father's Arnannuensis at her death was sold to S'' Will" Da^'enmits
" Family.-- It was painted hj Mr. Sam Coopei' who was iiainter t(.i ( )li^■er
" Cromwell at at y time Milton was Latin SecrataiT tu y« Protector. The
"Painter & Poet were near of the same a^e. ^lilton was born in lOdS
"& died in 107d. Cooper was born in ] 0(J9 & died in lG7;i & were
" Companions & friends till Death parted Thriu. Several encoiu-agers and
" Lovers of y fine Arts at that time wanted this picture, particularly I^ord
" Dorset -|- John Soniers Esq.| S' Piob' Floward Dijden Atterbmy I)r.
" Aldrich & S' John Denham." It was mentioned in the first edition of
Warton's ililton in the following year (p. 540): and the lailJication of tlie
second edition of that work in 1791, \^ith some additional remarks (pj. oooj
suggesting the resemblance of the likeness to a portrait of Selden in the
Bodleian, gave rise to a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine of ■2f(th i\fay,
1791 (vol. bd, y. 099), impugning the authentieity of tlie portrait, and
written, as Tod-l inrorms us (and see also Nichols Lit. Anrc. IX, 67), by
Lord Hailes. Tlie letter was answered on the 1.5th of June (p. GOo) under
the signatme of "ll J.," wliicli indicated no less a piersonage than Sir
Joshua himself: and indeed the ansAver is avowed liy his biographer
Northcote, and printed by him in e:-:teiiso (p. 320). A reply appeared in

* Sir William Duveiumt's name liaft, slinrth' liefore Sir .Josliun Tfr'vuolds' purcljuse,
been before the public in connection with the history of the Clianilos Shakespeare, of
which a copy had been made by Sir Joshua himself. (See Boadcn on Shahi'speare
portraits, p. 40.)

+ See nftte on Verlui-'s letter to Christian, ante. V\'iirtori uotiits tliat this mav have
been the picture to which Pri<;ir's recollection was lu lie called, as having been in Lord
Dorset's collection.

+ Mr. Keightley (p. lo3) prints "Lord Somers, Esfptire," witli "(sic)" to indicate
that there is no typographical mistake ; but lie does not mention tliat he has exannned
the ori.ginal miniature : and Miss Watson's engTiiving lias the inscription as cpioted in
the tcxi.

the Gc'Utleiuairs Magazine for Oetuliei' (\nl. Ixi, |i. M^'S'i); ami in the I'ellow-
iug month Sir Joshna made his y\i)\. leaving "the niiniature of Milton hy
" Cooper " to the Rev. Wni. Mason, whij in a letter printed in Sir James
Prior's recently puhlished Life of ^ialone (\). 193) stoutly maintained the
genuineness of his acquisition, gutta serena and all. By his will in
1797, after pro\iding for the editing of his works Ijy ^^^illm. Burgh, Esq.,
LL.l) , of Yoi'lv, he desired him for such friendly trouhle to accept the
hue niiniature picture of Iililton, pauited hy Cooper, ^^■llicll ^\as he-
queathed to the testator l.iy Sir Joshua Reynolds. (See Hunters South
Yorlcshire, II, 169, quoted in Gent. Mwj. for July, 1831.) The contro-
versy is too lengrthy for our purpose ; but the arguments may be shortly
condensed. Lord Llailes shews the impossibility of reconciling the facts
stated in the memorandum with the known date of Deb(jrali Milton's
death ; and points out how irreconcileable any date is with the list of
names given, and which he asserts to have been set down at random. It
may be sufficient to mention that Sir John Denham died several years
before Milton. Sir Joshua considered that the memorandum had been
written before 1693, wlien Mr. Somers was knighted, and it had been
admitted in an inscription on an engra\'ing which will presently be
described, that the writer of the memorandum had been mistaken in sup-
posing Deborali Milton to be then dead. He quotes the authority of ilr.
TjTwlutt, to wliom the miniature had been she^^ii at the Archbishop of
York's table, for stating that "the orthography as well as the colom' of the
" ink shewed the memorandum to have been written about a hundi'ed
" years since ; " and restates the case for the authenticity of the pictm"e,
b}' saying its " progress seems to be tliis : — Milton dying insoh'ent, and
" Deborah Milton of course in gi'eat indigence, it is very improbable that
" she ^s•ould keep to herself a picture of such ^•alue ; it was therefore sold,
" as we suppose, to the author of the memorandum ; and the account there
" given is probably such as he recei\ed from the seller of the pictin-e, ■who,
" in order to raise its value, boasts how many great men had desired to
" have it." Lord Hailes replies to the argument as to the ortliograjjhy, by
which he assumes the writer to mean J'ahe siiMiny, that the only words
misspelt are " amannuensis" and " secratai^'"; and challenges Mr. Tyrwhitt
to say whether such spelling was in use a hundred years ago, or whether
a son of Sir William Davenant would so lia^-e written them ; and suggests
the question \\Iiether the phrase "fine aits" was used in English so early

as lOOti. He denies, on tlio autliority of the testamentaiy papers wliicli
had just been brought to Hght, that ililton died insolvent, and argues that
before we can suppose Deborah to ha\'e sold the picture, we must suppose
her to have lieen possessed of it, vhereas she was living apart from her
father for several years before his death ; and even if she had Ijeen pos-
sessed of it, and left in extreme indigence, she would not have been likely
to retain it from 1074 to 1693 and then part, mth it. We may fairly sum
up this portion of the argument by obsendng that while on the one hand
the most perfect consistency in the facts stated in an unauthenticated
memorandum, on a picture passing under such suspicious circumstances
through the hands of a broker, would only prove the possibility and not the
truth of the statement, a mistake in important facts is f ital to its authority,
and justifies us in treating it as a falirication. It may be added that Deborah
Clarke expressly told Vertue thiit she knew of no other picture of her
father than the two ui the possession of his mdow, having been several
years in Ireland, both before and after his death. But abandoning the
e\udence of the memorandum, there remain'< the internal e\'idence of the
pictm'e itself. On this subject Sir Joshua Reynolds is entitled to be heard
with respect, though vith large allo"wance for his evident disinclination to
believe he had lieen duped, and his eagerness to maintain a foregone con-
clusion arrived at on insufficient external evidence. He had told Warton
that " the picture was admhaljly painted, and with such a character of
" natm'e that he was perfectlv sure it was a striking likeness — he had now
" a distinct idea of the countenance of Milton which could not be got from
" any of the other pictm'es which he had seen." Under his assumed
initials of " R. J." he says: — "The opinion of Sm Joshua Reynolds in
" matters relating to his own profession certainly ought to have some
" weight. He is not likely to be wanting in that skill to which every other
," artist pretends, namely, to form some judgment of tlie likeness of a
" pictm'e mtliout knoving the original. ='■= * ■■- AA'ithout being an
" artist it is easily perceived that the pictm'e of Faithornc does not possess
" that individuality of countenance v\irich is in the miniature. ='■ * =•=
" There is no doubt but that iMilton sat to Faithorne for that craj'on
" pictiu'e : the distinguishhig features are the same as in the miniature — ■
" the same large eyelid — the same shaped nose and mouth — and the same
" long line, \\hich reaches from the nostril to below the corners of the
" mouth — and the same head of hair : but if the effect and expression of

" the whole together should be, as iu fact it is, different in the two pictures,
"it cannot, I should think, be dithcult for us to determine on which side
" our faith ought to mchne, even though neither possessed any strong
" marks of identity." The engravers have furnished ample opportunities
for examining the lineaments of this much contested portrait.

J41. Anon. Ova], 2.5 x 1.9 within tlie i'raine, iu I'rout of a curtain and
pyramid; on tlm two exposed sides of tin.' buse are bris-reliefs representiug' the
Expulsion and tlie Tt-mptntion ; reared against tlie front an oval representjuii' the
back of tJie niiniuture, with the ineniorandnm ahove qnnted ; and, helow, the fol-
lowing' inscription : — " The above is a fac-siioile of tlie loanuseript on the hack of
" the pictiure which appears to have been written some time before the year 1003
*' when Mr. Somers was knighted, and afterwards created Baron Evesham which
" brings it within nineteen years after Milton's death. The writer was mistaken
" in supposing Deborah Milton to be dead at that time : she lived till 1727, but in
" indig'ence and obscurity marrit-d to a weaver in Spitalfields. I have ouly to add
" that Cooper appears to have exerted his lUmost abilities on his frieud's picture,
" and that Miss Watson has shewn equal excellence in this specimen of her art.
" The likeness to the original picture which is in my possessiou is preserved with
*' the utmost exactness. J. Reynolds." Published January 4, I'/SO, by Caroline
Watson; mentioned by Bromley.

1-12. Milton. Engraved by Caroline Watson, 1808, fTom a miniature by
Coo23er. Oval; same size as above; published January 20, 18f)8, by liicliard
Philips.

143. J. Milton. Ne en 1608, Mort en 1671. Reynolds pinx. Boutrois so.
3.9 X 3.1. Sir Joshua Reynolds's connection with the piotme sug:gests the origin
of the mistake as to the painter.

I'll. lobn Milton. Augsbtng, by John Elias Haid ; mezzotint; oval, 0 x 4.6
within the frame,

115. John Milton. Cooper del. Cochran sc, published in Bohn's edition of
Milton's Prose Works, vol. I.

140. Vignette to the edition of L'Ahegro and II Penseroso, illustrated by Birkett
Foster. The description states broadly that " this portrait was formerly in the
" possession of Milton's daughter Deborah : it then passed into the hands of Sir
" William Davenaut, and subsequently into those of Sir- Joshua Reynolds."

Du Roveeay's Print.

147. Milton. Engraved by William Shaq), after an original miniature by
Samuel Cooper : the oraameuts by (i. B. Cipriani and E. F. Burney. Oval, 3 x 9.1,
surrounded with wreaths, &c., in front of a truncated column, against the base of
which is an oval vignette i-epresenting the Temptation. Published iu Du Eoveray's
edition of Paradise Lost, 1802.

i(3

If nothing ran lie fuiuul in comraon between this and Miss Watson's
engraving, I presume th_c explanation must he tliat the name of Cooper,
having heen once brought into connection with Milton portraits, has heen
ti-eated in tlie same manner as tliat of Faithorne, and is intended to assist
the portly gentleman, wliose features are here represented, in personating
Milton.

Coaig's Drawing.

Its. Jnliu jriUnii. Ilmwu liy W. M. Crnig, Esq., from n uiiniature by C'loptT,
1\. Hii'ks sriilp. Oval, 'i.2 x 2.6, witlt fserpeat and apple, aiul otlier oniataeaty.
PuUislieil l.y Nuliiill, Fislier ;ind Ilixi.n, Liverpool, Marcli ■H), 1S12. The same
otiservatioiiy apply to iLis as to Uie preceding.

Peck's Mezzotint.

This impudent attempt to foist upon the public a pretended portrait of
Milton appeared in Peck's Jtlemoirs in 1741). He desciilies it at p. 103 as
" a picture, an half length, drawn when he was about live and twenty."
" The original '' he says "was once the property of Sir John Meres, of
" Kirby Belers, in com. Leic, kt , but is now mine and you have a good
" print of the head prefi.xed to this work. However as the plate exhibits
" the head only, and as no engraving can express the colouring of the
" complection and drapery, and perhaps something of the features, I
" shall here add a short description of the wdiole. Milton is here drawn
" sitting in a red velvet chair in a russet coloured nightgown lined with
"blue." He then proceeds with a minute description of the dress, and
concludes by saying: — " His left hand lying over an open book on a table
" covered with a loose red velvet table cloth : the open dexter leaf of the
" book numbered p, 30 . and on the edge of tlie book a label inscribed
" Paradice Lost, with a c not an .s — as he often wrote it." Will it be
believed that this book is tlie sole pretext for attributing the portrait to
Milton? Someone has observed that on similar grounds, if the volume
had been the Book of Genesis, Mr. Peck would have supposed the portrait
to be that of Moses. But he did not err from ignorance : for having asked
Vertue whether he thought it a picture of Milton, and being peremptorily
answered in the negative, Peck replied " I'll have a scraping from it
" however and let posterity settle the difference." (See W'Vtoii p. .54.5,
Ed. 1785, j Vertue himself told the story to Hollis in 1755. {See HoJUs's
Memoirs 513, 539. J Posterity has long since " settled the difference " not
much to Mr, Peck's credit.

1 i'J. Iiihaiiues .Vliltoiiiis; cii'ca aiuuuji letutis xxv"' J. Faberferil. C'pililr H.iniaiii
Scriptores, cedite Graii, (ProiierL) Vii-o orimtissiuio Cutliberto Constable de Burton
Constalde in com. Ebor. Tabulam liauc iiieiito votivara D.D.D. Franrua Peck AM.
An oval represeuting" a youiiL^^ man of about tbe ai?i' stated, wifh tlowing bushy Lair
and moustache, dressed iu a g'riwn and short shirt collar open at the throat; size,
exclusive of lettering, C.H X 5 8 ; mentioned by Granger and Bromley.

The Ei.DERTON Miniatube.

Iu January, 1791, the Eev. J. Elderton, of Bath, announced to the
world in the columns of the Gentleman's Magazine, the existence of a
miniature picture of Milton in his possession. He states that " it
" belonged to his child's great ancestor Sir Edward Seymour, who was
" speaker of the House of Corartrons, and grandfather of the Duke of
" Somerset ; it has been seen by connoisseurs, who always agTeed it was
" an original : the hair is of a dark chesnut colour, flowing down to the
"shoulders." (Gent: May. v. Ixi, p. 39.) Perverse individuals liaving
ventar_d to hint a doubt of its genuineness, though vouched by so
aristocratic a pedigree, Mr. Elderton settled the question by forwarding the
outlines of the miniature for the purpose of the engraver : and this
curious addition to tbe engraved portraits of Milton accordingly appeared
in the Gentleman's Magazine for January, 1792 ; —

150. Picture supposed to be Milton. Ovul, 4.3 X 1.8, forming (me of a page of
illustrations to the Gentleman's Magazine ; B[asu'e] sc.

VeETDE's PiICHAEDSON PoRTEAlT.

101. loanues jMilton, ffitat. d"2. Ex mus^eo J. Pdchardson. G. Verttte, Scitlpsit,
17 'j1. An oval, the frame of wliich terminates at the base iu a foliated scroll, in
T\'hich is inserted a panel, with name and age as above, and at the top lightning,
serpent aird apjde, &c. ; size of plate 8.6 X 6.

This plate, which appeared in Newton's edition of Paradise Piegained,
4to, London, 1752, and is mentioned in Granger and Bromley, and in the
memoirs of Thomas HoUis, (p. 117), represents a person about the ag3
stated, dressed in gown and falling or Genevan band, with flowing hair and
slight moustache. There can be no hesitation in classing it among the
pseudo-portraits, though I regret so to treat an engraving inscribed wdth
the name of the conscientious Vertue. I know nothing of its history
beyond what I have stated. Piichardson died six years before the date of
the print, as I have mentioned in speaking of the etching published in
Say's Poems and Essays, (Xo. 117.)

48
The Chesterfield Por.TRAiT.

153. Joliii Millnii. FriiUi iin nviginal in Lonl Cliesteriield's collection. Cook
sculpt. I'liuttd for .J(.lm Bell, Nov. 12, 1777. Ovul ; poiti-iiit of a young man of
from '29 to oO, with ii]ouf,tiiclie, kf., Jjis lieail leauing on his li;uid i]i an attituile of
tJmiiL'lit; name on a iianel Ijeliov.

15o. .loLn Milton. Fr'nu an original iri Lord CLesterlicld's collection. Cook
rscnl]-it. SligLtly ditfeiiug from tltc preceding and dLstingnislialde liy the panel
having square iuslead "[ ronnilcd L-nds.

lOi. .John Milton. In an edition of Paradise Lost, pnhlislied hy Law, Millai-
and Co., London, 1792 ; a copy of the precedin,^', Ijut with hri>ader and coarser
features.

The Steavvbehey Hill Poethait.

155. .Tolm Milton. S. Harding ilel. E. Harding, Jnn., sctilpt. From an original
picture in the collection of Lord Orford, at Strawherry Hill. Published Dec. 1,
1700, hy E. & S. Hardmg, Pall Mall; 4to,

The print is a half length pintrait of a gentlemen of from 30 to 40 years
of age and light complexion ; in cavalier costume, ap[)areiitl3' of black
vehet ; mth pointed lieard and moustache. The sarrio plate, pubhshed
■n-ithout date by Evans of Great Queen Street, figured as a portrait of Sir
William Kilhgrew, "Vandyke pinx." being sulistituted for " S. HtU'ding del."
If the latter account of the pictm-e have any better evidence in its
favor than the former I have no objections to offer, unless it represent
a man older tlian 30, wdiicli vas the age of IviUigrew at the date of
Vandyck's death ui 1041. The sale catalogue of the Strawben^' Hill
collection has no mention of any portrait of KiUigrev ; but lot 7 in the
21st daj-'s sale is desciibed as " a portrait of ^Milton," ^\ithout a vford to
identify or trace the history of the picture. In the catalogue of Portraits
in the Manchester iirt Treasm'es' Exhibition is one, numbered 105, (lent
by tiie DulvC of Newcastle) of " Sir ATilliain Killigr-e^v ; half length, in
"black; signed 'A A^an Dyck piuxit 103'S."' I had not then any
reason for takhig especial notice of the pietnre ; Ijut I am told it coiTe-
sponded with the print.

The Capel Lofft Poeteait.

This is a folio engraving from a picture in the possession of Capel Lofft,
who in the preface to liis edition of the Paradise Lost, puldished at Bmy
St. Edmunds in 1792, in describing the edition of 1074, with the portrait
bv W. DoUe, says : — "Whatever harshness there may be in the style of

" the engraving, even to a degree of ruileuess, there appear strokes of
" a cliaracteristic resemblance. It seems to me to Ije from an original
" wlricli was bequeathed to my father by Col. Holland, on which lines
"of Latin verses were inscribed beneath the scroll; Inch/tus et Fcelix
" Patiiam can be pretty plainly traced : the rest is lost, and I fear irre-
" coverably. Mr. Stevenson of Nornich had this picture to copy, as he is
"always warm in the interests of genius and humanity." I cannot
imagine what possible relationship Mr. LolTt could trace between this
portrait and Dolle's, which is a copy, and not a very unfaithful one of
Faithorne's Engraving. AVith the latter however Lofft appears from other
passages in his preface to have been nnaciiuainted. To those who can
beheve that the portrait now under discussion represents Milton at all,
the fact that Peter Vander Plas, to whom it is attributed, died in 1626,
■R-hen Milton was 1 8 years of age, will probably present a minor difTiculty.
The figure appearing in a beam of light entering at the upper right hand
comer of the engi-aving, and probably representing the Pdsen Saviour, may
have suggested the idea of the portrait being that of the author of Paradise
Piegained. This emblem and the Pilgrim's staff and bottle, which fjrm so
prominent an object in the print, would be ecjually appropiate to Bunyan,
to whom the featm'es bear, at least, as much resemblance as they do to
Milton ; but if Vander Plas was the painter, this suggestion is as impossible
as the other ; and for our purpose the question of who the original was is
of little importance if he was not MUton. The engraving may be described
as : —

166. Miltou. p. V. Plas fecit. Drawn and engraved by G. Qiiinton, from an
original picture in the possession of Capel Lofft, Esq. Published August 1st, 1797,
by W. Stevenson, Norwich, for G. Qiiiuton, engraver, and sold by Messrs. Boydell.
A rectangle Bg X 7 inches. Below the figure is a scroll, showing in a legible state
part of the Latin words quoted by Mr. Lofft; and below, in rude Eomau letters,
P.V. PLAS Fee.

1.57. Milton (from a picture by Plas.) Drawn on stone by M. Gauci, Esq.
Printed by F. Moser. An enlarged copy in folio of the head from the preceding
print.

POETEAIT IN De. WiLlIAMS's LIBRARY.

158. John Milton. Drawn by .J. Thurston, Engraved by J. T. Wedgwood,
from a picture by Dobson in Dr. Wfllianis's Library. London, March 1, 182(1,
published by W. Walker. A coarse featured, heiivy looking man, of middle age,
with flowmg hair and broad Genevan band, but no trace of Milton's features. The

original picture, of tlie liistory of which nothing is known at the libraiy, is not
quite 30 repulsire as the engraving.* Todd mentions tlie name of Dobson in
connection with another portrait which has also been attributed to Riley.

Pie's Phint.

159. John Milton. Painted by C. .Janssen ! Engrayed by Charles Pye. Loii-
don, published for the proprietor, March 1823. The print represents a young man,
of upwai'ds of 20. in a lace cravat of the time of Queeu Anne. I arjt not aware in
what publication the engraving appeared — probably some general biographical work :
for I have met with uniform portraits of Locke, Louis lyi, Pitt, Sydney, Thurlow,
Washmgton &c.

Page's Pbixt.

160. Milton. Engi'aved by R. Page from an orighial painting. In a suspended
frame with onjamental comers. I know nothing of its history; and its importance
is not such as to challenge much enquiry.

The Falconeb Miniature.

The liistoiy of this portrait is contained in the pages of Notes and
Queries. In vol. II, 2nd series, p. 231, Mr. Jones, of Nautwich, had
mentioned a tradition that one of the two pictures enumerated in the
testamentary inventory of the effects of Milton's widow had passed on her
decease to a yomig Oxonian student named Wilhraham, of ToT^^lsend, in
Nantwich. The e\idence already given identities Mrs. Milton's pictures
■with the Jaussen and Onslow portraits too clearly to leave room for belief
in the tradition referred to hj Mr. Jones : but his note gave rise to
another from Thomas Falconer, Esq., of Usk, printed at p. 303 of the
same volume, in which he states that the exquisitely finished portrait of
MUton, from which the engraving was made which is pubhshed in the series
of piortraits of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge — a

• Since the reading of the paper, I have met with a small volitme, entitled " Effigies
" Poetioie ; or. The Portraits of the British Poets, illustrated by Notes, Biogi-aphical,
" Critical and Poetical," London (Carpenter) 1824, which appears to be a reprint of the
letter-press descriptions accompanying a series of engi-aved portraits. " No. .56, John
" Milton, from a picture by Dobson in Dr. Williams' Library," surely refers to the present
portrait, but the estimate there given of its merits is very difl'erent from that above ex-
pressed. " We have here given," it says, " a resemblance of Milton which has never
" before been made public. It is as well autlienticated. perhaps better, than such pictures
" usually are ; but it fails in some few respects, like all others. Nevertheless, there is
" something characteristic iu it. There is an ap^u'oach to sweetness and majesty, (both
" of which Miltou possessed iu no common degree,) that we do not recollect elsewhere.
' The eye-brow is contracted, like that of a thinker ; the glance is penetrating, yet raised ;
*' the moitth wears a sweet expression : and the hair flows down upon the shoulders, and
" gives a massy character to the whole that is not without its grandeur."

painting on vellum — belonged to his grandfatlier, a son of Mr. Falconer,
recorder of Chester, whose wife was bom in ] 703, and was a daughter of
Mr. ^^'Llbraham of Townsend. He adds, however, that he knows of no
fact to identify this miniature with the portrait mentioned by Mr. Jones ;
and states his belief that it was never in the possession of the WUbraham
family. Mr. Falconer's history of the miniatm-e offers no ground for ani-
madversion ; but contams nothing to connect it witli Iililton ; and the
Society wdiich publicly adopted it as a portrait of him may share TOth then-
publisher the credit of having diffused the useful liiiowledge that their
engraving is "from a miniature of the same size hy Faithorne 1 anno
" 1667 ! !" To judge from the engraving, Mr. Falconer's pi'aises of the
miniature, as a work of art, are weU. deserved ; but the young gentleman
it represents had certainly not numbered half of Milton's years at the date
attributed to it, and, when Milton was of the age there represented, Faithorne
was in his boyhood : nor was he at any period of his life a miniatm-e
painter. If therefore the above name and date are found on the
miniature, they ai'e a clumsy forgeiy ; but it is not stated by Mr. Fal-
coner that there is any lettering on it. Faithorne, as we have seen, is
the common vouchee of Milton portraits ; and the date of 1667 may have
been suggested by Pickering's engraving of 1826 (No. 82) in which, as I
took occasion to explain, the figures had no reference to the date of any
picture. The engravings are as follows : —

IGl. .JoLn Milton. Engraved Ly T. Woolnotli from a miniatiu-e of the same
size ty Failliorne, anno 1007, in the possession of WilUam Falconer, Esq. An
oval, 2-0 X 'il, within a shaJed rectangle. Published under the superintendence
of the Society for the DiiFusion of Useful Knowledge,

102. lolin Milton. Engraved by Samuel Freeman from a miniature by Faithorne,
anno 1007. Published by Archibald FuUarton & Co,, Glasgow ; in Cunningham's
Lives of Eminent and Illustrious Englishmen, 8 vols. 8vo, Glasgow, 183')-7 ; an
enlarged copy from the preceding.

10.3. .Tolm MUtou. No name of engraver; rectangle, 2 0 X 2'1 ; a close copy
of the society's print.

164. Milton. No name of engraver; rectangle, 2-1 x I'G ; in the same plate
with Ban-ow, Pope and Defoe ; published by Koutledge & Co. ; in Knight's Half-
hours with the best Authors.

I have now exhausted my list of portraits, having pm-posely excluded
several prints which seemed to me scarcely to come under that denomination.

such as Veiiue's plate of Miltou behveeu Homer and Virgil, mentioned by-
Granger- Sant's imaginary portrait — Faed's large print of MUton in Iris
study — and various others, in T\'hich he is represented as dictating to liis
daugliter, or acting in the imaginary character of amauueusis to Cromwell.
I have also abstaiued from inserting an etching by Hollar, of extreme
rarity, of wliich there is a copy in the piint room of tire British Museum,
going by the name of Milton. It represents a very youthful bust, which
I can imagine no reason for supposing to be Miltou ; and as it is unlettered,
we have iro right to class it among pseudo-portraits. That I have made
some mistakes, and more onrissons, I am prepared to find : but if my paper
should receive the honor of beurg printed, it may serve as a text for the
reception of additional information and coiTectifms, which may enable me
at some future period to reproduce it in a more perfect form. In the
meantime, that I may not be guilty of any wilful omission, I conclude my
list by enumerating a few prints, which I have fomid mentioned in various
catalogues, &c., but ^^•hich I have not had an opportunity of describing.
Granger mentioirs "John Milton; a square print with a label under the
"head, G. Vandergucht sc. neat;" and Bromley mentions it in similar
terms. Wivell {Portraits of Shakefipcare p. 234) mentions a print by Faber
on a half-sheet with Shakespeare, Ben. Jonson and Samuel Butler, being
one of the series published by John Bowles (See observations above on
Simon's copy of the Faithorne print, No. 29 ; both Simon and Faber seem
to have been employed on Bowles's series ; and in some instances the same
author appears eirgraved by both). Piodd's Catalogue of British Portraits,
1812, mentions an 8vo print by Coster: and Evans's Catalogue describes
a 4to print of Milton at fom- diiferent ages; a rare print 12mo by Phinir ;
and a folio by Gunst. Some of these may turn out to be prints already
noticed, but which, for want of lettering, I have been unable to identify.

From the account I have given of the number of existing portraits,
mediately or immediately derived from a very few originals, it results that
many having some claim to autheirticity are probably still in existence.
The history of the Jansson portrait happily rreeds no discussion ; and I
hope the doubts as to the recent history and present deposit of the Onslow
portrait will shortly be set at rest. No mention has ever been made of any
drawing for the piurpose of the Marshal print. Faithorne's original,
assuming it to ha\'e been the crayon drawing of which we have heard so

much, is last heai'd of in the possession of the Tonsons : for I must main-
tain, until actual inspection satisfies me to the contrary, that the idea of its
having passed to Mr. Baker has arisen from confounding it \"\dth a copy
from the Wliite drawing, or Richardson's "excellent original in crayons."
The copy so made ranj, perhaps, be yet in the collection at Bayfordbury ;
and the subsequent copies from it by Sunpson for the engravings of Baker,
CoUyer and Dean are probably in the possession of the puljlishers of Todd's
Milton. The " excellent original" itself, and the copy "which I have con-
jectured to have been made from it for Vertue's 1750 engraving, are not
traced beyond the Tonsons, nor, v\ith certainty, even to them. Vertue's
drawing for his 1725 engraving is traced by the inscription on Gardmer's
print in Boydell's Milton (No. 79) to tlie possession of Mr. Brand Holhs ;
and I hope it is still in the worthy custody of the inheritor of his literary
treasures. The various drawings by Cipriani may be looked for in the
same place ; but I should be inclined to assign to them a much lower
value. The drawing for Vandergucht's engi-aving (No. 89) has not been
mentioned as having been presen-ed. Of Pdchardson's drawings many are
probably in existence. Various others of the prints above described may
possibl}- have been engi-aved from drawings ta,ken specially for the pui-pose.

I have avoided any discussion of the subject of original pictures and
drawings, exce[)t such as necessarily arose out of my treatment of my
subject ; but a few lines may properly be devoted to the mention of such
as I find noticed in the various works I have consulted. Some of them
may be drawings the probable existence of which I have just been specu-
lating on ; and others would only swell the list of pseudo-portraits ; but
even these may in some cases have been the subject of engi-avings which
have escaped my notice, and on that accomit should be mentioned here to
reduce the risk of accidental omission. It will require strong evidence to
establish the authenticity of any beyond those I have mentioned ; and
nothing but internal evidence can now be expected. The strongest case
hkely to be made out, so far as I have at present the means of judging
(for I have not yet seen the picture), is one which has been kindly brought
under my notice by Albert Way, Esq., whose ready help I should be most
ungrateful if I did not wai'mly acknowledge. It is at Caj^esthome, the
seat of Arthur Davenport, Esq., by whose father it was bought at Lady
Holland's sale, at Christie's, and was brought from Amptlull soon after

her death. It is inserihed lOHANXES MILTON EFFIG^- ANNO
SAL^- MDCLXXIII .ETATIS 05, and beai's the name of Riley as
the Painter inscribed on a stone pilastei'. These particulars are from
information olitained for me from the family liy Mr. Way, \Yho describes
the picture, as a painting, with adniu'ation, and as bearing the stamp of
authenticity. It represents the poet blind, and caressing his dog. The
name of Pdley is mentioned by Todd in connection with a portrait for
which he e.x'presses his obligations to a Mr. Chamock, and says it " has been
" affirmed by some to have been a portrait of Milton by Dobson, but con-
" jectured by others to have been a performance of Pdley, who lived rather
" too late to delineate JMilton.* Some have supposed it may be a head of
" Ins brother Christopher. It is, however, remarkable that INIr. Greenslade,
" a collector of pamtings, who resides in Bond Street, London, has a copy
" of the very painting, which has been called a portrait of the Poet." An
alleged miniatm'e of ^Milton when young, winch AVarton mentions as in the
possession of the Duchess of Portland, and descrilies as "having a face of
" stem thouglitfulness, and to use the poet's expression, severe in youthful
" beauty," was sold, along with an alleged miniature of his mother, at the
sale of the Portland museum, in 1786, for £34. (See Gent. Mar/., 1786,
p. 527 ; ToJd's Milloii, I, p. 143, 146, ed. 1809.) In the same note Todd
states that " at "West Wycomb Manor House, in Buckinghamshire, there is
" a fine p)ortrait of JMilton, supposed to be an original," (see Langley's Hist,
and Antiq. of tJie Hund of Dexhorough, p. 417,) and that " Mr. Waldron
" is in possession of a painting which exhibits a likeness of the Poet in his
" middle age." Mr. Mitford writes, " I once knew a portrait of Milton at
" Lord Braybrooke's, Audley end, m the gallery (with a beard) : I also saw
" one of him when young at Lord Townshend's, at Piainham ; but many
" years have passed, and I cannot recollect any pjarticulars Charles Lamb,
" Esq., possesses an original porti-ait, | left by his brother, and accidentally
" bought in London. * * * I have heard that an original portrait of
" jMUton (about thir-ty years of age) has been discovered by ilr R Lemon
" of the State Paper Office." (Pickering's Aldine Milton, p. xc, n.) An oil

* He was bom in 1646.

+ Mr. CiTnningham mentions it as " the Cliarles Lamb and Moxon portrait,'' and says
"it is a striking likeness of tlie poet, and is an old picture, though there is no proof
" that the poet ever sat for it." — {Johnson's Lives, I, 131 «.)

painting, I presume that last mentioned, was exhibited by Mr. Lemon to
the Society of Antiquaries on the 17th March, 1853, as reported in Gent.
Mag., N.S., xxxix, 526, and was stated to have foimerly had the Poet's name
in an old haiid«iitiug on the back of the canvass, but removed on the
reluiing of the picture a few years ago. To these notices I may add that I
have seen a painting in the possession of Mr. Graves, the printseller, from
which I imagine the head in Faed's print to have been di-awn ; and Mr.
Way mentions to me a life size portrait, hi oils, formerly belonging to his
father, at his seat, Stansted Park, Sussex, but which on the sale of the
property was handed over to the purchaser in consec^uence of its forming
one of a series of literary portraits partly inlaid in the paneled wainscot.
Upwards of ten years ago the same obliging correspondent mentioned to
me a painting, attributed to Wallior, formerly belonging to Sh- Joseph
Banks, and now belonging to Archdeacon Bonney, of Lincoln.* Of busts,
besides those I have mentioned, one in marble by Scheemaker, for Dr.
Mead, and bought at his sale by Mr. Buncombe for £11 lis., is stated in
Hollis's Memoirs to have been copied exactly from the plaister bust. A
marble bust in the pirmt room of the British Museum lieai's a strong
resemblance to the featm'es of the White portrait. A paragi'aph ui the
Athenaeum of 10th August, 1850, mentions the purchase by Mr.
Labouchere, for 200 guineas, of a marble bust of Milton, made, it is said,

* An exhibition of niiuiatures ]ias been held by the Archeeological Institute since the
reading of the paper; and Mr. Way mentions to me two miniatures there exhibited;
one of them, belonging to Mr. Russell, the accountant-general, I imagine from the
description to be a copy of the Onslow portrait; the other, exhibited by the Duke of
Buccleugh, described as a young portrait, with light brown hair and falling band, and
inscribed " John Milton by Cooper," I do not identify, from the description given me,
with any portrait I know. A sale catalogue of Messrs. Chinnock and Galsworthy
(18th Jnne, 1860) includes an alleged portrait of Milton by.James Houseman. To
collect tlje notices of pretended Milton portraits from sale catalogues and similar sources
would, however, be an endless and useless task. The notorious old Zincke, of Wind-
mill Street, Lambeth, whose name is so familiar in connection with the Talma Shakes-
peare, is stated by a correspondent of Notes and Queries {2nd S., X, 122) to have "died
*' about twenty-five years since, and left behind him about twenty portraits of Shakespeare
" and Milton S:c., all in pledge at the various West End pawnbrokers', and also a catalogue
" (written in a small memorandum book) of all the portraits be had manitfactured of his
" favorite tiio, Shakespeare, MUton and Nell Gwinn ; but Shakespeare sold the best.''
Such anecdotes should serve as a caution against credulity in the reception of unauthen-
ticated portraits : but I suspect the Milton manufacture of old Zincke had less tendency
to the perpetuation of pseudo-portraits than the practice — of which the Falconer minia-
ture is so flagi'ant an instance — of appending circumstantial statements of dates and
artists' names to portraits which have originally been assigned to Milton on no better
authority than conjecture.

from the life liy an Italian sculptor during the poet's ^dsit to Italy. Its
history is not stated : but it is worthy of note that Mr. Thomas Hollis was
so far impressed \ritli the belief that there was somewhere in Florence a
marble bust of ililton, as to be induced to make search for it in 170:3, but
^^ithout success. {See Memoir.'i of Thomas Hollis, /). 107, Wartons Minor
Poems, 333, ed. 1791.) A medallion b}' Wedgwood, a draviing from which
is in my possession, completes the list of representations of Milton's
featm'es which I have thought it necessary to mention.

THE

3Jistnn( k €xMm&

ST. PANCRAS.

BY THOMAS C O U L L.

' )•. y PERMISSION, T O T H E

Ki:V. WILLIAIM WELD ON ClIAMPNEYS, M.A.,
VICAR OF ST. PANCRAS,

A X 11 C A X O N OF ST. PAD L'S.

LONDON:

PUHLISIIEU in" T. AND W. COCJLL, 28, UPPER NORTH PLACE,
GRAY'S INN ROAD, W.C.

AXD SOLD ny ALL BOOKSELLERS THKOUGHOUI THE PARISH.

1861.

fiiefari^.

It having ofteu been a subject of expressed regret that the history
of so great and important a parish as that of St. Pancras remained
unwritten, the author of this httle work was encouraged to undertake
the laborious task of collecting what information could be obtained,
and present such to the public. That the subject is not without
interest, most readers, who are acquainted with the district, will
acknowledge ; and that there is plenty of material is proved by the
fact, that it has been found impossible, within the limits of this
book, to scarcely touch upon the modern histoiy of the parish.
Having, however, laid the foundation, as it were, it is to be hoped
that a history upon a more extensive scale, and more worth)' of the
parish, will follow ; and if such should be the result, the labour will
not have been undertaken in vain. In conclusion, the author desires
to thank all those friends who have kindly afforded much valuable
information, -without which the work would necessarily have been very
imperfect ; as also those who have contributed to its success by their
approval and support.

February, 2, 1861.

ajontentfj.

iNTRomjc'i lox — Top(-);:^ra|-i]i\- . . 1

The "Elephant and Castle"

Derivation of tlie Name "St. i'au-

The Hamlet of Highgate .

eras" — lli.-tory of the Saint . . 2

Tlie Hermitage and Chapel at High

1 The Ancient jrANi>i:s--

gate ....

Cantelows, ov Kennistoiine . . o

Remarkable Houses —

TolUele, or Totteulium Court . 1

Arundel House

The Manor of St. Paiicras . . :,

Lady Arabella Stuart

— Rise and Progress of Somers

Death of Lord Bacon

Town C,

Lauderdale House .

The jManor of Ruggemerc . . [>

Fitzroy House

The Old CnuRCii ... 9

Holly Lodge

1 List of the Vicars . . . .10

Cromwell House .

1 The Church in the Time of Kliza-

The "Fox and Crown" .

beth 12

The Highgate Oath .

1 Celebrated Characters Buried in

St. Michael's Church

the Cliurch and Churchyard . 12

Sir Roger Choraley's School

Ancient Benefaction^ to tlie Poor of

Highgate Green

' St. Pancras 16

Mansfield House

1 The Old Lamb's Conduit ... 17

Bellsize House and Park .

' The Foundling: Hospital . .11*

Regent's Park

: St. Chad's Well .... 22

The Hospital of St. Katherine .

Old Bagnigge Wells' Tea Gardens . 2:j

Primrose Hill ....

1 The Fleet Brook .... 2.j

The Zoological Gardens .

; The " Adam and Eve" . . . 28

The Colosseum

Battle Bridge .50

The Veterinary College .

IMaiden Lane ..... 31

St. John the Baptist, Kentish Town

Euston Road . . " . . .32

Institutions, Etc. —

The " Boarded House" , . .33

The Orphan Working School

1 The London University . . 3.")

St. Pancras Female Charity Schoo

"Whitfield Cha|iel . . . .37

The Reformatory, Euston Road

'[ Sketch of Whitfield's Life and

St. Pancras Almshouses

1 Mode of Preaching ... 38

Tonbridge Chapel .

The St. Pancras Volunteers of 1799 . 40

The National Scotch Church

The Pauish Chi-kcii . . .41

Highgate Cemetery

St, Bartholomew's Churcli . . 42

The Vestry Hall .

Life of Willianr Huntington . 43

The Workhouse

Errata — In t/f LiM nf I'lOi/'s, piuji: 10, it i
in 1842, it should rea'l. IhlO.

In the article on " The Old La.nb's C'ondui

six-and-ticentieth day of Anrjust,'' o'c., read " th

j In the article on " Remarkalle Houses" page

' lij Sir Francis Burdeft Coiitls, it should read '• )

■

s stated that Canon Dale entered the vi

," page 17, "/or these leorhs icere heg
e six-and-twentkth day o/" March."
51, it is stated that Holly Lodge ^cas pia
'm^ purchased &?/Mr. Coutts"

carage
in the
chafed

THE

¥Mm\ k €xM\m

ST. PANGEAS.

INTRODtJCTIUN. — TOPOGEAPnV.

WHEN the Norman Conqueror ordered
a survey to be taken of the whole of
his newly-acquired domiuiuu, a lar;^e
extent of country somewhat to the north-
west of the City of London, and mostly
covered with the ancient forest of Middle-
sex, was known as St. Pancras. It covers
an area of 2,700 acres, and its soil is com-
posed of clay, gravel, and loam. It is
bounded on the north bj' Hampstead, Finch-
ley, ajid Hornsey parishes ; on the west by
the parish of Marylebone ; on the south by
the parishes of Bloomsbury and St. Andrews,
Holboni ; and on the east by Clerk,enwcll and
Islington.

DERIVATION OF THE NAME ST. PANCRAS. —
HISTORY OF THE SAINT.

St. Pancras derives it name from the
saint who suffered martyrdom, under the
Emperor Dioclesan, at Rome. It is very
probable that many may have imagined St.
Pancras to have been a venerable disciple,
with a flowing white beard and a long
loose garment, and, like Polycarp, or Ig-
natius, the head of some ancient district
church. If so, they are quite mistaken.
Pancratius (for that Avas his Roman name)
was but a little handsome boy, about fifteen
years of age, when he died as a martyr.
He was the son of an ancient and wealthy
Phrygian nobleman, in which country he
was born. The first ten years of his life
was spent at Synnada, and his mother, of
whom he was devotedly fond, had brought
him up with tender care, and his childish
days were one round of sunshine and plea-
sure. When only nine years of age, how-

ever, he lost his beloved parent, and Cleonius
buried his wife beside the waters of a brook
that ran through his estate. Every day for
three months, did he and his little boy Pan-
cratius visit the mother's grave, to weep over
and strew flowers upon the soil under which
she rested. At the end of that time the
father himself died out of grief for the loss
of his partner. As he lay on his death-bed,
however, and just before he died, he sent for
his brother, and his last earne&t request was
that he should take charge of his orphan
child, Pancratius, and educate him as though
he w^ere his own son.

The boy's uncle promised faithfully to
carry out the request of his dying brother.
He thought that the best method which he
could pursue to fulfil that wish, would
be to take his little charge to Rome,
that there he might have the advan-
tage of the best instruction, and when he
grew older would have an opportunity of
perhaps obtaining a good position in the
state. He accordingly did so, and it was in
the reign of the Emperor Dioclesan, about
the year of our Lord 290, that Pancratius and
his uncle arrived in the Imperial city.

The Christian religion was at that time,
as indeed, it had been for a long while past,
the subject of the bitterest persecution, and
many of the disciples of our Lord had sealed
their testimony with their blood. At that
period, however, there lived amongst the
Christians at Rome a pastor or bishop of the
church whose name was Marcelliiius. This
good and devoted man was in the habit of
going secretly from house to house, affec-
tionately telling the heathen Romans whom
he could persuade to listen to him that Jesus,
the despised Nazarene, was the Saviour of
Mankind.

The Emperor Dioclesan himself was a great

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

enemy to the Christians, and amongst those
who assisted him in his efforts to extermi-
nate them "was his minister Galerius, a man
even more cruel than himself, and who at
hist persuadc^l him to put all the Christians
to death. In consequence of this cruel re-
solve more vigorous proceedings than ever
were taken, and many professing the new
religion were put to excruciating torments,
some being flayed alive, others burnt or
thrown to the wild beasts at the Colisseura.
Notwithstanding these persecutions, and
though Marcellinus expected from day to
day that his own turn would come, he fear-
lessly went at the dead of night, when all
Rome was slumbering, from house to house,
cheering the desponding and rousing the in-
different.

One night, as Marcellinus was engaged in
this good and courageous work, he happened
to enter the house in which resided Pancra-
tius and his uncle. To them he earnestly
expounded the doctrines of the new faith ;
and it is stated that he principally preached
from the Gospel of St. John. They listened
and believed ; they forsook the worship of
the Temple of Jupiter, and often at midnight,
with lighted torches in their hands, they
would wend their ■\vay to the catacombs of
Rome, there to celebrate the Lord's Supper
and to commune with fellow Christian friends.
Upon the approach of morning the catacombs
would disgorge these nocturnal assemblages,
the members returning to their separate
homes, invigorated and strengthened against
the terrors of death, and resolved, come what
may, to confess Christ before all men.

As we have said, the portion of Scripture
from which Marcellinus principally expoun-
ded was the Gospel of St. John, and the
orphan boy and his uncle took mutual de-
light in repeating to each other all that they
could remember of what they had heard in
the catacombs. Unfortunately the uncle died
soon after his conversion, leaving young
Pancratius alone in the world and almost
broken-hearted. The day following this sad
event, as he was kneeling beside the dead
body, engaged In earnest pra3'^er, four
Roman soldiers entered the room, and one of
them, laying his hand upon the youth's
shoulder, bade him rise and prepare to enter
the presence of the Emperor. Brusliing
awny Ills blinding tears, the little Pancra-
tius rose from his knees, when a chain was
fastened to his wrists, and after taking a last
fond gaze at the calm hut rigid features of
his dead unclf, he followed the guard to the
Imperial palace of the Cffisars.

It is said, that though his Httle arms ached

with the heavy chains, and his tender feet
were blistered with the fast walk which tlie

brutal soldiers urged him to make, he dis-
played a remarkably pleasant and cheerful
countenance during his journey along the
streets of Rome. Being the son of a noble -
man, there is no doubt but that he was consi-
dered worthy of a trial, or he would have
probably been despatched at once. Diocle-
san was seated upon his throne, surrounded
by all the Insignia of royalty and power,
when the footsore child was led hito the
monarch's presence ; and a very striking
spectacle it must have appeared, to have
seen a weak youth, conscious of the strength
of his faith, thus braving, witli undaunted
courage, the majesty of Imperial Rome The
Emperor himself, bitter as he was against the
Nazarenes, was moved with pity when he
saw the youthfulness of the hero whom he
had ^iven orders to be brought before him.
He tried to win him over by promises, in-
stead of using threats, as was his wont. He
reminded the boy of his father and mother,
how, to their dying day, they had been
faithful to the gods of their ancestors, and
he promised to take him under his own care,
and eventually place hira in a high position
in the state if he would only offer sacrifice
to Jupiter. The child, however, steadfastly
refused. The Emperor then turned to threats.
He told him that he should be destroyed that
very day ; that he should not live an hour
longer, and that his body should be thrown
to the wild beasts. It is record: d, that pale
and trembling as he was, he boldly answered,
" You may kill me, but I dare nnt deny my
Saviour ; I dare not worship idols. God
will give me strength to die for him."

''Take the obstinate boy away from my
presence," exclaimed the infuriated mo-
narch ; " leiid him to the Aurelian Way and
there dispatch him with your swords."
The same legionaries who had brought him
to the palace led him out and conducted him
to the place where the monarch had directed.
It was sunset, and kneeling down upon the
pavement, with his hands fastened behind,
the noble boy, pierced by the swords of his
persecutors, died with the meekness and the
heroism of a martyr. Late upon the same
evening, some Christian ladles went to the
place of his execution, and under the cover of
night, secretly fetched away his little man-
gled corpse and buried it in the catacombs
of Rome.

For many years after this Pancratius was
forgotten, but after the conversion of the
Emperor Constantlne, and when the Chris-
tian Church at Rome became less pure, and

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

(lui; up the relics of saints, amongst tliose
relics tlie bones of Panorivtius were disin-
terred and regarded as sacred, and a magnifi-
cent church was erected overliis burial place.
From this church at R ime, all others of the

same name derive their title ; and such are
the interesting old Latin records of the his-
tory of the youthful saint, which gave the
name to the parish of St. Pancras.

Ulxt ^lu^^ni piuiaiiB.

IN that invaluable record, the " Dooms-
day Book," caused to be written by
WUliiim tlie Conqueror, and which is
still kept in good preservation in the Record
Office, Chancery Lane, it is stated that
Pancras conti^ined four ancient hannlets, or
prebendary manors, viz,, Kentish Town (an-
ciently called Cantelows, or Kennistonnc);
the hamlet of Tothele, or Tottenham Court ;
St. Pancras proper, a small cluster of houses
round the village chm-ch ; and the manor of
K igcmere. These were the four principal
manors in St. Pancras, and the following is
a brief history of each : —

CANTELOWS, OR KENNISTONNE.

As regards the origin of the name Kentish
Town, some antiquarians thuik it not im-
probable that it may have been derived frnm
the name of the wood ■which once covered its
surface, called Ken Wood, part of which stiU
exists on Lord Manfield's estate, and is now
known as Caen Wood. It has ever been, and
is now, a prebendial manor, that is, its pos-
sessor pays a certain yearly sum to one of
tlie prebends of St. Paul's. A long time
ago, at the earliest period of Christian his-
tory, one of the Deans of St Paul's was
named Reginald de Kentwoode, from which,
no doubt, the wood derived its title ; and the
name of Kaunteloc, or de Kanteloc, appears
in some of the most ancient court-rolls in the
neighbouring manor of Tottenham Court, or
Tothele. In the " Doomsday Book" it says,
" The canons of St. Paufs hold four hides of
land in the parish of St. Pancras, for a manor
called ' Cantelows or Kennistonne.' The land
is of two caracutes ;* there is plenty of tim-
ber in the hedgerows, good pasture for cat-
tle, a running brook, and 20d. rents. Four
villeins,! together with seven bordars,| hold
this land under the canon of St. Paul's, at
40s. a-year rent." lu King Edward's time
it was raised to GOs. a-year.

* A caracute was as much land as could be
cultivated by one plough.

f VilUeiis were common tillers of the soil,
and were the absolute property of the pro-

In the reign of Henry IV., Henry Bruges,
Garter-King-at-Arms, had a splendid man-
sion at Kennistonne, and, on one occasion,
he there entertained Sigismund, Emperor of
Germany, who was on a visit to this country,
to a magnificent banquet at his residence
there. This mansion stood near the old
Episcopal Chapel at Kentish Town, said to
have been erected by two brothers, Walter
and Thomas de Cantelupe as early as the
reign of King John, though some historians
say the chapel only dates as far back as
Elizabeth.

According to a survey ordered to be taken
in the time of Cromwell, in 1G49, this manor
contained 210 acres of land. The manor-
house was then sold to a Richard Hill, a
merchant of London, and the manor to
Richard Utber, a draper. At the restoration
of the monarchy, however, the original
lessees, or their repi^esentatives, were re-in-
stated in their possession of the manor, but
about the year 1670 it again changed hands,
Jo'm Jeffreys, father of Sir Jeffreys Jeffreys,
aldciTnan of London, becoming proprietor.
By the intermarriage of Earl Camden with
Elizaboth, one of the daughters and co-heirs
of Richard Jeffreys, grandson of Sir John,
it became vested in him in right of his wife,
and it is now the property of the Earl Cam-
den. The estate is held subject to a re-
served rent of £20 Is. 5d. per annum, paid
to the prebendary of St. Paul's.

In ancient times the monks of Waltham
Abbe}'', Essex, held an estate in the parish of
St. Pancras, called by them CaneLond, (now

prietors of the land on which the^' laboured.
They could hold no property of their own,
and were sold with the estate just the same
as the cattle, or were transferred from one
estate to another like any other goods and
chattel .

X A hiyrdar or cottar was a little higher in
the social scale than a yillien. He generaUy
rented a piece of land and a cottage, forwhicli
he undertook to supply the lord of the manor's
table with a certain quantity of eggs, butter,
poultry, &c.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

part of Caen Wood), with woods and pasture
valued at £13. In the year IGGl, Venner,
wlio raised an insurrection, and placed him-
self at the head of the fifth monarchy men,
fled with his followers to Caen Wood, and
there hid themselves for about two weeks in
the month of January, Several celebrated
historians and antiquarians think that Caen
Wood is the remains of the ancient forest of
Middlesex. In 1601 this estate appears to
have been the property of John Bull, Esq.,
who married Lady Pelham ; afterwards it
fell into the hands of an upholsterer, named
Dutton, who bought it out of a sum of money
he had made in the celebrated South Sea
Bubble scheme. Soon after, however, it fell
into the hands of the Duke of Argylc, then
into those of the Earl of Bute, and, finally
came into the possession of Lord Mansfield,
whose property it now is. During the time
of the late Earl Mansfield, Chief Justice
of the Kinc!;\s Bench, the seat which he
erected in Caen Wood was the scene of
much festivity. A visit to the summer seat
of the Chief Justice at Hampstead, was cm-
sidered by the fashionable world as f:;reat a
trip into the country as a journe}^ to Land's
End is now; and during the season it was
crowded with the wit, learning and fashion
of the great w^orld of London. The Earl
spent vast sums in embellishing and improv-
ing his seat and beautifying the grounds.
The most remarkable room in the building is
the library, a very splendid apartment,
about 60 feet long by 21 wide) ornamented
with paintings by Zucchi ; there are also
fine busts of Sir Isaac Newton and of Homer,
the last of which was bequeathed to Lord
Mansfield by Pope. The paintings in the
hall are by Rebecca, and in the beautiful
parlour is a fine portrait of Sir Christopher
Hatton. The grounds, including the wood
consist of about iO acres, and connected with
them are seven ponds, which gave rise to the
river Fleet. In an old chronicle, it states,
" that there were some beautiful water-works
connected with these springs and ponds, un-
der the management of a compau}'", incorpo-
rated in 1692. These springs are made to
supply some houses in the neighbourhood of
Tottenham Court with pure water !"

THE HIANOR OF TOTriELE, OR TOTTENHAM-
COURT.

The manor of Tothele, or Tottenham
Court, is thus described in the records of the
Doomsday Book : " The land is of four car-
acutes, but only seven parts in eight are

cultivated. There are four villlens and four
cottars; wood and keep for 150 hogs, and
about 40s. per annum arising from the sale
of herbage. Rental, £4." In King Edward's
time its value had risen to £5. This manor
is also prebendary, and for a long time was
kept by the prebend of Tottenhall in his own
hands.' In 13-13, John De Caleton lield a
court-baron as lessee, and the prebendary the
same year held a view of frank-pledge, con-
summating the lease with the above person-
age. In the year 1500 the manor and pahice of
Tottenhall were demised to Queen Elizabeth
for 90 years. In the year 1630 a lease was
granted to Charles I. ; and in 1649 It was
seized as crown land by the Coramonweallh
and sold to Ralph Harrison, Esq., for £3,318
3s. lid. At the restoration of the monarchy,
it again reverted to the crown ; and in 1661
it was gi'anted by Charles 11. to Sir H. Wood,
in payment of a debt which that spendtlirlft
monarch owed to that individual. After that
the lease became the property of Isabella,
Countess of Arlington, from whom it was in-
herited by her son Charles, Duke of Grafton.
In 1768, the lease became vested in the Hon.
Charles Fltzroy (afterwards Lord Southamp-
ton), and an Act of Parliament was passed by
which thefee-slmple of the manor was invested
in him, subject to the payment of £300 per
annum, in lieu of the ancient reserved rent of
£46. According to a survey taken hi 1649,
the manor comprised about 240 acres.

In 1730, Tottenham Court was a kind of
suburban resort of the London people. Its
upper end, near Whitfield Chapel, was
bordered with the hawthorn hedge, and on
either sides were pleasant fields. About that
time, an amphitheatre was erected by Small-
wood and the celebrated George Taylor, and
its entertainments were exclusively devoted
to boxing and pugilistic encounters. The
manners and the customs of tlie times were
then so depraved that it was filled every
night, and its audience comprised a good
sprinkling of the nobility. A fair was also
hi^ld annually, near Whitfield Chapel, and in
the booths erected at such fair, some of the
actors from the theatres royal, most celebrated
for comic humour, entertained the public with
droll Interludes. It became, however, to be
the resort of so much vice, that the .Justices
were obliged to suppress it in 1744. In 1748,
a man named Daniel French, opened an
amphitheatre in Tottenham Court Rond, at
which, during the year, he exhibited an
entertainment called the "Country Wake,"
consisting of a display of cudgel-playing, box-
ing, wrestling, fisticuiTs, and winding up with
a general meMe. In 1780, Earl Sandwich

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

suggested the opening of a theatre in Totten -
hum Court Road, for the performance of
ancient music, and the place became so
popular that it was several times honoured by
the King and Queen, indeed, they regularly
attended for some time. After having had
its day, it became a place of resort where
comic pantomime and melodrama were
played. This theatre is now known as the
" Queen's"

THE MANOR OF PANG K AS.

The third great manor into which the parish
of St. Pimcras was in days of yore d'vidcd,
consisting of the land near the village churcli
and round about Somers Town, was called
Paneras Manor. It now includes several
estates, such as the Skinner's, the Bedford,
the Agar estates, &c., which were detached
from the manor after the dissolution of the
monasteries. When the great survey of
Doomsday was taken, \yalter, a Canon of
St. Paul's, held two hides of land in Paneras.
" The land in this manor," says that record,
"is of one caraeute, and employs one plough.
On the estate are twenty-four men, who pay
a rent of 30s. per annum." The accounts
respecting the possessors of this manor are
of a very imperfect and scanty nature for a
long time after that period, but in 1375 we
find that Joan, wife of Robert Lord Ferrers,
died possessing this estate, paying a rent to
the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, of 30s.
In 1373 it was sold to Sir Robert Knowles,
and in 1381, the reversion, which belonged
to the crown, was granted, after the death of
Robert and his wife, to the prior and convent
of the house of Carthusian monks, built in
honour of the Holy Salutation. After the
dissolution of the monasteries, it came into
the possession of Earl Somers, in whose
hands the principal portion of it still remains.
The most remarkable historical incident
connected with Somers Town is an account
of its being supposed to be the site of an
ancient Roman camp, called the "Brill," and
which stood at the top of Brewer Street,
around the spot where the old church now
stands. Stukeley, the antiquarian, says the
name Brill was applied to many old Roman
stations. There is a village of Brill in Buck-
inghamshire, which Camden thinks must
have been a Roman station, from the fact
that an immense number of coins have been
discovered there ; he also mentions a Roman
camp near Chichester, which retained the
name of Brill or Briele. It was not long
after Ctesar invaded the shores of Albion that
he encamped upon this spot, and the circum-

stances which gave rise to it are narrated in
the following terms : —

*' Caesar, having in his progress through
the country, crossed the Thames at Chertsey,
encamped near Staines, where a splendid
embassy of Londoners waited upon him, de-
siring his alliance and protection, and asking
him to restore their Prince, Mundabrace,
who had fled to Gaul to seek refuge from the
enemies who had conspired against him at
home, and had placed himself in Cassar's
retinue. Caasar promised to attend to the
deputation, and having first attacked a hos-
tile British chief who had retreated to Wat-
ford, he turned towards London with the in-
tention of re-instating Mundabrace. On his
arrival near the metropolis, Ocesar did not
deem It advisable to encamp in the cit}^ it-
self, he therefore pitched his camp in the
north, just where old St. Paneras Church
now stands, and there the Londoners came
to meet him and arrange for the reinstating
of their king."

All traces of this camp are now swept
away, but Stukeley, the authority we have
just quoted, who lived in the last century,
in a house in Queen-square, says, " That in
his time, over against the church, in the foot-
path on the west side of the brook, the val-
lum or ditch was perfectly visible, its breadth
from east to Avest forty paces i its length
from north to south, sixty. North of the
church was a square moated about, originally
the proitorlum or residence ol' the English
king, and where C;esar made the British
kings, Casveliiam and Mundabrace as good
friends as ever, the latter presenting
him with that famous corslet of pearls
wiiich the conqueror afterwards bestowed
upon Venus In her temple at Rome."

We are bound to record that much dispute
has taken plnce amongst antiquarians as to
the truth of Dr. Stukeley's statement. Some
say that the ditches and earthworks
he talked of were formed of the intrench-
ments and ramparts raised in the fields near
Paneras Church in 1042 : and an old chroni-
cle states, that during the civil wars in the
time of Cromwell, walls of raised earth were
thrown up in the grounds contiguous to the
Duke of Bedford's House in Bedford Fields.
That, however, does not do away with the
fact that the neighbourhood of the Brill was
an old Roman encampment, for the name
Brill is decidedly of Latin origin, and it is
well known that Ca?sar encamped about the
spot, and the forces in the time of Cromwell
might have made use of the same site and
rc-eonstructed or improved the more ancient
earthworks.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Tlie Manor of Pancras continued to be

principally a, pastoral district till the year
1700, the vilia^i'e itself consisting only of a
few lonely houses surrounding the village
church. When a visitation of St. Pancras
Church was made by order of the Dean of
St. Paul's in the year 1251, tliere were only
forty houses in the whole parish, and those
of the meanest description. The desolate
condition of the village of Pancras, is thus
quaintlj'- described by Norden the historian,
who lived in the reign of Elizabeth : —

''^ About the Old Church there have been
riianie buildings now decaied, leai'ln// poor
Pancras alone, without companie or comforte.
Although the place be as it 7vere Jbrspken of
all, and true men seldom frequent the same,
hut on divine occasions, lohen they come from
the surrounding countrle for to praye ; yet it
is oft visited by thieves, who assembled not
there to praye but to lay in wait for preye ;
and manie men fall into their hands that are
clothed, loho are very glad if they can manage
to escape all safe naked. Walk not there too
late r'

A ver}'- sad condition for poor Pancras to
be in, it niust certainly be confessed, and the
quaint pun which the historian endeavours
to make at its expense, as well as the warn-
ing at the end of his remarks is extremely
interesting. It was probably about those
periods the resort of robbers and highwav-
men, who laid in wait for tfavellors proceed-
ing to the north, and who frequented the
country lanes that led to HIghgate from
the metropolis. Indeed, so infested were
these parts with foot-pads that less than one
hundred years ago, travellers, who were
about to proceed to Highgate or the north,
would drop in at some hostelrie just on the
outskirts, and wait in mine host's parlour
until a goodly company was made up,
when, for mutual protection and safetv, they
would start off together.

Kise and Progress of Somers Tovm. — The
French Emigrants.

In the year 1790 the metropolis had
grown so large that buildings began to
extend rapidly into the neighbouring
suburbs. The first speculators, however,
who obtained a lease from E'lrl Somers, and
took to building upon Somers Town, did not
meet with much encourafjement. Houses
were run up and streets built, but they were
so difficult of access (for the Euston Road
was not then made) that large numbers re-
mamed unoccupied. At length, however,

the French Revolution took place, and many
of thepeople who adliered to the ancient
Bourbon monarchy of that country, sought
an asylum in London from the storm of
anarchy and terror which then swept over
tiiat land. When they arrived in London,
the emigrant French Roman Catholic priests
fixed upon Somers Town as a desirable spot
for the refugees to reside in. A gicat many
houses were then unoccupied ; they would,
therefore, have the advantage of being toge-
ther if located there. Anotlicr advantage
was they would be near to the what they
considered the Catholic cemeter}' in St. Pan-
cras, and as but few of them ever expected
to see their own country again, it was some
consolation to think that they would be
buried amongst their own kindred. Indeed,
St. Pancras churchyard was long looked
upon with favour by Catholics as a place of
interment. Various reasons are given for
this preference. Some say it was in conse-
quence of being the last place belonging to
the Established Chnrch where Romish mass
was celebrated ; others that St. Pancras was
the name of a church in the south of France
from whose neighbourhood many of these
refugees had come. The most probable, bow-
ever, was its convenience, and the associations
were called up in connection with It after-
wards. These poor emigrants, nearly all of
whom had lived in comparative ease and
luxiTr}" in their own land, were reduced to a
state of beggary when they arrived in Somers
Town ; for it must be remembered that those
who thus fled their country were not the
mere mob, who professed anything to suit
the times, but were men of strong principle,
who sacrificed all— land, houses, and wealth,
to uphold it, and many of their descendants
are amongst the most respected of our
parishioners at the present day.

The sojourn of the ejected French emi-
grants in Somers Town, caused a great rise
in rents, and stimulated builders to extend
their operations in that neighbourhood. The
French, however, in their hurried flight,
having brought nothing with them, were soon
thrown Into a state ofterrible destitution, and
Somers Town was turned into a miserable
district, known only in connection with want
and wretchedness. At last a truly amiable
and pbllantliropic Catholic, named Abbe
Carron, came amongst them, and instituted
several establishments for their i^elief, includ-
ing a hospital for the reception of the agel
and infirm French clergy, and a receptacle '
for the distressed female emigrants. Indeed, !
Abb^ Carron's exertions were unceasing. In
1810 he established an institution for the re- ;

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

lief of the destitute of his own congregation.
Here soup was doled out to the poor liungry
applicants twice a week, and wine, clothing,
and pecuniary assistance administered when
absolutely needed. In the Roman Catholic
chapel in Clarendon Square, built for the es-
pecial accommodation of the emigrants,
stands a monument which was erected to
the memory of this truly good man. The
chapel also contains the remams of the
Princess Conde'.

A few years after the arrival of the French
Catholics in Somers Town, a very interesting
article appeared In the Gentlemaii's Magazine,
upon the surprising progress of this district.
It was then rising into importance, and the
New Road had just been cut through the
fields. As it affords some idea of the condi-
tion of St. Pancras sixty years ago, it is givrn
entire, as it was addressed to tiie editor of
the above publication : —

"Oct. 13, 1813.
"Slu, — Permit me to acquaint you, from
an irresistible whim, of what has occurred
during the last thirty years in the place
honoured by my residence in the north of
London. A road has hren lately called the
Netc Tioad, which has intersected extensive
fields from Tottenham Court Road to Battle
Bridge; about mid-way, and on the south-
side of the same stood the famous ' Bowling-
green House,' which had been noted for at
least a century as a country retreat for Lon-
doners on a Sunday afternoon; and lower
down, on the opposite side, was the 'Brill,' a
comfortablecountry tavern, and perhaps more
ancient than its rival. A few houses near
the ' Mother Red Cap,' at Camden Town,
and the Old Church of St. Pancras, were the
only buildings that interrupted the view of
the country from Queen Square and the
Foundling Hospital. With the exception of
the two buildings already mentioned, and a
group of tall trees in a lane leading from
Gray's Inn Lane to the ' Bowling-green
House,' there was nothing to Interrupt the
view. Commencing at Southampton Row,
near Holborn, is an excellent private road
belonging to the Dtike of Bedford, and the
fields along the road are intersected with
paths in various directions. The pleasant-
ness of the situation, and the temptation
offered by the New Road, Induced some peo-
ple to build on the land, and the Somers
Places east and west arose ; a few low build-
ings near the Duke's Road (now near the
' Lord Nelson'), first made their appearance,
accompanied by others of the same descrip-
tion ; and, after a while, Somers Town was

planned. Mr. Jacob Leroux became the
principal landowner under Lord Somers.
The former built for himself a handsome
house, and various streets were named from
the title of the noble lord (Somers), a chapel
was opened, and a polygon begun in a
square. Everything seemed to prosper fa-
vourably when some unforeseen cause arose
which checked the fervour of building, and
many carcases of houses were sold for less
than the value of building materials.

" In the meantime gi'adual advances were
made on the north side of the New Road,
from Tottenham Court Road, and, finally,
the buildings on the south side reached the
line of Gower Street. Somewhat lower,
and near to Battle Bridge, there was a long
grove of stunted trees which never seemed
to thrive ; and on the site of the Bedford
Nursery a pavilion was erected. In which her
Ro}'al Highness the Duchess of York gave
away colours to a volunteer Regiment. The
interval between Southampton Place and
Somers Town was one vast brickfield.

" The influx of French emigrants, caused
by the goings on In France, has contributed
to the prosperity of Somers Town, by their
occupying most of the previously empty
houses ; and the increase of the native popu-
lation began to be perceptible by the de-
mand ibr ground offered in building leases
by the Duke of Bedford and the Foundling
Hosiiltal, whose trustees own a greal de.al of
land In the neighbourhood. The conse-
quence Is the erection of such streets as
Guildford Street, Bernard Street, and the
houses comprising Brunswick and Russell
Squares, and Tavistock Place and Chapel,
the east side of Woburn Place, &c. During
this time the death of Jlr. Leroux occurred,
and his large property being submitted to
the hammer, numbers of small houses were
sold for less than £150, at rents of £20 per
annum each. The value of money decreas-
ing at this time, from £30 to £40 were de-
manded as rents for these paltry habitations ;
hence many who could obtain the means be-
came builders — carpenters, retired publicans,
leather-worker.5, haymakers, &c., each con-
trived to build his house, and every street
was lengthened in Its turn. The barracks
for the Life Guards in Chalton Street, became
a very diminutive square, and now we
really find several of these streets approach-
ing the Old Pancras Road. The Company
of Skinners, who own thirty acres of land,
perceiving these projectors succeed in cover-
ing the north side of the Euston Road from
Somers Place to Battle Bridge, and that the
street named from them has reached the

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Brill Tavern (lately destroyed), have offered
the ground to Mr. Burton to build upon, and
it is now covered by Judd Street, Tonbridge
Place, and a new chapel for some description
of dissenters or other, and thus you see, Mr.
Editor, we have lived to see Somers Town
completely annexed to London.

" After several fruitless attempts to sup-
port the old chapel in Wilsted Street, the
members of the Established CInirch gave way
to the Baptists, who flourish wonderfully,
and have a Lancastrian school to assist. The
venerable little St. Pancras Church still re-
mains, but it is too true an emblem of the
decline of our church, shrinking into nothing
in comparison with its towering rivals, (the
chapels just mentioned) and the noble parish
workhouse adjoining,

"To return, however, to the New Road,
where, close by a pretty cottage, surrounded
by a. large flower-garden, and fronting an-
other of vegetables, we find they are about
to erect a magnificent square, to be called
' Euston-square,' and this, with Seymour
Place, win complete the connexion with Tot-
tenham Court Road.

" To conchide : Clarendon-square, which
encloses the Polygon, contains, on the north
side, the establisliments of the Abbe CaiTon,
a gentleman who does his native country
honour. He resides in the house lately oc-
cupied by the builder Leroux, and presides
ov£r four schools for young ladies, poor girls,
young gentlemen, and poor boys. A dormi-
tory, bakehouse, &c., are situated between
his house and the emigrant Cathohc chapel
recently built, which contains a monument
to the Princess Conde' ; further on is the
.school for the poor girls, and at the back of
the wliole are convenient buildings for the
above purposes and a large garden. The
general voice of the place is in favour of the
Abb^, and be lias been of incalculable service
to his distressed fellow-sufferers, who are
enthusiastic in his praise. — Yours, &c.,

'■p. Malcolm."

Such was tlie state of Somers Town in
1813. The Horse Barracks alluded to have
been removed to Albany Street, Regent's
Park; the Baptist Chapel" is still in Wilsted
Street ; and tlie chapel behnginrj to some de-
scription of dissenters or other is Tonbridge
Chapel, of which the much-respected Mr.
Madgin is the minister.

Tlie Skinn-er's Estate.
The Skinner's Estate in St. Pancras is

held in trust by the Hon. and Worshipful
Company of Skinners on behalf of their
school at Tonbridge in Kent. The pro-
perty was known by the name of the Sand-
hills Estate, and consists of about thirty
acres of land bequeathed by Sir Andrew
Judde, Lord Mayor of London in 1558, to-
wards the endowment of a school which he
had founded in his native town of Tonbridge.
Hence the nomenclature of various streets
and edifices upon the said estate : Judd
Street, Skinners' Street, Tonbridge Place,
Tonbridge Chapel, tS:c.

It is interesting to note the value of pro-
perty then and now. In the old knight's will,
made in the year 1588, he says, " I give and
bequeath my estate called Sandhills, consist-
ing of a close of pasture situated at the back-
side of Holbom in the parish of Pancras,
and valued at £13 6s. 8d. per annum, to the
Company of Skinners on behalf of my school
at Tonbridge, in Kent." Only jmi-t of the
very same property, valued at £13 6s. 8d.
a-year in 1588, was, on the 29th September,
1807, leased to Mr. Burton for 99 years at
£2,500 per annum, and when that lease ex-
pires, which will occur in Michaelmas, 1906,
its yield of revenue will be something enor-
mous.

The school to the support of which Sir
Andrew .Judde's estate in the parish of St.
Pancras is applied, stands at the north end
of Tonbridge. It is built in a plain neat
uniform style. Behind it there is the master's
habitation, together with a hall and refectory
for the use of the scholars, and a small yet
elegant library, built at the joint expense of
the patrons of the school. There are also
detached offices, a garden, and a playground.

Among other matters contained in the
statutes of the school, it is ordained that the
master of the school shall be a Master of
Arts, and that he shall have authority to
reject such as apply for gratis insti-uction as
day boys, unless they can write competently
and read Latin and English perfectly ! The
whole is under the management of the
Skinner's Company, who -^nsit it annually in
May. On the occasion of their visit, the
company are attended, as their statutes direct,
by some respectable London, clergyman,
whose business it is to examine the several
classes of the school. The examiner dis-
tributes, as an honorary reward, a silver gilt
pen to each of the six senior scholars, who on
that day walk in procession to the church
before their patrons with garlands of fresh
flowers on their heads.

L^-MVi i l.\J

NS OF ST. PANCIIAS.

THE MANOR OF KIJIJ<JEMp;KE.

Tin; extent and exact situiition of this manor
is not at present known. No estate is liekl
under this prebend, Ijut it is tertain that in
former times the prebend of Unggemere lield
property in the parish of St. Panoras. It is
mentioned in the survey of tlie parisli in the
year 1251, the reeords of wliich are now in
tlie possession of the Dean and Chapter of
St. Paul's, Lib. L. Xorden, also, in his his-
tory, mentions it as an estate belonging
to the Dean and Chapter. It is very pro-
bable that at the breaking up of the eccle-
siastical system at the time of the Reforma-
tion it reverted to the crown, and was bought
of or given awav bv the monarch to some of

his l\u'onritcs, for the liljeral niaiinerin which
Henry VIII. bestowed Ijis ill-gotten church
property upon such is well knov/n. The
Bedford family, for instance, acquired all
their immense property in the metropolis at
that monarch's hands. It is recorded, too,
that the title to the Somers estates is held by
a gift from the same king, the origi-
nal " Will Somers," as he was called, being a
jester at Court, whose wit drew forth many
substantial acknowledgments from his
master. The manor of Euggemere, there-
fore, was probably situated in the south-
eastern part of the parish, now divided into
several estates, such as tlio Calthorpe,
Doughty, Swinton, &c.

ilti} (BUI allniriii.

IT is diliieult to imagine that the ancient
and diminutive little cdilice in the Old
Paucras Poad could once have accommo-
dated the whole God-fearing population of
this uow populous parish. Yet, with the ex-
ception of a Chapel of Ease at Kentish Town,
it was the only ecclesiastical building the
parish could boast till the middle of the last
century. It is not known with certainty
when the present structure was erected, hut
its date is ll.xed about the year 1350 ; there
was, however a building upon the same spot
long before that date, for in the records be-
longing to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's,
in which there is noticed a visitation made to
this church in the year 1251, it states " that
it had a very sm;ill tower, a little belfry, a
good stone font for baptisms, and a small
marble stone to carry the jax.*"'

Norden, whom ve have already quoted
and who wrote a work in the reign of Eliza-
Ijeth upon the lo])Ography of every parish in
Jfiddlesex, makes the following quaint re-
marks upon the old church and its church-
yard : —

" I'ancras Church standeth all (done, as
iiUerli/ fov$ijhen, old, and welher belen, which
for the antiquity thareoj' Is thoiiglit not to yceld
to ^St. PaiUe's in London. Folks from the
hamlet of Kennistonne now and then visit it.

Svmbol of -Vtonement.

hut not often, hac'.ng a chapelt of their own-
When, however, they haiie a corpse to he in-
terr, d, they are forced to leave the same uithin
this forsyken church or churchyard, where it
restrlli as secure against the day oj'rcsurrec-
tion as if it laie in stately St. Paulc's."

Nurden's account makes it evident that
there were no body-stcalers in those days ;
it also implies that where the church is
situated was then one of the least frequented
and desolate spots ia the vicinity of the me-
tropolis.

In ancient times divine service was per-
formed in St. I'ancras Church only on the
first Sunday in every month, and at all other
times in the Chapel of Ease at Kentish Town,
it being thought that the few people who
lii'ed near the church could go up toLondon
to pray, -while that at Kentish Town was more
suited for the country-folk, and this continued
to within the present century. The Dean
and Chapter of St. Paul's are patrons and
ordinaries of the vicarage, and likewise pos-
sess the rectory, which they lease, subject to
a reserved rent. It first came into their pos-
session about. the year 1100. William de
Belmeis, nephew of Richard de Beimels,
Bishop of London, being possessed of the
prebend of Pancras, within which the church
was situated, gave the tithes to the Canons of
St. Paul's, which grant was confirmed by
Bishop Gilbert (1183), and Bclmeis's succes-
sor in the prebend, .John de St. Lawrence.

No.

THE HISTORY AND TUADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Soon afterwnnis the Dean and Chapter
Granted the Church of Pancras, with all
tithes, &c., to the hospital -within the Ca-
thedral founiled by Henry de Northampton,
reserving to tlieniselvcs im annnal pension of
one mark. About the same time Ralph de
Diceto, gave the prebend of 'I'ottenhall (Tot-
tenham Court) to St. Paul's. Various an-
cient leases of the rectory are to be found
amongst the ecclesiastical records of the
cathedral.

After the suppression of chantries, guilds,
S:c., the rectory came again into tlie posses-
sion of the Dean and Chapter, and has since
been leased in the usual manner of church
property. By an old rent-hook in St. Paul's
it appears that in 1G30 the land belong-
ing to the rector}' was leased by one Mar-
garet Past ; in 1G50 John Elborow, clerk,
held possession as her heir ; in 1694, John
Joyner ; in 1701, "\^'illiani Brown; 1701-,
Francis Collins; 17.51, Richard Draper; in
1794 the lease wa.s vested in a Mr. Swinner-
ton, of the White Hart Inn, Colebrook, and it
has since been leased by the Agar family.
It is now, however, in consequence of a non-
fnlfilment of the conditions of the lease, in the
hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners,
who, it is stated, when the leases of the pre-
sent wretclied tenements run out, intend to
erect upon it a better class of propert}'.
In 1327 the rental of the rector}' was
rained at 13 marks per annum.

In 12.51 (the date at which the visitation
was made by order of the Dean of St. Raid's)
the vicar had all the small tithes, a pension
of £5 per annum out of the great tithes, four
acres of glebe land, and a vicarage house near
the church. In IGoO the vicarage was rated
at £9 per annum ; in 10.50, £2S, and about
that time an augmentation was ordered of
£50 per annum. The vicarage is now worth
about £1,000 per annum.

A list of the vicirs from 1183, as far as
can be ascertained, is as follows, though
there is a great gap at the commencement ;

1183.
1190.

Fulcherius
Alexander.

1580. Gray.
— Henry Bradley, .sen.

1G27. John Elborow. [His son probably the
lessee of the rectory in 1G50.]

lC+7. William Birketc.

1657. Randolph Yearwood (Chaphun to the
liOrd Mayor, 1657.) In thechurch-
yaj'd was formerly a stone to the
iuemcr}' of Randolph Y'earwood,

(1689) and Margaret his wife; dur-
ing the time Y^earwood was living
the vicarage wasunder sequestration.
He was suspended for performing
marriages illegally, and the two
following were appointed during
liis suspension.

IGGO. Timothy Boughev, Oct. 22, 1660.

1664. Thomas" Daniel, A.M., June 17, 1604.

1084. .John Marshall.

1707. Nathaniel Marshall, L.L.B. Educated
at Emanuel College, Cambridge.
llectorofSt. Vcdastand ofMiohael-
le-Qnern, London, 1717.

1728. Edward de Chair. He was cardinal
of St. Paul's, and presented to the
rectory of Coulsden, Surrey, 1737.

1749. Benjamin Mence (King's College,
Cambridge.)

1796. Weldon Champneys (Trinity College,
Cambridge. — Lecturer of St.
Bride's.) [Grandfather of pre-
sent vicar.]

1811. Thomas Fanshaw Middleton, D.D.
(The first Bishop of Calcutta )

1814. James Moore, L.L.D., Magdalen Coll.

1842. Thomas Dale, M.A., Canon of St.
Paul's. Rural Dean.

1860. ^\'. Weldon Champneys, Canon of
St. Paul's.

The estate belonging to the prebend of St.
Pancras is about 70 acres. Among the many
eminent men who have held the prebendary
stall of St. Pancras, maybe mentioned Ralph
de Diceto, Dean of St. Raid's, and a celebrated
English annalist ; Laurence Booth, Arch-
bishop of York; John Overall, the Bishop
of Norwich ; Launcelot Andrews, Bishop of
Winchester ; the Rev. Dr. Paley, Archdeacon
of Carlisle, who was succeeded by the Rev.
William Beloe, translator of " Herodotus."

The earliest date at which baptisms and
marriages were registered in the parish was
in IGCO ; that of burials, 1GG8. It is to be
feared, however, that such register is not
entirely correct, because permission being
given by the vicar to baptise in the more
distant parts of the parish, some registers
may be omitted. The following averaees
of baptisms and deaths as registered will
give some idea of the population of the parish
at the periods named : —

Averages of
Deathi

31
29

Averages of

Year.

baptisms.

1C6S

1686

1697

1707

ii-ijo iiib i. vJlS- i' ±i.i\0 lU

Averuijcs of

Avci-aaes ot

Year.

baptisms.

Deaths.

1717

1727

13U

1737

220

17-17

279

17Si

245

318

1789

271

319

1794

343

389

1795

409

4G3

1800

474

578

1805

554

615

iONS OF ST PANCRAS.

The rapid, increase of the population within
the last lifty years gives an average out of
all proportion to the above. According to
tiie returns made hy I)i'. Hillier, the Medical
Officer of Health, tlie number of deaths regis-
tered in 1850 was -l,27G, and the number of
registered births, 0,G04:, there being now
born in the parish every year more than a
fifth of the whole inhabitants but half a cen-
tury ago. As regards the increase of popu-
lation and houses, in the year 1251, as has
been alread}'" stated, there were but forty
houses in the whole parish. From tliat
period, up to 1801, there are no returns,
but in the year ISOl a return was ordered
to be made by Parliament, when there were
declared to be 4,174 inhabited, 35^_» uninha-
bited bouses, and 31,779 inhabitants. The
population in 1859 was estimated at 200,000
and the number of tenements asscs.^ed to the
poor rate is nearly 24,000.

The old church has several times been re-
paired, the most recent of which took place
within the last few years, and has given its
exterior quite a modern appearance. Upon
entering, liowover, the visitor is struck with
its ancient aspect and its diminutive size,
and is almost sorry that so unique a me-
mento of the past has not been permitted to
Avear its ancient outside garment of simpli-
city and hoary greyness. It consists only of
a nave and a chancel. The chancel, as usual,
is situated at its ea.steru end. Heavy beams
support the roof, and upon those over the
chancel and the western gallery arc written
in illuminated scrolls, various sentences from
scripture, such as, " I am the Way, the
Truth, and the Life, he that cometli unto
me I will in no wise cast out," &c. There is
a very elegant stained-glass window over the
altar, and on the sides of the chancel are
some small circular lights of coloured glass.
On cither side of the nave arc pointed win-
dows of plain glass, and at the western end
is a small but elcgunt oriel window of co-
loured glass. The walls are exceedingly thick
and will, no doubt, last for ages. A narrow

strip of oaken gallery runs along the nave,
affording accommodation for only two rows
of seats. It is approached by a single circular
staircase in the southern tower, and its dimi-
nutive size is in keeping with the other
parts of the building.

The principal monuments are situated in
the chsmcel, though there are some very
ancient and interesting ones in the nave.
Tlierc are also some very old monuments in
the churchyard, which has been long noted
as the burial place of the Roman Catholics
who died in its vicinity : the visitor cannot
fail being struck with the number of crosses
and the profuseness of the Roman Catholic
initials, R. I. P.

Weever, an antiipiarlan, speaks of a won-
derfully ancient monument in the old church,
erected in 1500, and, by tradition, said to be-
long to the family of Gray, of Gray's Inn. It
is on the north wall of the church, of Par-
beck marble, and has an elliptical arch, or-
namented with qnartre-foils, but no inscrip-
tion or arms at present remain.

The same antiquary also mentions the
family tomb of Robert Ive, clerk of the crown
to King Henry VI., but there is do date to it.
The famil_y of Ive, however, are of great an-
tiquity in this parisli, for in the year 1458
King Henry granted leave to Thomas Ive to
enclose a portion of the highway adjoining
to his mansion at Kennistonne.

On the north of tlie chancel are the monu-
ments of John Oxlcy and Thomas Doughty
(1694), the latter the orignal owner of the
estate in St. Pancras which takes his name.
On the east wall of the chancel is a monu-
ment erected to Daniel Clarke, Esq., who
had been raa.ster cook to Queen Elizabeth, in
1G2G, and another on the south wall to
Samuel Cooper, Esq., a celebrated painter.
Cooper was born in London, in the year
1()09, and brought up by his uncle Hofldns,
a miniature painter of great eminence. He,
however, soon excelled bis master, and com-
mencing to labour at his art on his own ac-
count, established a good connection among
the nobility and gentry. His pencil has
transmitted to us likenesses of the most cele-
brated statesmen, wits, and beauties of his
age. A portrait of Oliver Cromwell is es-
teemed liis clff^'' iloum-e. He seldom drew
more than the head, or when he did wlxs not
so successful. His manner approached so
near to that of Vandyke that he was called
Vandyke in miniature, and his productions
now^ fetch great prices all over Europe.
Cooper was intimate with P>utler, the author
of "Hudibras," an«t lie was related to the
poet Pope.

Till- HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

The most striking monmiicnt in the churchi
jijvhaps, is that erected to Phihidelphin. the
wife of Thomas Wollnston, Ksfj., oT London.
Tlic date is concealed, but It i.s of the Last
oontnry, and the manner in whicli the hady
inet her death is affcctingly denoted by her
effiiiy, In veined marble, being recumbent
npciii ;i couch with an infant In her anus.

Tho following is a, brief hIstor\" of the
uiore remarkable characters ^v]\n he en-
tombed in the old church^'ard : —

writers have ever attained a laro-er share of
temporary celebrity than' Mrs. Godwin, hut
tiie calamities of her life miserably prove
the impropriety of her doctrine. Over her
ashes is a square monumentid pillar, on one
5.ide of "which is written the following in-
scription ; —

"?*r.\.UY AV00L3T0Ni;iJR_VFT Ooi>\VIV,

Author of

' A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.'

Born April 27, 1759,

Died September 10, 1797."

She was born in Epplng Forest, and at an
early age engaged lierself in the occu[)atioii
of teaching, forv/hlch by her talents she was
eminently qualified. Unhappily, however,
her sentiments on religious and other subjects
were most exceptionable, and when 'very
young she imbibed principles quite hostile
to all the usages of society, and which the
experience of ages has proved to be most
conducive to the happiness of mankind. She
soon gave up the employment of teaching,
and took to her pen, startling s 'elety by her
eloquence, wit, and her novel and dangerous
views. One of her doctrines was the inutility
of the marriage state; sh.e held such a state
to be quite unnecessary on principle, and
acting upon it she connected herself with a
Mr. Imlay, an American merchant, whom
she met in Paris in 1792. This gentleman,
hovrever, de?ert._^d her, and she was so affec-
ted by it that ^he determined to destroy her-
self. She took a boat at Westminster and
rowed up to Putney Bridge, from which, she
deliberately threw herself off in tlie montli
of October, 1795. She was, however, buoyed
I up by her clothes, and floated about 21^0
j yards down the river, and her fall having
I been seen by some watermen, she was takon
j up and carried into a public house called the
" Duke's Head,"' where she was recovered by
medical assistance. The circumstanc:! was
I commented upon by the newspapers of the

day, but it was not known till long after-
wards, that the suicide, whose life had been
saved, was tlie celebrated Marj' W'oolstone-
craft. In the month of July, 179G, she took
a house in Somers Tov/n, and not long after-
wards she formed a connexion with I\Tr. (iod-
win, author of " Caleb Williams." Their
sentiments were perfectly In unison. They
both had a contempt for the rite of marriage,
and it was only in consequence of her preg-
nancy, and the apprehension that she might
he excluded from society, that she consented
to enter that state. Iii 1707 Mr. and Mrs.
Godwin took a hr.use in the Polygon, Somers
Town, where slie died eleven days after
having given birth to a child.

Jolia Walker.— T\iQ munument erected to
John AValker Is of a very plain description,
but the well-known worth of the occupant
v.'ill prove more durable than anything tViat
can be engraven on sione. It mcrcdy states,

'■ Here Lie the Remains

John AValker,

-\u[hurof the 'Pronouncing Dictionary of

the English Language,' of which he

was for many years a y(;yj

Distinguished Professor.

Tie closed a life devoted to piet}' and virtue

on the 1st of August, 180.",

Aged 75."

Besides bis " Pronouncing Dictionary," he
wrote many other wr)rks of great value.

WiUlaym WoIIeft, the celebrated engraver
to King George III., lies buried in St. Pan-
eras churchyard. His works are numerous,
and are held in high estimation. A monu-
ment has been erected to his memory in the
cloisters of Westminster Abbey.

Jerennj Collier, Wiis buried in St. Pancras
chuichyard, April 29, 172C. He was edu-
cated at Cambridge. In 1G85 he came up
to London, and was soon after appointed
lecturer at Gray's Inn. On the eve of the
Revolution, though a member of the Church
of England, he attached himself to King
James, and wrote the first pamphlet against
the Prince of Orange. His antagonism to
the nQ,\\ government caused him to he im-
prisoned twice, and his refusal to sign certain
legal forms subjected him to an outlawry
which continued to the day of his death.
Soon after his release from imprisonment, he
attacked the stage for its immorality, and
so got engaged in a contest with niost.of the

AXaj^ iiiolv_»m

AKJ- LiiAViiiuL<S OF ST. PANCllAS.

distinguisheil wits of tile a^p. lie, however,
cnme off victorions in the end, and was the
means of checking the progress of that lieen-
tions stylo of writing whicli threatened to
banish every friend to virtnc and decorum
from the theatre. At Queen Anne's acces-
sion he was earnestly solicited to confonn to
the new dynast}", and was offered considera-
hlo preferment, hnt he refused. He died on
the 2Gth April, 172C, and was huried three
days afterwards.

Abraham Latu/^'ord, a celebrated autioneer
and dramatic writer of his day, lias a tornh
in St. Pancras churchyard, on hoth sides of
which are the following hnes : —

"His spring was such as should have been
Adroit and gay, unvexed by care or spleen.
His summer's manhood, open, fresh, and fair.
His virtues strict, his manners debrjmiaire.
His autumn rich with wisdom's goodly fruit,
"Which every varied appetite might suit.
In polished circles dignified with ease,
And less desirous to he pleased than please.
Grave with the serious, comic ivith the gay.
True to the fond affections of tlie Iieart,
He played the friend, the husband's parent's

part.
Wbat needs there more to eternise his fame ?
What monument more busting than Ijis
name ?"

There ars also some very excellent lines
on a tomb erected to the memory of a Mrs.
Anne Cooper, who was interred in 1759.
They were written by the lady's daugliter :

"Ah, shade revered, this frail memorial take,
'Tis all, alas, thy sorrowing child can make ;
On this faint stone, to mark thy* parent

worth,
And claim the spot that holds thy sainted

earth.

This clay-cold shrine, the corpse enshrouded

here,
This holy hillock, bath'd with many a tear;
These kindred flames that o'er thy bosom

glow,
Fed by the precious dust that lies oelow.

E'en those rude branches that embrace thy

head
And the green sod that forms thy sacred

bed,
Are richer, dearer to this filial heart
Than .all the monuments of proudest art.

Yet, yet a little, and thy child shall come.
To join a mother in this silent tomb :
Tliis only .spot of all the world is mine,
And soon my dust, sweet shade, .shall mix
with thine."

Mrs. ■huliella Mills, better kno\vn as Miss
Burchell, a celebrated singer of the la.st cen-
tury, lies buried in the churchyard. She
long sustained her character as a musical
artist, hut withdrew from public life on the
marriage of her second husband, who raised
a monument, with the following inscription,
to her memory : —

" In Memory of

Mrs. I.sabella Mills,

Wife of H. Mills, Esq., of this Parish,

Who departed this life,

.Tune 9, 1802,

Aged 67.

"And art thou then in awful silence here,

Whose voice so oft has charmed the public

ear ;
Who, with thy simple notes could strike the

heart
Beyond the utmost skill of laboured art.
0, may the Power who gave thee dulcet

strain,
And, pitying, rescued thee from earthly

pain.
Exalt thy spirit, touched witli hallowed fire,
To hymn his praise among the angelic
choir."

Count HasUng. — There is a monument to
Count Hasling, a great favourite of George
II. His inscription is as follows : —

" Here lie Deposited the Pemains

Count Hasling,

Count of the Holy Roman Empire,

Hereditary Grand Master of Upper and Lower

Bavaria, and
Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of London,
From His Serene Highness
Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine,
Duke of Bavaria.
Having lived in the presence of every social
virtue, after a Christian preparation, he
resigned his soul into the hands of his
Creator, regretted by his sovereign and
lamented by all who knew him. May he
rest in peace."

His funeral was attended by the w^hole of
the di])lomatic corps of the day.

77(6 Chevalier ctEon. — The remains of the

THE HISTORY AND TRADITION^S OF ST. PAMCKAS.

unfortunate Cbevalier d'Eoa also lie ia St.
Piuicras clmrcliyard. This extraordinary
and well-]i.nowii character, \Yhose story ex-
cited at the time so uiuch curiosit}', after
having distinguished himself hoth as a
soldier and a diidomatist, assumed the ha-
bit of a female, at the requisition of the
French Court, and -was appointed as sueh to
a situation in tiie household of the Q.ueen of
France. This strange re'.|uisition arose in
consequence of a doubt existing as to his
sex, and it embittered the remainder of the
poor man's days. He "was first brought up
as a male, and was appointed Jlinister
ricnipotentiary to the British Court. About
the year 1771 the doubts hrst arose con-
cerning his sex. They appear to Inwe been
started in St. Petersburgli, for when on a
mission to that city from the Court of France
he assumed the guise of a female for state
purposes. The remarks made soon became
the general topic of conversation, and im-
mense suras were iiazarded in the way of
gnmbling and betting, and life policies '.vere
effected on the same. A rcmarlcable trial
toolc place, presided over by Lord Mansfield,
concerning one of these policies, and the
GbevaUer was accused of being concerned
in some of them in order to swindle the pub-
lic out of their money. In consequence of
these painfnl attacks, the Chevalier left
Fiigland, first, however, asserting his inno-
cence in an advertisement which he caused
to he inserted iu the Morning Post a few
days before. The following is an extract : —

" London, Pii-ewer Street, Golden Square.
" November 11, 1775.
" The Chevalier d'Eon desires, with most
earnest entreaty, the people of England who
have liitlierto testified their benevolence to-
wards him, and have taken so gi-eat a part in
his misfortuues, not to renew any policy on
his sex. I publicly declare that I have re-
fused with sovereign contempt all offers to
become concerned in such policies, and if
such persecution is not disce)untenanced I
shall have to quit a country I love as dearly
as my own."

The unfortunate man quitted England, and
on his arrival at the Court of France was
compelled to assume the female dress, after
an imprisonment of some weeks in the Castle
of Dijon for refusing. He was again, how-
ever, compelled to return to England in con-
sequence of the French Revolution, and for
several years was struggling with poverty
and destitution in this country, from which,
he was occasionally relieved by the contribu-

tions of a few benevolent persons, to whom
his unfortunate situation v/as known. For
the last two years of his life he scarcely ever
quitted his bed, and death at length brought
bis sutierings to a close on Monday, thciilst
of May, 1810.

D'Eon was distinguished as a scholar, and
was well acquainted with the ancient and
most of the modern European languages; he
possessed a valuable library, part of which he
was compelled to sell for the relief of his ne-
cessities. As a soldier, his personal courage
and knowledge of the military profession had
been distinguished on many occasions. In
religion he was a sincere Catholic, divested of
all bigotry. There v/erc peculiarities about
his per=o:i ■which, no doubt, were the cause of
all the remarks that were circulated respect-
ing his sex. An unusual roundness about
ills limbs, no beard, and a very slender throat,
were some of the characteristics; the ai'm.s,
hands, and fingers were those of a stout fe-
male, and the legs and feet corresponded
with the hands and arms.

Arthur C/Lfanj. — Amongst the distin-
guished Catholics who lie buried in St.
Pancras churchyard is the Rev. Arthur
O'Leary, v.dio died the 8th October, 1802,
aged 70, lie was a native of Cork and edu-
cated at St. Omers. He was for .some time
chaplain to a French regiment, from which
situation he was dismissed, because he
objected to assist in enlisting the subjects of
his own king into that of foreign service.
After liis return to Ireland, he rendered him-
self very conspicuous and useful by delivering
vainous addresses to his countrymen, in. which
he controverted the doctrine of the Pope's
temporal authority, and exhorted the Irish,
in most troublesome times, to a peaceable
demeanour. His exertions were attended
with the most beneficial effects during the
insurrection at Munster in 1787, and he is
said to have been rewarded with a pension.
O'Leary was many j-ears resident in London
as a priest of the Roman Catholic church in
Soho Square, being highly esteemed for his
amiable manners, and much admired for his
eloquence in the pulpit. He died at his lodg-
ings on the 8th of October, and he was buried
in St Pancras churchyard, where a monument
is erected to his memory with the following
inscription : —

" Sacred to the Memory

of the

Rev. Arthur OT^eary, O.F.S.,

A man eminently gifted by nature and

learning; he employed his talents in pro-

IHb HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

motiiig the glory of God and the good of
every fellow-crentiu-c ^-itliout distinction,
for he pniyed and wept and felt for all. Of
him it may be trnly said, that his life was
the best comment on his "writings : as the
benevolence which they breathe, was en-
livened and recommended by his example,
even in the moment in which he was called
to receive the reward of both. Obitt, Jan.
S, Ji~.T>. Jl'lt 70. This tomb was erected by
order and at the expense of the Earl of
Moira, a monument ofhis lordship's esteem
for the virtues and talents of the late
venerable Tather O'Leary. 1804."

The Chevalier de St. C'roi.r, died August
25, 1803, and was buried in St. Pancras
churchyard. He was for some time Minister
Plenipotentiary for the King of France in
Sweden. After the seizure of Louis XIV.,
he fled to this country, where he became
involved in much pecuniary distress, subsist-
ing chiefly upon the bounty of some liberal
friends.

Jean Francis de la 2f<irche, Bishop of St.
Pol de Leon In France, was another of those
eminent characters who fled for refuge to this
country during the irevolution. The above
amiable Catholic prelate, wliose name will
always be ranked in the first class of those
who have done good in their generation, was
descended from an ancient family in Brittiin3\
One of his first episcopal acts, was the found-
ing of a seminnry of learning at his own ex-
pense, and endowing it with funds sufficient
for the salaries of professors and the repairs
of the buildings. Besides this munificent
foundation, the Bishop expended two-thlrrls
of his income in various plans for the ad-
vantage of his diocese and the relief of the
poor. The French revolution, however,
deprived him of his diocese and drove him a
fugitive to this country. After suffering
man}' hardships he landed at Mount's Bay,
in Cornwall, on the 3rd of November, 1791.
He was not long in England before he set to
work to admiuister to the necessities of his
brethren who had sought shelter in great
numbers upon onr hospitable island, and all
lie could spare out of his own slender purse
was devoted to that purpose. Upon the
occasion of a great influx of the persecuted
French clergy in the autumn of 1792, the
Bishop of Leon drew up an address urging
upon the emigrants to pursue a certain course
while in this country. In proportion to the
increasing calls upon him he became more
and more indefatigable in his humane exer-

tions ; he visited the sick, consoled the de-
jected, and devoted his whole time to the
service of his poor wretched brethren, who
consulted him iipon :ill dillicultles and looked
upon him as a guardian angel sent by Pro-
vidence for the alleviation of ti)cir suft'erlngs.
He printed a very animated address to the
English nation, expressing his gratitude for
the kindness shewn his countrymen. lie was
always treated by the British government
with the greatest respect. The University
of Oxford, having with much liberality
printed a large edition of the New Testament
in Latin for the use of the Catholic clerg}-,
he sent a very elegant epistle of thanks in
that language to the University, which was
read in Convocation. He was particularly
honoured by tbc frlendshij) of the Duke of
Portland and the Marquis of Buckingham, at
whose seats he was a frequent guest. After
spending a summer at Stowe in a state of
great debillt}'", he returned to his lodgings in
Queen Street, Bloomsbury. where he died and
was buried in St. Pancras churchyard on the
25th November, 1806. An elegant and
appropriate epitaph, from the pen of the
Marquis of Buckingham, is inscribed on a
monument erected to his memory.

Pascal de PaoJi^ the celebrated Corslcan,
was a most shining character — the Garibaldi
of his da}'. The Corsicans, uneasy under
the yoke of the French, revolted, and young
Paoll was placed at their head. After a long
and, for a time, successful struggle, against
their tjTants, they were at length obliged to
submit, and the exiled Paoli sought an asy-
lum in this land of freedom. He experienced,
in an eminent degree, the esteem and sup-
port of the monnrch and the people of Eng-
land. He died on the 5th of February, 1807,
and was buried in the churchyard, where
there is a tomb and an inscription to his
memory.

Within the recollection of many parish-
ioners the old Church continued to be in an
almost rural country. In 1820 a fine group
of trees stood at the back of the church-
yard, a high grass bank was situated on
the opposite side of the Pancras Road, and on
the spot now occupied by the model-lodging
houses was a good-sized pond in which
boys from town, on a summer's after-
noon, indulged in the exercise of swimming.
Before its recent renovation its exterior w:is
exceedingly plain and simple. Daring the
repair of the foundiitions some curious relics
were discovered.

ll]

THE HISTORY A:^D TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

AN^ lEXT l-EXKFAt.TIONS TO THE POOR OF ^T. PANCRAS.

A LTHOUGH St. Paucras lius no rlcli
J\ aucieiit enflowments, it has some noblo
modern institutions, such as the Alms-
houses, the Orphan Asylum, &:■<:•. 'J'here arc
a itiv,' ancient benefices, however, of small
amount, which it may prove intere-^ting to bi-
made acquainted with.

In 1547, Jolm Morant, Kiq., gent., gave
and berjueatlied to the poor ef St. Pancras,
four acres ol" land, valued at Id^. per an-
num.

A benefactor, now unknown, gave a third
part of the profits of three acres of land, near
the Fortess Field, in the manor of Can-
telows (now Fortess Terrace, Kentish Town)
to the poor, the title to which is engraved
on a brass plate in Baniet Cimrch. In 1Q\)G
this third produced £2 10s. per annum ; in
1810, £14 , and now it produces about ^50
per annum. When the lease runs oat in the
course of a few years it will produce a much
larger sura.

There are twenty-three acres of land be-
longing to the parish church, given also by a
person now unkno^^Ti. These Innds were

loaded for a term of years by Sir Robert
Payne and otiicrs. In 1811 they were rented
at £120 per annum, and arc now very valu-
jihlc.

William Heron, Esq., of this parisli,- gave
,£8 a year to mend the highways.

John jMiller, Esq., in 15?So, gave a rent
charge of £1 fjs. 8d. on laud>; in Pancras to
poor impotent people.

Williara Piatt, Esq., in IC.-jT, gave £10
per annum to the poor of Higtigatc. and
£10 to the poor of Kentish Town.

Thomas Charles, Esq., in 1G17, gave a
rent of £1 -Is. to buy bread for the puor.
Thomas f'leeve, for the same purpose, gave,
in IGoi, the sum of £50, with which was
purchased a rent charge of £2 IGs. He
also gave tlie like sum to the poor of St.
Pancras living at Ilighgate, to be distributed
in Highgate Chapel.

John Cremer, Esq., of Gray's Inn, loft
the sura of £2,000 to he distributed among
H)0 poor housekeepers of the parish who had
been rated in the poor books. The distribu-
tion was made on the 14tli of March. 1781).

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

®he ©Id JTimiFs a|.aiukil

LAMB'S <
Hattoii, 1

CONDt^IT," says Edward
, the Author of a "New View
of London,'' published in 1707,
" stands somewhat above the north end of
Red Lion Street, Holborn, in the Kelds, and
affords plenty of water, clear as crystal,
which is chiefly used for drlnkin^fj. The
fountain head is und^ra stone marked vS.P.P.,
in the vacant gi'ound a little to the cast of
the new Ormond Street, and from whence
the water is taken in a conduit in lead pipes
to Snow Hill, where there is a temple with a
figure of a Lamb on it, denoting that its
waters come from Lamb's Conduit."

This celebrated conduit, which gave the
name to the well-known street opposite the
Fonndlinn' Hospital, was one of those sources
which supplied the Londoners with water
before the New Kiver Company came into
existence. It was erected for the use of the
Londoners by a gentleman of the name of
AVilliam Lamb, of whom, notwithstanding
his munificence, but little of his history is
known at the present day. The greatest of
his gifts, however, and which are recorded
by Stow, are the building of the above-men-
tioned conduit and the endowment of a
chapel in the city, which was burnt down at
the great fire of London. As we have said,
a full account of the life of this public-spirited
man is not now to be had, but what is known
is recorded by Stow as follows : —

" William Lambe, for some time a gentle-
man of the chappele of King Henry VIIL,
and aft 'rwards a Citizen and Clothworker of
London, was born in Kent. Neere unto
Holbnrne he founded a faire Conduite and a
standard with a cocke at Holborne Bridge,
and the water was carried along in pipes of
lead from the north fields more than two
thousand yards, all at his own cost and
charge, amounting to the sum of fifteene
hundred pounds. These works were begun
the six-and-twentieth day of August, L577,
and fully finished the 24:th of August the
same veere. He gave also pails to one hun-
dred and twenty poor women, wherewith to
serve and carry this water as it ran out."*

' Before the method was adopted of laying

From other sources we also glean that his
prcfessinn was that of a chorister in St. Paul's
and Westmi]i6ter Abbey. He was a free
brother "of the Company of Cloth workers.
At an early age he arrived at a state of great
aflhicnce, and at the end of the reign of
Henry VIII. appears to have quitted his pro-
fession as a choir-singer, for his name does
not oceur in the chapel-establishment of his
immediate successor. His wealth must have
been derived from other sources than that of
singing, for the salary of a chorister in those
days was only 7d. per diem. It is supposed,
however, that he got into the good graces of
the capricious monarch through his voice,
and obtaining a grant of land from him after
the suppression of the monasteries, was raised
by him from the rank of a gentleman to that
of an esquire. He was thrice married, and
was interred in the parish church of St. Faith
under the old Cathedral of St. Paul. Of his
numerous charities to the various hospitals
there is abundant mention.

The head of this conduit stood, as we have
olr-erved, on Snow Hill. Its form was that of
a square pillar, ten feet high, with Corinthian
pilla.^ters in the angles, and with a groined
:irch roof. The pipe from which the water
flowed issued out of an aperture halfway up
the structure, and on the top stood the sculp-
ture of a lamb with its head towards Hol-
born Hill, in honour of the founder's name.
This fubric was sufl'ered to remain some 3'ears
after those of Chenpside, Alderm.anbury, and
othur conduits were taken down. When,
however, the New River Company com-
menced to supply the metropolis with water,
the conduit pipes got neglected and stepped
up, and it ceased to run to Snow Hill, though
still useful to the inhabitants in the neigh-
bourhood of the streets in the north of Hol-
born. The stone at the soutxe of the conduit
itself was taken down at the time of the
erection of the Foundling Hospital, and the
v/ater caused to run a little more to the east,

down pipes and supplying each house sepa-
rately with water, Londoners had no other
resource than hy fetching it from one of the
conduits, or by paying men who made it
their business to bring it from thence in pails.

No. 3.

L-

THE IIISTORV AXD TRADITIONS OF ST. PAXCEAS.

from v/]jci"ice, for a long time, the inhabi-
tants lia<l iicccss. The supplies of the pumps
in ]\IocklcnbGrg and Brunswick Squares arc
derived from the springs "which supplied
the Lamb's Conduit. lu the year 1800 the
access to the water was by steps descending
to the pipe whence it issued, and the follow-
ing inscription was ivrittcn on part of the
conduit : —

" Oa this spot stood the Conduit

Commonly called and known

By the name of Lamb's Conduit,

The property of the City of London ;

Which was rebuilt in the year mdccxlvi.,

At the request of the Governor and Guardians

Of the Hospital for the Maintenance

And education of exposed and deserted

Young children,

In order to lay the way

And make the same more commodious ;

The waters thereof are still preserved,

And continued for the public emolument,

By building an arch over the same,

And this compartment is erected

To preserve tlie City's right and interest

In the said ground, water, and springs.

Lamb's Conduit, as well as most other con-
duits in the City and Westminster, was made
to run with wine on occasions of public re-
joicing, such as the marriage or coronation
of a king or the birth of a prince, and this
mode of exhilirating and pleasing the popu-
lace was easy to practice, and far less ex-
pensive than many would imagine, as the
popular notion is tliat the efdux of wine was
the same as that of the water, or at least the
size of a stream issuing from our drinking
fountains at the present day. But nothing
of the sort : a lio;^'shead of wine was put in
communication with the conduit and allowed
to run out, and the aperture from which the
people filled their vessels was never larger
than that of a straw.

In addition to the conduit AVilham Lam1>
built and endowed a chapel near Cripplegate,
and gave it to the Clothworker's Company.
lie likewise left to their trust a sufficient sum
to give every year certain npparcl to twelve
poor men and women. " To every one of the
twelve men," he says in his will, " a frieze
gowne, one shirt of linen cloth, and a good
strong pair of winter shoes. To the women
likewise, a frieze gowne, a smocke, and a
good pair of winter shoes, ready for the
wearinge. Ahvaies, be it remembered, that
they be person- )ioth poor and honest, to
whom this cbaritahlo decfle is to be extended,
an 1 this ycerely done on the first of October."

Four sermons are still ]ireaebed to the

Clothworker's Company b}' their chaplain
upon the four principal festivals of the year,
viz., the Annunciatinn, the Feast of St. John
the Baptist, St. Michael, and St. Thomas,
on which occasion the Master, Wardens, and
Livery of the Company go in their gowns in
conformity with the will of William Lamb,
to hear the preaching and to bestow alms.

From Sir William Dagdale's history of St.
Paul's, we learn that this muniticent citizen
was buried in the church of St. Faith under
that cathedral.^ In the plan which he has
given of that subterranean church he has
pointed out the very place where Lamb was
interred, and a pillar standing in his time, on
wliich was affixed a plate of brass, with the |
following curious and original inscription,
dictated by himself: —

William Lamhe, so sometimes was my name,
Whiles I alive dyd runne my mortall race,
Serving a prince of most immortall fame,
Henry the VIH., who of bis princely grace
In his chapell allowed me a place,
l>y whose favour, from Gentleman to Esquire,
I was preferred with worship for my hire.
AVith wives three I joynd wedlock hand,
Which (all alive) true lovers were to me ;
Joanne, Alice, and Joanne, for so they came

to hande.
What needeth praise regarding their degree,
In wively truth none stedfast more could be ;
Who, though on earth death's force did once

dissever,
Heaven yet, I trust, shall joyn us altoa:ether.
<.) Lambe of God ! which sinnc didst take

away,
And as a Lambe was offered up for sinne,
When I (poor Lambe) went from thy flock

astray ;
Yet thou, Good Lord ! vouchsafe th^^ Lambe

to win
Home to thy folde, and liolde thy Lambe

therein ;
That at the day when Lambe^ and Goates

shall sever,
Of tliy choice larabes, Lambe may be one for

ever.
I pra}^ you all that receive bread and pence,!
To say the Lord's prayer before ye go hence.

^ The Church of St. Faith served as a
parish church for the Company of Stationers
and others dwelling in Paternoster Eow. It
was in a vault under the choir of the Old
Cathedral, soniewhat like the subterraneous
church which was assigned to the French
I'rotestauts in the vaults of Canterbury
Cathedral, and which visitors may remember
to have had shown them.

f Alluding to his gift to the Clothworker's ;
Company j

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST PANCRAS.

Upon tlie upper portion of the tomb was
engraven as follows : —

" As I was, so are ye,
As I am, 3-0U shall be,

That I had, that I gave.
That I gave, that I have.
Thus I end all my cost,
That 1 left, that I lost.

(i^ (J|.oiui(llin0 Sjofji^ital

THE trustees of tlie Foundling Hospital
own several pieces of laud in St. Pan-
eras on behalf of this noble charit}'.
The following is a brief account of the
origin and progress of this interesting insti-
tution : —

Addison, in one of his periodical essa3's in
the Guardian (No. 105), sa^'S, " I will men-
tion a species of charity which has not yet
been excited amongst us, and which deserves
our attention the more because it is prac-
tised by most of the nations amongst us. I
mean a provision for foundlings, or for those
children who, through want of sucli a pi*o-
vision, are exposed to the barbarity of cruel
and unnatural parents. One does not know
how to speak of such a subject without
horror, but what multitudes of infants have
been made away with by those who brought
them into the world and were after'wards
ashamed or unable to provide for them !
There is scarce an assizes where some un-
haj^py wretch is not executed for the mur-
der of a child ; and how many more of these
monsters of inhumanitj' may we suppose to
be wholly undiscovered or cleared for want
of legal evidence."

In consequence of this and similar appeals
the matter at that time proceeded so far that
various persons left by their wills sums for
the support of the projected charity, but it
was not until Captain Coram came upon the
scene about ten years later, that the sclieme
assumed a tangible shape. This gentleman,
who was the master of a vessel trading to
the colonies, had his attention drawn, while
frec|uentl3' passing, in the pursuance of his
occupation, to and fro between Rotherhithe
and London, to the numbi-r of infants lie fre-
quently saw exposed in the streets, de.-erted
and left to perish through the inclemency of
tlie seas -n. Coram accordingly took the
' matter in hand, and straggled for seventeen
\ vears to obtain the corap]el:e establishment
I of the Foundling Ho-pital Never was phi-
i h.mthropist more indtd'Htigable than Coram ;

and, like other guod men, his perseverance
did not meet with the most courteous ac-
knowledgment. A copy of Coram's memorial
and petition to her Royal Highness Princess
Amelia is deposited among the records of the
Hospital, at the bottom of which Coram
has written tlie following note : —

" N.P.— On Innocent's Day, tlie 28'Lh of
December, 1737, I went to St. James's
Palace, to present this jiotition, having been
first advised to address the Lady of the Bed-
chamber in Waiting to introduce it ; but the
Lady Isabella Finch, who was the Lady in
Waiting, gave me very rough words, and
bade me begone with my petition, which I
did, without opportunity of presenting it.
" TiiojiAS CoKAai."

At last, however, begot a memorial signed
by twenty-one ladles of quality, noblemen
and gentlemen, and a charter was given by
George II., on the 17th October, 1739, and
a corporation was appointed, including John
Doke of Bedford, several peers, the Master
of the Rolls, the speaker of the House of
Commons, the Attorney General, Solicitor
General, and Captain Coram.

The IIos])ital was first opened at a house
in Hatton Garden, on the 2Gth October,
1740. Tlie day previous to the opening there
appeared on the door the following notice; —

" To-moiTow, at eight oV-lock in the even-
ing, this house will be oj'ened for tlie recep-
tion of twenty children, under the following
regulations ; — No child exceeding the age of
tv\'o months, will be taken in, nor such as
have the evil, leprosy, or diseases of like na-
ture. . . . The person who brings a
child is to come at the outward door and
ring a bell at the inward door, and not to go
away until the child is returned or notice
given of its reception ; but no questions
whatever will be asked of any jierson bring-
ing a child, n^r shall anv servant of the

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

house presume to endeavour to discover who
such person is on paia of being discharged.
All persons who bring children are requested
to affix on each child somy particular
writing, or other distinguishing mark or
token, so rhat the children may be known
if hereafter necessary."

The twenty children were accordingly-
taken in and immediately afterwards a no-
tice appeared on the door, " The hons<^ h
/till." It can be left to the imagination to
picture the appearance of the street on that
especial morning, the rushing, scrambling,
and squeezing ; in fact, disgraceful scenes
used to take place in Hatton Garden amongst
the mothers, who fought and struggled to
get in the front, that they might obtain an
entrance into the outward door, the success-
ful being those who were the strong(:'st, and
it very often happened that in the ?neL'e a
number of the infants got seriously injured.
These raehmcboly and disgraceful scenes
were subsequently got rid of by an ingeniou^^
balloting process, all the women being ad-
mitted into the court-room to draw balls
from bags, those who drew black ones were
immediately dismissed, those who drew
white were entitled to an admission for their
children, if eligible, whilst those who drew
red might remain to draw once more amongst
themsflves for any vacancies left open by
the ineligibility of the former chi.^s.

The establishment in Hatton Garden, how-
ever, soon outgrew itself. The clamorous
demands for- admission were overwhelming,
and London was astonished at the number of
foundlings which it called into existence.
Fresh funds were solicited, and a large tract
of ground, now called tlie Foundling Estate,
was taken for the purpose of erecting a
commodious and substantial building. The
site selected was then a beautiful open
country spot, and would be liardly rec^g-
m'sible at the present da}', by the good uld
Captain Coram, were it possible that he
could be recalled to life, built upon and sur-
rounded as it is by tall and stately edifice.^.

In 174-5 the western wing of the present
Hospital was opened, and the house at Hat- '
ton (xarden given up ; the other two portions
of tije Hospital soon followed, and in 1747
the chapel was begun, and here, full of years
and hoLiours, was buried Coram, in 1751. the
first person interred in that place. At liis
funeral the charter w-is borne before him on
a velvet cushion, and the pall was supported
hy a number of distinguished personages.

In the chapel is an altar-piece by Westj
" Christ blessing little children," a beautiful

painting. The magnificent organ was the
gift of Handel, who drew large audiences by
performing his "Messiah" upon it, adding
upwards of £10,000 to the funds of the in-
stitution. Not content with this munificent
act on the part of the immortal ci.imposer, it
is stated that the tnjstees of the Hospital
petitioned Furliumcnt to allow them to lay
claim to the copyright oi' the " Messiah" for
their own especial benefit. When Handel
heard of this request, being entireU' ignorant
of the meaning of the a[>pfication and yet
annoyed at their assmnption, lie indii^nantly
exclaimed "What de deevil do yon mean bv
sending my music to de Parlement !"

The great attraction in connection with tlie
service at the chapel is the singing, which
is very beautiful, professionals being cng;iged
to render it with effect. The visitor U ex-
pected to drop a piece of silver in the plate
npon entering. In the girls' dining-room is
the famous picture of Captain Coram painted
by Hogarth, and upon which he said he
exercised more pains and patience than
upon any of his oth^r works.

The two most interesting apartments in the
hospital are those devoted to the use of the
secretary and the committee of numagement.
In the secretary's room is " Elisha raising the
child," also an immense sea-piece by Brook-
ing, painted within the walls, landscape.^ and
portraits; bat the gem of the place, and,
iikdeed, of the entire collection, is Hugiirth's
" March to Fiachley." The history of this
work is curious. Among his other benefac-
tions to the hospital Hogarth gave a number
of unsold tickets connected with the disp(!sal
of the " March to Flnuhley," hy lottery : one
of the tickets obtained the prize.

The walls of tlie committee-reuim are niag-
nificently decorated. The lieautifui stucco- !
ceiling, the marble chlmncy-]nece, the verd- '
antique table, with its magnificently carved |
support, and the glass above it, are respcc- j
tively the gift of different artists. Rystrack
gave the beautiful piece of sculpture over the |
mantel-piece ; Hogarth, Hayman, Wills, and
HIghmore, contributed the four great pictures
wliich occupy so large a portion of the walls;
whilst Wilson, Gainsborough, and others of
humbler name filled the eigiit small round
compartments scattered between the more
pretending works, representing ditferent me-
tropolitan hospitals. Of the four larp.<.-r pic-
tures Highmore's represents the " Angel of
the Loi-d and Ishmael ;" Well's, " Christ show-
ing a child as the emblem of Heaven ;" H;iy-
mau's, " The finding of Moses ;" and Ho-
garth's " The adoption of Moses by Pha-
roah's daughter." It is in this room that the

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCUAS.

eouiuiittee sit every Wednesday and decide
ail applications for admission. It may be in-
teresting to note, that from the rooms in the
Foundling Hospital thus decorated by the
hand of genius, the first idea of estabhshing
the Royal Academy originated.

Shortly after the removal of the Hospital
from liatton Garden results anything but fa-
vourable to public momhty urose i'roni the
system of management hrought to bear on
the charity. Such a number of calls were
made for admission that the funds became
exhausted, and application was made to Par-
liament ibr a grant, and £10,000 was allowed.
The governors thereupon set to work to meet
all demands made for admission, and that no
trouble should be given to the parents a
basket was hung at the gate and they were
requested to ring a bell v,-lien they deposited
their little burdens therein. The consequence
was that in less than throe years and eight
m)nths, the time this precious system lasted,
nearly 15,0o0 infants were received in the
Foundling Hospital ; out of this number,
however, as if to prove the frightful evil
of such ill-judged management, they were
only able to rear 4,000.

A correspondent in one of the papers of
the day, wrote from a town 300 miles
distant from London, the following letter in
reference to the system which had sprung up
of tratlicking in the conveyance of foundlings
from thence to the Founding Hospital. It
illustrates, no doubt, what was being carried
ou all over England ; —

" There is set up in our corporation a new
and uncommon trade, namely, the conveying
of children to the Foundling Iio?pita), in
London. The person employed in this
tniliic is a woman of notoriously bad cha-
racter. She undertakes the carrjing of
these children at so much per head. She
has, I am told, made one trip already, and,
has now set upon her journey with two of
her daughters, each with a cijild upon her
back."

From another quarter it was reported
that the charge for carrying up children from
Yorkshire to London, four in two panniers
strung across a horse's back, was, for some,
eight guineas a trip, but competition soim
reduced this amount, and, to make it up,
the carriers used literally to strip the little
thino"S naked, for the sake of tiie value of
their clothing, and thus leave them in the
basket at the Foundling gate.

The evil of this .system was too glaring to
last long. In ITG'J a resolution was passed

declaring that the indiscriminate admission
of all children under a certain age, into the
Hospital, had been attended with many evil
consequences, and that it be discontinued.
The national funds contributed no less a
sum than £549,796 to the expenses of this
ill-judged experiment.

The governors of the charity, after this se-
vere warning, proceeded with more caution ;
they restricted their exertions to the scope of
their own funds ; they endeavoured to re-
duce the evils which must belong to all such
institutions to a minimum, and to raise the
good they could accomplish to a maximum ;
yet it was not till 1801 that the most objec-
tionable practice of taking children without
inquiry, on the pa}uient of £100, was
formally abolished.

Of the present government of the Hospital
httle need be said. The system of manage-
ment is nearly as perfect as it is possible to
make it; the funds are more than amply suf-
ficient, the receipts being in 1841 £11,000,
and as all those large and valuable houses be-
longing to the charity, which surround it,
are held on leases, the actual revenue in the
course of a very i'ew years will be at least
£5(t,000. There are at present nearly 400
children in the hospital, so that the funds
will soon admit of a great extension in their
numbers.

In respect to the mode of admission at the
present time, Mr. Wrottesley, commissioned
by Government to inquire into the manage-
ment of the various hospitals, thus w^rites ; —
"■ Tbe most meritorious Ci)se would be one in
which a young woman having uo means of
subsistence except those derived from her
own labour, and having no opulent rtdations
previously to committing the offence, bore an
irreproachable character, but 3-ieldod to long-
continued seduction and -.m express promise
of marriage, whose delivery took pbice in
secret, and whose shame was only known to
one or two persons, and, lastly, whose em-
plo\'ers, or other persons, were able or de-I-
rous to take her into si rvice if enabled to
gain her livelihood by the reception of the
child, — this is considered the must eligible
case."

The chihlren are baptised the day after
their admission, and named; names of a
general character are chosen. Immediately
after baptism the infants nre sent to one of
the two stations in the coimtry, East Peck-
ham, in Kent, and Chei'tse}', in Surrey.
The nurses who receive the children are in
receipt of os. 6d. a week each, and a gra-
tuity of lOs. Gd. at tlie end of the first year
if the child appears to have been snreessfullj-

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

rearo'l. The iinrses auJ their hiisbancis,
generally" poor cottagers, are not only called
fatlicr and mother by the children, but tlie}^
invariauly fulfil their duties in a manner
that not only leaves nothing to be desired,
but that goes beyond all reasonable expecta-
tion ; indeed, so strong is the attachment
which generally grows up between nurse
and child, that when the age is attained at
which the latter is removed to London,
tho parting is often of a very distressing
clmracter.

"When the time expires for the children to
leave the Hospital, the boys are apprenticed
to different tradr^s, and, if required, premiums
are given varying from £5 to £10. The
girls arc never entrusted to the c;ire of un-

man'ied men, nor to married men, except
with the consent of their wives, nor to per-
sons who only keep a single servant. Per-
sonal inspection and inquiry as to their con-
duct is kept up through the whole period of
tlieir apprenticeship, and more particularly
with regard to the females. A pleasant cus-
tom has been introduced of giving to the
gi-adually dissolving connection the right
tone of feeling preparatory to its final disso-
lution. Once in every year takes place a
meeting of the apprentices of the hospital,
to mingle once more among their youthful
associates and elder friends and guardians,
on which occasion a gratuity is given to all
who can present a certificate of good con-
duct from theu' employers.

St. a^Mii

THE spot now occupied bj-St. Chnrl'sRov.-,
near the Home and C'donird Scliools,
Gray's Inn Road, was formerly noted on
account of its well, dedicated to St. Chad.
The well-house still exists (18G0), but will
soon 1)6 numbered with the things of the past,
the Metropolitan Railway Company being
about to raze it to the ground. The follow-
ing accountof a visit by a gentleman, in 182.5.
taken from " Hone's Every-da3^ Book," will
be found interesting: —

" St. Chad died about tlie year G7.3. He
was the founder of the see and bishopric of
Litchfield. According to Bede, he died at-
tended by angels ; joyful melody, as of
persons sweetly singing, descended from
heaven to his oratory, for half an hour, and
then mounted again to heaven, presaging his
decease.

"St. Chad's "Well, near Battle Bridge,
takes its name from the above saint. The
water was aperient, and in years gone by was
purchased by crowds of invalids, who used to
Hock thither to drink it, the cost at fir^t being
(id. a-head, but afterwards brought down to
the low sum of one halfpenny per glass.

" If anyone desire to visit this spot of emi-
nent renown, li:-t bim descend from Holborn
Bars to the very bottom of Gray's Iini Lane.
On the left hand side formerly stood a con-
siderable bill, whereupon were wont to climb
and browze certain swine of the metropolis —

the hill was the largest heap of ciuiler dust
in the neighbourhood of London. It was
formed by the annual accumulation of some
thousands of cartloads, and was afterwards
exported in .ship-loads to Russia for making
bricks to rebuild JIoscow after the conflagra-
tion of that capital by the entrance of Na-
poleon. Opposite this mrsightly hill, and on
the right hand side of the road is an angle-
wise, faded inscription of

Saint
Chad's Well.

It stands over an elderly pair of wooden gat„s,
one whereof opens upon a scene which the
unaccustomed eye ma}' take for the pleasure-
grounds of Giant Despair. Trees stand as if
made not to vegetate ; clit.)ped hedges seem
willing to decline, and woecls struggle weakly
upon unlimited borders. If you look around,
you see upon an octagonal board, ' Health
preserved and restored.' Further on, towards
the left, stands a low, old-fashioned comfort-
able-looking, large-windowed dwelling, aiid
there also stands at the open-door an ancient
female, in a black bonnet, a clean bine cotton
gown and a checked apron. Tbis is tlie 'L'idy
of the Well.' She gratuitously informs yon
that the gardens of St. Chad's Well are for
exhibition b}* paying for the water, of wliicli
you may drink as much as you please for

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIOXS OF ST. PANCRAS.

ur.u ,£;uiiiep. per year, Os IjJ. quarterly, 4s. GJ.
monthly, or Is. Gd. weekly. You qualify for
a single visit by payinj; Gd., ami a large
glassful of warm water is handed to you
As a stranger you are told that St. Chad's
"Well was famous at one time, and should you
be inquisitive the dame will tell you that
' things are not as they used to be in her time,
anil she cnn't tell what will happen ne.s.t.'
While drinking St. Chad's water yon observe
an imnien^^e copper into which is poured the
water, and there heated to a due efficiency,
from wdieiice it is drawn by a tap into gla-<ses
and then retailed. Y^ou also remark hanging
on the wall 'a tribute of gratitude' in verses,
telling the visitor of a \vondeifid cm-f b\-
using the invaluable waters. Above all, tiiere
is a, full-lengih portrait of a stout, eomely
personage, with a ruddy countenance, in a
scarlet cloak, a laced cravat falling down the
breast, and a small red night-cap carelesslv
placed on the head, conveying the idea that
it was painted for s ime ojuilent butcher of the
reign of Queen Anne. Ask the dame about
it, and she refers you to an old man who says
lie is ninety four this present year of our Lord

one thousand eight hundred and twenty-live,
and all he has to eoramunicatc concerning it,
is 'I have heard say it is the portrait of
St. Chad.'

" I was told that an tdd American loyalist,
who hiis lived in PentouviUc ever ^iiice the
Rebellion forced him to the mother country,
eontinnally haunts tlit5 place. It was the
first place of amusement he visited after his
ai-rival, and he goes nowhere else, for every-
thing is so altered. St Chad's Well is haunted,
but not frecfuented. A few more years and
it will he with its waters as with tlic waters
of St. Fancras Wells, which arc enclosed in
the garden of a private house near old St.
Pancriis churchyard."

Such is a description of St. Chad'.s Well
by a gentleman who paid it a visit in 1825.
Many an " old inhabitant," who lived in the
neighbourhood at that time, will doubtless re-
member much of what has been stated. The
" few more years" have at length passed
away, and St. Chad's Well is now a thing
of bygone days, its "name" and "local habi-
I tation" being perpetuated by St. Chad's
Row

iiifliiiiiTlij tidljj' W^d &n\\(lmi

P.4RT of the road now called " Bagnigge
Wells Road," divides St. Pancias from
the parish of Clerkenwell — its western
side being in .St. Pancras. It is part of the
old and ancient highway leading from the
city to High Barnet, and which Norden tile
historian, describes as " passing Pancras
Church on the west, and Plighgate on the
north," running as it did into Maiden Lane,
which is one of the oldest roads in the north
of London. For some unknown reason the
river Fleet in that neighbourhood was locally
nicknamed the "' River Bagnigge" and hence
a well near at hand was called " Bagnigge
Wells," and ultimately there arose Bagnigge
House and Tea-gardens. The house originally
called " Bagnigge House," is said in Bede's
anecdotes, and with some appenriince of pro-
bability, to have been a country residence of
Nell Gwynne's, the celebrated mistress of
Charles IL, and in memory of its .supposed
proprietor the owner of some small property

near the north end of the "gardens, styled
them " Nell Gwynne's Buildings." At that
time, however, the valley possessed beauties
wdiich have long since vanished ; but perhaps
the render could picture to himself a
beautiful country scene if he would fancy
the rising slopes of PentonviUe HiU, Penton
Street, and Percy Street and Circus, and all
the nndulrited surface in the immediate
vicinity, to be covered with smooth verdure
and delightful foliage, and the Fleet Brook
to be a clear and wdrolesome stream, instead
of a stinking underground dUch.

The house used to be tenanted bv private
tenants until the year 1757, when, in coa-
soquence of some mineral springs being dis-
covered in its g.ardens, it was opened to the
pubhc. In fact, the medical qualities of the
springs were first discovered by the occupant
himself, wdio, finding the water from the well
he had dug in his garden to have a curious
efl'ect upon some flower-beds in which lie

THE HISTORY AND TRADITION'S OF ST. PANCRAS.

took great delijjht, vras led to inquire the
cause, aud by the assistance of a medical
friend, lie found that the in'ater contained
certain luiiieral qualities, which were then
raucli iu vogue. The gentleman took ad-
vantage of Ills discovery and opened the hoiise
to the public as a place for drinking waters
with much success.

Though thus opened for the fii-st time to
the general public, Bagnigge House was un-
doubtedly used previous to this as an occa-
sional resort of a public nature, for, on the
north garden wall was an old stone taken
from a Gothic portal that formed part of the
ancient residence, and on the stone was the
following inscription : —

T.T.

This is Bagnigge

House neare

The Pindar of Wakefielde,

1060.

Such an inscription, we can scarcely sup-
pose, could have been affixed to a private
dwelling. The " Pindar of Wakefield " was
then of even greater celebrity than Bagnigge
Ploase ; indeed, it is perhaps the oldest esta-
blished inn in the parish, dating as far back
as 1577, and at that time the only house of
entertainment between " Holborne and High-
gate." '^ In tlie case above-mentioned," ob-
serves Malcolm, (the author of the '' Manners
and Customs of Ancient London ") "it would
seem as if the proprietor of Bagnigge House
was concerned in the ' Pindar,' as he would
?cnrCtf]vhave allowed a slab of stone to have

remained on the front of liis hou-e, pointing
it out as a place well-luiown, unless he had
some interest in it."

When Bagnigge House was first opened as
a public Spa, it soon rose into notoriety as a
tea-garden resort on the Sundays. The gar-
dens were at first of considerable .size, deco-
rated in the old-fashioned maimer, with walks
in formal lines, a profusion of leaden statues,
alcoves, and fountains, but being taken by
anew tenant in 1813, they were considerably
curtailed. In the sale that then took place,
the catalogue described the fixtures and fit-
tings up as compri-sing a temple, a grotto,
arbours, boxes, large leaden pipes, pumps,
shrubs, 200 drinking tables, 350 wooden
seats, &c. The temple and grotto were pur-
chased by the new proprietor, and remained
as long as it continued a tea-garden. The
former consisted of a roofed and circular kind
of colonnade, formed by a double row of pil-
lars and pillasters, with an interior ballustrade,
a building something after the fashion of the
water-temples at the Crystal Palace. In the
Long Room was a fine-toned organ and a
bust of Nell Gywnne in a circular border,
composed of a variety of fruits, supposed to
have alluded to her original occupation of
selling fruit at the plajdiouse. The.se speci-
mens of carved work were placed over a
chiinoey-piece in the old mansion, and after-
wards were put up in the assembly room by the
proprietor of the tea-garden. Bagnigge Wells
Tea-garden is now, how'ever, a thing of the
past. Like those of White Conduit and other
places, all trac:" o." i.trality liave disappeared,
and its site is cjvcved with bricks and mortar.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

®It4 (^tij^t gnaali.

THE ancient Fleet Brook, which had its
origin in the high grounds of Hamp-
st,'ad Heath, from whence it passed by
Kentish Town, Camden Town, and the
Old Church, was anciently denominated
" Turnmill Brook,'* also the ''River of
"Wells." Some years ago, on making the
excavation necessary for arching over the
Brook, at Battle Bridge, an anchor was
found, from which it is inferred that vessels
must have originally passed from the
Thames down to that place. Stow, the
historian, in his survey of L aidon, says,
*' that the Fleet Brook was clear and sweet
as far down as Old Borne rPIolborn)
Bridge." It did not long remain so, how-
ever, for in the year ]21)0, the monks of
Whitefriars complained to Parliament of its
putrid exhalations overcoming the frankin-
sence burnt at their altar during the hours of
divine service, and at a Parhament, held in
1307, Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, com-
plained "that whereas in times past, the
River Fleet had been of such depth and
breadth that ten or twelve ships, with mer-
chandise were wont to come to the Fleet
Bridge and some of them to Old Borne
Bridge, now, the same course, by the filth of
the tanners, and such others, and by the
raising of wharfs, is stopped up," Subse-
quent to this the stream was frequently'
cleansed, imd in the year 1502 the whole
course of the Fleet Dyke, as it was then
called, was scoured down to the Thames, so
that boats, laden with fish and fuel, were
rowed to Fleet Bridge and Holborn Bridge,
as was their wont. In 1G70 it was again
cleansed, enlarged, and deepened sufficiently
to admit of barges as far as Holborn Bridge,
when the water was five feet deep at its
lowest tides, and twenty-three at the fullest.
So convenient, however, was the river as a
receptacle for filth to the inhabitants, that
the expense of keeping it clear became very
burdensome, and in the year 1734 it was or-
dered to be arched over as far as Farringdon
Street by an act of Parliament, and thus be-
came extinct as a navigable river.

Not many years since, however, its stream
was sufficiently powerful to give motion to

some flour and flatting mills in Clerkenwell,
and in the winter time it frequently over-
flowed its banks and laid the fields in the
neighbourhood of Battle Bridge and King's
Cross entirely under water. A local his-
torian, who lived in Somers Town in 1812,
says : " Such is the increase of water in the
channel of the Fleete, after long-continued
rains, or a sudden thaw with much snow on
the ground, by reason of the great influx
from the adjacent hills, that sometimes from
this place (Battle Bridge), it overflows its
bounds, breaks up the bridijes, and inundates
the surrounding neii^hboui-hood to a consi-
derable extent. Several years ago an inun-
dation of this kind took place, when several
drowned cattle, butts of beer, and other
heavy articles were carried down the stream
from the premises on its banks, in which the
flood had entered and made great devasta-
tion. But the most considerable overflow
that has happened within the memory of
many now living, occurred iu January, 1809.
At this period, when the snow was lying
very deep, a rapid thaw came on, and the
arches not affording a sufficient passage for
the increased cuiTent, the whole space be-
tween Old Pancras Church, Somers Town,
and the bottom of the hill at Pentonville
was in a short time covered with water. The
flood rose to the height of three feet from
the middle of the highway ; the lower rooms
of all the houses within that space were com-
pletely inundated, and the inhabitants suf-
fered considerable damage in their goods and
furniture, wliich many of them had not time
to remove. For several days persons were
obliged to be conveyed to and from their
houses, and receive their provisions, &c., in
at their windows, by means of carts." At
this period (1809), the country north of King's
Cross was very open, there being few houses
of entertainment beyond the Old Church
beside the " Red Cap," at Camden Town ;
the Fleet Brook was also open as far down as
Farringdon Street, and when the Hampstead
and Highgate hills were covered with snow,
the melting of such a large tract considera-
bly increased the usual flow of the stream,
and often caused an inundation.

No. 4.

21.";

THE HISTORY AND TRADmONS OF ST. PAXCRAS.

Jinny an old iuhal)itant of St. Piincrns re-
members the Fleet Brook when it openly
flowed by the side of the Old Church,
passed under the little bridge at King's
Cro^s, and continued its way along the hol-
low which now forms the Bagnigge Wells'
Koad, and one can easilyimagine what a sweet
scene must have been presented in the valley
formed by the rising grounds on either side,
Pentonville Hill, its highest ridge on the one
side and the gentle undulating slope from
Gray's Inn Lane, on the other.

It will be found interesting to note the
condition of London and its suburbs in the
time of the Romans, and the gi-adual conver-
sion of those little streams like the Fleet
which once watered the capital, into common
sewers. During the Roman era, London ^A'as,
as it now is, the principal commercial town in
Britain. The site whereon was situated
the great Roman lilghway of London now
called Watling Street (a name it still bears)
was a continuation of the great Roman
high-road from Dover, and the vast quantities
of mosaic pavement that have been found in
its vicinity lead us to coticlude that it was
paved with that material ; and on the areas
upon which the Cathedral of St. Paul and
Westminster Abbey now stand, temples to
the goddess Diana and the god Apollo, it is
supposed, were erected, those same spots
having thus been dedicated to sacred purposes,
both in heathen and Christian religion, from
the earliest known period of our history. Nor
were those the only sites on which objects of
a similar character still continue to occupv
the place they were originally iised for, it
being almost certain that the Romans were
in possession of a bridge that crossed the
Thames at the point where the present Lon-
don Bridge now stands ; for, on dredging and
laying the foundation of the piers of the new
bridge, bronze figures, ornaments, and in-
numerable articles of every description, were
found right across the bed of the river. The
Romans, too, erected magnificent embank-
ments, which are still in existence, on both
sides of the river, in order to y.n-event the high
tide from overiloudng the land, extending, on
the north side of the Thames, from Wapping
along the whole of the marshy Essex coast;
and, on the south, from Lambeth down-
il wards — B;ink ide, Southwark, being the only
I] spi.t, perhai'S, which now bears a name
relative to that great work of the Romans.

Tlie exquisite specimens of ware which
abound in our museums, and in the cabinets
of antiquaries, show to what a degree of ex-
cellence the Romans had arrived in potter's
work — vases, bowls, pipes, pipkins, tessalated

pavement, tiles, and domestic utensils of all
kinds, were all subjects ofthelrartin clay.
Pottery, however, was only one of the
branches of industry in which the Roman
Londoners excelled, for the specimens of locks,
bells, coin-moulds, spoons, and even scissors,
that have been exhumed, show that they
were not deficient in the manufacture of
cutler}^ and hardware; while the innumerable
articles, both of use and ornament, which they
fashioned out of bronze, acquaint us of the
esteem in which that metal was held by them.
It is exceedingl3' to be regretted that some
of the more substantial works of the Romans
should not have been spared to be handed
down to us as eye-seeing evidences of their
dwellings in our ancient city ; but, after the
Romans had departed, much of the impression
they had left was effaced in the devastating
wars and the ruthless incursions of the Scots
that followed their departure ; and when that
was succeeded by the invasion of the Saxons,
a people almost as barbarous and uncivilized
as themselves before Roman rule, it is not to
be wondered at that but few memorials have
escaped complete destruction, especially as
they made use of the materials of the Roman
temples and houses to build np their own.

Roman London, too, it appears, was not
without it cemeteries, and these, it is con-
jectured, from the large number of sarco-
phngns and other emblems of the dead that
from time to time have been discovered, were
situated near Smithfield — probably where St.
Sepulchre's Church now stands — and in the
neigbourhood of Spitalfields. Walbrook now
occupies the site of a little stream which
ran down a gentle declivity into the parent
river, dividing, in its course, the boundary of
the gardens belonging to the houses that
were arranged on either side ; Cornhill, also,
was a pleasant acclivity, on whose eminence
ran another little brook called the Fen (hence
Fenchurch Street), and whenever the ground
in these localities is disturbed, there is always
sure to be found a qiiantit}'' of pottery, some
of beautiful design and workmanship; which
circumstance leads us to infer that the Roman
works for the mtinufacture of such articles
must have been in this neighbourhood. The
small but important articles which have been
saved to us only by being buried in the
ground, reveal sufhcient facts to prove the
taste and refinement that characterised a
wealthy London citizen in the days of the
Romans.

The Romans, too, perfectly understood
the luxury of possessing well-kept thorough-
fares, and the great high roads which com-
municated with London were made so en-

ijtiii lilsrOKY AND TliADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

dunilile luul solid, tliat large bodies of infantry

and cavalry could, in all weatlicrs and seasons,

I be easily moved from one part of the country

to the other. In every instance, the distance

I from station to station was indicated by

j numerals on Roman milestones, and of these

' the famous London Stone, still to be seen

I leaning against the south wall of St. Swithin's,

in Cannon Street, is supposed to have been

the first, or that from which the others were

numbered.

The private dwellings of the Romans
wore in consonance with their public works ;
for magnificent villas studded the banks of
the beautiful Fleet ]'»rook, and its meander-
ings through tile sylvan valleys formed by
Snow Hill (famous for its snow drops),
Sall'ron Hill, Clerkenwoll, and the undulating
ground in the neighhiiurliood of those places,
must have afforded many a lovely scene to
the eye of the citizen. Clear as crvstal did
it wander from its source in tlie then distant
Iligligate Hills, watering many a pleasant
glade, and giving birth to swarms of silver
trout and other fi»ii, till it fell into the equally
clear Thames.

From the time of ^Villiam the Conrpieror
to the reign of Eduard I., the Fleet was
called the " River of Wells," in consequence
of the great number of springs which were
found on either side of its course, and which
have since given natnes to so many localities
in its neighbourliood. Thus, tliose curious
in local topography know that St. Chad's
Row is named from " St. Ciiad's Well."
Then, there was " Amwell," hence Arawell
Street ; " Clerk's M^ell," hence Clcrkenwell ;
St. Paucras "Wells, situate in the Old St.
Pancras Road; Bagnigge Wells, &e.

As London extended, the Fleet Brook
gradually became polluted by the gullies
constructed on its ea.st side, which emptied
their contents into its stream. It was navi-
gable for barges and boats for many hundred
years as far as Farringdon Street, where a
bridge (hence, Holborn Bridge) was con-
structed for the convenience of passengers,
though .at many places it was fordable wlnai
the tide had run out. It still continued clear,
however, a short distance h-om town, and as
it flowed through Bagnigge Wells, Old St.
Pancras, and Highgato, alFordcd pleasant
conteni})lation and delight to many a citizen.
Dnring the period of heavy rains its banks
^vould swell to a very great height, and its
depth at Holborn Bridge has been known to
rise npwards of nine feet, inundating the
low-lying districts at the bottom of Safl'ron
Hill and Clerkenw'eli.

During the time of the early Georges the

greater part of its course presented nothing
but the aspect of a filthy sewer, and was a
constant source of disease and ill health to
the thick population through wliich it ran.
Many a dark tragedy, too, was perpetrated
in its waters dnring those lawless and licen-
tious times. Tliere was not, probably, a
blacker community on the face of the civilized
world than existed upon the banks of the
Fleet Sewer in the eighteeiith century. Field
Lane, Saffron Hill, and Cow Cross was one
large fester-sput of poverty and crime. ' It
was the resort of the robber, the assassin,
the piclcpocket, and the prostitute. Stane of
the houses overhung the rushing sewer, and
their floors had trap doors, through wdiich
the unsuspecting victim suddenly sank into
the water. .Jonathan Wild, .Jack Shep|iard,
.and other notorious criminals here committed
many of their robberies, and on the occasion
of the razing of the lanes and alleys in order
that the new Victoria Street might be con-
structed, several articles were found in a house
those criminals were known to have frequented,
and wliich were supposed to have belonged to
them. Strangers were lured into the neigh-
bourhood by promises of cheap bargains, and
if in the apparent possession ol" any wealth or
valuables, were requested to enter the shop,
and thence conducted to the bncli: premises,
where they were robbed and murdered.
Their bodies w'ere afterwards consigned to the
rushing Fleet, which carried them into the
Thames, and there they floated up and down
with the tide; and if by chance any boat-
man happened to descry the floating body,
it was taken ashore, buried by the parish,
and returned as found drowned. ]\hniy
a murdered man has the dark and rush
ing waters of the Fleet carried down into
the Thames, whom no effort on the part of
friends could ever discover, and whose end
will only he brought to light on that Great
Day when all wicked deeds shall lie revealed.
The following anecdote is taken from tlie
Gsntlemwi's il(igazlne of 183G : — " On thi!
Dih of August a remarkably fat boar was
taken up on coming out of the Fleet Ditch
at low tide into the Thames ; it proved to
belong to a butcher near Smit'dield l>ir>,
wlio had missed him fiir lire teonths, all nf
wljicli time it appears he li;;d been in the
common sewer, and wus improved in ['rice
from ton shillings to two guineas."

IMuch, however, as we may lamt-nt th^
metamorphosis of a clear running stieani
into a filthy sewer, the Fleet Brook does the
J^ondonci" good service. It affords tlie he:-.t
of natural drainage for a ho;ge '■xcent norrh
of the metropolis, and irs le\"el is so situati d

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

as to render it capable of can-ying off the
contents of a vast number of side drains
wbicli run into it. It is now nearly all
covered in, but there still exists in its native
state, a few yards in oar parish. At the
back of the Grove, in the Kentish Town
Road, a running rill of water, one of the
little arms of the Fleet, is yet clear and un-
tainted, and continues so till it empties itself
into the parent brook. Another arm, which
joined the Fleet near Dr. Orange's garden,

may be seen on the east side of the Kentish
Town Road, at the bottom of the field at the
back of the "Bull and Last Inn." We are not
sure, whether its communication with the
Fleet is not now cut off, but it once belonged
to that river, and as we lean over the paling
of the little wooden bridge and listen to the
soft trickling of the running water, we picture
to our minds the time when it could liavc been
followed, clear and ftninless, into the equally
clear and stainless Thames.

®Iie ''^hm Hud (&v{'

AMONG the many plnces of entertainment
and resort -with winch the suburbs of
London abounded during the hist cen-
tury, the " Adam and Eve '' Tea Gardens at
the corner of the Hampstead Road ranked
amongst the foremost. The "Adam and
Eve'' is supposed, to stand upon the site of
the old Manor House cfTottenhall or Tot-
tenham Court. Contiguous to the inn, and
near to the reservoir in the Hampstead lload,
there formerl}"" stood an ancient house, called
in various old records " King John's Palace."
Whether King John ever resided there or no,
it is now impossible to ascertain ; all we
have for its authority is tradition, but that
the old manor house of Tottenhall was once
called a palace is pretty evident, and tliL'. fact
that there is a place in the Euston Koad called
" Palace Row" supports the tradition that the
house was generally known by that name.

In the year 1800, when the northern end
of Tottenham Court Road from Whitfield
Chapel was lined on either side with the
hawthorn edge, the " Adam and Eve " tea-
gardens were the constant resort of thousands
of Londoners. It then had spacious gardens
at the rear and at the sides, and a fore-court,
with large elm-trees, and tables and benches
for out-door customers, who pruferrod to
smoke their pipes and enjoy the fresh air
from Marylebone Park in front of the road.
Liside the gardens were fruit trees and
bowers, and arbours, with every accommoda-
tion for tea-drinking parties. At that period,
there was only one conveyance a day between
Paddington and the city. This conveyance
was called the " Paddington Drag," and
stopped to take up passengers at the " Adam
and Eve," whose doors it passed by twice a-

day. It -was driven by its proprietor, per-
i'orming the journey In two hours and-a-half
quick tbne^ returning to PaddIn'j,"ton in the
evening within three hours from its leaving
the City, which was deenitdyai/' time con.^i-
siderlng the necessity for precaution against
the accidents of " night travelling !"

The following interesting letter appeared in
the Year Book of Facts, edited by Mr. Hone,
from an old parishioner, who appears to have
been well-acquainted with the " Adam and
Eve," together with the condition of the sur-
roundlnn; neighbonrhood during the latter
half of the past century. After referring to
some notice that had been made of the
" Adam and Eve " by the editor, he says : —

" Mr. Editor, — It may also be recol-
lected that the " Paddington Drag," the
tedious process of which you have so correctly
described, made its way to the City from
Paddington down the defile called Gray's
Inn Lane, and gave the passengers an oppor-
tunity for shopping by waiting one hour at
the " Blue Post," Holborn Bars. The route
to the Bank by the way of the City Road
was then a thing nnth ought of, and the
Hampstead coachman who first achieved that
daring feat was regarded with an admiration
somewhat akin to that bestowed on him who
first doubled the capo in search of a passage
to India.

" The spot near the * Adam and Eve,' i
I recollect well as a rural suburb. It is
now surrounded on every side with houses |
and streets, but was once numbered among the
common walks of a Cockney's Sunday strolc.
George Wither, in his ^' Brittannia llemera-
brancer,' 1623, has this passage : —

THE IIISTOKY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

" ' Some by the banks of Thames their plea-
sure taking :

Some sillabubs among the milkmjiids making;

AVith music some, upon the waters rowing ;

Some to the next adjoining hamlets going,

And Hogsden, Islington, and Tothnam-
Couft,

For cakes and creame had then no small
resorte/

" In the same poem the following lines
occur : —

" ' Those who did never travel, till of late
Half way to Pancridge from the city-gate.'

" Broome, in his ' New Academy,' 1658,

Act. 2, has this passage : —

" 'When shfiU we walk to Totknam Court; or
Crosse o'er the water ; or take a coach to

Kensington ;
Or Piiddint^ton, or to some one or other
Of the city outleaps, for an afternoon?'

" In Act 3 of the same play, it says : —

*' ' He's one
Of the four famous parties of the time ;
None of the cremo and cake boyes ; nor of

those
That gall their hands with stool-balls, or their

cat-.-tlcks,
For white-pots, pudding-pies, stewed prunes,

or tansies,
To feast their titts at Islington or Hogsden.' "

The " Adam and Eve" was also celebrated
on account of its cream-cakes, which were
then a delicacy much in vogue among rural
excursionists to the outskirts of the metro-
polis. Another writer to the same book upon
the same subject, writes the following inter-
esting communication to the editor: —

" Sir, — Your brief notice of the ' Adam
and Eve ' has awakened many pleasant re-
collections of a suburb which was the fre-
quent hau.nt of my hoyish days, and the
scene of the happiest hours of my existence
at a more mature a^^e. Few places afford
more scope for pleasant writing than the
northern suburbs of London, for not many
places have undergone within the space of a
few years, a more entire, and to me, a scarcely
pleasing, mutation. I am almost afraid to
own that Old Marylebone Park holds a
dearer place in my affections than its more
splendid but less rural successor.* When,

too, I remember the lowly but picturesque
old ' Queen's Head and Artichoke,' with its
long skittle and ' bumble-puppy ' grounds,
and the ' Jew's Harp,' with its bowery tea-
gardens, I have little pleasure in the sight of
the gin-shop lookin<T places which now bear
the name. Neither does the new hay market*
compensate me for the fields in which I made
my earliest studies of cattle, and once re-
ceived from the sculpture, NoUekcns, an ap-
proving word and pat on the head, as he re-
turned from his customary morning walk.

" Coming more eastward, I remember the
long fields with regret, and Somers Town,
isolated and rural as it was when I first
haunted it, is now little better than another
arm to the great Briareus, dingy with smoke
and deprived almost wholly of the gardens
and fields which once seemed to render it
to me a terrestrial paradise. The Hampstead
Road, and the once beautiful fields leading
to and surrounding Chalk Farm, have not
escaped the profanation of the builders'
handicraft, and Hampstead itself, 'the region
of all suburban ruralities,' has had a vital
blow aimed at its noble Heath and charming
Vale of Health. True the intended sacrilege
was not effected, but was it not to be
dreaded from the senseless and insane par-
tiahty of its tasteless and truly senseless
landlord — senseless, because he cannot see
that the attainment of his object would de-
feat, instead of further, his avaricious views
by rendering the buildings almost wholly
valueless. One might almost as reasonably
deprive Ramsgate of the sea or Leamington
of its Spa, Hampstead, besides, affords
many delightful subjects for pictorial illus-
trations.

"The residences of men remarkable for
talent might also be pointed out. Somers
Town, for example, is full of artists, as a re-
ference to the Royal Academy catalogue
will evince. In Clarendon Square still lives,
I believe, Scriven, the engraver, an artist of
great ability, and in his day.of much consi-
deration. In the same neighbourhood dwells
the venerable Dr. Wilde, who may justly be
termed the best engraver of his age for up-
wards of half a century. From his pencil
came the whole of the portraits illustrating
Bell's edition of the English theatre, a series
of which the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, in his 'Li-
brary Companion,' has spoken of as ' admi-
rably executed, and as making the eyes
sparkle and the heart dance of a dramatic
virtuoso.' Not an actor, I believe, of any
note, daring the full period above-nientioned,

The Regent's Park.

Cumberland Market.

THE HISTORY A^D TUADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

can be named, from vhosc lineaments the
theatrical world is not indebted to the faith-
ful and skilful hand of Dr. "VVilde.

" Your paper led me to a chat with a dear
and venerable connection of my own, who
remembers when the New R'lad was not, and
when the last house of Tottenham Court
Road was the public-house at the corner by
Whitfield's Chapel. I myself remember the
destruction of a tree which once shadowed
the skittle-ground and road-side of the same
house. It u'as cut down and converted into
fire-wood by a man who kept a coal-shed
hard by. I\Iy relation above referred to,
also remembers when Rathbone Place ter-
minated at the corner of Percy Street ; when
the windmill, which gave its cognnmen to
the street of that name, still maiiitaiiK'd
its position, and when large soil-pits occupied
the site where Charlotte Street and its
neighbouring thoroughfares, now stand. A
fact which he relates connected with this
spot may be worth repeating. A ponr crea-
ture, a sailor, I believe, was found dead and
denied burial by the parish, on the ground,
I suppose, of a want of legal settlement. The
body was placed in a coffin and carried about
the streets in that condition by persons who
solicited alms to defray the expenses of t'l'^

funeral. S'lmething considerable is suii]>o-i-d
thus to have been collected; but after they
had obtained :is much as they could they
threw the body, coffin and all, into one of
these soil-pits. In the course of time the
corpse of course floated and the atrocity wns
discovered, but the perpetrators were not to
be found. My informant saw the procession
himself, and subsequently the fragments of
the coffin lying on the surface of the water.
I will only add that he recollects seeing
Sixteen-String Jack taken to Tyburn, and
also going to see the celebrated Ned Shuter
at a low pot-house in St. Giles' at six in the
morning, and where, upon quitting the
theatre, he had adjonrned to exhibit his e:-:-
traordinary powers to a motley crew of mid-
night revellers, consisting of highwaymen
carmen, sweeps, et id r/eims omne.

" Yours respectfully.

"T.'F."
The "Adam and Eve," like other old
" suburban" houses of enttM-tainment, is now
far away from the fields. It used to include
the baker's shop at the corner of the Hamp-
.^ti.'ad R"ad, over which was inscribed " The
Ailam an<l Evn," and a sign on the top-
corner of the old house had the same inscrip-
tion.

MAIDEN LANE, AND EUSTON KOAD.

BATTLE BRIDGE is one of the most
classic spots in tlic vicinity of Londnn,
it having been the scene of a remarli-
kahle event wliicli happened in the early his-
tory of our country, and the authorities have
not improved its appellation by altering it
to that of Pentonville Bead and King's
Cross. It is said that Julius Ca;sar, with
Mark Antony and Cicero, encamped upon
this spot for two succeeding years. That,
iiov.'cver, is nuicli to be doubted ; but it is
tolerably ci'rtain, that in the immedi.atc
neiahhourhHvl of Battle Bri.lge tii^a-e wms
ibught th:H liatil,-, 50 fearful in its results, of
Vv'bieh BcL'di'.'^'a, t^neen of the Ic.ni, \v;is the
her.ilue. The ofca^i^in of it vas tli' f.illow-
ing : The Queen had placed hcrs-eif at the
head of tli;if portion of her conntrynieu Vvdio
resolved to throw off' the flou'iau bondage.

She urged the Britons, in the absorice of the
Roman General Paulinus, to put all the
I'nreigners to death. Excited by the exhorta-
tions and complaints of this warlike Queen
the Britons fell upon the Romans throughout
the various colonies they had founded, hill-
ing every one they came in contact with,
without the least distinction of age or sex.
Indeed, they carried their revenge to a
shocking extent, inventing tortures and
punishments of tlie most barbarous descrip-
tion ; wives were hung wdth children sucking
at their Iiosoms ; virgins had their breasts
cijt oif and crammed into their mou.ths, and
many were impaled to the ground alive, and
left to die a lingering death. A great number
of the old Roman soldiers, unfit (or service,
but who were pensioned off with plots of land
in Britain, were burnt in a temple thcv had

THE HISTORY AND TK'AniTIONS OF ST PANCRAS.

retiivil to near Colciirstcr. Nntliing escaped
tliu fury uF the Britoiis, niicl it is computed
8U,0U(J persons were immolated on the ulttir
of reveage. Tlic British army was now in-
creased to 100.000 men, commanded by
Boedicea in person, and was gathering fre-h
power and augmenting its resources every
day, when Paulinas, the Roman general,
heard tlie news of the rebellion He imme-
diately quitted Anglesey, whither he had
gone to exterminate the Druids, and marched
with the greatest celerity to London, intend-
ing^ to visit the ixbels with coadign punish-
ment.

On his arrival near London, he found
Bcedicea and her army posted near or about
the spot knowMi as Battle Bridge, and
there a terrible battle ensued, in whicti
nearly the wliole of the British army was
slain, and Bocdicea herself taken prisoner.
Several relics have at various times been
found in the neighbourhood upon making
excavations, which support the testimony vt'
historical tradition upon this point. Beside
this important battle, it is stated that an en-
gagement took place between King Alfred
and the Danes upon the same spot. The
spot is also associated with other reminis-
cence^. Cromwell had an observatory situated
at King's Cross. The original Roman road
to the north commenced here. Some years
ago a dumpy miserable statue of George IV.
stood upon the spot, and its appropriate his-
torical name of Battle Bridge was changed to
King's Cross in compliment to the said ugly
statue. In 18*^1:2 it was taken down and a
lamp now occupies its sice.

MAIDEN LANE.

Tirou<_rH not strictly In the parish of St.
Pancras, the above highway forms its
easternmost boundary, and was partly under
its juri->diction in former times. It is one
the most ancient roads in the north of Lon-
don. The historian Camden, says, " it was
opened to the public in the year 1300, and
was then the principal road for all travellers
proceeding to Higligate and the north." It
was formijrly called " Longwich Lane," and
was generally kept in sucli a dirty, disrepu-
table state as to be almost impassable in
winter, and was so often complamed of that
the Bishop of London was induced to lay out
a new road from the top of Hampstead
Heath to Highgate Hill, so that a carrier
coming from the west country might get to
the north by avoiding Longwich Lane.

Norden, in his work called the " Speculum

Britannife," says, " The old and anciente
highwaye to Highe Baniet, from Gray's

Inn and Clcrkenwell, was through a
lane to the east of Pancras Church, called
Longwich Lane, from whence, leaving
Highgate on the west, it passed through
Tallingdon Lane (the old road over the
archway) and so on to Crouche Ende,
thence through Hornscy Greate Parke to
Muswell Hill, Coanie Hatche, Fryene Bar-
nete, and so on to Whetstone. This anciente
waye, by reason of the deepness and dirtieness
of the passage in the winter season, was re-
fused uf wayfaring men, carriers, and travel-
lei's, in rfgarde whereof it is agreed between
the Bishop of London and the countrie, that
a new waye shall Ije laide forthe through
Bishop's Parke, beginning at Highgate Hill,
to leade directe to Whetstone, for which a
certain tole should he paid to the Bishop,
and for that purpose has a gate been erected
on the hill, that through the same all tra-
vellers should passi, and be the more aptly
staide for the same tole." This new road,
however, was convenient only to those who
passed to the north through Hampstead, and
numerous accidents and inconveniences at-
tendant on the continued bad state of
Maiden Lane, caused many complaints,
and in the Public Advertiser of August 5,
1770, a letter i-ecommended that a road,
commencing from the " Bull," in Ken-
tish Town should be made to run eastward,
avoiding the hill.

In 1778 a dispute arose between Islington
and St. i*ancras as to which parish should
bear the expenses of the repairing of the
road, which gave rise to legal proceedings.
On the 11th of May, 1791, an indictment was
laid against the parish of Islington by St.
Pancras for the non-r'pair of the road. It
appeared that a boundary-stone belonging to
Islington ha'd bemi incautiously removed trom
the south-side of the lane to the west, thereby
including the whole of the I'oad within that
parish ; after which St. Pancras refused to
bear any more expense. Islington contended
that it was a party-road, and urged the fact
that the plan of the manor of St. John of
Jerusalem extended only to the centre of the
lane, which manor defined the boundary of
Islington: evidence was also brought forward
from the records of the Manor of Cautelows,
and from the Chapter House of St. Paul's.
Notwithstanding all this evidence, however,
it was decided that Maiden Lane belonged
to Islington, and though they appealed
against such a decision, it was confirmed by
the King's Bench, and has ever since been
under their jurisdiction.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

THE EUSTON KOAD.

The above road (lately called the New
Road), and along which so vast an amount
of merchandise and traffic pass daily, is
scarcely a century old, and was, in the
year 1750, part of an expanse of verdant
fields. It was made by virtue of an act of
Parliament passed in the reign of George II.
(1756), after a most violent contest with the
Duke of Bedford, who opposed its construc-
tion on the ground of its approaching too
near to Bedford House — the duke's town
mansion. The Duke of Grafton, on the
other hand, supported it with all his power,
and after a fierce legal battle it was ulti-
mately decided that it should be formed.

A clause in the act prohibited the erection
of buildings within fifty feet of the road, and
empowered the authorities of parishes through
which it passed, to pull down any such erec-
tion, and levy the expenses on the offending
goods and chattels, without proceeding in the
usual way, by indictment. The effect of such
resolution was the laying out of gardens be-
fore the houses, though the law appears to
be now set aside, shops being continually
brought out to the footway. The following
are a few extracts from the daily papers of
tlie period, showing the great interest taken
by the public at the time of its progress : —

March, 1750 — " Tlie intended new road
through St. Pancras from Paddington to
Islington, would meet with no sort of objec-
tion, provided the owners of certain lands
would consent to a clause against building ■,
but as that don't appear to be their intention,
it is doubted whether the bill will pass upon
the present plan."

May 8, 1752. — " On Wednesday next a
board of the trustees for the great new road,
will be held, and the next day men are to
work on it. It is computed the charge for
making it will amount to £8,000."

Sept. 13, 1756. — " It is with pleasure we
can assure the public that great numbers of
coaches, carriages, and horsemen pass daily
over the New Road from Islington to Battle
Bridge, and that the surveyors are hard at
work in fencing and marking out the road
across the fields from Battle Bridge to Totten-
ham Court Road."

Sept. 17, 1756.—" The tracts and fences of
the lands between Battle Bridae and Totten-
ham Court Road were levelled on Friday
last, 90 that the New Road across the fields to
Paddington, and the grand communication
between the great eastern, western, and
northern roads, are now open to the public
at large."

Sept. 22, 1756.—" A scheme, we hear, is
already concerted to build no less than forty
new streets contiguous to different parts of
the New Road. The road is said to bid fair
to be an expensive one, 100,000 cartloads of
gravel being thought to be rather under than
over the mark for completing it."

Such are a few extracts from the daily
papers during the construction of the Euston
Road. Its subsequent history is well-known.
After being macadamised, it was paved with
wood, after that at a gi'eat expense, with
granite cubes. It is now being torn up by
the Metropolitan Railway Company, which
great undertaking will form the subject of
future history.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

©Ire "§oaii(t4(t ^m^t!'

IN the ycnr 1743 a man named Daniel
French opened an amphitlieatre in Tot-
tcnliain (,'ourt Kond for the exhihition of
prize f^^htin^^ In this place tlie renowned
James Figg iiscd to display his science to
muhitndes of the pugilistic fraternity. Far
more noted however, wns a place culled the
"Boarded House," of which Flgg was the
proprietor, and -which was situated in Mary-
lehone Fields. At the death of Figg another
house, or amphitheatre, was erected at the
back of the "Boarded House" byBroughton,
(who became no less celebrated as a pvize-
hghter,) and which likewise became noted as
a place for the exhibition of pugihsm. A
short account of the characters frequenting',
and amusements provided at tbesc houses, will
give an idea of the manner in which many
of the inhabitants of St. Pancras and Mary-
lebone used to spend their hours of " re ■
creation" a century ago.

Foremost amongst the prizefighters of Ins
time was the celebrated James Figg. lie
was a great favourite amongst the aristo-
cracy who extensively patronised the ring,
A poem of Dr. Brysom's, describing a fa-
mous combat between Figg and Sutch, be-

" Long-live the great Figg, by the prize-
fighting swains
Sole monarch acknowledged of i\rar3de-
hone plains."

Figg, who long bore the palm of victory
from all competitors, was the acknowledged
champion of England, and was extolled by
Captain Godfrey in his treatise on the
"Science of Defence," as the greatest mas-
ter of the art he had ever seen. He called
him the "Atlas of the sword," and said
" that he nnited strength, resolution, and un-
paralleled judgment."

The amphitheatres in which prize-fights
used to take place were the favourite resort
of a large body of the people ; especially so
was Figg's " Boarded House" situated in
what were then called Marylehone Fields,
near Oxford Road (now Oxford Street).
Here Fii"''*"^ frequei'itly exhibited his own skill.

and at other times made matches between
the mo^t celebrated masters and mistresses
of the art, for in those days the " noble art
of self-defence" was not confined to the male
sex, for we learn that Mrs. Stok'^s, the fa-
mous City championess, challenged the Hi-
bernian heroines to meet her at Figg's, in
i\Iarylebone Fields. In Mist's Journal of
November 20, 1725, there is the following
paragraph respecting the above noted
lady :—

" We hear that the gentlemen of Ireland
have been long picking out an Hibernian
heroine to match Mrs. Stokes, the bold and
famous City championess; there is now one
arrived in London, who by her make and
stature seems likely enough to cat her up.
However, Mrs. Stokes being true English
blood (and remembering some of the late
reflections that were cast upon her husband
by some of the country folk), is resolved to
see her out " vi at armisy This being likely
to prove a notable and diverting entertain-
ment, it is not at all doubted but that there
will be abundance of gentlemen crowd to
Mr. Figg's amphitheatre to see this imcom-
mon performance."

Sometimes bear-hfliting, tiger-baiting, &g.,
were exhibited at Figg's amphitheatre. A
bull-fight was once advertised to be per-
formed by a "grimace" Spaniard, who had
for some time amused and delighted the peo-
ple of St. Bancras and Marylehone by
making iigl}' faces and a great company
was drawn together by the novelty of the
proposed entertainment.

A portrait of Figg is introduced by Ho-
garth in his second plate of the " Rake's
Progress."

After Figg's death, which took place De-
cember 11, 1734, the celebrated Broughton
occufjied an a m^alii theatre near the same spot,
and was for many years the hero of bruisers
as Figg had been of prize-fighters In one of
the advertisements issued byBroughton, an-
nouncing a trial of skill between two prize-
fighters, it was promised, as a kind of " tempt-
ing-bait" to the people, "that the beauty of
the sword should be rigorously displayed, and
that there should be no bandage nor wound

No,

34:

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. TANCRAS.

dressed till the battle was over," for it must
be remembered that it was legal iu those
days to fight with swords as well as fists.
Rowland Best, who frequently fought at
Broughton's generally made it his boast when-
ever he issuetl a challenge, " that the ever-
memorable Timothy Buck fell by his unfor-
tunate hand." Broughton was at last beaten
on his own stage by Slack, the butcher.
The fight which took place on this occasion
wa£ looked forward to as of great national
interest, and the following advertisement in
the Daily Advertiser of November 17, 1749,
announces in glowing language the coming
contest : —

"Tl)e battle between Mr. John Broughton
and Mr. John Slack will be decided at the
amphitheatre in the Oxford Road, to-morrow,
the 11th inst., exactly at II o'clock. Note —
By desire of several noblemen and gentlemen
tickets for the matted galleries will be de-
livered out at ]\Ir. Broughton's house in the
Haymarket.

"As Mr. Broughton some time since took
leave of the stage, it nia}^ not be improper to
acquaint the public that nothing but an insult,
which, to pass unresented, would highly im-
peach his manhood, would ever have provoked
him again to enter into the lists ; but he
flatters himself it will only furnish him with
an opportunity to add one more wreath to
that trophy which, during the space of twenty-
four years, lie has been raising by an un-
interrupted course of victories; and he hence-
fortli hopes he will meet with the indulgence
of the old Roman Champion, and be at liberty
with him to say, IIlc victor Cxstus artem que
repono.'''

The battle came off, Broughton lost, and
Slack the butcher, won £600 by the event.
The sums lost and won by the bystanders,
were, to a great amount, the place being
crowded with amateiirs, some of whom were
of ver}^ high rank.

The two following advertisements, from
the Dully Advertiser of November, 1745, will
give our readers an idea of the challenges
and answers o^ the professional boxers, which,
from 1730 to 1750, teemed in the public
newspapers. They are couched in the true
authenticated sporting style: —

Daily Advertiser, Nov. G, 1745.—" At
Broughton's new amphitheatre, Oxford Road,
the back of the late Mr. FIgg's, on "Wednes-
day next, the 13th inst., will be exhibited an
experimental lecture on manhood, by Tlawk-
esh^y and Benjamin Bonwell, professors of
athletics.

"My behaviour In a late combat with I\Ir.
Smallwood, notwithstanding my inexperience

at the time in the art of boxing, having given
a favourable opinion of my prowess, and
being ambitious to give a further demonstra-
tion of it, do now invite the celebrated Mr.
Bonwell to a trial of his abilities, and doubt
not. in spite of bis jaw-breaking talents, to
give him so manly a reception, as to convince
the spectators that I do not despair of one day
arriving at a Broughtonian excellence in this
science ; na}', perhaps of obliging that ali-
conqnering hero himself to submit his laurels
and resign the boasted IIlc victor in his
motto, to

" IIawkesley."

[Reply.]
Ixdli/ Advertiser, Noi}. 7, 17i5. — " I sliall
do my endeavour to convince my antagonist i
tliat tliougli ambition may excite liini to tlie
attempt, yet great abilities are necessary to
ensure him success in his arduous undertak-
ing, and I believe I shall stop the progress of
this aspiring upstart in his imaginary race of
glory, and totally expel all thoughts of
laurels, mottoes, etc., out of his head, by the
strength of the arm of, gentlemen, your old
combatant,

"Ben. Bonwell."

The following is a curious advertisement
of the same character, announcing a combat
between James and Smallwood, the admis-
sion to witness which T\'as 5s ; — ■

Daihj Advertiser, Dec. 7, 1745. —
" Aut Cessar, aut nulius.

" At Broughton's amphitheatre, this day,
the 7th inst., there will be a tremendous de-
cision of manhood between the celebrated
champions James and Smallwood. The
various proofs these heroes have given of their
superior skill in manual combat, having
justly made ih^rathQ deJicix pugnacis generis,
and being too ambitious to admit ofriv.al-
ship in the lists of fame, are determined by
death or victory, to decide their pretensions
to the palm. As not only their whole for-
tunes, but wdiat is far, far mcn-e dear to their
hearts, their whole ghnj is at stake, it is not
doubted that the utmost efforts of art and
nature will be exhibited in this encounter,
and thereby the dignity of this heroic science
be vindicated from the scandal it hae suflered
from some late unequal contests, occasioned
by the vmmanly attempts of vain pretenders
who are totally unqualified for such arduous
undertakings.

" N B. — As this contest is likely to be
rendered horrible with blood and braises, all
Frenchmen are desired to come fortified with

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

a proper supply of smelling-salts, and it is to
bo lioped that' the ladies of Hockley-in-tlie-
Ilole who should happen to be pregnant, will
absent themselves on this occasion, lest the
terror of the spectacle should unhappily oc-
casion the loss of some young champion to
postci-it)'. Noblemen and gentlemen are de-
sired to send for tickets to Mr. Brongbton's,
the Haymarkct, which will admit to the

lower part of the house set apart for their
better accommodation."

Shortly after the above, the legal exhibi-
tion of prize-fighting was put a stop to
by Act of Parliament, and the houses
in Marylebone Fields, together witli the
places of a like resort in Tottenham Court
Road, were pulled down, and shops erected on
their sites.

'M>\\^ Sottdoii ^liiiti4ipiti>.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON is
situated in the southern district of St.
Pancras, and the building and grounds
occupies an area of seven acres. It was
founded in the year 1827 for tlie purpose
of aftording to the youth of tlie metro-
poHs and to such as might ohject to tlie
religious confoi-niity required at the Univer-
sities of Oxford and Candoridge, a liberal
course of instruction calculated to qualify
them for professional pui"saits. The institu-
tion is governed by a council of twenty-four,
who appoint a warden and several profe.^sors
in the various departments of literature, to
whom a regular salary is paid. According
to the statutes the funds of the institution are
not to be less than £150,000 or more than
£300,000 advanced on shares of £100 each,
every proprietor receiving a dividend of four
percent. andhaving tlieprivilege of appointing
one pupil. The course of studies compre-
hend the ancient, modern, and oriental lan-
guages and literature, mathematics, natural,
moral and experimental philo^^ophy, me-
chanics, astronomy, ancient and modern his-
tory, logic, political economy, botany, che-
mistry, medicine and surgery.

The building has in the centre a lofty por-
tico of ten Corinthian pillars, supporting a
cornice and triangular pediment, surmounted
by a handsome elliptical dome, and on each
side a noble facade of tlie Doric order. It
contains lecture-rooms, libraries, a museum,
with some beautiful sculpture by Flaxman,
besides the different theatres, laboratories,
offices, &c. The foundation-stone of the
University was laid on Monday, the 20th of
April, 18^7, by the Duke of Sussex. The
following is an account of the proceedings
which took place upon the occasion as re-
ported in the T/'mes of that date : —

The New University. — The spot

selected for the erection of the London Uni-
versity is situated at the north end of Gower
Street, and occupies an extensive piece of
ground. The adjacent streets were crowded
with passengers and carriages moving to-
wards the place. The day was one of the
finest of this fine season. The visitors who
wore admitted by cards, were conducted to
an elevated platform so that every spectator
could see the ceremony. Immediately in the
rear of this platform was another, upon
which the foundation-stone was placed. The
persons admitted to view the ceremony were
upwards of two thousand, the greater pro-
portion of whom were well-dressed ladies.
Every house in the neighbourhood which
afforded the smallest opportunity of witness-
ing the ceremony was crowded from the
windows to the roof, and even the windows
of the houses in Gower Street from which no
view of the scene could in any way be ob-
tained, ware filled with company. At a
quarter past three the Duke of Sussex arrived
upon the ground, and was greeted by the
acclamations of the people both inside and
outside the paling. When he descended
from his carriage, the band of the third regi-
ment of Foot Guards which had been in the
ground some time playing popular airs,
struck up " God save the King !" The royal
duke, attended by the committee and the
stewards, went in procession to the platform,
upon which the foundation stone was depo-
sited. The stone had been exactly cut in
two, and in the lower half was a rectangular
iioUow, to receive the medals and coins, and
the following Latin inscription, engraved
upon a copper-plate : —

Deo opt. Max.

Sempiterno orbis architecto

favente

quod felix faustura que sit

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. I'ANCP.AS.

Octavum regni annum ineunte

Georgio quarto Brittaniaruai

Rege

Celissinius princcps Augustus Fredericus

Sussexiic Dux

Omuiuiu Bouarum Artium patronus

Antiquissimi ordlnis architcctoiiici

Praescs apud Anglos summus

Primum Londiaensis Acaderaia^ lapidem

inter civium et fratrum

clrcumstantium plausus

manu sua locavit

Pi-id. Kal. Maii.

opus

Diu multum que desideratum

Urbi patriae commodissimum

Tandem aliquando inchoatum est

Anno salutis humante

MDCCCXXVII.

Nomina clarissiraoriun vivonim
qui sunt e concillo
Henricus dux Xorfolcia^
Henricus marcliio de Lansdowu
Dominus Joannes Russell
Joannes viceeombes Dudley et Ward
Gcorgius Baro de Auckland
Honorabilis iac. Abercrombie
Jacobus Macintosh Eques
Alex Baring Georgius Birkbeck

Hen Brougham Thomas Campbell

I. L. Goldsmid Olinthins Gregory

Georgius Grote Joseplius Hume

Zac. Macaulay Jacobus Mill

Benjaminus Shaw Johannes Smith
Gulielraus Tooke Hen. AVarburton

Hen. Waymonth Joannes Wishaw

Thomas Wilson
Guhelmus Wilkins, Architectus.

After the above inscription had been read,
the upper part of the stone was raised by the
pullies, and his Royal Highness having re-
ceived the coins, medals, and inscription, de-
posited them in the hollow formed for their
reception. A bed of mortar was next laid
upon the ground by the workmen, and his
Royal Highness added more, which he took
from a silver plate, and afterwards smoothed
the whole with a golden trowel, upon which
were inscribed the following words : —

" With till? trowel was laid the first stone
of the London University by his Royal High-
ness Augustus, Duke of Sussex, on the 3Uth
of April, 181^7, AViliiam Wilkins, architect;
ilcssrs. Lee and Co., builders."

The stone was then gradua'ly lowered
amid the cheers of the assembly, the band
playing, " God save the King." His High-

ness, after having proved the s-tone with a
perpendicular, struck it three times with a
mallett at the same time saying, "^Liy God
bless this undertaking which we have so
happily commenced, and make it pr-tsperfor
the honour, happiness, and glory, not only of
the metropolis, but of the whole country."

An oration was then delivered by the Rev.
Dr. .Maltby, in which a prayer was offered
up on behalf of the University. After which

Dr. Lusliington, in a speech of considerable
length, stated that he had been chosen by
the committee to be the organ of their opinion
on that occasion, and expatiated upon the
advantages which were likely to arise from
the establishment of a London University,
and especially upon its admission of Dissen-
ters, wiio were excluded from the two great
Universities. He concluded by paying an
eloquent compliment to the Duke of Sussex,
who, attached to no p;irty, was a friend to
all, and who by his liberality promoted and
encouraged any efforts of the subjects of this
realm, whatever their political opinions, if
their motives were proper and praiseworthy.

The Duke of Sussex acknowledged the
compliment paid liim, and said that the
proudest day of his life was that on which
he laid the foundation stone of the London
University, surrounded as he was by gentle-
men of high rank, fortune, and character as
any in the kingdom. He was quite con-
vinced the undertaking would be productive
of great good ; it would excite the old uni-
versities to fresh exertions, and force them to
reform abuses.

On the evening of the same day on which
the foundation stone was laid, a grand dinner
was held at the Freemason's Tavern in com-
memoration of the event, to which upwards
of 420 sat down. The Duke of Sussex was
in the chair, and the Duke of Norfolk, the
Marquis of Lansdowne, Llenry Brougham,
Esq., and a great number of notabihties were
present. After the usual toasts had been
drunk, the chairman proposed '^ Prosperity to
the University of London," which was re-
sponded to by Lord Brougham (then Mr.
Brougham).

Mr. Henry Brougham in responding to the
toast, said, two years had not elapsed since
he had the happiness of attending a meeting,
at which most probably a great proportion of
those he saw before him, were present, for
the purpose of founding the new University
of London, in the heart of the metropolis of
the empire, the cradle of all our great estab-
lishments, and of the civil and religious liber-
j ties of the land. On the day which he re-
ferred to, the circumstances under which he

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

spoke were very different from those which
now surrounded liini. The advocates of the
Univer&Ity had then to endure the sneers of
some, the more open jibes and taunts of
others, accompanied by the timidl}^ expressed
liopcs of maii}^ friends, and the ardent good
"wishes of a hu'ge body of enhghtened men,
bahmced, however, by the loudly expressed
and deep execrations of the enemies of human
improvement, light, and hberty throughout
the world. Now, however, the heavy clouds
which had hung over the undertaking, had
disappeared arid they hud succeeded that
morning in laying the foundation of the Uiii-
sity auiid.-it the plaudits of surrounding thou-
sands, accompanied by the good wishes of
mankind from every quarter of the globe.
(Cheers.) As regarded the management of
the institution, the council had come to a
fixed resolution, that in the selection of
teachers for tlie University no such phrase
as " candidate for votes ^' should be used in
tlieir presence. Tlie appointments would be
given to those who were found most worthy
of it; and if their merits, however little
known, should be found to surpass others the
most celebrated, only in the same proportion
as the dust is found to turn the balance, the
former would certainly be preferred. Instead
of teaching for only five or ^ix months in the
year, it was intended that the lectures at the
University should continue nine months.
After eacli lecture the lecturer would devote
an hour or two to examine each of the pupils
to ascertain whether they had understood
the subject of tlie discourse. The lecturer
would then apply another hour, three times
a week, to the further instruction of such of
his pupils as displayed particular zeal in the
pursuit of knowledge. By such means it
was hoped that the pupils might not only be
encouraged to learn what was already known
but to dash into untried paths and become

discoverers themselves. (Cheers.) He (Mr.
Brougham) in a strain of eloquence, then pro-
ceeded to defend the charge which had been
made against him of being Inimical to the
two great English Universities, which he de-
signated the two lights and glories of litera-
ture and science. Was it to be supposed that
because he had the misfortune not to be
educated in the sacred haunts of the muses
on the Cam or the Isis, that he should, like
the fox in the fable, declare the fruit which
was beyond his reach, to be sour. He hoped
that those two celebrated seats of learning
would continue to flourish as heretofore, and
he would be the last person in the world to
do anything which would tend to impair their
glor3^ He would conclude by repeating some
lines written by one of the sweetest minstrels,
and which he had before quoted in reference
to the undertaking which they were then
assembled to support. He bad qnot-'d them
prophetically ; now it was apphcable as a
description of past events : —

" As some tall cliff that lifts Its awful form,
Swells from the vale, and midway leaves

the storm ;
Though round its breast the rolling clouds

are spread.
Eternal sunshine settles on its head."

Various other toasts were drank, amongst
which was that of the Marquis ofLansdowne,
coupled with the Cambridge University, and
who in reply, stated " that he felt the greatest
veneration for the institution in which he had
been educated. He considered it by no
means inconsistent with that feeling to ex-
press the most ardent wishes for the pros-
perity of the New University. He was per-
suaded that the extension of science in one
quarter could not be prejudicial to its culti-
vation hi another."

mi\4M djluipel

THE foundation-stone of the above chapel
was laid on the lOtli of May, 175G, and
opened on the 7th November, of the same
year. It was built by subscription raised
under the auspices of George Whitfield, who
at that period, together wdth AV'.sley, was
awakening the land by his eloqueuce and his

indefatigable energy. On the occasion of its
opening, Whitfield preached a most impressive
sermon to a crowded auditoiy, and during his
life it continued to be one of the most popular
places of worship in the metropolis. It is
octagonal in shape, and built so as to accom-
modate a large number of people. Over the

THE IIISTOrvY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PAXCRAS.

door are the arms of Whitfield. Inside tliere
is a monument erected to bis and that of his
wife's memoi-y, thelatter of whom lies buried
in the vaults of tlie chapel, and on ■\vbich is
the following inscription : —

In Memory of
Mrs. Elizabktii Whitfield,
Aged G2,
Who after upwards of tbirt}'' years' stroni^
and frequent manifestations of a Saviour's
love, and as strong and frequent stragglings
with the buffetings of Satan, bodily sickness,
andtbein-dwellingsof sin, finished bcr cour.-:;e
with joy, August i), anno domine I7<j8.

Also to the Memory of
George Whitfield, M.A.,

Late Chaplain to the '

riight Hon. the Countess of Hantingdon,
Whose soul, made meet for glor}^, was
taken to Iramanuers bosom, the 30th Sep-
tember, 1770, and whose bod}' now lies in
the silent grave at Newbury Port near Boston,
in New England, there de])osited in sure and
certain hope of a joyful resurrection to eternal
life and glory. He was n man eminent in
piety, of a humane, benevolent, and charita-
ble disposition ; his zeal in the cause of God
was singular, his labours indefatigable, and
Ills success in preaching the Gospel re nnrk-
able and astonishing. He departed this life
in the 5Gth 3'ear of his ago.

"And like his blaster, by some despised,
Like him, hy many others loved and prized ;
But theirs shall be the everlasting cro-vn,
Not whom the world, but Jesns Christ shall
own."

On the congregatiun of Whitfield Chapel
receiving the news of the death of their
minister, George Whitfield, who had under-
taken a mission to Georgia, in America, the
edifice was bung with mourning for six
weeks, and the pulpit decorated with his es-
cutcheon.

Among the other monuments is that of
John Green, minister of the chapel, 177-1.
On the Uoor arc the tombs of Mr. Matthew
Pearce, bcilder of the chapel, and the Rev.
A. M. Toplady. The latter gentleman was
a most zealous advocate of Calvinism, and
his writings, wliich are many, are most se-
vere against tJM^e who ditfL'r from hiir,. In
the cemetervis the tomb of tlic It'".". Kiehiu-d
Elliott, member of Bennett College, Cam-
bridge, and who published several works. He
dropped down dead while he was preaching

Yard,

at the meeting-house in Glasshousi
Goswcll Street.

The chapel was burnt out a few years ngo,
but again restored, with but little alteration
from its former shape. Attached to the
chapel are several almshouses, each resident
in which receives a weekly stipend, besides
coal and candles free.

SKETCH OF AVHITFIELD S LIFE AXD MODE
OF PREArillNG.

George AVhitfield was a mitivc of
Gloucester, in which city his father kept an
inn. He was horn in December, 171L At
the ngc of 12 he became one of the scholars
of a Grammar School established in that city.
At 18 he went to Pembroke College, Oxford ;
the following year he became aecjuainted
with the Methodists, whom, he said, "he
loved as his own soul.'' From that bod}' he
recLdved the information "that he must be
bijrn again, for outward religion availed him
nntliing.'' Impressed with this idea he began
to assist in the active operations of his
brethren, b}' fasting and visiting prisons and
sick persons. In the words of Wesley, who
jireached Whitfield's funeral sermon, " a com-
plete change in the course of his studies fol-
lowed. Neglect and contempt from his fel-
low students, the loss of his best friends,
sleepless nights, and physical prostration,
were evidences of his trial, as with fire."

At the age of 21, he was solicited to enter
holy orders, but refused through a conviction
of his own inetHciency. At length the
Bishop prevailed on him to consent, adding
the compliment that though he had deter-
mined to ordain no one under the a^'e of 23,
he would make an exception in his favour.
While at the University, he was indefatiga-
able in bis visits to the prisoners and the poor
in the neighbourhood. After taking his de-
gree of B,A. he went to the cure of Dunmer,
in Hampshire, at which place it was his habit
to read prayers early in the morning daiW,
and in the evening, after the country people
left their work, catechise the children, and
then to visit all who would admit him. In
order to accomplish this fatiguing dat}', he
divided the day into three portions — eight
hours were appropriated to sleeping and
eating, eight hours to retirement and study,
and eight to the ofhces already mentioned.

In January, 1737, he determined upon
going to America, and left Dunmer for
Gloucester, to take leave of his friends. In
the course of his journey, such was the eager-

THE inSTDUY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

ncss of the people to hear liiiii preach, " that I
the heat of the churehes was scarcely sup-
portnhlc."

On his return from the New World Ije was
ordained at Chrish Church, Oxford. The
moment he began to preach, he found liis
auditors so extremely numerous that he con-
ceived the idea of adtlressing them in tlie
open air in future. His friends, however,
said it ^vould mucli derogate from his dignity,
and he was accordingly dissuaded from so
acting at the time. On the tilst of February,
1739, however, he happened to be at Bristol,
wiicn, finding no church in the city would be
aide to contain one-half of tlie people who
displayed a desire to hear him, at three in tlie
afternoon he w-ali^ed to Kingswood, and
preached to nearly 2,000 people of the poorer
classes, and so great was his success in out-
door preaching tluit sometimes he afterwards
had as many as 5,000 and even 10,000 for a
congregation.

After continuing for some time to preach
to over-crowded in-door congregations as
well as immense out-door gatherings, tlie
large chapel in Tottenham Court lioad
was erected for his ministry, and at its open-
ing he preached a most powerful and eloquent
sermon. Not long after the commencement
of Ills ministry there, however, he again ex-
pressed Ills detenni]nUion to go to America,
where, upon his arrival, his reception was
most enthusiastic. " In all places the greater
part of his congregation were affected to an
amazing degree, and many truly converted to
God." " In some places," he states in his
own journal, " the whole congregation were
dissolved in tears. After service ' all liis
family,' particularly the little children, re-
turned home, crying along the street, and
some could not help praying aloud." He
died at Newbury, in America, in the year
1770.

The following are some very interesting
extracts taken from Mr. Wiitfield's private
journal, pubhshed some years ago : —

" Surtdny, J(ui. 7, 17.50. — Preached twice
to-day, and expounded with great power to
three societies, one of which I never visited
before. God grant that I may pursue the
method of expounding and praying extem-
pore. Had another love-feast, and spent the
whole of the night m prayer and thanksgiving
at Fetter Lane Chapel. There was a great
outpouring of the spirit among the brethren,
but I cannot say I was so full of joy as the
last night we .spent together."

" J/ondtii/, Jan. 15. — Near nine times did
Ciod enable me to preach last week, and to
expound twelve or fourteen times. I find I
gain greater liglit and knowledge by preach-
ing extempore, so that I fear I should quench
the spirit did I not go on to speak as he
gives me utterance. Waited upon an oppo-
sing clergyman, and had a conference with
him of nearly two hours. His grand objec-
tion was against our private societies. In
answer I showed that the act of Charles II.
was entirely levelled against schismatic
meetings contrary to the Church of England.
He replied that ours was a public worship ;
but this I denied, for oitr societies were never
intended to be set up in opposition to the
public worship by law established, but
only in imitation of the primitive Christians,
who eontimied daily with one accord in the
Temple."

" Sundaij, Feb. i. — Had a comfortable
night's rest. Was warmed much by an
almost Christian, who came to ask me cer-
tain rpiestions. Preached in the morning at
St. George's-in-tlie-East, and had, I believe,
GOO communicants, which highly offended
the officiating curate. Poor man ! I pitied
and prayed for him sincerely."

" Tncsdinj, Feb. C— Reached Northamp-
ton about five in the evening, and was cour-
teously received by Dr. Doddridge, master
of the Academy there. At 7 o'clock I
preached to about 3,000 hearers, on a com-
I nion near the town. Great power, I believe,
was amongst us, and I preached with great
pleasure, because I then thought I had hold
of one of the devil's strongholds."

" Fridaij, June 1.— Dined at Old Ford,
gave a short address to a few people in the
Held, and preached in the evening at a place
called May Fair, near Hyde Park. The
congregation consisted, I believe, of nearly
10,000 people, and was by far the largest I
ever preached to yet. During the time of
)-)rayer there was a little noise, but they kept
silent the whole of the discourse. A high
and very commodious scaffold was erected
for me to stand upon, and though I was weak
in myself God strengthened me to speak so
loud that all could hear, and so powerful,
that most, I believe, could feel."

Such are a few of the sentiments and feel-
ings of a man whose preaching in the last
century effected such a wonderful change in
the lives and manners of masses of our be-
nighted countrvmen.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

OF 1790.

niXTY YEARS AGO the inhabitants of St.
1^ Pancras -were as enthusiastic iu support
of the Volunteer movement as they are
upon the present occasion. When the enemy
in the year 1801, was encamped in full sight
on the heights across the channel, and the
intention of an invasion of these islands was
loudly proclaimed, hundreds of the inhabi-
tants of this parish enrolled themselves as
volunteers under various denominations.
There were the " St. Pancras Volunteers,"
the " Loyal Highgate Volunteers," the "Ken-
tish Town Association, the " Loyal British
Artificers," and the "London and Westmin-
ster Light Llorse Volunteers," the later of
which erected at considerable cost barracks in
the Gray's Inn-road, now converted to the
purposes of the Royal Free Hospital.

The Kentish Town Association was the
first Volunteer Corps formed in the parish ^ it
liad for its commandant, at its formation,
George Jackson, Esq., an old and highly re-
spected inhabitant of the vUlage, and after
his resignation, the Honourable Archibald
Fitz-Simoii Eraser of Lovat (the son of the
unfortunate Lord Lovat), who, for many
years, resided at Kentish Town.

The St. Pancras Volunteer Corps was
formed in April, 1708, for the preservation of
public tranquillity, to assist the civil magis-
trates, and lor the protection of property, but
not to march, without consent, beyond their
own district. Tiie corps consisted of three
compiinies, battalinn and light infantry, of
about 310 privatL-s ; every man had the care

of his arms, ammunition and accoutrements.
This corps in 1799 had for its Major Com-
mandant and Captain, John Dixon, and
originally formed part of the Kentish Town
Association. The St. Pancras Volunteers
received their colours from the hand of Mrs.
Dixon, as proxy for Lady Camden in the
cricket-ground belonging to Mr. Lord ; on
the 19th October, 1803, their colours were
consecrated at Fitzroj Chapel, by the Rev.
A. T. Matthew, their chaplain. They were
reviewed by George IIL in Hyde Park on
the 4th of June, 1799, when sixty-six volun-
teer corps paraded there in honour of their
Sovereign's birthday, and by their lo3"ai,
steady, and military appearance, showed
themselves both ^willing and able to defend
their king and constitution. On the 21st
June in t!ie same year the St. Pancras Volun-
teers were inspected by the King at the
Foundling Hospital.

On stated days the corps marched to Chalk
Farm to fire with ball at a target, for a
silver cup. subscribed for by the corps.

The committee consisted of all the officers
and eighteen privates ; each company chose
its own private to represent them in com-
mittee.

The dress of the St. Pancras Volunteers
was a blue coat and pantaloons, red lappet,
collar, and cufPs, and white waistcoat; on
the helmet was a label with " St. Pancras
A^olunteers, G R.," ornamented with garter-
and-erown.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

She fEiiifili (^h\\tk

IN the early period of the present century
the population of the parish had so much
increased that the old church in the Fan-
eras Road and the Episcopal Chapel at Ken-
tish Town were totally inadequate to accom-
modate the parishioners, and it was resolved
that a temple worthy to represent the district
should he erected in a more central position
in the parish. A site was accordingly se-
lected on the south side of the then newly-
formed Euston Road, and the foundation-
stone was laid hy the Duke of York on
Thursday, July 1st, 1819, with great solem-
nity, and in the presence of a large assem-
blage of people. The Rev. J. Moore, LL.D.,
was the Vicar, Charles Lambert and Thomas
Weeding, Esqs., Churchwardens ; William
Inwood and Henry William Inwood, Esqs.,
the architects, and Mr. Seabrook the builder.
Tne entire cost of its erection amounted to
upwards of £76,000.

In the general plan of its exterior it is
fonnded on a model of the ancient temple of
Ercctheus at Athens, and is said to be the
first place of Christian worship erected in
this country in the strict Grecian style ; it
consequently exhibits a chaste simplicity
and airy elegance which strongly contrasts
with the ponderous splendour and gorgeous
solemnity of architecture which distinguish
the generality of religions edifices. Its por-
tico is formed of six Ionic pillars of the most
beautiful symmetry, and there are three en-
trances under the portico, the centre one an
exact representation of the entrance of the
Greek temple named, the rich ornaments and
mouldings of which were executed from
models by Mr. Rossi, the celebrated sculptor,
in terra cotta. Indeed, the doorway of tlie
church, its portico, and other details were
taken I'rom models expressly oast at Athens
on the site of the temple by Mr. H. \V. In-
wood, one of the architects, and brought to
this country in the year 1820. The two side
doors are in the same classical, style. At the
eastern end of the church are two projecting
wino-s, one a vestry-room, the other a registry
ofBce. They are formed upon the model of
the Prandosium, which was attached to the
temple of Erectheus, and are richly decorated

with mouldings, paterae, and other ornaments
The female figures, with inverted torches,
were executed by Mr. Ilossi; they are some-
what varied in character, to suit the sepul-
chral effect of their situation, anderncath the
wings being the entrance to the catacombs.
Bi'twecn these two wings, the eastern end of
tlir clnirch is erected in a semi-circular form,
and in this respect only differs from the ori-
ginal at Athens, which is square. Around
the outer edge of the summit of the church,
at intervals two feet apart, are Grecian tiles,
and these, like the other ornaments, are com-
posed of terra cotta, and are the common
finish to all the Grecian roofs of buildings of
any pretension, giving a lightness to their
structures which they would not otherwise
possess. The steeple is also from an
Athenian model, the " Temple of the Wind,"
said to have been built by Pericles, and which
was followed as closely as circumstances would
permit. Its elevation from the ground is
1G5 feet. It is of an octagonal form, and
consists of two stories, each supported by
eight pillars. There is an ornamented roof,
and the whole is surmounted by a cross.
The original steeple at Athens was sur-
mounted by a figure, which turned on a
pivot, and indicated the quarter from whence
the wind blew, and hence the title of the
" Temple of the Wind."

The interior of the church is in keeping
with its exterior. A chaste and almost
severe simplicity characterises its general
appearance. The vestibule or entrance hall
is a correct representation of the interior of
the " Temple of the Wind." In the body of
the church, above the communion-table, are
some splendid verd antique Scagliola marble
columns, with bases and capitals of white
statuary marble, and copied from the
" Temple of Minerva." The light and ele-
gant pillars which support the galleries are
taken from casts of the Elgin marbles. The
galleries are very commodious, though
plain and without any ornament beyond
Grecian mouldings cast in terra cotta. The
pulpit and reading desk are composed of tlie
I oak of the veneralile tree so long and so well
1 known as the Fairlop Oak ; the grain of the

No. 6.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIOXS OF ST. PANCRAS.

wood is particularly beautiful, and bears a
higb polish. The windows of the church are
also upon the Grecian model, and are com-
posed of ground ^lass with stained borders.
There is nccommodation for about 2,500
people ill the ciiurch.

The time it took for erection was three
years, and on Tuesday, the 7th of May, 1822,
the church was consecrated for public wor-
ship ty the Bishop of London in the presence
of a large and aristocratic assemblage of
people. On the morning of the consecr.ition
the doors were opened at ten o'clock, and in
halfan hour the edifice was completely filled.
A few minutes after eleven o'clock the i3i.-)liop
of London arrived, and was received at the
churcli doors by the Registrar, the Chancel-
lor of the Diocese, and the Yicar, Dr. jMoore,
in their robes, accompanied by the church-
wardens, and the twelve trustees. After his
Lordship had robed, he proceeded to the
front of the altar, where the petition for the
consecration was presented by the Vicar, and
read by the Registrar, after which a proces-
sion was formed, headed by the Bishop,
which walked up and down the middle iiisle
in the following order, repeating the 2-ith
Psalm, the clergy and others making re-
spouses : —

Tho Clergy

Twelve Trustees

The Churchwardens with wands

The Apparitor

The Bishop of London

The Chancellor

The Vicar

The Bishop's Chaplains

The Registrar

Solicitors

Arcliitects

B Lxilder.

After his Lordship had proceeded up and
down the iiisle he was conducted to the com-
munion table. The usual prayers were then
repeated by the Bishop, after which the sen-
tence of consecration was read by the Chan-
cellor and ir-igned by the Bishop. The ser-
vice was read in an impressive manner by Dr.
Burroughs. The lessons were taken from the
1st chapter of Kings and 10th of Hebrews ;
the Psalms sung upon the occasion were the
84th, 122nd, and the 123rd. After the ad-
mired anthem. " Oh, that I had wings like
a dove I" in wlilch the gentlemen of the
King's Clnipcl Royal assisted, the Bi&hop
road the communion service, and one of hi^
lordship's chaplains read tne Gosp^-l rmd
Epistle. The lOOth Psalm was then sung,
after which the Rev. J. Moore, ( the Vicar)
preached an appropriate sermon, taking his
text from the 06th Psalm, 9th verse, '^ 0,
worship the Lord in the beauty of Holiness !"
The reverend gentleman, in a style which
commanded much attention, touched upon
the modes and forms of worship (particular!}'
as connected with the erection of religious
edifices) from the commencement of the
Christian era, through the dark ages and the
troubles of the Reformation, down to that
d;iv. He strongly urged the nece-'sity of ap-
jjropriating proper space to provide poor
people with fn;e sittings in all religious
edifices. After the sermon the Bishop read
tlie common prayer for the church militant,
and pronnunced the bene<lic;ion, the whole
cerL-mon}" concluding at about three o'clock.
Thij ecclesinstical right of the new church
to its claim of being the parish church is not
yet (1861) definitely settled, a dispute is
still p-juding on the subject, though to all in-
tent and purposes the question is considered
to liave been long since dicided.

p>t. §artholonu;i»'!i <)|!imtlt.

THE ?il)0vc chnrcli, formerly known as the
Episcopal Chapel, Gray's Inn Road, is a
I plain, square, brick-built structure, with

j stone facings, standing in the centre of a plot
I of gi'oundon the east side of the road, a little
\ below Calthorpe Street. Its interior is also
I plain, but commodious, and affords accommo-
I dation for 1,500 people. It was originally

erected for the well-known'Wihiam Hunting-
ton, a popular disseiiting preacher at the be-
ginning of the present century, and whose
history is a most remarkable one. After his
death it was purchased by a Mr. Davenport,
who sub-leased it to the Rev. T. Mortimer at
a rental of £320 per annum, and who re-
opened it for public worship as an Episcopal

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANGEAS.

Cbapel. Upon the retirement of Mr. Mor-
timer in 1840, the present incumbent, the
Rev. E. Gurbett, consented to become bis
SLiccessoi-, and has laboured for ten years to
get rid of tlie debt by which the chapel was
encumbered and to have It consecrated as a
district chm'ch. A succession of almost in-
surmountable legal difficulties arose before
this object could be effected, in oncinstunce
an Act of Parliament having to be specially
passed to make the title of the land, which
■was generously presented by Lord Calthorpe,
perfectly valid. The original leaseholder,
Mr. Davenport, being a lunatic and a dissen-
ter, it became necessary to P-pply for the
authority of the Court of Ghancery before a
sale could be completed. An order of the
Court was, however, issued for the sale of the
property for £3,000. A loan and a fancy
sale were resorted to to pay this sura, its lii[ui-
dation being demanded within a month from
the date of the order. A difficulty then
arose in the tran>fer of the ground, the ori-
ginal lease to Mr. Davenport Including four
houses, situated on either side of the chapel
entrance, to which the ti-ustees could prefer
no claim. No law existed which could en-
able the ground landlord to divest himself of
the freehold of the chapel without divesting
liimself likewise of his right as landlord over
the four houses. The holders of these lease-
holds had to be induced to resign their leases
and accept new leases. When these difficul-
ties were removed, another impediment oc-
curred in the death of one of the parties
"whose signatures were necessary for the com-
pletion of the leases. Tho successor to the
property was a lunatic, and for a second time
the affairs of the chapel were complicated b}''
a commission of lunacj'-, and another year
was lost before it could be completed. At
length, after ten ^^ears' constant effa-t, afford-
ing an example of perseverance and triumph
over difficulties on the part of the incumbent,
all obstacles to its consecration were removed,
and it was accordingly foi'mally consecrated
by the Bishop of London, on Monday the
13th of February, ISGO.

As has been already remarked, the church
was originally built for William Huntington
at an expense of nearly £10,000, and opened
in May, 1811. He was severally a coal-
heaver, a shoemaker, and a gardener, and
before he took to the ministry, his career
was an exceedingly strange and eventful one.
His genius and force of character were un-
doubted, but that the\^ were somewhat marred
by the want of education, and other circum-
stances, is equally evident. lie preached for
a lon-^ time very successfuU}^ in "Providence

Chapel," as it was then called, and was as
popular a dissenting preacher as Spnrgeon is
in our own day, though we would not caiTy
the comparison further. The following is a
short but interesting account of the iiistory
of this remarkable man : —

LIFE or WILLIAM HUNTINGTON.

William Hctntington was born in the
year 1744, in the piirish of Cranhrook, Kent,
and, by bis own account, was an illegitimate
child. His reputed father was a day labourer,
but his real parent was a farmer in the vici-
nity. He obtained admi:^sion into a free
school at an early age, at wdnch he merely
learnt to write a little and read the New
Testament. His occupations, as he grew up,
were extremely various; at first he was an
errand-boy, then a day-labourer, and at
otlier periods of his life a servant, a gardener,
a cobbler, and a coalheaver. It was at
Ewell, in Smrey, where he lived as a gen-
tleman's gardener, that he received his first
impression that his calling was for the minis-
try ; he had then learnt to read with tolera-
ble proficiency, and availed himself of this
advantage by reading the Scriptures and
prenching in his own little cottage or hovel
situated at EwcU Marsh, near to his em-
ployer's residence. " At this place," he says,
" I continued preaching. My congregation
increased until the little thatched house be-
came full of hearers, and the Lord often
visited us with precious gales from the ever-
lasting hills, and made that little thatched
house a Bethel to us ; yea, the house of
God in reality and the very gate of heaven."

In this little thatched hovel, he also tells us,
" he lived with his wife and child in a ready-
furni>^hed room, at a rental of 2s. per week,
frequently having left, to supply all his other
w^ants, only eighteen or twenty-pence, some-
times two shillings, sometimes half-a-crowm,
3'et living through the week upon that only,
without contracting any debt." Losing his
situation at Ewell through a conscientious
refusal to work in his master's garden on
the Sunday, he removed to Thames Ditton,
where he was employed, for fourteen months,
as a coalheavf-r, at ten shillings per week.

It was while engaged in this employment
that ho put on his first parson's attire, being
enabled to do so by a gentleman having
given him an old black coat and waiscoat,
and which happening to be very large, made
a complete suit for him. Soon afterwards he i
turned cobbler, but as he found it irapossi- '

44:

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

ble to preacli five or six times a week and
cany on business as well, he determined to
give up tliat employment and continue to
labour for God only, -whatever he might suf-
fer. At this time he rented a little cottage
at £o I85. per annum, and had about as
much furniture in it as a porter could carry
in one loud. His resolution was the means
of exercising his faith to a great extent, but
he persevered, and his fame spreading, he
Vy^as at length Invited to preach in London,
at Margaret Street Chapel "At this," he
says, " he was sore afraid for various
reasons; he had heard the place a!)Ounded
with errors, and as he had no learning, nor
knew nothing of Greek, Hebrew, or even
English grammar, he fblt he would be ex-
posed to the scourging tongue of ever}-
critic."

However, lie did preach in London, and
shortly after his arrival, the numerous calls
upon his ministerial labours made it neces-
sary for him to hire a horse, that he might
the more easily'" perform Ids journe^-s to and
fro between Thames Ditton and the metro-
polis. This led one of his London bearers
to present him with one, and Huntington's
reflections upon this gift were in bis cus-
tomary tone : " I believe this horse," he says,
" was the gift of God, because he tells me in
his Word that all the beasts of the forest are
his, and so are the cattle on a thousand hills.
I have often thought that if my horse could
speak he w'ouldhave more to say than Ba;d-
ams' ass, as he might say, ' I am an answer
to my master's prayers.' " Pi-^^yer was, in-
deed, bis resource in all emergencies, whether
important or not, and we cannot help ad-
miring the simplicity of heart with which he
received the commonest gifts as the answers
to prayer. As an instance, he writes at ano-
ther time, " When Providence had been ex-
ercising m}^ faith and patience till the cup-
board was empty, in answer to a simple
prayer, be sent me one of the largest Jinms I
ever saw. Indeed, I saw clearly I had
nothing to do but to pray, to study, and to
preach, for God took care of me and my
family also."

At length, in consequence of a dream, in
wbieli he was commanded to " prophecy
upon the tldck houffl/s,'^ he felt it suddenly
impressed upon his mind to leave Thames
Ditton and take a house in London. " On
removing," he says, " my effects b;id so in-
creased that I loaded two large carts with
furniture, besides a pustchaise well filled with
children and cats /" So strong was bis faith,
that at a time when he was twenty pounds
in debt for the necessaries of life be com-

menced building a chapel in Ticbtield Street,
andforwdtieh, wlien Kiiisbcd, he was in an'ears
£1,000 more. His friends were not, how-
ever, few, and the following account of the
free-will offerings which the people brought,
is characteristic of his usual style : — "The
first," he says. " brought about eleven sove-
reigns, and laid them on the foundation-stone
when we commenced the building. A good
gentleman, with whom I had but little ac-
quaintance, and of whom I bought a load of
timber, sent it in with a bill and receipt in
full as a present to the Chapel of Providence.
Another good man came, with tears in his
eyes, and blessed me, and desired to paint my
pulpit desk, &c., as a present to the chapel.
Another friend gave me half-a-dozen chairs
for the vestry, and a daugliter of mine in the
faith gave me a looking-glass for my chapel
study, and another gave me a book-case for
the vestry ; and my good friend, Mr. E.,
seemed to level alibis displeasure at the Devil,
for he was in hopes I should be enabled,
through the gracious arm of our Lord, to
cut Ruhab in pieces, therefore he furnished
me with the Sword of the Spirit — a new
Bible with silver clasps."

In the end, however, he went on and so
prospered that bis httle chapel became full,
and he thought of building an addition to it
on a piece of land adjoining, but was de-
terred from executing this plan by the sum
demanded for ground-rent — £100 per an-
num. His reflections upon this event were
characteristic : — " ' The heavens, even the
heavens, are the Lords, but the earfh He
bath given to the children of men I' So
I found it, and they are determined to
make the most of It." Lie soon, however,
found a cure for this circum^^tance, "for,"
said he, " finding nothing could be done
with the eartkJwkhrs I turned my eyes ano-
ther way, and determined to build my stories
in the heavens (Amos ix. G), where I should
find more room and less rent .'"

To this his friends agreed, and the chapel
was raised one story higher, and the expense
was chiefly paid out of the sale of his works,
" The Book of Faith," "The Kingdom of
Heaven taken by Prayer," &c. They sold
enormously. They were full of quaint and
original remarks, as the following extracts
will show : —

Plis original name was Hunt, and the rea-
son which led him to change it to Hunting-
ton was peculiar. Being obliged to flv from
the parish in which he resided by the de-
mand made upon him for the support of an
illegitimate child (which took place before
bis conversion), he had recourse, among

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

other expedients for the concealment of this
stigma, upon his entrance into a new life to
change his patronymick. The grounds
ivhiL'h he gives arc in his own woi'ds : " If
I change m}-- name, the law may follow me
lor that ; if I let the present name stand I
may by that be traced by the newspapers.
There is bnt one way to escape, and that is
by addition. Addition is no change, no rob-
bery. \Vell thonght on, said I, it is — i, n, g,
t, n, n, which is to be joined to II, n, n, t,
vviiicb, pnt together, make Thintlngfon. And
thus matters were settled without being
gnilty of an exchange or committing a rob-
bery. With this name I was horn again ;
with this name I was baptised with the
Holy Ghost, and I will appeal to any man of
sense, if a p-.-rson has not a just right to go
by the name that he was horn and baptised
with."

When he wrote a w^ork he always put the
initials S. S. at the end of it, and his reason
for so doing he gave as follows : —

" Some have been inquiring what I
mean by S. S. at the end of my name, and
various constructions have been put upon it.
You know loe clergy are very fond of titles
of honour ; some are called Lords Spiritual,
though we have no lords but in the person of
the ever blessed Trinity; others are named
Doctors of Divinity and Prebends, though
God gives no such titles ; therefore I cannot
conscientiously add D.D. to my functions,
though some hundreds have been spiritnally
healed under my ministry; nor have I four-
teen pounds to spare to buy the dissenting
title of D.D. Being thus circumstanced I
cannot call myself a Lord Spiritual, because
Peter, the Pope's enemy, condemns it, nor
can I call myself Lord High Primate, because
supremacy in the Scriptures is applied only
to kings, and never to ministers of the Gos-
pel. As I cannot get at D.D. for the want
of cash, neither can I get at M.A. for the
want of learning, therefore I am compelled
to fly for refuge to S.S., by which I me;in
Sinner Saved, or, that I am ' made wise unto
salvation.'"

Eventually the little chapel in Tichfield
Street, belonging to this singular man,
was burnt down, but such was the influence
he possessed amongst his congregation, that
they determined to build him another. After
some time they found a suitable piece of
ground on the cast side of Gray's Inn Road,
which they took on lease from Lord Cal-
thorpe, and built the structure, now called
St. Bartholoni*jw'3 Church, at a cost of about
£10,000. A day was fixed upon for open-

ing it, but he refused to officiate unless they
made it his own personal freehold, and so
great was the devotion of all concerned in the
building, that the trustees unanimously re-
signed their shares in liis favour. On the
front of the chapel was the following inscrip-
tion : " Providence Chapel. Erected by
William Huntington, A.D 1811."

Here he preached for some time very suc-
cessfully to crowded congregations. Some
few years before his death his first wife died,
and he afterwards married the wealthy widow
of the late Sir James Grandison, Bart,
daughter of Alderman Skinner, who, it is
stated, first repaired to "Providence Chapel "
with the view of finding a subject of ridicule
in the preacher " who afterwards became
his wife."

He died July 1, 1813, atTunbridge Wells,
whether he went for the sake of Ijis health
and was removed to Lewes for interment.
Tile stone at the head of his grave exhibits
the following epitaph, dictated by himself a
few days before his death : —

Here lies
The Coaliieayer

AVho departed this life
July 1, 1813,
In the 60th year of liis age,
Beloved of his God
But abhorred of men.
The Omniscient Judge at the Grand Assize
shall ratify and confirm this to the confusion
of many thousands, for England and its me-
tropolis shall know that there has been a pro-
phet among them.

Soon after his death his furniture and
effects belonging to the house in which he
lived at Hermes Hill (near White Conduit
House, Islington) were sold by public auc -
tion. The sale lasted four days, and such
was the anxiety of many of the members of
his congregation to obtain some relic of tl)eir
admired preacher, that enormous prices were
i-calized. An old elbow chair, in which he
was accustomed to sit, sold for sixty guineas ;
a pair of spectacles, seven guineas; a silver
snuff-box, £5 OS ; and all articles of plate
26s. per ounce. The whole produced £1,800.

A member of his congregation, who was
in possession of what he considered a precious
relic belonging to Mr. Hantington (the corer
of bis Bible) wrote the following lines, after
coming into possession of the Bible itself: —

The Sous of Science and of Fame
With God are not preferred.

He gives to some oflistle name
The treasure of liis word.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Aaros was called from servile clans

To preach to dying souls,
BuNYAN from brazen leaky pans,

And Hunt from heaving coals.

Inscribed with notes on doctrines high.

To one his Bible fell
\VliO took the kernel out, and I

Inglorious got the shell ;
Here I replace the sacred tome,

From human comment frae,

Untouched by Huntingtonian thumb,
Yet not denied to me.

This rustic scanned the tnitli with care,

And by the Spirit's aid
Made wiser than hi* teacliers were,

Resigned his sable trade.
He took the Gospel trnmp in liaml,

Now, like the ram's liorn found,
And then, his pliant lips command

In tones of silvery souud.

S^It([ '^®lj}|Innit and 0\i\^i\{,"

CAMDEN TOWN".

THE above house of entertainment is one
of the oldest in St. Pancras, and is said
to have derived its name from a peculiar
discovery which was made in its vicinity
more than a century ago.

About the year 1714, Jlr. John Conyers,
an apothecary in Fleet Street, who was an
enthusiastic local antiquarian, and who made
it his chief business to collect local antiqui-
ties, which at that time were often being
discovered in and about London consequent
on the extensive building operations then
going on, was one day digging in a field
near to the Fleet Brook and Battle Bridge,
and not far from St. Pancras Workhouse,
when he discovered the remains of an ele-
phant, conjectured to have been killed there

by the Britons when battling with their
Roman conquerors. Near the same spot was
also found an ancient Briti.sh spe.ar, consisting
of the head of a flint fastened into a shaft of
considerable length. It is from this curious
fact that the pubhc-house, called " the Ele-
phant and Castle" derives its name. At th.at
time the ancient Fleet Brook ran past
tbe west side of the road of the Workliouse,
where its width increased very much. The
elephant mentioned was probably brouglit
over by the Romans, thinking, no doubt, such
huge monsters would frighten the barbarians
and so aid them in obtaining victories, as
they had done before with many other un-
civilized hordes who had never seen such
animals.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

®Ite garnet af §iultpti{.

THE hamlet of Highgate is situated in
three different parishes — St. Pancras,
Hornsey, and Islington. Its southern
end is snhject to the jurisdiction of the local
government of St. Pancaas, and includes
part of the " Gate-House" Inn, the Ceme-
tery, St. IMichaers Church, Sir Roger Chom-
ley's School, and other objects of interest.

At a very early period the greater portion
of what is now known as the hamlet of High-
frate was covered by the great forest of
Middlesex, and continued to be principally
covered with wood for some considerable time,
for it appears that Henry YIII. used to in-
dulge in hunting in this neighbom'hood. In
the middle of his reign, fearful of losing his
sport in this direction, that monarch issued
the following proclamation : —

"A PROCLAMATION yt HOC pcrson interi*upt

the King's game of partridge or pheasant.
*' Rex majori et vicccomitlbus London. Vo-

bis mandamus, &c.

"Forasmuch as the King's most Royale
M;ijestie is much desirous of having the game
of hare, partridge, pheasant and heron, pre-
served in and about his honour at Westmin-
ster for his disport and pastime ; that is toe
saye, from his said palace, toe our Ladye of
the Oke, toe Highgate and Hamsted Heath,
toe be preserved for his own pleasure and
recreation ; his Royale Highnesse doth
straightwaye charge and commandeth all
and singular of his subjects, of what estate
and condition soev' they be, not toe attempt
toe hunt or hawke or kill any of the said
games within the precincts of Hamsted, as
they tender his favour, and would eschewe
the imprisonment of theJr bodies and further
punishment at his M;ijestie's will and plea-
sure."

" Teste raeipso apnd Westm. vij die Julij
anno trecisimo scptinio Henrici Octavi, 1546.

was derived from the " High Gate " or " Gate
on the Hill," there having been from time
immemorial the toll-gate belonging to the
Bishop of Loudon on the summit of the hill.

The origin of the gate was as follows : There
was not, until the fourteenth century, any
public road over the hill into the northern
counties ; the main way from the metropolis
into the northern districts being from Clerk-
enwell and Gray's Inn Lane, up Maiden Lane,
across the road over the archway, and thence
by Crouch End, Muswell Hill, Colney Hatch,
Whetstone, and High Barnet. The circuitous
route of this road, however, and its bad state
in winter, gave rise to great complaints on the
part of packmen and carriers, and at length
the Bishop of London, agreed to form a new
road right across tlie hill to Whetstone.
The agreement is recorded in an old do-
cument. In referring to the old route it
says: —

" The ancient highway was refused by
wayfaring men and travellers by reason of
the deepness and dirtie pas-age in the winter
season. In regard whereof it was agreed
between the Bishop of London and the coun-
trie tliat a new waie should be laid through
the said Bishop's Park, beginning at High-
gate run to lead directly to Whetstone, for
which new waie all cartes, carriers, and pack-
men, yeeld a certain tole unto the Bishop,
which tole is farmed at £40 per annum, and
for which purpose a gate was erected."

Norden, from whose invaluable work upon
Middlesex, we have so often quoted, and
whose authority may safely be trusted, in
writing upon Highgate, says :- -

" It is a hill over which is a passage, and
at the top of the said hill is a gate through
which all manner of passengers have their
waie. The place taketh the name of the High
Gate on the Hill, which gate was erected at
the alteration of the waie, which is on the
east of Highgate. When the waie was
turned over the said hill, to lead through the
park of the Bishop of London, as now it doth,
there was in regard thereof, a tole raised
upon such as passed that Avaie, and for that
no passenger should escape without paying
tole by reason of the wideness of the waie,
tills gate was raised, through which all tra-
vellers must passe and be more aptely staide."

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCJtAS.

©^ §([i[m}tnr|i> & (Hkpijl at litjhjatij.

THERE Wiis fomierly a lienult;i;;\: or
chapel on tlie snmniit of Iligbgate Hill,
which Norden supposes stood on the site
now occupied by Sir Richard Clioniley's
school. The hermitage was in the gift of
the Bishop of London. In 1386 " Bishop
Braybrooke of London, gave to "William
Lichfield, a poor hermit, the office of keep-
ing our chapel at Highgate, and the house
annexed to the said chapel, hitherto accus-
tomed to be kept by other poor hemiits."
In 1531 William Forte was hermit. This
Wilham Forte was probably the last hermit,
as in the year 1565 Queen Elizabeth
granted the chapel, or hermitage, to Sir
Richard Chomley, and in 1578 an entirely
new chapel was built contiguous to the
school which that knight had founded. It
was erected as a chapel of ease for the inlia-
bitanls of Highgate.

In the registry of the Dean and Chapter
of St. Paul's is a conveyance of this chapel
to Sir Roger Chomley by Edmund Griiidall,
Bishop of London, in 1565. It was a briclv
building, of humble architectural character,
with a small scpiare tower at its western end.
According to an inscription which was placed
under the tower, the structure appears to
have been enlarged since its first erection by
" the pietie and bountie of divers honourable
and worthie personages," and it was hkewise
repaired at considerable cost in the year 1772.

The inter;, jr coiT-i'itcd of a chancel, nave,
and south aisle. On the south wall was
the raoniniipnt of William I'latt, Esq. (the
founder of " Piatt's Gift" to the poor), who
died in 1637. At ?i short distance from this
was a monument to the memory of Dr. Lewis
Atterbnry, LL.D., who was preacher at
Highgate Chapel. On the chapel being
pulled down, this monument was removed to
Hornsey Church, of which Dr. Atterbury
had been Vicar.

Old Highgate Chapel stood till 1832,
when it was pulled down and the present
church erected.

IIlOIIIjATK I'OSL>.

The present pond, near the Gate-house,
was formed and excavated by the hermits of
the old chapel, and the gravel they dug out
was used by them for forming the roadway
leading down the hill into Hollowaj'. Fuller,
in his "Worthies of England," says, '■ that
the old Highgate hermits, by thus making
this pond, did a two-handed charity. By
digging out a hollow on the top of the hill a
place was made to catch water where it was
w-anted, and plenty of material was had to
make the valley clean and passable in
winter."

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

4<J

JlauiirkBIc ^auB^f).

THERE are many interestmg houses at
Higligate whose histories are of some
importance, not only to local inhabi-
tants, bur. to the f-ountry at large. The fol-
lowing are brief accounts of a few of the
more noted, either within, or upon the bor-
ders of St. Pancras parish : —

• AKUNDEL HOUSE.

AucNDEL House, famed in English history
as the residence of the Earls of Arundel,
was situated a httle way up the hill, on the
bank, past the well-known red-brick build-
ing, called " Cromwell House." It was par-
tially pulled down in the year 1825, but
the present building still heai's the name,
and the walls, which were left standing of
the old house, bear evidences of great anti-
quity. The history of Arundel House is very
interesting on account of two incidents which
took place there — the death of Lord Bacon
in 1626, and the imprisonment of the unfor-
tunate Lady Arabella Stuart in 1611. Ori-
ginally it was a building in the Elizabethan
style, with spacious "window^s, commanding a
magnificent view of the surrounding country.

Escape of Lady Arulella Stewart from
Arundel House.

The unfortunate Lady Arabella Stuart
was a near relation to James I., and the
crime for which she was imprisoned was that
of marrying a man whom she loved in de-
fiance of the Court to which she was allied.
Tho King having issued an order for her
arrest she was first taken to Sir Thomas
Parry's House, at Lambeth, hut was after-
wards removed to Arundel House, from whence
she m.anaged to make her escape, tut was
retaken. The following interesting account
of her flight and capture is taken from *' Win-
wood's Memorials," in a letter from Mr. John
Moore to Sir Ralph Winwood, dated June 8,
1611 :—

" Lady Stuart having induced her keepers

into securitio by the fayre show of conformity
and willingness to goe on her journey to-
wards Durham, whether she was to he con-
ducted hy Sir James Croft, in the meantime
disguised herself by drawing a great paire
of French fashioned hose over her petticotes,
and putting on a man's doublet, a man-like
peruke, with long locks, over her hair, a
black hat, black cloake, russet hootes with
red tops, with a rapier by her side, and
walked forthe, between three and four of the
clock, with Mr. Markham. After they had
gone on foot a mile and a half, they reached
a sorry inn, where one Crompton attended
with their horses. She here grew^ very sick and
fainte, so that the ostler who held the st3'r-
rup said, ' that gentleman would hardly hold
out to London !' Yet, being on a good
gelding, astride in the wonted fashion, the
galloping of the horse brought the blood to
her face, and so she rode towardes Blackwall,
where, arriving about nine o'clock, and find-
ing there in readiness tw^o men, and a gentle-
man and a chambermaid, with one boate full of
Mr. Seymour's"' and her trunks, and another
boate for their pcrsones, they hasted from
thence towards Woolwich. Bemg come so
far they bade the watermen rowe on towards
Gravesend ; there the watermen were desi-
rous to lande, but for a double freighte were
contented to go on to Leigh, yet, being very
tired by the way, they were faine to lie still
at Tilbury whilst the oar-men went on lande
to refresh themselves. They then proceeded
to Leigh, and by that time the day had ap-
peared, and they discovered a ship at anchor
a mile beyond, which was the French barque
which waited for them. There the ladye
would have lyen at anchor, expecting Mr.
Seymour, but through the importunity of her
followers, they forthwith hoisted saile to sea-
warde.

"In the meanwhile, Mr. Seymour, with a
peruke and a beard of black hair, walked
alone, without suspicion, from his lodging,
out of the great west door of the Tower, fol-

• Mr. Seymour was her husband, and he liad
concerted a plan of escape in a Frencli vessel
to Calais.

No. 7.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PAXCRAS.

lowino; a cart that had brought iti some bil-
lets of woode. From thence he walked along
by the Tower wharfe, by the warders of the
south gate, where Rodney was ready with
a boat to receive bim. When they came to
Leigh, and fomid that the ship was gone,
the billows running very high, they hired a
fisherman, for twentie shillings, to set them
aboard a certain ship they saw under sail.
That ship they found not to be the one they
looked for, so they made for the nexte under
saile, "which was a shippe of Newcastle.
This, with much, ado, they hired for fortie
pounds to carry them to Calais, but whether
or no the collier performed his bargain is not
as yet knownc.

''On Tuesday, my Lord Treasurer having
been advertized that the Ladye Arabella had
made her escape, sent forthwithe to the Lieu-
tenante of the Tower to set strlctc guarde
over Mr. Seymour, which be promised to doe ;
but on coming to the prisoner's lodgings, he
founde to his greate amazement that he was
gone from thence one whole da3-e before.
Now, the King and the Lords being much
disturbed at this unexpected accident, my
Lord Treasurer sent downe orders to a
pinnace that laye in the Do^^vnes, to put pre-
sently to sea, first to Calais Road, and to
saile np the ro'ide towards Dnnkirkc. This
pinnace, spying the aforesaid French bari[ue,
wiiich laye lingering for I\Ir. Seymour, made
to her, which, thereupon offered to fly to-
wards Calais, and endured thirteen shot
I'rum the piimaee before she would strike
her colours. In this barque was the ladye
t:iken prisoner, and hcrselic and her Ibl-
lowers taken back towards the Tower, the
Ladye Arabella not so sorry for her own re

j straint as she would be glade if i\Ir. Seymour
might escape, whose welfare she protesteth

I to fcfl much more than her owne.''

Tills devoted and imfortunate'lady ended
her daj's on the 27th September, 1G15, after
j being confined in the Tower four years,
I merely because of her great attachment to
: her husband. It was generally supposed she
i died of a broken heart. She was buried in
I the Royal Chapel at Westminster. Mr. Sey-
mour, her husband, effected his escape, and
afterwards became Marquis of Hertford.

Death of Lord Bacon at Arundel House.

Lord Bacon, Chancellor of Great Britain,
died at Arundel House, Highgate, in 1626,
His death occurred through the following

singular circumstance : — One day in tlicearly
part of the yi^arjust mentioned, he wa-; tak-
ing an airing, accompanied by the King's
physician, Dr. Wlnterborne. It was a very
cold day, and snow lay upon the ground. On
arriving at Highgate Hill a thought struck
the philosopher that he would try an experi-
ment as to whether flesh might not be pre-
served with snow as well as salt. Getting
out of his coach, he, togeth<'r with Dr. Wln-
terborne, went into a poor woman's Ci^ttage
at the bottom of the hill, and bought a hen,
which, after killing, he stufl'ed with snow.
The experiment, however, so chilled him that
he could not return to his lodgings at Grwy's
Inn, but was obliged to seek a lodging atthe
Earl of Arundel's hou*e at Highgate. There
it is said, he was unfortunately placed in a
damp bed which had not been used for a year
or more, and which so aggravated his cold
that he died a few days afterwards.

In confirmation of the above, an account
appears in his life, written by Rowley, and
published in 1671 : —

"■ He died on the 0th of April, in the year
1026, in the eaidy morning of the day cele-
brated for our Saviour's ResniTection, in the
GOth year of his age, at the Earl of Arundel's
house at Highgate, near London, to which
place he had casually repaired about a week
iiefore; God so ordaininj.- that lie should die
there of a gentle fever, accidentally accom-
panied by a great cold, where the deduction
ofrbeame fell so plentifull}' upon his breast
that be died of suffocation, and was buried in
St. Michael's Church, at St. Alban's."

An interesting letter is preserved, which
was written by Bacon to the Eaid of Arundel
and Surrey, when lying ill at his house at

" To the Earl of Arundel and Sum^ey.
" My veey good Lord, —

" I was likely to have the fortune of Cains
Plinlus the elder, who lost his hfe by trying
an experiment about the burning of the
mountain Vesuvius. For I was also desirous
to try an experiment or two touching the
conservation and induration of bodies. As
for the experiment itself it succeeded exceed-
ingly well ; but in the journey (between
London and Highgate), I was taken with
such a fit of casting as I know not whether it
was the stone, or some surfeit, or cold, or in-
deed a touch of all three.

" But when I came to your lordship's house
I was not able to go back, and therefore was
forced to take up my lodgings here, where

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

your l]ousukeepcr is very careful and diligent
about me ; ivbich I assure myself your lord-
ship will not only pardon towards him, bat
think the better of him for it. For indeed
3'Dur lordships house was happy to me ; and
I kiss your noble hands for the welcome I
am sure you give me to it. I know how un-
fit it is for me to write to your lordship with
any other hands than my own ; but, by my
troth, my fingers are so disjoynted with this
fit of sickness, that I cannot steadily hold a
pen.

"Fk. St. Albans."

It is well-known that this great man was
accused of talcing bribes in cases that de-
pended before hira wlien he was Chancellor,
and upon his trial by the peers, he was con-
victed with four-and-twenty articles of bri-
bery. An ample confession was signed by
him, and an humble petition for a favourable
sentence. He resigned the Great Seal on
the 2nd of May, 1621, and the Lords, the
next day, pronounced the following judg-
ment : — " That the Viscount St. Albans,
Lord Chancellor of England, should pay a
fine of £40,000 ; that he should be impri-
soned in the Tower during the King's plea-
sure ; that he should for ever be incapable of
any office, place, or employment, in the State
or C'ommonwealtli ; that he should never sit in
Parliament, or come within the verge of the
Court."

It is exceedingly painful to reflect upon
the humiliation and ignominy which this
profound philsosopher,

"The greatest, wisest, meanest of mankind,"
brought upon himself by his own unfortunate
misconduct. It seems to point to the conclu-
sion that neither learning nor wisdom, nor
strength of genius is sutticient to overcome
the wicked promptings and deceit of the
human heart. The history of King So-
lomon, when he forsook that reliance
upon the Creator, without which it is impos-
sible to continue in the path of integrity and
virtue, afl'ords a striking parallel to that of
the great English philosopher. The full sen-
tence, however, upon Lord Bacon was not
carried out. The fine was abandoned and a
pension allowed him, which, however, was soon
discontinued. He became very reduced, and
applied for a situation at Eton, but was re-
fused. His estates were sold to pay his debts,
and ultimately he ivas obliged to go back to
his old lodging in Gray's Inn, which he had
inhabited when he was a barrister, and which
was his only home at the time when he
breathed his last at Ilighgate.

LAUDEKDALE HOUSE.

Lauderdale House is situated on the left
side ofthe hill-road, nearly opposite Cromwell
House, and just on the borders of the parish.
It is supposed to have been built about the
year 1600, and for many years was the re-
sidence ofthe Earls of Lauderdale, eminent
as statemen and warriors. It is a fine old-
fashioned mansion, its wdndows and terraces
commanding extensive prospects of the me-
tropolis. For some time it was the residence
of Nell Gywnne, mistress of Charles II., and
mother of the first Duke of St. Albans. A
tradition is related concerning her while liv-
ing there. Slie was very desirous of obtain-
ing a title for her son, which she had for a
long time being unsuccessful in gaining.
The father, Charles II., being there one after-
noon, it is stated she held the child out of
the window, exclaiming, " If you do not
do something for it, I will drop it." He
immediately replied, " Save the Earl of Bur-
Ibrd !" The story, however, is scarcely pro-
bable, the incident being opposed to Nell
Gywnne's general character, and it might
possiblj' have originated in some striking birt
less melodramatic method of putting an alter-
native.

FITZEOV HOUSE.

The above house "was formerly the seat of
Lord S"utham])ton, and situated in the park
adjoining Caen Wood. Lord Southampton
was the Lord of the manor of Tottenhall, or
Tottenham Court in -n-hose family it still re-
mains. In the rooms of the old mansion
were portraits of Henry, the first Duke of
Grafton, George, Earl of Euston, and Charles
Duke of Grafton. The Duke of Bucking-
ham resided at Fitzroy House in 1811. In
1828 the mansion was taken down and the
park sub-divided and improved by the erec-
tion of several elegant villas.

HOLLY LODGE.

The handsome villa, known as '* Holly
Lodge," is situated at Highgate Rise. It
was purchased by Sir Francis Burdett Coutts,
the hanker, and is now the residence of jMiss
Burdett Coutts, so well known for her bene-
volence. It was formerl}^ the residence of
tlie late Duke of St. Albans.

THE HISTORY AXD TRADITIONS OF ST. PAXCRAS.

c^.OM^yELL house.

Most perlostriiins wlio have ascended High-
gate Hill have no doubt observed, near the
turnpike- fixate half ivay np, a red-brick edi-
fice called " Cromwell House." It was built
by the Protector, abont the year 1030, as a
residence for General Ireton, one of the com-
manders in his army, and who married his
daughter. It is said that Cromwell himself
resided there, but it is not certain. Tradi-
tion also states tliat there was a subterranean
passage between it and the mansion-house at
Hi.fvhgate. Cromwell House was evidently
built in accordance with tlie taste of its mili-
tary occupant. The staircase, which is of
handsome proportions, is richly decorated
with carved oak figures, supposed to be of
persons in the general's army, in their cos-
tumes. The ceiling of the drawing-room is
ornamented with the arras of Ireton, and
carved devices, emblematical of warfare,
abound in all parts of the building.

THE "FOX AND CROWN.

Over the door of this inn, situated in the
road down the hollow of the hill leading to
Kentish Town, many, no doubt, have noticed
a ro^^al gilt coat-of-arms. This privilege, if
such it can be called, was obtained by an in-
teresting incident. On July (Jth, 1837, her
Majesty, accompanied by the Duchess of
Kent, was taking an airing round High-
gate, when on arriving near to the "Fox and
C^'rown" the horses suildenly liccame restive
and set off at a fearful pace down the hill;
fortunately, however, their progress was ar-
rested by the prompt assistance of the inn-
keeper, and the royal party saved from an
accident which threatened alarming conse-
rjuences. The timel}' service thus rendered
was rewarded by a license being granted
to the landlord, Mr. Turner, to place the
royal arms in front of his house, and, in ad-
dition, a suitable present was forwarded to
hi 01.

©aih.

" It's a custom at Highgate, tliat all who go

through,
Must be sworn on the horns, dr ; a;]d so,

sir, must you.
Bring the horns, shut the door I now, sir,

take off your hat,
When you come here again, don't f^>rget

to mind tJait.''^

UK ancient cu;toni of swearing on the
horns is almost extinct, but a i'liw 3-ears
ncco tlie question, " Have 3'ou been sworn
j at I-IighgiUe?" was frequently asked by per-
I sons in aU part.^ of the kingdom. An old in-
habitant of Highgate snys, " That in the
coaching times, more than sixty years ao-o,
upwards of eighty stage coaches would s'-op
every day at the Red Lion Inn, and nnt n'.
every five passengers three were sworn." On
the drawiog-up of the coaches at the inn
doors, most pressing iuvitatlone; wnnld h''
given to the company to nli ^'liN rnd :\i\cr o.<
many as possible could he onl'e'-t-'d in the
parlour, the landlord, or somebody interested,
wnnld introduce the subject of being sworn at
Highgate. A little artifice easily led to the
detection of tliose who had not taken the nnth,
and as soon as the fact was ascertained, the

hnrns were usually l)rougltt in l\y the landlord,
there being generally assembled a sufficient
number of persons interested to enforce com-
pliance- The horns, fixed on a pole five feet
in length, were then placed upright upon the
ground before the person to be sworn, who
was required to take off his hat, and all
present having done the same, the landlord,
in a loud voice swore in the party proposed.
The substance of the oath commenced by the
landlord exclaiming; Upstanding and un-
covered— silence! Take notice what I now
say to you, for that is the first word of the
oath — mind fJmt ! You must acknowledge me
to be your adopted father, I must acknow-
ledge you to be my adopted son. If you do
nnt call me father, you forfeit a bottle of wine;
if I do not call you son, I forfeit the same. !
And now, my good son, if you are travelling
ihr ugh this vilhige of FLigligate, and you
h ive no money in your pocket, go call for a
h it tic of wine at any house you ni'iy think
proper to enter, and book it to yc>\\y f tther's
score. If yon have any friends with you, you
may treat them as well; but if 3'ou have
money of yourown, you must pa}' for It your-
[ self; for you must not say you have no money

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

"when yon liave; neltlier must you convey your
money out of your own pocket into that of
your friends' pockets, for I sliuU search yon
as well as them, and if I find that you or they
have any money, you forfeit a bottle of wine
for tryin<^ to cheat and cozen your old
father. You must not cat brown bread while
you can get white, unless you like brown
the best; nor must you drink small beer
when YOU can get strong, unless you like
small the best; you must not kiss the maid,
while you can kiss the mistress, unless
you like the maid the best, but sooner than
loose a good chance, you may kiss them both.
And now, my good son, I wish you a safe
journey through Ilighgate and this life. I
charge you, my good son, that if you know
any in this company who have not taken this
oath, you must cause them to take it, or
make each of them forfeit a bottle of wine ;
for if you fail to do so, you will forfeit one
yourself. So now, ray son, God bless you;
kiss the horns or a pretty girl, if you see one
here, wliicli you like the best, and so te free
of Highgate!"

If a female was in the room she wns gene-
rally saluted, if not the horns must be kissed,
but the option wns not allowed formerly.
There was a peculiarity in the oath in con-
nection with the pronoun that which generally
resulted in the victimising of the strangers of
some bottles of wine. As soon :is the saluta-
tion was over and the wine drank, the land-
lord, addressing himself to his newly-made
son said, " I have now to acquaint you with
your privileges as a freeman of Highgate. If
at any time you are going through Highgate
and want to rest yourself, and you see a pig
lying in the ditch you are quite at liberty to
kick her out and take her place ; but if you
see three lying together, you must only kick
out the middle one and lie between the two.
God save the King !"

There was o;ie circumstance essential for a
freeman of Highgate to remember, that was,
the first words of the oath — ^^ Mind that P'
If a person failed to remember the pronoun
*'that," he was subject to be resworn from
time to time, and so often until he remem-
bered to ejaculate " ' that' is the first word of
your oath — mii)d that P'

We believe the old crier of Highgate, Mr.
Bell, still keeps a gown and wig to swear
art3-'body in who wishes to perpetuate this
curious custom, and some even now are made
free of Highgate. The swearer in, wdioever
he may be, generally performs the ceremony
in a black gown, mnsk, and wig, and is ac-
companied by a person v/Iio acts as clerk and
carries the horns.

The custom was first practised at the Gate-
House Inn, near the turnpike. As to its
origin there are various accounts. One is,
that it was devised by a landlord who had
lost his license as a means of covering the
sale of his liquors. Another, and a more
probable account is, that Highgate, in days
ofj'ore, being the place nearest to London
where cattle rested on their way from the
north for sale in Smithfield, a large number
of graziers were accustomed to put up at
the Gate-House Iim for the riight. These
graziers formed a Ic'nd of fraternity, and
generally endeavoured to secure the inn for
their own accommodation on certain days.
Finding it impossible, however, to exclude
strangers who, like themselves, were travel-
ling on business, from tlieir society, they
fomied a kind of club, and made it impera-
tive that those who wished to join them
should, after taking an oath, bring an ox to
the door, and those who did not kiss its horns
they would exclude from their society.

The custom has been noticed by Lord
Byron, in his " Childe Harold," and in a
note attached to that work, he particular!}'-
alludes to the saving clause "unless you like
it best." The following are his words in the
hrst Canto : —

" Some o'er the Thamis row th
Others along the safer tur
Some Richmond Hill ascend
AVare,

And many to the steeps of Highgate

hie ;

Ask ye, Bcetlan shades, the

'Tis to the worship of the

Grasp'd in the holy hand of

In whose dread name both

he ribbon'dfair,
rnpike fly :
d, some scud to

; reason why ?
i solemn horn,

mystery,

man and maid

are sworn.
And consecrate the oath
and dance till morn."

with draught

In 182G there were 19 licensed public-
houses in Highgate, and Mr. Hone, in his
" Every-day Book," states the names of the
inns, and the kind of horns they used, as fol-
lows:— 1. The Gate-House Inn, staggs'
horns; 2, the Mitre, staggs' horns; 3, the
Green Dragon, staggs' horns ; 4, the Red
i^ion and Sun, bullocks' horns .; 5, the Bell,
staggs' horns ; G, the Coach and Horses,
rams' horns ; 7, the Castle, ranis' horns; 8,
the Red Lion, rams' horns ; 'J, the M'restler,
staggs' horns ; 10, the Bull, staggs' horns;
11, the Lord Nelson, staggs' horns ; 12, the
Duke of Wellington, staggs' horns; 13, the
Crown, staggs' horns ; 1-1, the Duke's Head,
staggs' horns ; 15, the Coopers' Arms, rams'

THE HISTORY AND TRADmONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

horns ; IG, the Rose and Crown, stiig^c^s'
horns ; 17, tlie Angel, stag-gs' horns ; 18, the
Fhisk, rams' horns ; ID, the Fox and Crown,
rams' horns.

The above custom was especially encoiir-
aged by the villagers to the advantage of the
landlord, and at the present time in nearly
every one of the nineteen inns in Idighgate,
there are a pair of horns in the coffee-room
or parlour attached to such. This large
number of public houses for so small a village
is accounted for by its liavmg been the halt-
ing place of both the military and the stage-

coach traveller, either before entering or quit-
ting the metropolis for the north. During

the great war with France, when large bodies
of military passed through the metropolis for
abroad, an immense business was carried on,
hut now there is scarcely any trade attached
to them. There is no spot in England, per-
haps, where so many inns can be seen at one
glance as at Highgate. On taking a stand
at the Gate-House Inn the number of sign-
posts and public-houses to be seen at a single
view comprises nearly the whole of the above
list.

t. Mi.dn!d'r) (Mnntrli.

)UEVIOUS to the old chapel being
pulled down the present church was
erected on the site of the old mansion-
house,* built by Sir William Asbhm-st, Lord
Mayor of London, in IGO-L It is dedicated
to St. Michiiel, and was consecrated by the
Bishop of London upon the 8th of No-
vember, 1832. Mr. Lewis VuUiamy "'as the
architect, and Messrs. Cubitt, the builders.
Its whole cost was £10,000, £5,000 of which
was given by the Ecclesiastical Commis-
sioners and the remainder raised by subscrip-
tion amongst the inhaVdtants. Some delay
took place in its consecration in consequence
of Highgate being in the three different
parishes of St. Pancras, Ilornsey, and Isling-
ton, and though surrounded by the diocese
of London, not included in it. Claims to
jurisdiction over the church were set up liy
Pancras parish, as it had been built in that
pnrt of Highgate included within its boun-
dary, Ijut an Act of Parliament Avas passed,
which made Highgate a separate ecclesias-
tical district.

St. Micliael's Church is a most picturesque
addition to the Cemetery, of wdiich it seems
to form a crowning appendage, enhancing
the solemnity and beauty of the burial ground
by its situatjon. It is an elegant specimen
of the later English style, with an enriclied
tower and crocketted spire ; the north ehjva-
tion, especially, facing the Grove at Highgate,
presents a pccuUar and striking appearance.
The interior also deserves much praise. At
its south end, overlooking the Cemetery,
there is a magnificent stained-glass window
representing the Saviour and the apostles,
the gift of the Rev. G. Slayo, many years

preacher in the old cliapel. It was made at
Rome ; the border contains several coats-of-
ai-ms from tlie windows of the old chapel.
The clock and bells, weighing upwards of
nineteen cwt., were the gift of George Cray-
shiiw, Esq. There is accommodation for
1,500 people, of which there is provided 500
free sittings for the poor. The appointment
is in the gii't of the lijsh'ip of London, and is
worth about £600 a-year. The present in-
cumbent is the Rev. S. Dalton, M.A.

There arc a few interesting moninne]its
from the old chapel around the walls r4'tbe
new church ; but that perhaps most worthy
of notice is the one erected to tiie enunent
poet, Samuel Tajdor Coleridge, who during
the later period of his life, resided at High-
gate, in the bouse of Mr. Gilhnan, surgeon,
Pemberton Row, wdiere he died. Mr. Gill-
man, who was a very endeared friend of the
[)oet's, did not long survive him, and a mo-
nument to his memory has been placed beside
that of his companion, denoting, now they
are gone to a better world, their lasting
friendship wdiile on earth. The fullowdng is
the inscription ou that of the poet's monu-
ment : —

Sacred to the Memory of

Samuel Taylor Colekidge.

This truly great and good man resided for

The last nineteen years of his life

In this hamlet.

He quitted " the bodv of this death "

July 25, l'83i,

In the sixty-second year of his age.

Of his learning and discursive genius,

His literary works are an imperishable record.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

To his private wortli,

His social and Christian virtues,

James and Ann Gillmanj

Tlie friends with whom he resided

Dnring the above period, dedicate tliis tablet.

He died under tlic pressure of a lon^

And most painful disease.

His disposition was unalterably sweet and

[angelic.
Ho was an ever-cnduriug, ever-loving friend.
The gentlest and kindest teacher,
The most engaging home-companion.

" 0 framed for calmer times find nobler hearts!
0 studious poet, eloquent for truth !
Pliilosnpher, contemning wealth and de.atli.
Yet docile, childish, full of light and love.
Here on this monumental stone thy friends
[inscribe thy worth."

" Reader ! for the world mourn !
A light has passed away from the earth!
But for this pious and exalted Christian
Rejoice, and again I say unto you rejoice."

The other inscription is as follows: —

Sacred to the Memory of
James Gillman,
Surgeon,
For many years an eminent practitioner in
This place.
The Friend of S. T. Coleridge.
His Christian faith has, we humbly trust,
through the merits of the Saviour, ob-
tained the promise of a better inheritance.

" He asked and hoped through Christ-
Do thou the same."

l!}|[f Ojltamlen'^ ^diaol.

SIR ROGER CHOMLEY'S Grammar
Scliool was founded in 1565 for the pur-
pose of edncating forty poor boys be-
longino; to Highn;ate, Kentish Town, and
Finchley. The present Grammar Schuol is
a substantial brick Gothic building near the
gate, and has the following inscription on a
tablet on the west front : —

" Sr. Roger Ciiomley, Knt. Founded in

15G5. Tins BUILDING ERECTED IN 1810."

Sir Roger Choniley was Loi'd Chief Justice
of the Queen's Bench, and probably obtained
the property on which he founded the scliool
by a grant from the crown. The pious and
benevolent old knight, after performing
many good works, finally settled at Hornsey,
and there he spent his latter days in literary
retirement. Among the rules and laws made
by the governors for the regulation of thein-
stitution, a decree made in the reign of Eliza-
beth, a few years after the knight's death, is
still extant. The following are some ex-
tracts : —

" First — AVe order and decree, according
to the will, mind, and intent of the said Sir
Ro;2;er Choraley, Knight, founder of the Free
School, that there be an honest and learned
schoolmaster, appointed and placed to teach
the scholars coming to this Free School;

which schoolmaster that shall be so placed be
a graduate of good, sober, and honest conver-
sation, and no light person, who shall teach
and instruct young children, as well in their
A, B, C,* as in other English books, and to
write, and also in their grammar, and that
without taking any money or reward other-
wise than is hereafter expressed and declared.

" Second, — We will and order that any
schoolmaster that shall be placed to teach in
the free school shall sat/ and read openly 2it
the chapel at Highgate next adjoining the
said free school the service set forth by the
Queen's Majesty in the form following, —
that is to say, every Sunday and hoUday,
morning and evening prayers ; every Wed-
nesday and Friday, morning prayers with the
Litany ; and on Saturday and every festival
day in the year, evening prayers.

"We order that the master for the time
being shall receive quarterly for his wages,
fifty shillings, also his dwelling-house, rent
free. That he shall have besides two acres
of ground, lately enclosed out of Highgate
Common, with the giirden and orchard ad-

* The common alphabet is not here meant,
but a Black Letter Book calb'd the '' A, B, C,
with the Catechism"— that is to sav, an in-
struction to be taught and learned (yf every
child before he be brought to be confirmed by
the Bishop.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

joininf^'the chapel, and shall also have yearl}^
ont of the wood of the Lord Bishop of Lon-
don at Ilornsey, eight loads of fire- wood, pro-
vided the said firewood be burnt within the
house, and not suld away."

This decree was signed by Edwin Sandys,
Bishop of London, Jasper Chomley, Roger
Martin, &c., on the 7th December, 1571, in
the fourteenth year of the reign of Elizabeth.

The yearly funds of the school at the time

of its foundation were only £10 13s. 4d., but
by various benevolent donations and the in-
creased value of property, they soon increased
to a considerable amount. By an account
furnished by the Rev. Weldon Champneys
(the then Yicar of St. Pancras) in 1800 to
Mr. Lyssons, author of a work entitled the
" Environs of London," the moneys vested in
the governors of Higligate Grammar School
were as follows : —

Date.

Donors^ Names.

Description.

Value in 1800.

1502

The Founder.

(Messuages in the pa-
rishes of St. Martin, Lud-
gate, and St. Michael,

Crooked Lane)

£40 per annum

T^ands at Highgate

£99 do.

1580

John Dudley.

(Rent tenements at Stoke

Newington) .

£2 do.

1587

Jasper Chomley

(Rent charge, manor of

Renters, Hendon) .

£2 Cs 8d do.

1G37

WiUiam Piatt

(Rent charge, house at

£10 do.

Kentish Town)

£10 do.

Money in the Funds, &.c.

£140 do.

The latter included a grnnt of £G0 a-3'ear
by Edward Pauncefurt, E&q., an iidiabitant
of Highgate. The income is now greatly in-
creased.

In 1824: new rules were made by the
governors, and the statutes remodelled as
follows : —

" The schoolmaster to be a graduate in
lioly orders, the course of instruction to in-
clude the Latin and Greek languapcp, and
the principles of the Christian religion ac-
cording to the doctrine and discipline of the
Church of England.

" Forty scholars to be admitted by the
governors out of Highgate, Kentish Town,
Holloway, Hornsey or Fiucbley.

" Each boy on admission to pay 21s. towards
the librfiry.

" The qualification of boys before admis-
sion to be, that they shall read and write,
and understand the two first rules of arith-
metic.

" The masters and scholars to regularly
attend divine service."

It is understood tliat as the funds of the
institution advance, the governors will fouud
exhibitions for scholars at £50 each for four
years, at either Oxford or Cambridge, so that
at no very distant period, it may be expected
to rival the best public schools. It is almost
needless to say, that the boys now selected
are not those of the poorer classes, but chiefly
belong to the gentry and wealthy tradesmen
in the nei/jhbourbood.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

THERE are few spots upon the summit of
Higbgate Hill possessing more interest
than Highgate Grove — once known as
Higligatc Green, find the resort of the villa-
gers for proraenading in fine weather. It
was once covered with a row of splendid elm
trees, a few of which are still remaining
and exhibit signs of great age. To fully
realize the character attached to this locality,
it must be borne in mind that the Grove, or
Green, before the " Gate" was erected, and
tlie road cut over the hill to Einchley, ter-
minated the public road northward, all be-
yond being the " Bishop's Wood," a large
tract of which still remains, and which bor-
ders the road on the right hand side, along
Hampstead Lane, from Highgate to the
'' Spaniard>'" Tavern. That it used to be
a resort for the London folk in the sum-
mer, for purposes of recreation and dancing,
we have many evidences. In an old comedy,
entitled "Jack Drarae's Entertainment,"
(JGUl,) on the introduction of the Whitsun
Morris dance, the following song is given : —

" Skip it and frisk it nimbly, nimbly ;
Tickle it, tickle it lustily !
Strike up the tabour for the wenches' fa-
vour ;
Tickle it, tlck.le it lustily !

" Let us be seene, on Highgate Greene,
To dance for the honour of Holloway;
Since we are come hither, let's spare for no

leather.
To dance for the honour of Holloway."

An interesting incident occurred in con-
nection with Hogarth, at one of the inns
which formerly stood near the Green. One
Sunday, during his apprenticeship, he set
out, with two or three companions, on an ex-
cursion to Highgate Green. The weather
being hot they went into a public house,
where they had not been long before a quar-
rel arose between two persons in the sanae
room, when one of the disputants having
struck the other on the head with a quart-
pot and cut him very much, caused him to
make such a hideous grin, that it presented

Hogarth witli too humouroua a subject to be
overlooked. He drew out his pencil and pro-
duced on the spot one of the most ludicrous
figures imaginable, and what rendered the
sketch more valuable was, that it exhibited
an exact likeness of the man, with the por-
trait of his antagonist and the figures, in
connection with the principal persons, ga-
thered around him.

In the vicinity of Highgate Green formerly
stood Dorchester House, once the residence
of tbe Marquis of Dorchester. In the year
1685, one William. Blake, a woollen-draper
in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, set on foot
a scheme to establish a hospital at Highgate,
for tbe maintenance of fatherless boys and
girls. He spent £5,000 by purchasing Dor-
chester House to carry out his plan, and pub-
lished a very rare book, called '' Silver Drops,
or Serious Things," being a kind of exhorta-
tion to ladies to encourage the undertaking.
The boys were to be taught painting, gar-
dening, accounts and navigation, and to wear
a uniform of blue lined with yellow. The
girls to be taught to read, write, sew, starch,
raise paste, and dress. The allowance of the
housekeeper per day was one bottle of wine,
three of ale, six rolls, and two dishes of meat.
Subscriptions were collected and several
children admitted. It was called the " Ladies'
Cliarlty School." At one time (1GG7) there
were thirty-six boy scholars ; and in 1675
the books belonging to the school consisted
of two English, eighteen Latin, and three
Greek. The fiunder, William Blake, was,
as will be imagined, rather a quaint charac-
ter. He carried on his business at the sign
of the " Golden Boy," at the corner of Mai-
den Lane, leading into Bedford Street, Co-
vent Garden. He was exceedingly pious and
earnest in the Protestant cause, and the mo-
tive which led him to found the school, was
for the purpose of diffusing the Reformed re-
ligion among the young. It did not, how-
ever, last long after his death, although it
had the support of several ladies of rank, i
His book. " Silver Drops," had a frontispiece
engraving of Dorchester House, as v;ull as
his own mansion at Highgate, and It also
contained a number of notes, in most of which

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

be lamented the w;nit of encouragement, and
complained that, by some people, he was
treated as a madman.

THE IIIGHOATE VOLUNTEERS OF 1801.

On the occasion of Napoleon's contemplated
invasion, the inhabitants of Highgate im-
mediately raised and supported during the
war, a battahon of three liundred men, com-
manded by a field officer with the rcgnlnted
compliment of captains, subnltevns, non-com-
missioned ofHcers, &c. The government
provided the adjutants, the arms, and am-
munition, hut the clothing and all other ex-
penses were defrayed by the voluntary sub-
scriptions of the inhabitants. The colours
were presented by the Countess of Mansfield,
and the corps reviewed in 1805 by King

George III., at Harrow Weald, and at suh-
sequcnt periods by his Koyal Highness the
Duke of {'ambridge, General Fox, anr] others,
on Finchley Common, on all of whicli occa-
sions the commanding generals expressed
their thanks for the zeal displayed and their
approbation of the eflScient state of discipline
the corps had attained, and the perfect manner
in which they performed their various duties.
Their place of muster was most frequently
the Grove, near Hi hgatc Church, and their
place of exercise Highgate (_'onnnon, which
on tine :-uii!nier evenings, nsod ti> be tln'onged
by rhe fair OCX to w:':ness tlieir various cm-i-
lutions. A good i)and was maintained, \\hlr]i
greatly enlivened all ttie proceedings of the
corps. The colours of the corps, were lately
in the possession of Mr. Prickett, anctloneer
of Highgate. Only two or three of the 300
A^ohinteer3 of 1801 are now alive to perso'ially
compare the present with the past.

laii^ji^ltl '§,mM,

THIS splendid building, the seat of the
Earl of Mansfield, Is situated within the
parish, at Highgate It was purchased
I of the Earl of Bute, in 1755, by the tlrst Earl
1 of I\IansHeld, Chief Justice of the King's
I Bench. The wood siirrounding the mansion
I is supposed, and with every pirobablllty, to
I be part of the remains of the ancient forest
J of Middlesex. When Lord MansHeld first

■ entered upon the possession of the estate, the
: mansion was small and not of a very elegant
i description. The principal aherations were
: effected by the late Earl under the direction

ot Messrs. Adams and Saunders, architects.
! It is a noble structure of the Ionic or-
j der, exhibiting two handsome fronts, the
; principal of which towards the north, has

■ two projecting wings aud enriched entabla*
: ture. The southern front commands a fine

view of the gardens, and a terrace walk
1 ranges along the whole length. The various
: apartments are of very fine proportions.
i The wa'ls and celling of the rauslc-room were
! painted by Julius Ibbetson; in different

■ panels being Introduced representations of
viirlrius operations of agriculture performed
by children, from designs by Claude of Lor-

' raine ; and interspersed are beautiful views of
I North Wales. In the library are original

paintings of Pope, Garrick. and Betterton ;
likewise a full-length portrait of the first
Earl by Martin and a bust of him by Nol-
lekens. The celling of the lihrary Is coved
and divided into panels delicately stuccoed,
and ornamented with paintings by Zuechi.

'J'he grounds around the mansion are very
fine and of gi*eat extent. The undulations
are gentle yet sheltering, and a fine serpen-
tine walk displays to the visitor the various
beauties of this diversified retreat, while the
vistas are judiciously formed, casually re-
vealing land unconnected with the estate,
but adding to its picturesque and rural
beauty. There are several spacious sheets of
water, and some cedars of Lebanon of consi-
derable height, one of them having been
planted by the late Lord Chief Justice with
his own hands.

The beautiful sheets of water connected
with tills estate, known as the "Seven
Ponds," include several of the reservoirs
which have long supplied a considerable
district of the parish with water. The ponds
were until lately leased by the Ilampstead
Water Works Company, which has since
become incorporated with the New River
Company.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

BEI.LSIZE HOUSE AXD PAUK.

l*Ei.LsiZE Vakk is not situated in this
p:iri-;h, but on the borders of the adjoining
parish of Hampstead. It is however, a pU\ce
of iiiueh local interest, and so well known
that a few remarks upon it will not be out of
place. Before the dissolution of the monas-
teries it was in possession of the Dean of
Westminster, but after that was leased by
Sir Thomas Wroth, Lieutenant of the Tower
for twenty years.

In IGGO tlie lease of the Bellsize estate was
renewed to Daniel O'Neale, Esq., of tlie Bed-
chamber of Charles II., wlio married
Catherine, the eldest daughter of Thomas
Lord Wootton, whose son was created a buron
of the realm under the title of Lord Wootton.
Tliis Lord Wootton made Bellslze his principal
seat, and lived there from 1073 to 1681.
In the True Protestanl Jferciirt/ pnper of
October 15, 1(>81, there is an account ,<z:iven
of Bellsize House b^dng one night aitacked
by highwaymen and burglars: —

"London, Oct. 18. — Last night eleven or
twelve highway robbers came on horseback
to the house of Lord Wootton at Hampstead,
and attempted to enter therein, breaking
down part of the wall and the gate ; but there
being four or Hve domestics within the house,
the}' very com-ageously Kred several muskets
and a blunderbuss upo^i the thieves, which
gave an alarm to one of the lord's tenants, a
farmer, who dwelt not f:ir off, who tliereupon
went immediately to the village, and raised
the inhabitants, who going towards the
houses, which were about a mile off, it is
thought the robbers hearing thereof, and
withal finding the business difficult, they all
made their escape. It is judged tliey had
notice of my lord's absence from his house,
and likewise of a great booty ■which was
therein, which put them upon the desperate
attempt."

After the death of Lord Wootton in 1G83,
the mansion was occupied by a succession of
distinguished tenants, amongst whom may
be mentioned the Right Hon. Spencer Per-
cival. Prime Minister of England. In the
year 1720 Bellsize House was opened as a
place of public entertainment, and continued
so for between thirty and forty years, being
on several occasions honoured by the presence
of royalty, and during the season it became
the daily resort of the nobility and gentry.
It soon became very notorious, and a class of
entertainments, similar to those exhibited at
Ranelagh and A'"auxhall, were provided for
the company.

The following extracts from newspapers of
tlie period will perhaps give a better idea of
their character than any detailed descrip-
tion : — In a publication called Jl/ist's Journal
of April 26, 1720, it states, " Whereas that
the ancient and noble house near Hampstead,
commonly called Bellsize House, is now taken
and fitted up for the entertainment of gentle-
men and ladies during the whole summer
season, the same "w'ili be opened with an un-
common solemnity of music and dancing.
This undertaking will exceed all of the kind
hitherto known in London, commencing every
day at six in the morning, and continuing
till eight at night, all persons being privileged
to admittance without necessity of expense."

A hand-bill of the amusements of Bellsize
House, in the possession of Dr. Combe, of
Hampstead, and having a print of the old
mansion prefixed, announces Bellsize to be
open for the season, and states that " the
piirk, wilderness, and garden, being wonder-
fully improved and filled with a variety of
birds, which compose a melodious and de-
lightful harmony. Persons inclined to w^alk
and to divert themselves may breakfast on tea
or coffee as cheap as at their own chambers.
Twelve stout fellows, completely armed, are
always at hand, to patrol timid females or
others who consider such escort necessary,
between BelLize and London."

On July 15, 1721, the Prince of Wales and
suite paid it a visit, and dined at Bellsize
House, attended by several of the nobility.
They were entertained with several games at
himting, with wdiich the^'- expressed them-
selves pleased, and at their departure they
were very liberal to the servants.

At the date of the above visit, the house
was kept by a man named James Howell,
who was nicknamed and known to his fre-
quenters as the "Welsh Ambassador" This
Welsh Ambassador, as he was called, had
races by footmen in velveteens and silk flesh-
ings, and on one occasion he gave a jdatc of
10 guineas to be run for by eleven of these
" John Thomas's." Under Howell's manage-
ment, however, it became the scene of much
debauchery and gambling, and the proprietor
himself appears to have been not a very
creditable character, having for some crime
or otiier once been incarcerated in Newgate. [
In a poem written upon Bellsize in 1722, the I
following li es in reference to Howell's pro-
ceedings are commented upon: — |

" But since Howell hath obtained his liberty \
By Hajbeas, the wicked may see.
Whom he by advertisements now invites
To visit him amidst his false delights,

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Assuring them that thirty men shall be
UpoQ the road for their security ;
But whether one-half of this rabble guard,
(Whilst t'others, half asleep on "watch and

ward),
Don't rob the people tliey pn-tend to save,
I to the opinion of the reader lea\'c."

The sentiments expressed dn not certniid}"
say much for Howell's oftcr of gunrding
people to town.

After a short period Cellsize House beciime
an academy for dissipation niid lewdness to
a degree that -would not be toleraled in
the lowest tea-garden of the ]owes^ piililie-
house of the present day, and accordiijgly it
is stated that on June 7, 1723, "the CourC
of Justices at the General Quarter Sessions,
have ordered the High Constable of the Di-
vision, to issue his precepts to the petty con-
stables and head boroughs of the parish of
Hampstead, to prevent all unlawful gaming,
riots, &c., at Bellsize House and the great
room at Hampstead." The same year a
pamphlet was published by a person who
entitledhimself a '^Serious Person oFQuality,"
and he commenced his work bv ijivinc: a brief

description of the doings at Bellsizc in the
following verse:—-

" This house, which is a nuisance to the land,
Doth near a park and handsome garden

staud,
Fronting the road, betwixt a range of trees,
Which is perfumed with a Hampstead

breeze ;
And on each side the gate a greiuidier —
However, they cannot speak, think, sec or

hear —
But why the're posted there no mortal

knows.
Unless it be to frighten jackdavrs and

crows,
For rooks they cannot scare, who there re-
sort
To make of most unthoughtful bubbles

sport."

Bellsizc House continued open as late as
the year 174j, as a plnce of public entertain-
ment, soon after which it again fell into
private hands, and now the park is mapped
out with roads, and will soon be covered
with suburban villas.

AND 1 T S V I C I N I T Y.

ONE third of the Regent's Park is in the
parish of St. Pancras, the line of divi-
sion passing through tlie Zoological
Gardens and along its eastern side to Port-
land Gate. It covers an area of 150 acres,
and was named after the Eegent (subse-
quently George IV.) It was first commenced
in the year 1:S12, and laid out from designs
bv ]\Ir. James Morgan, by whom also the
principal terraces were erected. The south
side of the park nlong the ''.uston Koad is
about half a mile in length : the east-side,
i'roni Portland Cre,5cent to Gloucester Gate,
three-quarters of a mile. Tlie ornament;!
sheet of water on the west iide of the jiarlc
is situated in the valley through which r.iii
the little rivulet or brook called •' Ayboui-m-,"
■ which took its rise from the bottom ..f B:irruu'
Hill, and whicli gave the name to the adjoin-
ing parish of Marylebone. Tlie teiraces
around this park are remarkable for their
architectural grace and beauty, and add

greatly to the attractions of the neiglrbour-
hood, especially those of Hanover, IMunster,
Cornwall, Gloucester, Cumberland, Chester,
Cambridge, and Ulster Terraces. There are
several handsome villas in the enclosure of
the park, that of Hertford House, the seat of
the Jlarquis of Hertford, being among the
more noticeable and imposing. A ringed
enclosure in the centre contams tlie gardens
of the Royal Botanic Society, founded for
the purpose of study and experiment in that
art, and in which the celebrated flower shows
are annually lield.

The Regent's Park consists of the grounds
attached to the Old ]\Ianor House of ]\Iaryle-
liouo, and called Marylebone Park. As it
rnay be interesting to know how the park
was preserved for the use of the people, a
short history of the Manor House and I'arlc
will not be out of place. The Manor House
stood upon the spot where Devonshire Mews
is now built, and during the time the estate

THE HISTORY AND TRADmONS OF ST. PANCUAS.

was in possession of the crown it is said to
have bueii used as one of the ro^'al palaces.
It was taken down in the year 1791. By n

drawinn' of Hooker's, formerly in possession of
John White, Esq., of Devonshire Place, it
appears to have retained some traces of the
architeetnreof the reign of Queen Elizabeth ;
but tlie o;reatsr part was rebuilt at a later
period. Behind the Mansion House, in the
vicinity of Devonshire Mews, stood the once
t'amons Marylebone Tea Gardens. In the rei_i;-n
of Queen Anne they were noted for their
bowling-green, and were then nmcb freipien-
ted by the nobiliiy and gentry of that da}'.

"Some dukes at iMarylebone bowl time away,"

wrote Lady Wortley iJontagu in one of her
poems, and for a long time they kept np their
reputation as a resort for many of the aris-
tocracy. The gardens were first opened in
1737, one slilUing being the price of admis-
sion, for which an equivalent was received in
the way of refrc^linient. The musical depart-
ment was for some time under the direction
of Dr. Arnold, and first-class singers were
engaged to entertain the company. About
the year 1740 they were opened for public
breakfasts and evening concerts ; I"ireworks,
after the manner of Rimelagb and Vauxhall
were also displayed, and in 1772, prepared
by Signor Torre, was exhibited a representa-
tion of Mount Etna in a state of eruption, and
which attracted much attention. Like most
of the same description of places, however,
after a time Marylebone Gardens gradually
degenerated and grew into disrepute, the
company becomingexceedingly low andlicen-
tious ; indeed, so much did they become noted
as a resort fur bad characters, that Gay in his
'' Beggars' Opera" makes them the scene of
one of Macheath's debaucheries. In 1778 the
gardens were shut, and the site let out to
builders. In 17G0 it is recorded that '"the
ambassador from the Emperor of Russia
and other Muscovites rode through the City
to Marylebone Park and there hunted at thuir
leisure."

The Manor House was given by King James
to Edward Forest, Esq., but the park he pre-
served in his own right, and it continued in
the possession of the crown till the year KJtO,
when King Charles by letters patent, dated
at Oxford, May (J, granted it to Sir (.ieorge
Strode and Squire \V'andesibrd as a security
for a debt of £2,318 lUs. 'Jd., due to them fur
supplying arras and ammnnition during the
troublous times. After the King's death,
however, and when Cromwell was in power,
and the crown lands generally sold by the
government, Mar^debone Park, without any

regard to the clauns of the two gentlemen
above-mentioned, was sold to Sir John
Spencer, of London, on behalf of Colonel
Thomas Harrison's Regiment of Dragoons,
on whom it was settled for their pay ;
and Sir John Ipsley was appointed Ran-
ger by the authority of the Protector.
The purchase money was £13,215 (3s. 8d.,
including £130 for the deer (124 in number
of several sorts), and £1,774 8s. for timber,
exclusive of 2,976 trees marked out for the
royal navy. On the restoration of Charles II.
to the throne, Sir George Strode and Mr.
Wandesford (the two gentlemen to whom the
former king liad granted its possession) were
re-instated in their possession of the park,
which they held till their debt was discharged.
The park was then leased by several indi-
viduals, the Duke of Portland being the last
lessee, his lease having expired in the year
1811. It then became again the property of
the crown, and for some time it was debated
by the Government whether they should
lease it out again or make it into a park for
the people. In the year 1811 Mr. White, of
Devonsliire Place, suggested a plan to the
surve^yor of crown lands, *' proposing that
onl}'- the lower part of the site of Marylebone
Park should be built upon, that the buildings
should terminate northward with a grand
crescent of half a mile span, in the centre of
which, fronting the end of Haidey Street,
should be erected the new parish church of
Marylebone; and that the remainder of the
ground, which was ill-adapted for building on,
should be restored to its original state and
converted into a park three miles in circum-
ference, with walks, drives, &c."

XriK HOSriTAL OF ST. CATHERINE.

A LITTLE to the south of Gloucester Gate is
a very interesting-looking ecclesiastical struc-
ture called the Church and Hospital of St.
Katherine. It has dwellings on either side
of the structure for brothers and sisters of the
Hospital, as they are called, together with
apartments for the chaplain and other officers.
This structure was erected in the place of the
ancient ibuudation of St. Katherine, near the
Towerof London, which was taken down in
1827, to make room for the spacious docks
erected on its site (the St. Kathcrine's
Docks). The new church in the Regent's
Park is of the C.otliic order in the sty\e of the
early part of the fifteenth century ; the west
frontof Winchester Catlicdral being the model
from whence the architecture was adopted.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIOXS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Mr. Poynder was the architect and desi.crner
of the building. The beautiful stalk of the
old church have been carefully transferred to
the new, as well as a curiously-carved pulpit
given in 1621 by Sir Julius Oresar, a master
of the Hospital. It has six sides, with
striking views of the hospital and its gates, as
they existed hi the days of the artist. \\'hen
the St. Katherinc's Hospital was removed an
Act of Parliament had to be procured, and
upwards of 800 liouses were pulled down to
make room ibr the construction of the .-spa-
cious docks.

The chaiity is one of the most am-Ii'iit in
Tondon, it having been founded as early -a^
the year 1148 by Matilda of Boulogne, wife
of King Stephen, together with the home and
otljce of master, a valuable appointment in
the gift of the Queen or the Qi^een-dowa^^er^
(if there be one). Eleanor, wife of King
Edward I., was a second foundress, and slie
appointed a master, three brethren chaplains,
three sisters, ten poor women, and six poor
clerks, wirh sustenance for all. She gave to
the Hospital the manor of Carlton in \\'ilt-
sbirc and the manor of rpehurrh in Kent.
C^ueea Phillippa, wife oflMward III., founded
a chantry in connection with the hospital,
and gave to the founrlation land of the yearly
value of ten. pounds. It was then called a
free chapel, a college, nnd hospital for poor
sisters, and several Queens of Englaml
afterwards became benef.ictors. 'hi tin* l>t of
December, 1527, there was a nolde <j:uild or
fraternity founded in the Hospital of Sr.
Katherine to the honour of St. l>arb;n-a. It
was governed by amasterand three wardens.
It had two royal founders, Henry VIII. and
his tirst wife Queen Katherine, and amongst
its brethren and sisters comprised Cardinal
Wolsey, besides dukes and duchesses, earls,
knights, and esquires in abundance. In
Maitland's " History ot London,'' the order
and mode of admission, and the rules and
benefits attached to the fraternity is stated as
f(d!o\vs: —

" Whosoever by the Grace of God is dis-
posed to enter into the blessed fraternity of
St. Barbara, founded in St. Katherine's Church,
must pay to the said fraternity the sum of
xs. ivfZ. sterling at his first entering, or elsr
within the space of six years, that is to say
athis first entering xiiJ. and every quarter ful-
lowino-ivJ., until thewliole be paid in money,
plate, or other honest stufl'. At the first
paym?nthe or she shall receive a letter with
the seal of the Warden, which Warden ^hall
receive his name, and bring it to the altar of
Barbara in St. Katherinc's Church, and ther.j

be registered, and daily prayed for by name.
And when the last payment is made then the
said brother or sister shall receive a letter
with the common seal of the fraternity,
whereby he shall have a suret\' of living;
that is to say, if ever the said brother or sister
fall into decay of worldly goods, as by sick-
nesses, hurt by the war-, or meet accident
upon land or sea, or by any other means fall
into poverty, then if he bring the said letter,
signed and sealed with the said common seal,
the Master and all the company shall receive
him favourably, and there he shall have
every week xliirf., house-room, and bedding,
with a woman to wash his clothes and dress
his meat ; and so to continue year by year
and week by week during his life, by the
grace of Almighty Jesu.s.

" Given this l.-t day of December, 1527.
Sir William Skevinuton, Knight, M;i5ter ;
Wilb'am Uxley and Robert Fisher, Wardens."

The same auth^'^rity states for whom tlic
priests and bri'thren should pray in reference
to this guild : —

'' Of your devout charity ye shall pray for
all the brethren and sisters of the i:niid of
our glorious Saviour, Christ Jesus, and of the
hit-ssed Virgin and Martyr, St. Barbara,
foundeil in the St. Katherine's Church next
to the Tower of London. And first ye shall
prav for the uorid estate of our Soverei<rn
Lord and uxeplleiit I'rince Kin^- Henry VIII.
and Q.ueen KatherioL-, founders of the siud
guild and brotherhood, and brother and sister
uf the same.

" Also ye shall pniy for the good estate of
Thomas Wolsey, of the title of St. Cecil of
Rome, Priest, Cardinal, and Legalus or latere
to our holy father the Pope.

^' Also for the good estate of the Duke of
r>neklngham,and my ladyehiswife ; the Duke
of Norfolk and my ladj'e his wife ; the Earl i
of Slirewsbury and my ladye his wife ; and
for all ladyes and brethren of the same. \

"Abo for Sir Richard Cboraley, Knight ;
Sir William Compton, Knight, and for all
brothers and sisters that be alive, and for the
souls of all brothers and sisters that be dead.
And for the Master and Wardens of the said
^■uild. And for the more special grace let
'j\'ery man sa}- a paternoster and an ave.

" And God save the King, the Master,
Wardens, and all brothers and sisters of the
same."

!iMany liberties were granted to this hos-
pital, ,such as permission to hold a fair on
Tower Hill the day after the feast of St.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. TANGRAS.

James's, Szc. At the dissolution of the re-
lig-ious houses the church was surrendered
into the hands of Henry VIII. on the 4th of
February, 1531. The charity, however, was
not wholly confiscated, the hospital and
church being allowed to remain, with many
of its privileges, and there it continued till it
was removed to its present site.

PRIMROSE HILL.

The road along the east side of Primrose
Hill divides tTie parish of St. Pancras
from those of Ilampstead and Maryle-
hone. It ]?, however, a place so much
frequented, that a few remarks conctrniri;; it
will be acceptable. The name '' I'rimrose
Hill" is no modern appellation, it having been
known to Londoners for a long time past.
Its neighbourhood was formerly noted on
account of the quantity of wild primroses
which grew there, as well as in a lane adjoin-
ing called " Primrose Lane." The place is
noted in history for the murder of Sir
Kdmund Bury Godfrey, or rather, perhaps,
for his body having been found there, after
he had been murdered elsewhere. All the
historians of the period notice this fact,
as it was one of the most m3'sterious parts of
the machinery of the Popish Plot, the per-
petrators of the assassination having never
been discovered. The place where the corpse
was found is described in a letter to Mr. JMiles
Prance in 1681 : —

'' As to the place, it was in a ditch on the
south side of Primrose Hill, surrounded with
divers closes, fenced in with high mounds and
ditches; no road near, only some deep dirty
lanes, made only for the conveniency of driv-
ing cows, and such like cattle in and out of
the grounds ; and these very lanes not coming
near 500 yards of the place, and impossible
for any man on horseback with a dead coi-pse
before him at midnight to approach, unless
gaps were made in the mounds, as the con-
stable and his assistants found b}' experience
when they came on horseback thither."

The hill called Barrow Hill is supposed to
have been the scene of some battle.

THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.

Moke tlian half these beautiful gardens are
in the parish of St. Paucras. They are, how-
ever, so well known to local residents that a
vcrv short account will be all that is neces-

sary. The Zoological Society of London was
founded in the year 1825, and have expended
upwards of a quarter of a million of money
up to this date in the support of the gardens.
The source of income is derived from the sub-
scriptions of the members or fellows of the
society and the admission fees from visitors,
the receipts from both sources now realising
about £10,000 per annum. Formerly, the
admission to the gardens was only to be ob-
tained by a member's order, in addition to
the usual entrnnce fee, but afterwards the
public were admitted upon the payment of
one shilling, witliout the necessity of procur-
ing an order. Lately it has been further re-
duced to sixpence on Mondays,such arrange-
ment being a decided success. The gardens
in rhoir present condition, are unquestionably
the finest zoological collection in h:]urope,
there being nearly 1,400 specimens trom all
quarters of the globe. Among the principal
objects of interest is the aquarium, the reptile
house, andthe carnivora terrace. The society,
in their management, keep all the animals in
a state as nearly approaching to their natural
habits as possible ; the birds in extensive
aviaries ; the aquatic animals in large reser-
voirs of water ; and the reptiles are furnished
with blankets and other warm appliances to
keep them from the cold Beavers and otters
are accommodated with water-grots wherein
to retire when they Iiave had a satiety of
bathing ; monkeys and bears are supplied
with poles for the gratification of their climb-
ing propensities ; and the larger animals,
such as the elephant and the giraffes, are
allowed the fullest scope of enjoyment com-
patible with their safe keeping. The grounds
are laid out with great taste, and during the
summer season present a brilliant display of
flowers and shrubs transplanted from the
gardens of the Horticultural Society.

THE COLOSSELJM^

This popular place of exhibition is within
the parish. It was first projected by Mr.
Horner for the purpose of exhibiting a pano-
ramic view of London and its suburbs taken
from the top of St. Paul's Cathedral, and was
commenced in the year 1824, but not thrown
open for public exhibition till 1820. The
delay in perfecting the building ruined Mr.
Horner, but the committee, upon whom the
management devolved, j)rece('ded to complete
it. Mr. Decimus Burton was the arcliitect.
It presents externally a Greek Doric portico
of noble dimensions and a dome 126 feet in

6-t

THE HISTOPwY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

diameter, of which 75 feet is entirely com-
posed of glass. It shape is polygonal, having
16 facings, each 25 feet in circumference.
The panorama coyers more than 40,000
square feet, or nearly an acre of canvass, and
may, for its fidelity to the original, he almost
considered a photograph of the metropohs at

the time it was taken. A painting of Paris,
of equal magnitude, is now exhibiting, and
the Swiss cottage, arabesque conservatories,
and a stalactite cavern are among the other
attractions. It is at present under the
managemejit of the talented Dr. Bachboff-
ner.

ihc f etcijhmi;j> (follefit

CAMDEN TOAVN.

THE aljovG institution, consistino; of an
Licademy for studying tlie diseases of
cattle, and an infirmary for horses. Is
situated in College Street, Camden Town. It
is the finest and most useful institution of the
kind in Britain, and pupils from all parts of
the countr)' come thither to bo instrncted. In
the year 1784- a committee of gentlemen met
for the purpose of establishing a college for
studying the diseases of cattle, and advertise-
ments in the public papers announcing the
intention of sacli committee, appeared the
same year. Seven years after, in 1701, the
present institution was founded by Mr. Sain
Bell. From an accoimtofthe college, printed
by order of the governors, it states, '"' the
grand object of this institution has been, and
is, to form a school of veterinary science, in
which the anatomical structure of quadru-
peds of all kinds, horses, cattle, sheep, dogs,
&c., the diseases to which they are all subject,
and the remedies proper to be applied, might
be investigated and regularly taught, in order
that by this means, the enlightened practices
of those whose whole stud}-- has been devoted
to the vcterinar}'" science and all its branches,
may be gradually disposed all over the king-

dom. For this purpose pupils are taken
into the college, who, in addition, to the
lectures and instruction of the professor,
and the practice of the stables under his super-
intendence, are admitted to medical and ana-
tomical lectures. Of these pupils many are
established in various parts of the country,
practising witli great benefit. In order, how-
ever, that no doubt may arise respecting the
sufficient qualifioation of pupils upon leaving
the college, they are strictly examined by the
medical committee (which consists of the most
eminent surgeons in the metropolis) from
whom they receive a proper certificate if they
are found to have acquired a sufficient know-
ledgeinthe various branches of the veterinary
science, and are competent to practice with
advantage to the public."

There is a theatre for dissection, where
lectures arc judiciously delivered ; a large
apartment is provided with numerous anato-
mical preparations, for the complete illustra-
tion of subjects discussed by the lecturers.
There is likewise a forge for the shoeing of
horses on the most approved principles, and
several paddocks are attached to the coUe-

THE HISTORY AND TILVDITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

KEXTISII TOWX.

KENTISH-TOWN, or Cuntelows, or Can-
tilupe Town is the most ancient iiamlet
in the parish. The neighbourhood of
the Old Olntrch in the Pancras Road up to the

commencement of the present century was
but very thinly populated; indeed, all but
deserted. The village of Kentish Town was
inhabited long beibre Somers Town or
Camden Town came into existence, the first
building in Camden Town scarcely dating
fmther back than 1750. Divine service,
moreover, nsed to be perlbrmed at Kentish
Town every Sunday, while at the Old Church
it was performed but once a month. The
vicara""e-}iouse ■was also formerly situated at
Kentish Town.

The oldcbapel at Kentisli Town is said to
have been fonndcd by two brothers, Walter
:ind Thomus de Cantilupe, who lived in the
reigns ofHein-y III. and Edward I. Norden,
writing in tlic reign of Elizabeth, mentions a
chapel of ease as existing in Kentish Town,
but without describing it us a structure of
morlorn erection, thus leaving it to be infeiTsd
tliat a place of worship existed in this part of
the pari.-h before his time. Indeed, tbere is
other evidence to prove that sncli was the
case, hi TvIoU's '' History of Middlesex,'
! 17:^-1, tlie following remarks ai*e made con-
eLa'nin"' the orlirin of Kentisli Tuwn :—

' YdU may, from Ilampstead, see in the
ctween it and London, a village, vul-
called Kentish Town, which we men-
iiitrdv h\' reason of the corruption of the
ihe trne one being Cantihipe Town,
;;;li that gi'cat i'an"iily were anciently
owners. One or both of tliem built a chapel
(i,.iv. Thcv were men of great account in tlie
...j.ni- of King dohn, Henry III, and Edward
[ \Vaiti-r de Cantilupe was Hidiop of Wor

vale I

, ot

!4er,

t :.';!(; to ]26o ; Saint Thomas de Can-
eforu, 1275 to 1-I8L'

tiUipe was Bishop oi'

Tbomas was canonized fcr a saint in the
thirt.y-fnunli year of ICdward's reign. The
inheritance at length devidvinir u]>on the
sisters, the very name liecamo extinct. Ken-
tish Town is now a prebend of St. Paul's."

The chapel built l)y th^.'se brothers was
dedicated to St. John the h-aptist. Tlie old
building was pulled down in tiie latter part
of the last century, and the present church
erected higher up the Kentish Tuwn ]\oad.
It was a neat brick structure ol" unpretend-
ing appearance, and stood upon the site of
the private residence of Mr. E. IMor^'an, corn-
dealer, of Old Chapel Row, whose i';nnilyhas
been connected withtlie hamlet fur '20i) years.
Part of the wall of the old chapel is still re-
maining, and may be seen in the rear of the
above gentleman's premises. Mr. Morgan in-
formed the writer of this work that he had in
his private residence some interesting sou-
venirs of the old chapel made from the pews
and communion-table which once belonged
to the same, and which he highly prizes.

The jjresent church was erected iii 1 78u,
and tliere have been several addition;-; and
improvements made since that date, the
expenses for winch were defrayed by a fund
arising from the rental of the church lands of
St. Pancras, aided by a brief. It is a pleas-
ing structure of the pointed style of archi-
tecture. The interior is neat and commo-
dious. There is a fine-stained glass window
over the communion-table, and others of great
beauty at the sides. Among the persons in-
terred in the vaults of this church may be
mentioned that of Grignion, the celebrated
engraver, who died in 1810, at the age of 93.
For .'^omc time previous to his decease he lost
his sight, and this melancholy privation was
rendered more bitter by his extreme poverty.
A subscription for his relief in some measure
.-oftened the last steps of his approach to the
m-ave.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

jnstittttiait^, ^4.

ORrnAN WOEKING SCHOOL.

This institution, one of the most useful in
the kingdom, is situated in the northern part
of the parish at Haverstock Hill. It is a very
elegant building, and commands a fine pro-
spect of the country. There are various
premises detached from the main build-
ing in which tlie children are taught
useful occupations, ;xnd the plaj'groLindi
are furnished with gymnasiums for tlie pro-
motion of physical health and strength.

As regards the history of this institution
it was first commenced at a small house In
Hoxton, in the year 1758, for the reception
of twenty poor orphan and destitute boys,
Twenty girls were afterwards admitted, mak-
ing a total of forty children ; this number
gradually increased, until three houses were
full, which obhged the committee to seek
larger premises, and land having been pur-
chased in the Uity-road (then a sulmrb of
London), the school was erected in 1775,
which was occupied until 184-7.

The premises in the City-road were in-
tended for thirty-five boys and thirty-five
girls; but in 1840, that number had In-
creased to one lumdred ; and in i84(), to one
hundred and thirty-nlue. In anticipation of
an increased income It was determined to erect
a new building, where two hundred and forty
children could be accommodated. Haverstock
Hill was the spot selected. To this locality
the children were removed in 1847, the one
hundred and thirty-nine at that period have
become two hundred and seventy-four, and
will be further increased to four hundred, as
the committee may be encouraged by public
support. Fifty children are animally elected
into the schools by the votes of governors
ana subscribers, sixty will be admitted during
the present year, and that number will b;? iii-
creasi;d from rime to time until the house is full.

Children avu admitted between seven and
eleven years of age, providi-d they are in good
health, and have neither been the inmates of
a prison or a workhouse. The boys remain
in the school until they are fourteen years of
;ii^;p when thfy are placfd out as apprentices,
if sultahiL' situations ofier, with an outfit of

the value of five pounds. Nearly all the girls
remain until they arc fifteen years of age,
and are trained for domestic service. When
they leave the school situations are usually
provided for them. Each girl has an outfit
of the value of three guineas. During the
seven following years after they leave the
school, and to encourage them to persevere in
good conduct, the old scholars are rewarded
with aurns varying from five shiilings to one
guinea, on producing satisfactory testimonials
from their employers.

Altogether, one thousand nine hundred and
forty-three poor children have been admitted
into the schools; nearly all who have left,
after receiving a reUgious, useful, and suitable
education, have been placed in situations, in
wliich they have, by Industry and good con-
duct, obtained a comfortable livelihood — some
have risen to infiuential stations in society,
and many of them are now governors of the
charity. In 1S59 the receipts were £9,778
'.)&. 3d., and the expenditure, £9,734 KJs. 7d.

ST. rAXCRAS ]'i-:;:\iALE oiiaritt scnooL,

llAMl'STEAI) ROAD.

Tins school was instituted by the parish-
ioners in the year 1776, for the purp-jse of
maintaining, clothing, instructing, and put-
ting out to service a certain number of female
children of the industrious poor of the parish.
The number, originally six, was soon In-
creased to sixty-three, but in 185^ it was
reduced to fifty-three. The original schorjl
being too small for the increased number of
children, the present building was erected in
1790 on a piece of ground generously granted
for that purpose by Lord Southampton on the
eastern side of the Hampstead Koad, near St.
.lames's Chapel. These poor girls are clothed,
educated, and wholly suppported by this In-
stituti-m until they are fit for domestic ser-
vice, when they are carefully put out with
respectable people. A child to he ohgible,
must have been legally settled In the parisli
for two years. According to the abstract ac-

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

count of the income and expenditure for the
ye.ir 1858, the finances stood as follows : in-
come, £9-13 Os lOd; the expenditure, £791.
7s L'd. The Board-room of the institution is
a handsome apartment ; on the panels of the
walls are a list of the benefactors of the school
written in gold ; over the fire place is a por-
trait of Thomas Russell. Esq-, one of the
trustees, painted by J. P. Knight, R.A. The
patrons are the Earl of Mansfield and Lord
Southampton, together with the vicar of the
parish. The lion, secretary is Mr. John Ker-
sey, 2i, Euston Square.

THE KHrOUJIATOUV AND WORKSIAN'S IN-
STITUTE, ECSrON ROAD.

Both these noble institutions have been
chiefly .-St;, l;h.liL-d by J. G. liower, Esq., of
Amptliill Square, a gentleman who has
successfully e-xerted himself to benefit his
fellow-countrymen as any man living, and
deserves the gratitude of the commnuity for
his eiforts. The number of inmates in the
Refonnatory is constantly varying, but the
average, however, is ] 10. The course of
training hists about twelve months, at the
end of which they are sent out as emigrants
or assisted to provide for themselves in this
country. There are various trades taught,
such as printing, turnery, carpentering and
smith's work, polishing, tailoring, shoemaking
and bookbinding. The whole expenditure for
the maintenance of the inmates is £19 15s Old
per head, whereas it has been reckoned that
the annual booty of a London thief is £300.
There are a variety- of articles on .sale in the
.shop attached to the Reformatory in the Euston
Road, the productions of the inmates.

Tlie Workman's Institute is contiguous to
the iLcformatory, though not connected with it
in any way. It is well-lighted, and there is
a spacious and comfortable reading-room fur-
nished with periodicals, newspapers, &c.,
beside many other advantages.

ST. PANCllA.S ALMSHOUSES.

These Almshouses are situated at Haver-
stoek Hill. They were founded in 1850 by
D. Erase:, Esq., for the purpose of affording a
shelter for decayed and aged parishioners.
Candidiites for admission must have a small
independent income before making ,'in appli-
cation. 1 he nciw buildings consist of a very
handsome row of attached cottages built wuli
pointed roofs and red brick facings. A spa-
cious and well-kept lawn is situated in the
front, whicliis enclosed by a light and elegant
stone wall. The situation and appearance of
the whole is very pleasing. On a tablet at

the side of the porter's lodge and facing the
highway, is the following inscription written
in blue and gold, stating the objects of the
institution : —

Supported bj' Voluntary Contributions

To the Glory of God

And for the comfort of poor old Parishioners.

Tlicse Almshouses \vere projected by Donald

Eraser, M.D.

And by the willing aid of Public benevolence.

Were Founded a.d. 1850,

And rebuilt on this site a.d. 1859.

Rev. Canon Dale, M.A., '^^icar.

Henry Baker, Architect.

''Cast me not off at the time of old age,

Forsai^e me not when mv strength faileth." I

The Almshouses are managed by a com- 1
mittee of subscribers. The secretary is Mr.
Lettice, 134, Euston Road.

tonbridge chapel, euston road.
ToNBriiDGE Chapel is one of the five places
of "worsliip erected chieily by the instrumen-
tality of the late Mr. T. Wilson of Highbury,
and was first opened for divine worship on
Wednesday, September 17, 1810. The Rev.
Thomiis Spencer, a gifted and eloquent ■
preacher oihciated here soon after the estab- I
lishmcnt of a church. During the ministry j
of Dr. Liefchild, Smith, the martyr of De-
merara, wiis converted to a knowledge of the
truth. One day, in passing along the Eus-
ton Road, he carelessly entered this place
of worship while the above gentleman was
preaching, and the word went so powerfully
to liis heart, that he afterwards became a
devoted servant to the cause of religion.
He offered his services as a mission;iry, and
was sent to Demerara, waere his efforts in
the cause of negro emancipation resulted in
a cruel persecution by the planters ; he was
falsely accused by th in, ami died in a fcetid
prison into wliicli he was thrown. Some time
after this, the House of Coinmons rang with
the eloqu nee of Lord Brougham as he told of
the wrongs and cruel death of the martyr
missionary of Demerara. Smith's Place
Ragged School was fir-t founded by the mem- !
bers of this chapel. The building is a plain [
briek structure, with a small portico in front.
The Rev. H. JMadgin is the present minister. :

national scotch church, regent-

Si.iUARE.

This building was erected in 1827 from de-
signs by Mr. Tite, the celebrated architect, ibr
the service of di\-inc worsliip according to the

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

doctrine of the National Scotcb Presbyterian
Church. The Rev. E. Irvinf;, founder of the
sect called the Irvingites, was the first mini-
ster ; Dr. Chalmers also sometimes preached
liere. The freehold site and building is stated
to have cost £25.000, and will accommodate
1,000 persons. Tiio Rev. J. Hamilton, D.D.,
is the present minister. The church was
latel}' put up for auction by orderof the mort-
gagees and was bought in for the congrega-
tion for £6,000, since whicb it has been re-
painted and repaired. The interior is cnsb-
ioned throughout, and lighted by sun-burners
from the ceiling.

HIGHGATE CEMETERY.

Tins justly celebrated and beautiful ceme-
tery comprises a portion of the grounds i'ov-
merly belonging to the old Mansion-House
at Highgate. It is neatly and tastefully laid
out, and the sutterranean depositories and
catacombs were constructed under the direc-
tion of l\Ir. Running, the city architect.
There is a neat chapel for the use of the
members of the Established Church and also
I for Dissenters. A porti m <">f the cemetery
I was consecrated m 1830 by the Bishop ot
' Loudon.

1 The view from the terrace is mn.st magni-
■ ficent, compri'ing, on a clear day, a compre^
[ hensive panorama of the SuiTey and Kentish
! hills; towards the cast the winding Thames
I as far down as Erith may be seen, and the
! wimle of the metropolis lie'^ in the valley
bnlow. It is the highest ground in the north
' of London, being 4-20 feet above the level of
] the Thames, 15 feet higher than the door-
I step of '* Jack Straw's Castle," and 300 feet
t higher than Primrose-hill.

TTIK VK'^TitV HALT..

The Vestry Hall is situated in the King's
K:iad, (''amden Town, and was erected in
IS-lrT. Mr. Bond, the then surveyor of the
parlsii, v.-;H the architect, and ]\Ir. Cooper,
(li-^ liail'1'.-r. It is ;l plain brick building
'-'ith coriiic mniililiiigs. On the ground floor
:\re rlie vaiiiu^ ollirc.s and committee-rooms
ibr the use of rhe otKcial staff In transacting
narish Ijusine'^s. The hall is approached by
a handsome stone staircase. It is an elegant
^qaare apartuient : at Its western end is a
gallcMT for rat<.'[)ayers, and a raised dais at
the upper end of the apartment. Over the
dais are two handsome portraits of men of
eminent local faoif, who have fought the
'■aroehial hattlo; of the pirish, and intro-

duced wise and sound reforms in the local
legislature. The portrait to the right is that
of Richard Brettinghara, Esq., and the other
that of William Douglas, Esq., the latter of
whom has been at the head of the financial
affairs of the district for many years, and
was mainly instrumental in abohshing church
rates in the parish.

Formerly the Vestry had no settled place of
meeting, and used to deliberate at various
taverns in the parish. The parish is repre-
presented by 120 vestrymen chosen from the
eight wards into which it is divided, and who
manage the whole of the parish business.
From these vestrymen, forty gentlemen are
chosen to serve as guardians of the poor. At
Easter two churchwardens are annually
elected. A Committee of Works, also chosen
from the Vestry, meet every Monda}"" at Ed-
ward Street, Hampstead Road, and transact
all business connected with paving and
lighting.

THE "WORKHOrSE.

The present Workhouse was orecled in the
year 1809, at a cost to the parish of £30,000.
It has, however, shice then been largely
added to, and is now more than double its
original size. Tlie number of inmates at
present, average from 1,200 to 1,500, — the po-
pulation of a large village or town. It is
managed with great credit and economy, and
at the same tine the poor are well-treated.
The following is the dietary table of adul*".s
60 years of age and upwards, and the various
other clashes are dieted in proportion : —

Sunday — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, -^- oz butter,
and 1 pint of tea. Dinner, cooked meat, G
oz, potatoes, 8 oz. Supper same as breakfast.

Mondnij — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, \ oz but-
ter, and 1 pint of tea. Dinner, one pint of pea
soup. Supper same as breakfast.

2\tesday — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, -;,- oz
butter, and 1 pint of tea. Dinner, cooked
meat, G oz, potatoes, 8 oz. Supper same as
breakfast.

Wedne.sda//. — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, {f oz
butter, and 1 pint of tea. Dinner, one pint of
pea soup. Supi>er same as breakfast.

Thursday — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, ^ oz but-
ter, and one pint of tea. Dlimer, cooked meat,
G oz, potatoes, 8 oz. Supper same as break-
fast.

Friday — Breakfast, 7 oz bi'ead, \ oz butter,
and 1 pint tea. Dinner, one pint of pea soup.
Supper same as breakfast.

Saturday — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, I oz
butter, and pint of tea. Dinner, suet pudding,
12 oz. Supper same as breakfast.

" I have here a nosegay ol' c'jJIed flowers, aud have brouAlrt you
nothing of my own hut the strint^ which ties thera."

Under the designation of "Warrington Worthies" I offer to my
friends a collection of Profiles of such distinguished characters, fmore
especially in tlie department of literature,) as by their birtli or prolonged
residence at Waniugton, have become more or less identilied mth the
history of the to\Tn. Tlie accomplishment of this end has been attended
mth no slight amount of trouble and ditficulty; sufficient, indeed, to
con-since me that the lapse of another twenty years would haye rendered
impossible a work of which I now view the completion with feelings of
equal pride and pleasure.

The few biographical notes which follow are too sliort and circumstan-
tial to call for any lengthened preUminary. I wish them to be regarded as
mere accessaries to the portraits, serving only as a string to Unci them
together, and to connect the whole, however inadequately, «ith the history

of my native town.

JAJiIES KENDEICK.

Warrington Worthies.

"NCTON ACftO*

'~AM,;cTo~ "•*'

JOHN AIKIN.D. 0.

A.L.AIKIN,
fjvl''-^ Sarhauld]

JOHN AIKIN M.D.

ARTHUR AIKIN

LUCY AIKIN.

CHARLeS F>. »KIN,

WARRINGTON WORTHIES.

JOHN AlKIN, D. D, Bom at London, Dec. 28, 1713. Au eminent
dissenting dinne, who shortly after the opening, in the year IT.jT, of the
TVarrington Academy for the education of young men of every religious
denomination for the Christian ministry, or as laymen, was selected by the
tiaistees to fill the office of classical tutor. On the death of Dr. John Taylor,
in the spring of 1701 , Dr. Aikin succeeded to the chair of divinity professor,
which lie occupied until his death at WaiTington, Dec. 14, 1780.

ANNA L>ET1TIA AIKIN. (Sirs. Barbauld.) Bom at luhworth,
Leicestershire, June 20, 174.3. The wellinOTV'n authoress of ' Hymns in
Prose'; 'Early Lessons,' Sec. Resident at Wai-riugton from 1758 to 1774,
in which year she mai'ried the Eev. Eochemont Bai-hauld, of Palgrave,
SutfoUi. She died at Stolie Newington, near Loudon, Mar. 9, 182-5.

JOHN AIKIN, M. D. Also born at Eibworth, Jan. l.o, 1747. The
elegant poet, and author of ' A Description of tlie Country Thirty to Forty
Miles round Manchester;' 'General Biography;' 'Evenings at Home;'
' Letters to a Son,' ifec. Dr.Aildn was a resident practitioner atWaiTington
from 1771 to 1784, dming a part of the time lecturing on Natm-al History
at the Academy. He died at Stoke Nemngton, Dec. 7, 1822.

ARTHUR AIKIN, F. L. S.; F. C. S. ETC. Born at "Warrington, May
19,1773. Author of a 'Manual of Mineralogy;' ' A Tour through North
Wales and Shropshne ; ' and (in conjunction mth his brother Charles E.
Aikin,) ' A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy'. Mr. Ailiin was for
many years Secretary to the Society of Arts, and Lecturer on Chemistry at
Guy's Hospital, which ofiice he resigned when ai^proaching his eightietli
year. He now resides in Bloorasbury Square, Loudon.

LUCY AIKIN. Born at Wamngtou, in the year 17sl. The accom-
lilished authoress ot ' Memoirs ' of her fatlier iJr. Aikin ; ' Memoirs of tlie
Courts of Queen Elizabeth, James 1st, and Charles 1st,' &c. She also
edited the works of her aunt, Mrs. Barhaitld, with a niemou' prefixed.
Miss Aikin now resides at Hampstead, near London.

CHARLES ROCHEmONT AIKIN, IVI. R. C.S. Born at Warrington,
Aug. 25, 17 7.5. Became a general practitioner in London. The joint
author, as already stated, of a ' Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy.'
He married .4)me, eldest daughter of the Rev. Gilhert Wakefield, and died
in Bloomshury Square, London, Mar-. 20, 1H47.

EDMUND AIKIN. {No profile knoicn.) Bom at WaiTington, Oct. 2,
1780. Author of several articles in the class of Ci^ol Architecture in
Dr. Kees's Encyelopfedia, and of an Essay on Modem Architectm-e, and on
the Doric Order in the Transactions of the London Architecttrral Society.
Also 'Designs for Villas;' and an 'Essay on St. Paul's Catheckal.'
Sir. Ailiin settled at Liverpool, and was the architect of the Wellington
Assembly Kooms, Mount Pleasant. He died at the house of his father, at
Stoke Neflington, Mar. 11, 1820.

THOMAS BARNES, D. D. Born at Warrington, Feb. 13, 1747. For
many years an eminent dissenting minister at Cross Street Chapel, Man-
chester. He was one of the founders of the Literary and Philosophical
Society of that city, and on the removal of the Academy from Warrington
to Manchester in 1783, was appointed principal, an office which he held
until the year 1798. Dr. Barnes died at Manchester, .June 27, 1810.

THOMAS BYRTH. D. D. ; F. S. A. Born at Devonport, Sept. 11,
17f)3. A learned and eloquent diWne of the Church of England. Incumbent
of St. James's, Warrington, from 1827 to 1834, when he accepted the living
of Wallasey, Clieshu-e. He died at Wallasey, Oct. 28, 1849.

ANNE BLACKBURNE. Born at Orford Hall, Warrington, in the year
1740. An enthusiastic natiu-ahst ; the friend and correspondent of Linnasus,
who named after her one of the American Warblers, (Sylvia Blacklmrnicc.)
John Reinhnld Forster, the circumna-sigator, also named in her honour a
gemis of New Holland plants, {Blackharnia.) After a long and useful
life she died at her house, Fan-field, Warrington, Dec. 30, 1793.

GEORGE CROSFIELD. Born at Warrington, May 2fi, n8.">. A much
esteemed member of the Society of Friends. Fiesident at Warrington

Warrington Worthies.
N?2. B-T.

WILLIAM ENFIELO,LL.D. WILLIAM EYRES.

J.Ktndrirtt dirtxit.

JOHN FITCHETT.

Warrincton Worthies.
N? 3. F— K.

SAMUEL FOTHtRCILL.
lifo portrait krtownj

JOHN REINHOUD FORSTER.

T. K.CLAZEBROOK.

PENOLEBURY HOUGHTON.

JOHN HOLT.

JOHN HARRISON.

JOHN JACKSON.

J.Kandrick dir«3rir

until the year l.slo, wlieii lie removed to Lancaster, and in 1K19 to
Liveiiiool. A clever and observing botanist, antlior of the ' Calendar of
Flora for the year 180!l ; ' ' Memoirs of Samuel FotherpjiU ; ' and editor of
' \Villiam Thompson's Letters,' with a memoir prefixed. BIr. Crosfield died
at Liverpool, Dee. 15, lSi7.

NICHOLAS CLAYTON, D. D. Born at Enfield Old Park, Middlesex,
in the year 173:-). A highly-gifted Presbyterian divine, minister of the
Octagon Chapel, Li"\'erpool. On the death of Dr. Aikin in 1780, Dr. Clajton
was appointed divinity professor in the Warrington Academy, but his
connection with it ceased on its removal to Manchester. He afterwards
ministered at Nottingham, and the last two years of his life were spent at
Livei'pool, where he died May 20, 1797.

GILES CHIPPINDALL. Born at Ulverstone, Lancashire, in the year
1750. Curate of Winwick, near Waiiington. Mr. ChippindaU was one of
the earhest promoters of the Warrington Institution, a Society estaljhshed
in the year 1813 for the ctiltivation of Science, Literatiu'e, and the Arts, and
so long as it lasted was one of its Vice-Presidents. He died at Winwick,
Oct. 10, 1823.

WILLIAM ENFIELD. L L. D- Bom at Sudbury, Suffolk, Mar. 20,
1741. The well-known compiler of 'The Speaker,' and author of the
'History of Liverpool;' many volumes of 'Sermons,' and other works
on elocution. In 1770 he was elected tutor in bclks icttrvs, and rector
academice at the Warrington Academy, in which and other lectureships he
continued until its removal in 178o, he himself remaining for two years
longer at Warrington, in charge of the Presbyterian congregation. Dr.
Enfield died at Norwich, Nov. 3, 1707.

WILLIAM EYRES. Born at Warrington early in 1734. One of the

best printers of his day, not excepting the metropolitan press. As specimens
of the beautiful tj^iography which issued from the Warrington Press, whilst
under his management, we have Dr. Aikin's ' Translation of the life of
Agricola, byTacitus, 1774 ; ' ' Howard's state of Prisons in England, 1777 ;'
and on 'Lazarettos, 1780;' and Watson's 'History of the House of
Warren, 1782 ; ' the last of which is designated by Gilbert Wakefield as
"perhaps the most acctnate specimen of typography ever produced by any
press." Mr. Eyres died at Warrington, Sept. 14, 1809.

JOHN FITCHETT. Born at Liveiiiool, Sept. 21, 1770. Author of
'King .Alfred, an Epic Poem;' 'Bewsey, a Poem;' and a volume of

' Minor roems.' Mr. Fitchett followed the professiou of a soHcitor at
Warrington, and in the leisure inter\'als of a very extensive practice found
opportunities of cultivating his taste for elegant literature. Before his
death he liad accumulated a classic library, which as tlie work of a private
indi^udual is unsurpassed in the North of England. It is particularly rich
in works on English History and Poetry, more especially illustrative of the
poets of the EHzabethan age. He died at Warrington, Oct. 'JO, 1838.

JOHN REINHOLD FORSTER, L L. D. A Prussian, horn at Dirschau,
near Dantzic, Dec. iC!, 1729. A celelirated naturalist and i'ircnmna\igator.
For several years he filled the chairs of natural histonj and modern
languages in the Warrington Academy, and dm-ing this period enjoyed the
friendship of 3Iiss Anne BlackhHrne of Orford, near Warrington. In her
honour he named a genus of New Holland plants Blacklmrnia, discovered
on Ills voyage roimd the world with Captain Cook in 177'J-71. He tiled at
Halle, in December, 1708.

SAMUEL FOTHERCILI.. Born at Can- End, Wensleydale, Yorkshire,
Sept. U, 171"!. A faithful and highly-gifted minister in the Society of Friends.
He appears to have become a resident at W^arrington at the close of the
year 173(j, and with the exception of occasions upon which his duties as a
minister called for his absence, he remained here until his deatli. His
Memoirs, and Selections from his Correspondence were pubhshed by
George Crosfield in 1843. Mr. Fothergill died at Warrington, .lune 15, 1772.

THOMAS KIRKLAND CLAZESROOK, F. L. S. Born at Ashby de la
Zouch, Leicestershire, .June 4, 17sn. Author of a ' History of Southport,
Lancashire;' 'Lissa;' 'A Chronological List of Trades,' etc. ttc. Mr.
Glazebrook was resident at Wai'ihigton until the year 1835. Here his social
qualifications, and general usefulness in aid of the public institutions of the
town have secured hiin the afi'ectionate regard of all who Imow him. He
now resides at Southport.

PENDLEBURY HOUCHTON. Born at Hyde, near Stockport, Cheshire,
in the year 1758. Author of a volume of 'Sermons' and 'Essays on the
Natural Arguments for a Future state.' He became a student at the
Warrington Academy in Sept. 1773, and in 1778 assisted J>r. Aikinva the
classical professorship. Mr. Houghton subsequently became a very poimlar
minister at Norwich, as the colleague of Dr. Enfield, and aftenvai'ds at
Liverpool. He died at Geldestone, Suft'olk, Apr. 3, 1824.

Warrington Worthies.
N«4.. L-S.

PETER 1.1TH6RLANO. EDWARD LLOYD M

JOHN MACOWAKI.

THOMAS (>ERC(VAL, M.D.

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, LL.O. johN RV.^«i.:5.,

i/\uM «5PnnoN.

JOHN HOLT. Place and date of birth unascertained. An eminent
mathematician. At the commencement of the Warrington Academy in
1757, Mr. Holt then of Walton, near Liverpool, was elected to the chairs of
mathematics and natural philosophy. The former of these professorships
he held until his death, which took place at Warrington in the early part
of the year- 7 772.

JOHN HARRISON. Bom at Fouldby, Yorkshire, in May, 100.). An
ingenious mechanic, by trade a watchmaker, for some years resident at
Warrington. He was the inventor of the compensating pendulum, and in
1767 received twenty thousand pounds from the government, for a method
of discovering the longitude more accurately than had been previously
kno%vn. Plence he was often designated " Longitude Harrison." He
died in Red Lion Square, London, in March, 1770.

JOHN JACKSON. Born at Crosedale Beck, Yorkshire, Dec. 4, 1793.
A much respected member of the Society of Friends. Author of ' Puzzles
and Paradoxes relating to Arithmetic, Geometry, Geography, etc. -nith their
Solutions ; ' and a frequent contributor on these subjects to the 'Gentlemen's
and Ladies' Diary', where his solutions of many very abstruse calculations
have shewn him to be a clever mathematician. Mr. .Jackson opened a
seminary at Warrington in the year- 1821, which he conducted until recently,
and has retired to a hfe of quiet repose mth the affectionate regard of his
many pupils and friends.

JOHN KAY. Born at " The Park," near Bury, Lancashire. About the
middle of the last century he was resident as a watchmaker at Warrington,
and is here believed to have suggested to Mr. (afterwards Su- Bichard)
Arkwright, in 1767, the use of the fly-shuttle in the weaving of cotton
fabrics. Meeting wdth much undeserved opposition in ihis country, he
emigrated to Paris, and is supposed to have died there.

JAMES KENDRICK, M. D.; F. L. S. Born at War-rington, .Tan. 14,
1771. Dr. Kenchick commenced the practice of medicine at Warrington at
the close of the year 1793, and throughout a life prolonged to the period of
seventy-six years and upwards, was unceasing in endeavours to alleviate
human suffering, and to promote the interests of every charitable and scien-
tific institution in his native town. He died at Warriirgton, Nov. 30, 1847.

PETER LITHERLAND. Born at WaiTington in 17.56. Inventor of the
Patent Lever Watch. Mr. Litherland cai-ried on the business of a watch-

maker at Wiiniii^tou until the ymir n'.lll, wlicii In' roinuveil to Li\ei|]uMl,
where he died in the luuutli of Deeeiubei', 1«(U.

EDWARD LLOYD. A. M. Born at Glynljivichan, Montgomeiysliire,
in the _year ITfiO. A mucli esteemed clergjTiian of the Chiirch of England ;
a learned and accomplished classic. iMr. Lloj-d was for forty-two years
perpetual curate of Sankey, near Warrington, and tor a length of time
Second-Master at the Free Grammar-School of Wamngton, founded by the
will of Sir Thomas Boteler, of Bewsey, in the year 1522. On surrendering
the latter office, Mr. Lloyd opened a private academy at Fairfield, the late
residence of Miss Anne Blackhnrne, tor the education of youths of a liigher
class. He ched Dec. 23, 1x1,3.

JOHN MACCOWAN. Born in Scotland, hi the year 1725. A well-
known Baptist minister ; author of ' Dialogues of De^ils ; ' ' The Shaver ; '
' The Canker-Woi-m ; ' ifec. He was for some years resident at Warrington,
carrying on the business of a baker, and likewise officiating at the ancient
chapel of the Baptists at Hill-Glilf, near Warrington. Eventually he was
appointed minister of Devonshire Scjuare Chapel, London, where he died
Nov. 25, 17!S0.

JOSHUA KIARSDEM. ]!orn at Warrington in tlie year 1777. A
Wesleyan preacher and missionary ; author of ' The Narrative of a Mission
to British North America;' 'The Evangehcal Minstrel,' &c. On his
return to England in 1814, from his mission abroad, he acted as a local
preacher until a short time before his death, wiiich took place at Loudon,
Aug. U, 1H37.

ED'WARD OWEN, A. SW. Bom in Montgomeryshire, about tlie year
1727. For forty years Rector of Warrington, and for fifty years Head-Master
of the Free Grammar School there. Author of a ' Latin Grammar,' and
' Vocabulary,' ' Translations of the Satires of .Juvenal, Persius, and Statius,'
and several printed ' Sermons.' Gilbert Wakefield in liis personal ' Memoirs'
says " tor propriety, persj)icuity, and elegance of expression, Mr. Owen has
not many equals, at a time when good writing is become so general." He
died at Warrington, in April, 1807.

THOMAS PERCiVAL, M.D.; F. R. S. ; F. S. A. Bom at Wani]igton,
Sept. 2'J, 1740. An eminent physician, moral essayist, and philosopher.
Author of 'AFatlier's Instructions to his Cljildren ; ' 'Medical Ethics;'
&c. In 1707 Dr. Percival commenced practice in Manchester, and at the

Warrington Worthies.
N? 5. T-Y.

JOHN TAYLOR, D-D.

GEORGE WALKER.

JOHN WATKINS.

CILSERT WAKEFIELD, 9,A.

WILLIAM WILSON.

J. Ifer7jri'£:Ar i^irex-t't.

meetings for scientific enquiry wliieli took place at liis house, originated the
Literary and I'liilosophical Society of tliat city, of wliicU lie continued
President for twenty years. Ho died at iUaucliester, Aug. ifO, 1K()4.

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, L L. D.; F. R. S. Corn at Fieldhead, near Leeds,
Yorkshire, Mar. IN, f 73:>. An eminent natural jilulosoplier, chemist, and
Presbyterian ilixine. Author of a 'History of Electricity;' ' Cliart of
Histor}',' L^'c. He is also famous as the discoyerer of oxygen, carljonic
oxide, nitrous oxide, and other gases not previously known, shewing also
their influence in the phenomena of animal and vegetahle life. Br. Priestley
came to Warrington in 1761 as tutor in classics and jjoiite literature at the
Acadeni)', and remauied here six years, tearing in Sept., 17(i7. Some of
Mrs. Ilarljauld's first poems were written in his house, on occasions wdiich
occurred wdiUst they were both resident at Warrington. In 17114 I)r.
Priestley emigrated to America, and died at Northuuibeiiand, Pennsylvania,
Feb. 6, ISOl.

JOHN RYLANDS. Bom at Warrington, .Jan. SI, 1771. A strenuous
and consistent advocate of liberal opinions, but equally respected by his
fellow-townsmen of every political pai'ty. Always ready to lend aid to the
local government and public institutions of Warringtim, he will be long
remembered as one of the first projectors of its Dispensary, as the zealous
supporter, and chairman of its committee for many years. He died at
Warrington, Aug. 23, 1818.

JOHN SEDDON. Born Dec. 8, 1724. Author of "A Form of Prayer,
and a new Collection of Psalms, for the use of I'rotestaut Dissenters in
Liverpool." Mr. Seddon in 1747 became the pastor of the Presbyterian
congregation in Warrington, and was the original projector o{ the Academy.
He was liliewise the first president of the Warrington Library, established
in 1758, which, on its union mth the Museum of the Natural History
Society, (commenced Nov. 23, 1838,) was the Jirst Free Library and
Tiluseum thrown open to the public in this country, under the Act 8 and 9
Vic. c. 43. Mr. Seddon died at Warrington, .Tan. 22, 177ti.

JOHN TAYLOR, D. D. Bom at Lancaster, in the year 1C94. A dis-
senting dirine, tlieologieal writer, and celebrated classical scholar. Author
of ' A Pai-aphrase to the Epistle to the Eomans ; ' 'A Key to the Apostolic
Writings ; ' ' Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin ; ' ' Scripture Doctrine of
the Atonement ; ' ' A Hebrew Concordance,' i'C. At the opening of the
Warrington Academy, Dr. Taylor, then of Nonrich, was selected to liE the

cliair of divinif}/, including Uie classics : liis connection with tiie institution
w:ls, hnwever, cut short liy his ilcatli, which tooli jilace Mar. 5, 1701.

WILLIAM THOMPSON. Horn at I\Iacclestiehl, Cliesliire, Jan. 2C,
i;!)i. Of very liumble origin, WiUiam Tliomiison was aiiled and en-
eourae:od hy gentlemen of Warrington and its neighbourhood to piu'sue his
desire for hterary and religious knowledge. By their influence he was also
e\'entually estahlisheil as a village schoolmaster at Penketh, near Warring-
ton. A selectii^n from his beautiful letters, and accorapan}ing memoir by
George Crosfield, was published after his death. He died at renketh, Feb.
;), 1817.

CEORCE WALKER, F. R. S. Born at NewTastle-upon-Tyne, about
the year 1735. Author of a 'Treatise on the Sphere;' and another on
' Conic Sections ; ' ' Pliilosophical Essays,' etc. Mr. Walker was tutor of
miithematlcs in the Warrington Academy from 177'J to 1774 ; removed thence
t'] Nottingham, and suljsequently to Manchester, as theological professor
in the New College for dissenters. On the decease of -Dr. Perclval, Mr.
Walker succeeded him as president of the Mancliester Literary and
Pliilosophical Society. He died at London, Apr. '-21, 1S07.

GILBERT WAKEFIELD, B, A. Born at Nottingham, Feb. 'J'2, 175(1.
An accomphshed classical scholar, critic, and commentator. Author of
•A New Translation of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians,' and of the
' Gospel of St. Matthew ; ' of an edition of ' Lucretius, with Variorum Notes;'
' Silva Critica;' &(•. Mr. Wakefield came to reside at Wamngton in
August, 1779, a?, classical tutor at the Academy, and remained here until
its close in 1783. After an eventful hfe he died at London, Sept. 9, 1801.

JOHN WATKINS. Born at Warrington. " Honest John Watldns "
was for many years engaged in the business of smelting copper from the
ore at Warrington, and thereby, in connection with the industry of his
father, accjuired a fortune which enabled him, besides munificent benefac-
tions during his hfe-time to the Warrington Blue Coat School, and Ladies'
School for Gu'ls,' to endow them at his death with pemiancnt som'ces of
income. He died at Ditton, near Warrington, Apr. 25, 1821, aged 81 years.

WILLIAM WILSON. Born at Wariington, June 7, 1T99. A botanist,
well known for minuteness and aecm-acy, more particularly in the micros-
copic examination of the cryptogamlc flora. Jlr. Wilson is the discoverer
of several species new to Britain, and his claims to distinction as a botanist

have been recognize J by Sir William 3. Hoolcer in naming after Lini a Fern
( Hymenophyllirm Wilsoni); by Mr. Borrer a Rose (Eosa Wilsoni) ; and a
Fungus (Sepedonimn Wilsoni), hy Mr. Thomas G. Rylands. Mr. Wilson
named and classified the Mosses for Dr. Joseph Hooker's 'FL.ra uf the
.-Vntarctic Regions,' and is engaged, in connection with Sir W. .1. Hoo];er,
in pulilishiug a work on tlie ' Britisli Mosses.'

JOHN YATES. Bom at Bolton, Lancashire, Nov. 10, 1T5.J. Autiu.r
of ' A Selection of Hymns for PubUc Worship ; ' ' A Sermon o)i the ileiith
of the Rev. Thomas Barnes, D. D." &c. &e. Mr. Yates in 1777 was
appointed minister of Key Street Chapel, Liverpool, remo\ing tli(.aice,
together with his congregation, to their new place of worsliip in I'aj-adi^e
Street. He died at his residence at the Dingle, near Livei-pool, >'ov. Id,
is-jc.

IT.INir.D AND SOLD r,Y JOHN HAI'DOCK AN O SuN,
AT THE '• OLD W.AEraNGTON PEESS."

EE MARKS

HAKESPEARE,

BIRTH-PLACE,

SUGGESTED BY A VISIT TO STRATPORD-

upojsr-AA^o:?^, in the autumn of i.sgs.

C. ROACH SMITH, Hoii.M.E.S.L,

IIO\. M.NU1I.S0C.LI.IN.,
FOREIGN IMKMrilsR OF THE INSTITUT DES PliUVINCES PE FRANCE, EXr.

LONDON' :
PRIVATELY PRINTED; AND NOT PUBLISHED.

18(18-9.

STEATFORD-UPON-AVON AND
SHAKESPEARE.

A VISIT to the town iu whicli our great bard was born ; in
which, he passed his early youth ; and in which lie died ; is
projected, at least, by all of his countrymen who have been
so fortunate as to receive an education to qualify them to
understand and master his wonderful works. Many succeed in
]Derforming this rational pilgrimage, as the walls of his birth-
place and of Anne Hathaway's cottage testify ; for they are
covered with thousands upon thousands of signatures of
noble as well as gentle, of eminent as well as of obscure,
regardless alike of the questionable good taste of their
scribbling, and of the perishable material. More durable
will be the records in the books which have been kept at the
chief inns now for many years. They fill rapidly; and dis-
close the remarkable fact that full one-third of the signa-
tures seem to be American, an auspicious sign of com-
munity of feeling created by the humanising writings of
the Stratford-born poet. " You cannot imagine", said an
American lady to us, "how much we think of Shakespeare."
From the obscurity in which his life is shrouded, the
coeval remains of Stratfoi'd-on-Avon have far greater im-
portance than they would have jjossessed had Shakespeare
received from his contemporaries notice such as has so fre-
quently been lavished on inferior men. We cannot look
upon him through biographers, through correspondence, or

.: STEATFORD-UPOX-AVOy

through au}' of the channuls whicli, at the present day^
secure immortality to tliousamls ; but we may, iii the sti'cets
of Stratford, and in the highways and Ijyc-ways of the
neighboui'hood, in the fields, meadows, and villages, see
ol)jects which must constantly have been befn-e his eyes, the
impress of many of which is reflected most vividly through-
out all his works.

Documentary evidence and tradition combine to vindicate
the house in Henley Street as his birthplace ; for although
John Shakespeare, his father, had other houses in and
about Stratford, yefc tlie honour has never been claimed for
any other ; and it is pretty certain he lived in Henley Street
about the time of the Poet's birth. Here we maj^ safely
trust to tradition. The Poet, in his lifetime, must have had
some friends and neighbours who were proud of him ; who
knew his history, and who had been his companions ; to
them, no doubt, were well known all the particulars of his
early life, and among them the house in which he was bora.
At his death many persons were jDrobaljly living who could
j)rove it ; and for a long time aftervvards could point it out
from their personal knowledge. At his death there was
nothing so likely to be at once embalmed as his bir'th-pLice;
and nothing less likely to be allowed to be misplaced. New
Place, where he died, has recently received from the pen of
Mr. Halliwell a minute historical description, comprised in
two hundi-ed and forty-six folio pages.* It was purchased
by Shakespeare some twenty years before his death ; and to
this spacious house with its gardens and grounds, he retired
in what may be termed the prime of life. The house, alas ! is
no more ; and no authentic engravings remain of it, if any

* An Historical Account of the Xe\^• Phice, Stratford-unoir-
Avon. By .Jamrs 0. Halhwelj, E.sq,, F.lf.S. Folio, London,
Adlard, l^CL

AND SHAKESPEAEL. o

wx-re ever niado : bat tlie site i.s unfj^nestioned ; and 3.1r.
Halliwellj who has hecome the Guardian Genius of all that
is left to us eonnected %vith the personal life of Shakespearej
has eaused to be preserved what was left of the foundations
of tlie house ; and to his strenuous exeitions we mainly owe
the pui'ohase for the joublic of the Poet's great garden. In it
stands a modern theatre whieh is yet private pjroperty ; this
it is contemplated to Ijuy and pull doAvn ; but surely there
is no necessity for destroying a structure wliichj properly
managed, could be made useful for instructing the Sti'atford
public in a fuller knowdedge of the works of their great
townsman. One such theatre should be i-aised in every
town in the kingdom ; but that upon ground which was once
the Poet's ; and which is hallowed by the fact that he there
recreated his health and spjirits in the intervals he could
spjare from a wearying London life, must hold a charm and
pireeminence over all others. Shakespeare was also an
actor ; and his merits as an actor have Ijeen Cjuestioned
appjarently without much reflection. Ilis name stands first
among the actors in Ben Jonson's pjlays of ""Every man in
his Humour", and " Sejanus "j and he who could lay down
.such rules for truly good acting as he has done in " Hamlet",
must himself, we may suppose, have been practically, as well
as theoretically^ accomplished.

In his History of the New Place, Mr. Halliwell has
brought together a very lai'ge amount of hitherto unpub-
lished documentary evidence, illustrative, not only of ISTew
Place and its vicissitudes, I'jut of the habits and manners of
the pjeople of Stratford ; and the state of the town in
and after the time of Shakespeare ; but the darkness
whieh has surrounded the great object of his researches is
almost as dense as ever ; still the historian toils on with
unflao-Ping industry and unfailing hope, not despairing of
yet finding in some old chest or long locked cupboard in

■1 STrtATFOED-UrON-ATON

some old manor house, corvcspondence or otlier documents
which, may in a slight degree fill the present void. Among
the most interestino- materials which Mr. Ilalliwell has
broug'ht together are those which show the condition of
Sti-atfovd in the time of Shakespeare ; and the sound in-
ferences ho draws from them to account for his almost
sudden death. Ward, who wrote in 1 G62, says, — " Shakspear,
Drayton, and Ben Jhonson had a merry meeting, and, it
seems, drank too hard, for Shakspear died of a feavour there
contracted." That he died of a fever is highly ijrobable;
but Mr. Halliwell, after patiently weighing AVard^s state-
ment and ti'aditions, concludes that in all human probability
he died of typhoid fever, arising from the bad drainage of
the town, and the neglected state of Chapel Lane which
flanked New Place. The filthy condition of this lane for a
long series of j^ears is proved by the town archives, from
which Mr. Halliwell extracts numerous startling revelations ;
and this view is confirmed by the cast taken after death,
which shows the countenance unemaeiated, as it would have
been after a short illness. Stratford has only during the
present century, and, indeed, of late years, put on the garb
of modei'n cleanliness in which she now appears, at the
sacrifice of much that v/as picturesque and Shakespearean.
Even at the time of the Jubilee it drew from Garrick, in a
letter to Mr. Hunt, (the grandfather of the present Town
Clerk), a strong remonstrance. He speaks of it as "the
most dirty, unseemly, ill-paved, wretched-looking town in
all Britain."

But tliere are yet standing houses of the time of Shakes-
peare ; and, above all, the Grammar School in which he was
educated ; the Chapel of the Trinity, opposite New Place ; and
the Church close to the Avon, in which he was buried. All
these may be considered as pure and fine relics of Shake-
speare and his times, free from all doubt. Of minor objects

AND SHAKESrEAKTJ!. O

there arc many varieties : some are old enough, but they

want certificates or connecting links. Of the few wMch may

be said to have belonged to him, the most remarkable,

perhaps, is the squai-o of glass from New Place, with the

letters S. W. A., for William and Ann »Shakespeare, tied in

"a true lover's knot," and the date, 1G15, beneath. This

was first published by Mr. Fairholt in kis excellent little

guide-book.* The mnlberi-y ti'ee which grew in the garden

of New Place, and was cut down in about 1756, has been

turned into a variety of ornaments and utensils. Mr. Hunt

possesses a superb circular table, the upper part of which is

formed out of veneers made from one of the smaller

branches, blended together with good taste and skill. Some

of these objects have a history of their own, independent of

their special connection with Shakespeare. Such was the

cup presented during our visit, by Mr. Joseph Mayer, to the

Shakespearean Museum. Upon the pedestal is inscribed :

'^'•Cup made from

Shakespeare's Mulberry Tree

By Sharpe of Stratford-upon-Avon.

Formerly in possession of Mr. Munden,

and used at the meetings of

' The Rebellious Seven'

to drink to

The Immortal Memory of Shakespeare."

and on a silver band round the rim :

" And that I love the tree from whence thou sprangest,
Witness the loving kiss I give the fruit."

I-Ieimj n, Part 3, Act V, Scene 7.
The " rebellious seven" were, I believe, some of Garrick's
dramatic corps who resented the curtailment of certain privi-
leges. This museum, which has been established mainly

* The Home of Shakspevo Illustrated aud Described. By F.
W. Fairholt. Cliapmau and Hull, b'^-1.7.

D STEATFOEIl-Ul'OX-AVON

tlirongli tlic exertious of ilr. Halliwell^ contains a valuaLle
collection of documents and other objects whicli, altliougii
tliey do but scantily relate directly to Shakespeare himself,
give considerable information on the property of the family;
and are yet more important as regards the history of Strat-
ford in the time of the Poet. One letter onl^r remains of the
thousands he must have received ; and of the hundreds he
proljably laid by for I'eh'reuce, or fi'om i-espect for the
writers ; and this is preserved in the museum. It is from
one of the Quinej? famil}' asking for a loan of money, dated
from the ''Bell," in Carter Lane, the 25th Oct., 1598, and
signed " Eye. Quyney." It is endorsed, " To my loveinge
good ffrende and eontrejmian Mi'. Wm. Shakespere, deliver
thees j" and was, no doubt, sent by a messenger to Shake-
speare's residence. Where that was does not appear, but
probably, near the Wardrobe, Blackfriars, Avhere he had a
house. We may owe the safety of this solitary letter to the
fact of its being a sort of proof of a debt ; and thus retained
by his family after his death. But what became of the rest
of his correspondence? It is neither unreasonable nor un-
charitable to suppose it was destroyed by some puritanical
member of the family, who could not understand the great
moral and religious worth of the writings of such a teacher;
but saw, through a narrow-minded medium, only the player
and the writer of plays, as Puritans have ever seen.

Anne Hathawaj-'s cottage divides with her husband's birth-
place the homage of the visitor. To credulity, once so un-
bounded, has succeeded scepticism ; often as unsound, as,
happily, it is proved to have been in relation to the history
of this cottage. The house has been in the possession of
the Hathaways for over throe centuries ; and even now a
descendant, in the female line, is tenant. It was repaired in
1697 by John Hathaway; but much remains as it ivas w^hen
Shakespeare visited it to woo Anne, wdioin he married wdieii

AND SilAKESPEAlIb;. /

very young. Tlie village of Shotteryj a hamlet of Stratford,
is, altogether, much the same as it must have been at that
sunny time in the Poet's life when, after the exit of the
school-boy, he trod the stage of the world as the lover. And
the fields through which the footpath leads, the hedges, the
stiles, and the general aspect of the place are, perhaps, now,
much the same as they were three centuries ago. Here the
fumitory thrives rantly conspicuous among

" Tho iJle weeds that grow
In our sustaining corn ;"

and also the "hind'iins- knot-g-i-ass."

Those who have read Shakespeare and studied liim chiefly
in the depths of Ms tnowlcdgo of human life in all its grades
and stages, may yet learn much from him in the fields, in
the meadows, and, indeed, in the general kingdom of nature.
Here he is so much at home that wo can bat be assured his
boyhood and early youth were passed much, if not wliollj", in
the country; and that his acute powers of observation wei'e
strongly exercised among rural scenery and country pursuits.
Not a weed or flower escaped him : the labours of the
husbandman, the business of the gardener, and even the
scientific manipulations of the horticulturist were all familiar
to him. The "fumitory" we noticed in our walks to
Shottery, could but recal his ready and apt enumeration of
the wild flowers plucked by Lear when he was

" Crown'd with rank fumitei', and furrow weeds,
With harlocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers,
Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow
In our sustaining corn ;"

and, as we strolled back to Stratford by another road which
Shakespeare must have walked frequently, wo could but
imao-ino that the Lemiuc minor, or " duckweed" which we
saw covering a lai'ge portion of a pond near a farm-house,
was the offspring nf thnt which dictated "the green mantle

O STRATPORD-UPON AVON

of tlie standing pool/' the luawliolesome bovorage lie makes
Edgar say he drank. The poud^ apparently, is centuries
older than his time : the duckweed must have covered it
annually, and it was, probably, one of the objects which,
thousands passing by and regarding not, was stored in his
capacious memory, and used so happily in proper time and
place. By the side of this old pond, a ' hedge-pig,' (one of
the creatures Shakespeare introduces so effectively,) had
come to grief. These are matters which could only have
occurred to a country-trained writer.

The crab, or wild apple-tree, is one of the striking features
in the scenery round Stratford-upon-Avon. This tree, what-
ever it may have been formerly, is by no means common
now in many parts of England ; and when usually met with
is in hedgerows ; but here we find it also in the fields and
parks, a large forest tree. On approaching Stratford the
crab-trees were conspicuous, with bushels of fruit lying
beneath them. The crab is constantly mentioned by Shake-
speare ; as, for example, by way of simile, " She's as like
this as a crab is like an apple" ; and " She vrill taste like this
as a crab does to a crab "; also as an emblem of winter in
the escjuisitely charming song which closes " Love's Labour's

Lost";

"When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl :"

a song replete with rural imagery and jaastoral life. In our
rambles we learned that crab ajDples roasted, are yet a common
Christmas dish in the neighbourhood of Stratford. The beau-
tiful and extensive meadow scenery through which the Avon
flows is doubtless the source of numerous allusions in our
poet's writings, as in that portion of the above-mentioned
song assigned to Spring :

" When daisies pied, and violets blue,

And lady-smocks all silver-white,
And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue,

Do paint the meadows with delight."

AND SRATCESPEAKE. 9

Tlie tradition relating to the mulberry tree is not
■weakened by tlie abnndant evidence Shakespeare's writings
afford of his knowledge of horticulture, from which it may-
be concluded that ho himself was attached to p'ardenino- ;
and was, most probably, practically a gardener. Relieved
from the toil and exhausting effects of a London life, he
conld scarcely avoid, with the favourable appliances at his
command, engaging warmly in a study and amusement so
intellectual, and for which it is obvious he had ever a strong-
inclination. They who have supposed that Shakespeare had
little knowledge of gardening, have failed to see or under-
stand the proofs to the contrarjr. No one who had not
studied the science of horticulture, could have written as he
does in " The Winter's Tale" :

" You see, sweet maid, we raarry
A gentle scion to the wildest stock ;
And make conceive a bark of baser kind
B}' bud of nobler race : this is an art
Which does mend nature : changes it rather; but
The art is nature."
And, in " Richard II ":

" Oh ! what pity is it,
That he had not so trimm'd and dressed his land.
As we this garden ! We at time of year
Do wound the bark, the skin of our fruit-trees ;
Lest, being over-pi'oud with sap and blood.
With too much riches it confounds itself."

* * =A= *

" All superfluous branches
We lop awaj^, that bearing boughs may bve."

The whole vegetable kingdom seems also to have been
searched by him with attentive eye and reflective thought ; so
that although similes, metaphors, and allusions to jjlants and
herbs are occurring throughout his works, they are almost,
if not wholh', strikingly correct and appropriate. Why, it

STUATI'TjUD-UPOX-AVOX

m;iy be askoil, ilid he give " sweet marjoram" as the pass-
word with Lear and Edgar, near Hover ? Tliero nnght have
l)ecii no speeial reason ; and its use on this occasion is not
rendered more fit and proper hy the canse ; bnt Miss Pratt,
the well-lvnown writer on our native wild flowers, tells me
she believes that this pass-word was suggested to Shake-
speare by the sweet marjoram, which formerly grew in im-
mense quantity upon the heights between Folkestone and
Dover. That he had visited this locality, no one who is
acquainted witli it, and has read " King Lear," can possibly
doubt. And, therefore^ Miss Pratt's explanation is probaljly
correct.

One of the most remarkable traditions respecting iShake-
speare, is that relating to his having, in early life, been
brought before Sir Thomas Lucy, for stealing deer from
Charlecoto Park. This tradition was jjrctty generally ac-
cepted, in all its details and consequences, for truth, until
the criticising judgment of recent times rejected it, if not
wholly, at least in part. But may there not be some truth
in the story without at all dimming the glory of the poet ; and
without fixing on Sir Thomas Lucy the shadow of reproach ?
I can well believe that in some hour of youthful excitement
he may have trespassed, either alone or with wild com-
panions, beyond bounds, in pursuit of game ; have been ap-
prehended by the keepers, and Ijrought before Sir Thomas
Lucy, as the nearest magistrate. He may even have been
arrested by mistake ; and have stood before the judgment-
seat of Sir Thomas. Prominent throughout his works is
evidence of his knowledge of all kinds of field sports, such
as hunting, falconry, fishing ; and even ferreting of rabbits.
It is very jjrobable that he himself was attached to these
amusements before he entered seriously upon the grand ob-
ject of his life ; that on some occasion he stood charged
before Sir 'J^homas Lucy ; and the scurrilous verses imputed

AND SIIiKESPEARK. 1 1

to liim, aro just such as a highly sensitive youtli, as
Shakespeave must have beeu, might have written Avheu
deeply incensed. Had he gone to his grave like his fellow-
townsmen^ such an incident would have been forgotten ; but
when he rose to eminence ; and when, after his death, he
became a frequent theme of conversation, incidents of early
life would naturally bo seized upon ; and as generation
after generation told the tales, proneness to exaggeration
added something from time to time, and disguised the
simple original facts.

Charlecote is an agreeable walk from Stratford : both the
mansion, and the fine monuments of the Lucy family in the
church, are of much interest. The house was built in 1558 ;
and having joreservcd most of its original features, the
visitor sees it much as Shakespeare saw it.

The Mayor of Stratford (Dr. Kingsley) having announced
his intention to celebrate, in 18G9, the centenary of the
visit of Garrick, a brief review of what was then done ; and
also, a notice of the festi\nties in 186-1-, may not be ill-timed.
Garrick, with all his abilities, and they were great, did not
always show sound judgment. He was generous and warm-
hearted ; and no one before him, on the stage, had evinced
so keen an appreciation of the genius of Shakspeare. Still
he consented to give the plays, not from the original text,
but from Tate^s edition, which would have never been en-
dured, one would have supposed, by any manager of taste
01' of power to undei'stand and feel the force of the plays as
written by Shakespeare ; and Garrick never fully estimated
propriety in costume. At the same time we can but ask how
it was he could have consented to place upon the stage such
tame and witless plays as he produced in abundance with
those of the great dramatist ? It is obvious that both
Garrick and the drama had to be judged by a public that
could tolerate and be pleased with what would not be

1 2 STEATFORD-UrOX-A\'("lN

thought upon at the present day ; a pnhUc that could rehsh
coarse language^ unrefined and often immoral sentiment,
and gross vulgarity unrelieved by a spark of wit. He had
few, if any, advisers whose high cliaracter would have com-
manded attention; else his anxiety to pay triljute to the
great master, might have been directed into a more whole-
some channel than the course he took, to give, at so much
cost, very commonplace amusements at Stratford-upon-Avon,
which in no way seem to have contributed to make the
works of Shakespeare better known, the only rational mode,
I suggest, of doing honour to such a man ; or rather, of
doing honour to ourselves. A jDrocession of the leading
characters of his plays has, in the very idea, something
startling. The reader, by his fireside, pictures in his mind
the prominent features of the various personages in shadowy
outline, rather than in fixed and formal personifications ; and
this indefiniteness in no way interferes with the effect the au-
thor designed ; but, on the contrary, helps it. When, how-
ever, it is attempted to exhibit these creations in flesh and
blood, upon the stage, with all the aid of costume and
scenery, but few who have read deeply, and who have
pictured in their minds the leading characters, wall be satis-
fied altogether even with the best performances. Take the
pei'sonages away from the stage and its appropriate scenery,
and the adjuncts which help scenic illusion ; and make a
procession of them in the open air, the mental conception is
immediately dispelled, and replaced by something visibly
inferior, and possibly ridiculous. The thousands who would
flock together, anywhere, anj' day, to witness such a procession
would, in no way, comprehend its object, or ^^ew much more
in the characters than they would sec in any exhibition in
any country fair. If the object in such shows be to help
the public to appreciate Shakespeare, the object is not at-
tained.

AND SHAKESl^EAEE. 13

Yet^ after all, we can but admire tlie entliusiasm of
Garrick, and respect his motives. His visit to Stratford at
the time created a great sensation : it was supported by
many ; discountenanced and ridiculed by some of his rival
actors, and by a jiortiou of the press. 'Tis a hundred years
since ; and we, who are now attracted by an intimation
that there is an intention to commemorate, next year, the
centenary of Garrick's visit to Stratford, cannot but review
with oui'iosity and interest, the details of so remarkable an
event. The materials for a complete history of the Jubilee,
as it was called, cannot be wanting ; and they must bo, I
should suppose, voluminous. In several points of view the
publication of a collection of edited and inedited accounts,
and of correspondence relating to this episode in the life of
Garrick would be acceptable ; and it might prove one of the
best modes of celebratino- the Jubilee of 17(39.

So early as five o'clock in the morning of Wednesday, the
6th of SejDtember, some of the Drury Lane company sere-
naded the people of Stratford and the visitors with an ode
and a song composed by Garrick ; guns were fired ; and the
magistrates and chief citizens assembled in the street. At
nine a public breakfast was given in the Town Hall, in
which the holders of guinea tickets were admitted on pay-
ment of a shilling. Garrick, as steward, was early in
attendance ; and was himself waited upon by the Mayor and
Corporation " in their formalities "; and the Town Clerk, in
a polite speech, presented him with a medallion of Shake-
speare carved in a piece of the mulberry tree from New
Place, and mounted in gold. The room soon filled ; and
during the breakfast, at intervals, the company was enter-
tained with music in the street, opposite the Hall. Half-
past ten was the time appointed for leaving for the church,
where the oratorio of " Judith" was performed by the entire
Druiy Lane orche.'stra, conducted liy Dr. Arne. At the

1 4 STKATl'OKD-UPON-AVON

conclusion^ Garrick and the performers walked in procession
to tlie ampliitlieatre (a temporary building), singing- in
cliorus, to instrnmental accompaniment, anotlier composition
by Garrick. Indeed, he seems to have written most of the
songs snng and the odes recited on this occasion. He com-
plained of the apathy of the poets of Oxford and Cambridge,
none of whom responded to his in\ntation to assist. Here,
at three o'clock, was a pnblic ordinary, enlivened at intervals
by songs and catches. From the amphitheatre the assemljly
retired to prepare for the ball in the assembly room, con-
strncted in imitation of the Eanelagli rotunda^ but about
half as large.

On Thursday, the 7th September, after a breakfast at the
Town Hall, the company was assembled in the amphitheatre.
Here was performed, under the direction of Dr. Arne, what
was called the Dedication Ode, the recitative parts of which
were delivered by Garrick, dressed in a suit of brown and
gold, with the medallion suspended from his neck. While
the airs and choruses were being sung, he sat with his
steward's rod in his hand. At the conclusion of the ode he
gave a prose eulogy on Shakespeare, and challenged the
inimical to say what they could against him. Mr. King, the
comedian, who was among the spectators, wrapt in a great
coat, begged to be heard. This unlooked-for opposition
astounded the majority of the audience ; but those who
knew the actor were much amused, knowing that somcthmg
humorous was forthcoming. Mr. King then came into the
orchestra in a blue suit, ornamented w'ith silver frogs, and
addressed the audience, the better-informed part of whom
were highly amused, not only with the speech, but with the
want of perception in many who misunderstood the drift of
this portion of the performance. Then Garrick addressed
the ladies in a poetical speech, complimenting them on
their attachment to the great poet who, among his many

ANT) iSHAKESPEAKE. ]5

delineations of hnman life^ had ever supported tlio grace and
dignity of the female character. It was during this part of
the performance that some of the benches, from the great
pressure of the audience, gave way, and Lord Carlisle
narrowly escaped being killed. lu tjie evening, or rather,
near midnight, was a masquerade, which was crowded to
excess. The meanest dresses were, it is stated, hired at
four guineas each ; and above four hundred were sent from
London.

On the following morning, the rain, which fell heavily,
prevented the procession or pageant of Shakspearcan charac-
ters. We are told that several people considered the rain
" as a judgment on the poetical idolatry of the Jubilites."
Two engi'aviugs of the j^^'ocessional personages wore pub-
lished in the Oxford Marjaxiiic. They are curious as
shewino' the state of sta<>'e costume at that time. Gariick
spent a large sum of money on this occasion ; but he reco-
vered it in producing the pageant at Drury Lane, which drew
full houses.* With less success it was exhibited at Covent

* The great actor would look with dismay on the general
state of the modern drama, and on the taste of the public at the
present daj', exemplified by the support given to what are
called " sensational" plays. One of tlie latest is thus spoken of
in a critique in The Times of November 9th, on which my 03-0 has
fallen, while writing these remarks : " The convict morally dis-
arms him by drawing out a pistol and placing it in his hands, fo)-)
with all his reverence for the criminal code, Javert feels that he
cannot, in honour, arrest a man who has just made him a present
of his own life. In the meantime, Thenarclier has fired the house
from beneath, and the room being enveloped in flame and smoke,
the officer and Jean find themselves involved in a common peril.
Jean saves himself by leaping from the roof into the Seine, while
Javei't, as the act closes, is dangling from a beam. This scene,
if wo may judge by the precedents of the day, will be the making
of tlie piece."

] G STI-;A'rFORD-l'P(jX-AV(jN

Garden Theatre iu a comeclj' callod " Man and Wife", oi'
"The Sliatespeare Jubilee", by Cohiian. Botli this and
Garrick's "Jubilee", are, it may be said, equally tamo as
dramatic conipnsitions. The " show" alone sustained them,
as at the j^i'esent day scenery is the main support of the
modern popular drama : in no way can it be shewn that any
honour was conferred on Shakespeare by such exhibitions,
or any instruction given to the thousands " wdio, for the
most part, are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb
shows and noise." Garrick, however, estimated his audience
better than his rival ; for we are told Ijy a publication of the
time, that at Drury Lane, " the inscribed streamers are very
useful in notifying to the audience the different plays in
which the chai-acters appear; as, for want of a similar index
at Covent Garden, half of the spectators are entirely igno-
rant of the pieces to which they belong."

Garrick's rivals and enemies lost no time in disparaging
the Jubilee ; and Foote, then manager of the Haymarket
Theatre, seizing upon eveiy misadventure, thus presented
a description in " The Devil upon two Sticks "; — " A Jubilee,
as it has lately appeared, is a public invitation, urged by
puffing, to go post without horses, to an obscure borough,
without rejjresentatives, governed ])j a mayor, and aldermen
who are no magistrates, to celebrate a great poet, wdiose
own works have made him immortal ; to an ode without
poetry ; music without harmony ; dinners without victuals ;
and lodgings without beds ; a mascjuerade wdiere half the
people appeared bare-faced ; a horse-race up to the knees in
water ; fireworks extinguished as soon as they were hghted;
and a gingerbread amphitheatre, which, like a house of cards,
tumbled to pieces as soon as it was finished."

A writer in the Town and Gounfry Mar/azive, after com-
plaining of" a scarcity of provisions, a want of conveyances,
or even covering from the inclemencv of the weather, a

ANO SITAKESI'KABT;.

]■

rotunda tliut was not waterproof;" and otlier " omissions and
impositions/' says : — " We were prepared for great merri-
ment and wit, fiy a lony list of the geniuses and literati, who
were to be present upon this occasion, and the masquerade
might doubtless have afforded them sufficient opportunities
of dis^^laying their humour ; but we do not find there was
a single good thing said amongst tliem. Whether the weight
of the atmosphere too much oppressed their spirits ; or
whether the gloomy disappointment they had met with after
so much fatigue, damped their genius, it is certain there
was not a hon mot attempted but by Eoseius. How far he
succeeded your readers shall judge by the following recital.
A mask said to him, ' Indeed, my friend David, you have
out-frescoed all the alfrescosities, and out-|)areed all the bal-
pares that the public have yet been hummed with ; beware
of the critics.' To which he replied : ' The sweet swan of
Avon will with his melodious notes sooth them to good
humour ; and by a poetic flight, transport them, as we have
done, to such a scene of Elysium as they will wish to last
for ever."

The writer gives the details of his expenses on this occa-
sion. The contrast between the past and present time, with
the cost for travelling a hundred years ago and now, is not
the least curious part of the account.

Ticket

Post-chaise to Stratford, at 3s. per mile the
last sixty miles

Expenses upon the road

Lodging

Board and other expenses

Masquerade dress

Masquerade ticket

Occasional impositions to know the liour of

the day, &c. . . .18 0

. 12 0

. 1 11

. 6 6

. 4 12

. 5 .5

. 0 10

sti;a'I'K'ji;I)-upiin-avon

2 2

0 12

12 0

] 1 1-

{)

Chair hii-e

Sei-vants
Post-cliaisc Ijack
Expenses upon tlie rond

£-1-0 2 0
A very fine full-lengtli povfcrait of Garrick, executed Ly
Gainsboroiigli for the Corporation of Stratford, hangs in the
Town Hall. Ho is represeiited with one arm round a colnmn
surmounted by a bust of Shakespeare ; and in the Museum
is a half-length portrait of him as " Kitely " , in Ben Jon-
son's " Ev'cry j[an in his Humour". The painting in the
Town Hall enables us to form an excellent notion of his
personal appearance ; and it may be accepted as a striking
likeness. The countenance, highly pleasing, is not marked
by any strong expressii.m ; but the features are just such as
can bo imagined capable of giving power to a great variety
of mental conceptions ; and it must have been the facial
flexibility and force of expression which enabled Garrick to
assume so successfully characters, many of which could never
have produced such effect by actors whose features were
more marked and strongly cast. While his countenance
was not moulded by nature exclusively for tragedy or for
comedy, it was capable of exiDressiug the passions peculiar
to both by the actor's perfect conception and intense feeling.
In comedy it was not a face to be laughed at before a word
could be uttered : and in tragedy it had to be lighted up by
the fire of the soul. Mr. Fitzgerald, in his " Life of David
Garrick ", gives an intei'esting- account of the impression he
made, on a spectator, in the character of Hamlet, played
by him not long pre\T0us to his leaving the stage. At first
it did not seem he could sustain his reputation in personify-
ing tlie youthful prince ; but after awhile his years and
appearance were so thoroughly lost sight of that all in-

AND SHAKESPEARE. 19

consistency vanished and was lost in the charm of voice
and action. There were certain characters which his ad-
miraljlo " make up " contributed to render unexpectedly
successful. Such was "Abel Drugger ", in Ben Jouson's
"Alchymist", which, like Mr. Phelps's " Bottom" in " A
J\[idsummer's Night's Dream ", ma^- be called a creation.
Sliould Dr. Kingsley's proposal to commemorate Garrick's
visit to Stratford be entertained, an exhibition of portraits
and of engraviirgs could form one department, together with
portraits of contemporary actors, as suggested by Mr.
Waller. To this project I now come, passing over all de-
tails of the festival of 1864, called the Tercentenary Celebra-
tion of the Birthday of Shakespeare ; referring my readers
to Mr. Robert B. Hunter's elaborate, well- written, and im-
partial account* of this remarkable event. Remarkable it
was in several points of view ; and, although there may be
differences in opinion as to the most worthy mode of cele-
brating the Poet's natal day, there can be no dispute as to
the earnestness and zeal shown by several of the inhabitants
of Stratford and its vicinity ; and if Mr. Hunter had been
able to show a completed balance-sheet, it would have
been proved that some of them confirmed their sincerity by
sacrifices which amounted to a pecuniary martyrdom. Should
Dr. Kingsley, the Mayor, bo able to lay the foundation of a
commemoration of the visit of Garrick, he will have large
experiences to aid him ; he will be able to estimate properly
the solid and permanent worth of what, five years ago, was
considered as indispensable ; and ho will probably be induced

* Slial^espeare and Strcdford-vjion-Avon, a " Chronicle of tlie
Time "; comprising the salient facts and traditions, biograplncal,
topographical, and historical, connected with the poet and his
birth-place, together with a full record of the Tercentenary Cele-
hralii'iii. Loudon, Whittakcr and Co. Stratford-upon-Avon,
A.hirus.

_n STliATl'OEIi-L'PuX-AVdiV

to ahandon as worse tliaii worthless mncli that was then
sanctioned ahnost universally.

It is a costly luxury for any town or city to import from
a distance, for a special occasion, companies of professional
actors, even if tlieir services are given gratuitously; but it
is infinitely more costly when a theatre has to be constructed,
and scenery, music, and other necessaries have to be hired ;
yet the spirited people of Stratford in 18G4 found money
enough to p)i'ovide these expensive entertainments among
others ; and, as the public did not respond adequately, they
sealed their sincei'ity and earnestness hj heavy pecuniary
sacrifices. It may and will be asked whether it was prudent
to undertake this obviously uuremunerative kind of enter-
tainment? Can it be said there was on the part of the public
a full appreciation of the efforts of the people of Stratford
when, after all the feasting and shows had passed away, the
receipts did not balance the expenses by manj^ thousands of
pounds ? The number of people who attended, if it is to be
estimated by the staff of officers, it may be supposed was
enormous. The vice-presidents were one hundred and
seventy ; the local committee, fifty-one ; but as we have
seen more vice-presidents in a society than members, no
reliance on the strength of an assembly can be placed in a
showy, numerous staff; and the vice-presidents at Stratford
did not represent a large multitude ; they did not, indeed,
represent money enough to pay the costs, to say nothing of
the scholarship and the statue !

At the same time there was a committee working in Lon-
don, soliciting suljscriptions for a similar object; and appeal-
ing to the country. This committee, I believe, succeeded,
as well as that of Stratford, in enlisting a large number of
names. What the result was I do not know ; but it could
not have been successful. The name of Shakespeare is not a
name, at any given moment, to raise money by, or to excite

ANlJ SHAKESI'EAIJK. 21

cntliiisiasm; its influence, though great, wherever civilisation
and education are well rooted, is not universal ; but it has
to await time and tuition ; and in any renewal of the cele-
bration of Shakespeare's bii'thday, or in commemorating-
Garrick^s visit to Stratford, "which is, indeed, much the
same thing, it is wise to review the past and gain wisdom
from experience. It is probable that the failures of the past
may only be ^^reparatives to the success of the future.

In 18G4 I told a friend on the London Committee, that
I felt assured all appeals to the various towns for money
would be attended with no good result ; but I suggested
that a proposal to establish readings of the plays of Shake-
speare in every town, would be likely to meet favour; and
that from this source a very large sum of money might not
only be raised; but be retained to be applied for some per-
manent object that should be worthy of the occasion. I
considered that theatricals must necessarily involve expenses
which would entirely exhaust the money received ; and leave
the promoters in the end, after much trouble, no richer than
they were at the beginning. I believe this suggestion will
bear consideration on the present occasion, for which it
may be somewhat modified. As originally designed, there
seems every reason to believe it would have succeeded well;
although, no doubt, objections would have been raised, just
as objections are raised to everything novel. I do not think
so meanly of our Shakespearean students as to suppose there
are not a few in or around every town in Great Britain,
capable of making the writings of their master a source of
amusement and instruction in a public hall, or in a theatre ;
neither do I think they are so void of elocutionary powers
as to be unable to make their acc|uirements palatable to large
audiences. It need not be expected that all should be
eciually capable ; but the noble object would plead for defi-
ciencies, were they not covered by others' excellencies. Had

22 STRATF01;L)-U1'ON-AVON

the experimcut been madej it is probable some thousands of
joounds would have been realised ; wliile the entire country
would have assisted in the pleasing task of making the works
of Shakespeare more generally known. To mo it seems that
extending a taste and relish for his writings, should be the
main basis of any public gathering to testify our apprecia-
tion of the great teacher.

Garrick, m connection with Stratford-upon-Avon, cannot
be dissociated from ShakesjDeare ; and lectures on the
works of the latter, and readings from his pla3'S, should, I
think, be the main provision for, at least, a week's enter-
tainments, made accessible, by low charges, to the working-
classes. It is most likely that, on such an occasion, some of
our first pjrofessional actors would offer their services ; some,
whose stars are not yet in the ascendant, would, doubtless,
assist ; while the locality, it may he supjposed, woukl sujiply,
at least, a few. Garrick did not undergo, what is absurdly
thought indispensable, the tedious di-udgery of a jjrovin-
cial stage-training ; neither was he helped by tlio favour of
the press, or the prejudices of the critics : lie walked from
a counting-house upon the stage; and the puldic at once re-
ceived and sealed him as its own. The word jiatronaije
should therefore not be used m any celebration connected
with Garrick. A'\niere patronage is true, it is seldom osten-
tatious ; but it too frequently means only the appearance of
aid from rank or position, without the reality : it is one of
the specious pretexts m which destined failures are often
clothed.

There is a portion of ilr. Hunter's Chronicle of the Ter-
centenary Celebration, which might be rejjrinted with good
effect with a view to extensive distribution; and its issue on
the forthcoming occasion would be most apjpropriate. It
comprises the sermons preached in the church of Stratford
liy Dr. Trencli, xVrchbishop of Dublin ; and b\- !.)r. W'oi'd.s-

AXD SHAKKSPKAT!!.:. 'So

wortli, Plisliop of St. Andrews, winch arc conceived in a
spirit so cnliglitened and pliilosopliical, and evince such a
correct and elevated appreciation of the genius and the moral
and religious influence of the works of Shakespeare, that
they deserve to be universally read and studied ; and particu-
larly by that ascetic and prejudiced portion of society which
cheats itself into a belief that in refusing to hear the teach-
ings of the drama upon the stage or to read them in the
closet, it is doing something religious and commend-
able.

It is Shakespeare who has conferred the greatest charac-
ter on the literature of our country; and the great importance
of a nation's literature, Dr. Trench thus set forth: "The
work of its noblest and most gifted sons ; the utterance of
all which is deepest and neai-est to their hearts, it evokes
and interjDrets the unuttered greatness which is latent in
others, but which, except for them, would never have come
to the birth. By it the mightj^ heart of a people may be
animated and quickened to heroic enterprise and worthiest
endeavour. With the breath of strong and purifying emo-
tions, it should stir to a healthy activity the waters of a na-
tion's life, which would else have stagnated and putrefied
and corrupted. Having such offices, being capable of such
effects as these, of what vast concern it is that it should
deal with the loftiest problems which man's existence pre-
sents ; solve them so far as they are capable of solution
here ; point to a solution behind the veil where this only
is possible ; that whatever it handles, things high or
things low, tilings eternal or things temporal, spiritual or
natural, it should be sound, should be healthy ; clear, so
far as possible, of offence ; enlisting our sympathies on the
side of the just, the pure, and the true. Such a poet, we
possess in Shakespeare. For must we not, first of all,
thankfully acknowledge a healthiness, a moral soundness, in

2 L ST!:ATFOi;r)-i'roN-Y\V(")N'

all, or nearly all, wliicli lie lias written ? Then, too, if he deals
with enormous crimes; and lie could not do otherwise; for
these, alike in fiction and in rcalitj', constitute the tragedy
of life : yet the crimes which he deals with travel the com-
mon road of human guilt, with no attempt on his ]'>avt to ex-
tend and enlarge the domain of possible sin ; and certainly
with no desire to paint it in any other colours tlian its own.
And in his dialogue, if we put him beside those of his own
age and time, how little, by comparison with them^ is there
which we wish aw^ay from him, would fain that he had never
written. There are some of his contemporaries wdiose jewels,
when they offer such, must be plucked out of the veiy mire;
wdio seem to revel in loathsome and disgusting images, in
all which, for poor human nature's sake, we would willingly
put out of sight altogether. What an immeasurable gulf in
this matter divides him from them ! While of that which
we must regret even in him, a pai't we have a right to
ascribe to an age, I will not say of less purity, but of less re-
finement, and coarser than our own ; and of that wdiich can-
not be thus explained, let us at all events remark how
separable almost always it is from the context, leaving, when
thus separated, all which remains, perfectly wholesome and
pure."

Extracts convey but a faint idea of the masterly manner
in which Dr. Trench set forth the great moral and intellectual
tendency of the writings of Shakespeare ; and I must re-
frain from quoting more here than a portion of the conclasion
of his sermon : " I will only ask you, each to imagine to him-
self this England of ours without a Shakespeare ; in which he
had never lived or sung. What a crown would be stricken
from her brow ! How would she come down from the pre-
eminence of her iDlace as nursing mother of the foremost poet
whom the w^orld has seen, whom, we are almost bold to pro-
phesy, it ever will sec ! Think how much poorer, intellectu-

AST) SriAKESPKAKE. ZO

all}', 3-ea, anil iiiorally, every one of us wonli.l be ; ^vhat would
Lave to be withdrawn from circulation^ of wisest sayings, of
profoundcst maxims of life-wisdom, wliicli liave now been
absorbed into tlie very tissue of our hearts and minds ! What
regions of our fancy, peopled now with marvellous shapes of
strength, of grace, of beauty, of dignity, with beings which
have far more reality for us than most of those whom we
meet in our daily walk, would be empty and depopulated ?
And, remember, that this which we speak of would not l)e
our loss alone, or the loss of those who have lived already ;
but the disappearance as well of all that dchght, of all thnt
instruction, which, so long as the world endures, he will
diffuse in circles ever larger, as the recognition of him in his
unparagoncd and unapproachable greatness becomes every
clay more unquestioned as he moves in ages yet to come
'' through ever wider avenues of fame' ".

Dr. Wordsworth, in the afternoon, addressed an auditory,
crowded as that was in the morning. After some preliminary
remarks on the order and excellence of creation, he observed
that no apology was needed for speaking in that sacred
j'dace of one whom God had raised up three centuries ago,
from among the inhabitants of the adjoining town, to be at
once a mighty jTrince over the thoiights of men, through the
pre-eminence of his intellectual powers ; and through the
richness of his genius, a munificent benefactor for ages
upon ages, not to his own country and nation only, but to
the world at large. Neither was the time, he added, even
of this holy day, at all improper for such a commemoration.

" Entering then", he said, " upon the subject before us
with no mistrust, I shall, in the first place, be fully justified,
I believe, in assuming that this celebration would not have
taken place ; would not, certainly, have been promoted so
generally, or conducted on so grand a scale, unless it had
been commonly felt that the works of Shakespeare are plainly

2G STRATFriJ;n-[' I'fiN-AVnx

on the rio-iit side; the sido of '.vlrit is tnie, and honerst, find
inst, and pure, and lovely, ami (jf L'ood report; in a word,
on tlic side of virtue and of true reiin''on. Xor can it he
said, in this case at least, that t!ie populnr voice has erred.
It is in accordance with the voice of one whose testimony
upon such a point will he accepted as of the highest and most
unqucstionahle anthority : I allude to the reverend author
of ' Tlie Christian Tear '. In the lectures which he dehvercd
as Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford, and
which were published twenty years ago, while specifying the
notes or characteristics by which poets of the first rank are
to be discerned, the distinguishing mark Avhich he requires,
first of all, is Coxsistexct. Tlie first class poet, he remarks,
is fJifoii'iho^if eorisidi'i'it, cnul in linrmoity v:itji_ luinself. And
wdicre does the critic look for liis examples in proof of this
proposition ? lie brings forward two poets, who flourished
in the same, that is onr own, country, and at the same time.
First, he produces Spenser, in whom he sees ereri/wJicrc .s^x-
taiiied fJic saii'in easy form and hiuli' nf true noliiUti/; and next
he pjroduces Shakespeare, — and this consistency of chai'acter
which, as a first and most decisive test, assigns our poet to
the highest rank, in vrhat is it to be fonnd ? It is to be found
in //((■ ijiiicersal rrrqrres.sion irlurJi liis -irnrlcs convey. And
for this the lecturer confidently appeals to the memory of
his hearers: 'Recollect', says he, 'I beseech you, how you
each felt when j'ou read those plays for the first time. Do
you not remember that all along, as the drarna proceeded,
you were led to take the part of whatever good and worthy
characters it contained ; and more especially when you
reached the end and closed the Ijook, you felt that your in-
most heart had received a spur wliich was calculated to urge
you on to virtue ; and to virtue, not merely such as is apt,
without much reality, to v.'arm and excite the feelings of the
young; I)ut such as consists in the actual practice of a stricter.

AXIi SFTAKIOSI'^AUE. 27

more pni'e, nirre n})riglitj more industrious, more religions
lile ? Anci as for tlie passap;es of a coarser sort, liere and
there to Lo met witli in those plays, any one may perceive
that they are to be attributed, in part, not to the author but
to tlie age in which he lived ; and partly they were introduced
as slaves in a state of intoxication were introduced into tho
presence of the Spartan youths — to serve as warnings and
create disgust/ Nor chj I scruple to consent to the still
higher praise which the same unexceptionable judge has be-
stowed in another part of his work upon tho same two poets.
' Not only', he says, ' did they measure everything by a
certain innate sense of what is virtuous and becoming; not
only did they teach to hate all profaneness, but they trained
and exercised men's minds to virtue and religion, inasmuch
as each of them is wont to refer all things whicli the C3-0
beholds to the heavenly aird the true, whether as occurring
in the actions of men and upon the stage of life, or as seen
in the glorious spectacle cverj'where presented in the heavens
and the earth.'

" But there is another consciousness no less generally felt^
which has tended to give to this celebration its comprehen-
sive character ; I mean the consciousness of our poet's
nationality. Like Homer to the Greeks, he is the poet of us
Enghshmen. And as we look for no better, so we desire no
other. — And now^ I think, it n'rciy be said we see the first
rude outline of a character which, in paying honoiu- to
the man, we shall do well to contemplate; for it is not
merely as a poet who wrote, in a high and genuine sense of
the word, religiously ; but as a man, a Christian man, that
we, as a congregation of Christians, should be content to
honour Shakespeare. Let us see, then, what he was as such.
Unclazzled by the world, and courting nothing which the
world can give, we find him indifferent to the fate even of
tlie pi'oduce of his own immortal mind, and throwing his

28 STUATEOL'D-IJ I'OX-AYON

pearls with cliild-like simplicit)-, into tlie liq) of time, as if
unconscious of tlieir amazing wortli. A man of a less simple^
or less sober temper, after lie had attained to prosperity
and to fame, would never have chosen, when not yet fifty
years old, to settle down for the remainder of his days in
rural quietude, and in the place which had known him not
onl3- in ohscurit_y hut in poverty and distress.* But seeking,
as he did, to shun, rath' r than to court, distinction, the fact
that ' a prophet is not without honour, save in his own
country and in his own house ', tended rather to recom-
mend this choice to liim the more; liappy if only he might
be allowed to study nature, and to cultivate his own moral
being in order that he might 1:)0 'ripe' in God's good time.

"We know how he has written ! AVhat truth has he not
taught ? What duty has he not enforced ? What relation
of life, and of living things, I'ational or irrational, has he
not illustrated ? IIow has he looked tJironi/li nature; and,
above all, into the heart of man, with the intuitive know-
ledge with which the skilful artisan inspects the mechanism
of the watch which he himself has niade ! And knowing
these things, we know enough to teach us how littlo true
greatness is dependant upon external circumstances. We
know enough to shame us, if anj^ of! us should complain
of the difficulties and disadvantages in wliicli God has placed
him. Shakespeare lived to become a teacher of the world,
so long as time shall last. And, what deserves to be com-
memorated more especially in this place, Shakespeare lived
to receive, as a benefactor, the blessings of the poor, not
forgetting them, we may lie sure, i^diile he lived, inasmuch
as he remembered them when he died."

As I have before oljserved, the sermons of these tv;o

* " CorDparatively poor" would Le ln'tter ; it does not appear
that lie was ever in distrCbS.

AND STTAKHSrHAUK. 21)

eminent divines deserve to be ])riiited and widely rireiil;ited :
tUejr shoidd be spread abroatl, sown nideed^ ^vlle^eve^ the
-English lang-uage is read. They ioian, ^•^'ith the si^eeches
de]i\'ered at the Banquet, the solid and eudnring pordons of
the Ftsti\-al ni I8d4. The eoneerts and tlie tlioatrical per-
formanceSj excellent as they wei'e, have no such claims : they
gratified for the hour ; and arc the continual and common
anmsemeuts which a.re, moi'e or less, at the command of all ;
and these fugitive pastimes, as Mr. Hunter's " Ciu-onicle"
sho^\^s, were unremunerativeh' costly, while tlie printing of
hundreds of thousands ot the sermons, public lectures on
Shakespeare, and readings of his plays, would ])roduce a
lasting good eifect without a severe and uujust taxati(.in
of the purses of a few generous individuals.

Tlie visit to Stratford-upon-Avon wdiich gave rise to the
foregoing remarks, was undertaken in compau)' with Mr. J .
G. Waller, on September 26th, in order to superintend the
erection of a mural brass tablet in the church, to the memory
of Frederick WiUiam Fairholt, who bequeathed his Shak-
spearean collections to the town of Stratford. We were
joined there on the same day by Mr. Joseph Mayer, Presi-
dent of the Cheshire and Lancashire Historic Society ; and
by Mr. H. B. Mackei|!on, F.G.S., of Hythe, in Kent ; and we
passed together five days very agreeably. Our visit cannot
be mentioned without recording, at the same time, atten-
tions and hospitalities received irom Mr. F. F. Flower of
the Hill ; from Mr. W. 0. Hunt ; and from Dr. Kingsley,
the mayo)' ; and I avail myself also of this opportunity t(j
acknowledge tlie kind manner in which the vicar, the I!ev.
Dr. GoUis, granted permission for the memorial to }>e set
up in the church ; and for his generous refusal to take the
customary fee.

It will not" 1-10 out of place to appeird to this i-ecorti cif our
visit an extract from J\Ir. Faij'holt's manuscri])t meiiKjrantla

30 STKATKOnn- I 'PON-AVON.

written at Sti'atford. At all events it affords a pleasiug
testimony of enthusiasm : —

''Avgvs-t 29, 1839. — Paid my first visit to Shakespeare's
Ijirthplace. It was dark when the coach set mo down at
Stratford ; and I felt an extra degree of excitement at each
mile nearer the town. So after leaving- my luggage with
the waiter^ and inquiring the way, I sallied off in the dark
to visit this immortal house. 1 soon rocognised it. But,
alas ! that portion once shewn as the Swan and Maidenhead
has been renewed by a fronting of red brick. The interior,
they say, has not been much altered ; but the exterior parts,
the straight, plain front, and adjoining sash-windows of a
modern residence for a labouring man, one story high, such
as you frequently see in the small suburban streets near
London. Let us try to forget this rascally spoliation. That
portion remains untouched in which he was born. I gazed
at it as well as the darkness would permit, crossed the road^
returned again, and felt most deeply sorry that it was too
late for a visit then. With regret I passed on ; and again
returned for auuthor final look, until the morning arrived.
I then walked up the street, to stroll rountl the tov/n ; but
it was in vain for me to collect my thoughts, or leave the
street in which the house was situate. At the top of it I
suddenly turned ; and, walking back as fast as I could, fully
resolved to stay no longer. On my inquiring, fearfully, if it
were not too late to see it then, I was answered : ' Oh, deai-,
no ! Yv^alk in, sir, and Til fetch a light immediately.' No
words ever sounded so delightfullj'."

Temple Place,

Strood by Rochester,

December 18G8.

JOSEPH ADDISON

AJJD

SIE ANDREW FOUNTAINE

EOMANCE OF A POETRAIT.

LONDON :
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO.

THEW & SON, KING'S LYNN.
1858.

ROMANCE OF A PORTRAIT.

From tlie '^ AtJienaum.^^

New Bond Street is just now the scene of ti startling bit
of romance. The House of Commons, it is known, has
lately granted 2,000Z. a year for the purchase of a gallery of
authentic portraits of historical Englishmen. Now, in the
name of safety, what is an authentic portrait ? Suppose the
commissioners deceived in their choice ? What if they give
us the face of Gondomar for the face of Raleigh — or the
wig of Kirke for the peruke of Marlborough ? Why then
they mislead the public. They betray the biographer. They
falsify history.

The Bond Street mystery must sorely puzzle Lord Stanhope
and his brethren. What evidence is sufiicient to guarantee
the authenticity of a portrait ? Let the reader put a case.
Suppose a century hence a " portrait of the Duke of Welling-
ton" shall be found hanging on the walls of Apsley House?
Suppose it be the only portrait of the Duke existing in the
house. Suppose it shall have always been called the Duke's
portrait ? Suppose all the Duke's biographers and historians
shall have described it as the true embodiment and expression of
the Duke's peculiar genius? Suppose it shall have been en-
graved again and again, until the public know it as familiarly
as they know the prints of Cromwell or Napoleon, or the face
of Albert the Third on the current coin ? Suppose it shall
have been painted, as the chief treasure of the house, into
groups of the Wellington family by eminent members of the
Royal Academy, and shall have been duly criticized at the

May Exhibitions at Kensington Gore ? Suppose it shall have
been selected by the ohlest friends of the house, (men \Yith
memories going back close to tlie AVelliiigton time, men who
shall boast of having seen the liero of Waterloo, and danced
at the Court of Queen Victoria) as the model for a great
national monument ? Suppose, at their instance it shall
have been used by the most eminent of the successors of
Flaxman and Baily as such model, and that such monument
of the Duke shall have Ijeen duly, and without suspicion,
erected in the most conspicuous part of Westminster Abbey ?
Suppose — but that will do. Might not a portrait, so credited,
be considered authentic ? Very likely — and yet the New
Bond Street romance would seem to prove that this very
picture, with all the bloom of proof upon it, onigld be only a
poor copy of a portrait of Lord Hardinge, hung up by the
great Duke out of kindly feeling for his friend !

Now to our tale. Every one has heard of the famous
portrait of Addison at Holland House. Addison lived and
died in that picturesque dwelling. The portrait is the chief
charm of the place. Visitors gather round it to chat about
Spectators and Tatters — about Swift and Steele, and Pope and
Arbuthnot ; the young and handsome face beaming with be-
nignant humour on the group. Who does not remember the
rapture with which Macaulay hangs on that pleasant counte-
nance? Who has not seen Leslie's admirable picture of the Fox
family — Lord Holland and Lady Holland — and their confi-
dential friend Mr. Allen, with the celebrated portrait brought
in to complete the Cjuartett of hospitality, wit, genius and
refinement ? Who has not heard of the subscription got up
by Rogers and Mackintosh, and other wise men of the west,
to place a marble copy of that genial presence among the
great dead ? Who has not gazed with wonder and veneration
on the memorial in the Abbey, executed by the late sculptor.
Sir Richard Westmacott, from the Holland House portrait — or

read the brilliant description of it in one of Macaulay's most
delightful passages ? Yet, we grieve to say, all this admira-
tion and this emotion has been thrown away. The gentleman
smiling in wig and claret-coloured dress, at Holland House,
is not Addison. The same gentleman transferred to Leslie's
picture is not Addison. The same gentleman stripped of his
wig in Westmacott's marlde, is not Addison. By a frolic of
the muse of history, all this vicarious honour has been heaped
on a distinguished personage of the Augustan age. Sir An-
drew Fountaine, of Narford Hall, in Norfolk, Vice Cham-
berlain to Queen Caroline, and the successor of Sir Isaac
Newton in the wardenship of the Mint. What is fame?
asks Byron. What is fame ? Grose dies gloriously at his
guns — and Grove lives immortal in your gazettes !

The discovery of this surprising fact was made in this
way. Mr. Fountaine, of Narford, descendant and represen-
tative of Sir Andrew, enters a print-shop, and sees what he
is told is a portrait of Addison in Leslie's picture. Remem-
bering the familiar face at home — preserved in three distinct
portraits at Narford — he answers, " This is no portrait of
Addison, but it is of my ancestor Sir Andrew Fountaine."
This scene occurred some years ago, when Leslie's engraving
was just out; but country gentlemen are careless of glory ;
and Mr. Fountaine, though a collector himself, enjoyed his
laugh, and told his story pleasantly to his Narford friends
over their port, cracking his jests at the wise London critics,
but so far as the unprivileged world was concerned he let the
discovery sleep until an enthusiastic friend took it up. But,
the story told, the whole is done. The proofs of his assertion
are ample, and indeed seem to us irresistible. Mr. Fountaine
has now brought to London the originals of his ancestor ;
one, a miniature, we have before us as we wi'ite ; the other,
the original of ivhich the Holland House picture is a copy, lies
at Mr. Farrar's in New Bond Street, where we have seen it,

where himdreils hare seen it, and where, we have authority
for saying, it may be seen by any one interested in the
matter who chooses to calL

But how comes a portrait of Sir Andrew Fountaine at
Holland House ? This is easily suggested, though not
proved. Fountaine was the intimate friend of Swift, Pope,
and Addison. With Swift, imleed, his relations were
almost fraternal. Swift's original drawings for The Tale of
a Tub are still at Narford — unless, indeed, they are lent to
Mr. Murray for the use of his coming edition. Presentation
books from Swift arc also at Narford. Fountaine — a scholar,
a traveller, and a collector — was probably a visitor at Holland
House. Family traditions also connect in friendship some
of the Fountaines with Sir Stephen Fox. How the
copy of his portrait got there — how it ever came to be
considered as an Addisonian original — we are not able to
say. Can anybody help us to clear up the mystery ? For
ourselves, we feel no certainty that the confusion between
Addison and Fountaine is the whole of the mystery. There
is an engraving of Congreve — the Kit-Cat portrait — won-
di'ously like this Fountaine original.

ADDISON AND FOUNTAINE.

To tJie Editor of the " Atherucimi."

Sir, — I was not so enthusiastic in the matter of Addison's
portrait as you suppose. I heard the story from Mr. Fountaine
two years ago, with some interesting details respecting the
connection of Sir Andrew Fountaine and Swift. Having
gone to Narford, at the request of a distinguished literary
gentleman, to ask Mr. Fountaine to consent to the publica-
tion of his valuable Swift correspondence, he mentioned the
story again, and I determined to investigate it. A miniature

of Sir Andrew Fountaine was sent to me, and with this
miniature the attack on the great " Wliig Tradition" of
Holland House commenced. The statement in some London
Papers is incorrect so far, that the fact was not dis-
covered by seeing the picture in Holland House ; hut as stated
in the Athenwum, hj Mr. Fountaine seeing a proof of an en-
graving from Leslie's portrait of Addison.

The case is now proved beyond doubt ; but should any
unbeliever wish to satisfy himself of the truth of the story,
let him go to Farrar's, 106, New Bond Street, and there
he will see the rather good original portrait, of which the
Holland House picture is but an indifferent copy.

It is true Lord Macaulay is a very great authority on
such matters ; and it is a very grave thing for an anonymous
scribbler to contradict any of his assertions. In fact, I feel
as the manager of Drury Lane ought to have felt, when he
commenced his speech to the electors of Bridport, by saying,
" Me and the Queen have had a difference." In the next
edition of his Lordship's essays he must alter some remarks he
makes respecting the Holland House portrait of Addison. He
says, " it still hangs in Holland House ;" now it does not and
never did. He goes on to say, " The features are pleasing,
the complexion remarkably fair." This is quite true: Sir
Andrew Fountaine ivas remarlcable for the beauty of his
complexion. " But in the expression," he says, " we trace
rather the gentleness of his disposition, than the force and
keenness of his intellect." This is a curious loophole. Lord
Macaulay can now turn round on the bewildered " wise men of
the west," and say, " Why I always suspected the portrait."

But there is an episode in this case so ludicrous, and yet
so ill-natured, that I wish the late Mr. Croker had lived to
investigate it.

It appears that Addison's widow erected no monu-
ment to his memory, which I am not surprised at, she

looking upon liim as a scribbler and a bore, a fact not un-
common ■with the "wives of great literary men. Indeed, I have
seen the proofs of a discovery made but a short time ago, that
the widow of the immortal Shakspeare married a man called
Richard James, who, it is believed, was a barber. An
editor of Shakspeare has made this discovery ; Ijut I am
bound in fairness to state, that another learned editor, with
pious eyes and uplifted hands, protests against so degrading
a story.

But to return to Addison — no monument was erected.
What was to be done? The "wise men of the west"
determined that this scandal should be repaired ; they met in
1809, and agreed to erect a monument. One can fancy the
enthusiastic meetings, the intelligent sub-committee, all men
of taste, the debates as to who was to execute so great a
work ; and when rival sculptors met at dinner the carving
knives were sheathed. At last Sir Richard Westmacott,
the friend of Lord Holland, was selected.

After carefully perusing the Gentleman's Magazine of
that period, I find that the quarrelling about this statue,
amongst the critics, while being executed by Sir Richard
Westmacott, was quite awful ; but when the statue was
completed, the storm raged more furiously than ever as
to where it was to be placed.

A gentleman, signing himself a " True Englishman,"
probably a disappointed sculptor, was the chief opponent to
the statue being placed in Edward the Confessor's Chapel,
where it was proposed to erect it. To this place the " True
Englishman" objected on aristocratic grounds ; but it was
decided against him, and the foundations were actually
commenced, when suddenly the " True Englishman " took a
new ground ; he discovered that, in laying the foundation,
they had disturbed the remains of Thomas of Woodstock,
son of Edward III. He called on all the antiquaries of

England to assist him in putting a stop to such profanation.
He \yas answered by an " Old Westminster," who not content
with prose, bombarded his opponent with such frightful
poetry, that it would have annihilated any one but the " True
Englishman." However, the antiquaries came to his rescue,
and raised the cry of " Sacrilege." Conceited archseologists
— imaginary descendants of Thomas of Woodstock — ^joined
in the fray, and the tempest was at its height.

Fancy thirty prize fights for the championship of
England going on in a very limited space, and one has a
faint idea of the contest that raged over the unconscious
bones of Thomas of Woodstock.

The cry of sacrilege was successful— the " True Eng-
lishman (now writing under the title of " J. C") was
victorious ; and it was agreed that Addison's statue should
be erected in Poets' Corner. One would have thought that
even the " True Englishman " would have been satisfied
at this; not a bit of it — he and the '' Old Westminster"
went at it again with increased fury.

The " True Englishman " protesting against placing it
by the side of the statue of Handel, by Eoubilliac, the " Old
Westminster," of course, took the other side, and the row
commenced again.

A gentleman, I think, of the name of " Plato," tried
to throw oil on the troubled waters, and pacify the belli-
gerent critics, but both the combatants turned upon him
with such astounding ferocity, that Plato quickly disap-
peared from the scene, and reasoned no more.

At last the question was settled, and with a grand pro-
cession (no doubt with a literary duke or marquis leading
it, Rogers and Co. bringing up the rear), the statue was
placed in Poets' Corner.

The " True Englishman," of course, left the scene of
combat with an awful sarcasm on Sir Richard Westmacott.

He says, "Joseph Addison was a humble man — so was his
sculptor."*

And yet, after all these controversies, squabbles, and
jealousies, after all these war cries of — " Sacrilege ! "
" Eones of our ancestors ! " and " Handel ! " what had the
" wise men of the west " erected ? A most unsatisfactory
statue, not of Addison, but of " Su- Andrew Fountaine,"
withsut his wig. For I have it from the highest authority,
that Sir Richard Westmacott executed the monument from
the " totally exploded portrait of Addison at Holland
House."

If this episode which I relate is true, perhaps some ar-
rangement may be entered into for the substitution of the
name of Fountaine for that of Addison.

If it is not true, the case ivotdcl he still more mysterious than
it is ; for if Sir R. Westmacott tooh the statue from another
authentic portrait of Addison, Lord Holland and his friends
being visitors at the studio to see the progress of the
" immortal" tvorJc, must, or at least, ought to have discovered
that their otvn authentic pjortrait was a " SHAM."

The surviving subscribers to the monument, naturally
the oldest and wisest men in London, will perhaps agree
to some amicable compromise. They will not be irritated
by the sarcasms of the "True Englishman" who lies quietly
in his grave. Peace to his ashes, — he saved those of
Thomas of Woodstock.

And why should Sir Andrew Fountaine not be in West-
minster Abbey ? It would be a proud thing for me, as a
Norfolk man, to have discovered this fact. I believe that
he is the only countyman tliere, but I know that there are
three Norfolk celebrities figuring in the doubtful chamber
of Madame Tussaud's.

* It afterwards appeared that the " True Englishman " was a Mr.
John Carter ; if he had lived how he would have enjoyed this story.

Sir Ad drew Fountainc was one of the most distinguished
men of his time. Born of an ancient family of the county
of Norfolk, he entered into the University of Oxford at
an early age, where he displayed remarkable talent. He
was selected, as the most distinguished scholar of his year,
to deliver the Latin oration before our great Protestant
deliverer, William III., who was so pleased with him that
he knighted him on the spot.

He formed part of the brilliant embassy of Lord Mac-
clesfield to the Electress Sophia, in 1701.

He there was a conspicuous ornament of the most
brilliant circle in Europe. As a proof of what I say, the
great Leibnitz, the most universal genius the world ever
produced, who was so great in theology (as is stated in that
most valuable work, published a short time ago by the late
lamented John Kemble, entitled State Papers and Corre-
spondence,) that he was offered a Cardinal's hat and the
librarianship of the Vatican, if he consented to change his
religion, at page 253 of that work, thus addresses Sir Andrew
Fountaine, then a young man of twenty-four, in a letter from
Berlin.

" M. Minkenin thanks me for having procured for him
and his son the honour of your acquaintance : it is a
correspondence, at least, among persons like you and him,
by which all parties are gainers, the only commerce in
which that takes place. But as for me, I am he who
derives the most advantage from it, and your deserts are
the capital from which I derive the profit. I have no
doubt that M. Morel at Arnstadt, and M. Imhof at Niirn-
berg, will also be much obliged to me. One is fortunate
when one has a person like yourself to produce. The
Queen still thinks herself my debtor for having introduced
you, although you were more than sufficiently so by Madam
the Electress' s letter; and Mademoiselle de Pillnitz, aa

well as the other ladies, often ask me news of you ; not
to speak of your wit, your good looks, or rather your
beauty, remains engraved in their imagination, and makes
as much noise at Court, as your learning does among our
savans, who have had the advantage of your acquaintance."

Those who have seen the beautiful miniature of Sir
Andrew Fountaine now in London, will agree with Leibnitz,
that his beauty equalled his talents.

He became afterwards the constant correspondent of
Leibnitz, who frequently consulted him. Sir Andrew Foun-
taine being one of the most learned Anglo-Saxon scholars
in Europe.

He published a treatise on Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-
Danish Coins in Hickes' Thesaurus Septentrioiialis.

He was intimate with Pope and Addison, and above
all, he was the first real friend Swift ever found during
his stormy life — the first man who took him by the hand
and treated him like a gentleman, and introduced him to
his distinguished friends as an equal.

Sir Andrew accompanied in 1707, the accomplished
Thomas Lord Pembroke (who was then Lord Lieutenant)
to Ireland, where he found Swift living in comparative
obscurity. Sir Andrew introduced him to Lord Pem-
broke, and they all three became most intimate. They
returned together to England in the following year, and
Swift then resided with Sir Andrew ; and now, for the
first time. Swift's talents were appreciated by the great
London world. No house ougld to contain more interesting
correspondence with respect to the life of Swift than that
of Narford.

The original pictures of The Tale of a Tub have
been at Narford for 1.50 years ; they are supposed to be
by Swift's own hand, and to have been sent to Sir Andrew
Fountaine to be corrected. Sir Andrew Fountaine, a friend

of the Vanhomrigh family, also introduced Swift to the un-
fortunate Vanessa.

With Pope his friendship terminated in a manner that
does no honour to the memory of the illustrious poet. The
reason of their quarrel ^Yas that Pope, like many other
wise men, thought to advance his interests by paying
court to Lady Suifolk, instead of Queen Caroline. Sir
Andrew was indignant at this. After which Pope attacked
him in the most malignant manner, accusing him of having
collected nothing but the most worthless curiosities.

" The well dissembled emerald on his hand " is still in the
possession of Mr. Fountaine ; and I think Mr. Hancock, of
Bond Street, would pass a very good verdict " as to the utter
falsehood of the libel.

The good-natured Sir Andrew only laughed at his as-
sailant, and Pope's bust is still to be seen in his library
at Narford.*

Sir Andrew made many tours through Italy, where he
formed a great friendship with Cosmo de Medici, with
whom a correspondence is still preserved. When he arrived
at any Italian town he held a kind of levee, all the artists
and distinguished men hastening to meet him.

In matters of art, I am told by the highest authorities,
that he was 150 years in advance of his age. Those who
have had the pleasure of seeing the unrivalled collection of
Majolica, and other treasiu'es collected by him, will rea-
dily believe this. When I went to one of the most
eminent connoisseurs in London with the miniature of Sir
Andrew, he said, " That is like everything else of Sir
Andrew Fountaine's I ever saw, perfect."

* I should not have mentioned this attack, only it has been
already alladed to in the Illustrated London News.

Those who have seeu the beautiful illuminated missal
from the Narforcl collection, pronounced by every one whose
opinion is of any value, to be one of the finest specimens
of Italian art in existence, will also agree as to the won-
derful taste exhibited in securing such a gem.

There are other works in Narford which would be
valuable to the historian, particularly a Prayer Book of
Henry VIII., with his apparently dying words written in it
by his own hand, a book that Mr. Froude would like to see.

Surely the companion of Pope, Addison, and Swift, a
man who could form a collection like this, was one of the
i7iost distinguished men of his time.

He was the trusted friend of Caroline of Anspach, wife
of George H., and became her vice-chamberlain; indeed, so
highly did Caroline appreciate his great abilities, that she
requested him to superintend the education of her favourite
son William.

If he had kept a journal, no one could have given a better
report of the secret affairs of the Courts of George I. and II.
His memoirs would most probably have been as interesting
as those of Lord Hervey ; but Sir A. Fountaine was
a gentleman, and did not betray those with whom "he sat
at meat."

On the death of Su' I. Newton he became warden of the
Mint, which situation he held till his death, in 1753.

I am aware I have not been able to write the memoir
that ought to be written of Sir A. Fountaine. I believe
that it will be written by some more practised hand than
mine. But I think enough has been stated to justify me
in proposing, that if, on investigation, the statue is really
that of Sir A. Fountaine, the inscription written by a
celebrated nobleman, assisted by Bishop Hurd, should be
altered, and some suitable memorial to Sir A. Fountaine
substituted in its place.

Lord Macaulay, of course, may object to this, as he went
into raptures when the great Whig statue was at last comfort-
ably installed. He thus described it after giving a hard hit
at the unfeeling widow. " At length, in our own time, his
image, skilfully graven, appeared in Poets' Corner. It repre-
sents him as we conceive him, clad in his dressing gown, and
freed from his wig ; stepping from his parlour at Chelsea, into
his trim little garden, with the account of the Everlasting
Club, or the Loves of Hilpa and Shalum, just finished for the
next day's Spectator, in his hand." All these raptures for the
wigless Sir Andrew !

Of course a new statue of Addison must be erected ; and
I have no doubt the subscriptions in this country and
America would be immense. It ought to be done, if only
to preserve one of Lord Macaulay's most magnificent pas-
sages.

In conclusion it may be said by some — "Why not let the
matter rest ? Sir Andrew Fountaine was very handsome, and
will do very well for Joseph Addison ! " But have we a
right (if it is fair to deceive ourselves) — have we a right to
deceive the confiding American, whose first visit would be
to our National Portrait Gallery, by showing him that which
is untrue ?

I have it from one of the trustees of the N. P. Gallery,
that of course if Lord Holland would have parted with
his picture, it would have been purchased ; and then the
nation would have been put to a useless expense.

I think also, that this story ought to make great his-
torians a little more careful as to their assertions. There
may be manuscripts hidden in different country houses of
England which would destroy half the histories that have
been written.

Have we not seen William Penn, the great man who
founded a province in America, equal in intellect and wealth

to kingdoms in Europe, — have we not seen him lately ac-
cused and sentenced by Lord Macaulay for the most
degrading crimes, on evidence which would not have con-
victed the lowest pickpocket at the Old Bailey, nay, in
spite of direct evidence to the contrary ?

And yet here, if the story of the Atheruenm is true, as
true it is, the " man of infallibility," and the wisest
of the wise have been gazing for years with " modest
admiration" on the picture of Addison, which now is
discovered to be nothing more than an indifferent copy of
an original of Sir Andrew Fountaine, with the intellect
squeezed out.

A NORFOLK MAN.

My own impression is strong, that Sir Stephen Fox and Sir
Andrew Fountaine were friends, and exchanged portraits. I have
good grounds for saying this.

I have not alluded to the Congreve question raised by the Athenrpum
but certainly while there is no resemblance, as far as I can see, between
the Addison statue and the Sir A. Fountaine, at Mr. Farrar's, there is
the most extraordinary likeness between the picture and the medaUion
of Congreve in Westminster Abbey.

I have it from the best authority that Sir E. Westmacott did take
his statue from the picture at Holland House. Of course, whether it
is taken from it or not has nothing to do with respect to the main
question, as to the authenticity of the Holland House portrait. Sir
K. ^Yestmacott unwigged the picture, and that may account for the
unsatisfactory statue.

The following from AV. M. T., s very interesting : —

From the " AthencEum."

The announcement about the portrait of Addison at
Holland House has aroused public attention, and I may say
has given to the cynical a hearty laugh. The facts are
assumed to be a contradiction to a century and a half of tra-

(lition, if not of historical evidence. Yet is not this another
case of what -vvas so clearly proved in your own paper upon
Pope last week, in which the public build up for themselves
historical evidences by inference and from circumstances
merely imaginary ?

The portrait was the well-known portrait of Addison, so
lately the grace and ornament of Whig reunions on the walls
of Holland House — the very Holland House in which Addison
lived, with his wife the Countess of Warwick and Holland —
the house whose rooms and grounds are filled with Addisonian
traditions. It was, as you observe, the only portrait of Addison
there, and had always been known as Addison's. Could the
authenticity of such a portrait, in such a place, and in the
possession as long as it has been known to exist of Lord
Holland's family, be doubted by anybody ? The harmony
and connexion between place, picture, and possessors were
perfect, and all the world have believed. It does not seem
to have struck any one — not even Lord Macaulay — to
attempt to estimate the real value of this apparent, or assumed
harmony and connexion. What are the facts? Holland
House belonged to the Earls of Warwick and Holland.
Addison married the widow of Edward, one of these Earls,
and resided in Holland House till he died in 1719. In 1718
the only son of Lady Warwick came of age, and he died in
1721. Up to this period it is probable that the Countess
resided there. But on the death of her son, the estate
passed to collaterals — either to Edmund, eighth Earl of
Warwick, or to Mr. William Edwardes, a Welsh gentleman,
cousin to the seventh Earl, long after created Lord Kensing-
ton. Thus, we have already a distinct family, — a remote
collateral branch, — having, of course, very little sympathy
■ffith the Countess ; and the probabilities are, none at all
■with her mesalliance, as her second marriage was probably
considered at that time. Here, at any rate, we have a

clearing out of Addison, and his widow, and his daugliter,
from Holland House ; and the widow and daughter probably
removed to Addison's house at Bilton, where we know that
the daughter lived and died in 1797. Is it to be Ijelicved
that, under these circumstances, the widow would have left
behind her a little Kit-Cat portrait of her husband, so light
that she might have carried it away in her hand, and in her
own carriage? Would she not have taken it with her to
Bilton, where, on the daughter's death, were found portraits
of Addison's contemporaries, which he himself had possessed 1
The improbabilities of their leaving it at Holland House to
the neglect and possitjle contempt of their successors, seem to
be great, even to be absurd. But we have not yet done with
these improbabilities : for no sooner has the house changed
hands, than it appears to have been let. In 1726, Mr.
Morrice, high bailiff of Westminster, who married Atter-
bury's daughter, " hired Holland House near Kensington,"
— as appears from the Daily Journal of the 4th of October,
and, as if for ever to destroy all associations of Whigism,
Pope's, " Downright Shippen," the celebrated Jacobite, oc-
casionally lived there, and dated his letters thence. Mr.
Leigh Hunt, in his Old Court Suburbs, says the house
appears to have been let " on short leases, and to a variety
of persons ; sometimes in apartments to lodgers ; " all of
whom must have neglected and left the portrait behind them.
The house and grounds appear to have been finally abandoned
to the rats and the weeds. The author of A Tour through
Cfreat Britain, published in 1748, mournfully describes
" this famous old edifice " as having " long been decaying,"
and recommends its being pulled down. It had, by this
time, evidently become too dilapidated even for its humble
lodgers, and its rusty iron gates, broken shutters and wilder-
ness of walks — no longer trodden by Whig or Jacobite — may
be imagined by the help of Hood's poem of The Haunted

House. But the portrait, we are to believe, still hung in the
darkness within upon the mouldering walls : and there it was
found by an utter stranger, Mr. Henry Fox, who happened
to take the property on a lease of lives, and finally pur-
chased the house and made it habitable. Henry Fox was,
in 1763, created Lord Holland — the title which, in the Rich
family, had become extinct, being, I presume, suggested by
the name of the property. Lord Holland died in 1773, and
the house was again " unfurnished ; " and by 1796, when
his son, Stephen Fox Lord Holland, returned from the Con-
tinent, was once more " out of repair," and was " fitted up
for his residence at considerable expense." The little
marketable portrait of Addison, however, defied all these
dilapidations and vicissitudes, and was then and ever after
found still " hanging on the walls of Holland House." The
history is one of indifference. The portrait is found there
because neither the widow nor the daughter think it worth
removal; because the Earl or Mr. Edwardes and Mr. Morrice,
and the various holders of short leases were equally indif-
ferent : and out of these indifferences grows up the romance,
and all the romantic associations of the Addison portrait at
Holland House.

Just so far as the substitution of Fountaine for Addison
rests on the intimate connexion of Fountaine with " Swift,
Pope, and Addison," all the above objections apply with
equal force. If Addison's connexion with Holland House
will not authenticate a portrait of Addison at Holland
House, neither can it authenticate a portrait of his friend
Fountaine. Further, there seems to be some doubt on the
subject ; else why the mention of the connexion between Sir
Stephen Fox and Sir A. Fountaine ? Sir Stephen Fox died
in extreme old age, when Fountaine must have been a young
man ; but young or old, a portrait of Fountaine, in
possession of Sir Stephen, had nothing whatever to do with

Fountaine's connexion with " Swift, Pope, and Addison,"
and nothing to do with Holland House, except by the accident
that half a century afterwards the Fox family bought Holland
House.

It is strong presumptive evidence that this portrait was
never considered the portrait of Addison by Addison's con-
temporaries, or survivors, that it was never engraved. For
twenty years after Addison's death, we have many portraits
of him ; but not one from the portrait at Holland House.

By the time the Fox family got possession of Holland
House, Addison had become a classic. The place itself was
sanctified by his name and memory ; there were, and there
are, Addison walks and Addison rooms ; and an Addison
portrait only was wanting to complete the charm. Of
course if Henry Fox wanted a portrait of Addison, the
dealers would find one ; and with the full flowing wig, and
the loose wrapper of his day, there was no great difficulty ;
any decent resemblance would pass. The existing portrait,
therefore, may be one of Fountaine ; may be, as you think
probable, from appearance, a Congreve, — and if it be not
Congreve, I cannot distinguish between the Kit-Cat Con-
greve and Fountaine.

LONDON :
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Containing several Sliakesperian articles.

66 PROLEGOMENA to the Dramatick Writings of

Shakespeare, containing 3 portraits, 2 monuments of
the Poet, House in whic/i Jie loas born, facsimile of
ha^idioriting, and portrait of Garrick. 1 vols,
i2mo, calf gilt. 5 s Lond. ( Bell), 1']%']

67 Another Edition, 2 vols in one. i2mo, half

calf 3s 6d 1788

68 Another Edition, 1 vols, i2mo, calf gilt. 5s

1804

69 RICHARDSON'S Essays on Shakespeare's Dramatic

Character of Sir John Falstaff and his Imitation of
Female Characters. 1 2rao, half calf. 3s 6d 1788

70 Another, differently dated. i2m.o, -uncut. 3s

— Jialf calf. 3s 1789

71 FARMER (Dr. Richard) Essay on the Learning of

Shakespeare, addressed to Jos. Cradock, Esq. Third
edition, small 8vo, sezoed. 3s 6d 1789

72 FARRAGO, Containing Essays, moral, philosophical,

political, and historical, on Shakespeare, truth, boxing,
kings, religion, commerce, goverments, politeness, en-
nui, ingratitude, fortune, politics, &c. 2 vols, 8vo, 7ieio
half calf gilt, 6s Teivkesbury, 1792

i^ijc and iVritings of Shakespeare. 9

73 M ALONE (Edniond) Letter to Rev. R. Farmer rela-

tive to the edition of Shakespeare published in i 790,
and some late criticisms on that work. 8vo, sewed.
2S — Second edition, 2s 1792

74 SHAKESPEARE'S Plays, with the Corrections and

Illustrations of various Commentators, to which are
added Notes by Johnson and Steevens, with Life of
the Poetj History of the Stage, and Glossarial Index
by Isaac Reed, 15 vols, 8vo, neat in calf , gilt backs.
£2. los 1793

Called the " variorum edition," and generally esteemed by Shakespeare
Scholars ; no subsequent edition has entirely superseded it.

75 WHITER's (Walter) Specimen of a Commentary on

Shakespeare. 1 794 — Pye's Comments on the Com-
mentators on Shakespeare. 1807 — Another Essence
of Malone on the Beauties of Shakespeare's Editor.
1 80 1. In I vol, 8vo, portrait added:, calf gilt.
I OS 6d

76 WHITER's Specimen of a Commentary on Shake-

speare, containing Notes on As You Like It. 8vo,
^.s-., 3s — half calf . 4s 6d i794

^'] PASSAGES selected from Distinguished Personages
on the great Literary Trial of Vortigern and Rowena.
a Comic Tragedy (by Sir Bate Dudley). Fifth edi-
tion-, 1 vols in I, i2mo, rnssia. 3s 6d ^795

78 Eighth Edition, 2 vols in i, i2mo, bds. 3s — ■

neio half calf gilt. 4s 6d 1795

79 MALONE's Prospectus of a new edition of Shake-

speare, in 20 vols, royal 8vo, (never published).
^^oXio, curious. 6d {feiit. i, 1795)

80 SHAKESPEARE FORGERIES. — Miscellaneous

Papers and Legal Instruments, the Tragedy of Lear,
and small fragment of Hamlet, from the original MSS.
in the Possession of Mr. Samuel Ireland. Imperial
i\to, facsimiles, new half calf , edges uncut, fi. 15s

1796

81 MISCELLANEOUS Papers and Legal Instruments,

under the hand of Shakespeare, including King Lear
and Hamlet, in the possession of Samuel Ireland.
Zyo, folding plate, bds,, 3s 1796

Same ^^'ork as the preceding, but with only one facsimile.

lo Catalogue of Books, &c., ilhistrating the

82 M ALONE (Edmond) Inquiry into the authenticity of

of certain Miscellaneous Papers attributed to Shake-
speare, Oueen Elizabeth, and Henry E. of Southamp-
ton. Svo, facsimiles, boards. 3s — Jialf calf. 4s —
lohole calf. 4s 6d 1 796

83 MALONE (E.) Inquiry into the authenticity of certain

Miscellaneous Papers attributed to Shakespeare.
WitJi facsimiles, Svo, half riissia, uncut. £1. is

1796

This volume contains in addition lo Malone's Inquiry, MS. Extracts from
Matriculation Register relative to John Eurbage and John .Shakespeare (of
Coventry) — Newspaper cuttings respecting Shakespeare's Marriage License —
Ireland's confessions, the disposal of Exchequer Records, &c. — F'acsimile of
Shakespeare Forgeries, with the autograpli of "Sir Francis Freeling — also a
curious and significant autograph letter of Sir Fh'ancis Freeling, relative to Mr.
L*ouce's liequest of his Library, &c., to the Bodleian, and of £500 to Dr.
Dibdin. " Will it do the poor fellow any good ? "

g4 IRELAND'S Investigation of Mr. Malone's Claim to
the Character of Scholar or Critic, being an Examina-
tion of his Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Shake-
speare Manuscripts, &c. 8vo, sczucd (title soiled).
2s 6d — clean, copy, sezoed. 3s 6d — half calf 4s 6d
— calf 5s 1 796

85 IRELAND'S Vindication of his Conduct respecting

the Publication of the supposed Shakespeare MSS.,
being a Reply to Mr. Malone, in his Inquiry, etc.,
Svo, sewed, 3s — half bound, 4s ^7'^^^

86 MISCELLANEOUS Papers and Legal Instruments

under the Hand and Seal of Shakespeare : King Lear,
and fragment of Hamlet, in the possession of Sam.
Ireland ; plate, 1 796 — Ireland's Vindication of his
Conduct respecting the Publication of the supposed
Shakspeare MSS., 1796 — Ireland's Investigation of
Mr. Malone's Claim to the Character of Scholar or
Critic, n. d. in i vol, Svo, boards, 9s

87 FREE Reflections on Miscellaneous Papers and Legal

Instruments, under the Hand and Seal of W. Shake-
speare, in the possession of Samuel Ireland, with
Extracts from an Unpublished MS. Play called the
Virgin Queen, written by or in imitation of Shake-
speare (by F. G. Waldron.) Svo, seioed, c^s— half calf,
6s — zcjhole calf, 6s 6d 1796

Life and Writings of Shakespeare. 1 1

88 WALDRON's (F. G.) Free Reflections on the

" Shakespeare Papers," 1 796 — Precious Relics, or the
Tragedy of Vortigern rehearsed, a Dramatic Piece,
1 796 — -Familiar Verses from the Ghost of Willy
Shakespeare to Sammy Ireland (by G. M. Woodward),
I 796 — Chalmeriana, or a Collection of Papers, Liter-
ary and Political, 1800 — Ireland's Investigation of
Mr. Malone's Claim to the Character of Scholar
and Critic, 1797. In i vol, 8vo, boards. £1. is

V. Y.

89 BOADEN's Letter to G. Steevens, Esq., containing a

Critical Examination of Papers of Shakespeare, pub-
lished by W. Ireland, with Extracts from Vortigern,
1 796 — Famihar Verses from the Ghost of Willy
Shakespeare to Sammy Ireland, 1 796 — Shakespeare's
iVIanuscripts in the Possession of Mr. Ireland, ex-
amined by Philalethes (Col. F. Webb), 1796 — Free
Reflections on Miscellaneous Papers, and Legal
Instruments in the Possession of Mr. Ireland, 1 796
■ — Comparative Review of the Opinions of Mr.
Boaden, by a Friend to Consistency (Matt. Wyatt)
London., n. d. — Vortigern under Consideration, with
Remarks on Boaden's Letter (by W. C. Oulton),
1796 — Ireland's Authentic Account of Shakesp. MSS.,
1 796 — Ireland's Vindication of his Conduct respecting
the supposed publication of the Shakespeare MSS.,
1 796 — Investigation of Mr. Malone's Claim to the
Character of Scholar or Critic, by S. Ireland, (1797)
— Vortigern, an Historical Play, with an Original
Preface by W. H. \\:t\A.rA, facsimile, 1832 — Britan-
nia's Cat-o'-Nine Tails, or the Devil's Carols during
half a century of Rapine, Desolation, and Blood, by
W. H. Ireland, with MS. Note about his Tract,
1833. In I vol, 8vo, new half morocco, gilt top, [a
very singidar collection). £2. 2S

90 BOADEN's Letter to George Steevens, Esq., contain-

ing a Critical Examination of the Shakespeare Papers,
published by Samuel Ireland. 8vo, sezued (soiled),
2s — half calf 4s 6d 1796

12 Catalogue of Books, &c.:, illustrating the

91 BOADEN's Letter, Second Edition. Svo, half calf .

5s 6d 1796

92 SHAKESPEARE'S Manuscripts in the Possession of

iVIr. Ireland, Examined respecting the Internal and
External Evidences of their Authenticity. By Phila-
lethes. '$>Y0, seiucd. 5s 1796

93 COMPARATIVE Review of the Opinions of Mr.

James Boaden, in 1795, and of James Boaden, Esq.,
in 1796, relative to the Shakespeare MSS. By a
Friend to Consistency. 8vo, seivcd (soiled), 2s —
seivcd, 28 6d — half calf, 3s 6d 1796

94 VORTIGERN under Consideration, with General

Remarks on Mr. J. Boaden's Letter to Geo. Steevens,
Esq., relative to the MSS., Drawings, Seals, &c.,
ascribed to Shakespeare, and in the possession of Sam.
Ireland. '&vo, scioed. 5s 179*5

95 CHALMERS' Apology and Supplemental Apology

for the Believers in the Shakespeare Papers, which
were exhibited in Norfolk Street. 2 vols, 8vo, bds.,
I2S — calf, I OS 6d 1797-99

96 CHALMERS (Geo.) Apology, Supplemental Apology,

and Appendix for the Believers in the Shakespeare
Papers. 3 vols, 8vo, boards, 15s — calf gilt, £1. is

1797 — 1800

97 CHALMERS' Supplemental Apology for Believers

in the Shakespeare Papers. 8vo, boards, 5s — half
calf, 5s 1799

98 IRELAND (W. H.) Authentic Account of the Shak-

spearian Manuscripts, &c. Svo, sczt'cd, 3s — half bud.,
3s 6d — calf 4s 6d 1796

99 PLUMPTRE (Jas.) Observations on Hamlet, and

the motives which induced Shakespeare to fix upon
the Story of Amleth, from the Chronicle of Saxo-
Grammaticus, proving that he designed it as a censure
on Mary Oueen of Scots. 8vo, seiucd. 5s

Canib., 1796

100 WALDRON's (F. G.) Virgin Oueen, a Drama,
attempted as a Sequel to Shakespeare's Tempest. 8vo,
new half calf . js 1797

j^rjc ami Writings of Shakespeare. 13

10 1 RICHARDSON'S Essays on some of Shakespeare's
Dramatic Characters ; to which is added, an Essay on
the Faults of Shakespeare. 8vo, fifth edition, bds.,
3 s — calf gilt, A^^ 6^ 1797

102 Another, differently dated. Svo, bds., 4s — ■

half calf , 4s 6d — whole calf, 5s 1798

This volume combines the Essays on Macbeth, IJamlct, Jacques, Imogen,
Richard TIL, Lear, Timon of Athens, and Fedstaff.

103 MASON (Rt Hon. J. M.) Comments on the Plays
of Beaumont and Fletcher, with an Appendix con-
taining some further Observations on Shakespeare,
extended to the late editions of Malone and Steevens.
Svo, bds., 3s — half calf, 3s 6d — new half calf gilt,
5s 6d 1798

104 PYE's Comments on the Commentators of Shake-
speare with Observations on his Genius and Writings,
1807. Richardson's Essays on some of Shakespeare's
Dramatic Characters, and Essays on the Faults of
Shakespeare, 1 798. In i vol, 8vo, russia, marbled
leaves. 6s

105 DU BOIS (Edw.) The Wreath, containing Remarks
on Shakespeare and Comparison of Horace and Lucian.
Vo'it %Yo, fi-ont., bds. 3s 6d ^l99

106 IRELAND'S (W. H.) Vortigern, an historical
Tragedy; and Henry the Second, an historical Drama.
Zyo, half calf , scarce. 7s 6d i799

107 ESSENCE of Malone, or the "Beauties" of that
fascinating writer, extracted from his Immortal Work,
entitled, " Some Account of the Life and Writings of
John Dryden," 1800 — Voice of Truth to the People
of England on occasion of Lord Malmesbury's Return
from Lisle, 1797 — Prophecy of Queen Emma, an
ancient Ballad, lately discovered, written by Johannes
Turgotis, Prior of Durham, in the reign of William
Rufus, 1782 — The Stranger, a Comedy, translated
from Kotzebue, i 798 — Remarks on the new edition
of Bellendenus, with some observations on the extra-
ordinary preface, 1787 — The Battle of Eddington, or
British Liberty, a Tragedy, 1796. In i vol, 8vo,
calf neat. 6s

14 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustrating the

loS A BRIEF account of Stratford-upon-Avon, with a
particular description and survey of the Collegiate
Church, the Mausoleum of Shakespeare. i2mOj
miatt, as clean as wJieii published \ rare. £i. is

1800

The first Guirle to the Toavti.

109 MALONE. Essence of Malone, or the beauties of
that fascinating writer, extracted from his immortal
work, the Life of John Dryden. 8vo, portraits of
Malone and Hardinge inserted, bds., 5s — another,
tuithout the portraits, 4s 1800

no HARDINGE's (George) Essence of Malone, or the
" Beauties" of that fascinating writer in his Life of
Dryden, 1800 — Another Essence of Malone, or the
" Beauties" of Shakespeare's Editor. Both Parts in
I vol, 8vo, half calf los 6d 1801

111 HARDINGE's (Geo.) Another Essence of Malone,
or the " Beauties" oi Shakespeare's Editor. 8vo. 4s

1801

112 SECOND Part of King Henry the Fourth, altered
from Shakespeare, by Dr. Valpy, as acted at Reading
School. 8vo, sciued. 2S 1801

113 WALDRON (F. G.) Shakespearian Miscellany, a
Collection of Scarce and. Valuable Tracts. 4to, with
only three portraits, seived. 5 s 1802

114 REMARKS, Critical, Conjectural, and Explanatory,
upon the Plays of Shakespeare, resulting from Colla-
tion of the Early Copies with that of Johnson and
Steevens, with some valuable Extracts from the MSS.
of Lord Chedworth. By E. H. Seymour. 2 vols, 8vo,
half riissia. 5s — half calf 6s — new half calf
extra. 8s 6d 1805

115 CHEDWORTH (John, Lord) Notes upon some of
the obscure Passages in Shakespeare's Plays, with Re-
marks upon the Explanations and Amendments of
the Commentators in the Editions of 1785, 1790, and
1793. "iyYo, pcncil-drazving portrait of Lord C. in-
serted, and autograph, calf -neat, Dawson Turner'' s
copy. los 6d _ 1805

j^ije ana writings of Shakespeare. 15

116 CHED WORTH (Lord) Notes upon Shakespeare's
Plays. 8vOj privately printed, calf, ys 6d —
half calf . 6s 6d 1805

1 1 7 CONFESSIONS of Will. Henry Ireland, containing
the Particulars of his Fabrication of the Shakespeare
MauAiscripts, with Anecdotes and Opinions of many
distinguished Persons. Cr. Svo, facsimiles, ncio half
calf, carmine edges, 7s 6d 1805

1 1 7<? • Another, liujiiting facsimile, half calf.

4s 6d

118 WHELER (R. B.) History and Antiquities of
Stratford-upon Avon, comprising a Description of the
Collegiate Church, the Life of Shakespeare, &c. Svo,
plates, hf calf. 8s 6d

Stratford-upon- A von, (1806)

119 SHAKESPEARE'S Plays revised by J. P. Kemble.
25 vols, Svo, uniform in half calf . ^i- 5s 1806

Containing King Henry 4tli, 5th, 6th, Sth, King Jolm, Hamlet, Richard HI.,
Coriolanus, Othello, Lear, Tenrpest, Romeo and Juliet, Cymbeline, Julius
Cfesar, Catherine and I'etruchio, Winter's Tale, Comedy of Errors, Slerry
Wives of Windsor, All's Well that Ends Well, Much Ado about Nothing,
Twelfth Night, Merchant of Venice, Measure for Measure.

1 20 PYE (Henry James) Comments on the Commenta-
tors on Shakespear, with Observations on his Genius
and Writings. Zno, half calf. 4s — bds. 3s 1807

1 2 1 DOUCE's Illustrations of Shakespeare and of Ancient
Manners, with Dissertations on his Clowns and Fools,
Gesta Romanorum, and the Morris Dance. 2 vols,
'&YO, plates and zvoodcuts, calf gilt. 13s 6d 1807

122 A New Edition, in i vol, 8vo, half calf

gilt, marbled edges. 9s — whole calf extra, marbled
edges. I OS 6d 1839

123 ACCEPTED Addresses or; Prosmium Poet-
arum ; with Macbeth Travestie, in Three Acts, and
Miscellanies by different Hands. Fourth edition,
I 2mo, bds. 3s 18 1 3

1 24 SHAKESPEARE'S Richard III., Julius Csesar, Hen-
ry VIII., and Coriolanus. Revised and adapted to
the Stage, by J. P. Kemble. Post Svo. 2S 6d

1814— 15

1 6 Catalogue of Books, CifCyiUustrating the

125 GILCHRIST'S Examination-of the Charges by Ma-
lone and others of Ben Jonsons Enmity towards
Shakespeare. 8vo, seivcd. 3s 1808

126 SHAKESPEARE'S King John revised by Kem-
ble. 1 2 mo. IS 18 14

127 SHAKESpeare's Henry IV., Part 2, revised by
Kemble. 12 mo. is 1815

128 SHAKESPEARE'S Jest Book. Edited by Singer.
Parti II.5 Supplement to theTales and Ouicke Answers.
Post Svo, sezued, scarce. 6s 6d 18 16

129 SHAKESPEARE and his Times, including a Biogra-
phy of the Poet, Criticisms on his Genius and Writ-
ings, New Chronology of his Plays, Discjuisitions on
his Sonnets, and History of the Manners, Customs,
and Amusements, Superstitions, Poetry and elegant
Literature of the Age, by Dr. N. Drake. 2 vols,
\X.Oj facsimiles, boards. i6s 181 7

130 HAMLET Travestie, in 3 Acts, with Burlesque
Annotations, bv John Poole. \2V[io,bds, 2S 6d

1817

131 JACKSON'S Shakespeare's Genius Justified. 2nd
edition., 8vo, pp. 34. 2s 1818

132 JACKSON (Z.) A {(f^ Concise Examples of Seven
Hundred Errors in Shakespeare's Plays, 1 8 1 8. Ditto,
the Second edition, 181 8. Shakespeare's Genius
Justified. Third edition, 18 19. In i vol, 8vo,
half calf gilt, gs

133 JACKSON (Z.) Shakespeare's Genius Justified: being
Restorations and Illustrations of Seven Hundred Pas-
sages in Shakespeare's Plays. Svo, dds., 5s — /lalf
calf, 5s — /le-cu half calf extra, 5s 6d — whole calf.
6s 6d 1 8 19

1 34 REPORT of a Meeting at Stratford-on-Avon, agree-
ably to the suggestion of Mr. Charles Matthews to
consider the best mode of erecting in the form of a
Theatre, a National Monument to Shakespeare. Folio,
2 leaves. 5s 1820

135 SHAKESPEARE'S Coriolanus, revised by Elliston.
1 2 mo. IS Printed by J . Tabby, Theatre Royal,

Drury Lane, 1820

juije ana Writings of Shakespeare. 17

136 EXTEMPORAL Verses written at the Birth Place
of Shalcespeare by Persons of Genius, with a Brief
History of the Immortal Bard by Mary Hornby. Sm.
8vo, sewed. 3s Stratford, 1820

137 HAMLET and As you like it, a Specimen of a
new Edition of Shakespeare, by Thos. Caldecott.
Royal Svo, bds. 5s 1820

138 FARMER, on the Learning of Shakespeare. Small
oval Portrait of Shakespeare on title, and Portrait of
Dr. Farmer, 1821, with other Literary Tracts in the
same vol. 8vo, hafeaf. 4s 6d

139 FIRST Sitting of the Committee on the Proposed
Monument to Shakespeare, by Zach. Craft (C. Kelsall).
i2mo, bds. 3s Cheltenham., 1823

140 EVANS (Dr. John) Progress of Human Life : Shake-
speare's Seven Ages of Man, Illustrated, with his Life.
Second Edition. \2m.o, bds. /\.s 6^ Chiszuiek, 1823

141 WHELER's Guide to Stratford upon Avon. i2mo,
(zuants white paper title, has only the coloured zvrap-
per one), is

142 MONCRIEFF (W. T.) Excursion to Stratford upon
Avon, with a compendious Life of Shakespeare. Sm.
^Yo, frontispiece, bds., 3s — new half calf , 3s 6d

Leamington, 1824

143 SKOTTOWE's (Aug.) Life of Shakespeare ; enquiries
into the originality of his Dramatic Plots and Charac-
ters. 2 vols, 8vo, bds. 4s 6 d 1824

144 MORGANN (Maurice) Essay on the Dramatic
Character of Sir John Falstaff, 1825 — Macbeth re-
considered, an Essay on some of the Characters of
Shakespeare, 1786 — Boaden's Letter to Geo. Steevens,
containing a Critical Examination of Ireland's Papers
of Shakespeare, 1 796 — Ireland's Authentic Account
of Shakesperian Manuscripts, &c. In i vol, Svo,
half calf. I OS 6d

145 HISTORICAL Account of the Monumental Bust
of Shakespeare, in the Chancel of Stratford-upon-Avon
Church. By Abr. Wivell. Svo, 2 plates, is 6d —
half morocco, 3s 1827

1 8 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustrating the

146 GRAVES (A, M.) On the Genius of Shakespeare,
with Critical Remarks on Romeo, Hamlet, Juliet and
Ophelia. Sm. 8vo, cloth. 2S 6d 1826

147 CORRECT Detail of the Ceremonies attending the
Shakespearian Gala at Stratford-upon-Avon, in April,
1 82 7, with account of Garrick's Jubilee in 1769, by
J. Jarvis. 8vo, saivcd, 3s — hf. morocco, 4s

Straiford-on-A von, 1827

148 SHAKSPEARIANA : Catalogue of all the Books,
Pamphlets, etc., relating to Shakespeare ; with an
account of the early Quarto Editions, arid some re-
markable Prices in Public Sales (by J. Wilson and
W. H. Ireland). Post Svo, cloth. 3s 6d 1827

149 WIVELL's Inquiry into the History, Authenticity,
and Characteristics of the Shakespeare Portrait. 8vo,
?> portraits, bds. 12s 1827

149'" iVIEMORIALS of Shakespeare ; or, Sketches of his
Character and Genius by various Writers, with Notes
by Dr. Nathan Drake. 8vo, boards, 4s — hf. cf. gt.,
5s 1S28

I 50 SAGGIO sugli scritti e sul genio di Shakespear, opera
di Mad. Montagu, traduzione dall Inglese. Svo, nezij
hf. cf. gt. 3s Fircnzc, 1828

151 SELECTIONS from Shakespeare, by Benjamin
Oakley, Esq. 8vo, boards. 3s 1828

152 SHAKESPEARE s Poemis. i2mo,zoith tJirce en-
gravings after Corbould, bds., 3s — nczv hf cf, 4s

Land. f. Dove, (1830)

153 FIFTH of November; or, the Gunpowder Plot. An
historical Play, supposed to be written by William
Shakespeare. Svo. 2s 1830

154 SHAKESPEARIAN Anthology, comprising the
Choicest Passages and entire Scenes. With Biograph-
ical Sketch. Cr. Svo, hf. cf, 2s — bds., 4s 6d 1830

155 SHAKESPEPJAN Anthology. Post Svo, /^^/rrrt'^-.
AS 1S31

156 HUNDRED (The) Merry Tales, or Shakespeare's
Jest-Book, 1 2 mo, bds. 3s 6d 1S31

The title 15 a misnomer. It should be called "Tales and Quick Answers,"
No. 304 is the true Shakespeare's Jest-Book.

i-.-1-je ana Writings of Shakespeare, 19

157 LITERARY and Graphical Illustrations of Shakspeare
and the British Drama, with Critical and Descriptive
Notices of upwards of one hundred of the most cele-
brated Tragedies, Comedies, Operas, and Farces.
Svo, miincro2is woodcids^ cloth. 3s 6d — calf gilt.
5s _ 1831

1 58 VORTIGERN, an Historical Play, represented at
Drury Lane, April 2, i 796, as a supposed newly dis-
covered Drama of Shakespeare, by William Henry
Ireland. Neiv edition., witJi an original Preface.
^YO, facsi7nile. is 6d (original price, 3s 6d) 1832

The Preface is both interesting and eurious, from the additional information it
gives respecting tire Shakespeare Forgeries, containing also the substance
of the author's Confessions.

159 HAMLET and As You Like it, a specimen of an
edition of Shakespeare, by Thos. Caldecott. Roy.
Svo, cloth. 6s 1832

160 COLLIER'S (J. P.) New Facts regarding the Life of
Shakespeare (1835) — New Particulars regarding the
Works of Shakespeare (1836). In one vol, post Svo,
calf gilt. I OS 6d

161 COLLIER (J. P.) New Facts regarding the Life of
Shakespeare. Small Svo, cloth, only $0 printed. 6s

1835

162 New Particulars regarding the Works of

Shakespeare. Small 8vo, cloth, only ^o printed. 6s

163 BO ADEN on the Sonnets of Shakespeare, identifying
the person to whom they are addressed. Svo, scarce.
5s 1837

164 SHAKESPEARE and his Friends, or the Golden
Age of Merry England. 8vo, half calf gilt, marbled
edges. 5s — served. 3s 6d Paris, 1838

i64*TRADITIONARY Anecdotes of Shakespeare, col-
lected in Warwickshire in 1693. %Yo, sewed, is

1838

165 SHAKESPEARE'S Autobiographical Poems, being
his Sonnets clearly developed, with his Character drawn
from his Works, by C. A. Brown. Post Svo, cloth.
4s 6d 183S

20 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustrating the

i65(?OBSERVATIONS on an Autograph of Shakespeare,
and the Orthography of his Name. By Sir Fred-
Madden. Svo, seized. IS 1838

166 WHATELY's Remarks on some of the Characters
ot Shakespeare. Secoicl edition, iiiwo, bds. 2s 6d

Oxford, 1808

167 Third edition, Edited by Dr. Whately, Abp.

of Dubhn. iimo, cloth. 3s 1839

i67«PATTERSON (Robert) Natural History of the In-
sects mentioned in Shakespeare's Plays. \ 2mOj nume-
rous zvoodcuts, cloth. 3s 6d 1838

168 YOUTH of Shakespeare, or Love and Genius, by
the author of " Shakespeare and his Friends." 3 vols,
post ?>YO, half bound, circ. library copy. 3s — boards,
clean copy. 6s 6d 1839

169 THE Youth of Shakespeare, by the Author of
" Shakespeare and his Friends." 8vo, /if. calf marb.
edges. 5 s Paris, 1839

1 70 ULRICI (Herman) Ueber Shakespeare's Dramatische
Kunst, und sein Verhaltnisz zu Calderon und Goethe.
Zyo, calf extra, -tnarblcd edges, 7s — seived. 3s 6d

Halle, 1839

171 SHAKESPEARE'S Seven Ages, illustrated by Mul-
ready, Leslie, Constable, Wilkie, Landseer, &c. [wants
plate of pavement at Sienna). 4to. 3s 6d

Land. Van Voorst, 1840

172 MACDONNEL (P.) Essay on the Tempest, with
remarks on the superstitions of the Middle Ages. 8vo.
sewed. 3s 6d 1840

173 SHAKESPEARE'S Library.— A Collection of the
Romances, Novels, Poems, and Histories, used by
Shakespeare as the foundation of his Dramas, with
Notes, by J. P. Collier. 2 vols, Svo, cloth. £1. is

1840

1 74 LANDSCAPE Illustrations to Shakespeare, by G. F.
Sargent. 2 1 fne plates, folio, proofs on ijidia paper.
7s 6d 1841

Life and Writings of Shakespeare. 21

175 COLLIER'S (J. P.) Reasons for a New Edition of
Shakespeare, 8vo. is (1841) — second edition, is

1842

176 SHAKESPEARIANA, a Catalogue of the Early
Editions of Shakespeare's Plays, and of the Commen-
taries and other Publications illustrative of his Works.
By J. O. Halliwell. Svo, cloth. 3s — second hand
copy, cloth. 2s 1 841

' ' Indis]3ensable to everybody wlio wishes to carry on any inquiries connected
\\ii\\ Slialccspeare, or who may have a fancy for Shalvcspeariau Eibliography. "
— SpLVtator.

177 SHAKESPEARIAN Readings, intended as Exercises
in Elocution. By B. H. Smart. Thick 1 2mo, cloth.
3s 1842

1 78 ACCOUNT of the only known Manuscript of Shake-
speare's Plays, comprising some important variations
and corrections in the " Merry Wives of Windsor,"
obtained from a Playhouse Copy of that Play recently
discovered. By. J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. is 1843

1 79 THE first Sketch of Shakespeare's Merry Wives of
Windsor, edited by J. O. Halliwell. 8vo, cloth.
3s 6d Shakespeare Soc, 1842

1 80 TIMON, a Play (somewhat resembling Shakespeare's)
now first printed from a MS., edited by Rev. A.
Dyce. ^Yo, cloth. 2e Shakespeare Soc, 1842

181 WILLIAM Shakespeare a Biography. By Charles
Knight. Thick royal 8vo, with about 100 fine wood-
cuts by Harvey, Fairholt, and others, cloth, gt. edg.
9s 1843

182 RELIGIOUS and Moral Sentences culled from the
Works of Shakespeare compared with Sacred Passages
drawn from Holy Writ. 8vo, portraits, cloth. 5 s

1843

183 KNIGHT's Library Shakespeare. 8vo, vol 12, un-
cut. 3s 1 844

A useful volume aside other editions, as it contains Shakespeare's Poems,
witli Annotations, a running abstract of the doulntful Plays, Glossarial Index
and a]i Index of Persons, shewing the Act and Scene in which each is
mentioned throughout the whole of Shakespeare's Plays,

184 DYCE's Remarks on Mr. J. P. Collier's and Mr. C.
Knight's editions of Shakespeare. 8vo, cloth, ys 6d
— half calf 8s 1844

22 Catalogue of Books, &C.-, illustrating the

185 HUNTER (Joseph) New Illustrations of the Life,
Studies, and Writings of Shakespeare, S7ipplementary
to all the editions. 2 vols, 8vo, cloth, 7s 6d, (pub
£1. is) — neiu half calf gilt, los 6d — whole calf
extra, 13s 6d 1845

186 HALLIWELL's Illustrations of the Fairy Mytholo-
gy of a Midsummer Night's Dream. 8vo, cloth.
5s 6d SJiakespeare Sac, 1845

187 THE Diary of Philip Henslowe (the Companion of
Shakespeare) 1 591-1609, printed from a MS,, edited
by J. P. Collier. 8vo, cloth. 5s

Shakespeare Soc., 1845

188 MEMOIRS of the Principal Actors in the Plays of
Shakespeare, by J. P. Collier. 8vo, cloth. 5s 6d

SJiakespeare Soc, 1846

189 ESSAY on the Character of Macbeth. 8vo. 2s

1846

190 "WHO was 'Jack Wilson,' the Singer of Shake-
speare's Stage ?" An attempt to prove the identity of
this person with John Wilson, Doctor of Music in the
University of Oxford, a.d. 1644, by E. F. Rimbault,
LL.D. 8vo. IS 1846

191 SHAKSPE ARE'S Dramatic Art, and his Relation to
Calderon and Goethe ; translated from the German of
Dr. Hermann Ulrici. Svo, cloth. los 1846

192 ULRICI (Dr. Hermann) Shakespeare's Dramatische
Kunst. Part II. only. Svo, nc-io half calf. 3s

193 A LIFE of Shakespeare, including many particulars
respecting the Poet and his Family, never before pub-
lished, by J. O. Halliv/ell, F.Pv.S., &c. In one
handsome volume, 8vo, illustrated zuith seventy-six
engravings on zoood, of objects, most of zuhich are
nezv, from drazoings by FairJiolt, cloth. 15s 1848

This "work contains upwards of forty documents respecting Slial^espeare and
his family, ne-^er iKfore piiblislied, Ijesides numerous others, indirectly illus-
trating the Poet's biogi"aphy. All the anecdotes and traditions concerning
Shakespeare are here, for the first time, collected, and much new light is
thrown on his personal histor)', by papers exhibiting him as selling Malt,
Stone, &c. Of the seventy-six engravings which illustrate the volume, more
than fifty have never befoie been engraved.

Life and Writings of SJiakespeare. 23

1 94 CRITICISM applied to Shakespeare. By C. Badham.
Post 8vo. IS 1846

195 COMPLETE History of Theatrical Entertainments,
DramaSj Mas(|ues, and Triumphs at the English Court
from the time of King Henry the 8th, to the present
day, edited by J. C. Chapman, 4to, fine plates of
Shakespeare Scenes by Finden^ cloth extra. 12s

1849

It includes an account of the Shakespeare Plays perlormed before the Queen
at Windsor Castle, Christmas 1S4S-9.

196 THE Shakespeare Society's Papers, vol i. cloth.
3s — vol 4. avoy cloth. 3s 1849

197 STUDIES of Shakespeare, forming a Companion
Volume to every edition ot the Text, by Charles
Knight. 8vo, frontispiece of 5 portraits, cloth.
5s - 1846

198 CROKER (Crofton) Remarics on an Article inserted
in the Papers of the Sliakespeare Society. Small 8vo,
sezoed, is — nezu half calf 2s (1849)

199 NEW BOKE about Shakespeare and Stratford on
Avon, by J. O. Hlalliwell. aXo, facsimiles and loood-
C2itsy 75 copies, printed cloth. £2. 2s ^850

200 THE Remarks of M. Karl Simrock on the Plots of
Shakespeare's Plays, v/ith notes and additions by J. O.
Kalliwell. 'Hivo, cloth. 3s Shakespeare Soc, 1850

201 BARNETT (Morris) On the Tempest, as a Lyrical
Drama. 8vo. is 1850

202 DER Mythus von William Shakespeare eine Kritik
der Shaksperischen Biographic von Nicolaus Delius,
8vo. 3s Bonn, 1851

203 REFLECTIONS from Shakespeare's CHfF. 1 2mo,
half calf 23 1 85 1

204 THREE Essays on Shakespeare's Tragedy of King
Lear. By Pupils of the City of London School. 8vo,
nciv half calf gilt. 53 1851

205 A FEW Remarks on the Emendation, " Who
Smothers her v/ith Painting," in the Play of Cymbe-
line, discovered by Mr. Collier, in a corrected copy of
the Second edition of Shakespeare, by J. O. Halliwell,
F.R.S., &c. 8vo. IS 1852

24 Catalog Jic of Books, &c., illustrating' the

206 BELL'S (Dr. W.) Shakespeare's Puck and his Folks-
lore. 3 vols, sm. 8vo, cloifi. 15s 1852-64

207 vol 2, cloth: 7s 6d 1 86 1

208 vol 3, cloth. 5s 1864

209 SOME Account of the Antiquities, Coins, Manu-
scripts, Rare Books, Ancient Documents, and other
Reliques, illustrative of the Life and Works of Shake-
speare, in the possession of J. O. Halliwell, Esq.
4to, cloth, engs., 80 copies printed. £2. 5s 1852

210 THE Grimaldi Shakespeare. — Notes and Emendations
on the Plays on Shakespeare, from a recently-discover-
ed annotated copy, by the late Joe Grimaldi, Esq.,
Comedian, 'ivo, luoodcuts. is 1853

A humorous .squib on Collier's Shakespeare Emendations.

211 CURIOSITIES of Modern Shakespeare Criticism.
By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo, with the first facsimile
made of the Didixjich letter, sewed, is 1853

2 1 2 NOTES and Emendations to the Text of Shakespear's
Plays, from early Manuscript Corrections in a Copy
of the Folio, 1632, in the possession of J. Payne
Collier. 8vo, cloth, 7s bd—half calf gilt, 8s 6d

1853

The First Edition, containing matter siippre'-sed in the Second.

213 OBSERVATIONS on Some of the Manuscript
Emendations (in. Collier s volume) of the Text of
Shakespeare, and are they Copyright ? By J. O.
Halliwell. 8vo, sewed. 6d 1853

214 A FEW Notes on Shakespeare, with Occasional Re-
marks on the Emendations of the Manuscript-Correc-
tor in Mr. Collier's copy of the Folio, 1632. By the
Rev. Alexander Dyce. 8vo, cloth. 5s 1853

"IMr. Dyce's Notes are peculiarly delightful, from the stores of illustration
with which his extensive reading, not only among our Araters, but among those
of other countries, especially of the Italian poets, has enabled him to enrich
them. All that he has recorded is valuable. We read his little volume with
pleasure, and close it with regi-et." — Literary Gazette.

215 HUNTER'S Few Words in reply to the Animad-
versions of the Rev. Mr. Dyce, on Mr. Hunter's
" Disquisition on the Tempest," and his " New
Illustrations of the Life of Shakespeare," contained in
his work, entitled, " A few Notes on Shakespeare,''
&c. Bvo, sewed, is 1853

Life and Writings of Shakespeare. 25

2i5« SHAKESPEARE Restored (Macbeth Annotated,
with Introduction by Mr. Elwin). 4to, only 100
privately printed, ^i. is 1853

216 singer's Text of Shakespeare Vindicated from the
Interpolations and Corruptions advocated by J. P.
Colher, in his " Notes and Emendations." 8vo, clotli.
3s 6d 1S53

217 COLLIER'S Alte Handschriftliche Emendationen
zum Shakspere gewurdigt von D. Nicolaus DeHus.
Svo, sezved. 3s — half calf , 3s 6d Bonn, 1853

218 DIE SHAKESPEARE.— Literatur bis mitte 1854
von P. B. Sillig, ein bibliographischer versuch einge-
fuhrt von H. Ulrici. Svo. 2s 6d Leipzig, 1854

219 HAZLITT's (W.) Characters of Shakspeare's Plays,
edited by his Son. Fcap. Svo, 5th edition, clotJi.
2S 1854

220 THE Midsummer Night; or, Shakespeare and the
Fairies, from the German of Ludwig Tieck. By
Mary C. Rumsey. Svo, privately printed, eloth.
4s 6d 1854

221 SHAKESPEARE Repository. Edited by J. H.
Fennell. Nos. i to 4, all pnb. loith the titles
printed iji black (being red in the published copies).

5s 1853

222 SHAKESPEARE'S Versification, and its apparent
irregularities explained by examples from Early and
late English Writers. By Wm. S. Walker, edited by
W. N. Lettsom. Fcap. Svo, if/^Z/^ 6s 1854

"The reader of Shakespeare would do well to make himself acquainted ^^'ith
this excellent little book previous to entering upon the study of the poet." —
Mr. Sinofr in the Preface to his Ne-uJ Edition of Shakespeare.

223 SHAKESPEARE'S Scholar, being Historical and
Critical Studies of his Text, Characters, and Commen-
tators, with Examination of Mr. Collier's Folio of
1632. By R. Grant White. Thick Svo, ,f/<9//^. 12s

New York, 1854

224 INDIAN Leisure. Petrarch translated. On the
Character of Othello, Agamemnon, The Henriad
Anthology. By Captain Robt. Macgregor. 8vo,
cloth. 6s 1854

26 Catalogite of Books, &c., ilhistrating the

225 WITHERS (J. R.) Poems (contains Shakespeare's
Characters in 8 pages). \2m.o, clotJi. 2s 1S54

226 A GARLAND of Shakespeariana, recently added to
the Library and Museum of J. O. H. 25 copies
printed. 5s 1854

227 TAYLOR (J. E.) The Moor of Venice, Cinthio's
Tale and Shakespeare. Post 8vo. is 1855

228 CURSORY Notes on various Passages in the Text
of Beaumont and Fletcher, as edited by the Rev, Alex-
ander Dyce, and on his " Few Notes on Shakespeare."
By the Rev. John Mitford. Svo, ^ert'd-c/. 2s 6d 1856

229 HAMLET, — An Attempt to ascertain whether the
Queen were an Accessory before the Fact, in the
Murder of her First Husband. Svo. scivecl. 2S 1856

' ' This pamijlilet wcW deserves the perusal of every student of Hamlet. " — Notes
a7id Quii-'us.

230 SHAKESPEARE Story Teller; Introductory
Leaves, or Outline Sketches, with choice Extracts in
the Words of the Poet himself, v/ith an Analysis of
the Characters. By George Stephens, Professor of
the Eiipiish Lanzuao'e and Literature in the Uni-
vcrsity of Copenhagen. 8vo, Nos. i to 6. 6d each

1856

231 CATALOGUE of a very valuable Collection of
Shakespearian and Dramatic Literature, chiefly con-
sisting of the Books used in the first five vols of Mr.
Halliwell's Folio Shakespeare. Svo. is 1856

232 BACON and Shakespeare, an Inquiry touching
Players, Play-houses, and Play -writers of the Reign of
Q. Elizabeth, to which is appended an Abstract of a
Manuscript Autobiography of Tobie Matthews, by
W. H. Smith. Foolscap Svo, ctoth. 2s 6d 1857

" Lord Palmerston was tolerably well up in the chief Latin and English
Classics : but he entertained one of the most extraordinary paradoxes touch-
ing the greatest of them that was ever broached by a man of his intellectual
calibre. He maintained tliat the plays of .Slrakcspeare ^^•ere really v\'ritten by
Bacin, who passed them olT under the name of an actor, for fear of com-
promising his professional prospects and philosophic gravity. Only last year,
when this subject was discussed at Broadlands, Lord Palmerston suddenly left
the room, and speedily returned with a small volume of dramatic criticisms
(Mr. Smith's book) in which the same theory was supported by supposed
analogies of thought and expression. 'There,' said he, 'read that, and you
will come over to nry opinion." — J^ras:r's Mlag. A^ov. 1865.

Life and Writings of Shakespeare. 27

233 SMITH (W. H.) Was Lord Bacon the author of
Shakepeare's Plays ? 8vo. is 1856

234 LEGEND of Shakespeare's Crab Tree; with Des-
criptive Account shewing its relation to the Poet's
Traditional History, by Charles F. Green. 4to, sub-
scriber''s cop}':, 10 plates, bds. 7s 6d 185 7

235 Another copy, 4to, witk portrait of Slialie-

speare from tlie first Folio added, bds. 6s 6d

Lond. (i860)

236 SHAKESPEARE'S Complete Works, with Memoir
and Essay by Barry Cornwall, also Historical and
Critical Studies of Shakespeare's Text, by R. Grant
White, and R. H. Horne. 3 vols, imperial 8vo,
witli minicrous engravings on wood and steel, from
designs by Kenny Meadows, elegant, in half green
morocco, top edges gilt. £\. xbs, 1858

237 SHAKESPERIAN Drolls, from the Theatre of In-
genuity, 1698, containing the Mad Wooing — The
Boaster, or Bully Huff catch'd in a Trap. Square
\2TCi.o, limited to 2iO copies, half morocco. i8s 1859

238 STRICTURES on Mr. Collier's New Edition of
Shakespeare, published in 1858, by the Rev. Alexan-
ander Dyce. Zyo, cloth. 5s (original price 7s 6d) 1859

239 SHAKESPEARE'S King Henry the Fifth, with
Notes by Charles Kean. 8vo. is 1859

240 THE Shakespeare Fabrications, or the MS. Notes of
the Perkins Folio shown to be of Recent Origin, with
Appendix on the authorship of the Ireland Forgeries,
by C. Mansfield Ingleby, LL.D. Foolscap 8vo, with
a- facsimile shoiuing ths pscudo old writing and the
pencilled zvords, clotli. 3s 1859

241 NEW Exegesis of Shakespeare, interpretation of his
principal characters and plays on the principle of Races.
Post 8vo, cloth. 4s 6d 1859

242 THE Sonnets of Shakespeare, re-arrajiged, and
divivded into four parts, with an Introduction and Ex-
planatory Notes. Post 8vo, cloth. 3s 6d 1859

243 MAGINN's (Dr.) Shakespeare Papers, Pictures Grave
and Gay. Yo^t^NO, cloth, 3s 1859

2 8 Catalogue of Books :, &c.y ilhistrating the

244 SHAKESPEARE'S Romeo und Julia eine Kritische
ausgabe des ueberlieferten doppeltextes, von Tycho
Mommsen. Royal 8vo. 3s 6d Oldenberg, 1859

245 A CRITICAL Examination of the Text of Shake-
speare ; together with Notes on his Plays and Poems,
by the late W. Sidney Walker. Edited by W.
Nanson Lettsom. 3 vols, fcap. 8vo, cloth. i8s

i860

" Very often we find ourselves differing from Mr. Walker on readings and
interpretations, but we seldom differ from him without respect for his scholar-
ship and care. His are not the wild guesses at truth which neither gods nor
men have stomach to endure, but the suggestions of a trained intelligence and
a chastened taste. Future editors and commentators will be bound to consult
these volumes, and consider their suggestions." — AthcjKe^nn.

" A valuable addition to our Philological Literature, the most valuable part
being the remarks on contemporaiy literature, and the mass of learning by
which the exact meaning and condition of a word is sought to be established."
— Litcra7y Gazette.

" Mr. Walker's Works undoubtedly form altogether the most valuable
body of verbal criticism that has yet appeared fronr the pen of an individual. "
— Jlir. Dycc's Preface to Vol. I. of Slial:espeare, 1864.

246 SHAKESPEARE and the Bible, shewing how much
the great Dramatist was indebted to Holy Writ for
his Profound Knowledge of Human Nature. By the
Rev. T. R. EATon. Fcap. 8vo, cloth. 2S 6d i860

247 MALONE. — Life of Edward Malone, Editor of
Shakespeare, with selections from his Manuscript
Anecdotes. By Sir James Prior. 8vo, portrait,
cloth. 43 6d (pub at 14s) i860

Containing many curious particulars of Malone's Shakesperian researches.

248 HALLIWELL's Hand List of the Early English
Literature preserved in the Malone Collection in the
Bodleian Library, selected from the printed catalogue
of that Collection. Royal 8vo, printed for private
circulation, cloth. 7s 6d i860

249 SHAKSPEARE DROLL.— The Merry Conceited
Humour of Bottom the Weaver, composed out of
the Comic Sceiies in the Midsummer Night's Dream,
about 1646, also the Conceited Humours of Simple-
ton the Smith. Edited by J. O. Halliwell. Square
i2mo, only thirty printed, half morocco. i8s i860

250 HARDY (Thomas DufFus) Review of the present
state of the Shakesperian Controversy. 8vo, scarce.
3s i860

j^tje and IVritings of Shakespeare. 29

251 SHAKESPEARE DROLLS.— The Droll of the
Bouncing Knight^, or the Robbers Robbed ; to which
is added the Droll of the Grave-makers. Both con-
structed out of Shakespeare's Plays, about A. D. 1647,
and acted at Bartholemew and other Fairs. Square
i2mo, limited to tJiirty copies, Iialf morocco. 15s

i860

252 COLLIER, Coleridge and Shakespeare, a Review
by the Author of " Literary Cookery." 8vo, cloth.
3s 6d i860

253 HAMILTON (N. E. S. A.) Inquiry into the Gen-
uineness of the Manuscript Corrections in Mr. J. P.
Collier's Annotated Shakespeare Folio, 1632 ; and of
certain Shakespearian Documents published by Mr.
Collier. 4to, facsimiles-, cloth. 3s 6d i860

254 Another Copy, with Autograph Letter of

the author, and other additions inserted by Dr. W.
Bell. 4to, cloth. 6s i860

255 STRICTURES on Mr. Hamilton's Inquiry into the
Genuineness of the MS. Corrections in J. Payne Col-
lier's Annotated Shakespeare Folio, 1632. By Scru-
tator. Z^o, sewed, is i860

256 CROKER's (T. Crofton) Walk from London to
Fulham, (with a paper on the probability of the Gol-
den Lion at Fulham having been frequented by Shake-
speare in 1595 — 6). Post 8vo, with nearly 150
woodcuts by Fairholt, clotli. 3s 6d i860

257 A SKELETON Hand-list of the Early Quarto
Editions of the Plays and Poems of Shakespeare.
8vo, printed on paper for insertions, limited to thirty
copies, half morocco. i8s i860

258 THE FOOTSTEPS of Shakespeare, or a Ramble
with the Early Dramatists ; containing new and inter-
esting Information respecting Shakespeare, Lyly,
Marlowe, Green and others. Post 8vo, cloth. 5s 6d

1861

259 SHAKESPEARE, his Friends and Contemporaries.
By G. M. Tweddell. Second Edition. 8vo, Parts I
to III (all pub). 6d each 1861 — 3

30 Catalogue of Books , &c., illustrating the

260 PROCEEDINGS of the Lit. and Phil. Society of
Liverpool, No. 16. 8vo. 2s 6d 1861

Containing P. H. Rathbone's Apology for Lady Macbeth, and Dr. Baar on
Hamlet and bausl.

261 SHAKESPEARE'S Sonnets, never before Imprinted.
London, by G. Eld, 1606. Reproduced in facsimile
by the process of Photo-zincography, from a copy of
the rare original at Bridgewater House. Small 4to,
half morocco. 9s 1862

262 SHAKESPEARE No Deerstealer; era Short Ac-
count of Fulbroke Park, near Stratford-on-Avon.
By C. Holte Bracebride. 8vo, privately printed.
IS 6d 1862

263 NOTICE de la belle Collection Shakespearienne
formee par M. J. Moulin. 8vo. is 6d

A mstcrdam , 1862

264 A BRIEF Hand Book of the Records belonging to
to the Borough of Stratford-on-Avon ; with notes of
a few of the Shakespearian Documents. Square post
8vo, cloth., (only 50 printed). 7s 6d 1862

265 SHAKESPEAPvE.— A Midsummer Night's Dream
— The Merchant of Venice — The Merry Wives of
Windsor — Love's Labour Lost — Richard II. — Henry
the Fourth, ist and 2nd parts — Henry the Fifth —
Richard III. — King Lear — Titus Andronicus —
Troilus and Cressida^ — Henry the Sixth, 3 part —
Romeo and Juliet — Othello — Hamlet — Much adoe
about Nothing. ]Vitli notices of the known editions
previoJtsly issued. /\.to, half niorcoco. £7,. los

London, Booth, 1862 — 5

These comprise the seventeen plays not printed in Shakespeare's life-time
They are reprinted and repaged from Eootli's reprint of the lirst folio edition,
each bound separately, and to every leaf four blank ones arc added for
notes, etc.

266 INGLEBY (C. M.) Complete View of the Shake-
speare Controversy. Bvo, facsimiles, cloth. 7s 6d

1861

267 PEARLS of Shakespeare ; a collection of the most
brilliant Passages found in his Plays. Sm. 8vo, zvitli-
iiwnerons cuts from designs by Kenny Uleadows,
\2rs\0, extra clcith^ gilt edges. 2S 6d (1863)

j^tje and [Vritm^s of Shakespeare. 31

if)^ CLARKE'S (C. Cowden) Shakespeare Characters^
chiefly those subordinate. Thick 8vo, half morocco^
iinciif. 7s 1 863

269 HALLIWELUs Descriptive Calendar of the Ancient
Manuscripts and Records of the Corporation of Strat-
ford-upon-Avon, inchiding Notices of Shakespeare
and his Family, and of several persons connected with
the Poet. Thick folio, only J ^ printed, half bound,
uncut. £5- S^ 1863

270 WHELER's Historical Account of the Birth-place
of Shakespeare, reprinted from the edition of 1824,
with a few prefatory remarks by J. O. Halliwell. 8vo,
front. IS 6d 1863

271 SHAKSPERE and Jonson. Dramatic versus Wit-
Combats, Auxiliary Forces — Beaumont and Fletcher,
Marston, Decker, Chapman, and Webster. Post 8vo,
4s 1864

272 BRIEF Hand List of the Collections respecting the
Life and Works of Shakespeare, and the History and
Antiquities of Stratford-upon-Avon, formed by the
late Robert Bell Wheler, and presented by his sister to
that Town, to be preserved for ever in the Shakespeare
Library and Museum. Sm. square 8vo. 7s 6d

Cliisioicli Press y 1863

Only loo printed, not for sale, at the expense of Mr. Halliwell.

273 REPRINTS of Scarce Pieces of ShakespeareiCriticism :
No. I, " Remarks on the Tragedy of Hamlet. Loud,
1736." Fcap. %No, sezved. is 6d 1864

274 SHAKESPEARE as put forth in 1632, a Reprint
(page for page and line for line) of the first foHo
edition. Small 4to, (to stand on an 8vo shelf) beau-
tifully printed, cloth. i8s (pub at ^i. 14s)

Booth, 1864

275 SHAKESPEARE'S Coriolanus. Edited with Notes
and Preface, by F. A. Leo, with a Quarto fac-simile
of the Tragedy of Coriolanus, from the folio of 1632,
photolithographed by A. Bouchard, and with Extracts
from North's Plutarch. 4to, elegantly printed, extra
cloth. 15s 1864

32 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustrating the

276 A SHAKESPEARE Memorial (his Life, Birth-
place, and Plays). Royal /\to, coloured front, and
numerous fine zvoodcuts. is 6d 1864

Got up v.-\{h a S'OO'l deal of lastc, anil a marvel of cheapness.

277 SHAKESPEARE, his birthplacCj home, and grave,
a Pilgrimage to Stratford- on- A von, by Rev. J. M.
Jephson. 4to, photographic plates by Earnest
Edzuards, cloth gilt. los 6d (pub £1. is) 1864

2 78 HALL'S (H. T.) Shaksperian Fly-leaves, Nos. i to
5, and Shaksperian Statistics. Post 8vo. 2s 1864-5

279 SHAKESPEARE'S Seven Ages, depicted by Robert
Smirke, reduced by Photography ; seven Designs and
two Portraits. Square i2mo, cloth, a pretty gem.
2s 1864

280 WILLIAM Shakespeare, par Victor Hugo. Thick
8vo, half calf extra, vwirblcd leaves. 6s 6d

Paris, 1864

281 POEMS (in Hlodern Greek) on the Shakespeare
Centenary. Folio. 5s (1864)

282 RICORDO a Shakespeare, under the auspices of
Shakespeare's Tercentenary Birth, 50 Sonnets by
James Pincherle. 8vo. 3s Trieste, 1864

283 TRANSACTIONS of the Historical Society of
Lancashire and Cheshire. New series, vol 4, cloth.
2s 6d 1864

Contains Dr. A. Hume's Oration on the Tercentenary of Shakespeare, and
Dr. Baar on the Moral Ideas of Shakespeare.

284 CLARKE'S (Mary Cowden) Girlhood of Shake-
speare's Heroines in a Series of Tales. 3 vols, i2mo,
cloth. 4s 6d 1864

285 SHAKESPEARE'S Comedy of "Much ado about
Nothing," photo-lithographed from the matchless
original of 1600 in the possession of the Earl of
Ellesmere. Sm. 4to, half mor. los 6d 1864

286 KENNY'S (Thos.) Life and Genius of Shakespeare.
8vo, portrait and plate, cloth. 3s 6d (pub at 1 2s)

1864

287 SHAKSPEREIANA verzeichniss von Schriften von
und uber Shakespeare, 8vo. is Wien, 1864

j^ije ana writings of Shakespeare, 33

288 HALLIWELL's Historical Account of New Place,
the residence of Shakespeare at Stratford-on-Avon.
Folio, viany engravings, eloili. £2. 12s 6d 1864

This Avork contains a minute history of T\cw I'lace, from the year 1497 to
the present time ; an account of its locality at Stratford, exhibiting Shake-
speare's social position in the Town ; a discovery of the period of his final re-
tirement to Stratford ; the probable causes and character of his last illness, &e,

289 FULLOM (S. W.) History of William Shakespeare,
Player and Poet, with new Facts and Traditions. 8vo,
seeonel celition^ clot/i. 5s 1S64

290 THREE Notelets on Shakespeare. I. Shakespeare in
Germany. II. The Folk-Lore of Shakespeare. III.
Was Shakespeare ever a Soldier ? By W. J. Thorns ■
Post 8vo, elotJi. 4s 6d 1865

' ' On this subject of Shakespeare in Germany, Mr. W. J. Thorns has reprinted
a paper read some years ago before the Society of Antiquaries, together with
two other ' Notelets' on the Poet —'The Folk Lore of Shakespeare,' from the
Athen.-eum, and 'Was Shakespeare a Soldier?' from Notes and Queries, Not
Ih e least of Mr. Thom's many services to English literature is the invention of
th at admirable viOxA folk-lore, which appeared for the first time in these columns
on ly a few years ago, and has already become a domestic term in eveiy corner
of the world. His illustration of .Shakespeare's kno^'ledge of this little \\'orld
of fairy dreams and legends is a perfect bit of criticism. He answers the query
as to .'^hakespeare's having seen martial service in the affirmative ; and therein
we think his argument sound, his conclusion right. These ' Notelets' were
very -well ^^'orthy of being collected into a book." — AtJieniciint.

291 SHAKESPEARE Treasury, or subject Quotations
synonymously indexed, by William Hoe. i 2mo, cl.
IS 6d 1865

292 NOTICES illustrative of the Drama and other Popu-
lar Amusements, chiefly in the Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth Centuries, incidentally illustrating Shakespeare
and his Contemporaries, extracted from the Chamber-
lain's Accounts, and other MSS. of the Borough of
Leicester; with an Introduction and Notes, by William
Kelly. Post %vo, plates, eloth. 9s 1865

293 SHAKESPERIANA from 1654 to 1865, an Account
of the Shakespearean Literature of England, Germany,
and France, with Bibliographical Introductions, by
Franz Thimm. 8vo, cloth. 2s 6d 1865

294 SHAKESPEARE folio of 1623— Staunton's Repro-
duction in Photo-lithography, folio, parts 2, 3, 4, 6,
7, 8, 9, scived. i2s (pub at ^3. 13s 6d) i86<;

295 ARROWSMITH (W. R.) Shakespeare's Editors and
Commentators. Svo. is 6d 1865

34 Catalogue of Books, &c., ilbtstrating the

2cj6 SHAKESPEARE in Germany in the i6th and 17th
Centuries ; an Account of English Actors in Germany
arid the Netherlands, and of the Plays performed by
them during the same period, by Albert Cohn. 4to,
2 plates of facsimiles, cloth. 14s (pub at _^i. 8s)

1865

"... One of the most interesting and valuable contributions to Shal^c-
spearean literature which have ever reached us from Germany . . . The
present success of the efforts of Mr. Cohn opens a field of information the
existence of -ivhieh has been hitherto almost unsuspected ... A volume vhich
i the points of interest and novelty is not surpassed by any in the very long
shelf of recent Shakespearean publications. It is impossible also to speak
too highly of the care and abihty displayed by Mr. Cohn in its compilation." —
Atheiuvum.

397 SHAKESPEARE. The first folio edition of Shake-
speare's Dramatic Works 1632, reproduced in exact
facsimile by Photo-Lithography under the superintend-

ance of Howard Staunton. A noble folio volwne,
cxtca cloth. I2. 15s (pub at £%. 8s) 1S65

298 SHAKESPERIAN Parallelisms, chiefly illustrative
of the Tempest, and a Midsummer Night's Dream,
collected from Sir PhiUip Sydney's Arcadia. By EHza
M. West. Sq. 12 mo, only \o pri^ited, half morocco,
gilt top. £1. 2s 1865

299 A LEVY made in July 1697, for relief of the poor
at Stratford upon Avou (the earliest one yet discover-
ed), now first printed from the original Manuscript,
one of ten copies printed. Square i2mo, half mo-
rocco, gilt top. £\. los 1865

300 ORIGINAL MEMOIRS and Historical Accounts
of the Families of Shakespeare and Hart, deduced from
an early period to the year 1790. By John Jordan,
of Stratibrd-upon-Avon. qto, 10 copies printed,
half morocco, gilt top. f2.ios 1865

:,oi HALLIWELL's Hand-Book Index to the Works of
Shakespeare, including References to the Phrases,
Manners, Customs, Proverbs, Songs, &c., which are
used or alluded to by the great dramatist. Thick
8vo, 07il}'_ 54 copies printed, half morocco extra, gilt
leaves. £4. 4s. . . 1866

302 ENGLAND as seen by Foreigners in the days of
Elizabeth and James I , comprising Translations of
the Journals of the two Dukes of Wirtemberg in
1592 and 1610, both illustrative of Shakespeare.
With copious Notes, an introduction, and Etchings.
By William Bps-enchly Rye, ^Issislanl Keeper of
ike Department of Printed Books, British AInsenm.
Thick fcolscap 4to, clee;antly printed by JV/iitting-
ham, extra eloth. 15s 1S66

All cxtvcmely entertaining and really \'aiLialjle conLribntiun tu our acquaint-
ance with tlie England of Shakespeare's day. The journals here repro'lueed
are full of the most minute details of the daily life of us Ijnglish more than
two centuries and a half ago, and bring to our mental eye with singular \i\'i'l-
ness the places and the people of that di-.tant period. — L-viJon /u't'/.Ti'.

303 JULIETTA, a Tale translated from the Italian of
Count Luigirt da Porto, by F.D.3. — Notice Ciitique
sur un Roman, intituled the Flail of Hellingslcy, by
Sir Egercon Brydges — Verses on his book entitled
Gnomica — Catalogue of Works v/ritten or edited by
Sir Egerton Brydges, with those printed at the Lee
Priory Press. In one vol, 8vo, boards. 14s

PRIVATELY PRINTED

304 SHAKESPEARE'S Jest-Book.— A Hundred Mery
Talys, from the only perfect copy known. Edited,
with Introduction and Notes, by Dr. Herman Oester-
ley. Fscp. 8vo, half moroeeo. 4s 6d 1866

The only peifcet copy known of llie " liuuilred Mer)- Talys'' wa-j lately
discovered in the Royal Library at Gottingen. This is a verbatim reprint,
supplying all the chasnis and lost tales in former editions, A\dth copious Notes
by the editor, pointing out the origin of the various tales, and authors who
have used them.

305 ABSTRACTS and Copies of Indentures respecting
Estates in Henley Street, Stratford-and-Avon, which
illustrate the topography and history of the birth-place
of Shakespeare. Edited by J. O. Halliwell. One
of 10 copies printed. 4to, half moroeeo, top gilt.
£\ 15s 1866

306 RUSHTON (W. L.) Shakespeare, illustrated by Old
Authors. Jixno, cloth. 2s 6d 1867

2^o^ CARTWRIGHT (Robert) New Readings in Shake-
speare, or Proposed Emendations of the I'ext. 8vo,
2s 1867

36 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustyating the

30S NARES (Archd.) Glossary, or Collection of Words,
Phrases, Customs, Proverbs, &c,, illustrating the
Works of English Authors, particularly Shakespeare
and his Contemporaries. A New Edition, with con-
siderable additions, both of words and examples. By
James O. Halliwell, F.S.A, and Thomas Wright,
M.A., F.S.A., 2 thick vols, 8vo, cloth, ^i. is

1S59

The Glossary of Arcliileacon Naivs i-, Ijy far the best and most useful Work
\\'e possess for ex]>lahhnL;' and inusiraling the obsolete language, and the
customs and manners of the Sixteenth and Se\"enteenth Centuries, and it is
<|uite indispensable fjr the readers of the literature of the Elizabethan period.
'I'he additional Mords and examples are distingiiishcdfrom those in the original
text li}' a t ]">rLlixed to caeh. The woidv contains between five and six
//'(>A'.r(?/A/ ad'btional examples, tlie result of original research, not merely sup-
jdenicritar)- to Narcs, but to all other compilations of the kind.

309 KEIGHTLEY'sShakespeare Expositor, an Aid to the
Perfect Understanding of Shakespeare's Plays. Thick
fcap. 8vo, cloth. 7s 6d 1867

310 A MUSTER ROLL of Able Men at Stratford-on-
Avon and its neighbourhood, in the iSth year of King
Henry the 8th, now first printed from original MSS.
Square i2mo, one often copies printed, half m-oroceo,
gilt top. £2 2s 1867

3 1 1 JERVIS (Swynfen) Dictionary of the Language of
Shakespeare, .[.to, pp. 378 in double columns, a
handsome and cheep volume, elothi. 12s 1S68

The author died \\hile the volume was in the press, v. hen hi,, friend the
Rev. Alex. Dye:, the Shakespearian scholar, completed it from the materials
he had left.

312 HALLIWELL's (J. O.) Selected Notes upon Shake-
speare's Tragedy of Anthony and Cleopatra. Small
4to, only 50 printed, cloth. 15s 1S68

313 Selected Notes on the Tempest. Small 4to,

on^y -^o printed, cloth. 15s 1S68

314 CATALOGUE of the Books, Manuscripts, Works
of Art, Antiquities and Relies illustrative of the Life
and Works of Shakespeare, and of the History of
Stratford-upon-Avon, which are preserved in Shake-
s}::eare's Birth-place, in Henley Street. Svo, not
printed for sale, cloth. 7s 6d 1868

j^i^a ufui, yvri-ung^ Of Shcikespeave. 37

315 STEARNE's (Dr. C. W.) The Shakespearian Trea-
sury of Wisdom and Knowledge. Post 8vo, cloth.
7s 6d 1869

316 A CATALOGUE of a Small Portion of the Engra-
vings and Drawitigs illustrative of the Life of Shake-
speare^ preserved in the collection formed by J- O.
Halliwell. Small A^io, only \oo printed not for
sale, cloth. £1. is 1868

317 HAMLET edited according to the first printed
copies, with the various readings and critical Notes by
F. H. Stratmann. 8vo. 3s 6d Krefeld, 1869

3 I 8 THE Sonnets of Shakespeare Solved^ and the Mys-
tery of his Friendship, Love, and Rivalry Revealed,
illustrated by numerous extracts from the Poet's
Works, contemporary writers and other Authors, by
Henry Brown. 8vo, pp. 248, cloth, ys 6d 1870

319 SHAKESPEARE'S Sonnets, and a Lover's Com-
plaint. Reprinted in the Orthography and Punctuation
of the Original Edition of 1609. Svo, cloth. 3s 6d

1870

320 SHAKESPEARE and the Emblem Writers : an
Exposition of their Similarities of Thought and Ex-
pression, preceded by a view of Emblem Literature
to 16 16. By the Rev. H. Green. Thick royal Svo,
PROFUSELY illustrated, cxtra cloth, /^i. 8s 1870

Without Dates.

321 SHAKESPEARE'S Timon of Athens, altered by
Shadwell. iimo, half calf. 2S

London, Printed for the Company —

322 BEAUTIES of Shakespeare (not Dodd's) 5th edit.
Sm. Svo, calf. 3s London, n. d.

323 SIXTEEN Favorite Airs selected from Rossini's cele-
brated Opera of Otello, adapted for the Piano Forte
by Rophino Lacy. Two Books, 4to. 6s n. d.

124 TWELVE Designs for the Costume of Shakespeare's
Richard III., by C. F. Tomkins, after the drawings
and with the descriptions of J. R. Planche, F.S.A.
4to, 12 plates, some in colors, half morocco. los 6d

1829

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND EDITORS.

Arrrowsmuh (W. R.) 295

Baar (Dr.) 260, 2S3

Badham (C.) 194

BarnctL (Morris) 20 [

Bell (William) 206, 407, 208

Boaden, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94,

144, 163
Braccbridgc (C. Hull) 262
Brown (Clias. Armytage) 165
Brown (Henry) 318
CaldecoU (Thomas) 137, 159
Capell, 23, 44
Cartwright (Robert) 307
Clialmers (Geo.) 88, 95, 96, 97
Chapman (J, C.) 195
Chedwordi (Lord) 114, lit;,

ii5
Clarke (C. CoM-den) 26S
Clarke (Mary Cowden) 284
Cohn (Albert) 296
Collier (J. P.) 160, i6i, 162,
173, 175. 184, 187, 188,
205, 212, 217, 223, 238

Colman, 42, 65

Croker (Crofton) 198, 256

Delius (Nicolaus) 202, 217

Dodd (Dr.) 58, 59, 60

Douce, 121, 122

Drake (Dr. Nathan) 129, 149*

Dryden (John) 107, 109

Du Bois (Edwd.) 105

Dudley (.Sir Bate) 77, 7S

Dyce (Rev. A.) 180, 184214,
215, 228, 238, 311

Eaton (Rev. T. R.) 246

Edwards (Thos.) 11, 15

Elliston, 135

Elwin (Mr.) 215,?

Evans (John) 14O

Farmer (Dr. R.) 71, 73, 138

Fennell (J. II.) 221

EuUom (.S. W.) 2S9

Garrick (David) 24, 42, 66,
67, 68

Gilchrist, 125

Goethe. 170

Graves (II. M.) 146

Green (Chas. F.) 234

Grey (Zach.) 16

Griffith (Mrs.) 41

Grimaldi (Joe) 210

Grove (Joseph) 53

Hall (H. T.) 278

Ilalliwell (J. O.) 176, 178,
179, 186, 192, 193, 199,
200, 205, 209, 211, 226,
248, 249, 269, 270, 2S8,

301, 305. 30S, 3i2> 313.
316
Hamilton (X. E. S. A.) 253,

254, 255
T-Iardinge ((jeo.) no, in
Hardvfr. D.) 251
llazliU (^V.) 219

Heath, 21*

Heron (Rob.) 63

Hiffernan (Paul) 31, 32

Hoe (W.) 291

Holt, 15

Home (R. H.) 236

Hornby (Mary) 136

Hugo (Victor) 2S0

Hume (Abr.) 283

Hunter (Joseph) 185, 215

Ingleby (C. M.) 240, 266

Ireland (W. H.) 89, 91, 98,

io5, n7, 118, 158
Ireland (.Sanil.) 39, 80, Si,

84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,

90, 94. 144
Jackson, 131, 132, 133
Jarvis (J.) 147
Jennens(C.) 35, 53
Jephson (J. M.) 277
Jervis (S\A'ynfen) 311
Johnson (Dr.) 15, 22, 48
Johnson and Stcevens, 36, 54.

56, 64, 74
Jordan (John) 51,300
Rean (Chas.) 239
Keightley (Thomas) 309
Kelsall (Charles) 139
Kelly (William) 292
Kerable (John) 10, 39, 119,

124, 127
Kenrick (Dr.) 19
Kenny (Thos.) 286
Knight (Chas.) 181, 183, 1S4,

197
Lacy (Ropliino) 320
Lennox (Mrs.) 17
Leo (F. A.) 275
Lettsom (W. N.) 222, 245
Macdonnel, (P.) 172
Macgregor (Robt.) 224
Madden (Sir F.) 165,!
Maginn (Dr.) 243
Malmesbury (Lord) 107
Malonc, 39, 55, 56, 57, 73,
75,79,82,83,85,86,88,
89, 107, no, III, 247
Malone and Stcevens, 103
Mason (Rt. Hon. J. M) 103
Matthews (Chas.) 134
Mitford (Rev. John) 228
Mommsen (Tycho) 244
Moncrieff (W. T.) 142
Montague](Eli2blh.) 25, 26,

27, 28, 29, 30, 150
Morgann (Maurice) 48, 49,

■50, 14^
Moulm (M. J.) 263
Xares (Archdeacon) 30S
Oakley (Benj.) 151
Oesterley (H.) 304
I lullon (W. C) 89
Patterson (Robt.) 16/1;.

Pinchcrle (J.) 282
I'inkcrton (John) 63
Blanche (J. R.) 324
Plumtre, 10, 99
Poole (John) 130
Porto (Luigi da) 5, 302
Prior (Sir. Jas. ) 247
Pye (H. J.) 75, 104, 120
Rathbone (P. II.) 260
Reed (Isaac) 74
Richardson, 37, 43, 45, 46,
47, 61, 62, 69, 70, loi,
102, 104
Rirabault (K. F.) 190
Rnmsey (Mary C. ) 220
Rushton (W. L.) 306
Rj-e (AV. B.) 302
Scrgent (G. F.) 174
Seymour (li. H.) 114
Shadwell (Thos.) 321
.Simrock (Karl) 200

Singer (S. W.) 128, 216

Skottowe (Aug.) 143

Smart (B. H.) 177

Smith (W. LI.) 232, 233

Staunton (Howard) 294, 297

Stearne (C. W.) 315

Steevens (G.) 89, 90, 94,
144, 230

Stratmann (F. II.) 317

Tatham (John) 2

Taylor (Edward) 40

Taylor (J. E.) 227

Theobald (Lewis) 6, 7, 34

Thimm (Franz) 293

Thorns (W. J.) 290

Ticck (L.) 220

Tweddell (G. M.) 259

Tynvhitt, 10

L^lrici (Herman) 170, 191,
192, 218

Upton (John) S

Valpy (Dr.) 112

Waldron (F. G.) 87,88,100,

113

Walker (\V. Sidney) 222, 245
Warburton, II
Warner, 24
Webb (Col. F.) Sg
West (Eliza M.) 298
Whatel)', 39, 166, 167
Wheler (R. B,) 118, 141,270,

272
Whincop (TIios.) 9
White (K. Grant) 223, 236
Whiter (W.alter) 75, 76
Wilkes (John) 21
^^'ilson (J.) and W. II. bo-
land, 148
Wither (J. R.) 225
Wivell (Abr.) 145, 149
Woodward ((i. JL) SS
Wriglit (Thomas) 30S
^\^■■-ll^ lALnii.l So

/^f6^

SHAKSPBAEIAN FOEGEEIES AMD CONTEOVEESY.

LOIS 1309 to 1347 form

WiLiiAM Henry Ibeland's Own Collections,

on this subject, and were purcliased in the sale of Mr. Manson'a
Stock of Boolcs, sohl by Mr. Christie, December, 1812.

1309 Shakespeabe. The Original Fobgebies to Miscella-

NEOITS PaPEBS under THE HaJSID AND SeAL OF

William Shakespeabe, by W. H. Ieeland, con-
sisting of Shakespeare's Confession of Faith ; Shake-
speare's Note of Hand and John Hcminge's Eeceipt ;
Queen Elizabeth's Letter to W. Shakespeare ; Letter
to Eichard Cowley, enclosing the "Witty Conundrum ;
Letter to Lord Southampton, and Lord Southampton's
Answer ; Lock of Ann Hathawat's Haib ; Letter
to Ann Hathaway, with Lines addressed to her ; Two
Eeceipts for playing before Lord Leicester ; Signatures
to the Legal Instruments between Shakespeare, Lorvine,
and Condel, the Players ; View of Ireland's House and
Shakespeare's Tributary Lines to that personage ; Sig-
nature to the Deed of Grift to Ireland, etc. etc. with
neat transcripts in the autograph of W. H. Ireland

The above are some of the most interesting of the Shake-
sperian Forgeries, which the fabricator William Henry
Ireland attempted to palm off on the literary world at
the close of the last century, and which caused so much
controversy and excitement amongst the quid nuncs of
the day. For a full account of which see " Confessions,"
lots 1336-S

1310 Miscellaneous Papers and Legal lustruments, under the

Head and Seal of William Shakspeare : including the
Tragedy of King Lear, and a small Fragment of Ham-
let, from the Original MSS. in the Possession of Samuel
Ireland, loith facsimiles, hf. hound, imcut folio, 1796

1311 Another copy. iLLrsTEATED loith Portraits of Shake-

speare, TV. JET. Ireland, (an unfnished proof;) etc. ;
also many additional Facsimiles, Newspaper Cuttings,
etc. unbound in a portfolio folio, 1796

1312 Mr. Ireland's Original Prospectus of the above, issued

March 4, 1795. " Mr. Ireland acquaints every gentle-
man who has paid his Subscription, and who has not
seen the papers, that if on Viewing them he feels any
doubt respecting their authenticity, he may instantly
. ■ ■ have his Subscription returned, ' This exteemelt

SCARCE papeb, has the Manuscript corrections of W.
H. Ireland Svo. 1795

88 FOTJRTH day's saie. [SJiaksjjcariana-

1313 -'Ah Priginal Admission Ticket " to View the Shakespeare
y " 'Papers, at No. 8, Norfolk Street, Strand" .- 1795

" I do not believe that a duplicate of the above Ticket is
now in existence, as they were all carefully destroyed
by Mr. Samuel Ireland, on my confession to the public
that I was the fabricator of the Manuscripts. W. H. I."
—MS. Note.

1314 Autograph Letter. " Mr. Ireland presents his compliments

to Mr. Dent — begs to acquaint Mr. D. that a Committee
is formed to meet at his house on Saty. nest, at \ past
12, on the subject of the MSS. at w*^" Mr. I. will be
happy to be favor' d w'li Mr. Dent's comp'y, as Mr. I.
has something material to propose relative to their
authenticity. Norfolk Street, Ap. 21." 1 page 4to.
131.5 Caricature. "The Oaken Chest, or the Gold Mines of
Ireland, a Farce," deincting the Ireland Family at their
operations, very scarce and curious April 2, 1796

1316 A Letter to George Steevens, Esq. containing a Critical

Examination of the Papers of Sbakspeare, published by
Mr. S. Ireland, with Extracts from Vortigern, by J.
Boaden, iLirsTBATED with portraits and flutes, and
W. H. Ireland's Manuscript Notes, and Corrections,
containing some bitter remarks on Mr. Boaden, hf. hound

8vo. 1796

1317 Eamiliar Verses from the Ghost of Willy Shakspeare to

Sammy Ireland, [by J. M. Woodward, the Caricaturist,
or by Orton] 8vo. 1796

1318 Shakspeare's Manuscripts in the Possession of Mr. Ireland,

examined [by Col. E. Webb] ivith MS. Notes and Cor-
rections in the autograph of TV. H. Ireland, hf. hound

8vo. 1796

"As Mr. Webb was so strenuous in his belief of the
Manuscripts, it would be ungenerous in the extreme
were I to make these quotations as a ridicule upon
that gentleman W. H. Ireland."— JIS. Note.

1319 Eree Eeflections on ' Miscellaneous Papers,' etc. with

Extracts from an unpublished MS. Play, called ' The
Virgin Queen," written by, or imitative of Shakespeare,
[by E. G. WaldroD, assisted by Geo. Steevens], hf. bd.

8vo. 1796

With the Autograph and MS. Note of W. H. Ireland-
" The Critic Waldron reminds me of the thoughtful
Burleigh, as pourtrayed by Sheridan, which part is
admirably sustained by the author of this pamphlet,
who may have thought deeply on the subject of my
manuscripts, but who has assuredly said «oi!^JM^ . . . .
W. H. Ireland."- iV//S'. Note.

." : ■■-.:::::.: ..j-":: r::.:E. 89,

1320 Vortigern, an Historical Tragedy, represented at Drury

Lane, April 2, 1796, by W. H. Ireland, with Autograph
MS. Note, and corrections by the author 8vo. [1796]

" This Drama, which stood the ordeal of the public, and
created so much interest, was written when my mind
became a prey to the multifarious doubts and fears
which my then situation gave rise to ... . W. H. I."

MS. Note.

1321 Play Bill and Hand Bill respecting the representation of

Vortigern, at Drury Lane, April 2, 1796, and a variety
of Memoranda, Drawings of Shakespeare's House,
Autograph letter of W. H. Ireland, etc. a curious lot

1322 Inquiry into the Authenticity of certain Miscellaneous

Papers and Legal Instruments, attributed to Shake-
speare, by Edmonb Malone, Esq., Inteeleavbd
THEouGHOUT, AND Illtjsteated With numerous por-
traits, facsimiles, etc. The Autograph of W. H. Ire-
land, and MS. Notes hy him on the margins, half calf

8vo. 1796

1323 Boaden (J.) Letter to Geo. Steevens, containing an Exami-

nation of Ireland's Papers, and Extracts from Vortigern,
1796 — Familiar Verses from the Ghost of Willy
Shakspeare to Sammy Ireland, 1794 — Shakespeare's
MSS. in possession of Mr. Ireland, examined [by
Webb], 1796 — Free Reflections on ' Miscellaneous
Papers,' etc. [by Steevens and Waldron], 1796 — A
Comparative View of the Opinions of James Boaden
[by Wyatt], 1796 — Vortigern under Consideration [by
W. C. Oulton], 1796— Ireland (W. H.) An Authentic
Account of the Shaksperian Manuscripts, etc. original
edition, 1796 — Mr. Ireland's Vindication of his Con-
duct, 1796 — An Investigation of Mr. Malone's Claiui
to the Character of Scholar or Critic, by Sam. Ireland,
1797— Vortigern, with an Original Preface, by W. H.
Ireland, facsimile, 1832 — Britannia's Cat-o'nine-Tails,
or Devil's Carols, during half a century of Eapine,
Desolation and Blood, by W. H. Ireland, 1833 ; in
1 vol. half bound, a scarce collection

The last pamphlet in the above collection is a presenta-
tion to " — Newman, Esq. with the sincere regards of
the author, W. H. I." and has the following MS. Note
on the title : — " It may be necessary to remark that
the ensuing pages gave such umbrage in an elevated
quarter that the writer was threatened with a Govern-
ment prosecution, but from some political motives, the
Ministry thought fit to abandon the idea. W. H.
Ireland."

90 FOURTH day's SALE. [Sliahspeciriana.

1324 Authentic Account of the Shaksperiau Manuscripts, etc. by

W. H. Ireland, etc. half calf 8vo. 1796

1325 Another copy, neatly inlaid, in folio size paper, ivith 2

autograph letters of the author inserted, half calf

folio, 1796

1326 Whiter (W.) Specimen of a Commentary on Shakspeare,

calf 8vo. 1794

1327 Mr, Ireland's Vindication of his Conduct respecting the

Publication of the supposed Shakspeare MSS. half calf
" From the Author" 8vo. 1796

1328 Investigation of Mr. Malone's Claim to the Character of

Scholar or Critic, by Sam. Ireland, half calf

8vo. (1797)

1329 Apology for the Believers in the Sliakspeare Papers, by Geo.

Chalmers, illustbated with numerous portraits, and
having the autograph of W. H. Ireland 8vo. 1797

1330 Henry the Second, an Historical Drama, by W. H. Ireland,

loith the autograph and MS. Notes of the author, half
calf 8vo. 1799

" If any merit is to be attributed to me for the produc-
tion of the MSS. the arrangement and language of
Henry II. is in my opinion the most likely to produce
it. W. H. I,"— ili.S'. note.

1331 Ballads in Imitation of the Antient, by W. H. Ireland,

half calf , uncut, three portraits inserted 8vo. 1801

1332 Catalogue of Books, Paintings, Miniatures, Drawiugs,

Prints, etc. including the whole of the Shikesperian
Library, and the entire Collection of Shakespearian
Papers of Lear, Haralet, Vortigern, etc. the property
of the late Mr. Sam. Ireland, 8 days' sale, interleaved
throughout, with the autograph of, and MS. Notes ly,
W. H. Ireland, half calf 8vo. 1801

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AN ESSAY

Ul'OS TITE

GHOST-BELIEF OF SHA.RE8PEAKE.

^fc^A

INTRODUCTION.

To disbelieve in tlio ol)jcctivo reality of Rplritual appearances in
general is the rule of the present age, and is conceived to he one
of the marks and conseqnences of its intellectual progression;
and therefore is it, we think, to he acconnted for, that the above
subject has never (at least, so far as is known) been treated of.
Most of Shakespeare's admirers doubtless imagine that such an
intellect as his could never have given credence to a ghost ; nor
are they very curious to ask, how it was, on artistic groimrh, that
the greatest poet should have produced what many think his
greatest work, upon a supernatural theme — upon a theme whose
basis is either nervous disease, credulity, or imposture ; for into
some one of these things are all ghosts now resolved.

If, however,, the modern philosopher holds it to be part of
ins appreciation of Shakespeare that he could not have believed
in a ghost, it is also certain that the ghost-believing student of
the poet-philosopher will claim him as a teacher, on spiritual
grounds, and will at least endeavour to show cause why he does
so. Holding that ghost-behef, rightly understood, is most rational
and salutary, he will deem that it must have had the sanction of
such a thinker as Shakespeare.

If there is any one principle which ought to be particularly
adhered to above all others in any speculations regarding Shake-
speare's opinions, it should surely be, never to adduce a mere
opinion^ expressed by one of his characters, as liis opinion. Of
those who do so, it will probably be found that, to use Horatio's
expression, they do but " hotcli tlie -words up jit to their own
tJioughtsy In the essay now made to shew that Shakespeare,
apart from his feelings as a poet, believed, as a philosopher. In

i , A

supernatural realities, no support to the idea will Lc sought froui
such means. Of course, such attempts must be held as equally
illegitimate on the opposite side ; and it does, indeed, seeni
wonderful that any real admirers of Shakespeare could ever
make such attempts, since they may know that it is very easy
so to attribute anything, even the most contrary things, to tlie
author ; as witness, for example, the dialogue between Posthumus
and the Jailer, in Cymbeline.

Nothing, indeed, is easier, than for an autlior merely to make
his cliaracters express ojiposite ojiiiiions, with(jut, however, having
any fixed opinions or clear knowledge of his own upon the matter
in hand; but it is quite another thiiKj so to state the opinion as
to involve his own knowledge. In attempting this, every one
conversant with any given subject knows how instantaneously
ignorance is detected where it exists.

We are told that law terms, sea terms, &c., &c., are used by
Shakespeare in a manner that implies real knowledge of more
than the mere existence of the words. So the ghost-beiicver looks
at Shakespeare, not to see what opinions are expressed about
ghosts, but to ascertain whether what is said by the characters, or
done in the story, implies that the autlior possessed a philosophy
of the subject.

Hero perhaps our sceptical friends will smile at the mere
idea of a ghost-believer's philosophy. Nevertheless, they must
be assured that, if we are mad, we do, at all events, claim to have
" a method in our madness." For instance, a ghost-believer
would say that the story of Hamlet might be a hard fact, as much
as the story of Tom Jones might be one. He believes, and can
therefore think that Shakespeare might have believed: 1st, That
ghosts do appear objectively; 2ud, That several persons at once
may see a ghost ; 3rd, That one person may, and another may
not, as with Plamlet and the Queen; 4th, That the ends for
which ghosts appear may be good, bad, or indifferent — may
succeed or may fail, and that there is both fact and philosophy
for all this. So much received, we may believe in ILnnlet.

If we are told that the men who can believe all this can
believe anything, we say. No ! For example, we could not
believe in such a story as that of Franlienstein and the monster
whom he is represented as, in some sense, creating. We should
say that such a story, as a hard fact^ was altogether contrary to
the laws both of the spiritual and of the natural worlds, and we
are quite certain that, so 'understood^ the writer did not believe in
the like of it. Such stories, therefore, we conceive to be essen-
tially/«»% «rf, whatever talents may be shown in their execution.
In saying thus much, it may be well, in a passing way, to note,
as a circumstance not forgotten, that there are writings in which

(unlike ILimlfit) tlie images Are prnfeufseJlii aUeqorical or fanciful^
although this essay does not pretend to toueh upon them. iSueli
writings, liowcver, would have tJieir true and false, aa well as
those which Ava professedly literal.

THE MEANING OF GIIOST-BELIEF.

We will now, then, proceed to state what is meant hy ghost-
belief, and what are its supposed grounds. In the first place,
then, the Spiritualist conceives it to be a great truth, that every
human being is truly and properly a ghostj or spirit^ clad for a
time in an earthly body. Whether Shakespeare thought this or
not, he has very beautifully expressed the idea, in his Twelfth
Night ^1 when he makes Sebastian say —

A spirit I am indeed ; '-J

But am in that dimension grossl}^ clad,
Wliicli from tlie womb I did participate. — Act V., Scene 1.

Although it has been assumed previously that no opinion^ ex-
pressed by one of the poe£s characters.! is to be quoted as being
necessarily the poeth opinion also., yet any piece of wisdom or of
thought, as distinguished from an opinion, may be called his
wisdom, or his thought. Now, if it should be deemed that no
wisdom is contained in a given passage, say the one just quoted,
still the fact remains, that the thought of the Spiritualist has
been so felicitously expressed — and that too iu a place where
Shakespeare might just as easily have made Sebastian answer
more like a modern pliilosophcr, by saying that he was " not a
spirit., but a man of flesh and blood.'''' The character of Sebastian
is one which may well justify us in concluding that, of the two
possible answers to his sister's exclamation —

If spirits can assume both form and suit,
You come to friglit us —

Shakespeare would assign to him the one which he himself con-
sidered as the most sensible. The same thought which has been
thus assigned to Sebastian is to be found likewise in Lorenzo's
speech in The Merchant of Venice (Act V., Scene 1), where he
discourses of the harmony of the spheres, and tells Jessica that —

fSuch harmony is in immortal souls;

V>ui vi\i\\s,t this Tmiddy vesture of decay ^ ,.'

Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it. '■'

In the next place — and this is a point of the highest import-
ance— the Spiritualist believes that the ghost, or spirit, which is
truly the man, is in a human form^ as much as the body is ; the
body being in that form, simply because the ghost or soul is so.
Men instinctively personify the virtues and the vices by human
forms. Ask the painter to delineate Kevenge and Mercy, and
he will, as a matter of course, present you with a male and a

A 2

female figure, ia wliicli Piovcnp;-e ami ]\Ierev will lie (Icpictcd, not
mrrrhi ill the (expression ot' the heads, Imt /// tJie irlmli- fdninitiiui,
of the liorlv, ami //; tlic (icfimi of er< ;y/ jiorf. If the artist he
competent to paint what he /ee/s, and every one else /('e/.v, all
will liioin his meaning'. ^J'liat every ruling yiassion affects and
shapes the whole body, is eonecived by the Spiritualist to be an
irresistible argument for the human form of the ghost or soul,
and the fact has been expressed liv Shakespeare in his usual
masterly style ; it should also be well noted, that lie has assigned
the expression of the fact to the wise and observing Ulysses.
Speaking of Cressida, Ulysses says —

Fie, fie upon her !
There's a Lini:^uac^o in lier eye, her cheel-:, lier lip;
Nay, Jicrtont .^iirfl's; Iter irrniton spirits looh oat
At tccr// juiiit oii'i riiotire of Iter ho/I^.

Again, how common is it for us to say of some one who at
first sight we thought ordinary, or even ngly, but afterwards
find to be morally amiable, that we have lost sight of the liodily
defect, and have become conscious of a pleasing, and, in some
Instances, of even a beautii'iil expression — a thing inconceivable
upon any ground but tiiat of the hmnan form of the ghost or
soul ; a form beautiful if the moral state lie good, ugly if the
moral state bo bad — which latter fact is again wonderfully
exemplified in the diahoJical expressions we sometimes perceive
ill faces III if II i-< dill Jiiiiiilsniiie. In liotli instances, the beautiful
and the ugly ghost or soul shines througli the external, earthly
countenance, and actually, when the good or evil feeling is at
work, alters the very form of that external countenance, thus
furnishing the complete demonstration that good and evil feelings
are ahsolutelji in forms^ and such forms, of course, as they mould
the external into ; that is, into forms beautiful and angelic, or
monstrous and diabolical.

These all-important facts Shakespeare has fully included in
Uesdemona's words —

I saw Othello's visage in his mind.

The common expression that 'we see the mind in the covnte-
nanee^ of course conveys a truth, or rather a part of tlie truth,
but Desdemona's words are fuller ; for they give the fact that
the mind has a visage of its own. This is to be taken as being
an absolute truth, which is also the reason why it is eminently
poetical. To say that anything can be really jioetical and yet
not true is a mere contradiction. Moreover, Shakespeare did not
so express Desdemona's feehngs by a merely accidental stroke ;
we must alwavs think that what in the most of persons is simply
fejf, was, by Shakespeare, also most clearly seen.

The (Idubt or Jcniiil of tliu great truth that tJic hamau soul
lias the humau form, which is

A cijiulilnatloii aud ;i lorm indctid,

places the doubters in the most distressing dileuunas. They call
their doubts and denials philosophy ; but Avhat kind of philosophy
can tliat ])c which deals only in negations V

The arguments for the Immortality of the soid (to snv nothing
of the views in general of a future state) are intinitely clouded
and weakened, if its lumian form is not taken note of as being
pre-eminently the foundation-truth upon which all arguments
relating to the soul should rest. That f )undation-truth being
itself capable (as it certainlv is) of the fullest demonstration, it
follows that all truths which spring legitimately frojii that
foundation-truth must have all the tirnmess of their original
stock.

So much having been premised, let us now suppose any one
deeply Intei'estcd in the sulyect of the soul's immortality, and
anxious to have the clearest views possible upon that sublime
theme, sitting himself down to the perusal of Bishop Butler's
celebrated Anah(/i/, in the hope of attaining to the mental satis-
faction for which he seeks, and what would be the result ? We
venture to think that it juust needs be disappointment ; an
opinion for which some reasons shall now be suggested.

In this well-known work, then, of Bishop Butler, there is a
chapter aititled " Of a Future Life," which, of coiTrse, contains
whatever the eminent divine wh(; wrote it considered as most
worthy for him to utter upon the subject; yet, in conclusion, he
feels himself called upon to volunteer an admission that all lie
has been able to say is but little calculated to satisfy curiosity ;
meaning, evidently, a curiosity directed towards the general
outline of a future life — a wish, in short, to have some faint idea
of what it is like.

It is, indeed, true that Bishop Butter follows up his admission
by observing that, nevertheless, all the purposes of religion are
as well answered as by a demonstrative pronf. Doubtless ho
believed so ; but it cannot bo denied liut that such dogmatic
assertions are looked at with great dissatisfaction by the sceptic-
ally inclined; and the Spiritualist believes that, if the truest and
deepest grounds were taken, there would be no neces-ity for any
such admission as Bishop Butler has felt himself called upon to
make. The fact that curiosity is a feeling of the human mind,
and one that, properly directed, performs the high use of leading
US on to knowledge, renders it at least very possible that views
of truth which are but little able to satisfy curiosity may be
ilete views, and such as we tJtrrrflirr oiir/J/f not to rest

satisfied witli, even as brlicvrrs. JSliakespcarc wrote very wisely
wlieu he made I'erieles say —

Tnitli can nu\'('r ])o cnnfirinud enough,
Tliuagli doubts did over slci'p.

It is, ])y tlic way, very common to hear tliat curiosity wl]ir]i
se( lis to know something- more of the future h'fc tliau tlie hare
fact of such a Hfe, stigmatized as heing' a vain curiosity, and
many rehgious persons would even condemn it as involving a
desire to he what they term,

Wise above what is written.

If it were a curiosity which could not be gratified, it miglit then
justly be called vain ; but is there, or can there be, a natural
curiosity which cannot be gratified? The Spiritualist doubts it;
nor can ho admit curiosity in itself to be anything but excellent,
and most especially so when directed to lofty subjects : consc-
cpiently, he believes that every curiosity which mankind can feel,
or rather cannot but feel^ may attam to a legitimate satisfaction.

Supposing, now, that In the exercise of this most rational
curiosity concerning the soul and our future life, we sliould have
arrived at the conviction that the soul Is In the human form, and
It seems immediately to follow that such a soul, In the future life
as well as In this, requires Its objectivities, or things out of Itself;
and not only do we feel that we require them, but wo find our-
selves upon the track of understanding how we may have them.

We find then. In the next place, that not only can we affirm
a human form for the soul, but we can also affirm a heat and a
light as belonging to the soul ; a heat and a light, too, so much
more potent than the heat and light of nature, that It Is only by
virtue of the former that we can know or perceive the latter.
It Is well known to us all, that heat and light are constantly
affirmed of spiritual things ; as w^ien, for example, we say that
our mtelloets are enlifilitimeJ^ or tliat « licjlit has been thrown
upon a subject — meaning, that reasons have been given and seen,
and so forth. Also, we can affirm that the passions and feelings^
as distinguished from tjie intellect^ are felt as a heat or fire, often
extending most perceptibly Into the natural body, which those
passions and feelings will cause to be, as it were, on fire, even
upon the coldest days — for we all know that a man may burn
with love or with rage upon such days ; tluis proving that there
Is another heat or fire besides that of the natural sun, and which
heat or fire works from within to without, or from the spiritual
to the natural sphere.

Having thus opened our understandings to the fact that the
soul Is In a human form, and that It enjoys a spiritual light and
heat, we are then led on, by the most rigid logic, to the admission

of a spiritual sun, from whence tliis spiritual light and heat
originate. This second grand truth arrived at, our ratiorud
eiiriositij has received its answer — for if there is a spiritual sun,
then there are spiritual atmospheres ; and all these truths put
together point out to us a spiritual world of forms wdiieh shall
be ohji'<:tii:ii to the soid, or real man.

If, now, these positions can he admitted, all is then told to us
that can be asked, since what we all desire, and, indeed, all that
ice do desire, is to be assured of the possibility of our having, in
the future life, an external form or body, and a world external
to that, both of which shall harmonize with our Inmost life.

That this much-longed-for harmony is, in the present world,
absolutely impossible, is but too well known, even in the case of
any one endowed with the best regulated mind, and with every
other advantage that this world can afford. Not only does the
natural body decay, and become from day to day a less manage-
able engine, but an opposition, rather than a harmony, is felt to
arise from almost everything in its turn. To have our bodies
and every external circumstance in harmony with the internal,
is to every one the exception, although it is what we are con-
stantly striving for; and, therefore, any view which makes it
apprehensible that such a consummation (which would constitute
a real heaven) is possible, surely is worthy of attention ; especially
when all for it is positive and absolute, resting, as it does, upon
those surprising manifestations of the soul — the fine arts, and the
forms of expression instinctively used by men.

It is certainly singular that, notwithstanding the acknowledged
power of the fine arts, they do not seem ever to have been con-
sidered in their bearing upon these most recondite questions ;
and it is, as we apprehend, quite the tendency of the religious
classes to smile at any one who claims for the inner world an
objectivity similar to that of the natural world. The idea seems
to be, that the one world must be something every way so
different from the other, that, in short, we can form no idea at
all about the matter. This, however, is a mere negation on the
part of the intellect, or, in plain English, a refusing to trouble
itself at all with the question : whereas, if the feelings wT're
spoken from, as they should be, it would become perfectly clear
that nothincj niore nor less than the harmony of the internal and
the external was the want of the soul. Now, if the hope and
desire for a future life be, as amongst religious men it is confi-
dently deemed they are, powerful arguments that there is such a
life, this other desire for the harmonious inner and outer life as
powerfully shows what that future life must be like.

Thus, then, to use Shakespeare's words^ —

The wheel has come full circle ;

nnd tlius [XYv \\v tWii'lv l)rf)Ug'l)t roiiml again t(i our starting-point,
and arc ciial)lo<l, as it is hoped, to see more clearly how much
lies ill tliis question of the gliost-lielief of Shakespeare. AVe
can see tliat a liclicf nsuallv stigmatized as merely superstitions,
even hy the Christian world, niav, nevertlielcss, ]irove to liave
lieen.tlie lielicf of the highest poet ; hut then, to liave heen tlie
licdief of that highest poet, it must also he a Ijelief which the
highest reason, properly exerted, can sanction. Jf the tree is to
he known 1jy its fruits, have we not a right to say tliat a rational
gliost-l)clicf bears fruits of tlie most wholesome kind. It helps
to l>ind religion and the line arts together, ancl^to solve proElems
of universal intei'cst yet supposed insoluhle even hj the most
cmiucut UK.n, when, as in the case of Bishop Buth-r, tliey omit
to go down into the very roots of men's feelings (that is, of the
Soul's feclinc's') as thev are manifested in the forms of lan^uairo

-, ■ ^ P - ^ to

and 111 the niie arts.

rtIIAKi;SI'EAKE\s IGNDKAXCE. — DJ;. ALDEUSOX.

I)r. Alderson was the author of an essay upon " yVpparitlous,"
in which, as usual, he refers a})paritions to a diseased state of the
In-ain, and, after stating his cases, expresses himself thus —

From what I ha^'e related, it wiW be seen ^^ hy it s]ioiUd happen tliat only
one at a time could ever see a ghost, and here ?"e jimy Inmevt that our celebrated
poet, whose knowledge of nature is every Englishman's boast, had not knov:n
Utah casea, and their caifses, as I have related ; he would not then, perliaps, have
made his ghosts visible and audible on the stage. Every expression, every lock,
in Macbeth and Hamlet, is perfectly natui-al and consistent with men so agitated,
and quite sufficient to convince us of "what they suffer, see, and hear; but it
nnist he evident that, the di^ea.rc being confined to the individual, such object
nuist be seen and heard only by the inLi;^'ldu tl-

Thus far Dr. Alderson. Nevertheless, that Shakesjieare,
))otli in his JL'cU'fh and in iiis TlmiiJef, h.as shewn hims(_'lf fully
conversant witli tlie discasc-tluiory, the following passages will
completely evince : —

JhicJji'lh. Is this a dagger which I see befnre me,

The liamlle tewaid my hand? (_'nme, let nie clutch thee :
1 have thee not, and yt I s e thee still.
Art thou not, fit d vi.-iiin. seiisibh-
To feeling, as t" sight? < )r art thou hut
^Ji daij{jt'r of the iniild. (i folse rrentioi/,
l-'roeiLdtiiti Jeoiii the heat-oj'jncs-'^cd bruin ^

Again, Lady Alacheth exclaims —

O pi'oper stuff!
This is tin: very paintinrj of your fear.

Also, the Queen, in llnntl't —

This is tin? verv coinage nf vnur brain :

This Ij.idilrss rrrolio,,. irslosy

Is eery eunnviy ue

Scciu/^', tlicii, tli;it Sli.'ikc-ipcare dlil know of siicli a theory as
I)i-. AMersoirs, a few remarks will be offered upon it. According
to that tliforv, we are to think that disease is the efficient cause
of apparitions. Xow, let it ]>ti observed that an eye, in the
course of nature, is the org-an of seeing. Forms and colours
seem to require on eye, upon which they shall be impressed, in
order that they may be seen ; but here we have a set of cases in
which, certain forms and colours become visible which yet are
evidently not impressed upon the retina of the hodily eye, and
then the conclusion is at once jumped at that tliese forms and
colours are mere images in the brain, having no objective reality
whatsoever. Nav, more, this brain must be a diseased hrain.
It docs not avail for you to point out that in many cases tlie
visions are beautiful to the eye ; and also that heautifuJ music is
perceived, which seems to require an car : all must Ije referred
to disease as the effeient cause. Such are the things which the
■incredulous can bring themselves to believe. Beautiful forms
and Ijeautiful sounds, although in themselves essentiajhij order.^
are thus held to spring from disorder.

All this, however, is merely assertion^ and no real reason has
yet been given why the apparitions and the sounds should not
be impressions upon the spiritual eye and ear, and from objects
in the spiritual world, which is the proper habitation of the
ghost or spirit, as the material world is of the body " the gross
dimension," the " muddy vesture of decay."

Dr. Alderson begs the question altogether, when he asserts
that apparitions are never seen but hy one person at a tune, and
that one in an abnormal state. But grant that it even were
so, that would not at all necessarily touch the question of the
objective reality. Why should not the disease be the occasional
cause only, and not the effi/nen.t one ? In certain nervous states,
the senses which deal with the external world are sometimes so
highly raised that, for instance, a conversation taking place in a
remote part of the house shall be heard perfectly, which could
not have been heard at all had the person hearing been in a
normal state. So a disease, disturbing for awdrile the harmony
between the spirit and the natural body, causes the former to
have its peixeptions more or less opened to the objects of its own
proper world.

Again, when real objectivity is spoken of, it must never bo
forgotten, that even in the material iixrrld tliere are oerij different
hinds of rexdities ; and this is a pomt which the Spiritualist has
never seen met, or, app)arently, even dreamt of, by the sceptics.
A phantasmagoria is reed, yet not really what it seems to be ;
and a portrait is ((, reed, representation of a man, although it is not
a, real man. Now, allow that the spiritual world, bemg also a

world of causes, must, as such, have its nal rcprespniatlons of its
realities, and all the difficulties attendant upon waking or other
dreams will fast begin to vanish. Drive away from the mijid
the groundless conception that all arc merely affections of tlie
brain, and the striking phenomena of every kind of dreamings^
are seen to have necessarily a 'renh'fy in their ovm sphere, eyen
if the reality bo only of that sort whicli a~pEjuitashTagr7i-ia or a
picture have in theirs. In both cases, the reality, although only
of the representative kind, im^JJ&s_o^)ae,v realities also : that is,
realities on which, or in which, the representation can take place,
and also real poioers adequate to form the representation.

In conclusion, we may rest fully assured of one thing — namely,
that whatever Shakespeare has tlone respecting supernatural ap-
pearances, has not been from ignorance such as L)r. Alderson has
attributed to him.

SHAKESPEARE AND HIS SriRIT OF INQUIRY.

It has then been seen that it certainly arose not from ifpiornnre

upon Shakespeare's part, when he chose, in his great work, to

introduce a ghost who is visible not only to one person but to

three persons at once. Let ns rather conclude that it was from

hnoivledge that he did so : for, in the first place, how is it possible

to believe that so great an artist did not use every means for

thinking justly upon supernatural themes, vAile loriting upon them ;

and, secoridly, we shoidd remember that there is a possiljility of

his even having had experimental evidence in his own person.

Many more persons have such evidence than is commonly sup-

])Osed, and it is surely easier to think that Shakespeare's inner

life was as remarkable as his works than to think otherwise.

However, be that as it may, he most thoroughly knew what the

true spirit of inquiry should be, and he has knit up into a single

line a direction for tliat spirit. Hamlet's words —

There are more thinj^s in heaven and earth, Horatio,
Tlian are dreamt of in our philosophy —

are continually quoted ; but let our most especial attention be
directed to what immediately precedes tliose lines. When
Horatio exclaims,

0 day and night, hut this is wondrous strange ! ' ,'■

Hamlet has had assigned to him this fine rejoinder — ' ' > '

And therefore as a stranger give it vi'clcome, \

Here is a piece of advice utterly at variance with the feelings
and practice of all tliose persons whose tendency it is to write
and to talk, not merely against the supernatural, but against
anything else wliatsoever which to them appears strange, whether
it be the circulation of the blood, the lighting by gas, or the

travelling by a railway. All these things and many more have
been stigmatized, and all for the want of such wisdom as this
single line contains ; for this is one of the cases wherein we have
a right to make the distinction already alluded to, between the
mere expression of an opinion belonging only to the charcuiter^
and the utterance of a piece of real practical thought or wisdom
belonging also to the ioriter.

If it is asked how we would show that the true spirit of
Inquiry is actually embodied in this single line, we would state
our position thus. Welcoming the strange fact gives it its just
chance of being admitted as a truth, if it really be such. Wel-
coming it as a stranger will secure us from being ultimately
imposed upon ; and the phrase is most felicitously expressive of
a kind of attention or courtesy due towards the matter inquired
into, while it warns us against that absolute trust which we give
to a tried old friend. Upon such grounds it is that we conceive
" the be-all and the end-all " of right-thinking inquiry to be
contained in these words of Hamlet. The Spiritualists feel well-
assured that Shakespeare, both as a philosopher and as an artist,
acted upon the axiom he has assigned to the philosophic Prince,
and they also lament that to do the very contrary should be the
almost universal practice.

SHAKESPEAEE AND " OUE PHILOSOPHICAL PEESONS."

In AWs Well that Ends Well, Shakespeare has made the old
lord, Lafeu, exactly characterize that uuphilosophlcal scepticism
which sets Itself above the wise axiom allotted to Hamlet, of
giving welcome, as to a stranger, to the strange ; at the same
time, the speaker admtmstefs to such a scepticism the most grave
and the most just rebuke.

Lafeu. They say miracles are past, and we have our philosophical persons ti>
make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless. Hence is it that
we make trifles of terrors, ensconcing ourselves into seeming knowledge, when we
should suhmit ourselves to an unknown fear.

How wisely does this passage censure that spirit which,
assuming to be philosophical, at;tempts to explain away the
operations of the internal world into " states of the brain,"
" deceptions of the senses," or " impostures." This Is, Indeed,
" ensconcing themselves into seeming knotoleclge" on the part of
the '■'■ 2}hilotsof>hical persons,^'' who really ought to know that, as
far as imposture Is concerned, every true thing is simulated, and
that, indeed, this very simulation Is In itself a testimony to some
underlying truth.

Coleridge has made a remark upon Shakespeare's use of
the word " causeless" In Lafeu's speech, which remark shall be
here transcribed.

world of causes, must, as such, have its real representations of its
realities, anil all the difficulties attendant upon waking or other
dreams will fast hcgin to vanish. Drive away from the mind
the groundless conception that all arc merely affections of the
brain, and the striking phenomena of every kind of dreamings
are seen to have necessarily a reedity in tlieir own s'jylieve, even
if the reality he only of that sort wTiicli a jihaiitiismagorra or a
picture have in theirs. In both cases, the reality, altliough only
of the representative kind, j/»^^i!(2g_other realities also : that is,
realities on which, or in which, the representation can take place,
and also real poioers adequate to form the representation.

In conclusion, we may rest fully assured of one thing — namely,
that ivliatever Sfiakespeare iias done respecting supernatural ap-
pearances, 1ms not been from ignorance such as Dr. Aldersou has
attributed to him.

SHAKESPEARE AND HIS SPIRIT OP INQUIRY.

It has then been seen that it certainly arose not from ignorance
upon Shakespeare's part, when he chose, in his great work, to
introduce a ghost who is visible not only to one person but to
three persons at once. Let us rather conclude that it was from
knowledge that he did so : for, in the first place, how is it possible
to believe that so great an artist did not use every means for
tMnking justly upon supernatural themes, loliile loriting upon them ;
and, secondly, we shoidd remember that there is a possibility of
his even having had experimental evidence in his own person.
Many more persons have such evidence than is commonly sup-
]iosed, and it is surely easier to think that Shakespeare's inner
life was as remarkable as his works than to think otherwise.
However, be that as it may, he most thoroughly knew what the
true spirit of inquiry should be, and he has knit up into a single
line a direction for that spirit. Hamlet's words —

There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,
Than are diearat of in our philosophy —

are continually quoted ; but let our most especial attention be
directed to what immediately precedes those lines. When
Horatio exclaims, ■''

0 day and night, but this is wondrous strange ! " , ,, ,'

Hamlet has had assigned to him this fine rejoinder — ', , ' ' , ,' '\
And tliereforc as a stranger give it welcome. V -, '■'

Here is a piece of advice utterly at variance with the feelings
and practice of all those persons whose tendency it is to write
and to talk, not merely against the supernatural, but against
anything else whatsoever which to them appears strange, whether
it be the circulation of the blood, the lighting by gas, or the

travelling by a railway. All tlicse things and many more have
been stigmatized, and all for the want of such wisdom as this
single line contains ; for this Is one of the cases wherein we have
a right to make the distinction already alluded to, between the
mere expression of an opinion belonging only to the cliaracter,
and the utterance of a piece of real practical thought or wisdom
belonging also to tJie ivriter.

If it is asked how we would show that the true spirit of
inquiry is actually embodied in this single line, we would state
our position thus. Welcoming the strange fact gives it its just
chance of being admitted as a truth, if it really be such. Wel-
coming it as a stranger will secure us from being ultimately
imposed upon ; and the phrase is most felicitously expressive of
a kind of attention or courtesy due towards the matter inquired
into, while it warns us against that absolute trust which we give
to a tried old friend. Upon such grounds it is that we conceive
" the be-all and the end-all " of right-thinking inquiry to be
contained in these words of Hamlet. The Spiritualists feci well-
assured that Shakespeare, both as a philosopher and as an artist,
acted upon the axiom he has assigned to the philosophic Prince,
and they also lament that to do the very contrary should be the
almost universal practice.

SHAKESPEAEE AND " ODE PHILOSOPHICAL PEESONS."

In AlVs Well that Ends Well, Shakespeare has made the old
lord, Lafeu, exactly characterize that unphilosophical scepticism
which sets itself above the wise axiom allotted to Hamlet, of
giving welcome, as to a stranger, to the strange ; at the same
time, the speaker admimsters to such a scepticism the most grave
and the most just rebuke.

Lafeu. They say miracles are past, and we have our philosophical persons to
maice moder7i aiul familiar, things supernatural and causeless. Plence is it that
we make, trifles of terrors, ensconcing ourselves into seeming Icnowledge, when we
sliould submit ourselves to an unknown fear.

How wisely does this passage censure that spirit which,
assuming to be philosophical, attempts to explain away the
operations of the internal world into " states of the brain,"
" deceptions of the senses," or " impostures." This is, indeed,
" ensconcing themselves into seeming hiowledge" on the part of
the "■ j>hilosoj>htcal jter.sons" who really ought to know that, as
far as imposture is concerned, every true thing is simulated, and
that, indeed, this very simulation is in itself a testimony to some
underlying truth.

Coleridge has made a remark upon Shakespeare's use of
the word " causeless" in Lafeu's speech, which remark shall be
here transcribed.

Shakespeare, iiippirrd, as it niiu'lit seem, witli all wisJoiii, licrc uses tlie word
"causeless" in its strict philosophical sense, cause being truly predicable only
of phenomena, that is, things natural, and not of noumena, or things super-
natural.

This is surely an excellent observation of Coleridg-e, anrl
points out also to us that the expression, " we should submit to
an unknown fear," contained in the next sentence, is not to be
understood in the low sense of any intellectual prostration, but
as corresponding; to the transcendental "causeless."

It is certainly impossihle to overrate the Importance of ad-
mitting the transcendental, or that which towers above mer.e
logic. For want of such an admission, we may find people
arguing against the existence of a God and against the Immor-
tality of the soul, because those facts cannot be proved^ as they
phrase it, locjicallij. Yet these very persons, if they happened to
be lovers of the arts of poetry, painting and music, would at
once feel the monstrous absurdity of attempting a merely logical
critique upon those arts. They would instantly see that a man
who wanted to have It hgicalhi proved to him that Shakespeare,
Michael Angelo and Handel were great men, was simply promuj
his own Insensibility to the arts In wlilcli they excelled. So It
is with the two great questions above mentioned. Whosoever
allows the transcendental, the feeliiif/s^ to be opened within him,
affirms aljsolutely a God and a future life, and can also then, by
his reasoning faculties, satisfy the affirmation. Those who will
not allow the transcendental to be opened within them, but will
insist upon beginning with the merely logical, can never reacli
to the highest truth, whether It be In religion or In the fine arts.
It is, therefore, most Interesting to see that Shakesjieare has thus
set his marli iqion this all-important ]ioInt. He has wi'itten a
speech, in which. In the most close and beautiful manner, " tJiingH
f>ii'i>(;rniifui-<d and caus(drss" are affirmed, and the consequences of
their denial pohited out.

As the cliaracter wliich speaks must always be considered in
estimating Shakespeare's meaning, it may be observed that Lafeu
Is painted as a humorous, and also as a wise and good man. He
is on the freest terms with the worthy King, and even the wild
young lord, Bertram, is made to say —

I do know him well; and common speech gives him a worthy pass.

There Is certainly something verv exquisite In lils slv and
good-humoured (as well as profound) Iiit at the " philosoplilcal
persons," and he still carries on a similar strain, while exulting
In the King's wonderful cure, after being, as he observes, " re-
linquished of the artists, of all the learned and authentic fellows."
Tt is evident how heartily Tjaf ai would have rejoiced at seme
of the wonderftd cures wrouglit in our own day b\' means of

1 ''

mesmerism an J homoeopatliy to tlie iiifiiiite discoiniitiuT of ovn
" learned and authentic fellows."

If Shakespeare himself had been a " jiliilosopliieal person,"
he never could have written Lafeu's speeches. Tn tlioa he has
shown that he saw deem through tlie sceptical spirit, a thing
impossihle fur a sceptic to do.

SHAKESrEARE'S IDEA OF TBUE AKT.

It will, we may presume be conceded, that whatsoever is
essentially true of one of the fine arts nuxst also be true of the
others; and it is proposed to test this by quoting Hamlet's
advice to the Players (wherein proof is given of the autlior's
views as to the artist-like in acting), and substituting for the
the word playing.^ the word poetry.

Let your discretion Ije your tutor; suit the action to the word, the word to
the action, with tliis special observance, that you o'erstep not the modesty of
nature ; for anytliing so done is from the purpose of poetry^ whose end, hoth at
the first and now, was and is to hold, as 'twere tlje njirror up to nature ; to shew
virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and Ijody of tlie
time its form and pressure. Now, this overdone, or come tardy off, although it
make the unskilful laugli, cannot but make the judicious grieve ; the censure of
which one, must, in your allowance, o'erweigh a whole theatre of others.

Now assuming that these w^ere Shakespeare's own views upon
2')hii/ing^ and it docs not seem likely that in this place he would
make Hamlet speak otherwise than rationally, can it be doubted
that he would also have applied such views to tlte poem, to he
jjlaged ; yet, if a ghost be only the product of a diseased brain,
and the appearance of a ghost to three persons at once a sheer
impossibility, " the modesty of nature," has been very much
"o'erstept" In the poem of Hamlet, and if the end of all the
art Is,

To hold, as 'twere the mirror up to nature,

what can be more " overdone," according to the sceptical
philosophy ?

Nevertheless the poem of Hamlet does not seem to have
made

The judicious grieve,

and even those who think an apparition only a state of the brain
feel that a powerful effect has been produced, although upon every
sound principle of artist-like reasoning, nothing but displeasure
should have ensued In the minds of those who believe that in any
given work, the mirror has not been held up to nature.

In the meanwhile, the ghost-believer thinks himself fully
justified In pronouncing Hamlet to be, from every point of view,
" an excellent play, well digested in the scenes, set down with as
much modesty as cunning."

SHAKESPEARE AND IITS AD:\riREKS.

The practice of insisting upon ghost-belief as being a mere

superstition, does certainly seem to place many of Shakespeare's

most able and zealous admirers in a false position, when they are

treating of him as an artist. But let them be heard in their own

words. And, 1st, Mr. Morgann, in his excellent essay upon the

character of Sir John Falstatf, thus expresses himself in a

note : —

Ghosts differ from otlier imaginary beings in tliis — that they belong to no
element; have no specific nature or character ; and are effects, however harsh
the expression, supposed to be without a cause ; the reason of which is, that
they are not the creation of the poet but the servile copies or transcripts of
popular imagination, connected with supposed reality and religion. Should the
poet assign the cause, and call them the mere painting or coinage of the hrdin,
he would disappoint his own end and destroy the beings he had raised. Should
he assign fictitious causes, and add a specific nature and a local habitation, it
would not be endured, or the effect would be lost by the conversion of one thing
into another. The approach to reality in this case defeats all the arts and
managements of fiction.

Let us compare this critique upon ghosts with Shakespeare's
treatment of the ghost in Hamlet. He has there given him a
most specific character — that of an injured man seeking for
revenge. It soimds strangely, too, to hear a professor of Chris-
tianity speaking of what is understood to be the soul of a deceased
man as of an eti'ect without a cause ; and then we are called upon
to think that a great poet could make servile cojn'es from popular
imaginations, when the truth is that all great artists make it
their delight to copy nature, even to the minutest details, as well
knowing that in no other way can the most lasting effects be
produced. That anything weak or false, or the copy of such
things, should produce great artistic effects, is sureh^ against all
sound reasonings ; and we therefore conclude that when the
philosophical sceptic denies a ghost he does so merely from
intellect, which is very likely to be in the wrong, and not from
feeling, the ultimate tost of all works of art.

Although the ghost in Hamlet has every mark of reality, yet
the local habitation, hj which apparently 3Ir. Morgann means
a place in the external world, was not needed for him. His
place was in the spiritual world, and Hamlet and his friends saw
liim with their spiritual eyes, at the same time that the platform
was beheld by their natural eyes. That such was the case
Shakespeare knew perfectly well, and this accounts for the fact
of the Queen not being able to see the ghost, although Hamlet
did. The ghost did not wish the Queen to see him, and therefore
he did not present himself to her spiritual eyes. Shakespeare
knew that man is an inhabitant of two worlds, and consequently
that all these things involved the gravest truths. Were it not so
and that they were merely the servile cojyies of false imr/fjinaiioiis,

tlic.y would justly offend every cultivated mind ; bnt we liave
daily experience that tliey do not do so.

►Secondly, Coleridge speaks of the ghost in Hantlet as
involving

A superstilion connected with the most mysterious truths of religion,

nd of

Shakespeare's consequent reverence in liis treatment of it.

i again the ghost-believer cannot hut have an nncomfortahle

ation of incomplete criticism. A superstition, that is, a weak-

j and a falsity, seems to have but little claim for reverential

atment from a great artist. Why could not Mr. Coleridge

ve said, instead of " a super stition^^'^

A truth connected with the most mysterious truths of revealed religion.

Thirdly, Lessing says —

Voltaire has regarded the appearance of a dead person as a miracle, and
Shakespeare as a natural event. Which of the two thought most as a pbilosoplier
is a question that we have nothing to do with. But the Englishman thought
most as a poet.

Here we have the pleasing admission that Shakespeare has
treated the appearance of the ghost as a part of the normal
system of thmgs ; for so much is fairly implied in the phrase, " a
natural event." But why does Lessing say that whether this was
philosophical or not is a question with which we have nothing
to do ? and why is a distinction made between philosophy and
poetry which seems to imply that what was bad in the one might
be good in the other? Is such a distinction good philosophy?
and have we not everything to do with the question in estimating
Shakespeare as an artist ? When the soothsayer, in Antony arid
Cleopatra^ is asked —

Is't you, sir, that know things ?
he significantly replies —

In nature's infinite book of secrecy,
A little I can read.

Can it be doubted but that Shakespeare would have also said
for himself what he has written for the soothsayer? Surely
it cannot be doubted ; and in that " infinite book of secrecy"
Shakespeare would have found all that he has written.

Fourthly, Mr. Charles Knight, speaking of the appearance
of the ghost to Hamlet, observes that

The images are of this world, and are not of this world. They belong at once
to p02Jular siqyerstition and the highest poetry.

Mr. Knight, soon after this, makes some remarks connected with
which a few observations may be offered. He says —

How exquisite are the last lines of the Ghost ; full of the poetry of external
nature and of the depth of human affection, as if the spirit that had for so short

.a lime Ijrrii rut olf frmii lilV to know lliu ^oerets of " tliu prison lioiiso'' still
cliiii;,' to llir. c'litlily rr.nu'iiiliiaiior of tin; l)o;iiitii'iil ami tho tunilcr, tliiit rvcii ri
Sjiitit Dti^Iit iiullli;;!',

" 'I'lin ,Cili>\v-wo)-m shows tiio matin to Ijo near,

And '.L,Mns to [tain his inctlV'ctnal fiio:

Adiuii, adiun, Jiamlet ! I'onnanljcr nn_'."

The point whicli tlto present writer wislics here to touch upon
is as follows. The sceptic may say to the ghost-beli(!ver thus:
" How upon ytiur own shewing could a spirit wlio has left the
earthly body, the ' mortal coil,' be cognizant as Shakespeare has
made this ghost, of the ojjjccts of the earthly world? You, the
ghost-believers plainly inculcate as your philosophy that each
world to be objectively known, requires the spiritual or the
natural organs as the case may be.

To this objection, which is indeed a most obvious one, it is
replied, that the solution is easy and that the proof of facts
kindred to those in Hamlet, lies within the reach of every one
who is really disposed to make the proper inquiries for them.

A philosopher, wdio was also a seer, has oliserved, and to the
best of our judgment, has shown, thtit although a spirit assuredly
cannot of himself see the objects of the natural world, yet he can
do so, when in communication, or, as the mesmerist would say,
in irqtj/ort with a man or men. The spirit, then, through their
natural organs, perceives what they perceive, and tliat such kind
of conmrunication between two persons is a mere fact, is known
to all who liave paid any due attention to mesmerism and its
results.

In eert.'iin mesmeric cases, a person thrown into the peculiar
sleep, shall taste the eatable or the drinkable which is being par-
taken of bv one with whom the sleeper is in rojiporf^ he shall hear
the voice of that one, but not the voice of others, and so on.

In the fine effect then, which Shakespeare has here produced
and which has called forth such praises from Mr, Knight, the
poet still does not

O'erstep the modesty of nature.

Shakespeare knew better than ever to aim at any effect, by
untrue, and therefore unartist-like means.

MACBETH. Di;. .TOIINSOX.

The following remarks by L)r. Johnson upon Jlacbcth, will
serve as we imagine, to display some of the weaknesses of the
usual Shakespearian criticism. They are quoted also as affording
us a starting-point for the further unfolding of a different cri-
ticism, while the reader will have the advantage of seeing both
sides of the question placed before him in the very words of each
pleader. Tlius then has written the worthy doctor :

In order to make a true estimate of the abilitios and merit of a writer, it is
always necessary to examine the genius of his age and the opinions of his con-
temporaries. A poet who shouUl now malie the whole action of his tragedy
depend upon enchantment, and produce the chief events by the assistance of su-
pernatural agents, would be censured as transgressing the bounds of probability,
be banished from the theatre to the nursery, and condemned to write fairy
tales instead of tragedies ; but a survey of the notions that prevailed at the time
this play was written, will prove that Shakespeare was in no danger of such
censors, since he only turned the system that was then universally admitted to
his advantage, and was far from overburdening the credulity of his audience.
. . . . Upon this general infatuation Shakespeare might be easily allowed
to found a play, especially since he has followed with great exactness such
histories as were then thought true, nor can it be doubted that the scenes of
enchantment, however they may now be ridiculed, were both by himself and
his audience, thought awful and affecting. — See, Dr. Johnson's " Introductory
Eemarks upon Macbeth."

Now there is certainly something very strange in such remarks
as the preceding, to those who cannot admit that a great work
of art can possibly stand upon an untrue and merely childish
foundation : to them there is a somewhat altogether unpleasing
in the idea that Shakespeare should need to have excuses made
for writing Macbeth, and they wish to leam whence it is that the
work still stands its ground if such criticisms be well founded.
There is, or there is not, a supernatural world, and no one would
have affirmed such a world more strongly than Dr. Johnson ;
then arises the question whether it can, in any age, be wrong for
the artist to make use of that supernatural world to the best of
his skill. If it is skilfully made use of, we find that such works
still give delight, in spite of the sceptical philosophy, which, as
it has no hold upon the heart, can never very powerfully affect
us where the fine arts are in question ; or if that philosophy does
affect us, it is by diminishing the pleasure which those arts are
calculated to give. Shakespeare, however, was both a heart and
a head-philosopher, and perfectly well knew that all real beliefs
had a root, and belonged to human nature. Consequently, when
constructing a poem upon such themes as witchcraft or enchant-
ment, Shakespeare would examine the root of those ideas, and he
would know that by so doing, and only by so doing, could he
produce a work which time could not injure. The Witches in
Macbeth are not incredible, except in those who deny, or, when
they are criticising, forget a spiritual world. Shakespeare has
treated the Witches as spirits as may be evident from the fact
that they suddenly vanish, their appearance being only to the
spiritual eyes of those who saw them. The same point is in-
volved as that which has already been touched upon in speaking
of the ghost scenes in Hamlet.

Dr. Johnson alludes to the ridicule which he conceives to be
attached by a modem to the scenes of enchantment ; but ridicule
is, in itself, no test of truth. We must first know who and what

the ridiculcr is ; for there is nothing, however good, which is not
ridiculed by somebody. The incantations of those evil spirits,
the Witches, and the ingredients of tlieir cauldron, are not
necessarily ridiculous to those who believe in an inner spiritual
world, and who also believe that every fi_irm in nature is deeply
significant of, and likewise comes from, that spiritual world. Had
those evil spirits, when at tlieir wicked work, using ingredients
expressive of what is good and heavenly — such as precious stones,
beautiful flowers, and the like — that would have been really
ridiculous, and every one, whether a sceptic or not, would liavc
been displeased with the inconsistency. As it is, there exists,
in fact, a " dreadful harmony" in all that takes place, which
harmony, however, must be more especially sought for in
Shakespeare's poem ; for he is not to be held as responsible for
any stage misconceptions in the matter, those very stage mis-
conceptions themselves clearly having their origm in scepticism.
It might make a very great difference indeed as to the whole
stage treatment of the Witches, if the question were duly raised
whether they should be considered merely as strange-looking old
women only to be personated by the comic actors, or as evil spirits,
inhabitants of the inner, hellisli world, who, with a terrible
earnest, ai-e laying out their wicked snares, their " riddles and
affairs of death."

THE GHOST OP BANQUO.

Tn an essay upon the play of Macheth may be found the
following passage of criticism, in the sceptical school (as usual),
relative to the Ghost of Banquo : —

If ... . Tve believe in the reality of the ghost as a shape or shadow
existent withovt the mind of Macbeth, and not exclusively ivithin it, we shall
have difficulties which may be put under two heads — Why did the ghost come?
Why did he go, on Macbeth's approach, and at his bidding? . . . It is clear
from the scene, that Macbeth drove it away, and also that he considered it as
much an illusion as his wife would fain have had him, when she whispered
about the air-drawn dagger.

The above piece of criticism Is cited on account of its mode
of testing the question of objective reality. With sceptics, by the
way, very curiously, a ghost, to begin with, is always expected
to be thoroughly reasonable In every one of his comings and
goings, although men are not uniformly so. What, however,
for the present we would earnestly request of the sceptic is, to
do with these apparently abnormal things as he would with any
branch of natural science ; that is, inquire as to facts. He
woitld then find that the instances are indeed numerous in which
persons, just deceased, appear to those whom they have known,
and then quiclchj disafpear.

These passing manifestations also occasionally take place
when the person appearing is not cither dead or dying : neither
does It follow necessarily that the person seeing, or, as the sceptic
would say, fancying that he sees, must always be thinking of the
one seen. An examination into the general facts leads to the
conclusion that thought of the person appeared to, on the part
of the one appearing, Is the cause, according to certain laws of
the Internal world, of the manifestations, which should therefore,
it Is conceived, be understood as having an objective reahty.
This theory, and its facts, must be considered in judging of
Shakespeare's Intentions. Of him we should always think as of
the artist and the student of nature, until It can be shewn that
he ever forgets himself In those characters.

While treating upon this subject, let it be observed, that it Is
the scepticism as to the objective reality of Banquo's Ghost which
has originated the question as to whether he should be made
visible to the spectators in the theatre, since, as the sceptics
observe, he Is Invisible to aU the assembled guests, and does not
speak at all. But for this scepticism, it could never have been
doubted that the ghost should be made visible to the theatre,
although he Is Invisible to Macbeth's company, and although no
words are assigned to him. This doubt existing, illustrates to
us how stage-management Itself is affected by the philosophy
which may prevail upon certain subjects. Upon the Spiritualist
view, Banquo's Ghost, and the witches themselves, are all in the
same category, all belonging to the spiritual world, and seen by
the spiritual eye ; and the mere fact that the ghost does not
speak, is felt to have no bearing at all upon the question of his
presentation as an objective reality.

THE AIE-DEAWN DAGGER.

" Is this a dagger which I see before me,
The handle toward my hand ? Come, let mo clutch thee :
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling, as to sight ? or art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain ?
I see thee yet, in form as palpable
As this which now I draw.
Thou marshall'st me the way that I was going,
And such an instrument I was to use.
Mine eyes are made the fools o' the other senses,
Or else worth all the rest : I see thee still.
And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood,
Which was not so before. There's no such thing.
It is the bloody business which informs
Thus to mine eyes." Macbeth, Act II., Scene 1.

The Spiritualist, when contending for the absolute objectivity
of Banquo's Ghost, may possibly be asked whether he also

B 2

claims a lihe reality for " the air-drawn dagger." To this he
■would reply, that, to the best of his belief, a like reality was not
to be affirmed of that dagger, which ho conceives to have been
a representation^ in the spiritual world, of a dagger, not however
being on that account less real (if by unreality wc arc to under-
stand that it was, in some incomprehensible way, generated in
the material brain), but only differing from what we should term
a real, hondfide dagger, as a painting of a dagger differs from a
real one.

That the spiritual world must have its representations as well
as its realities^ is a point which has already been touched upon^
and this dagger, called by Lady Macbeth " the air-drawn dagger,"
we suppose to be one of those representations. Its objective
reality, however, still remains untouched ; for, once grant that
the spiritual world is a real world — nay, the most real world — •
and it follows, that whatsoever is represented in it has its basis
in reality, as much as an imitative dagger in a painting has its
basis in the colours and canvas, which are also realities.

The belief that every man is attended by spirits, both good
and evil, is not unconnected with this view concerning represented
objects in the spiritual world. That our thoughts appear to be
injections is within every one's experience, and the guardian
angel or the tempting demon are constantly admitted in poetical
language, or the language of the feelings, because they are felt
to be truths. If, then, thoughts, both good and evil, are what
they appear to be, injections — which injected thoughts we are
free to receive or to reject — they must be from a source capable
of thought, namely, from the inhabitants of the spiritual world.
From that same source would also come those vivid representa-
tions, such as that of " the air-drawn dagger," which are felt to
be in harmony with oiu' present train of thoughts. That the
dagger should have this hind of reality is quite consistent with
Macbeth's reflections upon it. As bemg a representation to the
internal sight only (for it is presumed that all would agree that
it was not depicted upon the retina of the external eye), he
cannot, of course, clutch it with his bodily hands, nor, indeed,
even with his spiritual hands. Finding, therefore, that it is not
" sensible to feeling as to sight," he calls it a " dagger of the
mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed
brain;" and to him it could appear nothing else. However well
persuaded a man may become that the sun is stationary, or that
his thoughts are not properly his own in their origin, yet he is
ruled by strong appearances to the contrary as to his expressions.
And in Macbeth's case, the brain was really " heat-oppressed,"
from the fire of wicked wishes which he had encouraged, and
made his own by adoption.

The fact of the change which Macbeth perceives, as to the
<lagger, is, as we conceive, quite in harmony with the doctrine
here advocated, of spiritual representations. First of all, he
sees simply a dagger, marshalling him upon his way, but after-
wards he sees upon its blade and handle spots of blood, " which
was not so before." Hypnotism, as we are informed, continually
displays facts similar to this of " the air-drawn dagger," in which
the mind having been artificially fixed upon some point, becomes
so much open to the power of another mind, as to see represen-
tations of the injected or suggested thoughts. You can cause
the patient to see, as it were, a lamb, and you can change this
lamb at your will into a wolf. The Spiritualist does not desire
any one to think that these are real lambs and wolves : he is
content to have it admitted that they are real representations of
them, reflected upon the internal or spiritual eije^ and he is not
aware of anything which should oblige us to believe that a7iy
sight is possible without some sight-organization^ such as is the
eye, and such as is not the bram, apart from the eye.

From all these considerations it wiU be perceived, that when
some one, a sincere religious enthusiast for instance, relates his
visions, the Spiritualist Is not obliged, any more than is the most
decided Materialist, to admit that kind of absolute truth which
tlie visionary may claim for those visions. For aught that the
Spiritualist philosophy teaches, the most sincere visionary may
be as completely under an illusion as the spectator of any
conjuration or dealing with optical deceptions in this world can
be. The only difference being, possibly, that it was a spiritual
conjuror who had been operating before the vislonaiy.

Mr. Fletcher, in his Studies of Shahspeare^ has stated a point
concerning this " air-drawn dagger" which tends to shew, as
usual, how confused all criticism must be, while the critics
persevere in thus obstinately ignoring the spiritual world. Mr.
Fletcher in the work now alluded to, strenuously opposes the
Ghost of Banquo being made visible to the theatre, because, in
his opinion, the poet merely understood the ghost as an effect of
Macbeth's mental workings ; and in order further to illustrate
what he conceives to be the absurdity of visibly displaying the
mere effect of such workings, Mr. Fletcher observes, somewhat
satirically, that : —

We are not aware that any manager has ever yet bethought himself of
having an actual dagger suspended from the ceiling before the eyes of Macbeth's
representative, by way of malting this scene more intelligible to the audience.

In our section concerning Banquo's ghost, it was not thought
necessary to enter upon any special discussion as to the pro-
prieties of stage-representations, although we fiilly believe that
there is a most powerful stage-reason, namely, intelHgibiliti/, for

making the ghost of Banquo visible to the theatre; but that
reason does not apply to the dagger — because what is spoken by
Macbeth makes intelligible all that he experiences with respect
to that dagger. Also, when we go on to perceive that the
spiritual world has, and naust have, not only its realities but its
re-presentations likewise — of which last the dagger is apparently
one — we have an additional argument still, to shew that the
reasoning which may belong to Banquo 's ghost would not
necessarily apply, in all its points, to this appearance of the
dagger.

It should, however, be noted, that the Spiritualist does not
venture to say that under no circumstances should the dagger
be made visible to the theatre : he believes that, supposing
Macbeth superintended and perfonned by persons who seriously
pondered the questions of the spiritual world, and the play also
witnessed by a theatre of such persons, the idea of making the
dagger visible might be, at least, entertained; because all con-
cerned would look at the whole affair from a grave point of
view, and would not be on the search for the ridiculous — which
search is, indeed, frequently, nothing else but an effect of igno-
rance or thoughtlessness. Truly, of many, many things, do
Hamlet's words hold good, that —

The readiness is all.
SHAKESPEAEE. MACBETH. — DE. MAYO.

In a volume by Dr. Mayo, entitled Letters iqjon the Truths
contained in Pojndar Superstitions^ occur certain remarks as to
Macbeth, and also as to Shakespeare himself, which remarks it
is here proposed to extract, with the view of still further illus-
trating some of our own positions. Here follows our first and
most considerable extract : —

In the tragedy of Macbeth, sensorial illusions are made to play their part with
curious physiological con'ectness. The mind of Macheth is -woni by tliejioiiflict-
bjitw_een ambition and duty. At last his better resolves give way, and his excited
fancy projects before him the fetch of his own dagger, which marshals him the
way that he shall go. The spectator is thus artistically prepared for the further
working of the same iniirmity in the apparition of Banrjuo, which, unseen by
his guests, is visible to the conscience-stricken murderer. Witli a scientiiio
precision no less admirable the partner of his guilt, a woman, is made to have
attacks of trance {to mliich viomen are more liable than men), caused by her
disturbed mind : and in her trance the exact physiological character of one
form of that disorder is portrayed — she enacts a dream, which is the essence of
eomnambulism.

One almost doubts whether Shakespeare was aware of the philosophic truth
displayed in these master-strokes of his own art. The apparition conjured up
in the witch-scenes of the same play, and the Ghost in Hamlet, are moulded on
the pattern of vuJgar superstition. He employs indifferently the baser metal and
the truthful inspiration of his own genius; realizing Shelley's strange figure of

" A poet hidden
In the light of thought,"

as they say the sun is himself dark as a planet, and his atmos^jhcrc alone is the
source of light, through the gaps in which the eommon earth is seen. I am
tempted — but it would be idle, and 1 rcfrain^to quote an expression or two or a
passage from Sliakespeare, exemplifying his wonderful turn for approximating to
truths of which he must have been ignorant — where lines of admired and
unaccountable beauty have uncxpeetedly acquired lucidity and appositeness
througli modern science. Wliilc, to make a quaint comparison, his great con-
temporary, Bacon, employed the lamp of his imagination to illustrate the paths
to the discovery of truth, Shakespeare would, with random intuition, seize on tlie
undiscovered truths themselves, and use them to vivify the conceptions of his
fancy.

Dr. Mayo, in the work from which the foregoing passage
has been extracted, is quite prepared to admit as facts numerous
phenomena which the more decided sceptic altogether refuses to
hear of ; such, for example, as the divining rod, second-siglit,
clear-seeing, the facts of mesmerism in general, and ghosts,
which last Dr. Mayo divides into real and unreal — utterly denying
however any objective reality to either class. This is a species
of scepticism greatly in advance of the more common and
unreasoning kind, which refuses to listen to any evidence, inas-
much as it clears the ground so far as certain facts are concerned,
leaving only the question to be discussed with the Spiritualist, as
to the causes of the facts.

As most immediately relating to the subject of the present
essay, Dr. Mayo's ideas concerning ghostly appearances, and his
division of them into unreal and real^ shall now be touched upon.

In the first, or unreal class, then. Dr. Mayo places such as
in his opinion are generated solely within the mind of the heholder^
and he adduces the ease of Swedenborg as a remarkable instance
of that kind. Such cases Dr. Mayo does not consider to be
insanities, but refers them to a state of mmd arising from intense
thought upon some subject, (in Swedenborg's case, religion,) and
then the thought shaping itself so vividly that the man is himself
quite convinced of an objective reality, the truth bemg that all
is merely subjective. (Here, by the way. Dr. Mayo assumes,
without the shadow of a jnvqf, that mere vividness of thought
will give the appearance of outness to the things thought of.)
Other unreal ghosts are considered by Dr. Mayo to be of the
kind which Baron Reichenbach has explained; i.e., those sup-
posed to have been seen hovering over graves, which the Baron,
by means of the observations of Mademoiselle Eeiehel, in her
sensitive state, has shewn to be simply most subtle physical
emanations from the graves, and visible only to persons in
certain states.

That second class of ghostly appearances which Dr. Mayo
characterizes as real, comprehends those in which, from the
nature of the cases, he conceives that the mind of the pe7-son
seen has acted upon that of the seer, and so has caused an iniagtt

to be perceived ; to which image, however, as before stated,
Dr. Mayo still altogether denies an objective reality.

As an example of that kind of relation to which Dr. Mayo
would be ready to give credence, as belonging to this second or
real class, he mentions what has been recounted of —

A late General Wynyard and the late Sir John Sherbrooke, who, -when young
men, were serving in Canada. One day — it was daylight — Mr. Wynyard and Sir
John Sherbrooke both saw pass through the room where they sat a figure, which
Mr. Wynyard recognized as a brother, then far away. One of the two walked
to the door, and looked out upon the landing-place, but the stranger was not
there, and a servant who was on the stairs had seen nobody pass out. In time,
news arrived that Mr. Wynyard's brother had died about the time of the visit
of the apparition.

Dr. Mayo then proceeds thus : —

I have had opportunity of inquiring of two near relations of this General
Wynyard upon what evidence the above story rests. They told me they had
each heard it from his own mouth. More recently, a gentleman, whose accuracy
of recollection exceeds that of most people, has told me that he has heard the
late Sir John Sherbrooke, the other party in the ghost story, tell it much in the
same way at a dinner-table.

Dr. Mayo brings forward, as helping to explain relations of
this sort, the account of what Zschokke, in his autobiography,
terms his " inward sight," by virtue of which he had repeatedly
found himself cognizant of the history (even to most minute
external points) of persons whom he had never before seen or
known of. Dr. Mayo thus explains his final inferences : —

I shall, says he, assume it to be proved that the mind, or

soul, of one human being can be brought, in the natural course of things, and
imder physical laws hereafter to be determined, into immediate relation vrith the
mind of another living person.

If this principle. Dr. Mayo proceeds, be admitted, it is adequate to explain
all the puzzling phenomena of real ghosts and of true dreams. For example,
the ghostly and intersomnial communication with which we have as yet dealt,
have been announcements of the deaths of absent parties. Suppose our new
principle brought into play ; the soul of the dying person is to be supposed to
have come into direct communication with the mind of his friend, with the effect
of suggesting his present condition. If the seer be dreaming, the suggestion
shapes a corresponding dream ; if he be awake, it originates a sensorial illusion.

To the Spiritualist it will appear that Dr. Mayo's illustration
of what he classes as unreal appearances, from the case of
Swedenborg, is, indeed, when duly examined, anything but
favourable to his own views. Swedenborg had just the same
amount of evidence to all the five senses that he lived in two
objective worlds, that men in general have that they live in one.
If it be said that a man can for thirty years be thoroughly con-
vinced in his own mind, as to all his senses, of an internal world,
and yet he deceived, the question may well be asked — What
warrant lias any man for the reality of the external world? which
reality he assumes upon just the same amount of evidence, that
is, the evidence of the senses, and no more. If Dr. Mayo's view

were fairly wrought out, which happily It cannot be, it would
lead on to universal scepticism: none of us could feel sure of
any existence but our own ; for it cannot be allowed to stand as
an argument In reply (although often urged as one), that such
cases as Swedenborg's are merely exceptional, but that all men
agree as to a real external natural world. How do you know
that there are these other men of lohom you speak ? Only by im-
pressions upon your external senses ; and it was by Impressions
upon the internal senses that Swedenborg became cognizant of
persons and things of the internal spiritual world. In short, all
scepticism upon these subjects resolves itself into merely ar-
giilng in a circle, at some point of which the sceptic arbitrarily
stops ; for, like Falstaff, the sceptic will give no reasons " upon
compulsion."

Although Dr. Mayo admits a variety of recondite phenomena,
the bare thought of which would frighten most sceptics fr©m
their propriety altogether, yet he does so, apparently, with the
more willingness, because, hj laying many of them together, he
conceives them to be susceptible of an explanation which does
not transcend the natural world. Dr. Mayo is not, however, a
Materialist ; and, indeed, he specially reproves the singular Idea
that mind should be considered as a product of the hrain. Still,
when the Doctor speaks of " the mind," one has no feeling
conveyed as of anything most clear and definite. In Dr. Mayo's
view, " the mind" of Mr. Wynyard, when he was dying, could
act upon "the minds" of his brother and his friend, and, by so
acting, could produce an unage of himself, which image has yet
no objective reality. Now, give to " the mind" an edge and a
definedness — say, that it is pre-eminently the real entity — that it
is the man himself, and that It is in a human form ; and then it
may be seen that you cannot very reasonably deny the objective
reality of such a presentation as that of Mr. Wynyard, and that
you can only deny it by the help of this shadowy and undefined
mode of speaking (and thinking) of " the mind."

Dr. Mayo unites with the general body of the sceptics in
pronouncing the clothing of spiirits to be alone enough to destroy
our behef in any objective reality for the wearers of the clothes.

The worst of a trvie ghost, writes Dr. Mayo, is, that to be sure of his
genuineness, that is, of his veracity, we must wait the event. He is distinguished
by no sensible and positive characteristics from the common herd. There is
nothing in his outward appearance to raise him in your opinion above a mere
fetch. But even this fact is not barren. His dress — it is in tlie ordinary mode
of the time, in nothing overdone. To be dressed thus, does credit to his taste,
as to be dressed at all evinces his sense of propriety ; but alas ! the same convict
him of objective unreality. Whence comes that aerial coat and waistcoat, whence
those visionary trousers ? alas ! they can only have issued from the wardrobe in
the seer's fancy. And, like his dress, the wearer is imaginary, a mere sensorial
illusion, without a shadow of externality : he is not more substantial tljan a dream.

Very wonderful, certainly, to the SpirituaKst is the logic of
scepticism — there cannot bo real coats and waistcoats in the
spiritual world ! that is enough to settle the question as to the
reality of the wearers, although if such arguments are to be
persisted in, they may as well be applied at once to tlie bodily
form {(self of the spirit. In the natural world, a man's body is
as much from the elements of nature as his coat and his waist-
coat are. The truth is, that to deny that the spiritual world is,
to the spiritual man, objective and similar to the natural world,
is tantamount to denying it altogether ; for who can really believe
in that of which he has not the least conception ; and without
objectivity there is no conception, either in the worlds of matter
or of mind. Such denials as the foregomg are an assmning to
be wiser than are the great artists who represent what is spiritual
hy forms, and thereby somewhat minister to an earnest want of
the mind, which want is in itself alone enough to shew, that all
scepticism involves nothing less than a separation of the intellect
from the feelings, to the infinite detriment of the former. Dr.
Mayo conceives that all is set at rest by asldng, " whence come
the aerial coats and waistcoats ?" but suppose the question tested
by an inversion of itself, and that toe should ask, whence come
what Dr. Mayo conceives to be the real coats and waistcoats ?
It must then be repHed, that all nature and its substances are of
a divine and spiritual origin, and that when a man makes up
some of those substances into the forms of coats and waistcoats,
those forms are also of a spiritual origin, because the man con-
trives them by a spiritual act.

Dr. Mayo gravely observes, that Shakespeare has moulded
the Ghost in Hamlet upon " the pattern of vuf/ar superstition"
and adds also that Shakespeare " employs indifi'erently the baser
■metal and the truthful inspirations of his own genius." Now
we must venture to say, that if Shakespeare had done so, it
would have been particularly unpardonable in a play in which he
has taken occasion to make Hamlet so severely reprehend all
compliance,? with vulgar taste on the part of the players, and has
so pointedly shewn, as already noticed, that the end of nj] art, is
to hold the mirror up to nature. It is indoed^anytliihg but easy
to understand how a great artist could possibly employ indifferently
the baser metal and the true ; nor is it much easier to understand
how it is, that in spite of philosophical scepticism, the base metal
should still pass current. To believe such things as Dr. ]\Iayo
thus attributes to Shakespeare, implies, we will not say, at least
as much credulity as to believe in ghosts, but, as we cannot help
thinking, infinitely more.

Again, Dr. Mayo states that " there are lines of admired and
imaccomitablc beauty" in Shakesj)eare, which have been uu-

expectedly found to have acquired " lucidity and appositeness,"
by their fitness to scientific facts, of which facts he must have
been ignorant ; and he characterizes such things as " random
intuitions^'' and, perliaps, indeed, they could seem no other, when
simply viewed according to a merely natural philosophy. But
if the Spiritualist is right in affirming that all nidural facts are
of a spiritual origin^ and therefore are the reflections and exponents
of spiritual things^ it is then seen that there was no random
intuition in the case, and it is also seen that whenever a spiritual
perception is clearly and beautifully expressed, it must necessarily
be appHcable to that which reflects it in nature ; although, as
Dr. Mayo observes, that merely natural fact might be then un-
known. It may also be allowed to observe, in passing, that no
one would be more strongly persuaded than Shakespeare, that
there was an abundance of natural facts unknown, and to be
known, and the idea has been embodied by him when he makes
Cordelia invoke — •

All blessed secrets — all you unpublished virtues of the earth.

Upon the whole, then, it is contended that Dr. Mayo, not-
withstanding the number of remarkable facts which he admits
into his philosophy, still falls very far short of what a complete
view of the fine arts requires, because he wishes to explain all
away into what is merely natural, although a subtle and refmed
natm-al, and, as a consequence, he cannot admit of facts, or
explanations of facts, which will not square with a merely
refined naturalism, or natural philosophy.

THE AEMOUE OP THE GHOST.

Some years ago a lectixre upon Hamlet was delivered by a
gentleman who was himself a poet, and who informed his audience
that his admiration of that work had led him literally to commit
it to memory. It was very curious to hear the manner in which
the lecturer handled the conduct of the play ; for, contrary to the
usual custom, he raised the question of the author's heliefs.

It was quite evident, that in the midst of the most profound
admiration for Shakespeare, the speaker was perplexed in the
extreme between his own conviction that it was impossible that
8hahe,speare could have helieved in the supernatural^ and, on the
other hand, that powerful air of reality which he saw pervaded
the poem of Hamlet. He closed his address by saying, that
Shakespeare, like every true philosopher, must have been loithout
fixed opinions upon such a subject as the supernatural, and that
his state must have been one of mere doubt. It need scarcely
be said, that this was understood to be also the lecturer's own
position, and one coidd hardly help thinking that the more fact

of a sceptic, who was also a man of talent and a poet, being thus
perplexed ivith Hamlet was in itself alone almost enough to prove
that it had been written by one who had been in a very different
mental state indeed.

The point, however, for which this lecture is specially adverted
to was this : " TFAere," said the speaker, " did the ghost procure
his armour V

We have already seen that it Is a very favourite thing with
the sceptics to raise objections founded upon the clotlnngs of
spiritual beings, and it well illustrates their singular tendency
towards begging every question instead of reasoning it out.
They never, for instance, seem to consider that even in the
natural world men do not use clothings merely for decency and
defence, which are, indeed, very good reasons, and might apply
equally to spirits, admitting, only for argument's sake, their
existence. Clotliings are, however, used also for their beauty
and power of adornment, and, above all, for their great signi-
ficancy. The love of dress has, therefore, a noble origin, and, at
the least, it implies the desire to appear worthily. Obvious as
are such considerations, the famous Mr. Bentham must surely
have overlooked them when he spoke as follows, as we learn
from certain memoranda of some of his conversations : —

I have helped to cure myself of the fear of ghosts, by reasoning thus : gliosts
are clothed, or are not clothed; now I never saw, or fancied that I saw, a ghost
without clothes ; so, if there he ghosts of men, there must he ghosts of clothes
too, and to believe this refiuires a further stretch of belief, and further evidence
and authority.

That Shakespeare did not forget the significance of clothings,
such passages as the foUowmg will sufEciently evince : —

I shall report.
For most it caught me, tlie celestial habits,
{Methinhs I so shovM term them) and the reverence
Of the grave wearers. Winter's Tale, Act III, Scene 1.

In pure white robes,
Like very sanctity, she did approach. Ihid., Scene 3.

There can be no kernel in this hght nut ; the soul

Of this man is his clothes. All's Well that Ends Well.

Youth no less becomes
The light and careless livery that it wears,
Than settled age his sables and his weeds,
Importing health and graveness. Hamlet.

It has already been pointed out that no piece of clothing can
be made by the hands, without being first contrived in and hy
the soul, according to some end in view, a consideration altogether
overlooked by the sceptics. If the internal world and its in-
habitants be realities, the marvel would be the want of clothings
for those inhabitants ; and if they had them not, or seemed to

have them not, the sceptics would be the very first to see, and
justly to ridicule, the mcongruity.

In the " early Hamht^^'' when the ghost enters the queen's
closet, there is a stage-direction to this effect — '■^ Enter the Ghost
in his night govm;'''' and the Spiritualist would be Inclined to
think that this direction had a sound basis, and that its subsequent
omission must have been simply an inadvertency, and the idea
would, at all events, not be weakened by considering Hamlet's
words upon that occasion when he exclaimed — ■

My father ! in his hahit as he lived.

Upon the well-known prmciple, then, that man clothes him-
self according to time, place, and occasion, it might perhaps seem
that the armour would have been as much out of character in
the Queen's closet as it was in character and in every respect
appropriate for the platform.

It has been related, that when Tieck had the direction of the
Dresden Theatre, he caused this change of the Ghost's dress to
be adopted, and that it drew forth, as might have been expected,
a query fi-om the scoffers as to whether the Ghost had a wardrobe ;
and although we do not know whether Tieck, any more than
other celebrated critics, had philosophized affirmatively upon the
supernatural in art, yet he is represented as having had the
boldness, upon this occasion, to reply, " Yes, a ghost has as many
changes of dress as his errand needs."

It might also have been pointed out to these scoffers, that
clothing is found even m what they would admit to be nature ;
that is, in the lower creations, in their hair and feathers, in which
also nature makes certaia changes, according to circumstances.
Of man (by virtue of his higher position) it is no paradox to say
that his clothing is at once natural and artificial. It is natural
'(in every sense of the word) for him to desire to be clothed, and
that variously, according to an indefinite variety of circmnstances.
This desme is met by his having the power to produce artificially
a piece of clothing, which has first however to be fashioned in
his mind, according to the laws of his mind, or, which amounts
to the same thing, according to the laws of the spiritual world.
It is then only necessary to affirm that in the world of mind, or
the spiritual world, the extemeity of the clothing follows upon
its formation within the soul, and the answer made by Tieck is
fully justified, as in fact containing a great truth, belonguig both
to philosophy and to art.

It may be observed likewise, as being very intimately con-
nected with the present subject, that there is a feeling with all of
us that certain states of the mind are apt to be induced according
to the clothing of the body. People will sometimes say, that

they feel mentally different in different clothings ; and It would
not be right to think tliat this diflferent mental feeling was merely
an effect of what la called associcction^ for association itself Is an
effect of the inherent significancy of the forms, colours, and
substances which constitute those various clothings. Shakespeare,
to whom every fact would be full of meaning, has made Perdita
express this common perception as to various clothings, when
being, as she says, alluding to her " unusual weeds," " most
goddcss-lIke prankt up," she afterwards exclaims : —

Stire, this robe of mine
Doe-S cltange my disposition.

hamlet's soliloquy.

To be, or not to be ? that is the question.

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles

And, by opposing, end them? To die, — to sleep, —

No more ; and by a sleep, to say we end

The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks

That flesh is heir to, — 'tis a conamnmation

Devoutly to be wished. To die, — to sleep ; —

To sleep ! perchance to dream ; — ay, there's the rub;

For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,

When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,

Must give us pause : there's the respect,

That makes calamity of so long life :

For who would bear the whips and scorns of time.

The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,

The pangs of dispriz'd love, the law's delay,

The insolence of office, and the spurns

That patient merit of the unworthy takes,

AVhen he himself might his quietus make

With a bare bodkin ? Who would these fardels bear.

To grunt and sweat under a weary life,

But that the dread of something after death.

The undiscover'd country, from whose bourne

No traveller returns, puzzles the will ;

And makes us rather bear those ills we have,

Than fly to others that we know not of?

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all ;

And thus the native hue of resolution

Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought;

And enterprizes of gi-eat pith and moment

With this regard their currents turn awry »

And lose the name of action.

Havmg now quoted this famous soliloquy for Hamlet, It Is
wished to give brief extracts relating to it from those eminent
writers Schlegel and Chateaubriand, by way of introduction and
groundwork to our own suggestions. The passage from Schlegel,
which Is In one of his dramatic lectures, runs thus : —

Hamlet has no firm belief, either in himself or in anything else ; from
expressions of religious confidence he passes over to sceptical doubts. He believes

in the ghost of his father when ho sees it, and as soon as it has disappeared, it
appears to him almost in the liglit of a deceptif)n. ... It lias heen censured
as a contradiction, that Hamlet, in the solilorjuy on self-murder, should say,
* " The undiscovered country, from Tvhose bourne

No traveller returns,"
for was not the Ghost a returned traveller? Shakespeare, however, purposely
wislied to shew, that Hamlet could not fix himself in any conviction of any kind
whatsoever.

So far from Schlegel, and now follows the passage from
Chateaubriand, which passage has been taken from that author's
Essay ujjon English Literature : —

I continually ask myself how it was, that the philosophic Prince of Denmark
could have had those douhts which he manifests concerning another life. After
having conversed with the " poor ghost" of the king his father, should he not
have known what to have believed ?

We have noAV seen in succession passages from Shakespeare
and from two eminent writers upon him, and we certainly feel
ourselves entitled to suggest that, had the Shakespearian and
Spiritualist philosophy, which teaches that man is an inhabitant
of two worlds, been present to the minds of the critics, they
could not have been so much perplexed by this soliloquy, and
particularly by the fact that Hamlet, although he had seen his
father's spuit, yet made use of the expression " the bourne"
(t'.e., limit) "from which no traveller returns." Judging from
this perplexity of the critics, it is evidently supposed by them
that Hamlet's father, nevertheless, }iad returned fi-om " the
bourne" (or limit), and thus that Hamlet was making an asser-
tion which his own experience had contradicted. According,
however, to that philosophy which the Spiritualist believes to
have been Shakespeare's, Hamlet was perfectly correct in using
the phraseology, although it does not necessarily foUow but that
in Mm it might have been, not so much a truth reasoned out or
verified in any way, as simply a deep intuition ; in Shakespeare,
of course, both. Surely, so far, there is no scepticism in Hamlet,
nor madvertency in Shakespeare : because, according to his
philosophy, a departed spirit appears to the spiritual eyes of the
man, and not to his natural eyes ; consequently, does not, nor
cannot, overpass " the bourne" (or limit), which separates the
spiritual and causal world from the natural and effect world.
Understood in this way, it is conceived that, so far from any
contradiction or inadvertency existing upon Shakespeare's part,
he has really shown, in his use of the word " bourne" (or limit),
an admirable felicity in the expression of a truth. This view
also seems to leave behind all necessity for Schlegel's mode of
justifying Shakespeare ; a mode Avhich involves, moreover, so
far-fetched a supposition as this — namely, that Hamlet could not
even be certain, or at all events had forgotten, that not only

himself but several other jyersons had witnessed an appeai'ance of
an extraordinary kind.

Let us, however, now at least try what can be inferred from
the whole soliloquy, by using the mode of taking for granted that
Shakespeare was right, and had not fallen into the commission of
any inadvertency at all, of any kind whatsoever. How great an
inadvertency it would have been to have made Hamlet really
talk scepticism may partly appear, when we recollect that Hamlet
had already uttered such words as these —

I do not set my life [i.e. my natural life) at a pin's fee;
And for my sold, what can it do to that,
Being a thing immortal as itself?

And again, even when doubting whether the spirit which he
has seen is really his father's spnit, Hamlet yet shews no doubts
regarding the spiritual world, but altogether the reverse ; mdeed,
words could not much more strongly express a faith in that
world : —

The spirit that I have seen

May be the devil : and the devil hath power

To assume a pleasing shape : yea, and perhaps

Out of my weakness and my melancholy

[As he is very potent loith such spirits)

Abuses me to damn me.

Assuming then that Hamlet is no more of a sceptic in his
famous soliloquy than he is elsewhere, it may be observed, that
what that speech really appears to be, is this : neither more nor
less than a series of general reflections upon the manner in which
the fears of the future state operate upon mankind in general
(with whom it is well known that the fears infinitely overweigh
the doubts), and that not merely m j^reventing self-destruction in
trouble, but in staying the course of energetic action for some end
in this life.

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
AtuI enterprises of great pith and 'moment
With this regard their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action.

This last point, namely, the hindrance to action, has been
perhaps scarcely noticed, so much does it seem taken for granted
that Hamlet is merely thinking doubtfully of a future state, and
also of termmating his own natural life. Upon the view here
offered, we must rather think of the soliloquy as one of those
trains of serious thought eminently characteristic of Hamlet, and
thus we are led on to the next important pomt, which is this :
that all the phraseology of the speecli is true to that philosophy
which teaches that man is an inhabitant of two worlds.

First then we have " the thousand natural shocks that^es/t is

heir to," &c. Next comes "to die — to sleep" — the synonymous
use of which words is not uncommon with the sincerest behevers,
and we all know what they mean in using them ; that is, they
mean the death, or sleep, of the natural body. It is surely the
greatest mistake to dwell upon these words, " To die, — to sleep,"
as if they were applied by Hamlet to the spirit of man, the real
man, instead of being spoken only of the natural body. This
is, indeed, most clearly implied, when Hamlet afterwards says,
following upon the very words "To die, — to sleep," — ■

To sleep! perchance to dream; ay, there's the rub;
l^or in that sleep of death lohat dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, — &c. &c.

Still, however, these words, " dream" and " dreams" are made
stumbling-blocks of, although " sleep," having been affirmed of
the natural body, the idea of " dreams" (even when applied to
the awful realities of the future state) seems to spring naturally
from the metaphorical use of the word " sleep." For the natural
man occasionally to speak of the realities of the spiritual world
as dreams, is not inconsistent with the firmest faith in those
realities ; in short, it is at times natural for him to do so.

Finally, that which has been thought so peculiarly perj)lexing
as coming from Hamlet, concerning the " imdiscovered country,
from whose bourne no traveller returns," needs not Schlegel's
attempt at explanation, but is seen to be simply the expression
of a truth ; for, as already shewn, the ghost had not returned
from " the bourne" (or limit) of the spiritual world, but had
been seen by the spiritual eyes of his son ; while to the Queen,
seeing only with the natural eyes, (with which, as she says, " all
that is, I see,") the ghost is invisible.

To the Spiritualist, then, who finds his own philosophy reflected
in several expressions of the happiest kind, occurring in this
famous solilocpiy, it is truly wonderful that it should ever have
been tortured into scepticism. The whole mystery is apparently
solvable, if we simply admit that Hamlet never doubted man to
be both spiritual and natural, and that those phrases in the
soliloquy which are of termination or death, apply only to the
latter.

Here then, still upon the vexed question of what is implied
in this remarkable soliloquy, the Spiritualist contends that there
are no inadvertencies or contradictions at all in the case ; that
Hamlet is yet consistent with himself, and Shakespeare yet
perfectly in the right.

THE GHOST IN HAMLET. — DE. JOHNSON.

The following remarks by Dr. Johnson, concerning the plot of
Hamlet^ seem to be curiously infelicitous^ especially as coming

troiii a celebrated Moralist. However, it is interesting to note
the views of sucli a man as Dr. Johnson, and it is wished to give
those views a respectful attention. The doctor observes that,

The poet is accused of having shewn little regard to poetical justice, and
may be charged with equal neglect of poetical probability. The apparition left
the regions of the dead to little purpose; the revenge which he demands is not
obtained but by the death of him that was i-equired to take it, and the gratifi-
cation which would arise I'mm the destruction of an usurper and a murderer, is
abated by the untimely death of Ophelia, the young, the beautiful, the harmless,
and the pious.

Of the Ghost in Hamlet we thus find Dr. Johnson remarking,
that he "left the regions of the dead to little purpose," and this
was evidently a critical objection in Dr. Johnson's mind.

Now, as it seems to be impossible but that it would occur to
Shakespeare that such an objection might be offered, we then
have, it is submitted, an additional presumption as to what his
views of the case must have been.

If Shakespeare believed, or, to speak more properly, knew,
that every spirit is a man, and every man a spirit, his conduct of
the story seems to be altogether artist-like. The ghost is
actuated by a just desire (in a ^jc/yajz sense), for revenge of his
great injury. It docs not appear that he either knew, or sought
to know, what other consequences might flow from what he was
doing. We may be sure, that during his earthly life he would
have done likewise, for the mere fact that a man has quitted the
external, natural body, does not alter his inner nature. Had
Shakespeare simply written for what is called effect^ it would
have appeared to him, as it did to Dr. Johnson, and possibly to
many others, inconsistent that the supernatural appearance should
so t;ir fail, as to cause, not only the death of several innocent
persons, but also that of Hamlet himself.

The whole, indeed of Dr. Johnson's ci'itique is singular,
to those who think that Shakespeare's beliefs are involved in
the complete question of Hamlet as a work of art ; nor is it,
moreover, very easy to see how any tragedy at all could be
written so as to escape some such remarks, if they were reafly
applicable to Hamlet. It is quite true to nature, that things
which we speak or act, with only a limited end of our own
in view, produce the most unlooked-for effects, and Shakespeare
would not think himself obliged, upon his views of truth
and art, to suffer any particular person to rule events, merely
because that person had left the world of nature. It is also
to be observed that the Ghost, fi'om his own account, is very
far from being a good spirit, and his state is one of suffering.
Upon our views, the author of Hamlet must have believed in a
future state, which state would be coloured by the life led in

nature ; and, to the most of men, in that doctrine of a future
state, is confessedly to be found the only solution of numerous
enigmas^ ofiohichwe are all sensible^ quite as darh^ and a/pparently
as inconsistent^ as anything in the story of Hamlet.

Although Shakespeare has not, as Dr. Johnson observes,
executed what is called ^'' jwetical justice" as respects the fate in
flu's world, of the different persons of the piece, yet he has been
careful throughout to indicate or involve a higher justice. The
whole texture of the poem of Hamlet assumes a spiritual world,
with its various states, and therefore when the ghost speaks of
the sufferings consequent upon his sins, when Laertes expects
that his sister will be "a ministering angel;" when Hamlet
invokes " the heavenly guards" to " save and hover over"
him ; and when Horatio, at the last, calls upon the " flights of
angels," to sing Hamlet to his rest, this texture of the poem
requires that all these things should be understood as tenths, and
not as merely being poetic licences. In short, Shakespeare may
be seen not to have forgotten himself at all, in any respect, if
we will only do what Dr. Johnson omitted to do; namely, consider
the whole poem; the spiritual part.^ as well as the natural.

Dr. Johnson himself has been not unfrequently smiled at, for
his tendency to believe in the supernatural ; but is it not true,
that, although strongly feeling the importance of the subject, he
did not sufficiently see, what he thus strongly felt.^ since he appears
to have had some idea of a kind of legal evidence being wanted
for the fact of spiritual appearances. Thus, " talking of ghosts,"
as Boswell informs us, he said —

It is wonderful that five thousand year,s have now elapsed since the creation
of the world, and still it is undecided whether or not there has ever been an
instance of the spirit of any person appearing after death. All argument is
against it, but all belief is for it.

And again, when a ghost-story of John Wesley's was spoken of,
Dr. Jolmson said, —

"I am sorry that I did not take more pains to inquire into the evidence for
it." Upon this, Miss Seward, with an incredulous smile, said, "What! sir,
about a ghost ?" "Yes, Madam;" replied he, "this is a question, whether in
theology or philosophy, one of the most important that can come before the
human mind."

Such was the style In which Dr. Johnson treated the subject,
and it is to be regretted that so able and religious a man should
thus have thought as to the argumentative force upon his own
side. Had he perceived that all argument was for., and not
against, spiritual appearances, we should have had a very
different, and far more valuable critique upon Hamlet from his
hand. The doctor seems to have considered that the strongest
evidence for a spiritual appearance should be of that legal kind

wliicli is possible concerning anything in nature ; yet his know-
ledge of mankind might have taught him, that, to those tvho begin
with mere unhelief, such evidence is impossible. They do not
profess to doubt that people have seen ghosts ; that is, fancied
that they saw them; it is the objective reality of which they doubt,
and of which it is absolutely impossible to convince any one who
thiiiks from the natural eye alone^ when the object in question is
of the spiritual eye. Accordingly, although the Spiritualist feels
every proper interest in what he conceives to be any well-
authenticated spiritual appearances, he would not lay the greatest
stress upon them, in seeking to convince the sceptic, who is to
be more legitimately reached, if at all, in another way. Had
Dr. Johnson taken up the absolutely affirmative view and had
requested of the sceptics, who profess to settle everything by
reason, to reason concerning HainleJi he would have been im-
pregnable. He could have shewn them that this work, taking
a supernatural appearance for granted, was admired by all sorts
of people, and that, both in simple perusal, or in stage repre-
sentation. He could have called upon the sceptics to explain
how this had happened, if the -whole foundation of Hamlet loas
false^ and as it would have been impossible for them, upon their
views, to offer any somid reason for this universal admiration of
Hamlet, they must have been forced to the acknowledgment that
reason itself w&s against them. We might then have had a real
critique upon Hamlet, for Dr. Johnson, as we have just seen,
deeply felt the Ini})ortance, both in theology and philosophy, of
the question Involved in such a critique. As it was, he allowed
to the sceptics, that "all argument" was against ghost-belief,
and thus quite incapacitated himself from writing anything
valuable upon Hamlet, a work which most assuredly could no
more have existed, and have been received as It is, if spiritualities
were not realities, than a shadow could exist without some real
object from which It might be projected.

Let us then learn to give criticism a more complete basis
than it has hitherto possessed, by no longer omitting to consider
the sujyernatural ; and as an Indispensable step In that direction,
let us cease to think of that supernatural, as being either the
susjyension or the cotitradiction of material external laws, but as
the manifestation of spiritual Internal laws. We should not then
find ourselves exclaiming " Why should the Divine permit his
laws to be susjxnded, or contradicted, for this or that lusuificlent
end?" And then, on the strength of our own assumptions,
refusing to examine Into facts, and often putting forth a very
narrow and unjust critique upon the works of the greatest artists ;
men whom we ought, even for our own sakes, to be slow indeed
In pronouncing to be wrong.

THE C4H0ST IN HAMLET. — AN ILLUSION.

The following passage from a work by Mr. Charles Oilier,
strikingly shows how even able writers can forget what is in the
author whom they admire and write about : — -

" It faded at the crowing of the cock," saj's Marcellus to Horatio, speaking
of the grand phantom of Hamlet's father, the most awful apparition evoked by
the imagination of man — a royal shade, more potent as the monarcli of spirits,
than when, in the body, it wielded the sceptre of tlien mighty Denmark. Bat
with all its attributes of power, "the majesty of buried Denmark," could only
*'reinsit the gUmjh'^es of the ^iioon," making ^^ night hideous" As dawn came on,
the ^' dlusion faded.''

The above is the opening paragraph of a volume written to
shew the fallacy of ghosts, dreams, and the like, and by one who
is most clearly an ardent admirer of Shakespeare, but whose
want of faith in the supernatural has here led him, unconsciously,
to quote from Hamlet, with a most strange one-sidedness. Who,
not having read Hamlet, but would imagine that Mr. Oilier
actually had Shakespeare upon Ms side of the question, or could
conceive that every means had been adopted by Shakespeare, in
order to give all the marks of reality to " the grand phantom,"
as JMr. Oilier styles the ghost.

Shakespeare has made the ghost visible and audible to three
persons at once, and, as to Hamlet communicating facts before
unknown to him; yet Mr. Oilier appears only to have remem-
bered those things which seemed to harmonize with his own
views ; namely, the night-appearances of the ghost, and his
fading at the approach of the morning.

Mr. Oilier owns, as we perceive, to being deeply impressed by
the ghost, and it cannot but be regretted, that instead of
endeavouring to explain away the supernatural, he had not rather
sought the still more difficult task of explaining away Shake-
speare's artistic right to use supernatural themes, and the right of
his readers to be delighted with that use. This, would at least
have been new, and would have given an infinitely greater scope
for argument and ingenuity than can possibly be shewn by any
attempts to annihilate supernaturalism, those attempts being
founded upon views merely physical ; spiritual views and art-
considerations being altogether set aside.

ANTIGONUS. — HOTSPUE.

In a volume entitled Philosophy of Shakespeare, in which
passages from the poet are ranged under certain headings, with
occasional remarks, the author, Mr. Rankin, thus expresses
himself —

Shakespeare's superiority to tlie superstitious times in which he lived, is
absolutely amazing; especially when we consider that such a mind as Sir M.

Hale's succumbed to them. Read the speech of Antigouus on ghosts, the

reasoning of Hotspur on omens and then admire a genius that

was centuries in advance of his age.

Now it is svtfficieutly curious, that Mr. Rankin has altogether
forgotten that Antigonus, who intimates that he is a sceptic, is
shewn in the jylay to he finite urrong^ at least for once. The
dream which had so much wrought upon him, as to make him
say (after having pronounced " dreams to be toys"), that he will,
nevertheless, be " superstitiously squared by this," is fulfilled,
and the just inference might be, that the scepticism belongs to
Antigonus alone, and the belief to Sliakespeare. Those who
have really gone into the subject, know what powerful evidence
there is for the fact of prophetic dreams, and are satisfied that
Shakespeare knew it also. Those who think that Shakespeare
would introduce a prophetic dream, without having studied the
subject of prophetic dreams, are requested to consider that a
painter who loves his art, and seeks for lasting reputation, does
not allow himself to introduce anything into his picture, even
the meanest weed, without studying it.

The case with respect to Hotspur equally illustrates the
forgetfulness of Mr. Rankin as to the real point in question. In
the fine scene between Hotspur and Glencfower, there is a great
deal of smart, cutting scepticism evinced by the former. He is,
however, checked by Mortimer, who assures him that Glendower
is —

A worthy gentleman, exceedingly well read, and profited in strange »
concealments.

And how does Shakespeare carry on the scene? Why, by
making Glendower give an auricular proof of his open com-
munication with the inner world. When Mortimer says that he
will sit and hear his wife sing, Glendower replies : —

Do so ;
And those musicians that shall play to you.
Hang in the air a thousand leagues from hence ;
Yet straight they shall be here : sit, and attend.

He then speaks some Welsh words, and then the music plays.
But does this produce any effect upon Hotspur's unbelief?
None in the least ; and Shakespeare here has given the absolute
proof of his observation upon a certain species of scepticism,
which, instead of being at all moved to gravity or examination
by some noteworthy fact, is only disposed to turn it into ridicitle.
Thus Hotspur, when he hears the iiiusic, only says, —

Now I perceive the devil understands Welsh ;
And 'tis no marvel, he's so humorous.
By 'r lady, he's a good musician.

Shakespeare has also kept close to nature in not giving any

remark upon Gleiiilower's power to the other persons present, to
whom, supposing- that power to have been famihar, it had ceased,
in some sense, to be marvellous. Had Shakespeare, however,
been a sceptic, and yet so regardless of his own ideas of truth,
as to have introduced the spiritual music for the sake of some-
thing called effect^ there could not have been this quietness of
treatment ; light jesting on the part of Hotspur, and absolute
silence with the rest.

It may be added, that even Mr. Charles Knight also, has
evidently overlooked what Shakespeare has made Glendower cZo,
and the unavoidable inference from his doings. Mr. Kiiight
contrasts " the solemn credulity''' of Glendower with the " sar-
castic unbelief'' of Hotspur ; but we have now seen, that, on
Shakespeare's showing, it should have been " solemn certainty^
and not " solemn credulity^'' which is to be affirmed of Glendower;
for in this scene, he not only believes that he can, and says that
he will, do a certain thing ; that is, summon musicians of the
inner world, but he actually does do it.

It is, certainly, one of the most striking proofs of the effect
which preconceived opinions have upon criticism, that such
points as the above, in a writer like Shakespeare, shoidd have
remained totally unnoticed, nay, unseen. Every one will admit,
that in order to be a critic upon Shakespeare, human natiire
must be studied by the critic, otherwise he cannot appreciate the
author's treatment of it. It remains to be admitted, that the
manifestations of the inner world mvist also be studied by the
critics for the same reason.

TEOILUS. — THESEUS.

In addition to the cases of Antigonus and Hotspur, those of
Troilus and Theseus may be adduced as fresh instances of the
manner in which Shakespeare shews the sceptic to be in error,
by placing him in opposition to the facts of the story. Thus
Troilus treats his brother Helenus, and his sister Cassandra,
very cavalierly, after the approved fashion of the doubters. He
says to Helenus : —

You are for dreams and slumbers, brother priest.

And when Hector, upon the entrance of Cassandra, raving and
prophesying, asks, —

Now, youthful Troilus, do not tliese high strains
Of divination in our sister, work
Some touches of remorse.

The reply shews Troilus as only seeing that " Cassandra's mad,"
" her raptures brainsick," &c., yet " the high strains of divina-
tion " really were within her.

Finally, in the Ah'dsumme)- Nigltt\<i Dream, Theseus makes a
celebrated speech, every line of which is sceptical, yet the conduct
of the play falsifies the Duke's reasonings, or, as they should
rather be called, his assertions. Hippolyta having observed to
him, —

'Tis strange, my Theseus, that these lovers speak of.
He thus replies, paying no attention, be it observed, to the fact
that Hippolyta is speaking from the testimony of four persons ;
a very artful stroke on the part of Shakespeare at the sceptics.

Theseus. More strange than true. I never may believe
These antique fables, nor these fairy toys.
Lovers and madmen have such seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend
More than cool reason ever comprehends.
The lunatic^ tlie lover, and the poet
Are of imagination all compact ;
One sees more devils than vast hell can hold —
That is the madman ; the lover, all as frantic.
Sees Helen's beauty in a bi'ow of Egypt ;
The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven;
And, as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unhnoivn, the j^oeV s pen
Turns them to shapes, and (jives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.
Such tricks hath strong imagination
That if it would but apprehend some joy,
It comprehends some bringer of that joy;
Or in tlie night, imagining some fear,
How easy is a bush supposed a bear.

To this speech Hippolyta very justly answers, that —

All the story of the night told over.

And all their minds transfigured thus together

More witnesseth than fancy's images,

And grows to something of great constancy

But, howsoever, strange, and admirable.

Here again, Shakespeare shows his nice observation of the
sceptical mind. Every one who has conversed on any subject,
with persons predetermined, on that subject, not to believe, must
have observed how common it is fur the latter, when fairly
brought to a stand-still, to lapse into a dead silence, instead of
saying, as the lover of truth would do, " What you have alleged
is very reasonable, and I will now examine." They can say no
more, nor may you. Accordingly, to the incontrovertible
speech of Hippolyta, Theseus makes no reply.

It is a truly noteworthy and significant fact, that to the
sceptical Theseus should have been allotted by Shakespeare the
sceptical idea concerning the poet; namely, as being the embodier
of the unreal, and not as being the copyist of what is true.
It is exactly in character, that the doubting Theseus should thus
speak of the poetic art, and thence we may he sure that the poet

who wrote the lines for hiiiij thought precisely the very reverse.
Owing, however, to the general doubt concerning the supei'-
natiiral, and the consequent assumption of Shakespeare's disbehof,
this point seems never to have been considered, and it may be
safely affirmed that nine hundred and ninety-nine readers out of
every thousand, would gravely quote the lines upon the poet, «.v
containing Shakespeare' s own iclecij although, only five lines pre-
viously, Theseus has placed the poet in the same category with the
hmatic. From the purely dramatic character of his works,
Shakespeare can never spieak in his own person, but he can
always act; that is, so frame his story as that scepticism shall
be shewn to be entirely at fault.

CONCLUSION.

In conclusion, the following axioms arc submitted to the
consideration of those who arc interested in criticism respecting
Shakespeare.

1,9^. That all good art is absolutely ^ri«e, or it could not be
good.

2nd. That to the true artist, whatever he cannot feel to l>o
absolutely true in its foundations, is altogether intolerable.

3rfZ. That all the difficulty in intellectually admitting these
things, lies in the non-admission of an internal, causal world as
absolutely real. It is said, in intellectually admitting, because
the influence of the arts proves that men's feelings always have
admitted, and do still admit, this reality.

Ath. That neither pure Immaterialism (nor Idealism), on the
one hand, or pure Materialism, on the other, can be considered
but as hcdf -philosophies .1 consequently, that neither of them,
singly, could have been the philosophy of such a man as
Shakespeai'e.

hth. The great artist is pre-eminently the man of fact and
common sense. He sees more facts than other men do, and also
the common-senseness of those facts.

^th. All good Art takes both the spiritual and natural worlds
for granted, and works with both, according to the laws of both,
and with such efl^ect, that the best artists are by common
consent, placed above all other men ; and justly so. To be
what they are, whether as poets, painters, or musicians, they
must not only have the most powerful sense of the objective
realities of both worlds, but they are also gifted with the faculty
of realising their perceptions., so as to convey them to other men.

1th. That these axioms admitted, an additional evidence Is
gained for the highest truths of all — those of Religion, which are
thus shewn to be at one with all that tends to raise and refine
mankind.

CATALOGUE

AN EXCEEDINGLY CHOICE AND VARIED
COLLECTION

3Soofe0 mXi Wioob €ngrabinss^

BY, OR RELATING TO

THOMAS c^ JOHN BEWICK,

AND THEIR PUPILS,

COLLECTED BY

MR. EDWIN PEARSON.

Many of the Volumes are in Elegant Bindings by Messrs. Bedford,
Lewis, Zaehnsdorf, Hayday, and others.

ALSO

a jptto iWtSKllamous iaaw, CTurtous anU Mstful 33oofes.

WHICH WILL BE SOLD BY AUCTION,

BY MESSRS.

SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE,

Auctioneers of Literary Property ls$ Works illustrative of the Fine Arts,
AT THEIR HOUSE, No. 13, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C.

On WEDNESDAY, loth of JUNE, 1868, and following Day,

AT ONE o'clock PRECISELY.

Mav he VipvvpH Twn Davs nrpuinns. and Cala

OPIIPS 19(1

(UJNDITIONS OF SALE.

I. The highest bidder to be the buyer; and if any dispute arise bet%yeen

bidders, the lot so disputed shall be immediately put up affain, provided
the seller cannot decide the said dispute.

II. No person to advance less than 6rf. ; above ten shillings, Is.; above

five pounds, 2s. 6rf. ; and so on.

III. The purchasers to give in their names and places of abode, and to pay
down 10s. in the pound, if required, in part payment of the purchase-
money ; in default of which the lot or lots purchased to be immediately
put up again and re-sold.

IV. The lots to be taken away at the buyer's expense, immediately after
the sale; in default of which Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson and
Hodge will not hold themselves responsible if lost, stolen, damaged,
or otherwise destroyed, but they will be left at the sole risk of the
purchaser. If, at the expiration of One Week after the conclusion
of the sale, the books or other property are not cleared or paid for,
they will then be catalogued for immediate re-sale, and the expense,
the same as if re-sold, will be added to the amount at which the books
were bought. Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge will have
the option of re-selling the Lots uncleared, either by public or private
sale, without any notice being given to the defaulter.

V. The books aie presumed to be perfect, unless otherwise expressed; but if,

upon collating, any should prove defective, the purchaser will be at liberty
to take or reject them, provided they are returned within One Week after
the conclusion of the sale, when the purchase-money will be returned.

VI. The sale of any book or books is not to be set aside on account of any
stained or short leaves of text or plates, want of list of plates, or on
account of the publication of any subsequent volume, supplement,
appendix, or plates. All the manuscripts, autographs, all periodicals,
transactions, magazines and reviews, all books in lots, and all tracts in
lots or volumes, will be sold with all faults, imperfections, and errors
of description. The sale of any lot of prints or drawings is not to be
set aside on account of any error in the enumeration of the numbers
stated, or ei-rors of description.

VII. No Imperfect Books will be taken back, unless a note accompanies
each book, stating its imperfections, with the number of lot and date of
the sale at which the same was purchased.

VIII. To prevent inaccuracy in the delivery, and inconvenience in the settle-
ment of the purchases, no lot can on any account be removed during the
time of sale.

IX. Upon failure of complying with the above Conditions, the money required
and deposited in part of payment shall be forfeited; and if any loss is
sustained in the re-selling of such lots as are not cleared or paid for, all
charges on such re-sale shall be made good by the defaulters at this Sale.

Gentlemen whocannot attendthe Sale may havetheir Commissions faithfulli/
executed by their humble Servants,

SOTHEBY, AVILKINSON & HODGE,

Wellington Street, Strand.

INTRODUCTORY NOTICE.

[HE Books, Prints, and other rarities offered to
the notice of Connoisseurs in this Catalogue
as ilkistrated by or relating to the world-
renowned engravers on wood, Thomas and John Bewick,
are deserving of special attention. Such an opportunity of
securing scarce and choice copies of the productions of
those celebrated Artists is not likely soon, if ever, again
to occur. To the contents of this Sale, many parts of
Great Britain, and even Germany and America, have
yielded contributions. Many exquisite specimens are
from the Libraries or Portfolios of Miss Bewick,
John Bell, Esq., Thomas Bell, Esq., J. T. Brockett, Esq.,
Emerson Charnley, Esq., Wm. Garret, Esq., J. Sykes,
E.sq., J. Fenwick, Esq., G. Daniel, Esq., Rev. Samuel
Prince, M.A., J. G. Bell, Esq., and from numerous
private and local collections. Among the books and
engravings gathered from so many quarters, will be found
nearly all the principal and much prized works of the
noted Newcastle-on-Tyne Artists, as enumerated in the
" Descriptive Catalogue of Bewick's Works," published by
John Gray Bell in 185 i ; and in "The Bnvick Collector^
by the Rev. Thomas Hugo, M.A., in 1866; besides
several unique specimens.

INTRODUCTORY NOTICE.

It may be stated that, in searching out from all
accessible sources, choice specimens of the Works of
the Bewicks, Mr. Edwin Pearson {late of 64, St. Martin's
Lajie, IV. C), has had largely in view a long and warmly-
cherished object — the compilation of a Memoir of
Thomas and John Bewick, with copious biographical
notices of their Pupils, profusely illustrated from wood
blocks by the Artists themselves. Opportunities for
gathering the requisite materials for such a work are
rapidly passing away, and can never return. From per-
sonal friends of the Artists yet living, from pupils, from
original letters and other authentic documents, Mr. E.
Pearson has industriously collected a body of reliable
and interesting information, which in connection with
facts already published, and with appropriate illustrations,
would, it is believed, form a very desirable and im-
portant addition to our Bewick literature. Considerable
progress has been made in the literary department of the
work, and it is proposed to print an impression on large
fine paper, with India proofs, limited to Orie Hundred, at
£1. IS. per- copy. The ordinary sized copies would be
proportionately lower in price. Noblemen and gentle-
men disposed to encourage its publication, are invited to
intimate their pleasure to become Subscribers through
Mr. David White, Bookseller, 22, Coventry Street,
London, W.

" The name ot Thoiius Bewick is a 'household vvoid,' and his
works are to be found in every region where the language of Eng-
land is spoken, or her literature cultivated. There are few works
which have been so universally diffused as those of Bewick. They
are read, studied, admired, and appreciated by intellects of every
grade, and by persons of all ages — by the young, by the middle-
aged, and by the old. Those who worship nature, and those who
worship art, agree in the admiration of the volumes of Bewick."
— Britiih i^arterl'j Review.

" His woodcuts universally show the hand of a master. There
is in them a boldness of design, a correctness of outline, an exact-
ness of attitude, and a discrimination of general character, to which
nothing in modern times has ever aspired, and which the most
eminent old artists have not surpassed." — Annual Revievj.

The distinguished ornithologist Audubon writes of Bewick —

" He was purely a son of Nature, to whom alone we owe all
that characterised him as an artist and as a man. Warm in his
affections, of deep feeling, and possessed of vigorous imagination,
with correct and penetrating observation, he needed little extraneous
aid to make him what he became, the first engraver on wood that
England has produced. Look at his tail-pieces, Reader, and say if
you ever saw so much life represented before. As you turn each
successive leaf from beginning to end of his admirable book, scenes
calculated to excite your admiration everywhere present themselves.
Assuredly you will agree with me in thinking that in his peculiar
path none has equalled him."

Thomas Bewick born August, 1753, died November, 1828.
John Bewick born 1760, died 1795.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

EXCKRDINGLY CHOICE AND VARIED COLLECTION

BOOKS AND WOOD ENGRAVINGS

BY OR KELATING TO

THOMAS AND JOHN BEWICK,

COLLECTED BY

MR. EDWIN PEARSON.

FIRST DAY'S SALE.

(SIZES MIXED.)

LOT

1 A Description of Three Hundred Animals, LARGE PAPER,

Crosby, 1812^Fislier's Spring Day, Third edition,
1808 — Bewick's Album, Vignettes, Animals, &c.,
neatly mounted, half morocco, t. e. g. 8vo. (3)

2 A Description of Three Hundred Animals, Birds, Fishes, &c.,

cuts by Bewick and Pupils
tree marbled culf neat, t. e. g. by Zaehnsclorf

&V0. Crosby, 1812

3 Adventures of Captain Gulliver, Newbery — Fairy Tales — Two

Sisters — King and Fairy Ring — England's Monarchs,
quaint cuts of Heads^Tom Telescope, 1812 — Fortu-
natus, droll cuts — Way to be Happy, Glasgow, 1819

V. y. (6)

4 Adams' (T.) Battle of Trafalgar, and other Poems, 1811 —

North Minstrel, Songs, 1811 — T. Donaldson's Poems,
1809 — J. Beattie's Poems, 1814, 2 copies — Fergu-
son's Poems, 2 vol. 1814 — Garlands, Newcastle Eider,
Hermit of Warkworth, &c.

Stirling, Alnwick, Neivcastle, cj-c. i'. y. (8)

5 Adams' (T.) Poems, uncut, 1811 — Beattie's Minstrel, Bewick's

vignettes and Clennell's cuts, Alnwick, 1814, 3 copies,
half morocco, t. e. g. — Northumbrian Minstrel, 1811

Almvick, ij. y. (5)
B

G Adams. Another set, same as preceding, except Adams'
Poems, 1811
haJfm<irocco,t.e.g. Alnwick , v . y . (5)

7 ^Esop's Fables, by Eobert Dodsley, London, J. Dodsley, 1786

— A new edition, London, 1798, "cuts, T. Gilbert
del. et sculp. 1777" — A new edition, Gainshorough,
J. and II. Mozleifs First edition, n. d., all different
sets of cuts (3)

8 jEsop. By E. Dodsley, Gainsborough editions, Osborne and

John Mozley, mottled calf gilt, by Zaehnsdorf—
Another edition, J. and IL Mozley, Gainsborough —
Another edition, London, 1824 (3)

9 il^jsop. Life, by Richardson, 240 copper pilates, n. d. —

Original Fables, by a Lady, 54 cuts, 1810 — iEsop's
Fables, by John Jackson, Lowndes, 177-5 — Fables de
La Fontaine, Tarascon, 1833, outs— iEsop, Geneva,
1628, impft. (5)

10 iEsop. By Samuel Croxall, Third edition, impft., 1731 — ■

Fourth edition, 1737 — Seventh edition, 1760, index
m;;/?.— Fourteenth edition, 1788 v. d. (4)

*#* Croxall's editions were favourites of Thomas Bewick's,
and from them he gained many ideas.

11 ^sop. By S. Croxall, Fourteenth edition, 1788 — Fifteenth

edition, n. d. — Twenty-first edition, 1821 — Twenty-
second edition, 1825 — Twenty-fourth edition, 1836

V. y. (5)

12 iEsop. Gainsborough editions of iEsop, by S. Croxall, 1804,

\dgnette on title by Bewick — Another edition, 1814 —
Twenty-fourth edition, London, 1836 — iEsop's Fables,
Dublin, 1824 — Choix de Fables D'Esope, 21 gravures,
curious, n. d. v. d. (5)

13 iEsop's Fables, with woodcuts by Thomas Bewick and

E. Dyas, tree calf gilt by Zaehnsdorf

12mo. Wilson and Spence, York, 1810

14 iEsop. Another copy

tree marbled calf by Zaehnsdorf ih. York, \ii\()

15 iEsop. Another edition, cuts by Bewick, &c.

tree marbled calf by Zaehnsdorf ib. York, 1813

16 Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, Warkworth Hermitage,

&c. — Beattie's Minstrel, cuts by Bewick and Clenuell,
3 copies Alnicick, 1814

17 Alnwick (History of), fine frontispiece, &o., by Bewick, 1813

— James Beattie's Minstrel, witli Life, &c., 3 copies,
cuts by Bewick and Clenuell, 1814 Alnwick, v. d.

18 Alnwick Picture Book (3 parts in 1 vol.), half calf , jielUiw

edges, 1808 — Moral Tales, Contrast, Lessons in Prose.

Alnwick, (J-c, V. ij. (2)

19 Alnwick (The) Poets, all with vignettes by Bewick, and

cuts by IJewick and Clennell — Adams' Poems, 1811 —
Burns' (E.) Poems, impft. 2 vol. 1808— Beattie's
Minstrel, 1814— Donaldson's (T.) Poems, 1809—
Ferguson's (R.) Poems, 2 vol. — Northumberland
Minstrel, 1811, 8 vol. half morocco, boards, ^-c.

William Davison, Alnwick, Northumberland, v. y.

20 Almanack. Comptoir Almanach, apt Sohrikkel Jaar,

MDCOXXXII door Jan A van Dane, early woodcuts
illustrating the state of the art prior to Bewick and
emblematic of the months of the year
curiously ornamental covers small ito. 1732

*^* Sold in G. Daniel's sale, July 1864, for £1. 18s.

21 Ancient Ballads and Songs, Manchester, 1796 — Kay's Pre-

ceptor, 1801— Poetry for Youth, York, 1824—
Triumph of Goodnature, Glasgow, 1818 ; and two
others Manchester, Neivcastle, Glasgow, v. d.

22 Anecdotes of Birds, Savage, 1809 — Angus's New Preceptor,

1801— Reading Easy, 1839— (Economist, 1798—
and cheap Repository Tracts (odd parts)

Neivcastle, (f-c. v. d.

23 Anecdotes — Packet of Pictures — Young Lady's Preceptor — ■

Fables — Park's Travels, 1825— Animal Sagacity —
Child's Instructor — Mrs. Fenwick's " Lecons," 1820
Newcastle, Dublin, <J-c. v. y. (6)

24 Astrography, or the Heavens Displayed, by J. Greig, 1810

— Edwin and Henry, 1818, cuts by Brans ton — Nurse
Lovechilds Reading Easy York, 1803

25 Beattie's (James) Poems. Minstrel, Progress of Genius, &c.

vignettes by Bewick and cuts by Clennell, 3 copies,
half morocco, uncut, Almvick, 1814 — North Minstrel,
1811 — Tyneside Songster, Alnwick, n. d.

Almvick, v. y. (4)

26 Beattie's (J.) Minstrel, Progress of Genius and other Poems,

1797 — Another edition, Alnwick, 1808— Another
edition, Almvick, 1810 — and another edition, Alnwick,
1814 — Angus's Preceptor, Neivcastle, 1801

Alnwick and Newcastle, v. d. (6)

27 Bell's (John Gray) Descriptive Catalogue of Works, illus-

trated by John and Thomas Bewick, with additional
cuts of the small " Chillingham Wild Bull," and

" Huntsman and Old Hound," on while satin ; The
Chillingham Wild Bull, 1789, injured state of the
block ; Large Lion and Tiger, on India paper ; Proofs
of Vignettes ; Cuts from Children's Toy Books ; Tracts
and other rare examples ; neatly mounted, half green
morocco, uncut, t. e. g. irnpl. 8vo. J. G.Bell, 1851

'28 Bell's (J. G.) Catalogue of Works illustrated by T. and J.
Bewick, interleaved with cartridge paper, on which are
neatlylaid down numerous extra examples from Bewick's
earlier and rarest works, viz.: Gay's Fables, 1779;
Select Fables, 1784 ; Youth's Entertaining Instructor ;
Proofs and Selected ImjDressions of the Quadrujjeds,
Birds, Vignettes, Blossoms of Morality, Looking-glass,
Kings of England, Select Fables 1820, Book Plates,
Durham Ox, Cook's Voyages, (copper plates) &c.
half morocco, t. e.g. imperial %vo. John Gray Bell, 1851

29 Bell (J. G.) A Collection of Cuts from Bewick's various

works ; collected by J, G. Bell, and designed to further
illustrate one of his catalogues, neatly mounted on
loose sheets ; and an Album of Droll Woodcuts.

30 Bell's (John Gray) Descriptive Catalogue of Works illus-

trated by Thomas and John Bewick,
lABGE PAPER, Subscription Gopi/, No. fj, formerly John
Fenwick's Gopy folio. 1851

31 Bell's (Thomas) Catalogue of his Library of 15,000 Volumes

of Scarce and Curious Books, &c., rich in Bewick
Works, Cuts by him, Newcastle Reprints, Local
Works, &c.
LARGE V AVER, portrait, only 50 copies printed at a cost
of £1 each Jolio. Neivcastle, 1860

32 Bell. Another Copiy ; Portrait, Cuts by Bewick, &c., also

containing the Catalogue (at end) of Curious Prints,
only 20 copies p>rinted, uncut folio. Neivcastle, 1860

33 Bell's (Thomas) Sale of Bewick and Local Books, 1860,

with a Collection of Cuts from Bewick's Works, 8ro.
formed by J. G. Bell, mounted on 4to. cartridge paper

Neivcastle.

34 Bewick Collector (The) A Descriptive Catalogue of the

Works of Thomas and John Bewick, including Cuts
by Bewick, etc., by the Rev. Thomas Hugo, M.A.,
uncut 8vo. Loi^ell Reeve, 1866

35 Bewick Collector. Another Copy. 1866

36 Bewick Collector. Another Copy, LARGE PAPER, impil. Svo.

with portrait, only 100 copies printed this size.

37 Bewick Collector. Another Copy, LARGE PAPER 1S66

BEWICK'S (THOMAS) EARLY WORKS,

Published liy Thomas Saint of Newcastle, the First Printer
and Publisher of Books containing the earliest efforts of Thomas

and John Bewick.
.'^8 Hutton on Mensuration, said to be the first work illustrated
by Thomas Bewick,
rough calf, rare 4?o. T. Saint, NewcaMe, 1770

*^* One of the diagrams in this work is a i-eprescntation of
the celebrated steeple of St. Nicholas' Church.
39 Hutton. Another copy, calf neat 'ito. ib. ib. 1770

40 Bewick's (T.) New Lottery Book of Birds and

Beasts, for Children to learn their Letters by, as
soon as they can speak ; 48 charming little cuts by
Bewick, printed on thick paper, original gilt paper
binding, very clean, exceedingly rare o2mo.

Newcastle: Printed by T. Saint, for W. Charnley, 1771

" Attention of Collectors is particularly directed to this interesting
little gem — the earliest known wort of Bewick, after Hutton 's
Mensuration, and not in Bell's Catalogue. In 1864 I succeeded
in purchasing twelve copies in the shop of a worthy Newcastle
bookseller, and discovering their great interest as early Bemck
productions, I .sold several copies to eminent Bewick Collec-
tors. I find that in several cases they have been sold at £3. 3s.
per copy. When the above and following copy are sold, ' the
little curiosity ' will be unattainable for ' love or money.' " — E. P.

41 Bewick. Another copy, m its quaint gilt Dutch paper binding,

very choice and clean state T. Saint, Newcastle, 1771

[See Tommy Trip, p. f!.]

42 Bewick's Tommy Trip. Wood engTavings from a Pretty
Edi.ik of Pictures for Little Masters and Misses, or
Tommy Trip's History of Beasts and Birds, Dog
Jowler, Giant Woglog, &c,, in the original tree-
marhled calf hirtding, gilt and tooled

sm. 8vo. T. Saint, Newcastle, 1779

The publishers in the North of England, in several cases where the
wood engravings of a book have been much admired, have
printed proofs from the blocks in this way, paying more atten-
tion to each cut than could be bestowed on it when surrounded
with ty[3e. Angus, Hodgson, Mitchell, Davison, and others
have each produced volumes of wood engravings from their
stores, which are now very rare ; in many cases it is impossible
to procure a copy as issued by these publishers The rarity of
the " Wood Engravings " to Tommy Trip may be estimated, as
T. Saint was one of the earliest Newcastle publishers, and the
first puijlisher of books having illustrations in them engraved
by Bewick. These exceedingly interesting Bemck rarities
were acquired under similar circumstances to " The Lottery
Book," 1771 (see preceding lots), and all in one place ; five copies
out of only nine have been sold at £7. 10s. each. These tliree
copies in all probability are all that can occur for sale.

43 Tommy Trip. Another Copy.
tree-marhled calf gilt Svo.

T. Saint, Ne%vcastle, 1779

44 Tommy Trip. Another Copy

tree-marhled calf gilt Svo. T. Saint, Neivcastle, 1779

The following Edition is a faithful Repeint, the
Cuts being feinted feom the oeiginal Blocks.

[See Tommy Trip. p. 86.]

45 BEWICK'S TOMMY TRIP. A pretty Book of Pictures

for little Masters and Misses ; or Tommy Trip's His-
tory of Beasts and Birds, with a familiar description
of eacli in prose and verse. To which is prefixed —
The History of Little Tom Trip Himself, of his dog
Jowler, and of Woglog, the Great Giant. Written
by Oliver Goldsmith for John Newbery, " The Philan-
thropic Bookseller of St. Paul's Churchyard." 15th
edition. Embellished with charming engravings on
wood from the original blocks, engraved by Thomas
Bewick, for T. Saint, of Newcastle, in 1779 ; with the
history, adventures, and seclusion of the said blocks
for nearly lOO years, set forth in a preface by the
Publisher.

This and the following copies are all bound in P.
Bedfoed's " best " style, straight grained red morocco
elegant, double bands, gilt hades, &c., with double silk
head hands, gilt tops, otherwise uncut (Kalthaber style)
only 250 copies printed,
fcp. Alto. Edwin Pearson, J. Davy Sr Sons, Land. 1867

" For this elegant Keprint of an exceedingly rare and interesting
little tome, right precious and dear to the heart of the
genuine Bewick Collector, we are indebted in the first place to
tJhe litjerality of our talented townsman, Robert White, Esq.
The worthy living depositary of so much of the traditionary
lore of the ' North Oountrie,' iMr, White, who is in possession
of the only knowm copy of the original work, kindly pilaced the
same in the hands of Mr. Edwin Pearson, who has evinced much
good taste in the ' getting up ' of this very limited etlition of
'Tommy Trip.'" — IVen-castle Cuurant, Oct. 2.5, 1867.

" Mr. Eilwin Pearson, the faithful and tasteful collector of
Bemck's admirable works, has reprinted a small number of
copies of the book, with separate impressions of the engravings,
taken on India paper, from the orifjinal Hocks. There are
seventy-seven of Bewick's designs in this volume, which will
be highly prized by connoisseurs in art, and by lovers of literary
antiquities, as well for Bewick's as for Goldsmith's sake." —
Illustrated London News, Dec. 28, 1867.

" The book itself is capitally got up." — AthentBum, Jan. 2.5, 1868.

" This book really is an artistic treasirre in its way, and ought to be
thus appreciated by the public." — Morning Star, Jan. 13, 1868.

46 Bewick's Tommy Trij). Another Copy, precisely similar in

every particular, hound by F. Bedford, (Kalthoeber ' best'
.style) Edwin Pearson, J. Davy cj- Sons, Lond. 1867

47 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

48 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

49 Tommy Trip,

Another Copy

ib.

.^lO Tomujy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

51 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

Tommy Trip. Auntlier Copy K. Pearson, Lotnlon, 1S(J7.

53 Tommy Trip.

Anotlier Copy

ib.

54 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

55 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ih.

5G Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

57 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

58 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

59 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

lb.

ih.

60 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

61 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

02 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

63 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

lb.

64 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

65 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ih.

06 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

lb.

ib.

67 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

lb.

68 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

69 Bewick's (T.

) TOiOIT Trip, one ni

^ onlii two copies ;

7ti

•printed on fine vjriting VELLUM, half Roxburgh, g. t. e.
otherwise vncut, hy F. BEDFORD, portraits, •photo-
graphs, SfC. fcap. ito. Ed'trin Pearson, London, 1867

'.^* Tlii.s volume may almost be described as TJIsriQUE, as onh/
tiro copies were printtd on VELLUM; the other copy is
in the choice Collection of the gentleman -who originated
the idea, and in all probability his copy will never occur
for sale ; the co.st of production alone — vellum, extra care
in printing, binding, &c. — was estimated at nearly Twelve
Guineas.

"As specimens of tie early manner of the artist — for an artist
Bewick may really be considered — the cuts in this " Tommy
Trip " have considerable value. Aflmirers of Bewick will
doubtless prize this volume, only 250 copies of which are
printed." — The Booliseller, April 1st, 1868.

Bewk'k'.s (T.) Tommy Trip. A set of the seventy-seven
wood engravings, without letter-press, printed on thin
writing VELLUM, also a few extra impressions on
SATIN, and photographs from the original edition,
( R. White, Esq.'s copy) portraits, &c.,
A VERY INTERESTING AND UNIQUE VOLUME, hound in
irhite vellum and tastefully tooled, g. e. hy Zaehrtsdorf

royal Svo.

71 Bewick. The Natural History of Fourfooted Beasts, by

ToJiMY Trip, droll cuts, certainly not by Bewick
half morocco, t. e.g. uncut 24:mo. Glasgov), 1802

*+• Rare and interesting to contrast with the genuine cuts of
the foregoing " Tommy Trips."

72 Bewick, Another Copy, precisely similar Glasgow, 1802

73 Select Fables. T. Saint, 1784. In three parts

Part I. Fables extracted from Dodsley's ;

Part II, Fables with Reflections in Prose and Verse ;

Part III, Fables in Verse,

to which are prefixed the Life of .iEsop and an Essay
on Fable, " A New Edition Improved," for this
edition a new set of cuts were engraved by Thomas
and John Bewick. These cuts were then deemed
superior to any of Bewick's previous productions,
calf neat, gilt, g. e. tall copy

12rno. Thomas Saint, Newcastle, 1784
*^* This rare and beautifully illustrated book has been sold
by auction for £7. 10s.

74 Select Fables. Another copy, _/?ne impressions of the cuts

original sheep binding 12mo. T. Saint, Newcastle, 1784

75 Select Fables. Another copiy, ivanting the title and life of

^sop, half calf 12mo. T. Saint, Newcastle, 1784

76 The Medley, /rore^. hy Isaac Taylor, Thirty-one Essays for the

Benefit of Newcastle Lying-in Hospital, St'o. ./. White
and T. Saint, 1766— The School Master's Guide,
Second edition, by Charles Hutton, J. White and T.
Saint, 1766 T. Saint, Newcastle, 1766

*„* T. Bewick was a great admirer of Isaac Taylor's designs.
.See " Memoir," 1862,

77 BEWICK'S (T. anj) .1.) EARLIEST AND BAREST
WOOD ENGRAVINGS. TWELVE HUNDRED
WOOD ENGRAVINGS by Thomas and John
Bewick, engraved for Thomas Saint of Newcastle, and
Wilson and Spencc of York, previous to the years
1784 and 1810, including all the beautiful Cuts used
in New Lottery Book of Beasts and Birds, 1771,
Child's Horn Book, 1770, Moral Instructions, 1772,
Select Fables, 1776, Youth's Instructive and Enter-
taining Story Teller, 1778, A Pretty Book of Pictures,
or Tommy Trip's History of Beasts and Birds, 1779,
Gay's Fables, 1779, Select Fables, 1784, with the
borders to each ctit (a most beautiful series of cuts),
Philip Quarll, Robinson Crusoe, Little Jack, Cock
Robin, Red Riding Hood, Cries of London and York,
Robin Hood's Garland, Poetical Fabulator, Holy Bible
in miniature. Full-length Kings and Queens of Eng-
land, with heraldic shields. Fairing or Golden Toy,
the Picture Book, Goody Two Shoes, Death of Abel,
Watts' Divine and Moral Songs, Happy Family,
Tommy Tagg's Poems, Patty Primrose, several editions
of iEsop's Fables, Dodsley in Miniature, The Happy
Family, Lessons of Truth, Morning Amusements or
Tales of Quadrupeds, Afternoon Amusements or Tales
of Birds, Christmas Tales, York Toy, Peter Painter's
Pretty Picture Book, and a whole host of Juvenile
Toy Books now almost extinct ; " and though many
of these publications were of an extremely trivial
nature, the Wood Engravings with which they were
embellished caused them at this early period (1770 to
1810) to have an extensive sale," they have delighted
thousands of " Little Masters and Misses" in years
gone by, and are nearly vnhioiva to the " Bewick
Collector " of the present day, but will be instantly

i I

recognized ami ailiiiired on examinatiou as the eaily
handy-work and designs of tliese great Masters
1200 beautiful Cuts, the earliest designs and handy-work
(unaided by pupils) of these great artists. " Set No. 1"
of only seven sets printed {see vellum guarantee on title),
portrait and cuts, neatly mounted in handsome folio
volume, EXCESSIVELY RAEE

78 BEWICK'S (THOMAS) WOEKS, imperial large and

THICK PAPER, viz. : BeWICK'S BRITISH BiRDS, in the
original marbled calf, beautifully gilt and tooled, bound
by Lubbock, (Bewick's binder) of Newcastle. Vol. 1,
Land Birds, gilt eagles on the bach. Vol. 2, Water
Birds, gilt swans on the back, beautiful impressions
of the charmiug Wood Engravings, Second edition,
Newcastle, 1805, with the Supplements to Land and
Water Birds, uncut, Newcastle, 1821, excessively rare
in this size and state, (a similar copy of the supple-
ments alone sold for £5 5s.)— Bewick's British
Quadrupeds, Fifth edition, Newcastle, 1807 ; this
edition has one figure and one tail-piece extra to the
previous editions, veij choice copy in calf elegant,
and gilt, by W. Nutt — Bewick's iEsop's Fables,
FIRST edition, Newcastle, 1818, original binding,
calf neat by Lubbock, subscription copy with Bewick's
celebrated Thumb Mark, Seaweed, Receipt ; choice
COPY with portrait of Thomas Bewick — SELECT
Fables, Nuvcastle, 1820, first edition of Charnley's
edition, original binding calf neat, containing J. T.
Brockett's Memoir and descriptive Catalogue of the
Bewicks' and their Works. Five portraits, &c., with a
Supplemental Vol. containing originals and facsimiles
of the true and fictitious copies of " Chillingham Wild
Bull," with and without the border, Newcastle, 1789
— Remarkable Kyloe Ox, Newcastle, 1790 — Waiting
for Death — Bewick's Lithograph " The Cadger's Trot"
Lion, Tiger, Elephant, Zebra, Old Exchange at New-
castle, Portraits, &c. &c.
exceedingly rare and choice Collection in 7 vol.

Neivcastle-upon-Tyne, 1789 to 1821

*,* This set is imperial largest paper. A set of 5 vol.
royal paper, Bewick's Birds, Quadrupeds, ^sop, and
Select Fables (W. Pickering's Copy), from Rev. Saml.
Prince's Library, Bonsall, Derbyshire, were sold at
Sotheby's for £50, Dec. 11th, 1865, and have since
been re-sold (1866) for above £60.

yy BEWICK'S (THOMAS) WORKS, large and thick
PAPER, viz. : Bewick's British Land and Water
Birds, 2 vol. Newcastle, 1805, Second edition, IMPE-
RIAL iivo. morocco tooled, g. e. ; with the Supplements
to Land and Water Birds, Newcastle, 1821, hoards,
uncut, royal fivo — BEWICK'S BRITISH QUADRUPEDS,
Newcastle, 1807, Fifth edition, imperial Hvo. morocco,
tooled and gilt uniform ivith the Ulrds ; the original
binding by Luhboch of iVeiwcas^Ze— BEWICK'S iEsoP's
Fables, First edition, Newcastle, 1818, with sub-
scriber's thumb-mark receipt, IMPERIAL 8uo. green
morocco, elegantly tooled, uncut, t. e. g. by Zaehnsdorf,
a few leaves neatly inlaid — SELECT FABLES, with
Memoir and Catalogue of Bewick's Works, Portraits,
&c. Newcastle, 1820, royal 8vo. green morocco, elegantly
tooled, t. e. g. uncut, by Zaehnsdorf; insei'ted are
Bewick's large engravings of the Wild Bull, Lion,
Tiger, Elephant and Zebra, and the remarkable Kyloe
Ox, (copperplate signed T. Bewick) 6 vol.,

Newcastle-on-Tyne, v.y.
*,* Choice Selection of Bewick's Principal Works.
80 Bewick's (T.) Works. The Figures only, viz. : The
Figures of Bewick's Quadrupeds, Newcastle, 1824
— British Land Birds, 182.5 — British Water
Birds, 182.5, including the Cuts to the Supplements
— Vignettes, by Thomas Bewick, 1827. 4 vol.
bound in .3
half green morocco, g. e. ito. U. Walker, Neiocastle, 1824-7
Containing T. Bewick's beautiful Wood Engravings
specially printed under his own superintendence, on
thin office paper, brilliant impressions of the exquisite
Cuts. In consequence of several of the Cuts being
injured from printing without the support of Letter-
press, &c., Bewick determined that no more should be
printed without type. Copies in Ato are very rare.
See Clayton Atkinson's Memoir of T. Bewiclc.

*#* Very choice and complete set. " Copies are rarely
to be met with." — J. G. Bell's Catalogue, page 24. " The
3 vol. sold for £18. 18s. Od. at Trotter Brockett's Sale."
see Bohn's Guinea Catalogue, 1841, p. 13.

<^^.\'0j^A'/:

81 Bewick's Quadrupeds, First edition

tall copy, uncvt, green morooco, elegantly tooled, t. e. g. by
Zaelmsclorf S. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1790

*:^* Brockett's copy sold for £5. 2s. 6d. at Sotheby's,
June 1843.

82 Bewick (T.) A General History of Quadrupeds, First

edition
calf neat by Lubbock, Jine tall copy, choice impressions of
the cuts 8vo. Newcastle, 1790

83 Bewick. Another copy. First edition

half morocco Svo. ih. 1790

84 Bewick. Another copy. First edition, impft.

Svo. ib. 1790

85 Bewick's (T.) British Quadrupeds, First edition, royal

LARGE PAPER, straight grained red morocco elegant,
double bands, ornamented in Kaltlioeber style, double
silk head bands, edges uncut and gilt before sewing, so
as not to reduce the size, by F. Bedforel, charming im-
pressions of the wood engravings,

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1790

*#* Very rare in this size and state. A similar copy was
recently sold for £20.

86 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Second edition

thick paper, fine impressions and very choice clean copy,
original calf neat 8do. Neivcastle, 1791

87 Bewick. Another Copy, Second edition

veri^ broad, copy, fine impressions, half calf neat

ivo. ' ib. 1791

88 Bewick. Another Copy, The Second edition

tall copy, fine impressions Hvo. ib. 1791

89 Bewick. Another Copy, HeconJ edition

title iiwurded, half calf 8v(i. Nnvcastle, 1791

90 Bewick's Quadrupeds. The Third edition

half calf neat S. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1792

91 Bewicli's British Quadrupeds, Fourth edition

half calf, binding broken,

Impericd 8co. S. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1800

92 Bewick. Another Copy, Fourth edition

calf, injured leaves Newcastle, 1800

9.8 Bewick. Another Copy, Fifth edition

calf neat 8vo. Newcastle, 1807

94 Bewick's British Quadrupeds, Fifth edition

green grained morocco, exquisitely tooled,, g. e. by Hayday,
Imperial 8i'o. Newcastle, 1807

95 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Fifth edition

large paper, tall, but poor copy in rough calf

I'inpjerial Svo. Newcastle, 1807

96 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Sixth edition

calf neat Svo. Newcastle, IHW

97 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Eighth edition

calf gilt Svo. Newcastle, 1824

98 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Eighth edition

Svo. E. Wcdker, Newcastle, 1824

[Facsimile of Bewick's ■'Woodcock," used in tlic " Pcnnv Macrazinc."
July. 18-tl.]

'J'J Bewick (T.) British Land and Water Birds, 2 vol.
LARGE PAPEB, uncut, vol. 2 impft.

royal 8vo. Newcastle, 1797-1805

100 Bewick's British Birds, First edition. Vol. 1 only. Land

Birds, ca//Beo< Svo. Sol. Hodgson, Newcastle, IT^l

101 Bewick. British Birds, First edition. Vol. 2, Water Birds,

impft., many of the Birds are beautifully coloured by
Richard Wingate Newcastle, 1804

102 Bewick. Another Copy

impft. and binding broken ib. 1804

103 Bewick's Land Birds, Vol. 1, First edition

half calf neat 8vo. ib. 1797

104 Bewick. Another Copy, Vol. 1, uncut 8vo. ib. 1804

105 Bewick. Another Copy, soiled. Vol. 1 8vo. ib. 1804

lOfi Bewick's Figures of British Land Birds

calf neat, by Charles Lewis royal 8vo. ib. 1800

*^* This identical copy sold for £6. 10s. Od. at Sotheby's,
Rev. S. Prince's Sale, December 11th, 18G5. Of this
edition 500 were printed at 12s., but did not at that time
meet with a ready sale, in consequence of which many of
them were destroyed. Only the Land Birds were printed.
MS. Note. — It contains the tailpiece at the end in the
first state.

107 Bewick. Another Copy, very tall 8vo.

*^* This copy contains the tailpiece in its second state, after
Bewick's friends had advised him to engrave two bars of
■wood across the objectionable portion. Rev. Samuel
Prince's copy sold for £6. 10s. Sotheby's, Dec. 1865.

108 Bewick. Figures of British Land Birds, Vol. 1, all pub-

lished (?) to which is added a few Foreign Birds with
the vignettes
fine copy in green morocco, g. e. by Zaehnsdorf

S. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1800

"'ig* The tailpiece on last page is supplied by an original
drawing on VELLUM, said to be by Bewick (?) J. T.
Brockett's Copy sold for £3. 5s. Sotheby's, Dec. 1823.

109 Bewick's British Land Birds and British Water Birds,

engraved on wood by Thomas Bewick, the figures
printed separately, one on a page, on thin office paper,
fine grey impressions of the cuts
half morocco, uncut, the two vols, in one

4fo. E. Walker, Newcastle, 1825

*^* Only 100 copies printed. " What adds to the value of
4to. copies of Bewick's works, is the fact that no more

are likely to be printed in that manner. Accidents to
The Crow and The Nightingale having to be rectified by
Bewick, he determined that no more should be printed
without the letter-press as a support and protection." —
C Atkinson's Sketch of T. Beimch.

110 Bewick. ANOTHER COPY, QUARTO, very fine impressions

of the wood engravings
half morocco, uncut, the tivo vols, in one

4to. E. Walker, Newcastle, 182.0

*»* Only 100 copies printed, very rare. See J. G. Bell's
Catalogue, 1851, page 33.

111 Bewick's British Birds, 2 vol. imperfect

half calf 8yo. Newcastle, 1809

112 Bewick's (T.) British Birds, 2 vol.

uncut, half green morocco, t. e. g.

Hvo. Neiv castle, printed for R. E. Bewick, 1847

*ii* Contains about 25 additional tailpieces not in the previous
editions.

113 Bewick. Another Copy, 2 vol.

half green morocco, t. e. g. Svo. Newcastle, 1847

114 Bewick. Another Cojjy, 2 vol. <aZ/ copy, ?i7!CM< 8110. z J. 1847

115 Bewick's (T.) British Land and Water Birds, 2 vol.

half morocco, t. e. g. uncut Svo. ih. 1847

116 Supplement to Bewick's British Birds, w«CT(< Svo. 26.1821

117 BEWICK'S (T.) BIRDS, INDIA PROOFS. 230 choice

impressions of Bewick's Woodcuts of Land and Water
Birds ; these were formerly presented by Thomas
Bewick to a young lady in the North of England,
who had pasted them on both sides of the leaves of a
Scrap Book ; they have since been carefully cleaned,
split, mended, repaired, neatly laid down on stout
cjuarto tinted paper, a line ruled round each and then
carefully cold pressed, by F. Bedford
VERY CHOICE AND EXCEEDINGLY SCARCE Newcastle, n. d.

*j^* Proof impressions on India Pajjer are now excessively
rare. This collection is arranged for two volumes 4to.,
Land, Water, &c. ; there are a few duplicates showing
variations in the same cut, &c,

118 Bewick's (T.) iEsop's Fables, with Designs on wood by

Thomas Bewick
LARGE PAPER, green morocco, elegantly tooled, t. e. g.

uncut (a feu: leaves neatly inlaid), by Zaehnsdorf

IMPERIAL Si'o. Newcastle, 1818
'** With the thumb mark. Subscriber's Receipt.

119 Bewick (T.) /Esop's Fables, witli Designs on wood by
T. Bewick, Second edition, impft.
half morocco, t. e. g. uncut Neivcastle, 1823

Select Fables, half calf neat, with Catalogue of

Newcastle, 1820

120 Bewick.

Works and Memoir of Bewick

121 Bewick. Select Fables
Select Fables, uncut, tall copy
Select Fahles, fine impressions

8vo.

122 Bewick.

123 Bewick.

uncut

124 Bewick.

ib. 1820
ib. 1820

ib. 1820

Select Fables

Charnley's best

i,vo.

ib.

1820

edition
8w.

on
ib.

soft
1820

half calf imperfect

125 Bewick. Select Fables,

paper

126 Bewick. Select Faeles, largest paper, 7ireesi^oss«J/e

condition, India proofs of the Cuts, only 12 copies
printed, original hoards, uncut, tallest copy, with
Memoir, portraits, and descriptive catalogue of Bewick's
works IMPERIAL Sivo. Newcastli-on-Tyne, 1820

*,* One of these 12 copies sold for £18. 7s. 6d. at Ee7.
Samuel Prince's Sale, Sotheby's, December 11th, 1865.

127 Bewick (Thomas) Memoir of, by himself

half red morocco, g. e. 8vo.

128 Bewick (T.) Memoir

tree marbled calf neat, by Zaehnsdorf Svo. ib. 1862

129 Bewick. Another Copy, uncut Svo. ib. 1862

Svo. Newcastle, 1862

130 Bewick (T.) Memoir. Another Copy

uncut and vnhound 8vo. Newcastle, 1862

*^* Interleaved with extra cuts and MS. Notes, by a lady.

131 Bewick, Memoir of Thomas, written by himself to his

daughter Jane, during the long winter evenings pre-
ceding his death, November 8th, 1828, illustrated with
numerous woodcuts of Fishes, and vignettes by the
Author, a view of Cherryburn, by J. Bewick, &c. This
copy is interleaved and illustrated with numerous rare
wood and copper-plate engravings, by Thomas, John,
and Robert Elliot Bewick, numerous MS. Notes, etc.,
by a lady,* who at considerable time and taste embel-
lished this exquisite copy with Ijeautiful specimens of
rare Cuts, Proofs, &c., given her by the late T. Bewick
UNIQUE, thick volume, choice collection of rare Cuts,
MSS., SfC, green morocco, gilt and tooled

8vo. Neivcastle, 1862

*#* Exceedingly interesting, and beautifully illustrated with
gems from Bewick's graver, woodcuts of Fishes, Cuts of
British Birds, by Robert EUiot Bewick (T. Bewick's son)
vignettes, Robin Hood Cuts, etc.

* Miss Bewick, mth Autograph, MS. JSTotes, &c.

- ^^-'^^y/'/^^''^

[The al30ve used by kind permission of Eev. Thomas Hugo.]

132 Bewick. Vignettes, by Thomas Bewick, about 100 printed

one on a page
uncut and vnhound 8vo. E. Walker, Newcastle, 1827

133 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick, fine impressions of

the beautiful Cuts on thin office paper, containing the
Vignettes to the Quadrupeds as well as the Birds,
J. Fenwick's copy

thick Svo. E. Walker, Neivcastle, 1827

*,(,* One cut on a page. A copy sold for £b. in Rev. S.
Prince's sale, Sotheby's, Dec. 1865.

134 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick : about 150 vignettes

on thin Office paper, loose proof sheets, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, Printed hy Edivard Walker, Pilgrim Street
excessively rare ito. Newcastle, 1827

135 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick, two cuts on a page

trncvt, thin office pafer 4,to. Edivard Walker, ib. 1827

*** " Very few printed and copies are rarely to be met with."
— J. G. Bell's Catalogue, 1851, p. 24.

136 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick, two Cuts on a

page, on Bewick's favorite Office paper
uncut ito. E. Walker, Neiucastle, 1827

*ff,* Rare in this size and state.

137 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick. Selected Im-

pressions from the later editions, containing many not
in the First editions of Bewick's Birds, portrait, neatly
mounted in handsome ito. vol.
tree marhled calf, neatly tooled, g. e. hy Zaehnsdorf

138 Bewick's Vignettes. A choice 4to. Album, so lettered,

exquisitely hound by Zaehnsdorf in tree marbled calf,
tooled, and gilt, g. e., containing selected Vignettes
from Bewick's various works, many on India paper,
Portraits, Facsimile Letter of T. Bewick, Cherryburn
(his birthplace,) Memoir of T. Bewick, Phrenological
Description of Bewick's Jiend, privately printed. Sub-
scriber's thumb mark (T. B.'s), Receipt to .(Esop's
Fables, Lion, Tiger, Elephant, Zebra, Old Exchange,
and C. Nesbit's Portrait of T. Bewick, small Kyloe
Ox, Chilling-ham Bull, &c., several on WHITE SATIN;
T. Bewick's rare Lithograph of " The Cadger's Trot,"
" Sketched by T. B. at Edinburgh, 21st Aug. 1823,"
only 25 copies jmnted ; and numerous other rare and
interesting specimens of the Bewicks' skill.

Netvcastle, n. d.

139 BEWICK (T.) Excessively Rare Specimen Volume

OP Woodcuts, lately belonging to Wm. Davison, of
Alnwick. " This probably unique 4to. volume consists
of Impressions of 1100 Woodcuts, used by Davison to
illustrate books, advertisements, &c. Many of these
very scarce cuts are by Bewick, and are marked by
Davison, who used this volume for reference in his
business. A most invaluable collection for a Bewick
Collector," purchased at Muras's Sale, Newcastle,
28th Sept. 1864, containing good impressions from
the whole of his stock of woodblocks, for a portion of
which, viz. those engraved by Bewick (or in his office),

D.avison paid him £500. (see " Bewick Collector,"
p. 112, where a long notice of another copy of this
rare volume occurs). Under each cut engraved by
Bewick is printed the word " Bewiok," thus enabling
Connoisseurs to identify the genuine cuts used in
Burns' Poems, Alnivick, 1808; Buffon, 4 vol. 1814 ;
and the various Abridgments of Buifon's Natural
History, 1809, &c. ; Fergusons', Adams', Donaldsons',
and other Poems, and numerous smaller works
(Juvenile, &c.) issued by William Davison, at his
" Apollo Press," Alnwick, Northumberland ; the
whole of which in their various states and dates are
to be found in this Collection. Almvich, n. d.

140 Bewickiana. A curious Quarto Volume of Collections

relative to Bewick and his Works, comprising various
Notices, Cuttings, Portraits, set of Edwin Pearson's
Plustrated Bewick Catalogues, on LARas PAPER, 18G3
to 1867 ; Specimens of many cuts by the Bewick's
and their Pupils, &c. ito.

141 Bewick's (T.) Large Lion and Nicholson's (?) Tiger, on

ivhite satin, in rosewood frames, formerly belonging to
Wm. Garrett

142 Bewick's (Eev. William) Poems, Second edition, with the

Appendix
calf neat $>vo. Tyne Bridge, Newcastle, 114:2

143 Bewick's Scrap Book, containing selected impressions from

First editions of Bewick's Works of Birds, Quadrupeds,
Vignettes, Fable Cuts, Emblems of Mortality, Kyloe
Ox, 1790, Large Lion, Tiger, Zebra, &c.. Trades-
men's Bill Heads, Book Plates, Eeligious Emblems,
Life, Portrait, and numerous rare specimens of these
Artists' skill, collected and neatly laid down by a
gentleman resident at Newcastle
green morocco, bands of gold, g. e. folio

144 Bewick's Large Lion, Tiger, Elephant, Zebra, Old Ex-

change, and Portrait of T. Bewiok by C. Nesbit, on
ivhite satin in mounts

145 BEWICK'S ALBUM. A magnificent large Quarto

Album so lettered, bound in red morocco, tooled in the
" Grolier style," with Mordants patent lock and Tcey,
brass ornamental bosses, tastefully tooled inside covers,
and containing a UNIQUE COLLECTION, printed on
WHITE VELLUM, of T. and J. Bewick's choice
and rare Wood Engravings, containing amongst
numerous others. Arms of the Priory of Knares-

borough, the Woodcock, six various Portraits of T.
Bewick, a curious Tailpiece (similar to one used in
the British Quadrupeds), engraved on copper by T.
Bewick, Prospectus to Tommy Trip, only seven printed
on vellum ; Lion, Tiger, Pidcock's Lion, Old Ex-
change at Newcastle, Kyloc Ox, Chillingham Wild
Bull, Yorkshire Nightingale, an original Drawing, Tail-
piece by T. Bewick
UNIQUE ! 100 in number

146 Billington (W.) on Planting, Cuts by T. Bewick

half morocco, t. e. g. 8vo. Newcastle, 1825

%* Bewick's name appears in the list of Subscribers.

147 Bigland's (J.) Letters on Natural History, 1806— J.

Macloc's Natural History, 400 Cuts by J. Thompson,
1813 — Joseph Guy's British Eeader, fine Cuts of Birds,
Animals, &c., Baldivin ^- Cradoclc, 1831 — Somerville's
Chase, 1804— Wild Flowers, E. Bloomfield (India
proofs of the Cuts), 1806 (4)

US Blossoms of Morality, First edition, by the Editor of
Looking Glass for the Mind, engraved copper-plate
title with vignette and frontispiece
original binding 12mo. E. Neivhery, 1789

*^* Highly interesting, as showing that this edition was not
embellished with Bewick's Cuts.

149 Blossoms of Morality, Second edition, being the First

edition with Bewick's Cuts
fine copy, calf neat, original biading E. Neiohery, 1796

150 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy

original binding, leather neatly tooled ib. 1796

151 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy

tree marbled calf gilt by Zaehnsdorf ib. 1796

152 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Third edition

original binding 12mo. ib. 1801

153 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Fourth edition

tree marbled calf by Zaehnsdorf J. Harris, 1806

154 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Fifth edition

mottled calf by Zaehnsdorf J. Harris, ISIQ

155 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Sixth edition,

Harris, 1814; and the Second edition, being the first
with Bewick's Cuts {wants last leaf)

Newhery, 1796 (2)

156 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Fourth edition,

1806; Fifth edition, 1810; and Sixth edition,
1814 (3)

157 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Fourth, Fifth, and

Sixth editions l2mo. 1800-14 (3)

158 Blossoms of ilorality. Another Copy, Seventh edition,

18mo. ; after the Sixth edition the size was reduced to
18mo. Harris, 1821

159 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Eiglith edition,

morocco neat J. Harris, 1828

160 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Seventh and Eighth

editions, half calf 1821-8 (2)

IGl Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, same editions,
similar copies 1821-8 (2)

162 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Eighth edition,
1828, half calf ; also Fragments for Youth, Burdehin,
York ; Little Teacher, 1818, pretty Alphabet Cuts ;
Dawson's Poetry for Youth, Yorlc, 1824; Sunday
School Magazine, York, 1824. (5)

1C3 Bloomfield's (Robert) Poems,

LARGE PAPER, very rare. First edition, Vernor and
Hood, Bensley, 1800 — Piural Tales, Ballads, and
Songs, fine Portrait, 1802, in 1 vol.
marbled calf gilt ito. T. Bensley, 1800-2

164 Bloomtield. Farmer's Boy, First edition

uncut fivo. Vernor ^- Hood, 1800

165 Bloomfield. Second edition 8?'o. ih. 1800

166 Bloomfield. Another copy Svo. ih. 1800

167 Bloomfield. Third edition Sfo. ih. 1800

*^* With this copy is bound up Poems by T. Townshend,
Esq., of Grays' Inn, 1796, plates by Stothard; and
Poems by Anne Bannerman, Edin. 1800

168 Bloomfield. The Fourth edition, 8vo. Vernor cj- Hood, 1801 ;

with this is bound up Eural Tales, 1802, calf neat

169 Bloomfield. Rural Tales, calf neat 8vo. Bensley, 1802

170 Bloomfield. Farmer's Boy, Second edition, 1800 — Third

edition, 1800 — Fourth edition, 1801 (bound with
Rural Tales, 1802)— Fifth edition, 1801 (bound with
Eural Tales, 1802)— Seventh edition, 1803, (bound
with Rural Tales, Second edition, 1802)— Eighth
edition, 1805— Tenth edition, 1808— Twelfth edition,
1811 — Fourteenth edition, 1820; portraits, interesting
variations and arrangement of Cuts, &c. (12 vol. in 9)

171 Bloomfield. Farmer's Boy, Third edition, 1800— Fourth

edition, 1801 — Fifth edition, 1801 — Seventh edition,
1803 (bound with Eural Tales, Tliird edition, 1803)
— Eighth edition, 1805— Fourteenth edition, 1820
(bound with Eural Tales, Ninth edition, 1820)

(8 vol. in 6.)

172 Bloomfield's (R.) Poems, Eural Tales, First edition, 1802

— Sixth edition, 1809— Eighth edition, 1815- Ninth
edition, 1820

173 Bloomfield's (E.) Wild Flowers, uncut, 1806, proofs of cuts

on white India paper — -Another Copy, 1809, cuts on
thick yellow paper, uncut — Another Copy, 1816, imcut
—Another Copy, 1819 (4 vol.)

174 Bloomfield's (E.) Wild Flowers, 1806 and 1809— Eural

Tales, 1802, bound with Farmer's Boy, Seventh
edition, 1803 (4 vol. in 3)

175 Bloomfield. Remains of Bloomfield (Robert), "published

for the exclusive benefit of the family of Mr. Bloom-
field," with music, 2 vol. in 1, Baldwin, Cradock and
Joy, 1824— May Day with the Muses, 1822, uncut—
Banks of the Wye, uncut, Second edition, 1813 — Wild
Flowers, 1806 (5 vol. in 4)

176 Bohn's (James) Catalogue, with Cuts by Bewick, thick 8vo.

1840 — British Galleries by Westmacott, Vignettes,
8vo. 1824 — Fry's Specimen Book of Types and Stereos
from Cuts, &c., half morocco 8vo. 1827

177 Buffon's System of Natural History, 4 vol. not uniformly

hound, ivith an extra Vol. 3 impft. and Vol. 4 bound
up with Vol. 1, Alnwick, 1814, with The Abridge-
ment in Seven Parts, Alnwick, 1809 (11)

178 Buffon's System of Natural History, in four vol., cuts and

numerous tailpieces, &c. by Bewick
calf neat \2mo. W. Davison, Alnioick, 1814

179 Buffon. Another set of four vol. uncut, rare in this state

W. Davison, 1814

180 Buffon. An Abridgment of the above. Seven Parts, Quad-

rupeds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, Butterflies, &c., in one
vol., half calf neat, and a set in the original wrappers

Alnwick, n. d. (8 vol.)

181 Buffon. Another Copy, half blue morocco, t. e. g., and a

set in the illustrated wrappers Alnwick, n. d. (8 vol.)

182 Buffon. Another Copy, halfccdf yellow edges, and a set in

wrappers 8 vol. W- Davison, Almvick, n. d.

183 Biiffon. A Natural History of British Quadrupeds, Birds,

Fishes, Insects, embellished with 247 Engravings on
wood by Thomas Bewick of Newcastle, 1809, half
morocco, g. e. ; and a set of the Natural History in
wrappers Alninck, 1809

184 Buffon. Another Copy and set

W. Davison, Alnwick, 1809 (8 vol.)

185 Buffon. Another Copy and two sets

Apollo Press, Almvick, 1809 (15 vol.)

186 Buffon. Another Gopj, half green morocco, t.e. g. tall copy,

and two sets Almvick, 1809 (15 vol.)

187 Bunyan (John) The Heavenly Footman, J. Hollis, Shoe-

maker Row — Pilgrim's Progress, Clennell's cuts, V2mo.
1811 — Divine Emblems for the use of Boys and Girls,
1770 — Pilgrim's Progress, Wilson and S'pence, York,
1799 — Another edition, Glasgow, 1814— Another
edition, impft. York, Glasgow, ^c.v.y. (6 vol.)

188 Burns' (Robert) Poems

half calf , t. e. g. Alnwick, 1808 (2 vol.)

189 Burns' Poetical Works, Vol. 1, hoards, uncut; Vol. 2, calf

gilt, pretty vignettes Davison, Alnwick, 1808

190 Burns (R.) Another Copy

LARGE PAPER, unciit Alnwick, 1811 (2 vol.)

191 Burns (R.) Another Copy

half green morocco Alnwick, 1808

"%* Bought at Sotheby's for 25s.

192 Bust of Thomas Bewick, by E. H. Baily, Esq., R.A.

rare and exceedingly characteristic. Only a few of these
busts (about 12) were prepared by the eminent sculptor
who is now no more, and of these several were broken
in their transit to Newcastle from London. The one
in white marble, in the " Lit. & Phil." See. Mus.,
Newcastle, cost 100 gs. See a description of it in
Atkinson's Sketch of Bewick. Baily executed the
statue of Nelson in Trafalgar Square, and many other
National Monuments.

*,* Emerson Charnley was a Subscriber to the marble bust,
and I have reason to believe this was specially finished
for him by Baily. An interesting account and descrip-
tion of this bust is given in the following lot. — E.P.

193 Bust. Atkinson's (Clayton) Memoir of Thomas Bewick,

with the Portrait from Baily's Bust
very scarce, in piortfolio ito. New castle, 131

194 Bewick. A Figure of Thomas Bewick, seated, published

by J. Brucciani, Bell's Court, Newcastle, Sept.
1st, 1831.

195 Chap Books and Toy Books, early Cuts by Bewick : — Toby

Tickle, Gammer Gurton, Tommy Thumb, Nurse Daud-
lem, Life of Jesus Christ, Gulliver, Holiday Entertain-
ment, Cottage Tales, Fun upon Fun, Picture Alphabet,
&c., in one thick vol.

half roxhurgh 24:mo. Lumsden, Glasgow, 1814-5

*^* A precisely similar copy sold for £2. at Sotheby's, Jan.

26th, 1866.

196 Chap Books, York, thick vol. containing Cries of York,

— Cries of London — Mother Hubbard, 2 parts —
World turned upside down — Fables — Silver Penny —
Golden Present — Foundling— Eed Biding Hood, Tom
Thumb's folio — Puss in Boots, and many others
half calf, uncut, fine states 24?/io. York, n.d.

197 Chap Books and Garlands — Jack and the Giants, 2 parts,

Angus, Newcastle — Valentine and Orson — Marquis of
Salus and Prince Grissel — Emperor Manalay and the
Chaste Empress — Thomas Hackathrift (2nd part) —
King and Cobler (2 parts) and many others
uncut 3 vol. Angus and Marshall, Newcastle, n.d.

198 Chap Books and Toy Books, Mrs. Winlove, Edin., 1819 :

Pretty Hymns for Pretty Children, Pretty Golden Toy,
Old Puzzlewit, Sir Gregory Guess, Lovechild's Legacy,
Jack Sprat, Mother Goose, Waggon Load of Gold,
Wild Boar of the Wood, and many others, in 3 vol.
half roxhurgh 2^mo. Evans. Lumsden, 1800-14

199 Chap Books and Toy Books : — Waggon Load of Gold,

House that Jack built, Watts' Divine Songs, King
Pippin, Simple Simon, Pretty Picture Alphabet, Old
Dame Trot, Jackey Dandy's Delight, Tragical Death,
Apple Pie, Tales for Children, Golden Pippin, Jenny
Wren, Goody two Shoes, Mother Bunch, Fisherman,
Sisters, Fairy Tales, British Primer, King and Fairy
Ring, and many others
calf neat, g. e. half roxhurgh (5)

24wo. Evans, Glasgow, Dublin, v. y.

200 Chap Books and Toy Books : — Mother Goose, Goody Two

Shoes and her Brother Tommy Two Shoes, Hull, n.d.,
Beauty and the Beast, Curiosities, Wonders of London,
Eobinson Crusoe, Little Jack, Little Dick, Haughs of
Crundmell, and many others, 2 vol.
half calf neat, uncut, t. e. g.

\%mo. Glasgow and Newcastle, v. d.
E

"201 Chap and Toy Books : — King Pippin's Delight, Anthony
Askabout, Sir Gregory Guess, Robin Eeadywit,
Proverbs of Little Solomon, Garland of Nursery
Songs, Picture Alphabet, and numerous others.
Garlands, &c. 3 vol.
half vellum and calf, uncut

18mo. and 24:mo. Batclielor, Marshall, v. y.

202 Chap Books. A Unique Collection of above 100 early

Bewick Chap Books, including — Visits of Tommy
Lovebook, Cries of York, Tom Thumb's Exhibition,
Little Giants, Merry Cobler, Tom and Harry, Fun,
Fables, Gulliver, Whittington, Riddles, &o. Puss in
Boots, Red Riding Hood, Graciosa and Peroinet,
Tommy Titmouse, &c. &c. &c. all in choice condition.
Harris, Netvhury, York, Glasgow, v. y.

203 Charms of Literature. Twenty engravings on wood, by

Bewick, 2 vol. choice copy, uncut

12mo. J. Mitchell, Newcastle, 1817

204 Chillingham Wild Bull, engraved by Thos. Bewick,

Cut 9-j inches by 7-|-, original impression, in its rare
state ivith the original border, handsomely mounted and
framed. The Cut of the Wild Bull in Richardson's
Table Book, Vol. 6, page 15, has been printed without
letter-press on India paper, Vellum, &c. and exhibited
as the genuine engraving, but a moment's comparison
will dispel the delusion. A similar framed copy sold
for £8. 8s. at Puttick and Simpson's, Friday, Dec.
7th, 1866. See Bewick Collector, p. 430.

Newcastle, 1789

*#* A very choice lot, see Bell, p. 18.

205 Choice Emblems, First edition

tree calf tooled, g. e.hy Zaehnsdorf, 18mo. G. Riley, 1772

206 Choice Emblems, First edition MS. title, 1772— Riley's

Emblems, Fourth edition, E. Ncwbery, 1781 — Choice
Emblems, Fifth edition, _B. Newhery, 1784 (3)

207 Choice Emblems, Fifth edition, E. Newhery, 1784 — Riley's

Emblems, Third edition, E. Newhery, 1779 — Choice
Emblems, Seventh edition, E. Newhery, 1793 (3)

208 Choice Emblems, Sixth edition

green morocco, g. e. E. Newhery, 1788

209 Choice Emblems, Seventh edition, E. Newhery, J. Chapman,

— Ninth edition, E. Newhery, J. Cundee, 1799 (2)

210 Charnley's (Emerson) Catalogues, in 1 vol.

half morocco, t. e. g. 8w. Newcastle, 1816 to 1824

%♦ Contains several of T. Bewick's choice Cuts: The Turkey,
Domestic Cock, &c., rich in particulars of his Works,
Newcastle Reprints, &c.

211 Cobwebs to catch Plies, Baldioin and Cradock, 1837 — Mrs.

Barbauld's Hymns, Clennell's Cuts, 1820 — Angus's
Preceptor, half calf — Bob Short's Four Seasons of
the Year, 1787 — Jeux de L'Enfance, coloured Cuts;
and one other London, Newcastle, v.d. (6 vol.)

212 Comic Sketches, York, 1803— Banquet of Thalia— Hand-

maid to the Arts, 2 vol. — Butler (W.) Biographical
Exercises, 1807, Notices of John Bewick, Neivbery,
— Triumph of Truth, 2 vol.. Vignettes by R. Beilby,
1775 York, London, v. y. (7 vol})

213 Companion to the Altar, Four editions, showing the varia-

tions in J. Bewick's woodcut front, signed ; one copy,
with fine border on title by J. Bewick n. d. (4)

214 Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals, vignette signed T.

Bewick, Manchester, 11^1 — Hutchinson's (J.) Sockburn
Short Horns, Stockton, 1822— Mrs. Pilkington's His-
torical Beauties, title toj'n, 1798 — Family at Smiledale,
Glasgow, 1819 v.y. (5 vol.)

215 Cousett's (Matthew) A Tour through Sweden, Swedish

Lapland, Finland and Denmark, with large Copper-
Plate Engravings by Thomas Bewick, of The Mid-
night Sun, with portraits of Sir H. G. Liddel, Bart,
and his Companions in Lapland (in the foreground).
Portraits of Sighre and Anied (from life), two women
from Lapland, The Reindeer, Lapland Birds, Kader,
Snoripa and Orre, View of Upsal, with Sir H. G.
Liddel's Carriage (in foreground) ; the only woodcut
in the vol. is the Lapland Sledge, a reduced copy of
which appears in the British Quadrupeds
CHOICE COPY OF THIS EAEE BEWICK VOLUME

half calf gilt ito. Stockton, 1789

*^* The Copper-plate of the Reindeer is one of the most
beautiful that Bewick ever engraved : the animal was
drawn from life, and the whole of the background was
designed on the plate by Thos. Bewick, and is a curious
and beautiful specimen (if the expression may be allowed)
of wood engraving on copper.
An interesting notice of Consett's Tour will be found in
Fox's " Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum," 1827,
pp. 289, 292.

216 Consett. Another Copy, uncut 4zto. London, 1789

217 Consett. Another Copy, uncut ito. Stockton, 1789

%* This book is extremely rare. I could not find one copy
in Stockton-on-Tees when there in January 1866. — E. P.

218 Consett. Another Copy, the Heber Copy

calf neat 4:to. Stockton, 1789

*j,* I purchased this identical copy for £1. Is. at Sotheby's
in 1867. Copies of the book have lately been sold for
£2. 10s. to £S 3s. — E. P. Emerson Charnley, in his
Newcastle Catalogue for 1816, prices it 14s. with the
following note : — "This work may now be considered as
a curiosity, being one of the very few publications which
contain any of Mr. Bewick's engravings on copper." In
1823, E. Charnley prices it £1. Is. ; and in 1845, Wm.
Garret prices the engravings alone at 19s. 6d.

219 Consett. Another Copy, uncut ito. London, 1789

220 Consett. Another Copy

half gi'een morocco neat ito. Stockton, 1789

221 Consett. The Second Edition, containing only the large

woodcut of Lapland Sledge as a frontispiece, by
T. Bewick small 8vo. Stockton, 1815

222 Cook's Voyages round the World, 4 vol. in 2, curious,

as containing numerous Copper-plate Engravings

signed " Beilby and Bewick," very rare and curious

calf neat thick 8vo. Neivcastle, 1790

223 Cowper's (Wm.) Poems, 2 vol., head and tailpieces by

Bewick's Pupils, Nesbit, Clennell and Branston
uncut - 8vo. 1808

•^* Some of the cuts are said to be by Bewick (?)

224 Cynthio and Leonora, by George Marshall, impressions of

the Cuts on India paper by T. Bewick and Pupils

Preston and Heaton, Newcastle, 1812

*jj* T. Bewick's name appears in the List of Subscribers.

225 Davison, Alnwick. India proofs of the Cuts of British

Birds engraved for Davison by T. Bewick, neatly
mounted in small 4to. vol., half morocco, gauffered g. e.

*^* Only seven sets were taken off on India paper, and of
these one was lately sold for seven guineas. — Bewick
Collector, p. 291.

226 Davison, Alnwick. Wood Engravings of Land and Water
Birds, by Thomas Bewick, never before published
(^separate from the letter-press), half calf neat, t. e. g.
4:to. J. J. Lynch, Mosley Street, Newcastle, n. d.

Only 60 copies printed, with Portrait of T. Bewick
without letter-press.

Another Copy, with Portrait ib.

Another Copy ib.

Wood Engravings of Land and Water Birds, by

. Bewick, the same book as above with a different

still inclusive of the 60 copies, without letter-

4to. /. J. Lynch, Newcastle, 1860

Two Copies

Three Copies, unbound and uncut

Three Copies ib.

Four Copies ib.

239 Dodd's (W.) Beauties of History, Second edition, but the

first edition in which Bewick's Cuts were used, Vernor
and Hood, 1796 — Hargrove's Knaresbrough, York,
1798 (2)

240 Dodd. Another Copy, ^.iV^ewJerz/, 1796 — Scenes of Youth,

1803— Hermit of Warkworth, &c. North Shields, 1790
North Shields, London, v. y.

241 Dodd. Another Copy, calf neat, clean and tall copy

Vernor Sf Hood, Newbery, ^c. 1796

242 Dodd. Another edition. Third edition illustrated by a

different series of Cuts to the preceding edition, and
containing several Cuts not in the following edition,
see " Waiting for Death," p. 119

Vernor ^ Hood, 1800

243 Dodd's (W.) Beauties of History, Fourth edition, 1803—

Sixth edition, 1810— Seventh edition, 1818 (3)

Vernor Sf Hood, Newbery, Longman, Sfc. v. d.

244 Donaldson's (Thomas) Poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect,

12mo. boards, uncut, Alnwick, 1809 — Ferguson's
Poems, 2 vol. Alnwick, 1814 (3)

227

Davison.

228

Davison.

229

Davison.

230

Davison.

Thos.

title.

press

231

Davison.

232

Davison.

233

Davison.

234

Davison.

235

Davison.

23G

Davison.

237

Davison.

238

Davison.

245 Donaldson. Another set, precisely like the preceding

W. Davison, Alnwich, 1809-14

246 Drawing (original) on Vellnm, by T. Bewick (?) in mount;

Ten Fable Cuts, on White Satin, in two mounts ; and
Painting of Lion, in gilt frame (4)

247 Ducks and Green Peas, 1827— Garlands, 1800— North

Minstrel, 3 parts, 1811 — Donaldson's (the Glanton
Weaver) Poems, 1809 — Robert Ferguson's Poems,
2 vol. 1814— Thomas Adams' Poems, 1811

Stirling, Netocastk, Alnvnch, ^c. v. y.

248 Durham. Cooke's Topographical Description of the County

of Durham, with Bewick's large cuts of the Durham
Ox and Mr. Mason's Cow, Winch Bridge, &c.
half roxburgh n. d.

249 Economy of Human Life, half roxburgh. Little Britain, n. d.

— Bower's History of Ireland, cuts, Edin. 1819 —
Pieces on Love and Marriage, Afanchester, 1797

250 Effusions of Love from Chatelar to Mary, Queen of Scot-

land, by Ireland, rare (see Loivndes)
half roxburgh 12vio. G. Chappie, 1805

251 Emblems of Mortality, exceedingly tall copy, uncut

London, T. Hodgson, 1789

*„* A similar copy was privately sold lately for £5. 5s. The
blocks were destroyed by fire. — E. P.

252 Emblems of Mortality, representing, in upwards of 50 cuts,

Death seizing all ranks of People

T. Hodgson, Clerkenwell, 1789

*»* Very rare, as the blocks were destroyed by fire soon after
its publication. T. Tompson's copy sold for £1. 18s.
Sotheby's, Jan. 26, 1866.

253 Emblems. Another Copy, formerly Thomas Bell's copy,

with his book-plate by Bewick
half calf neat T. Hodgson, Clerlcenwell, 1789

*„* J. T. Brockett's copy sold for £1. 14s. Sotheby's, Deo.
1828.

254 Emblems. Another Copy, uncut ib. ib.
*^* The outs are by T. and J. Bewick. The tallest copy I

have seen. — E. P.

255 Emblems. Dance of Death, a different series of 52 cuts*

by Mr. Bewick, W. C. Wright, 1825— The Dances of
Death, Etchings by Denchar, 4to. 1803 — Death's
Doings, B. Dagley, Second edition, 8vo. 1827, tvants
the plates (S)

256 Epistles in Verse, by George Marshall, full page cuts on

India paper, one at p. 96 signed T. Bewick, others by
his Pupils 4to. Newcastle, 1812

*iif* Has T. Bewick's name as a Subscriber.

257 Fabliaux, or Tales, by M. Le Grand, G. L. Way, &c.,

beautiful wood engravings by John Bewick (among
his last efforts), S vol. uncut 8vo. J. Rodirell, 1815

258 Fabliaux, or Tales. Another Copy, 3 vol.

half calf neat ib. 1815

259 Fabliaux, or Tales. Another Copy, Vol. 1 only, First ed.

LARGE PAPER, uncut royal 8uo. W. Buhner, 1796

260 Fabulous Histories, or the History of the Robins, by

Mrs. Trimmer, Tenth edition, 1815, 2 vol. in 1, (12mo.
and 18mo.) THICK PAPER, T.Bensleijfor TVJiittingham,
calf neat — Twelfth edition, 1818, 12mo. LARGE PAPER,
u?icut, N. Hailes — -Thirteenth edition, 18mo. uiiciit, 19,<il
— Another Copy of this ei'ition (13th), 12mo. LARGE
PAPER, half roxhirgh, " with woodcuts by Bewick" ; the
others have not got this printed in the title, and the
date is diiFerent to the other 13th edition, (18mo.) being
N. Hailes, 1821 v. y. (4)

261 Falconer's Shipwreck, 8vo. calf tooled, 1808 — Blustrations

of Walter Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel, 8vo. 1810,
mottled calf, tooled 1808-10

*#* Both containing exquisite vignettes signed L. Clennell.

262 Falconer's Shipwreck. Another Copy

LARGE AND THICK PAPER, calf neat

royal 8vo. Oa.dell and Davis, 1808

263 Ferguson's (Robert) Poetical Works, 2 vol,

uncut 12mo. W. Davison, Almvich, 1814

264 Ferguson. Another Copy in this desirable state, 2 vol.

uncut 12mo. ib. 1814

265 Fisher's (A.) New English Tutor (Third edition), Neiocastle,

Slack, 1774, and the Twentieth edition, Sol. Hodgson,
Newcastle, 1810 — Turner's Arts and Sciences, Austin's
cuts, Eighteenth (1821) and Nineteenth (1825) editions
— New Preceptor for Young Ladies and Gentlemen,
Newcastle, 1801 v. y. (5)

266 Fisher's Garlands (the original editions), published annually,

&c. from 1821 to 1845, each with a choice Angling
Vignette by Thomas Bewick, 27 (nearly a complete
set, wanting two ?) in the finest possible condition,
uncut and unbound; with Mitchell's Pleasures of
Angling, 1824, rare ib. v. d. (28)

2G7 Fisher's Call (The) and Tliirty-four of the Fisher's Garlands,
some duplicates, each with a choice Vignette by T.
Bewick Neivcastle, 1824-42

268 Fisher's Garlands, a few Bewick cuts

half roxburgh, t. e. g. a well printed and choice volume

8vo. G. Rutland, Newcastle, 1864

269 Fisher.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

270 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

271 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

272 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

273 Fisher.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

274 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

275 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

ih.

276 Fisher.

Another Copy

ih.

277 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

278 Fisher's Spring Day, Third edition, Edin. 1808— J. Stagg's

Minstrel of the North, or Cambrian Legends, uncut,
Manchester, 1816 — Thelwall's Poems, Edwin of Nor-
thumbria, &c. uncut, Hereford, 1802 8w. (3)

279 Florist's Companion (The) by John Hudson, ore thick

paper and interleaved, verji scarce, " as feio copies were
printed, Neivcastle, n. d. — Wilson's Stanzas, J. Sykes,
ib. 1825 (2)

280 Florist's Companion (The) {corners of 4 leaves torn)

some of the cuts coloured, Neivcastle, n. d. — Collier's
Wedding, half calf , uncut, ih. 1829 (2)

281 Flowers of British Poetry, uncut, J. Mitchell, Neivcastle,

1809 — Kay's Preceptor, 1801 — Newcastle Garlands,
Marshall, " Flesh Market," ih. 1800 (3)

282 Flowers of British Poetry, half roxburgh ; aud Chap Books,

Garlands, &c.halfmo7'occo, t.e.g. Stirling, Neivcastle,
ib. V. y. (2 )

283 Foundling (The) by T. Adams, Cupar, 1821— Adam's

Poems, halj roxburgh, Alnwick, 1811 — Testament of
the Twelve Patriarchs, droll cuts, 1731

284 Fox's Newcastle Museum. Synopsis of the Newcastle

Museum, late THE ALLAN, formerly The Tunstall
or Wtcliffe Museum, to which are prefixed Memoirs
of Mr. Tunstall, the Founder, and of Mr. Allan, the
late Proprietor of the Collection ; with occasional
remarks on the Species by those Gentlemen and the
Editor, by George Townshend Fox, Esq., F.L.S.
beautifully printed on ribbed paper, fine plates, ivood-
cuts, ^c, half calf gilt Newcasth-on-Tyne, 1827

*»* This valuable local work contains numerous Letters

bet^reen Be^vick and his Friends — constant mention is
made of his name throughout the work in connection
with the Birds, &c. in the Museum. Several of the
beautiful Wood Engravings are by him, also two large
Engravings by his son, K. E. Bewick, whose productions
are very rare. This Work also contains a complete list
of the various editions of Bewick's British Birds, Con-
sett's Tour, the Chillingham Wild Bull, and other
valuable information connected with Bewick, Newcastle,
Natural History, Antiquities, &c. No Bewick Collector
should be without this valuable and interesting work,
•which forms an appropriate companion to Bewick's Birds.
A copy is priced £1. 8s. and another £3. 3s. in Beets'
Catalogues, in 1867-8. I purchased the remaining copies,
all I could find in the North ; they are very rare when
in a perfect condition like the present copies.

285 Fox. Another Copy, hoards, uncut Newcastle, 1827

ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.

286

Fox.

Another Copy

ib.

287

Fox.

Another Copy

ib.

288

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

289

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

290

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

291

Fox.

Another Copy

lb.

292

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

293

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

[T. Bewick's celebrated cut of the " Huntsman and Old Hound," en-
graved in 177.5 ; an original impression occurs in each of the following :]

294 Gay's (J.) Fables, with Cuts by T. Bewick of Newcastle,
choice copy, morocco elegantly tooled, g. e.

\2mo. Wilson and Spence, York, 1806
F

295 Gay's Fublc'^. Another Copy

halJ'rdlfqUt, g. ''■ l-lmo. Wilson and Speiicc, 7o77,', ISOC
29(i Gay's Fables. Anotliei' Copy, thick paper

calf neat. ih- ''''• 1806

•297 Gay's FiiMes. Anutlier edition

ml/' neat Wilson and Son, ib. 1810

-298 Gay's Failles. Aiiotliei- ei.lition, ra// jzfa? iV^lSll

299 Gay's Fables. Another Copy, ia// it. 1811

300 Gay's Fables. Aiiothe)' Cipy

I-ARGK PAPER, ?("C»^ 'b- 1811

301 Gay's Fables. Cuts by John Bewick, with the borders

I'lino. K. Netvhcry, 1792

302 Gay's Fables. Another Copy ; and an earlier edition, no title

303 Gay's Fables. Another Copy, without the borders from

this date inclnsive, 1801, and a copy of the York
edition, ]irinted by Wihon S{ Son, with the " Tjondon"
imprint, 1811, several (aits coloured (2)

;i03^Gav's Fables. 'I'iie Set of GO Cuts by J. liev/kk on WHITK
SATIN in 4 mounts

301 Gav's b'ables .Another Copy, John Bewick's cuts without
tlie h.irders. 1 806 — Another edition, 1810— Another
edition, 1823 — Another edition, Gainsborough, 1784 —
Another edition, Dublin., 1784 — Another edition, 1757
and four other editions, oia: or two imperfect

18/rto. Yea-h, Gfiinshro\ Dublin, S{c. v. d. (lOj

305 Gay's (John) Fables, One Hundred EtnbeUishments by
Bewick and Fu|iils, Almrick, 1842 — Sketches from
Nature, Keate. uncut, l''ifth edition, 1802— Evans'
Juvende 'J'oiirist, LsO'.)

306 Gay's Fables, Kent's designs, Second edition, mottled calf

neat, (J. e. by Zaehnsdorf, iivo. J. Tonson, 1728

306*Gay. Another Copy, Third edition 1729

*,* Much admired by Bewick.

307 Garrett (William). MSS. Volume, Newspaper Extracts,

&c.. Eminent Men of Newcastle and Northumberland;
interesting to the Bewick Collector.

308 Gessner's (Solomon) Works — Death of Abel, Daphnis, &c.

Notes, Life, Plates and pretty Vignettes, 2 vol.
calf neat 12?«o. J. Cundee, Albion Press, 1805

309 Goldsmith and Parnell's Poems

calf neat, g. e. 8vo. W. Buhner, 1804

*,* Formerly T. Bell's copy, with his book-plate by Bewick.

310 Goldsmith and Parnell's Poems

russia neat ito. Shakespeare Printing Office, 1795

311 Goldsmith and Parnell's Poems

calf neat, elegantly tooled ito. W. Bulmer, 1795

312 Goldsmith and Parnell's Poems, exceedingly brilliant im-

pressions of the gems of wood engraving by Bewick
LARGE PAPER, half morocco, t. e. g. uncut

4fo. W. Bulmer, 1795

313 Goldsmith's (Oliver) Vicar of Wakeiield, 2 vol. in 1, em-

bellished with woodcuts by T. Bewick, signed,
calf neat, very rare l2mo. Hereford, 1798

314 Goldsmith's Poetical Works, Vignettes by T. Bewick,

excessively rare edition \2mo. Hereford, 1794

315 Goldsmith. Another edition

half morocco, t. e. g. ib. 1799

316 Goldsmith's Poetical Works, Hereford, 1794, tvants two

leaves — Traveller and Deserted Village, Blair's Grave,
Essay on Man, &o., Gainsborough, 1803 — Effusions of
Love from Chatelar to Mary Queen of Scotland,
(Ireland), 'uncut, 1805 (3)

317 Goldsmith's Poetical Works, same cuts as the Hereford

edition
exceedingly fine copy, uncut Glocester, 1809

318 Goldsmith's Poetical Works, Life by Aikin, plates, calf

neat, 1805 — Vicar of Wakefield, Whittingham's
edition, cuts, 1815— Natural History, 200 cuts, 1820
— Poetical Works, Vignettes by Craig, Austin, kc,
1804 (4)

3(3

319 Grave (The). A Poem, K. Blair, frontispiece by Bewick,
Alnivick, 1811 — Beattie's Minstrel, tailpieces by
Bewick and cuts by Clennell, 8 copies, half morocco,
t. e.g. 1814 ; and the New Preceptor, Angus, Newcastle,
1801 Newcastle and Alnivick, v. y. (5 vol.)

820 Grove Hill. A Descriptive Poem, exc[uisite cuts by

Anderson, Bewick's pupil
uncut 4to. T. Bensley, 1799

821 Harrison's Amusing Pictures for Children, in four parts,

First edition, about 800 cuts, some signed J. Bewick,
4 vol., original stiff wrappers Ato. Devizes, 1829

*^* The only copy I have seen. — B. P.

822 Hermit of Warkworth, by Dr. Tliomas Percy, 8vo. Alnwick,

1841 — Another edition, 12mo. uncut, Alnivick, n. d. —
Another edition, Carlisle, 1782 — Another edition, 18mo.
Lougfihorough, 1812 (4)

323 Hermit of Warkworth, half ccdf, t. e. g. Alnwick, n. d. —

Alnwick Picture Book of Beasts, Birds, &o., half calf
— History of Alnwick, Alnwick, 1813

324 Hieroglyphic Bible (A Curious), Thirteenth edition, R.

Bassam for T. Hodgson, 1796, clean copy, uncut, of
extreme rarity in this state ; the book is referred to at
p. 566, Jackson on Wood Engraving, 1839, the cuts
by Thomas Bewick — Another edition, Kendrew, York,
about 1800, outs by J. Bewick or a Pupil, gi-een morocco
by Zaehnsdorf Lond. and York, 1796-1800

825 History of All Nations, Sol. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1800 —

The Hive, ib. 1806 1800-6

826 History of England, Thirty-two full length cuts, T. Carnan,

1779 (John Bell's copy)— Another edition, 1794—
Another edition, 1807, mottled calf gilt, g. e. by
Zaehnsdorf v. d. (3)

327 History of England, Goldsmith's Abridgment, Tenth edition,

1800 — Eleventh edition, 1803 ; in these editions the
cuts were printed from the ivood blocks, in the following
they were printed from stereotypes 4 cojnes, v. d.

328 History of England, Goldsmith's Abridgment, 1812 —

Another Copy, 1813 ; these editions have the large
oval cuts H. Mozley, Gainsborough, v. d.

329 History and Famous Exploits of Eobin Hood, Banbury, n. d.

— Robin Hood's Garland, 27 droll cuts, Nottingham,
1792- Another edition, ib. 1794 (3)

830 History of Wood Engraving, by Chatto, from the Blus-
trated London News, Jan. 1 to June 30, 1844
half green morocco thin folio. 1844

SECOND DAY'S SALE.

331 Hive (The) of Ancient and Modern Literature, Third

edition, calf neat Sol. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1806

332 Hive. Another Copy, unctit ib. ib. 1806

333 Hive. Another Copy, formerly T. Bell's

uncut, tall copy ib. ib. 1806

834 Hive (The). Another Copy, Third edition

ib. ib. 1806

335 Hive. Another Copy, Fourth edition, cuts by Bewick and

Clennell
tall copy, half roxburgh ib. ib. 1812

336 Hive. Another Copy, Fourth edition ib. 1812

837 Holloway's (Wm.) Scenes of Youth, 1803— Another Copy,
uncut — New Bath Guide, 1804 ; and two others

Newcastle, London, v. y. (5 vol.)

388 Howard (John), Life of, large Vignette on Title, 8vo.

Newcastle, 1790 — Album of Vignettes, Birds, &c. half
morocco, t. e. g. (2)

389 Holy Bible (Ostervald) numerous copper plate engra-

vings, signed Beilby and Bewick, the centres by Beilby,
and the beautiful and varied borders by Bewick
very curious and scarce

folio. J. Tompson, Newcastle, 1806-9

340 Hudibras, by Samuel Butler, large paper, Hogarth's
plates, and vignettes by Bewick and pupils, 2 vol.

royal ivo. Vernor ^ Hood, 1799

341 Illustrations of Sliakespeare, 230 vignettes by Thompson,

.Svo., 183t» — Flours, a Poem, 4to.
calf gilt Neivcastle, 1821

342 Insects, Fishes, Butterflies, &c. E. Neivhery, 1793—

Metamorphosis Naturalis, Pars Secunda, J. Goedart's
coloured plates, j\Iediohiirgi

Neivhery, Almvich, cj-c. v. d. (9)

348 Isle of Man, Feltham's (John) Tour, Svo. Bath, 1798 —
Isle of Man, port. Neivcastle, 1809 — Stark's Picture of
Edinburgh, 1806— Lincoln Cathedral, 1793 — Songs,
Grantham, 1802 v. d. (4)

344 .Jack Horner, Youths' Historical Companion, Cries of

London, Mrs. Lovebook's Animals, Bible in Miniature,
Fishes, Insects, Birds, British Primer, Watts' Songs,
Dialogues, Marshall, 1787, &c. &c. Twenty-nine
curious Chap Books in original wrappers, Sfc.

Derby, Stochton-on-Tees, ^-c. v. d.

345 Jackson (John) Treatise on Wood Engraving

half morocco, t.e.g. uncut imp. Svo. Knight, 1839

*^* Rich in information respecting Bewick and Pupils, cuts, &c.

346 Junius's Letters, woodcuts by Bewick, 2 vol.

mottled calf, neatly tooled Si-o. Vernor S[ Hood, 1797

347 Junius. Another Copy, 2 vol. calf neat Svo. ih. 1797

348 Keate's Sketches from Nature, Journey to Margate, Bewick

and Austin, tall copy, half calf , uncut , 1802 — Alnwick
Picture Book of Birds, Beasts, &c. half calf neat, n. d.

349 King Lear and his Three Daughters (Chap Book) cuts,

1794 — Little George, 1819 — Montelion, droll cuts —
Tom Telescope, 1812 — Master Trueworth, with Fables
and Tales — Mrs. Barbanld's Hymns, ^rae edition, 1820

Glasgow, Sfc. v.y. (6)

350 Kings and Queens of England, a collection of various sets,

engraved by the Bewicks' and their pupils, neatly
mounted in royal 8vo. volume, lettered " Woodcuts "
hcdf morocco Neivcastle, n. d.

351 Knaresbrough (History of) with Harrogate, by E. Har-

grove, Third edition, Torh, 1782 — Another Copy,
uncut, York, 1782— Fifth edition, York, 1798—
Another Copy, Sixth edition, Knaresbrough, 1809,
uncut — A Week at Harrogate, ib. 1813 v.y. (6)
*«* With beautiful cut of Arms, Earl of Cornwall.

362 Kyloe Ox (The Remarkable) Copper-plate Engraving by
T. Bewick
fine impression in gilt frame Neivcastle, 1790

353 Kyloe Ox. Another impression on WHITE SATIN, very
rare, in carved wood frame Newcastle, 1790

364 Lawson's (A.) Modern Farrier, 8to. Newcastle, 1830 —
Complete Grazier, iSecoiid edition, 1807 — Ilhistrated
London Drawing Book, 1853, Bewick's Birthplace,
p. 145— Mackenzie's Phrenology, Edin. 1820— Bray-
ley's Graphic Illustrator, 4to. 1834 (5)

355 Lay of an Lish Harp, by Miss Owenson (Lady Morgan),

Vignette by Bewick
half morocco, t. e. g. Svo. R. Phillips, 1807

356 Legend of St. Cuthbert (The), with the Anticpiities of the

Church of Durham — Act of R. Hegge the Author, &c.
by J. B. Taylor, F.S.A., cuts by Bewick and Nicholson,
rai-e, half roxhurgh ito. Sunderland, 1816

357 Legends (Metrical) of Northumberland, by James Service,

uncut, Alnwich, 1834- — Robin Hood's Garland, Not-
tingham, 1792 — Marshall's Newcastle Garlands, Death
and the Lady, &c. Newcastle, about 1800, half vellum

12mo. (3)

358 Literaiy (The) Miscellany, or Selections and Extracts,

numerous Vignettes by Bewick and Pupils, 18 volumes,
nearhj a complete set

G. Nicholson, Ploiighnill, Manchester, 1797-1804

359 London Cries, York Cries, &c. Several Series engraved by

Bewick and Pupils, neatly mounted in album ; with a
choice copy of Modern London, with numerous coloured
plates and explanations of London Cries
uncut ito. 1804

360 Looking Glass for the Mind, Fiist edition, an elegant

collection of the most delightful little Stories and

interesting Tales, fine copper-plate frontispiece,

" Minerva presenting the ' Looking Glass' to Children "

original binding 12nio. E. Newbery, 1787

*#* Interesting as showing that the First edition was not
illustrated by Bewick.

361 Looking Glass, Second edition (?) 1792, being the First

edition with Bewick's cuts ; this copy, w^ith exceed-
ingly fine and earliest impressions of the cuts, unfor-
tunately wants title and front., thicker paper than the
succeeding editions, excepting the Third edition, 1794

ih. 1792

362 Looking Glass, Third edition (?) 1794

tall and exceedimgly fine copy in its original binding

J. Crou'cler, E. Neicbery, 1794

3(53 Looking Glass, Fourth edition, (?) 1796, calf tooled, g.e. by
W. Nutt J. Crou'der, E. Neivhery, 1796

364 Looking Glass, Seventh edition, 1798, half calf neat,
J. Croit'der for E. Neivherji — Tenth edition, 1806, for
J. Harris, successor to E. Netcheri/ 1798-180G (2)

865 Looking Glass, Tenth edition, tall copy, J. Harris, 1806

— Eleventh edition, original lindinij, ib. 1809 (2)

866 Looking Glass, Twelfth edition, tcdl copy, J. Harris, 1812

— Fourteenth edition, ib. 1817 — Fifteenth edition,
half calf, ib. 1821 (S)

867 Looking-glass for the Mind, Fifteenth edition, Harris, 1821

— Seventeenth edition, /. Harris, 1827 — Nineteenth
edition, J Tegg, 1834, a different set of cuts hy John
Thompson to this edition, C. Whittingham, Chisivick
Press, 1834 — Twentieth edition, cuts by George Bax-
ter, Longman, 1840 v. d. (4)

368 Lnckombe's (P.) History and Art of Printing, First edition,

1770, calf neat — Another edition, 1771 — Stower's
Printers' Grammar, Crosby, 1808, all with woodcuts

8vo. (3)

369 Mackenzie's History of Newcastle- on- Tyue and Gateshead,

cuts by and biographical notices of the Bewicks' and
their pupils, 2 vol. 4to. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1827

370 Manby's (G. W.) Essay on the Preservation of Shipwrecked

Persons, Vignettes by Craig and J. Bcrryman, royal
8vo. — An Address to the Society of Arts (unpublished)
8vo. half morocco, Bensley, 1816 — Eeport of Eoyal
Humane Society, calf neat, 1821 (all with cuts) (3)

371 Marshall's (G.) Cynthio and Leonora, uncut, fine impressions

on India paper of Bewick's cut of the Cape of Good
Hope, &o, 4-to. Newcastle, 1812

[See Lot .S72, next page.]

■^72 Marslinll (John), of Aldermary Chureli Yard, Bow Lane,
Collection of Wood-cuts mostly engraved by Joliu
Bewick, and used in Life and Perambulations of a
Mouse — Memoirs of a Peg Top — Life of a Fly —
Jemima Placid — Adventures of a Pincushion — Mrs.
Norton's Happy Family — Story Book, &c. Philip
Quarll, Goody Goose-cap, and numerous others, in their
quaint gilt paper bindings, issued from Marshall's
Toy Book Manufactory, about 1797 to 1801
EXCESSIVELY RARE COLEECTION, riwstli/ on Tea Paper,
memntee] in. Quarto Album.

373 Marshall's Poems, impressions of the Cape of Good Hope

(signed T. Bewick) and the other engravings by pupils,
on India paper, half ccdf, Neivc. 1812 — Poems by
Felicia Dorothea Browne (Mrs. Hemans) exquisite
vignettes by H. Hole, Bc'.vick's pupil, 1S08 — Richmond
Hill, a Poem, W. Bidmer, 1807
unrjit ito. N'eirc, Liverjiool, v. d. (3)

374 Martinian, curious 8vo. vol. of droll engravings, MSS.

Tracts, &c. by, aud relating to William Martin, cuts
by Bewick (?) unique collection Neiocastle, 1821, v.y.

375 Meluoth's ( Sidney) Beauties of British Poetry, First edition,

1801 — Second edition, 1803 — Moral Tales and Poetic
Essays, by Mrs. Crowther, 1802 — British Poetical
Miscellany, First edition, n. cl. ; and the Third edition,
??.(/. (about IbUO) All published at Hiuldersfield (5)

876 Minerva, by P. PuUen, Exeter, 1777 — Kay's Preceptor,
vignettes, 1801 — Castle of Tynmouth, 2 vol., Newc.
] 8"30— Anecdotes of Birds, 1809

Exeter, Newcastle, ^-c. v. d. (5)

377 Mitchell (J.) St. Nicholas' Church Yard— Charms of

Literature, 2 vol. 1800, vol. 1 loants title — Flowers of
British Poetry, A^«rc.l809 — Hargrove' sKnaresbrougb,
For/t, 1798 York, Nciccastle, v.y. (4)

378 Mitchell (J.) Mercury Press, woodcuts by Thomas Bewick

and his brother John, containing the cuts to Chai'ms
of Literature, Eelph's Poems, Sunderland Bridge,
Tynmouth Priory, Birds, and numerous cuts used in
various works issued from Mitchell's press, uncut,
excessively rare 8vo. Neiocastle, about 1800

379 Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales, Two Sisters, Christmas Tales,

by Mr. Solomon Sobersides, Ring of Amurath, Frank
Eldridge, Parsimus, droll cuts. Old Zigzag and his
ilorn Glasgow, ^-c. v. y. (4)

380 Mynslml's (G.) Essays and Cliaracters of a Prison, wood-

cut of Gaoler by Bewick {see Preface)
uncut, fine copy 8vo. Ballantyne, Edin. 1821

381 Natural History of Quadrupeds, adorned with 64 engravings

on wood evidently by Bewick or a pupil
uncut Svo. J. Kettle, 1804

382 Naturalists' Miscellany, or Coloured Figures of Birds,

Animals, &c. drawn and described immediately from
Nature, 10 vol. 8to. 1790

*4(,* Excellent companion vols, to Bewick's works.

383 Negro Sale at Demerara, cut by Bewick of Slave, lialf

roxburgh — Preceptor, Neivc. — The Nurse (Roscoe),
Liverpool, 1800 — Flowers, British Poetry, Neivc. 1809
— Knaresborough and Harrogate, To?'Jc, 1798

York, Newcastle, ^-c. v. d. (4)

384 Negroes (Insurrection of the) in St. Domingo, 1792 — Loyal

Northumbrian Social Society, Newc. 1822 — Bible
Association Dialogues, 18mo. large woodcut by
Bewick or a pupil, 1816 Newcastle, Sfc. v. d. (3)

38.'3 New Bath Guide, 1804— Another edition, 1807, proofs of cuts
on India paper, vncut — Scenes of Youth, Holloway,
»/?;«/<, 1803— Parental Education, 1803 v.y. (4)

386 Newcastle Garlands : a Choice Collection, tall and uncut,

half calf, t. e. g. J. Marshall, Neivcastle, n. cl.

387 Newcastle (The) Magazine, cuts by, and Notices, &c. of

Bewick and pupils
half calf neat 8vo. W. A. Mitchell, Newcastle, 1822-2.5

388 Newcastle upon-Tyne (Picture of) Bewick vignette, Aken-

head, Neivcastle, 1807 — Another edition, 1812 —
Richardson's Newcastle, Bewick's cut, pp. 166, 1888
— C. Bruce's, 1863— T. Sopwith's, 1838— T. Oliver,
1831 — Pictures, &o. of Newcastle-Directory, 1838

Neivcastle, v. y. (7)

389 New Preceptor (The), or Young Lady's and Gentleman's

Instructor, by R. Kay, emblematical cuts and Bewick's
beautiful cut of the Newcastle Arms on the title, used
in Whitehead's Newcastle-Directory, 1778, Angus,
Newc. 1801, half roxburgh — Fisher's English Tutor,
Thirteenth edition, 8. Hodgson, Newc. 1810

390 New Preceptor. Another copy, half calf neat — Bums' (R.)

Poems, Edin. 180,5 — Histoiy of America, Neicbery,
1789

391 Newcastle Reprints. Act of Great Floods, Tyne and Wear,

1771-1815, Jo/ire 56^, 1816— Dialogue between North
and South Tyne River, 4to. large paper, 1850 —
Chicken's Collier's Wedding, 1829— Robert Earl of
Salisbury, 1818 — Mitchell's Pleasures of Angling,
1821— The Wind, by Robert White, 1853— Elegy on
Charlotte Princess of Wales, by Wm. Garrett, 1817

Newcastle, v. y. (7)
*^* All with the vignettes by Thomas Bewick.

392 Newcastle Reprints. Letters between James Ellis, Esq.

and Walter Scott, Esq., 1850— Mrs. Cockle's Elegy
on the Death of George III., 1820 — Reply to Lord
Byron's Pare-thee-well, only 20 copies printed, 1817
— Lines addressed to Lady Byron, 1817, only 20 copies
printed — Mrs. Cockle's Elegy on the Memory of
Princess Charlotte of Wales, 1817 — Stanzas on New
Line of Road, Sykes, 1825 — Cowper's Rose Bushes,
only 100 copies printed, 1829 — Lines on Death of
Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood, by Rev. Darnell,
1842— The Collier's Wedding, by E. Chicken, 1829

ib.v.d. (9)

393 Newcastle Reprints. An Essay on Antique and Counterfeit

Coins, by John Trotter Brockett, 94 pp. uncut, 1819 —
Marriage of the Coquet and the Alwine, tvith India
proof of title, 1817 ib. v. y. (2)

394 Newcastle Reprints. Memoir of Rev. John Farrar, 1844,

with profile in black by T. Bewick — Pleasures of
Angling, 1824 — Obituary of Charles Newby Wawn,
Esq., 1840 — Imperii Caput et Rerum, Novis Castris,
1831— Wm. Garrett's Elegy on Charlotte Princess of
Wales, 1817 — Mi-s. Cockle's Elegy on same, 1817 —
Letters between James Ellis and Walter Scott, 1850
— Cowper's Rose Bushes, 100 copies printed, 1829 —
Collier's Wedding, 1829 ib. v. d. (9)

395 Newcastle Reprints. Siege of Newcastle, 1820 — Intended

New Line of Road, 1825 — Foundation Stone, by
Right Hon. S. Lushington, 1850— Mrs. Cockle's
Elegy on Charlotte Princess of Wales, 1817 — Plea-
sures of Angling, Waltonian Club, 1824 — Obituary of
C. Newby Wawn, 1840 — Reply to Lord Byron's Fare-
thee-well, 07ily 20 copies printed, 1817 — Collier's
Wedding, 1829 — The Tynemouth Nun, with notes,
by Robert White, 1829 ib. v. d. (9)

396 Newcastle Reprints. Marriage of the Coquet and the

Alwine, India proof of title, 1817 — Lines on the
Death of Lord Colhngwood, 1842 — Intended New

fjine uf IiDaJ from Potticar Lane to Leybuni Hole,
1825 — Elegy, by Win. Garrett, 1817— Foinidatiuii
Stone, 1850 -Collier's Wedding, 1829. See " Bewick
Collector," p. 137 Newcastle, v. <1. (6)

•'3y7 Newcastle Reprints. Mitchell's Pleasures of Angling, 1824 —
Lord Collingwood, 1842 — Elegy on Charlotte Princess
of Wales, 1817 — Lines to a Boy pursuing a Butterfly,
by a Lady, 182G— Elegy on George III. (Mrs. Cockle),
1820 — Lines addressed to Lady Byron, only 20 copies
printed, 1817— Obituary of C. N. Wawn, 1840—
Letters, Ellis and Walter Scott, 1850— Death of Lord
Collingwood, 1842 — Foundation Stone, 1850— Collier's
Wedding, 1829 — Pulcherrinia Roma, 1831 — lieview of
Sidney Gibson's History of the Monastry of Tyneniouth,
1846 ib. V. >j. (13)

398 Newcastle Reprints. Lines to a Boy pursuing a Butterfly,

1826 — Northumbrian Social Society, by W. G. Thomp-
son, 1822 — Elegy on George III., 1820 — Foundation
Stone, 1850— Poetical Address, Burns' Club, 1824—
Elegy, 1817, by W. Garrett — Reply to Lord Byron's
Fare thee well, 20 copies 'printed — Imperii Caput et
Rerum Novis Castris, 1831 — Rejoicings and Illumina-
tions at Newcastle and Gateshead, numerous cuts by
T. Bewick, 48 pp. J. SyJces, 1821 ih. v. y. (9)

399 Newcastle Reprints. Taking of Newcastle, 1825 — Croquet

and Alwine (Adamson), 1817 — Origin of Printing,
J. Topham and Ealph Willett, 1820 — Life and Death
of Robert Earl of Salisbury, 1818 — Chorographia, or
a Survey of Newcastle-upon-Tyne i^i. v. y. (5)

*^* Four of the above want the extra vignette titles.

400 Newcastle Reprints. Chorographia, or a Survey of New-

castle-upon-Tyne, reprinted from edition of 1649 —
Taking of Newcastle, reprinted from edition of 1644,
only 200 copies, 1825 ; these two want the extra vignette
titles — Stanzas on Line of Road, 1825 — Foundation
Stone, 1850— Mrs. Cockle's Elegy on George III.
1817— Leonore, 1846 ih. v. d. (7)

401 New Robinson Crusoe, 2 vol. in 1, cutssigned J. Bewick,

StocJcdale, 1788 — Robinson Crusoe, 2 vol. plates, 1790
— La Vie et les Avantures De Robinson Crusoe, Paris,
An. YIII. V. y. (5)

402 New Robinson Crusoe, complete in 1 vol., 32 large cuts,

mostly signed .J. Bewick, 12nio. original binding,
J. Stockdale, 1789 — Adventures of Rolainson Crusoe,
Dnblin, 1814

-WS New Museum of Natural History, with engravings on wood

by Bewick

half morocco, t. e. g. Oliver (J- Boyd, Ediii. 1810

404- New Museum (Tiie) of Natural History, with engravings

on wood by Bewick, half calf neat Edin. 1810

4U5 New Museum. Another choice copy

green morocco tooled Oliver ^ Boyd, 1810

406 New Museum. Another copy

very tall, half roxhurgh Edin. 1810

406*Newcastle Edition, History of England and Scotland,
abridged from Hume, Smollett, Robertson, and others,
Vols. 1, 2 and 3, (Vol. 4 wanting); the first three
vols, contain the complete set of large oval woodcuts of
Kings and Queens by Thomas Bewick

8vo. M. Angus, Newcastle, 1801

407 Newspaper Extracts. Bewick's Cuts and Notices, Almvick,

1842 — Beattie's Progress of Genius, Bewick's Tail-
pieces and Clennell's Cuts, 3 copies, half morocco,
Alnwick, 1814 v. y.

408 Newspaper Cuttings, illustrated by and relating to T. and

J. Bewick, selected from early Newcastle, York,
Durham, Edinburgh and other "North Countrie "
Newspapers of the period, UNIQtlE COLLECTION in
8vo. vol. lettered " Woodcuts"
half morocco Newcastle, Durham, ^-c. 1790-1801

*^* Rare, and difficult to procure.

409 Northumberland. Pleasant Description of Bewell Village,

by Q. Z. tree marbled calf, g. e. by Zaehnsdorf

12mo. Newcastle, 1726

*^* Brockett's copy sold for £1. 13s. Id. Sotheby's, Dec.
1823.

410 Northumberland Minstrel, 3 parts in 1 vol., portrait of

R. Burns by Bewick, half morocco, t. e. g. Alnwick,
1811— Day, a Pastoral, 33 vignettes — Yomigster's
Diary, 32 vignettes, Alnwick, about 1809 (3)

411 Northumberland Minstrel. Another set ib. 1809-11 (3)

412 Odd Fellows; Curious Collection, — Odd Collection of

Odd Songs, sung by Odd Fellows, Newc. 1825,
engravings by Bewick and pupils — Odd Fellowship,
lb., 1827— Thomas Bell, made to 29 Mar. 1805,
MSS., &o., with T. Bell's bookplate by Bewick
half vellum, uncut 12mo. Neivcastle, 1805-27

[The above used by kind puriaission of Rev. Thomas Hugii.]

413 Oeconomist (The) or Englishman's Magazine, 2 vol.

M. Angus, Newcastle, 1798-99

414 Oeconomist. Another copy, 2 vol.

half calf neat ih. ib. 1798-99

*^* Each number has an impression of the above cut —
" Liberty" by T. Bewick.

415 Old Spelling Books : Fenning's Universal, by M,alham,

1795 — Another edition, Wilson ^- Spence, Fori-, 1794 —
Dyche's English Tongue, 1806, portrait — Markham's,
Bewick's cuts, Neiuc. — Dilworth — Fenning, 1823 —
Fenning, 25th edition, Salisbury, 1778 ; and others
a very curious collection York, Newc, Salisbury, ^c. v. y.

416 Oxford Sausage. The rare First edition

12mo.

Oxford, 11. d.

Another copy, a New Edition with

ib. nil

a New Ediliou with

uncut

417 Oxford Sausage.

portrait

418 Oxford Sausage. Another copy,

portrait, O.c. 1777; and Gray's Poems, Dublin, 1768
*^* At p. 187 occurs the cut used in the " Oxford Sausage" ;
a very curious echtion.

419 Oxford Sausage. Another copy, a new edition, Oxford, 1804

420 Oxford Sausage (The) vrith portrait

Svo. London, .J. Black, York Street, 1814

421 Oxford Sausage, with portrait

half rwssia fivo. Loudon, Longman, 1815

*,.* This is the only genuine edition with T, Bewick's cuts.

422 riiilip Quarll, Tenth edition, large front, by John Bewick,
1797 — Neil's edition of the English Hermit or Philip
Quarll, cuts by Bavick inserted — Female Alcade, Mr.
Hanley and his Sister — Song Birds, pretty cuts —
Lord Nelson, Fairbm-n's edition, and other curious
Tracts in 1 vol. v. d. (2 vol.)

428 Philip Quarll (The Hermit), curious edition, wants front.
12mo. half calf , g. e. 1786 — Another copy, woodcut
front, by J. Bewick, 1 81110, Gainsborough, 1814

[tint to Pity's Gift, said to be by .Jolin Bewick.]

424 Pity's Gift. A Collection of Tales, by a Lady, First
edition, E. Newbery, 1798— Third edition, " 1801 —
Another copy, impft. — The Paternal Present, Sequel
to Pity's Gift, Harris, 1802 Newhery, v. y. (4)

42.5 Poems by Felicia Dorothea Browne (Mrs. Hemans), fine
woodcuts by Henry Hole, Bewick's pupil
uncut 4:to. Liverjjool, 1808

426 Poems chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, by T. Donaldson,

1809— Songs of the Tyne— Beattie's Minstrel, tall
copy — Hermit of Warkworth Alnwich, v. d. (4)

427 Poetical Selections, cuts, Birm. 1812 — Times Telescope,

1814 — Sportsman's Calendar, 1818, both with cuts by
Luke Clennell— Book of Trades, 1818 (4)

428 Pleasing Instructor, 1801 — Thompson's Seasons, 1808 —

Essay on Man, 1803 — Blair's Grave, 1803 — Gold-
smith's (0.) Traveller, 1803— Deserted Village, 1803

Gainsborough, v. y. (6)

429 Pollard's Peerage, Vol. 1, all published, fine woodcuts by

John Bewick, and plates by Stothard, &c.
halfnwr. ito. R. Pollard, Engraver, Spa Fields, \793
*^* A rare Bewick volume.

430 Politos. Description and Natural History of S. Polito's

Collection of Liriug Beasts and Birds
vncvt Oliver Sf Co. Edin. 1803

**.* Excessively rare. " Priced by Mr. Pickering £1. 5,'?. and
considered imique." — Beivich Collector, p. 78.

431 Portraits of Thomas Bewick; seven various, including one

beautifully engraved on OOPPEH, by Meyer, aftei-
Ramsay, Artist's India proof, only 25 printed before
letters ; another on white vbllith, only seven printed,
large margins, with letters,* published by Edwin
Pearson. See Bewick Collector, p. 532. v. d. (7)

* Thi.s beautiful and correct portrait has been pronounced by the
" Family," Thomas Carlyle, and " Personal Friends," oi:
"Thomas Bewick," to be a MOST escbllent likeness, and a
COMPLETE SUCCESS.

432 Portraits. Another copy. Artist's proof, one of the 25

before letters, in rnaple frame and glazed.

433 Portraits. Thomas Bewick, full length, by F. Bacon, after

J. Ramsay, ^n« original impression, framed and glazed

R. Turner, Newcastle

434 Press (The) a Poem, published as a specimen of Typography

by John M'Creery, 2 vol. in I, Bewick, see Preface

LiverporA, 1803

435 Reading made completely easy, curious edition, very rare,

early Bewick's (?) B. Shaw, 4785 — Another, Newc.
1839— Another, I^orZ;, 1803— Another, X»arto«.,1814—
Another, Louth, ^ Boston, 1805 — Fox's Introduction,
pretty cuts, 1799— Little Teacher, 1818

Louth, Torh, Boston, ^c. v. d. (7)

436 Recreations in Natural History, beautiful engravings by

Bewick, Clennell, &c.
red morocco, r/. e. 8vo. Sherwood, 1815

437 Religious Emblems. A series of Engravings on Wood by

Bewick's pupils, uncut 4fo. AcJcerman, 1810

438 Relph's (Rev. J.) Poems, embellished with picturesque

engravings on wood by Mr. T. Bewick
half morocco, t.e.g. J. Mitchell, Carlisle, 1798

439 Richardson's Table Book, 5 vol. Historical and 3 vol.

Legendary ; containing a vast amount of information
relating to Bewick, his pupils, &c., illustrated with cuts
by them. At page 15, vol, 1, (Legendary) is the cut
of the Chillingham Bull, attributed to Bewick, a glance
at the genuine impressions will show the difference ;
an impression on India parser is inserted in vol. 1
half calf neat Hvo. Neivcastle, 1841-6 (8)

440 Riley's Historical Pocket Library, consisting of Mythology,

Ancient History, Grecian and Eoman History, England
and Geography,
red leather sq. mmo. Bath, 1792-S (0)

441 Riley. Another set lb. 1792-3 (C)

442 Riley. Beauties of the Creation : 1, Quadrupeds ; 2, Birds ;

3, Fishes ; 4 Insects ; 5, Trees ; 5 vol. wants vol. 3
Fishes, the Second edition, several of the cuts are
signed J. Bewick sq. 18mo. Riley, 1793

443 Riley. Beauties of the Creation: 1, Quadrupeds; 2,

Birds, impft. ; and Historical Pocket Library, Vol. 2 ;
Universal History, Vol. 3 ; Greece, Vol. 6 ; Geography,
5 odd vol. ; many of the cuts signed J. Bewick.

Bath, 1790-3
The woodcuts afterwards passed into the hands of Baldwin, Craclock
and Joy, who used them in the following Natural History
Volumes.

443*Riley. Birds, Quadrupeds, Insects, Fishes, and Reptiles,
4: \o\. some of the cuts colored \8mo. 1819

444 Ripon (History of), Eipon, 1806, uncut — Donaldson's

Poems, 1809 — Collier's Wedding, half calf , t. e. fj,
1829, 3 vol. Itipon, Newcastle, v. cl.

445 Robert Elliot Bewick. The Golden Chain, by Mrs. Sher-

wood, fom- large cuts signed R. E. Bewick sculp.
half roxhuTfjh, 18mo. Thomas Melrose, Berwick, 1830
— Fox's Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, 8vo.
uncut, two engravings of Birds by R. E. Bewick, &c.
Newcastle, 1827
*^* Woodcuts by T. Bewick's only son are very rare.

446 Robin Hood's Garland, 12mo. G. Burlage, Nottingham,

1792— Another edition, ih. 1794 (2)

447 Roscoe's (W.) Nurse, large paper, half green morocco, t. e. g.

small Ato. Liverpool, 1804

448 Rowe's (Rev. H.) Fables, 1810— The Complete Geazier,

uncut, 1808; and Robinson Crusoe, 1815; all with
cuts 8w. V. y. (3)

449 Sams (J.) of Darlington, Catalogue, only 250 copies printed,

the three parts complete, excessively rare, numerous
vignettes by T. Bewick, uncii,t 8t'o. Darlington, 1822

450 Sams' Catalogue, part 3 only, Darlington, 1826 — Robin's

(James) (both with cuts by Bewick) Luckombe's
History of Printing, 1771 Swo. (3)

451 Savage (W.) on Decorative Printing, exquisite engravings

on wood by Bewick and pupils (see preface)
uncut Ato. 1822

452 Scott's (W. H. alias John Lawrence) British Field Sports,

vignettes by Bewick, caZ/ «f'a< Svo, 1818

453 Scott's British Field Sports (sample copy)

i'liipl. Svo. Sherwood, 1818

453*Scott's British Field Sports. Twenty-nine COPPER
PLATES, including several designed by Luke Clen-
NELL, Bewick's favourite pupil. ib. 1818

454 Scrap Book, vignettes, &c. by Thomas Bewick

half morocco 4:to. Newcastle, n. d.

455 Scrap Book. Woodcuts by T. aad J. Bemck, from various

Children's Books, half morocco n. d.

456 Scripture Illustrations, by Thomas Bewick and pnpils, proofs

in portfolio, exceedingly rare in this state

Vernor tj- Hood, 1807

457 Scripture Illustrations. Another set, Thief.: Paper, with a

copy of Sellon's (Rev.) Abridgment of the Bible, in
which these cuts were used
red leather sq. \?,mo. Vernor ^ Hood, 1807

458 Scripture Illustrations. Another set. Thick paper, with

Album of Vignettes, Birds, &c.

Vernor f Hood, cj-e. 1807 (2)

459 Services (J.) Metrical Legends of Northumberland, Alnwick,

1834 ; and 3 vol. Beattie's Poems, cuts by Clennell
and Bewick Alnwick, v. y.

460 Sketch of Universal History, thirty-six cuts. Kings of

England, by John Bewick (?) half morocco, t. e. g.
J. Stockdale, 1789— Kay's Preceptor, Newc. 1801—
Scenes of Youth, 1803

461 Smiledale Family, 1818— Tommy Playlove, 1819— Sinbad

the Sailor, 1819 — Triumph of Goodnature, 1818 —
Valentine's Gift — Jacky Lovebook — Finetta, Glasgow,
1818, \2mo. original wrappers, with volume of Toy
Books, Pun, Gulliver, Tom Thumb, Merry Andrew,
Fairing, &c.
half roxhurg 24mo. J. Lumsden, Glasgow, 1814-19 (7)

462 Smiledale Family. Another set, with Goody Two Shoes,

instead of Sinbad, Toy Books, early outs by Bewick
half calf, t. e. g. Glasgow, <J-c. 1818

463 Songs of the Tyne, n. d. — Beattie's Minstrel, vignettes by

Bewick and cuts by Luke Clennell, 3 copies, half
morocco Alniuick, 1814

464 Sorrows of Zamba, Neiucastle, 1823 — 8vo. Vol. of Tracts

on Slavery, published at Newcastle and Durham 1836,
containing all the variations of T. Bewick's cut of the
Slave, " Am I not a man and a brother "

465 Somervile's Chase, LARGE papek, half morocco, t. e. g. uncut

ito. W. Bidmer, 1796
\* A copy sold for £2. Sotheby's, Jan. 26, 1866.

466 Somervile's (W.) Chase, a Poem, exquisite engravings by

the Bewicks, uncut IMPERIAL 8vo. ib. 1802

467 Somervile. Another Copy, equally fine

uncut IMPERIAL 8vo. lb. 1802

468 Somervile. Another Copy, half morocco neat

IMPERIAL 8vo. Shakespeare Printing Office, 1802

469 Somervile's (W.) Hobbinol, Field Sports, and the Bowling

Green, cuts by Nesbit and Thurston, Bewick's pupils,
(see preface) half calf neat Ato. W. Bulmer, 1813

470 Somervile's (W.) Hobbinol, Field Sports, &c. fine im-

pressions of the cuts by Nesbit and Thurston on India
paper 4to. ih. 1813

471 Somervile. Another Copy, half calf ivanting the cuts, fine

front, by Clennell, W. Bulmer, 1813 ; and MARSHALL'S
Epistles, India proofs of the cuts by Bewick and
pupils, half calf neat ito. Neivcastle, 1812

471* Specimens of early Wood Engraving, only 100 copies

printed, including many early efforts of the Bewicks'

uncut 4:to. W. Dodd, Newcastle, 1862

472 Specimens of early Wood Engraving. Another copy

ib. 1862

473 Sportsman's Cabinet, vignettes by Bewick, 2 vol.

half russia ito. J. Cundee, 1803-4

474 Sportsman's Cabinet, beautiful engravings of Dogs and

Horses by Scott, and vignettes by T. Bewick, Vol. 1,
1803, cloth, Vol. 2 uncut, 1804 ito. (2)

475 Sportsman's Cabinet. Another copy, large paper

uncut ■ito. J. Cundee, 1803-4

476 Sportsman's Repository, in 1 vol., vignettes by Bewick, a

Eeprint of the above Work ito. H. G. Bohn, 1845

477 Sportsman's Cabinet. The Set of Forty Engravings of

Dogs and Horses, specially printed on India pjapjer, folio

478 Sportsman's Cabinet. The same ito.

479 Sportsman's Cabinet. Another set ito.

480 Sportsman's Friend (Reay's) with two beautiful engravings

on wood and one on copper, by Thomas Bewick, Newc .
1801, with Newcastle Illuminations, cuts by Bewick
half morocco, t. e.g. Newcastle, 1821

#^* " Very few copies were printed and still fewer published.'
—Bewick Collector, p. 71, 275, &c.

5'2

4,S1 Sportsman's Frieml. Another copy, by H. (J. Reay, His-
torical, Sacred, and Profane
halfnioroccoj t. e. fj. bound with Splinters, Newcastle, 1827

482 Sportsman's Friend. Another copy, original wrappers

ib. 1801

483 Stevens' (G. A.) Lectm-e on Heads, cuts by ISTesbit and

Thurston, 1799 — Another copy, 1802 — Another copy,
1821, uncut — Faust's Catechism of Health, woodcut
front. 8vo. C. Dilly, 1794

484 Stevens's Lecture on Heads, cuts by Bewick's pupils, Nesbit

and Thurston, half calf, t. e.<j. T. Bensleij, 1799

485 St. Nicholas's Church. Catalogue of the Library, 1820—

Unique Collection of Tracts and Bill-hoads (some cuts
by Bewick) relating to Gateshead Fell Church, and
2 others relating to Newcastle and Bewick

8i'o. Newcastle, v. d.

486 Sykes's (John) Local Records, Subscription copy on drawing

paper (only 20 copies printed) formerly J. Fenwick's
Copy with J. Sykes's Eeceipt and Latimer's Local
Records, a continuation of Svkes' Local Records, cloth

8vo. ib. 18.57 (2)

487 Sykes's Crow-Cum Redivium, original and unpublished

MSS., by Jolm Sykes, with Sir C. Sharpe's remarks on
the Crows building their nest upon the Vane of the
Exchange at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 178.3, see
Bewick's cuts, letters, notes, &c., J. Fenwick, Sir C.
Sharpe, &c., original drawings, cuts, &c. by Bewick,
unique, half morocco ito. ib. 1836

488 Tales for Youth, by the Author of Choice Emblems, cuts

by John Bewick, E. Neivbery, 1794 — Blossoms of
Harmony, Limerick, 1808 ; and 5 others, cuts by
Bewick Newcastle, Limerick, (J-c. v. y.

489 Tales for Youth, in Thirty Poems, with the cuts by John

Bewick, E. Newbery, 1794 — Scenes of Yonth, 1803,
red morocco, neat — Fisher's (A.) New English Tutor,
Sol. Hodgson, Newc. 1810 — Hudibras, cuts, 1800;
and one other Newcastle, ^-c. v. y. (5)

490 Timpcrley's (C. H.) Enclyclopa^dia of Literary and Typo-

graphical Anecdote, numerous MSS. Notes, Portraits,
Notices of the Bewicks, their Pupils, Printers, &c.
half vellum IMPEEIAL 8ro. Bohn, 1842

491 Tim Tunbelly, 8vo. bds. Vol. 1 (all published), Newcastle,

1823 -J. Wilson's Synopsis of Britisli Plants, ih.
1744 — Catalogue of R. Tomlinson's Library in St,
Nicholas Church, 8vo. Bewick cut, ib. 1829 (3)

492 Thomas Gent (Life of) of York, portrait, Thorpe, 8to,

1832 — Life of James Laekington, portrait by Scott,
8vo. impft. — Life of Robert Spence, Yorlc, 1827 (3)

493 Thompson's Seasons, Bewick's cuts from Thm-ston's designs

Svo. T. Bensley, London, 1805

494 Thompson. Another Copy, same cuts

calf neat 12mo. Wallis, Land. 1805

495 Thompson. Another Copy

calf neat l2mo. ib. ib. 1805

496 Thompson. Another Copy, with the same cuts

calf neat 12mo. Sallantjine, Edin. 1809

497 Thompson. Another Copy, Edinburgh, 1809 ; and another

edition, Harris, Loud. 1813, with different cuts to the
preceding editions (2)

498 Thompson's Seasons, large and thick paper, engravings on

wood by Bewick, calf neat, royal 8vo. T. Bensley, 1805

499 Thompson's Seasons, engravings by Luke Clennell and

Stothard, calf neat 1795

500 Thornton's Virgil, the Ilhistrations only, woodcuts and

copper plates by Bewick, Cruikshank, Blake and
others, printed by T. Bensley, very rare (see preface)

12mo. Newbery, 1814

501 Threnodia Northumbrica, 4to. 1761 — Arabic Bible, 4to.

caf neat, S. Hodgson, Neivcastle, 1811 — Marshall's
Poems, ib. 1812 v. y. (?j)

502 Tommy Playlove and Jacky Lovebook, 1819 — Discreet

Princess, 1818, half calf — Youngster's Diary, 33
vignettes — Children's Books, 6 in 1 vol. — Paths of
Peace, Recreations, Moral Tales, &c.

Glasgow, Alniciclc, v. y. (4 vols.)

503 Toy Books (Children's), with early cuts by Bewick and

pupils — Good Child's Fairing — Divine Songs, Glasgoiv,
1814 — Amusing Repository — Merry Andrew — Picture
Alphabet, pretty oval cuts, one showing the Exchange
Spire with Crow's Nest at Newcastle, and St. Nicholas'
Church Steepjle — Toby Tickle's Nursery Songs — Giant
Grumbolumbo — Lilliput — Life of Christ — Lovechild's
Song Book — Faii-y Tales — Solomon Sobersides —
Christmas Tales, and many others, in 2 vol.
half roxhurgh square 18mo. ^ 24:mo. Glasgoio, 1814:, ^c.

504 Toy Books. Red Riding Hood, York — Tommy and Harry

— Whittington and his Cat — Silver Penny — House
that Jack Built — No News and Strange News — Cock
Robin — Catand Fi.sh — Wake Wilful — Tommy Thumb's

Hong Book, Glasgow, 1815 — Peter Puzzlecap — Good
Child's Fairing, Fun— Cottage Tales — Pretty Alpha-
bet, oval cuts — Nurse Dandlem's Eepository for the
Chickabiddy Generation, and others, in 2 vol.
half calf neat, vncut, t. e. g.

24,1110. York, Glasgow, ^c. 1800-15

505 Hieroglyphick Bible (A Curious), cuts by J. Bewick or a

pupil, Kendreiv, York, n. d. — Another edition, Derby,
II. d. — Hermit of Warkworth, Alnivick, n. d. — Ducks
and Green Peas, ib. 1827 — Proverbs of Solomon, wood-
cut front. 1803 (3)

506 Tracts (Cheap Eepository) Marshall's and Evans' Hackney

Coachman — Two Shoemakers, 4 parts — Hampshire
Tragedy, and other rare Tracts, cuts by John Bewick,
Lee, &c. the genuine old series

Aldermary Church Yard, ^c. (2)

507 Tracts (Cheap Eepository), &c. New Series, Life of Thomas

Paine, large woodcut portrait by J. Bewick (?) and
others, curious Bath, 1800-9 (3)

508 Translations of the Natural History Society of Northum-

berland and Durham, Seal of the Society, by T.

Bewick, formerly J. Femvick^s copy

half russia Mo. Newcastle, 1831-8 (2)

*^* Vol. 1 contains Atkinson's Memoir of Thomas Bewick,

with the rare piortrait from Bailey's Bust of T. Bewick.

509 Triumph of Goodnature — Master Harry Fairborn and

Master Trueworth, large cuts, 1818 — Watts' Songs,
Knaresbro', 1819, cuts by Green, &c. — Smiledale
Family, 1819— Valentine's Gift, Old Zigzag, 1818—
Finetta, Discreet Princess, 1818 — Tommy Playlove
and Jacky Lovebook, 1819 — Sinbad the Sailor, 1819
a complete set, all uniformly bound half calf neeit

Glasgow, Knaresborough, 1818-19 (7)

510 Trusler (J.) Proverbs exemplified. The Set of Fifty Cuts

by John Bewick, on ivhite vellum, neatly mounted on
drab cartridge paper, 4ito. probably nniepie

511 Trusler's (Dr. John) Proverbs exemplified, 50 cuts by John

Bewick, 1790 — Progress of Man and Society, Bath,
n. d. wants title — Comemus's Orbis Pictus, 1777 (3)

512 Trusler. Proverbs exemplified, 1790 — Progress of Man

and Society, Bath, n. d. — Comenius's Visible World,
1777 (3)

613 Trusler. Proverbs exemplified, 1790, partially coloured
— Progress of Man and Society, Bath. n. cl., ivanting
leaves, tree calf gilt, by Zaehnsdorf (2)

514 Tnisler. Proverbs exemplified, 1790 — Progress of Man

and Society, tall copy, vncvt — London Vocabulary
(J. Greenwood) 1759

515 Truster. Proverbs exemplified, very tall and choice copy

of this rare book, half calf , t. e. g. May, 1, 1790

516 Trusler. Progress of Man and Society, tall copy, uncut —

Greemvood's London Vocabulary, 1785 — Lynn's
Genius, 1804 (3)

617 Trusler. Progress of Man and Society, Bath, n. cL, impft.
uncut — Naturalist's Library, Vol. X. Parrots, con-
taining Memoir and Portrait of Thomas Bewick, Eclin.
1855 (2)

518 Trusler. Progress of Man and Society, Bath, n. d. — Lon-

don Vocabnlary, 1797— Jacky Lovebook, 1819 (3)

519 Trusler. Progress of Man and Society, largest paper,

uncut, Bath, n. d. ; and Comnenius's Orbis Pictus,
1777, from vrbich work the idea was taken to publish
the " Progress of Man," &c. (2)

520 Trusler. The Progress of Man and Society, Second edition,

Bath, n. d. (sold at Puttick's for £1. 3s.) choice copy
in the original binding ; and a copy of the Orbis Pictus
of Comnenius, 1777, 150 cuts, calf neat (2)

521 Trusler's (Dr. John) Honours of the Table, Fifth edition

tall copy, hcdf calf, uncut, t. e. g. Gye, Bath, n. d.

522 Valentine's Gift (The) or Old Zigzag and his Horn, used

to understand the language of Birds, Beasts, Fishes,
and Insects, Glasgow, 1818 — Sinbad the Sailor, ib.
1819, half calf neat

523 Walk through Wales, by Rev. R. Warner, vignettes, 2 vol.

8vo. half calf neat, Bath, 1798-9— West's (Mrs.)
Poems and Plays, 2 vol. 12mo. calf neat, 1799 (4)

524 Watts' Divine and Moral Songs, J. Harrison, Devizes, 1829

— Another edition, Knaresbrough, 1819 — Another,
Glas. 1814— Another, Spa Fields, 1834, with 38 oval
cuts by Thomas Bewick on India paper, used in Wilson
and Spence's edition, Torh, 1812, and 38 cuts to
another edition, 1800, neatly mounted on cartridge
paper.

525 West's (Mrs.) Poems, 2 vol. 1799— Adams's Poems,

Alnioick, 1811 — Keate's Sketches from Nature, 1802 —
Times Telescope, 1814, Olennell's cuts — Brooks' Ang-
ling, 1801 — Parental Education, Kendal, 1803

Vernor ^ Hood, v. d.

.'i2r; Wliitclioad (Wni.) An Exiilaiuitiou of the Incorporated
Companies of Newcastle, Ani/iis, Neivrastle, 177C, witli
extra cuts, Autograpli Letter of W. Whiteliead, &e. —
J. Clark's Newcastle Remembrancer, 1817 — White-
head's Historian's Pocket Companion, 1777 — White-
head's Newcastle Directory, 1790 — Kay's Preceptor,
1801, containing the vignette used in an early edition
of Newcastle Directory Svo. Neivcastli', v. d. (5)

r)27 Wilkinson's (G.) Cortex Salicis Latifolite, with a coloured
copper plate engraving signed " Bewick Sculp."
fine c(ipy,unciit, very rare E. Walker, Newcastle, 1803

528 Wilkinson. Another Copy ih. 1803

529 Wilkinson on Diseases of the Horse, fine copper plate

engraving of " Horse labouring under Tetanus," signed
T. Bewick and Son, very rare ito. ih, 1818

530 Will of a certain Northci-n Vicar, 2 copies, one containing

the names in full written on the margins 4to. ih. 1765

531 Woodcuts. A Collection of Early Bewick Cuts, selected

from various Children's Books, Broadsides, Lottery
Sheets, &c. published about 1800
half morocco 'ito. ri.d.

532 Woodcuts. Historien der Martelaren, injured copy, but

illustrative of early wood engraving, hound in vellum
folio. By Tor-is Waters, Bceck-drucker, Anno 1616

533 Wood Engravings on VELLUM, J. and T. Bewick : Lion,

Tiger, Elepihant, and Zebra, " Pidcock's Lion" and
Book-plate of " S. Stevenson, Letter-founder, London,"
rare cut by John Bewick, in 1 vol. 4to. calf neat

534 Wood Engraving (The Art of) with specimens by Thomas

Bewick ; the article on Wood Engraving from
" Chambers's Miscellany " neatly inlaid, and illustrated
with choice examples on India paper, &c.. Examples
from the " Newcastle Piepiints," MSS. Notes, &c.,
collected by a Newcastle Amateur Woodcutter

Newcastle, n. d.

535 Works of Aristotle, the Famous Philosopher, 8vo. 1791 ;

and two other early editions, all with woodcuts

v.y. (3)

536 Works of Bewick. An Album so lettered, from the late

J. G. Bell, containing munerous examples from
Bewick's various works, t. e. g. royal Svo.

bol Young's (Edward) Works, 3 vol. Dodsley, 1798 — Book of
Trades, 1821 — Belisarius, Marmontel, 1794 — Somer-
vile's Chase, 1804 — Miss Bowen's Original Poems,
Chepstow, 1808

5;^8 Youth's Divine Pastime, by R. Burton, DuhUn, 1798—
Part 2, Lookinr/ Glass, London Bridge, lldO, Dutch
paper binding — History of the Bible, Newbert/, 1772 —
Whim-syams, 1828 — Economy of Human Life, cuts by
Austin and Hole, 1808 Dublin, Newcastle, v. y. (6)

539 Zimmerman on Solitude, 8vo. calf neat, 1797 — Hudibras,

by S. Butler, 8vo. 1800— Hudibras, 12mo. 1800

Vfrnor and Hood , v. y. (6)

540 Zimmerman on Solitude, 2 vol. 870. calf neat, 1799-1800

—Another copy, 2 vol. 12mo. 1799-1800— Another
copy, 2 vol. 12mo. 1800-2 ib. v. ?/. (6)

MISCELLANEOUS, RARE, CURIOUS,
AND USEFUL BOOKS.

541 Ancient Peerage's, by Wallace, -E(//». 1785 — Introduction to

Heraldry, jj/a«e5, 1823 (2)

542 Angling. Angler's Vade Mecum, ICSl — Art of Angling,

cuts, 1740— R. Brook's AngUng, cuts, 17GG— Walton
and Cotton's Complete Angler, Pickering, 1827 (4)

543 Alchemy. Basil Valentine's Last Will, &o., 1G71, halj

'niorocco — Meditations of M. Antonius Casaubon,
1692 (2)

544 A Rich Cabinet, by J. W. Duck Lane, 1C77, cuts —

Wilkins' Mathematical Magick, 1680, c„^<;,_Mathe-
maticall Recreations, 1633, cuts — Another edition, by
William Oughtred, 1653 —Another edition, Van Effen,
1674 ' (5)

545 Art of Lrgeniously Tormenting, front, by (iillray, Second

edition, 8vo. 1757 — Unfortunate Englishman, Leith,
1817— Sin of Adultery, 1821 -Jokeby, 1813— Me-
moir of Jno. King, Reprint of 1677 (5)

546 Astrology. D. Christophori Pezelii Prascepta Genethliaca

sive De Prognosticandis. Hominvm Nativitatibus,
cuts, vellum ito. Francoforti, 1607

547 Astrology. The Court of Curiosity, Dreams, Visions, &c.

1681— Eland's Tutor to Astrology, 1704— Heydon's
Astrology, 1786 — The Astrologer Anatomized, or the
Vanity of the Star Gazing Art, 1661 (4)

548 AThousand Notable Things, 1815— AMilhon of Facts, 1832

— Five Hundred Narratives and Anecdotes, n. d. (3)

549 Bacon's (F.) Sylva Sylvarum, folio, 1631 — Sermons, Queen

Elizabeth, 1635 (2)

550 Bagster's New Testament, 1834 — Stebbing's, /;;r(C«.?, 1833;

and 5 others, morocco extra, (|'c. (7)

551 Bards of the Tyne, Newcastle, n.d. — Earl of Salisbury,

1612, Reprint, ib. 1818 — Beattie's Minstrel, cats by
Bewick and Glennell, Alnwick, n. d. — Donovan's Pic-
ture of Edinburgh, 40 vignettes on wood, many by
Bewick, 1806 (4j

552 Barker's List of Plays, to 1803 — Remarks on Tragedy,

Shakespeare, &o. 1774 — The Wonder, by Mrs. Cen-
tlivre, 1777, &c. (3)

553 Barrington's (George) Voyage to New South Wales, 2 vol.

coloured plates, calf neat 8vo. 1802-3

554 Beaumont & Fletcher. CUPID'S REVENGE, 1635— SCOEN-

FUL Ladie, 1635 ito. (2)

555 Beckmann's Concise History of Inventions, Discoveries,

&c. 2 vol. 1823— Family Economist, 1848 to 1852
inclusive (7)

556 Behn (Mrs. A.) A Discovery of New Worlds, 1688— C.

Quillet's Callipoedia, impft. 1720 — Little's Poems,
1833— Belzebub's Guide to Hell, York, 1801

557 Behn's (Mrs. A.) Histories, Novels, &c. 1700, Bookplate

and Autograph Letter of E. Cooke, of Norfolk, 1701 —
History of the World, of the Moon, and Sun, 1687 —
Little's Poems, 1810 ; and two others (5)

558 Behn (Mi's. A.) Plays, Vol. 4, !/«;)/(!.— Adventures of

Mother Ross Defoe, 1740— The Post Boy Robb'd of
his Mail, 1706— Tom Jones, by H. Fielding, 3 vol.
Paisley, \Tlb (6)

559 Beener's (Juliana). The Boke of Seynt Albons,

1486, Transcript neatly written, title and borders of
grotesque designs coloured as far as C 5
unique, half morocco ito.

560 Bibliotheoa Marsdeniana, 1827 — Duchess of Rutland's Tour

through Belgium, &c. privately printed, jjlates, 4to. 1822

561 Black Dwarf, by T. J. Wooler, 1817-18, coloured engravings

by Cruikshank ? ito.

562 Boccaccio's Decumeron, plates, morocco gilt, g. e. Daly, n.d.

— Contes et Nouvelles de Bocace, curious plates, 2 vol. ;
Vol. 1 a Cologne, 1712 ; Vol. 2 a Amsterdam, 1699 (3)

563 Book of Common Prayer, Baskerville

marbled calf extra royal 8vo. Camb. 1761

564 Book of Common Prayer, 1682, interleaved with numerous

notes, alterations, ij-c. neatly written, very curious, with
the whole Book of Psalms, 1682 ito.

565 Bradley's (Richard) Works of Nature, coloured plates

ito. 1721

566 Brewster's Natural Magic, 1832 — Volney's Ruins, 1823 —

Commonplace Book, 1824 — Beauties of Pitt, n. d. ;
and eight others, neat calf and morocco bindings (12)

567 Buiiyaii's (John) Heavenly Footman, the Tenth edition,

printed in the year 1756, half vellum, c. e. — Bunyan's
Law and Grace, Eighth edition, London, 1805, half
vellum (2)

568 Caledoniad (The), 2 vol. 1775 — Thompson's Seasons,

WestalVs plates, 1819 — Another edition, 1769 — The
Refuge, plate by Stothard, 1815 (4)

569 Calves Head Club. Charles 1st, &o. 1706— The Jockey

Club, by Chas. Pigott, Esq. see MS. Note, 1792 (2)

570 Camden's History of Britain, 1610, calf neat, impft ; also

Vol. 2, another edition (2)

671 Cards. Academic Universelle des Jeux, 3 vol. plates

d Lyon, 1805

572 Catalogues. Pickering's Catalogue, 1834 — Dr. Woodward's

Library, 1728 — J. Bohn's Catalogue, 1843 — Rivington
and Cochran, 1824 — Dulau and Co.'s Foreign Cata-
logue, 1845— Offer's (G.) Library, 1865, half calf
neat (6)

573 Chap Books. History of the Holy Jesus, by Wm. Smith,

cuts, London Bridge, 1713 — Week's Preparation, Look-
ing Glass, n. d. — Whole Duty, Sacrament, London
Sridge, 1717 — Russell's Seven SeimonB,Looking Glass,
1724, old calf (4)

574 Chap Books. Pure Love, cuts. Looking Glass, n. d. —

Winter Evening Amusements, Dublin, 1815 — French
Lady, London Bridge, 1757 — Roman Stories, cuts,
Glasgow, 1772 — Three Ingenious Spanish Novels,
London Bridge, 1712 (5)

575 Chap Books. The Unhappy Princesses, Anne Bullen and

Jane Gray, cuts, 1710 — Secret History of Queen
Elizabeth and Earl of Essex, Cologne, n. d. — History
of Charles II. and James II. by R. B 1693 — History
of the Twelve Csesars, Glasgow, 1750 — Seven Wise
Masters and Mistresses of Rome, Dub. 1814 — French
Convert, n. d. old calf (6)

576 Charles I. Saunderson's (Wm.) Compleat History, Life, and

Raigne of Charles I. portrait, 1658 — Reliquia Saoras
Carolina}, Hague, n. d. — Vindication, 1693 — Eikon
Basilike, large folding plate, 1 727 ; and two others,
all relating to Charles I. (6)

577 Chatterton. Love and Madness, 1786 — Passions exem-

plified in Familiar Fables, plates by J. Miller, n. d. —
Elegy on Martin Drayson, Sevenoaks, 1774 — The
Convict's Address, Dr.Dodd, Newcastle, \111 — Ports
de France, plates, morocco, 1812 Svo. (4)

578 Clark's (J.) Architectural History of Gloucester, n. d. —

Magazine of Science, 1841-4 (3)

579 Cocker's Arithmetic, ivoodnuts, portrait, Loohing Glass on

Lornlon Bridge, 1741 — Another edition, Edin. 1765
—Cocker's (E.) Young Clerks' Tutor, 1693 (3)

580 Copies in Verso, for the use of Writing Schools, and

Hymns for Charity Schools, with MS. Notes by the
Author Pridcaux Errington
calf uncut ito. Neivcastle-npon-Tjne, 1723

581 Coronations of George III. and Queen Charlotte, 1820

— Claims Coronations Eichard II. &c. 1820 (2)

582 Cruikshank (Geo.) Burford Cottage and its Kobin Red

Breast, 1835— Windsor Castle, Colbuni, 1844 8w. (2)

583 Cruikshank (Geo.) Cassell's Family Paper (old series) 1854

to 1857 inclusive, /oft'o, hcdf ccdf neat (4)

*^* Vol. 1, 1854, contains several engravings signed G. C.

584 Cruikshank. Doings in London, 1850 — Artificial Florist,

1S4S ' (2)

585 Cruikshank (G.) Mayhew's Good Genius, Boijve, n. d. —

Poll 'B)Qo\^,Westminsier, 1818, coloured front, by Cruik-
shank— Hicroglyphical Bible, CT(<s ; and 2 others (5)

586 De la Chan. Dissertation sur les Attributs de Venus, 4to.

plates, a Paris, 1776 — Artis Obstctricandi Henri a
Deventer, pliitcs, Lug. Bat. 1701 — ISoria's Poenia
Heroico, KJ.'il (3)

587 Deventer's (Jbstolrieantibas, curious pikdes, 1701 — Para-

doxes, 1G50— Bates (J.) Mysteries of Nature and Art,
1654 Ato. (3)

588 Dibdin's (T. F.) Introductions to Knowledge of rare editions,

Greek and Roman Classics Gloucester, 1802

589 Dodona's Grove, foUo, 1640, vxitli MS. iVoies— Herbert's

(T.) Travels 'in Asia, Africa, &c. 1626 (2)

590 Dodsley's Fugitive Pieces, 2 vol. 1771 — Beauties of Moore,

2 vol. 1803— Mason's Poems, Torh, 1774— Sancho's
Letters, 2 vol. plates hi] Bartolozzi, 1782 ; and 4 others

591 Dove's Classics : Centaur — Goldsmith's Essays — Falconer's

Shipwreck — Dodd — Rowe — Economy, &c. calfnt. (10)

592 Drawing Book, 150 designs — Bernay's Household Chem-

istry, 1854 — Cassell's Botany, 1860 — South's House-
hold Surgery, 1853, and two others, America, &c. (6)

593 Di-yden's Satyrs of Juvenal, 1754 — Juvenal's Satyrs, by Sir

Robert Stapylton, Knt. 1673— Dryden's Juvenal, 1713
— Hudibras (Butler's) 1710— Another edition, 1720

594 Emblems. Emblemata, Cumaliqvot Nominis Antiqui

Operis, Joannis Sambuci, numerous ivoodciits, wants
last leaf{?) ccdf neat Antv. 1564

595 Emblems of Love in Four Languages, dedicated to the

Ladys by Philip Ayres, Esq., 44 copper plate en-
gravings of emblems
Hen. Over/on, White Horse, mithout Nen-gate, Lund. n.d.

596 English Connoisseur, 2 vol. 1766— Vie de Trenck, 3 vol.,

plates, a Berlin, 1788 — Life of Gustavus Ysls&, plates,
2 vol. 1767— Adventures of an Author, 2 vol. 1767—
Peerage, 2 vol. plates, red morocco, 1827 ; and two
others (IS)

597 Epitaphs, 2 vol. 1806 — Godwin's Essay on Sepulchres,

1809— Gregory's Monuments, 1712 (3)

598 Erasmi CoUoquia Familiaria, Eothomagi, 1778 — Novelli

Morali Di Gaetano Polidori, Land. 1804 — Ai Ton
Anakreontos Odai, Edin. 1754 — D' Andre ae Alciati
Irreconsvlti Glariss, Parisiis, 1536 — Di Senofonte,
Efesio Degli Amorii M. Salviui, Load. 1723, rare,
unmentioned hy Lovmdes (5)

599 Facetiai. The Ears of Lord Chesterfield and Parson Good-

man, curious, Birm. 1786, half calf, t. e. g. — La
Pemrne comme ou n'en connoit point on Primaute de
la Pemme sur L' Homme, a Londres, 1786 — L'Ane d'or
D'Apule'e, Vol. 1, a Paris, 1776 (3)

600 Facetiso. The Fudge Family, by Tom Brown the younger,

1818 — Memou's of P. PI. by J. Cleland, rare, see
Lowndes, no title to Vol. II. half morocco, t. e. g. uncut,
1784— Every Night Book, by Author of " The Cigar,"
1827 (3)

601 Feltham's (Owen) Resolves, Divine and Moral, folio, 1696

—Bacon's (F.) Sylva Sylvarum, 1628 ' (2)

602 Fireworks. Jones's Artificial Fireworks, plates, 1766 —

Another edition, 1776 (2)

603 Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1845— Portrait

Gallery, 1859 — A Manifold Writer, complete, ivith
ivory pen (3)

604 Fowler's (J.) Plistory of Poland, /o?w, 1656 — Rosetta Stone,

1811 — Westminster Abbey, plates by Stothard, 1813

605 Freemasonry. Robinson's Proofs of a Conspiracy, 1798 —

Jay's Mexican War, Boston, U.S., 1849 — J. Ker's
Memoirs, N. Britain, 1726 (3)

606 Freemasonry. The Masonic Minstrel, front. 1828 — Har-

rington's Masonic Desideratum, 1851 — Art of Knowing
One-self, Oxf. 1695 ; and two others, curious (5)

607 Gems oi Wit, Bogue, 1844— Dryden's Virgil,1825— Bruce's

Travels — Wedding Gift, Dove's Classics, &c. half
morocco, calf, <J-c. (10)

608 Greenwich Hospital, morocco, 1731 — Fireworks at General

Peace, 1749— Treaties of Peace, 1713-1739-1743, &c.

ito. (2)

609 Gunpowder Treason, 1605 — Divine Message, 1773— War-

die's True Amazons, or Monarchy of Bees, port. 1716 ;
and 5 others, curious (8)

6-2

610 Hayley's (Wm.) Triumphs of Temper, Stothard's plates,

Chichester,\807 — Royal Psalter, 1776; and 5 others (7)

611 Heraldry. Heylin's Help to English History, cwis, 1674 —

—Art of Heraldry, 2}lates, 1685 (2)

612 Historie De Miss Jenny, 2 vol., plates, a Paris, 1764 —

Histoire D'Hypolite, Comte De Dnglas, plates, a La
Haye, 1726 — P. Giustinelli Itinerario, Malta, llbl,
curious, see MS. Note (4)

613 Hocus Poous (The Old) cuts, Looldng-glass on London

Bridge, n.d. — Book of Knowledge, exits, black letter,
n. d. — Husbandman's Instructor, cuts — School of
Recreation, Angling, Cock-Fighting, Racing, Fire-
works, &c. 1711 C4)

614 Holy Bible, 8vo. Oxf. 1839— Common Prayer, Svo. Oxf.

1840 — Common Prayer, 1840 — Church Service, all in
morocco (4)

615 Holy Bible (Genevan) 4to. Load, hy the Deputies of Chris-

topher Barker, 1599 — Psalms, with Music, ivoodcuts,
&c. 1599

616 Holy Bible, 2 vol. 1767 — Novum Testamentum, plates,

Amstel. 1735 — New Testament, Edin. 1735 ; and two
others, choice old bindings (6)

617 Hone's (Wm.) Table Book, 2 vol. 1827-8— Lucas on Happi-

ness, 2 vol. 1818— Smollett's Travels, 2 vol. 1766—
Rapin's Works, 2 vol. 1706 (8)

618 Human Body (Anatomy of the) J. Keill, 1718— R. Grubb's

Treatise on Venereal Disease; others in the vol. 1784
— Read's Manual of Anatomy, 1642 — Physical Dic-
tionary, 1708 : and 2 others, curious (6)

619 Humourist (The) 2 vol. 1724-5, cirrious vol. of Pamphlets,

Trials, &c. — Solomon's Guide to Health, Liverpool, n.d.
—Every Night Book, 1827 (5)

620 Humphrey Hedgehog's General Post Bag, 1815 — Age of

FrivoHty, by Timothy Touoh'em, 1806— Fudge Family,
1818 — Life, High and Low, colored pjlates, 1819 ; and
two others (6)

621 Jews. Address to the Jews by John Xeres, 1710 — Historie

of the Jewes, hlack letter, Ilichard Jvgge, ivants title
— Two Journeys to Jerusalem, collected by R. B. and
beautified with Pictures, 1704 (3)

622 Joe Miller's Jests, woodcut front, n. d. calf neat — Joe

Miller's Jests, Reprint of the First edition, 1739, half
morocco, uncut Svo. (2)

623 Johnson's Typographia, 2 vol, 1824; and 3 others (5)

624 Joke upon Joke, plates, 1800 — Miseries of Human Life,

1806— Comforts of Human Life, 1807— Life of Cor-
poral Bates, curious, 1756 — Road to the Stage, 1827 (5)

(.>25 Laconics, or Best Words of Best Authors, 3 vol. 1831 —
Panorama of Youth, red morocco, 1807, 2 vol. (5)

626 Lady Hamilton (Memoirs of) 1815 — Rival Princes, by

Mary Ann Clark, 2 Yo\. portrait, 1810 — Rival Dukes,
1810 — Evremond's Life, 1714 — Memoirs of Corsica,
Neivspaper cuttings inserted, 1768, curious (6)

627 Lazarillo Cousales (Adventures of) plates, uncut, 1777 —

Taste of the Town, or Guide to Public Diversions, 1731
— Solomon's Guide to Health, Liverpool, n. d. — Atula,
1802 — Sterne's Sentimental Journey, a Paris, 1836 (5)

628 Lettres D' Amour Chevalier De C. curious plates, L'Ona-

nisme,par M. Tissot, half morocco, a Lausanne, 1764 (2)

629 Lingra Per Eras Rot, with autograph of M. Covcrdale,

1552, luritten on vellum fly leaf, Basilece, 1525, curious
stamped leather binding — OfScium, Ant. 1718, cui'ious
clasps; and 4 others, «M70t(s (6)

630 Liviana. Chronologia In Titi Livi Historiam, Francofurti,

1588 — Novelle Di Grazzini, Londra, 1756, supposed
to have been printed at Paris, see MS. Note, russia
gilt — N. Tulpi, Observationes Medicse, Lug. Bat.
1739 (3)

631 London. Camera Regis, by J. Brydall, 1676 — Pietas

Londinensis, by J. Patterson, 1714 — R. Burton's
London and Westminster, cuts, heraldry, ^-c. 1730 (3)

632 London. Knight's Cyclopaedia of London, 1851 — The

Public Edifices of the British Metropolis, 4to. 1820

633 London. Londres et ses Environs, curious folding pilates,

Covent Garden, cj-c, 2 vol. Paris, 1788 — Handel's
Sacred Oratorios, 2 vol. plates, 1799 — Dyer's (G.)
Poems, 2 vol. 1802 — Calvary, a Poem, by R. Cumber-
land, 2 vol. 1810; and 2 others (10)

634 Lovell's (R.) Compleat Herball, Oxf 1659— Sir John Hill's

Herbal, colored plates, Bungay, 1812 (2)

635 Man. T. Nurse on Man, 1697— Great Soul of Man, by

T. Beverley, 1676 ; and two others (4)

636 Manley (Mrs.) Secret Memoirs, 1709, with key — Chyrur-

geons Store House, 1674 — England, Wales, and Scot-
land, J. Spread, 1627 — Sermons, Friend to the Sick,
1673— Act of the Morea, 1687 — Drunken Bamaby,
impft. 1776— Don Quixote, Vol. 1, 1719 (7)

637 Manuscript. Les Dignes Fruits dans un Pechenr, a Paris,

1743, others in the vol. frontispiece a Mermaid, ^c.
curious, thick 8vo. — Segur's Memoires, ou Souvenirs
et Anecdotes, 2 vol. Par. 1826 (3)

638 Meiers (G. F.) Merry Philosopher, or Thoughts on Jesting,

1764 — Amusements, Serious and Comical, Keen Jests,
&c., English and French— The Hague, 1719 (2)

C39 Merrie Conceited Jests of George Peele ito. 1 809

640 Merrie Conceited Jests of George Peele. Aiiotlier Copy

LARGE PAPER, iiririit 4fo. 1809

641 Meriton's (G.) Immorality and iJebaucliery Exposed —

Capt. R. Boyle's Adventures, 1848 — Venus Unmasked,
impft. 1750 — Paris Lions and London Tigers, by H.
"Wilson, colored plates, \H2h — ILarriett Wilson, Vols. T.
and IL impft. 1825 (5)

642 Meteors. Fiery Ayric, &c. by W. F. 1654— Case of a

Nobleman, Ijy G. Harvey, 1078 ; and three curious on
Shorthand Writing, Yorl, 1775, &c. (5)

64." Milton. Johannis Miltoni Angli Artis Logicoj Plenior Insti-
tntio, ad Petri Jxnira, fine portrait of Miltoaby TV. Dolle,
167!, Londini, 1672— Whole Duty of Man, 1669—
Silver Drops, or Serious Things, Ladies Charity School-
house Roll of Highgate, plates, curious, ri. d., " irritten
by William Blake, HouseTteeper to the Ladies Charity
School" (3)

644 Missale Romanum, thicJc 8vo. cuts, &c. printed in red and

black, Par. 1604— Biblia Sacra, LvgrL 1614— Holy
Bible, engraving of Old Lonilon Bridge on title, Camh.
1648 — Le Nov. Testament, a Tjyini, 1561 — Les Epis-
tres Sainct Pari, ii Lpjem, 1561, vellnm — OfScivm B
Marifc Virg. cuts. Ante. lOOS — Daily Exercise of a
Christian, black htter, impft. vellum; and another (7)

645 More's (Sir J.) England's Literest, Fishing, Bees, etc. half

calf neat, 1703— Jonathan Wild, 1798 — Poems Sacred
to Love and Beauty, Exeter, 1808— The Nun, 1811—
Corjjoral Bates, broken-hearted Soldier, 1756

646 Music. About 200 pieces Popular Music

647 Music. A similar lot

648 MiLsic, Vocal, /(</// ca//— National Gallery, 1839, ito. (2)

649 Netherland Historian, curious plates, Amst. 1675 — Le

Guide D'Anisterdam, plcdes, 1753 — Lassel's Voyage
of Italy, 1670 — Chinsole Itinerario D'ltalia, InVicenza,
1782 (4)

650 Newcastle (Duke of). Wm. Cavendishe, New Method and

Extraordinary Invention to Dress Horses, /o/i'o, 1667

651 Ogilby's (John) Works of Publius Virgilius Maro, toithi. the

autograph of " ./. L^oclce" on fly leaf, 1649 — Virgil
Travestie, &c. by Charles Cotton, Esq. 1771 — Ovid's
Epistles, 1683— Bysshe's CE.^ Art of English Poetry,
1707-8 ■ ■ ' (4)

652 Oliver Cromwell, Life and Death, by J. Heath, portrait,

16 — Historical Account of William III. pjortrait,
1690— History of Charles XII. cut, 1760 (3)

(i53 Painted Glass (Ballantine on) — Hayter on Colours, 1830
— Marriage Service used at St. George's Chapel,
March 10, 18C3 ; and one other (4)

054 Pen and Pencil (Excellency of the) plates, 1688— A. Lovell's
Universe in Epitome, 1679 — The Great Sacrifice, by
J. Dymock, (Roman Catholic) 1687 (3)

655 Peter Porcupine's (Cohbett) Bono to Gnaw, 1797 — Comic

Annual, 1831— Porget-Me-Not, 1847; and 5 others (8)

656 Phillip's (Governor) Voyage to Botany Bay, ;j?aie5, 1790,

curious hinding ivitli inlaid vellum paintings — Gower's
Seamanship, 1796 — Letters to Lord Mansfield, 1773;
and 2 others (5)

657 Platinae De Vitis Pontificum, 4to. ivoodcut portraits, Col.

Agripp. 1626

658 Poems. Corsair, Fugitive Fancies, Olive Branch, Token

of Sympathy, and 14 others
morocco extra, cloth, ^c. 24mo. (18)

659 Portrait and Print-Seller's Chronicle, by Satiricus, Sculptor,

181 4 — Introduction to Kn owledge of Eminent Painters ,
1778 — Coin Collector's Companion, 1795, book-plates
by T. Bewick (3)

660 Precious Stones. Traite Des Pierres Preoieuses, par Pouget

Fils, coloured plates, ito. a Paris, 1762

661 Pye on Hunting, Stothard, 1788— Receipts, 1847 — Natu-

ral Philosophy, 1853 — Uncle Tom, n.d. — Buchan's
Domestic Medicine, 1792

662 Queen Elizabeth (Life and History of ) Mary Queen of

Scots, &c. plates, ito. 1730 — J. Robson's Early English
Metrical Romances, Cam. Soc. 1842

663 Quizzical Gazette Extraordinary and Wonderful Advertiser,

" Second edition, the First being postponed till next
year,^^ 1819 to 1824 inclusive, each number published
annually impl. 8vo.

664 Receipts. Five Thousand Receipts, Sir R. Phillips, 1832

— Footman's Directory, 1825 — Juvenile Keepsake,
T. Roscoe, 1830 ; and two others (5)

665 Remains concerning Brittaine, 1629 — Charron's (P.) Three

Books of Wisdome, 1599 (?) — The Thornton Romances,
J. 0. Halliivell, Camden Society, 19,0: (3)

666 Rochester. History and Antiquities of Rochester, plates

and interesting autograph letters by Thorpe the Anti-
quarian, (J-c. inserted, Rochester, 1772 — Cowper, Illus-
trated by J. Storer, Bucks, 1804, half calf neat, t. e. g.
— Description of Bromley, in Kent, by T. Wilson,
plates, 1797 " (3)

667 Secret Memoirs of Kobert Dudley Earl of Leicester, Queen

Elizabeth, &c. 1706— Selden's Table Talk, Chiswick,
1818 — Young Horsewoman's Art of Riding, by E.
Stanley, 1827

668 Secrets by Pliioravant, Duck Lane, 165"2 — A Eich Store

House, by G. W. 1650 — Hymen's Triumph, by S.
Daniel, 1623 (3)

669 Shakespeare. Mrs. Montagu's Essay, 1785— Hero's Child,

1853 — Virgil's ^neis, 1714, a curious Mamiscript ;
and two others (6)

670 Simpkin's Letters. Trial of Warren Hastings, 1789 — New

Bath Guide, Third edition, 8to. 1766— Montagu's
Essay on Shakespeare, 1772 — Coombe's Phrenology,
1825 — Bnchan's Medicine, 1790; and two others (6)

671 Sleigh's (Jno.) History of the Ancient Parish of Leek,

Staffordshire, Leek, 1862 — Topographical Dictionary
of Yorkshire, by T. Langdale, Northallerton, 1809 (2)

672 Songs. Busy Bee, 3 vol. portrait of Capt. Morris, ^c. —

Musical Miscellany, Perth, 1786 — Souvenir des
Menestrel, plates, 1815

673 Songs. The Bull-Finch, ?i. d. — The Charmer, Coventry,

1744— Norris's Miscellanies, 1723 — Muses Farewell,
1689

674 Southey's (R.) Waterloo, russia gilt — Rett's (H.) Juvenile

Poems, Oxf. 1793, morocco — Attempts in Verse, by
.John Jones — Essay by R. Southey, 1831 — H. Kirke
White's Remains, portrait, 1825 (4)

675 Steam Engine Diagrams, mounted on linen — Mechanics and

Mechanism, 1854; and 2 others (5)

676 Stothard's Plates. Pleasures of Memory, S. Rogers, 1796

—The Victim, 1819 — -Pleasures of Imagination, Aken-
side, 1794; and 3 others (6)

677 Strutt's (Joseph) Sports and Pastimes of the People of

England, by William Hone, cuts, 1834 — Another
edition, 1838 (2)

678 Topography. Hampshire, Isle of Wight, 1794— Bristol

Guide, 1799— Worcester Guide, 1799— Richmond
and its vicinity, by J. Evans, Richmond, 1824 —
Windsor Castle, Eton, 1775 — Cook's Yorkshire, viith
extra plates, MS. Notes, cuttings, ^c. Oxford, three
vol. curious, n. d. — Edinburgh, j^jZaies, 1800 — Watering
Places of England, extra plates, 1803; and 2 others (11)

679 Topography. Rouse's (J.) Sussex, 1825 — Thompson's

History of Boston, Lincolnshire, wants title, Boston,
1820— Hastings' Guide, 1797— Dibdin's Cheltenham,
Cheltenham, 1803 — J. Johnson on Tropical Climates,
1821 %vo. (4)

fiyo Tracts. Malvern, Worcester, 1796 — Cheltenham, cuts,
Bath, n. d.— Elizabeth Squirrell, 1853— Cobbett's
(Wm.) Tour in Scotland, 1833— Eoyal Cabinet Atlas,
100 coloured plates, pub. 21s. — Charities of London,
18-14 (5)

681 Trial of Men's Wits, by John Huarie, 1604— The Matri-

monial Preceptor, n. d. ( 2)

682 Trial of Queen Caroline, TJolhj, 2 vol. 1820 — Inquiry into

Conduct, 1807— Handmaid to the Arts, 2 vol. 1796—
Another edition, 1764 — Remains of H. Kirke White,
2 vol. 1813 (9)

683 Unclaimed Dividends, Banlv of England, 1823— G. Bubb

Dodington's Diary, Salishimj, 1784 — Anti-Slavery
Convention, 1841 %vo. (3)

684 Vita Di Benvenuto Cellini, dedicated to R. Boyle, calf gilt,

arms, cyphers, ^c. on side, g. e., see 3IS. Notes

folio. In Colonia, n. d. 1730 ?

6S5 Watch and Clock Work. The Artificial Clock Maker, by

W. D. M.A. 1700 — Horologioal Disquisitions, or True

Nature of Time, by J. Smith, CM. 1708 ' (2)

686 Water. Curiosities of Common Water, by J. Smith, 1723

— Tar Water, by Rev. G.Berkeley, 1744 — J. Johnstone,
on The Walton Water, [Vorcester, 1787 — Ampthill
Baths, 1788 — Russel, on Sea Water, plates, 1760 —
Sir John Floyer, Kt. M.D., on the Baths of England,
1697 (4)

687 Watts (Isaac) Memoirs of Rev. I. Watts, D.D. by Thomas

Gibbons, portrait by C. Watson, 1780 — Watts' Psalms
and Hymns, portrait, 1777 — Les Pseaumes de David,
with music, Amst. 1756 (3)

FINIS.

J. Davy & SoDR, Printers, 137 Long Acre.

Eeprinteil from the Quarterly Beview and 'Days at the Factories,'
by permission.

A DESCKIPTION

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS'

^rintiug-®ffitc,

DUKE STKEET, STAMFOKD STREET,

wrrn a :ME.iiOTii of

THE LATE WILLIAM CLOWES,

rOCNDEK OIT THF. I'.STABI.lSHmEXT.

iDuiikii.:

WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS', PRINTERS,

DUKE STIlEJiT, STAJIFOUD STREICT, AN'D 14, OlIARING CKOSS.

[For Friuate Circuhdioit onlg,']

"-€-sm

wmtm^:^immM.

MESSRS. CLOWES AKD SONS' PRINTING-OFFICE,

DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET.

THE PRINTER'S DEYIL.

SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart.

REPRINTED FROM THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, So. CXXIX. DECEMBER, 1839.
BY PEKMISSION OF MR. MITRKAY.

THE PPtlXTEE'S DEVIL.

By sir FEAXCIS B. HEAD, Baut.

'AND noo, ma freends,' — some fifty years ago, said an old
Hifrliland preaclaer, suddenly lowering a ^-oice wliicli for
nearly an lionr liad been givino; feiwid utterance to a series
of supplications ioi the welfare, tem2:)oral as well as spiritual,
of Ills flock — ' And noo, ma freends' — tlie good man re-
peated, as, wiping his bedeAved brow, he looked down upon
a congregation who with outstretched chins sat listening in
respectfid astonishment to this new proof that their pastor's
subject, unlike his body, was still unexhausted ; ' And
noo, ma freends,' — he once more exclauned, with a look
of parental benevolence it would he utterly impossible to
describe — 'Let vs praigh for the piiir Dell! Tlieres
naelody praiglis for tlie [ndr Deill'

To our literary congTegation we beg leave to repeat very
nearly the same two exclamations ; for, deeply as we all
stand indebted to the British press, it may truly be said
' There's naebody thinks of its puir deils,' nor of the many
kindred spirits, ' black, wHte, and grey,' who, above groiuid
as well as below, inhabit the great printing-hotises of the
land we Kve in. We shall, therefore, at once proceed to
one of these estabhshments, and by our soA-ereign power
summon its motley inmates Ijefore us, that they may rapidly
glide before our readers in review.

In a raw December monring, just before the gas-lights are
extinguished, and just before sitnrise, the streets of London
form a twilight picture which it is interesting to contemplate,

JIEStillS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

inasmuch as tlicrc exists perhaps no moment in the twenty-
ibnr hours in which they present a more guihiess aspect;
for at this hour hixury lias retired to such rest as l^elongs to
it — vice has not yet risen. Altliougli the rows ol' houses
arc still in shade, and although their stacks of chimneys
appear fantastically delineated upon the grey sky, yet the
picture, chiaro-oscnro, is not altogether without its lights.
Tlie wet streets, in whatever direction they radiate, shine
almost as brightly as the gilt printing over the barred shops.
At the corners of the streets, the gin-palaces, as they are
passed, appear splendidly illuminated with gas, showing an
elevated row of lettered and numbered yellow casks, which
in daylight stand on their ends unnoticed. The fashionable
streets are all completely deserted, save by a solitary police-
man, who, distinguished by his warm great-coat and shining-
belt, is seen standing at a crossing drinking the cup of hot
Salop or coffee he has just purchased of an old barrow-woman,
who, with her smoking kettle, is quietly seated at his side,
while the cab and hackney-coach horses, with their heads
droopuiCT, appear as motionless as the brass charger at
Charlng-Cross.

An Irish labourer with an empty hod over Ms shoulder,
a man carrying a saw, a tradesman with his white apron
tucked up for walking, a few men, 'far and wide between,'
in fustian jackets, with their hands in their pockets to keep
them warm, are the only perceptible atoms of an enormous
mass of a million and a half of people — all the rest being as
completely buried from view as if they were lying in their
graves.

But as our vehicle proceeds, every minute imparts life to
the scene, until, by the time Blackfriars-bridge is crossed,
the light of day illumines the figures of hundreds of work-
men, who, uncomrected with each other, are, in "warious
directions, steadily proceeding to their tasks.

ARRANGEMENT OF COMPOSITORS ROOMS.

Among them, from tlieir dress, gait, and general appear-
ance, it is not difEcult here and there to distinguish that
several are pruiters ; and as we have now reached the gate
of one of the principal buildings to which they arc marching,
we must alight from our 'cab,' that we may l)y a slight
sketch delineate its interior for our readers.

The printmg establishment of Messrs. Clowes, on the
Surrey side of the Thames, (for they have a branch office
at Charmg-Cross,) is situated between Blackfriars and
Waterloo bridges. Their buildings extend in length from
Princes-street to Duke-street, and in breadth about half the
distance. The entrance is by rather a steep declivity into
a little low court, on arriving at which, the counting-houses
are close on the left; the great steam-presses, the type-
foundry and stereotype-foundry, and paper-warehouse, on
the right ; and the apartments for compositors, readers, &c.,
in front.

In the last-mentioned building there are five compositors'
halls, the largest of which (on two levels, the upper being
termed by the workmen ' the quarter-deck ') is two hundred
feet in length. The door is nearly in the centre, and, on
entering this apartment at daybreak, the stranger sees at a
coup d'ceil before him, on his right and left, sixty com-
positors' frames, which, though much larger, are about the
height of the music-stands in an orchestra. At this early
hour they are all deserted, their daily tenants not having
arrived. Not a sound is to be heard save the slow tiekina:
of a gaudy-faced wooden clock, the property of the work-
men, which faithfully tells when they are entitled to refresh-
ment, and which finally annormces to them the joyfiil in-
telligence that the hour of tlieir emancipation has arrived.
On the long wall opposite to the range of windows hang the
printed regulations of a subscription fimd, to which every
man contributes 2d., and every 1ioy Id. per week, explain-

lireSSRS, CLOWES AND SONS' I'RINTIXG-OFFICE.

iiig liow miicli cacli is eiititlcil to receive in the sad liour of
sickness, with tlie consohng intelhgence that bl. is allowed
to Lnry liini il" he Ijc a man, and 21. lOs. if merely a boy.
Along the whole length of the building, about a f jot abo^■c
the floor, there is a cast-iron pipe heated by steam, extend-
ing throngh the establislimcnt upwards of threc-qnarters
of a mile, the genial cliect of which modestly speaks for
itself:

On the right hand, tonehing each fl'amc, stands a small
low table, about two feet square. A hasty traveller would
probably pronounce that all these frames were alike, yet a
few minutes' attentive olxscrvation not only dispels the error,
Ijut jjy numerous decipherable hieroglypliics explains to a
certain extent the general occuj)ation of the owners, as well
as the particidar character of each.

For instance, the height of the frames at once declares
tjiat the compositors perform their work standingf, while the
pair of easy slippers which are underneath each stand suggest
that the occupation must l)e severely felt l^y the feet. The
working jacket or the apron, which lies exactly as it was
cast aside the evening l:ief;ire, slioAvs that fi'ceclom in the
arms is a requisite to the craft. The g'ood woi'kman is
known hj the regularity with which his <xipu hangs neatly
folded in the little wooden recess at his side — the slovenly
compositor is detected by having left his MS. on his type,
liable to be blown from the case — while the apprentice, like
the 'carpenter known Ijy Iris chips,' is discovered by the
quantity of type which lies scattered on the floor oir wdilcli
he stood.

The relative stature of the workmen can also Ije not in-
accurately determined l^y the different heights of their frames.
The roomy stools which some have purchased (and which
are their private property, for be it known that the establish-
ment neither furnishes nor approves of such luxuries) are

I'UAEACTERISTICS OF WORKJIEX.

not without tlicir silent moral ; those with a large circum-
ference, lis well as those of a much smaller size, denoting
the diameter of a certain recumbent body, while the stuffed
stool tells its own tale. The pictures, the songs, the tracts,
the caricatures, wdiich each man, according to liis fimcy,
has pasted against the small compartment of whitewashed
wall wliiili bounds his tmy dominions, indicate the colrjur
of his leading propensity. Une man is evidently the pos-
sessor of a serious mind, another is a follower of the fine
arts. A picture of the Duke of AVellington denotes that
another is an admirer of stern moral probity and high
military honour ; while a rosy -faced Plebe, in a very low
evening gown, laughingly confesses for its owner that which
we need not trouble ourselves to expomid. In the midst
of these studies the attention of the solitary stranger is
aroused by the appearance of two or three little boys,
dressed in fustian jackets and paper caps, who in the grey
of the morning enter the hall with a broom and water.
These are young aspiring dei.'ils, who, until they have
regularly received their conunissions, are employed in clean-
ing the halls previous to the arrival of the compositors.
Besides ventilating the room l^y opening the windows in
the roof, beginning at one extremity, they sweep under
each frame, watering the floor as they proceed, until they
at last collect at the opposite end of the hall a heap of
literary rubbish ; but even this is worthy of attention, for,
on being sifted through an iron sie^-e, it is invariably found
to contain a quantity of type of all sizes, which more or
less has been scattered right and left by the different com-
positors. To attempt to restore these to the respective
famiUes from which they have enrigrated would be a work
of considerable trouble; they are therefore thrown into a
dark receptacle or grave, where they patiently remain until
they are remelted, recast into type, and thus once again

MESSES. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

appear in the case of the coni]30Sitor. By this curious
tran.smigration Roman letters sometimes reappear on earth
in the cliaractcr of italics — the lazy z finds itself converted
into the ubiquitous e, the full stop becomes perhaps a
comma, while the hunchbacked mark of interrogation stands
triumphantly erect — a note of admiration to the world !

By the time the halls are swept some oi' the compositors
drop in. The steadiest generally make their appearance
first ; and on reaching their frames their first operation is
leisurely to take off and fold up their coats, tuck up their
shirt-sleeves, put on their browii hoUand aprons, exchange
their heavy walking shoes for the light brown easy slippers,
and then unfolding their copy they at once proceed to work.

By eight o'clock the whole body have arrived. Many in
their costume resemble common labourers, others are Isettcr
clad, several are very well dressed, but all bear in their coun-
tenances the appearance of men of considerable intelligence
and education. They have scarcely assumed their respective
stations, when blue mugs, contaiiring each a pint or half-a-
pint of tea or cofi'ee, and attended either Ijy a smoking hot
roll stuffed with yellow flutter, or liy a couple of slices of
bread and butter, enter the hall. The little girls, who with
well combed hair and clean shining faces bring these refresh-
ments, carry them to those who have not brealvfasted at
home. Before the empty mugs have vanished, a l^oy enters
the hall at a fl^st walk with a large bundle under his arm —
of morning newspapers : this intellectual luxury the com-
positors, by a frieirdly subscription, allow themselves to
enjoy. From their connexion with the different presses,
they manage to obtain the very earliest copies, and thus the
news of the day is known to them — the leading articles of
the different papers are criticised, applauded, or condemned
— an hour or two before the great statesmen of the country
have recei^■ed the observations, the castigation, or the intelli-

CHARACTERISTICS OF TOE WORKMEN.

gence they contain. One would think that compositor.s
would be as sick of reading as a grocer's boy is of treacle ;
but that this is not the case is proved by the fact, that they
not only willingly pay for these newspapers, Ijut often
indemnify one of their own community for gl"\'ing up his time
in order to sit in the middle of the hall on a high stool and
read the news aloud to them while they are labouring at
their work : they will, moreover, even pay him to read to
them any new book which they consider to contain inte-
resting information ! It of course requires very great com-
mand of the mind to be able to give attention to what is
read from one book, while men are intently employed m
the creation of another. The apprentices and inferior work-
jnen cannot attempt to do this, but the greater number,
astonishing as it may sound, can listen without injury to
their avocation. Very shortly after eight o'clock the whole
body are at their work, at which, it may be o):>scr"\'ed, they
patiently continue, with only an hour's interval, until eiglit
o'clock at night.

It is impossible to contemplate a team of sixty literary
labourers steadily working together in one room, without
immediately acknowledging the important service they are
rendering to the civilized world, and the respect which,
therefore, is due to them from society. The minutias of
their art it might be deemed tedious to detail ; yet with so
many operators in view it is not difficult, even for an inex-
perienced visitor, to distmguish the different degrees of per-
fection at which they have individually arrived.

Among compositors, as in all other professions, the race
is not always gained by him who is apparently the swiftest.
Steadiness, coolness, and attention are more valuable qualifi-
cations than eagerness and haste ; and, accordingly, those
compositors who at first sight appear to be doing the most,
are often, after all, less serviceable to themselves, and, conse-

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING OFFICE.

qncntly, to tlicir employers, llian those wlio, with less dis-
play, I'dIIow the old adage of ' slow and sure.'

(^>n the attitude of a compositor his work princijially
depends. The operatiom being performed by the eyes,
fingers, and arms, wdiich, with consideralile velocity, are
moved in almost e\'ery direction, the rest of the body should
be kept as tranquil as possll;>le. Jdowever zealous, therefore,
a workman may be, if his shoulders and hips arc seen to be
moved by every little letter he lifts, iiitigue, exhaustion, and
errors are the result; whereas, if the arms alone appear in
motion, the work is more easily, and consequently more
successliilly executed. The principle of Hamlet's advice to
the players may be offered to compositors : — •

' Speak the speech, I Jirajr you, as T proiinunccil it to jtiu. Do not
saw the air too much with your hand, tlius, hut use all gently. He not
too tame neither, hut let j'our own discretion he your tutor : suit the
(iclluii to the ir<ii'd, the word to the artion.'

Before a compositor can proceed with liis cojv/, his first
business must evidently lie to fill his ' cases,' which centain
about KtO pounds weight of type, of nine sorts, viz., 1. capitals ;
2. small ctipitals ; 3. Eoman letters (frir italics separate cases
are used); 4. figures ; 5. points and references; G. spaces •
7. cm ;ind en quadrats, or the larger spaces ; 8. double, treble,
and rpiadruplc quadrats ; !t. accents. There are two ' cases ; '
the upper of which is divided into 08 equal compartments ;
the lower into 53 divisions, adapted in size to the number
of letters thev arc to contain.

In the English language the letter c uihabits the largest
box; a, c, d. Ii, i, m, ru o, r, s, t, v live in the next-sized
apartments ; /;, /, (/, k, I, p, v, w, y dwell in wliat may be
termed the bed-rooms, while /, </, x, z, ce and ce, double letters,
&c., are more humljly lodged in the cupljoards, garrets, and
cellars. ^Vnd the reason of this arrancremcnt is, that the
letter e being visited by the compositor sixty times as often

DISTKIBUTIOX — COMrOSITIO.Nf.

as z (for his hand spends an hour in the former box f;>r every
niimite in tlie latter), it is evidently advisable that the letters
oftenest required should be the nearest. Latin and French
books dcA'oiir more of c, i, I, m, p, q, s, u, and v than English
ones, and for these languages the ' cases ' must therelijre be
arranged accordingly.

The usual way of filling cases with letters is ]:>y distril^uting
the type pages of books which have been printed off. Al-
though the ideas or words of one author wovdd not, especially
in his own opinion, at all suit those of his brother writer —
(ibr instance, suppose the type pages of ' The Diary of
the Times of George \Y .' were distriliuted to set up ' The
Bishop of Exeter's Charge to his CUergy ') — yet the letters
which compose them are found in practice to bear to each
other exactly the same proportion. The most profligate
pages are, therefore, quite as acceptable to the compositor
who is about to print a sermon, as a volume on cookery, or
even on divinity ; and thus, in death, books, like their
authors, are all democratically equal.

The distributing of the letters from the type pages into the
square dens to which they respectively belong is performed
with astonishing celerity. If the type were jumbled, or, as it
is technically termed, 'in pie,' the time requisite for recog-
nising the tiny countenance of each letter would be enormous ;
but the compositor, being enabled to grasp and read one or
two sentences at a time, without again looking at the letters,
drops them one by one, here, there, and everywhere, accord-
mg to their destmation. It is calculated that a good com-
positor can distribute 4000 letters per hour, which is about
five times as many as he can compose ; just as in common
life all men can spend money at least twenty times as readily
as they can earn it.

As soon as the workman has filled his cases, his next
Sisyphus labour is by composition to exhaust them. Glancing

11ESSR3. CLOWES AND SOXS riUNTIXG-OFFICE.

occasionally at his copy bclbre liim, lie consecutively picks
up, with a zigzag movement, and with ahnost the velocity of
lightning, the letters he requires. In arranging these types
in the ' stick,' or little frame, which he holds in liis left hand,
he must of course place them with their heads or letter-ends
uppermost : besides which they must, like soldiers, be made
all to march the same way ; for otherwise one letter in the page
would be 'eyes right,' one 'eyes left,' another ' eyes fi'ont,'
while another would be looking to the rear. This insubordi-
nation would produce, not only confusion, Ijut positive errors,
ibr 'p would pass for cl, n for «, q for b, &c. To avoid this,
the types are all purposely cast with a ' nick ' on one of
their sides, by which simple arrangement they are easily
recognised, and made to fall into their p)kaces the right way ;
and compositors as regularly p>lace the nicks of their type all
outermost, as ladies and gentlemen scientifically seat them-
selves at dinner, with their nicks (we mean tlieir mouths) all
facing the dishes. In short, a guest sitting with his back to
his plate is not. in the opinion of a compositor, a greater
breach of decorum than for a letter to face the wrong way.
The composing-stick contains the same sort of relative pro-
portion to a page as a paragraph. It holds a certain
measure of type, and as soon as it is filled, the paragraph, or
fragment of paragraph, it contains, is transplanted into the
page to which it belongs. This process is repeated until the
pages composing a sheet, being completed, are firmly fixed by
wooden c[uoins or wedges into an iron frame called a ' chase,'
which then assumes the name of a ' form ; ' and after having
thus been pjroperly prepared for the proof-press, a single copy
is ' pulled ofi',' and the business of correction then begins.

As the compositor receives nothing for curing his own
mistakes, they form the self-correcting punishment of his
offence. The operation is the most disagreeable, and, by
pressure on the chest incurred in leaning over the form, it is

CORRECTING — AUTHOR's CORRECTIONS.

also the most vmliealtliy part of liis occupation. ' A sharp
bodkin and patience ' are said by the craft to be the only two
instruments wliich are required for correction : by the former
a single letter can be abstracted and exchanged; Ijy the
latter, if a word has been improperly omitted or repeated, the
type In the neighbourhood of the error can be expanded or
contracted (teclmically termed 'driven out,' or 'got in')
until the adjustment be effected. But the compositor's own
errors are scarcely put to rights before a much greater
difficulty arrives, namely, the antJtor's corrections, for which
the compositoi's are very properly paid 6d. an hour.

It can easily be believed that it is as difficult for a
compositor to produce a correct copy of Ills MS., as it is for a
tailor to make clothes to fit the person he has measured ; but
the simile must stop here, for what would be the exclamations
of Mr. Stultze, or Madame Maradan Carson, if they were to
be informed that the gentleman or the lady whom they had
but a few days ago measured, had, while their clothes were
a-making, completely altered in shape, form, and dimensions ?
That, for mstance, the gentleman had lost his calves — had
'an increasing belly, and a decreasing leg ' — that, from being
a dwarf, he had swelled into a giant — or that his arms had
become shorter — and that liis frame had shrivelled into half
its bulk : that, again, Miladi's waist had suddenly expanded —
that her ' bustle ' had materially increased, wlrile her lovely
daughter, who but a week ago was measured as a mop-stick,
had all at once what is usually termed ' come out.'

Now, ridiculous as all these changes may sound, they are —
to say nothing of the heart-ache caused by 'bad copy,' in
which, besides being almost illegible, the author himself
evidently does not know what he means to say — no more
than those with which compositors are constantly afflicted.
Few men can dare to print their sentiments as they write
them. Not only must the frame-work of their composition

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

lie altered, Init ;i scries of minute postlurmoris additions and
srrljlraetiiins arc ordered, wliich it is alnir)st impussiljlc to
eilieet ; indet'd, it not unfreipiently happens that it woidd be a
sliorter operation i'or the compositor to set up tire tA'pcs
afresh, than to distuii) his work picceirrcal, by the quantity
of codicils and alterations which a vain, vacillating, crotcliety
writer has reipiired.

A glance at the dilfcrent attitudes of the sixty conrpositors
workuig lielore us is sufficient to explain even t("i a stranger
wdicther they are composing, distriljutmg, correcting, or liu-
jyjsiiiif ; which latter occupation is the fixing corrected pages
into the iron Ifamcs, or ' forms,' in which they eventually go
to press. Lut our reader has probably remained long enough
in tlie long half and we wdl therelbre introduce him to the
^X'l■y small cells of the readers.

In a printing establishment ' the reader ' is almost the
only indiA'idual whose occupation is sedentary ; indeed, the
galley-slave can scarcely be more closely bound to his oar
than is a reader to his stool. On entering his cell, his very
attitude is a striking and most graphic picture of earnest
attention. It is evident, from his outline, that the whole
power of his mind is concentrated in a ibcus upon the page
liefbi'e liim ; and as in midnight the lamps of the mail, which
illuminate a small portion of the road, seem to increase the
pitchy darkness which in every other direction prevails, so
does the undivided attention of a reatler to his subjc_'ct
evidently al)stract his thoughts from all other considerations.
An urchin stands by reading to thi; reader from the copij —
furnishing him, in fact, with an additional pair of eyes ; and
the shortest way to attract his immediate notice is to stop his
boy: lor no sooner does the stream of the child's voice cease
to flow than the machinery of the man's mind ceases to
\\-ork ; — something has evidently gone wrong! — he accord-
incfv at once raises his v>'eary head, and a slight sicrh.

READERS.

with one passage of tlie liand across his brow, is generally
sufficient to enable hun to receive the intruder with
mildness and attention.

Although the general interests of literature as well as the
character of the art of printing depend on the grammatical
accuracy and typographical con'cctness of ' the reader,' yet
from the cold-hearted public he recel\'es punishment, but no
reward. The slightest oversight is declared to be an error ;
while, on the other hand, if by his unremitted application no
faidt can be detected, he has nothing to expect from man-
kind but to escape and live uncensured. Poor Goldsmith
lurked a reader in Samuel Eicliardson's office ibr many a
hungry day in the early period of his life !

In a large printing establishment, the realinterest of which
is to increase the healthy appetite of the public l>y supplying
it with wholesome food of the best possible description, it is
found to be absolutely necessary that 'the readers ' should be
competent to correct, not only the press, but the author.
It is requisite not only that they should possess a microscopic
eye, capable of detecting the minutest errors, but be also
enlightened judges of the purity of their own language.
The general style of the author cannot, of course, be
interfered with ; but tiresome repetitions, incorrect assertions,
intoxicated hyperbole, fxidts in grammar, and, above all,
in punctuation, it is the reader's especial duty to point out.
It is, therefore, evidently necessary that he be complete
master of his own tongue. It is also almost necessary that
he should have been brought up a compositor, in order that
he may be acquainted with the mechanical department of
that business ; and we need hardly observe that, from the
intelligent body of men whose presence we have just left, it
is not impossible to select individuals competent to fulfil the
important office of readers.

But even to these persons, however carefully selected, it is

BIES.SRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

not clcemecl sai'e solely to intrust tlic supcrviskm of a work :
out of tlicm one is generally selected, upon whom tlie higher
duty devolves of scrutinising their lahours, and of finally
writing upon their revises the irrevocable monosyllable
' Press.'

We have already observed tluit while ' the reader ' is
seated in his cell, there stands beside him a small, intelligent
boy, who is, in fact, the reader ; that is to say, he reads aloud
from the copy, while the man pores upon and corrects the
corresponding print. This child, ioi such he is in com-
parison with the age of the master he serves, cannot be
expected to take any more interest in the heterogeneous mass
of literature which he emits, than the little marble Cupids in
Italy can be supposed to relish the water whicli is made
eA^erlastingiy to stream from their mouths. The subject
these boys are spouting is generally altogether bej'ond their
comprehension ; and even if it were not so, the p)auses that
ensue while ' the reader' is involved in reflection and correc-
tion would be quite sufficient to break its thread : but it often
happens that they read that which is altogether incompre-
hensible to them. Accordingly, in one cell the boy is Ibund
reading aloud to his patron a work in the French language,
which he has never learned, — and wliich therefore he is thus
most ludicrously pronouncing exactly as if it were
English : — ■

' Less ducks knee sont pass,' &-r. ,[(. <fr.
;'. e. Lcs dues ne sunt pas, (('■('.

To ' the reader's ' literary ears this must be almost as painful
as to common nerves the setting of a saw : yet he patiently
listens, and laboriously proceeds with his task. On enteiino-
another cell, the boy, who, perhaps, himself has never kno^vlr
sickness, is found monotonously reading, with a shrill voice,
from a document entitled ' Tabular Abstract of the Causes of
Death,' the most melancholy catalogue in the ibllowino- page.

READERS.

^ Of tlie
Nervous S
System.

Of tlie

Respiratory (

Organs.

Of the

Organs of

Circulation.

Intestinal
Canal.

Pancre

Live

VO \ Spleen .

DISEASES.

Total.

Cephalitis

Hydrocephalus

Apoplexy

Paralysis

Convulsions ............

Tetanus

Chorea

Epilepsy

Insanity

Delirium Tremens..
Disease

Total

Laryngitis

Qiiinsey

Bronchitis

Pleurisy

Pneumonia

Hydrot.hora.x

Asthma

Consumption

Decline

Disease

Total

Pericarditis

Aneurism

Disease

Total

Teething

Gastro-Enteritis

Peritonitis

Tabes Meeenterica..

Ascites

Ulceration

Heriiia

Colic

Constipation

Worms

Disease

Hepatitis

Jaundice

Disease.....

Total

1
1

163

3
2

2
35

105

225

2
1

12
13

12
1

9
35
10

7
C3

134

3
1

35
1

105

143

302

3
5

210

125

448

27
33

4
19

1
1

103

MEWi<i;^. CLUWES AND SONS I'RIXTISG OFFICE.

cliiclly in, to liiui, unintelligible Lutin, of the clismiil roads by
which oi_n- lellow-countiynien have just departed irom life.

^Vs ,si.)on as the last ' reader' has affixed his imprimatur on
tlie,la)jours of the compositor, and the latter has made the
corrections, the forms containing the type are securely fixed,
and they arc then carried to the press-room, to which,
v.'ith them, wo will now proceed.

Descending from ' the readers' ' cells to the ground floor,
the visitor, on approaching the northern wing of IMessrs.
Clowcs's establishment, hears a deep, rumbling sound, the
meaning of which he is at a loss to understand until, the
doors before him being opened, he is suddenly introduced to
twenty-five enormous steam-presses, whicli, in three com-
partments, are all working at the same time. The siuudtaneous
revolutliin of so much complicated machinery, crowded to-
gether in a comparatively small compass, coupled with a
moment's reilection upon the important purpose for whicli
it is in motion, is astounding to the mind; and as broad
leather straps are rapidly revolving in all directions, the
stranger pauses for a moment to consider whether or not he
may get entangled in the process, and against his inclination,
as authors generally say in their prefaces, go ' to press.'

Wc will not weary ovr reader hy attempting a minute
delineation of the wonderful picture before him, or e^'en
introduce to his notice the intelligent engineer, who, in a
building apart from the machinery, is m solitude regulating
the clean, well-kept, noiseless steam-engine whicli gi\-es it
motion ; we ^vill merely describe the literary process.

The lower part of each of the twenty-five steam-presses
Vv'e have mentioned consists of a bed or table, near the two
ends of which lie prostrate the two sets of ' forms ' containing
the types we ha\e just seen adjusted, and from which
impressions are to be taken.

I'>v the piiwer of machinery these types, at every throb of

STEAM PRESSES.

tlie engine, arc made liorizontally to advance and retire.
At every such movement they arc met half way by seven
advancing black rollers, which diagonally pass over them,
and thus, by a most beautiful process, impart t(5 them ink
sufficient only for a single impression. As quickly as the
tjrpcs recede, the seven rollers revolve backwards till they
come in contact with another large roller of kindred com-
plexion, termed ' the doctor,' which supplies them witli ink,
which he, ' the doctor,' himself receives from a dense mass
of the same material, which by the constant rcvi;>lution of
Esculapius assumes also the appearance of a roller.

When iron first began to be substituted in our navy f ir
purposes for which it had hitherto been deemed to be totally
inapplical:)le, it is said that an honest sailr)r, grai-ely turning
his quid, observed to his comrade, 'Why Jack, our imrser
tells me that the Admiralty are going to jjrovide us with
east-iron parsons ! ' ' The doctor ' of a steam printing-
press is already comjDosed of this useful material, but the
other seven rollers are of an infinitely softer suljstance.
They are formed of a mixture of treacle and glue ; and in
colour, softness, and consistency they are said, by those wlio
have studied such suljjects, exactly to resemble the arm of a
young negro girl.

Above the table, the forms, and the rollers we have de-
scriljed, are, besides other wheels, two very large revolving
cylinders, covered with flannel ; the whole apparatus being
surmounted by a boy, who lias on a lofty table l_w his side a
pile of quires of white paper.

Every time the lower bed has moved, this boy places on
the upper cylinder a sheet of paper, which is ingeniously
confined to its station by being slipped mider two strings of
tape. It is, however, no sooner affixed there, tlian l^y a
turn of the engine, revolving with the cylinder, it is flatly
deposited on the first of the ' forms,' which, by the process

MESSKS. CLOWES AXD SONS' PRINTTXCc OFFICE.

wc liavc dcscriljed, ]ias been ready Inked to receh-e it : it is
there instantaneously pressed, is tlicn cauglit up by tlic
other ej'linder, and, after rapidly revolving with it, is
again left with its white side imposed upon the second
' form,' where it is again subjected to pressure, from which
it IS no sooner released than it is hurried within the grasp
of another bny, at the bottom part of the machinery, who,
illumined by a gas light, extricates it from the cylinder, and
piles it on a heap by his side.

I!y virtue of this beautiful process, a sheet of paper, by
two revciluticms of the engine, with the assistance of only
two boys, is imprinted on both sides, with not only, say
sixteen pages of letter-press, jjut with the Mirious woodcuts
wdiich they contain. Excepting an hour's intermission, the
engines, like the boys, are at regular work from eight A.M.
till eight P.M., besides night-work when it is required.
Each steam-press is capable of printing 1000 sheets an hour.

The apartments to the left of the machinery wo have
described contain no less than twenty-three common or
hand-presses, of various constructions ; besides which, in
each of the compositors' rooms, there is what is termed a
proof-press. Each of these twenty-three presses is attended
by two pressmen, one of whom inks the form, liy means of
a roller, Avhilst the other lays on and takes off the paper very
nearly as fast as he can change it, and by a strong gymn;istic
exertion, afiording a striking feature of variety of attitude,
imparts to it a pressure of from a ton to a ton and a half,
the pressure depending upon the size and lightness of the
form ; this operation being performed by the two men, turn
and turn about.

By his steam and hand presses Mr. Clowes is enabled at
this moment to be printing simultaneously ' Brown's folio
Bible,' ' Yyse's Spelling Book,' ' First Picport of St. Martin's
Subscription Library,' ' Rehgious Tracts,' 'Penny Cyclo-

TROGRESS OF PRINTING.

pffidia,' 'Penny Magazine,' 'The Harmonist' (in musical
type), ' Tlie Imperial Calendar,' ' Booksellers' Catalogues,'
' Eegistration Eeports,' 'The Christian Spectator,' 'Pictorial
Shakspere,' 'Henry's folio Bible,' 'Butler's Lives of the
Saints,' ' Eegistration of Births and Deaths,' ' Boothroyd's
Bible,' 'Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong,'
'Palestine, or tire Holy Land,' ' The Way to be Healthy,
Wealthy, and Wise' (300,000 copies, of which 20,000 are
delivered per day), 'The Quarterly Eeview,' &c.

Notwitlistanding the noise and novelty of this scene, it is
impossible either to contemplate for a moment the machinery
in motion which we have described, or to calculate its pro-
duce, without being deeply impressed with the inestimable
value to the human race of the art of printing — an art
wliich, in spite of the opposition it first met witli, in spite of
' the envious clouds which seemed bent to dim its glory and
check its bright course,' has triumphantly risen above the
miasmatical ignorance and superstition which woidd willingly
have smothered it.

In the fifteenth century (the era of the invention of the
art) the brief-men, or writers who lived by their manuscripts,
seeing that their occupation was about to l^e superseded,
boldly attriliuted the invention to tire devil, and, building
on this foundation, men were warned from using diabolical
books ' written by victims devoted to hell.' The monks in
particular were its inveterate opposers ; and the Vicar of
Croydon, as if he had foreseen the Eeibrmation which it
sul3sequently effected, truly enougli exclaimed, in a sermon
preached by him at St. Paul's Cross, ' We must root out
jn-inting, or iJrinting will root us out ! ' Nevertheless, the
men of the old school were compelled to adopt the novelty
thus hateful: in fact, many of the present names of our
type have been derived from their having been first employed
in the printing of Eomish prayers ; for instance, ' Pica,' from

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS' PRINTIK(.;-OFFrCE.

the scrA'icc of the IWass, termed Pica c>r Pic, from the
r^'lariiig contrast between the black and white on its page —
' Primer,' from Primarius, the book of Prayers to tlic
Virgin — ' Brevier,' from Breviary, — ' Canon,' from the
Canons of the Church — ' St. Augustin,' from that Father's
writings having been first printed in that sized type, &c. &c.

How reluctantly, however, the old prejudice was parted
with, even by the classes most interested in the advancement
of the new device, may be inferred from Shakspere's tran-
script of the chronicle in which Jack Cade, the radical
spouter of his day, is made to exclaim against Lord Say,
' TIiou liast most traitorously corrupted the youth of tire
realm in erecting a grammar school ; and whereas, before,
our forefathers had no other books but the score and tally,
thou hast cAxvicA printing to he used; and, contrary to the
king, his crown and dignity, thou hast built a paper-mill ! '

But we must pause in our quotations, for the wooden clocks
in the compositors' halls have just struck ' OXE,' the signal
throughout the whole establishment (which we may observe
contains 340 workmen) that the welcome hour lor rest and
refreshment has arrived. The extended arm of the distributor
falls as by paralysis to liis side — the compositor as suddenly
lays down his stick — the corrector his bodkin — the impositor
abandons his quoins, reglet, gutters, scaleboard, chases, shoot-
ing-sticks, side-sticks, and his other 'furniture' — the wearied
' reader ' slowly rises from his stool, his Ijoy, like a young-
kid, having already bounded from his side. The wheels of
the steam-presses abruptly cease to revolve — ' the doctor '
even becomes motionless — the boys descend from the literary
pinnacles on which they had been stationed — the hand-
presses repose — and, almost Ix'fore the paper-men, type-
founders, and other workmen can manage to lay down tlieir
work, in both Duke-street and Stamford-street printers' boys
of -^-arious coloius are seen either scudding away in all direc-

THE DINNEK llOUlt.

tions, or assembled, in knots to pluy at leap-frog, or at what-
ever other game may happen to be what is technically called
' in.' A iat, ruddy-faced boy wearing a paper-cap is seen
vaidting over the back of a young tight-made devil, while
' a legion of foul fiends ' appear gambolling in groups, or
jumping over each other's shoulders.*

While this scene is passing in the middle of the street,
steady workmen who are going to their dinners arc seen
issuing in a stream out of the great gate, while at the same
moment, by a sort of back current, there is entering the
yard a troop of little girls with provisions for those who
prefer to dine at their posts. Most of these children are
bearers of one or more sixpenny portions of smoking hot
meat with penny portions of potatoes or cabbage, in addition
to wliich some of the little girls, with their longing eyes
especially fixed on the dish, are carrying great twopenny
lumps of apple-pudding, or heavy pieces of a cylindrical
composition commonly called ' roUy-poUy pudding,' which
very closely resemble slices of ' the doctor.' Besides these
eatables, a man is seen gliding hastily down the declivity of
the yard, carrying in each hand a vertical tray glistening
with bright pewter pint pots.

* Whenever a printer'a devil, in the morning, at noon, or at niglit, is
about to be let loose upon an autbor, ' the proofs ' he is ordered to
convey are secured in a leathern bag, strapped rumid his waist. Soure
time ago, however, a young, thoughtless imp, from Messrs. Cllowes's
establishment, chose to carry upon his liead a heavy packet addressed
by his employer to ' Lieut. Stratford, E.N., Somerset House.' ' You
young rascal ! ' exclaimed a tall thief, who, after having read the
inscription, cmmingly ran up to him, ' Lieut. Stratford has been waiting
for the last two hours for this parcel ! Give it to me ! ' The devil,
conscience-stricken and crest-fallen at the recollection that he had twice
stopped on his road to play at marbles, delivered up his packet to the
coiimyancer ; who, on opening it in his den, must have been gi'icvously
disappointed to find that it contained nothing but some proofs of ' The
Nautical Almanac for 1840.'

JIESSIIS. CLOWES AND SOSS PRINTING OFFICE.

A reuiarkablc silence now pervades the establishment.
The halls of the ccimpositors appear to be empty ; for while
enjoying their humble meal, sick of standing, they invariably
scat themselves under their frames, and thus, like rats in
their holes, they can scarcely be discovered. The carc-
Wfirn reader, in solitude, is also at his meal ; but whatever
it may consist of, it would be hard to say which he enjoys
most— ibod ibr the body or rest for the mind. The great
steam-engine which wc)rks the twenty-five printing-presses
is also at its dinner, which consists of a liberal allowance of
good neat's-Ibot ciil and tallow.

As this scene of rest and enjoyment is to last for a whole
hour, we perhaps cannot l^etter employ a small portion of the
interim than by a few reflections on the history of j^rinting.

The lahour attendant upon propagating manuscript copies
of volmnes has been thus very feelingly described by William
Caxton : —

' Tlius end I tliis book ; and for as moclio as in wiityng of tlie same
my penue is worn, myn lianJe weary, and mj-n ej-ne dimmed witli
overmoclie lookjTig on tlie wliit ^japer, and that ago creejietli on me
dayly ' . . . .

Accordingly fifty years were sometimes employed in pro-
ducing a single ^-olumc. At the sale of Sir W. Burrell's
books, May 17SJG, there was displayed a MS. Bible on
\'ellum, beautifully written with a pen, and illuminated,
which had taken upwards of half a century to perform ;
the writer, Guido de Jars, began it in his tbrtieth year
(the period of life at which Sir Walter Scott began Waverley),
and yet did not finish it till he was upwards of ninety.

The expense attendant upon the ancient operation will be
sufficiently explained by the following extract of a translated
epistle from Antonio Bononia Becatello to Alphonzo, King
oi' Naples : —

REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF PRINTING.

' You lately wrote to me from Florence that the works of Titus Li-
vius are there to he sold ui very handsome hooks, and tliat the price of
each hook is 120 crowns of gold : therefore I entreat your majesty that
you cause to he bought for us Livy, whom we used to call the king
of books, and cause it to he sent hither to us. I shall in the mean time
procure the money which I am to give for the price of the book. C>ne
thing I want to know of your prudence, whether I or Poggins have
done best : he, who, that he might buy a country-house near Florence,
sold Livy, which he had writ in a very fair hand ; or I, who, to purchase
Livy, have exposed a piece of land to sale ? Your goodness and
modesty have encouraged me to ask these things with familiarity of
you. Farewell, and triumph.'

Gacfuin, in writina; from France to one of his friends who
sent to him from Rome to procure a Concordance, says, —

' I have not to this day found a Concordance, except one that is
greatly esteemed, which Pasohasius the bookseller has told me is to be
sold, and it maybe had for a liimdred cro'^^ais of gold,' (about 83/.)

On the last leaf of a folio manuscript of the Itoman de la
Rose (the property of the late Mr. Ames) there is written, —

' C'est lyuir costa an palas de Paiys quarantc coronnes dor, sans
rnentyr.'

About the time of Henry II. the works of authors were,
it has been said, read over for three days successively before
one of the Universities, or before other judges appointed
for the service, and, if they met with aj^probation, copies
of them were then permitted to be taken by monks,
scribes, illuminators, and readers, brought up or trained to
that purpose for their maintenance. But the labours of
these monks, scribes, illuminators, &c., after all, were only
for the benefit of a very few individuals, while the great
bidk of the community lived in a state of ignorance closely
resembling that which has ever characterized and which still
characterizes savage tribes.

The heaven-born eloquence of many of these people has

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS I'UINTING-OFFICE.

Ix'cn aeknowlcdgcd l:>y almost every traA'eller who has enjoyed
the ripportuiiity of hstemng to it with a translator.

Kothmg, it is said, can be more striking than tire frame-
work of tlien- speech, wliich, commencing witli an appeal to
' the Great Spirit ' that governs tlie universe, gradually
descends to the very foundation of the sulyect they are dis-
cussmLf. NothiniT more beautiful than the imagery with
which they clothe their ideas, or more unposmg tlian the
intellectual coolness with which they express tliem. Fj'om
sunrise till sunset they can address tlieir patient audittirs ;
and such is the confidence these smipde pieople pfissess in
their innate powers of speech, that a celeljratcd orator was,
on a kite occasion, heard to declare, ' That liad he conceived
the young men of his tribe would liavc so erred m tlieir
decision, he would have attended their council lire, and
would liM'Q spoken to them for a fortnight 1'

liiit what has become of all the orations wliich these
denizens of the lijrcst liave pronounced ? "What moral effect
ha^'c they produced Ijcyond a momentary excitement of
admiratKjn, participated only hj a small party of listeners,
and which, had e"\'en millions attended, could only, alter all,
have extended to the radius of the speaker's voice ?

From our first discovery of their country to the present
day, their eloi|uence has passed away like the loud moaning
noise wliich the wind makes in passing through the vast
wilderness they inliabit, and which, however it may affect
the tra^'eller wlio chances to hear it, dies away in the
universe unrecorded.

Unable to read or write, the uncivilized orator of tlie
present day has hardly any materials to build with Ijut his
fAvii native talent; he has received notliing from his fbre-
fiitliers — he can bequeath or promulgate little or nothing to
posterity — whatever, therelbre, may lie his elof|uciice, and
whatever may lie liis intelligence, he is almost solely guided

UEFLEUTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF PRIXTING.

hj what resembles brute instinct rather than human reason,
^vhlell, by tlie art of writing, transmits experience to pos-
terity.

Before the invention of printing ahnost tlie whole herd
of mankind were in a state of moral degradation, nearly
equal to that which we have thus described ; lur, although
various manuscripts existed, yet the expense and trouble of
ol:)tammg them was, as we have endea^'oured to show, so
great, that few could possess them in any quantities, except
sovereign princes, or persons of very great wealth. The
intellectual power of mankind was consequently completely
undisciplined — -there was no such thing as a combination of
moral power — the experience of one age was not woven
into the fabric of another — in short, the intelligence of a
nation was a rope of sand. Now, how wonderful is the
contrast between this picture of the dark age which preceded
the invention of prmting and the bn.?y establishment which
only for a few moments we have just left !

The distmction between the chrysalis and the butterfly
but feebly illustrates the alteration which has taken place,
since by the art of printing science has been enabled to wing
its rapid and unerring course to the remotest regions of the
globe. Every man's information is now received and de-
posited in a common hive, containing a cell or receptacle
for everything that can be deemed worth preserving. The
same facility attends the distribution of information which
characterizes its collection. The power of a man's voice is
no longer the measured range to which he can project his
ideas ; for even the very opinion we have just uttered, the
very sentence we are now writing — faulty as they may both
be — printed by steam, and trairsported by steam, will be
no sooner published thair they will be wafted to every
region of the habitable globe, — to India, to America, to
China, to every country in Europe, to every colony we

27 K 2

MESSRS. CLOWES AA'D SONS PRIXTISG-OEFICE.

possess, to our friends, and to our Iocs, wlicre^'cr tlicy may
be. In short, the hour has at last arri^'ed at which tlic
humblest indi^'idual in our community is enabled to say to
those, whoever they may be, who are seen to wield authority
wickedly, —

' Si \'nus m'ojiprimez, si vos grandeurs dedaignent
Ih:s pleurs des innoceiis que vou.s faites couler,
Moil yengcur est au ciel : appreuez a trembler !

As railroads have produced traffic, so has printing pro-
duced learned men ; and ' to this art,' says Dr. Knox, ' we
owe the Retbrmation.' The cause of religion has Ix'cn most
gloriously promoted by it; for it has placed the Bible in
everybody's hands. Yet, notwithstanding the enormous
mass of iniormation it has imparted, it is, however, a most
remarkable fact, that prmting is one of those busybodies
who can tell every man's history but his own.

Although four centuries have not elapsed since the inven-
tion of the noble art, yet the origin of this transcendent
light, veiled in darkness, is still a subject of dispute ! Iso
certain record has been handed down fixing the precise time
when — the person by whom — and the place whence this art
deri^'cd its jjirth. The latent reason of this mystery is not
very creditable to mankind ; for printing having been as
much the counterfeit as the suljstitute of writing, fixmi sheer
avarice it was kept so completely a secret, that we are told
an artist, upon offering for sale a number of Bibles, which so
miraculously resembled each other in every particular that
they were deemed to surpass human skill, was accused of
witclrcraft, and tried in the year 1460.

Gutenberg, we all kirow, is said to have l^een the father
of printing; Schoeflcr the father of letter-founding ; Faust,
or Fust, the generous patron of the art ; and by Hansard
tliese three are ternred ' the graird typograpliical triumvirate.'

On the other hand, Hadrianus Jiurius, who wrote the

THE TYrE-FOUNDKY.

history of Holland in Latin, published in 1578, claims the
great art for Harlaem, assigning to Laurentius Coster the
palm of being the original in^xntor. Neither our limits nor
our inclinatiiju allow us to take any part in the threadi^are
discussion of the subject. On the front of the house in-
habited by Gutenljerg, at Mentz, there is the following in-
scription : —

' JOIIANKI GUTTEMBEKOEN.SI,

Moguntino
Qui Primus (Jmuimn Litcras ^Eve
Imprimendas luveuit,
Hao Arto De Orbe Toto Bene Mereuti.'

Besides this, a fine statue by Thorwaldscn, erected in the
city, was opened amidst a burst of enthusiasm. ' For three
days,' says a late writer, 'the population of Mayence was
kept in a state of high excitement. The echo of the excite-
ment went through Germany, and Gutenberg ! Gutenberg ! !
was toasted in many a bumper of Rhenish wine, amidst this
cordial and enthusiastic people.' But wliile Gut! Guten !
Gutenberg ! are thus resounding through Germany, the
web-footed inhabitants of the city of Harlaem, nothing
daunted, still paddle through their streets, with their burgo-
masters at their head, holding annual fcsti-\-als, and making
j)ublic speeches, in commemoration of the grand discovery
of the art by their ' beloved Coster,' to whom various monu-
ments have been erected.

But two o'clock has arrived, and we therefore most readily
abandon the history of printing, to return with Mr. Clowes's
people to his interesting establishment.

On entering the door of a new department, a number of
workmen, in paper caps, and with their shirt sleeves tucked
up, may be seen at a long table, immediately under the
windows, as well as at another table in the middle of the
room, intently occupied at some sort of miniite, niggling

MUSSKS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

operation ; but what wliolly engrosses the first attention of
the stranger is the extraordinary convulsive attitudes of ten
men, who, at equal distances from each other, are standing
with tlicir right shoulders close to the dead wall opposite to
the ^vindows.

These men appear as if they were all possessed witli St.
A^itus's Dance, or as if they were periijrming some Driiidical i:ir
Dcrvisliical religious ceremony. Instead, however, of lieing
the servants of idolatrons superstition, they are in tiict its
most destructive enemies : iiji, grotesque as may he their
attitudes, they are Ijusily liibricating grains of intellectual
gimpowder to explode it — we moan they are type-casting.

This important operation is performed as fullows : — In the
centre of a three-inch cuIjc of liard wood, which is split into
two halves like tlic shell of a walnut, there is inserted the
copper matrix or form of the letter to )je cast. The two
halves of the cube when put together are so matliematically
adjusted that their separation can scarcely he detected, and
accordingly down the line of junction there is pierced, from
the outer face of this wood to the copper matrix, a small
hole, into which the liquid metal is to be cast, and from
which it can easily be extricated by the opening or bisection
of the cube. Besides this piece of wood, the type-caster is
provided with a little furnace, and a small cauldron of liquid
metal, projecting about a foot from the wall, on his right.
The wall is protected by sheet-iron, wdiich is seen shining
and glittering in all directions with the metal that in a liquid
state has been tossed upon it to a great height.

On the floor, close at the feet of each ' caster,' there is a
small heap of coals, while a string or two of onions hanging
here and there against the wall sufficiently denote that those
who, instead of leavmg the Iniilding at one o'clock, dure
within it, are not totally unacquainted with the culinary art.

The ladles arc of various denominations, according to the

THE TITE-FOUNDKY.

size of the type to be cast. There are some that contain as
much as a quarter of a pound of metal, but for common-
sized type the instrument does not hold more than would
one-half of the shell of a small hazel-nut.

With the mould in the left hand, the founder with his
right dips his little instrument into the liquid metal — in-
stantly pours it into the hole of the cube, and then, in order
to force it down to the matrix, he jerks up the mould higher
than his head ; as suddenly he lowers it, by a quick move-
ment opens the cube, shakes out the type, closes the box,
re-fills it, re-jerks it into the air, re-opens it — and, by a repe-
tition of these rapid manaiuvres, each workman can create
from 400 to ,500 types an hour.

By the convulsive jerks which we ha^-e descrilDed the
liquid is unavoidably tossed about in various directions ; yet
strange to say, the type-founder, following the general lashion
of the establishment, perforins this scalding operation with
naked arms, although in many places they may be observed
to ha^-e been more or less burned.

As soon as there is a sufficient heap of type cast, it is
placed before an intelligent little boy, (whose pale, wan lace
sufSciently explahis the effect that has been produced upon
it by the antimony in the metal,) to be broken off to a
uniform length ; for, in order to assist in forcing the metal
down to the matrix, it was necessary to increase the weight
of the type by doubling its length. At this operation a
quick boy can break off from 20U0 to 301)0 ty]Des an hour,
although, be it observed, by handling new type a workman
has been known to lose his tlimnb and forefinger from the
effect of the antimony.

By a third process the types are rubbed on a ilat stone,
which takes ofi" all rouglmess or '6«r'from their sides, as
well as adjusts their 'beards' and their 'shanks.' A good
rubber can finish about 2000 an hour.

;ii

MESSRS. CLOWES AXD SONS PKINTIXG-OFFICE.

By a fourth process, the types are, by men or hojs, fixed
into a sort of composing-stick about a yard long, where they
arc made to he in a row with tlieir ' nicks ' all uppermost :
3000 or 4000 per hour can be thus arranged.

In a fifth process, the bottom extremities of these types,
wliich had been left rougli by the second process, are, by
the stroke of a plane, made smooth, and the letter-ends being
then turned uppermost, the whole line is carefully examined
by a microscope ; the faulty types, technically termed ' fat-
faced,' ' lean-faced,' and ' bottle-bottomed,' are extracted ;
and the rest are then extricated from tlie ittick, and left in a
heap.

The last operation is that of ' telling them down and
papering them up,' to be ready for distribution when re-
fjuired.

By the system we have just described, Mr. Clowes pos-
sesses the poAver of supplying his compositors with a stream
of new type, flowing upon them at the rate of 50,000 per
day!

Type-founding has always been considered to l)c a trade
of itself, and there is not in London, or we believe in tlie
world, any other great printing establishment in which it is
comprehended ; but the advantages derived from tliis con-
nexion are very great, as types form the life-blood of a print-
ing-house, and, therefore, whatever fircilitates tlieir circula-
tion adds to its health and promotes science.

Small, insignificant, and undeciphcral)lc as types appear
to inexperienced eyes, yet, wlien we reflect upon the astonislr-
ing effects they produce, they forcibly remind us of that
Ijeautiful parable of the grain of mustard-seed, ' ivlucli indeed
is the least of all seeds, but when it is grown it is the greatest
among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the
air come and lodge in the branches thereof.' But, easting-
theory aside, we will endeavour ti:) ilemonstrate tlie advan-

ADVANTAGES OF ABUXDANCE OF TYPE.

tagcs which not only the estabUslimcnt Ijefbre us, but the
whole literary world, bona fide derives from a cheap, ready,
and never-faihng supply of type.

By possessing an ample store of this primum molile of his
art, a printer is enabled, without waiting for the distribution
or breaking up of the type of the various publications he
is prmting, to supply liis compositors with the means of
' setting up ' whatever requires immediate attention — literary
productions, therefore, of every description are thus relieved
from unnecessary quarantine, the promulgation of knowledge
is hastened, the distance which separates the writer from the
reader is reduced to its minimum.

But besides' the facility wliich the possession of abundance
of type gives both to the publisher and to the public, the
printer's range, or in other words the radius, to the extent
of wliich he is enabled to serve the world, is materially in-
creased ; for with an ample supply he can manage to keep
type in ' forms ' until Hs proofs from a distance can be
returned corrected. In a very large printuig establishment
like that before us, this radius is very nearly the earth's
diameter ; for Messrs. Clowes are not only enabled, by the
quantity of type tliey possess, to send proofs to the East and
West Indies, but they are at this moment engaged ui print-
ing a work regadarly published in England every month,
the proof-sheets of wliich arc sent by our steamers to be
corrected by the author in America !

Again, in the case of books that are likely to run into
subsequent editions, a pruiter who has plenty of type to
spare can afford to keep the forms standing until the work
has been tested; and then, if other editions are required,
they can, on the whole, be printed infinitely cheaper than if
the expense of composition were in each separate edition to
be repeated — the publisher, tlie printer, and the public, all,
therefore, are gainers by this arrangement.

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

Ill Ijy'-ways as well us in luLili-ways, literary labourers ol'
the liiiiuljlest description arc assisted by a printing estaljlisli-
nient possessing abundance of type. For instance, in its
JLn-enilc days, the '(Quarterly EcA'icw ' (which, by the 'way,
is iKiw tliirty years old) was no sooner published than it was
necessary that the first article of the following numl:)er shoidd
go to press, in order that the printer might be enaljled, article
liy article, to complete the whole in three months. Of the
inconvenience to the editor attendant upon this 'nevcr-cnding-
still-begiiniing system, wc deem it proper to say nothing : cair
readers, liowevcr, will at once sec tlie scorbutic iuconTcniencc
which they themselYCS must lia^'c suilered Ij)^ having lieen sup-
plied l)y us with provisions, a considerable portion of whicli
had unavoidably Ijeen salted down lor nearly three months.
Now, under the present system, the contents ol' the whole
numljer lie open to fresh air, correction, and conviction — arc
ready to admit new information — to receive fresh facts — to
so late a moment, that our eight or ten articles may )je sent
to the printer on a Monday with directions to be ready for
publication on the Saturday.

Ihit notwithstanding all the examples we have given of
the present uicreased expenditure of type, our readers will
probalily be surprised when they are informed of the actual
quant Ity which is rccjirired.

The numl^er of sheets now standing in type in Messrs.
Clowes's establishment, each v\reighing on an average about
100 his., is above 1000. The weight of type not in firms
amounts to about 100 tons ! — the weight of the stereotype
plates in their possession to about 2000 tons : the cost to the
proprietors (without including the original composition of the
types from which they were cast) about 200,000/. The
number of woodcuts is about 5O,(J00, of which stereotype-
casts are taken and sent to Germany, France, frc.

Flaving mentioned the amount of stereotype-plates in tlie

THE STEREOTYPE-I'OUNDliY.

estiibKslimcnt, it is proper that we should now visit tlie foundry
in wliich they arc cast. Tlio principal piece of furniture in
this small chamber is au oven, in appearance sucli as is com-
monly used by ilunilies ibr baking bread In front of it
there stands a S(jrt of dresser ; and close to the wall on the
right, and adjoining the entrance door, a small table. Tlie
' forms ' or pages of types, after they have been used by the
printer, and before the stereotype impression can be taken
from them, require to be cleaned, in order to remove from
them the particles of ink with which they have Ijccn clogged
in the process of printing. As soon as this operation is effected,
the types are carefully oiled, to prevent the cement sticking
to them, and when they have been thus prepared, they are
placed at the bottom of a small wooden frame, where they lie
in appearance like a schoolboy's slate. In about a quarter
of an hour the plaster of Paris, wliich is first dabbed on with
a cloth and then poured upon them, becomes hard, and the
mixture, wliich somewhat rcsemljles a common Yorkshire
pudding, is then put into the oven, where it is baked ftir an
hour and a half It is then put into a small iron coffin -with
holes in each corner, and buried in a cauldron of liquid
metal, heated by a small llirnace close to the oven — the little
vessel containing the type gradually sinks from view, until
the silvery glistening wave rolling over it entirely conceals
it from the eye. It remains at the bottom of this cauldron
about ten minutes, when being raised Ijy the arm of a little
crane, it comes up completely encrusted with the metal, and
is put for ten minutes to cool over a cistern of water close to
the cauldron. The mass is then laid on the wooden dresser,
where the founder unmercifully belabours it with a wooden
mallet, which breaks the Ijrittle metal ffoni the coffin, and
the plaster of Paris cast being also shattered into pieces, the
stereotype impression wliich, during this rude operation, has
remained imharincd, is introduced for the first moment of its

35 F 2

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

existence into the light of clay. The Ijirth of this plate is to
the literary world an event of no small importance, inasmuch
as 100,000 copies of the best impressions can be taken from
it, and with care it can propagate a million ! The plates,
after being rudely cut, are placed on a very ingenious
description of Procrustesian bed, on which they are by a
machine not only all cut to the same length and breadth, but
^vith equal unpartiality planed to exactly the same thickness.

The plates are next examined in another chamber by men
termed ' pickers,' who, with a sharp graver, and at the rate
of about sixteen pages in six hours, cut out or off any
improper excrescences ; and if a word or sentence is found to
be liudty, it is cut out of the plate, and replaced by real type,
which are soldered into the gaps. Lastly, by a circular saw
the plates arc very expeditiously cut into pages, wlrich are
packed up in paper to go to press.

We have already stated that in Messrs. Clowes's establish-
ment the stereotype plates amount in weight to 2000 tons.
They are contained in two strong rooms or cellars which
appear to the stranger to be almost a mass of metal. The
smallest of these receptacles is occupied entirely with the
Religious Tract Society's plates, many of which are fairly
entitled to the rest they are enjoyuig, having already given
hundreds of thousands of impressions to the world. It is
vexy pleasing to find in the heart of a busy, bustling estab-
lishment, such as we are reviewing, a chamber exclusi^'cly
set apart for the propagation of religious knowledge ; and it
is a lact creditable to the coimtry in general, as well as to the
art of printing in particiJar, that, including all the publi-
cations printed by Messrs. Clowes, one fourth are sell-devoted
to religion. The larger store, wliich is 100 feet in length, is
a dark omnium gatlierum, containing the stereotype plates of
pulilications of all descriptions. But even in this epitome of
the hterature of the age, our readers will be gratified to learn

THE PAPER-WAREHOUSE.

that the sacred vohimes of the Established Church maintain,
by their own intrinsic value, a rank and an importance, their
possession of which has been the basis of the character and
unexampled prosperity of the British empire. Among the
plates in this store there arc to be seen reposing those of
thirteen varieties of Bibles and Testaments, of ninnerous
books of hymns and psahns, of fifteen dilFerent dictionaries,
and of a number of other books of acknowledged sterling
value. We have no desire, however, to conceal that the
above are strangely intermixed with publications of a
different description. For instance, next to ' Doddridge's
Works ' lie the plates of ' Bon Juan : ' close to ' Hervey's
Meditations ' lie ' The Lives of Highwaymen, ' ' Henderson's
Cookery,' ' The Trial of Queen Caroline,' and ' Macgowan's
Dialogue of Devils.' In the immediate vicinity of the
' Pilgrim's Progress ' repose ' The Newgate Calendar '
(6 vols.), and ' Eeligious Courtship ; ' and lastly, in this
republic of letters, close to 'Sturm's Eeflections,' ' Eeady
Eeckoner,' ' Goldsmith's England,' and ' Hutton's Loga-
ritluns,' are to be found ' A whole Family in Heaven,'
' Heaven taken by Storm,' ' Baxter's Shove to ***** **»**
Cliristians,' &c. &c. &c.

On the whole, however, the ponderous contents of tlie
chamber are of great literary value; and it is with feelings of
pride and satisfaction that the stranger beholds before him, in
a single cellar, a capital, principally devoted to religious in-
struction, amoimting to no less than 200,0 OOZ. !

In suddenly coming from the inky chambers of a printing-
office into the paper-warehouse, the scene is, almost without
metaphor, ' as different as black from white.' Its transition
is like that which the traveller experiences in suddenly
reaching the snowy region which caps lofty mountains of
dark granite.

It must be evident to the reader that the cjuantity of

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PKINTING-OFFICE.

paper used l3y Messrs. Clowes in a single year must he
ennrnious.

Tins paper, before it is dcspatclied Irom the printer to the
liinder, undergoes two opposite processes, namely, wetting
and drying, l^otlr of wliicli may be "\'ery shortly descrilx'd.
Tlic wetting-room, wliicli forms a sort of cellar to the paper-
warehouse, is a small chamber, containing three troughs,
supplied with water, like tli(jse in a common laundry, by a
leaden pipe and cijck. Leaning over one of these troughs,
there stands, from m(jrning till night, with naked arms, red
fingers, and in wooden shoes, a man, whose sole occupatiiai,
for the whole of his life, is to wet paper for the press. The
general allowance he gives to each quire is two dips, which
is all that he knows of the literature of the age ; and certainly,
when it is considered that, with a strapipmg lad to assist
him, he can dip 200 reams a day, it is c^'ident that it must
require a considerable number of very ready writers to kec/p
pace with him. After being thus wetted, the paper is put iir
a pile under a screw-press, where it remains subjected to a
pressure of l^OO tons for twelve hours. It should then wait
abiait two days before it is used for priirting ; yet, if tlie
weather be not too hot, it will, fijr nearly a fiirtnight, remain
sufficiently damp ti3 iml^iljc the ink fixmr the type.

We liai'e already stated that, as first as the sheets printed
on both sides are aljstracted jjythe boys who sit at thebottrans
of the twenty-fiA'e steam-presses, they are piled in a heap by
their sides. As soon as these piles reach a certain heiglit,
they are carried off, in wet bundles of aljout one thousand
sheets, to the two drying rooms, which are heated Ijy steam
to a temperature of about 00'-' of Fahreidieit. These bundles
are there subdivided into ' lifts,' or cpiires, containing ff(jm
fourteen to sixteen sheets ; seven of these lifts, one after
another, are rapidly placed upcai the transverse end of a
long-liandled ' peel,' hj ^vhicll they are raised nearly to the

THE PArEK-WAREIIOUSE.

ceiling, to bo deposited across small woode]i bars ready
fixed to receive tliem, in which situation it is necessary they
should remain at least twch'c hours, in order that not only
the paper, but the ink, should be dried. In looking upwards,
therefore, the whole ceiling of the room appears as if an im-
mense shower of snow had just suddenly been arrested in
its descent from heaven. In the two rooms aljout four
hundred reams can lie dried in twcnty-lbur hours.

When the operation of drying is completed, the ' lifts ' are
rapidly pushed by the ' peel ' one above another (like cards
which have overlapped) into a pack, and in these masses tlicy
are then lowered, and again placed in piles, each of which
contains the same 'signature,' or, in other words, is formed
of duplicates of the same sheet. A work, therefore, contain-
ing twenty-four sheets— marked or signed A, B, C, and so
on, to Z — stands in twenty-four piles, all touching each other,
and of which the height of course depends upon the niunl^er
of copies composing the edition. A gang of sharp little boys
of about twelve years of age, with naked arms, termed
gatlierers, following each other as closely as soldiers in file,
march past these heaps, from every one of which they each
abstract, in regular order for publication, a single sheet,
which they deliver as the complete work to a ' collator,'
whose duty it is rapidly to glance OA'cr the printed signature
letters of each sheet, in order to satisfy himself that they fol-
low each other in regidar succession ; and as soon as the sig-
nature letters have either, by one or by repeated gatherings,
been all collected, they are, after being pressed, placed in piles
about eleven feet high, composed of complete copies of the
publication, which, having thus undergone the last process of
the prmting establishment, is ready for the hands of the binder.

The group of gathering-boys, whose ' march of intellect '
we have just described, usually perform per day a thousand
journeys, each of which is, on an average, about fourteen

MESSES. CLOWES AND SONS TRINTINO-OFFICE.

yards. The quantity of paper in the two drying-rooms
amounts to about 3000 reams, each weighing al^out 25 lbs.
Tlie supply of white paper in store, kept in piles about 20
leet high, averages about 7000 reams; the amount of paper
printed every week and delivered f(3r publication amounts to
about 1500 reams (of 500 sheets), each of which averages in
size 389 J square inches. The supply, therefore, of wlutc
paper kept on hand would, if laid do^vn in a path of 22i
inches broad, extend 1230 miles ; the quantity pruitcd on
both sides per week would form a path of the same l:)readth
of 263 miles in length. In the course of a year Messrs.
Clowes consume, therefore, white paper enough to make
petticoats of the usual dimensions (ten demys per petticoat)
for three hundred and fifty thousand ladies !

The ink used in the same space of tune amounts to about
12,000 lbs.

The cost of the paper may be about 100,000/. ; that of the
ink exceeding 1500/.

In one of the compartments of Messrs. Clowes's establish-
ment, a lew men are employed in fixing metal-type into the
wooden blocks of a most valuable and simple machme for
unprcssmg coloured maps, for which the inventor has lately
taken out a patent.

The tedious process of drawing maps by hand has long-
been superseded by copper engravings ; but besides the great
expense attendant upon these impressions, there has also Ijeen
added that of colouring, which it has hitherto l^een deemed
impossible to perform but by the brush. The cost of maps,
therefore, has not only operated to a considerable degree as a
prohibition of their use among the poor, but, in general lite-
rature, it has very materially checked many geographical
elucidations, which, though higUy desirable, would have been
too expensive to be inserted.

Cy his beautiful invention, the ]icw artist has not only

ILLUMINATED MAPS.

imparted to woodcut blocks the advantages of impressing, by
little metallic circles, and by actual type, the positions as
well as the '^'arious names of cities, towns, rivers, &c., which
it would be difficult as well as expensive to delineate in
wood, but he has also, as we will endeavour to explain,
succeeded in giving, by machinery, tliat bloom, or, in other
words, those colours to his maps, which had hitherto been
laboriously painted on by human hands.

On entering the small room of the house in which the
inventor has placed his machine, the attention of the stranger
is at once violently excited by seeing several printer's rollers,
which, though hitherto deemed to be as black and as un-
changeable as an Ethiopian's skin, appear before him bright
yellow, bright red, and beautiful blue ! ' Tempera mutantur,'
tlrey exultingly seem to say, ' 7ios et mutamu.r in illis ! ' In
the middle of the chamber stands the maclrine, consisting of
a sort of open box, which, instead of having, as is usual, one
lid only, has one fixed to every side, by which means the box
can evidently be shut or covered by turning down either
the lid on the north, on the south, on the east, or on the
west.

The process of impressing with tliis engine is thus eflfect-
ed : — A large sheet of pure white drawing paper is, by the
chief superintendent, placed at the bottom of the box, where
it lies, the emblem of innocence, perfectly unconscious of the
impending fate that awaits it. Before, however, it lias had any
time for reflection, the north lid, upon which is embedded
a metal plate, coloured blue, suddenly revolves over upon the
paper, when, by the turn of a press underneath the whole
apparatus, a severe pressure is instantaneously inflicted.
The north lid is no sooner raised than the south one, upon
which is embedded a metal plate coloured yellou', performs
the same operation ; which is immediately repeated by the
eastern lid, the plates of which are coloiired red ; and, lastly.

MKSSUti. CLOWES ANIJ SO>fS PUINTTNii-OFFICE.

)iy the western lid, whose plates contain n(jthing but black
lines, marks of cities, and names.

By these four operations, which are consecutively per-
ibrmed, quite as rapidly as we have detailed them, the sheet
of white paper is seen successfiilly and happily transformed
into a most lovely and prolific picture, in SEVEN cohjurs, of
oceans, empires, kingdoms, piincipalities, cities, flowmg
rivers, mountains (the tops of Avhicli are left whitej, lakes, &c.,
each not only pronouncing its own name, but declaring the
lines L'l' latitude and longitude ruider which it exists. The
picture, or, as it terms itself, ' The I"'atent lUuimnated
Map,' proclaims to the world its own title : it gratefully
avows the name of its ingenious parent to be Cliaiies
KnigJit.

A few details are yet wanting to fill up the rapid sketch or
outline we have just given of the mode of imprinting these
maps. On the northern block, which imparts tlie lirst
impression, the oceans and lakes arc cut in wavy lines, by
which means, when the whole block is coloured blue, the
wavy parts are impressed quite light ; while principalities,
kingdoms, &c., are deeply designated, and thus Ijy one
process two blues are imprinted.

When the southern block, which is coloured tjellow,
descends, besides marking out the principalities, &c., which
are to be permanently designated by that colour, a portion of
it re-covers countries which by the first process had been
marked blue, but which, by the admixture of the ijdlow, are
beautifully coloured green. By this second process, therefore,
two colours are again imprinted. A^Hien the eastern lid,
which IS coloured red, turning upon its axis, impinges upon
the paper, besides stamping the districts which are to Ije
designated by its own colour, it intrudes upon a portion
of the blue impression, which it instantly turns into purple,
and upon a portion of the yellow impression, which it instantly

ILLUMINATED BIAI'S.

changes into brown ; and tlms, by this single operation, three
colours are imprinted.

But the tlireo lids conjointly have performed another
very necessary operation — namely, they have moistened the
paper sufficiently to enable it to recei\'e the typographical
lines of longitude and latitude, the courses of rivers, the
little round marks denoting cities, and the letterpress, all
of which, by the last pressure, are imparted, in common
black printer's ink, to a map, distinguishing, under the
beautiliil process we have described, the various regions of
the globe, by light blue, dark blue, yellow, green, red,ljr(.jwn,
and purple.*

By Mr. Knight's patent machine maps may be thus
furnished to our infant schools at the astonishingly low rate
of 4 i d. each .

Before the wooden clocks in the compositors' halls strike
EIGHT — at which hour the whole establisluxient of literary
labourers quietly return to their homes, excepting those
who, lor extra work, extra pay, and to earn extra comforts
for their families, are willing to continue their toilsome
occupation throughout the whole night, resuming their rcgadar
work in the morning as cheerhilly as if they had been at
rest — we deem it our duty to observe that there are many
other printing establishments in London wliich would
strikingly exemplify the enormous physical power of the

* We ought to observe that an analogous invention lias already lieen
brought to gTeat ]ierfection, by Mr. Hulmandcll, in the department of
lithogTajihy. By using consecutively six, ten, or a dozen stones, each
charged with its separate colour, the effect of a fine water colour drawing
is reproduced in most wonderful lightness and brilliancy, while (the
colour used being all oil-colour) a depth is given to the shadows which
the cleverest master of the water-colour school cannot reach in his owai
original performance. A set of views of French scenery and archi-
tectiuT, done in this way, may now be seen in the shops : they are, in
fact, beautiful pictures ; and you get, we believe, twenty-six of them
for eight guineos.

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS' PRINTING-OFFICE.

British press — especially that of the ' Times ' Newspaper,
which, on the 28th of November, 1814, electrified its
readers by unexpectedly informing them that the paper
they held in their hands had been printed by steam; and
it IS impossible for the muid to contemplate also, lor a single
moment, the moral force of the British Press, without re-
flecting, and without acknowledging that, under Providence,
it is the only engine that can now sa\-e the glorious in-
stitutions of the British Empire from the impending ruin
that ine^'itably awaits them, imless the merchants, the yeo-
manry, and the British people, aroused l^y the loud warning
of the said press, shall constitutionally disarm the hand of the
destroyers : we wiU, however, resolutely arrest ourselves in
tlie utterance of these very natural reflections, because we
ha\'c determined not to pour a single bitter drop into a
literary cup vvfhich we have purposely concocted only for
Cliristmas use.

To ' the Governor ' of the building through which wo
have perambulated we cordially oftbr, in return for the
courtesy with which he has displayed it, ' the compliments
of the season ;' and with equal gratitude let us acknowledge
the important service rendered to the social family of man-
kind ]jy the patient labour of each overseer, compositor,
readei', pressman, and type-founder in his nol^le establish-
ment. Let us give them the praise which is due to their
art, and, to conclude, ' Let us give to the Devil nis
DUE !'

A DAY AT A PliOTmG-OFFlCE.

EEPRINTED FROM "DAYS AT THE EACTOBIES."

BY PERAIISSION OF MR. KNIGHT.

A DAY AT A PRmXING-OFFICE.

The writer, in the preparation of this Paper, has availed himself of information
orio-inally published under the title of ' The C'ommereial History of a Penny
Magazine,' — a series of papers published in 1833, and written by tlie antlior
of ' The Results of Machinery.'

Among all the mamtfactttres wliicli — for the mental and
mechanical skill required in their prosecution, the remark-
able steps by which they have attained their present rank,
and the influence wliicli they exert on society generally —
claim our attention and admiration, none perhaps is more
striking than tlie manufacture of a book. The ^vi-itten
thoughts of those whose thoughts were worthy of being
kno-wri used to be transcribed, copy after copy, by the hands
of monks and laborious students ; and these copies were
prized according to the labour bestowed upon them,
irrespective, in many cases, of the literary merits of tlie
production. But the introduction of printing clianged the
nature of tMs valuation. Tlie larger the number of ivritten
copies required, the liigher would be the price of each,
because the demand for transcribers' labour would be in-
creased ; but the larger the number of lyrinted copies de-
manded, the cheaper could each one be furnished, because
machmery and the classification of labour could be In'ought
more effectually mto operation. The process of printing,
wlien compared with that of writing, is unquestionably a cheap
one, provided a sufficient munber of copies of any particular
book be printed, so as to distribute the original outlay over
a large circle. If, for example, it were recpiired, even at
the present time, to print three or four copies only of any

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

production, the cost of printing would be greater than that
of transcribing. It is only when hundreds or thousands of
copies are required that the paramount importance of the
printing press becomes fidly developed ; and when the sale
amounts to tens of thousands, the effect upon the j^^'ice of
each copy becomes very remarkable.

These matters belong properly to the history of printing ;
but it may be worth while to allude to them here, as a
means of accounting for the growth of the vast printing
establishments in operation at the present day. Wliethcr
we say that cheap literature has given a spu.r to printing,
or that printing has given a spur to cheap literature, or,
which is perhaps the more correct of the three, that each
has received advancement from the other, it is clear that
the printmg establishments of the present day excel, both
in extent and completeness, those of any former period.
To one of these establishments, then, viz., that of Messrs.
Clowes, we will pay a visit, and endeavour to understand
the rationale of the daily operations.

This printing-oiSce occupies a large area of ground west-
ward of Duke Street, Stamford Street. A chimney rears
its head from the buildings below, and indicates the locality ;
but the vicinity of other cliimneys — belonging to a soap
factory in one place, a saw-mill in another, and so forth — ■
might render this a treacherous beacon, so we will discard
it, and find our way to the entrance of the factory. Within
side the gates, masses of buildings present themselves on all
sides. Unlike many factories where an open area or court
occupies the central portion between the buildings, this
establishment has distinct masses of buildings lyuig in
various directions and separated by narrow passages, instead
of an open court. The truth seems to be that, in propor-
tion as the business has increased, every inch of room has
been appropriated. We may, however, pick out the topo-

THE TYl'E FOUNDRY.

grapliy of the place in soinetlung like the following manner.
In the centre of the whole lactory is a low building, con-
taining the greater iinmbcr cif the large printing machines
belonging to the establishment, together with an engine-
room and other factory appurtenances. Looking from this
centre towards the north, south, east, and west, loftier build-
ings meet the eye, presenting, as it would appeal", no
particular symmetry of arrangement, but adapted to the
wants and conveniences of the time. Composing-rooms,
readers'-rooms, type-making shops, stereotyping shops,
paper-warehouses, hand-printing shops, machine-printing
shops, wood-block store-rooms, stereotype-plate store-rooms,
— these comprise the dense assemblage wdiich the eye glances
on around. These we will ^•isit in the order of processes,
premising that this is one of the -^-ery few printing establish-
ments (the only one, indeed, as far as we are aware) in which
type-making or casting is carried on.

In one tiny room, small indeed compared with the im-
portance of the process carried on therein, the first germ of
a type is produced. Every one knows that the printed
letters of a book are produced by small inked types, each
of which has a letter in relievo on one end. But how this
type is produced may have been with many a question.
Is it cut with sharp tools, or is it cast in a mould ? When
we even go one step further back, and state that it is cast
in a mould, it may yet bo asked, how is the mould produced?
Nay, we may, after admitting that the mould is produced
by punching, have yet to ask, how is the punch produced ?
This is the work of the artist who has his sanctum in the
room wliich we are visiting. Every letter is modelled in
relief, on the end of a small bar of steel, by ^-ery sharp
steel tools, resemloling in temper, and partly in form, those
used by the engraver. With the punch thus made, an im-
pression is struck into a little piece of copper about an inch

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

lone; ; so that the hollow thus produced in the copper
becomes a kind of mould from which casts may be afterwards
made. The letter wliich is cut in the end of the punch
differs in size according to the size of the printing required.
Each size has its own particular name, and odd names they
arc. There are about fourteen sizes used in printing books ;
and the names of these, together with the number of lures
in a foot, are thus given : —

Double Pica e

qual

to41i

Bourgeois equal to 102 J

Paragon

Brevier 112i

Groat Primer

51i

Minion 128

Englisli

Nonpareil 143

Pica

71*

Pearl 178

Small Pica

Diamond 205

Long Primer

For instance, the type with which the present book is
printed is 'small pica,' of which there are 83 lines to the
foot. These differences may be more clearly exhibited to
the eye by giving a few specimens.

per

1000.

Names of the

various sized

Types.

Great Primer

English

Pica

Small Pica ....
Long Primer

Bourgeois

Brevier

Minion

Nonpareil ...,

Ruby

Pearl

Diamond ,

Specimens of the various sized Types.

6d. \

6JA

7c7.
7ifi.
8rf.
lOd.

The art of printing inve

The art of printing invented
The art of printing invented in G
The art of printing invented in Germa
The art of printing invented in Germany
The art of printing invented in Germany in 14
The art of printing invented in Germany in 144
The art of printing invented in Germany in 1440
The art of printing invented in Germany in 1440 by John
The art of printing invented in Germany in 1440 by John Gut
The art of printing invented in Germany in 1440 by John Guttc-nberg.
The art of printiag iavootod in German; in U40 by John Galtcnberg.

Wlien the punch has formed the matrix, or hole in the
little slip of copper, we follow the latter into the 'type-

THE TVi'E FUUNDKV.

roiiudry,' a double apartment, containing about thirty men
and boys making and trhumlng types. In the two halves
of the shop, separated by a partition and doorway, we sec
about sixteen or eighteen small furnaces, each about a yard
in height, and having at the top a pan or cruciljle capable
of containing a lew pounds of melted metal. Near eacli of
these fiirnaces a man is at work ; but a stranger cannot form
the remotest idea at (irst what these men are about. The
left arm, eight or ten times in a minute, is suddenly jerked
upwards ; the right hand is, with the same rapidity, passed
to and li'o ; and a small nrachine seems to be undergoing
some kind of adjustment after c^'ery upward jerking of the
left arm. This operation, when once understood, can
scarcely fail of being deemed one of the most remarkable
instances of nranipulative dexterity. In the eighth jJort of
a mimite each man ladles a very small quantity of melted
metal out of the crucible or pan, pours it into a mould held
ill the left hand, jerks the mould upwards to drive the
metal into the minute interstices of the mould, opens the
mould, extracts the solidified but still heated type, and
prepares the mould for a second casting. That all this can
be done in seven or eight seconds is a fact so astonishing that
even ocular demonstration scarcely removes incredulity ; and
yet the heap of made-type gradually accumulates on the
bench of the workman, at the rate of four or {\\q hundred
an hour !

When we examine this process more closely, we find that
the mould or instrument held in the left hand of the work-
man is a very mgenious little contrivance, formed as in
Fig. 2.

The mould is composed of two parts. The external
surfiice is of wood, the internal of steel. At the top, as
will be seen by the cut, is a shelving orifice, into whicli
the metal is poured. The space witliin is as true as if it

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS rRINTING-OFFICE.

liad been hollowed out of a single piece of steel ; but never-
theless it is formed by tlie intimate union of the two parts
of the mould, each part forming two of the four sides of the
letter. It is not a matter of difficult adjustment to bring
these sides together ; it is the operation only of an mstant.

At the bottom of the mould,
immediately under the orifice,
is tlie matrix. This is held in
its place by a metal spring,
represented at the lower part
of the cut; and every letter
that is cast can only be loosened
from the matrix by removing
tlie pressure of the spring.
In Fig. 1 there is a repre-
sentation of three furnaces.
At the first, which is unoccu-
pied, may be seen the little
table at which the founder
works, and the pot out of
winch he dips the heated jnetal
with a very small ladle ; at
the second furnace the work-
man is shown at the moment
after he has poured the metal
at the tliird the other workman is
represented in the act of separating the two parts of the
moidd, and picking out the letter from the lower half, with
the hook shown at the top edge of the other half It cer-
tainly has an appearance not a little remarkable to see
twenty men throwing their arms about in apparently a con-
vulsive manner; and the surprise is not by any means
lessened when we know the real nature of the operation.
In other parts of these two shops are men and boys who

into the mould ;

THE TYPE FOUNnRY.

take the types as fast as tlicy are east, and bring them mto
a finished state. Seated at a table is a Ijoy who collects in
a heap before him the types made by many casters, each
type having a piece of superfluous metal attached to its end
as it comes out of the mould. It is this boy's business to
break off the superfluous metal; and this he does with such
rapidity that the mode in which he operates can scarcely
be foUowed by the eye. The average number is two
thousand in an hour ; but some boys have been known to
break off five thousand types in this space of tuue. This
rapidity is the more remarkajjle as the boy must seize the
type, not upon the flat surface, but upon its edges, to avoid
breaking or bending it.

The boys whom we have just left are designated ' breaking-
ofF boys,' and the types pass from them to other boys called
' rubbers,' seated at benches near the range of .windows.
Each rubber has before him on his bench a circular piece of
gritstone, on which he rubs the sides of every type singly,
to remove slight asperities left by the casting; the fingers
of Iris right hand are armed with a piece of tarred leather,
with wliich he holds the type during its rubbing against
the stone. Two thou.sand types are thus rubbed on both
sides in an hour.

We have not yet done with this closely occupied apart-
ment. There is yet the ' dresser ' to notice, whose office it
is to examine every type, and to bring them all to an equal
height. This workman receives from a boy a number of
types, all set up in lines in a long shallow frame with the
face of the type uppermost. The workman then secures
the types into a compact mass, with the bottom ends upper-
most, and runs a plane along them to bring them all to a
level surface. He also examines the face or device on every
type with a magnifying glass, and throws aside all those
which are defective. The width and depth of each type

JMKSSK'S. (JLdWl'ls AND SONS I'la.N'il XG-OI'FKJK.

m;iy in all cases be pi'etty well determined by looking at the
size C)f' tlie individual letters in a printed book, the type
lieing large or suieJI in proportion to the size of tjie letters ;
Init the length of all types is the same, being rather less than
an inch. It is easy to see how essential it is that every
letter-type should be perfectly square and true, when it is
considered that if they were not of luiilijrnr height the ini-
})ression coidd not be even ; and that if there were the least
deviation ffum a regular form, it would be quite impossible
that when many thousand single letters are coml^ined to form
the page of a book, they could hold well tcigether.

Leaving the type-lbundry, we see, in one oi the store-
rooms of the establishment, a case or nest of shelves, neither
loJ'ty nor large ; and yet it contains eighty thousand pounds
weight of type. This is called the ' foiuit-case ' — fount being
a technical term for all the types jjelonging to one size and
character. The Ibiurt-case is divided into compartments,
each for the reception of a particular letter ; and in this
case the type is deposited after it leaves the foundry, and
jjefore it is consigned to the compositor.

We next visit one of the six compositors' rooms iDelonging
to the establishment, the principal of which is known as the
' long-room.' This remarkable looking room does not ill
deserve its name, for it is more than two hundred and fifty
feet in length ; and yet it is so narrow that a stranger cannot
help fearing that, as he passes along, he must incommode
the industrious and intelligent men who are workino- near
his elbow. Along the whole of the south side of the room,
from end to end, are arranged small Ijcnehes or ' frames,' at
each of which a compositor is at work ; and the compositors
thus stand, one before another, to the number of about sixty,
with their left hands towards the wall. The opposite side of
the room presents here and there ' proof-presses,' for testing
the accuracy of the compositijrs' work ; and there are also a

THE COMI'OSITUU;

few small recesses or rooms oceujjied by ' readers,' Avliose
office we shall presently describe. If Ave watch any one of
the compositors, we shall find that he has the author's
manuscript Ijcfore him, and is building up, letter by letter,
the means of scudincr forth the author's thoughts to tlie
world.

The arrangemcut of the compositor's ' frame ' or work-
bench is exceedingly curious, and deserves to be studied
somewhat closely. Our description will be aided by Fig. 3.

i^5

Each frame at which a compositor works is constructed to
hold two pair of cases. Each pair of cases contains all the
letters of the alphabet, whether small letters or capitals, as
well as points, figures, &c., &c. r)ne of these pair of cases is
occupied by the Roman letters, the other liy the Italic.

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

The upper case is divided into ninety-eight partitions, all
of equal size ; and these partitions contain two sets of capital
letters, one denominated ' full capitals,' the other ' small
capitals ; ' one set of figures ; the accented vowels ; and
tlic marks of reference for notes. The lower case is divided
into partitions of four different sizes ; some at the top
and ends being a little smaller than the divisions of the
upper case ; others nearer the centre being erpial to two
of the small divisions ; others equal to lour ; and one
erpial to six. In all there are fifty-three divisions in the
lower case. The inequality in the size of the cells of tlie
lower case is to provide tor the great differences as to the
quantity required of each letter. According to the language
in which it is used, one letter is much more frequently
wanted than another ; and the proportions required of each
have Ijeen pretty accurately settled l)y long experience. As
some of our readers may be curious to know these propor-
tions as they apply to the English language, we subjoin the
type-founder's scale for the small characters of a fount of
letter of a particular size and weight.

8500

li G400

0 8000

v 1200

1600

i 8000

p 1700

w 2000

3000

j 400

q 500

X 400

4400

k 800

r G200

y 2000

12000

1 4000

s 8000

z 200

2500

m 3000

t 9000

1700

n 8000

u 3400

The meaning of these numbers is easily understood. If,
in an average English book, there be 8500 ffl's in a given
space, there will be found somewhere about 1600 b's, 3000
c's, and so forth in the same space of the book. Latin and
French works devour more of c, i, I, m, 'p, q, s, v, and v,
than English. The proportion in which a particular letter
is required renders it necessary that the cells of the lower

CO^MPOSITORS ' OASES. — Ou.MFUSITKjN.

ease should bo arranged, not as tlie letters iijllow eaeli other,
alphabetically, but that those in most li'equent use shoulel be
nearest the hand of the compositor. The point to which he
brings the letters, after picking them up out ol' their cells,
is not far removed from the centre of the lower case; so that
in a range of about six inches on every side he can oljtain
the e, d, e, i, s, m, n, h, o, y,p, u, t, a, and ?■, the letters in
most frequent use. The spaces, winch he wants for the
di'S'ision of the words, lie close at his hand at the bottom of
the central division of the lower case. It must be quite
obvious that the man who contrived this arrangement sa\ed
a vast deal of time to the compositor.

Such being the mode of arranging the contents of the
'■ frame,' the compositor proceeds as Ibllows : — Standing
before the pair of cases which contam the Roman letter,
he holds in his left hand what is called a comjMsinff-sticJc.
This is a little iron or brass frame, one side of which is
moveable, so that it may be adjusted to the required width
of the page or column which the workman has to set up.
It is made perfectly true and square ; for without such
accuracy the lines would be of unequal length. It is
adapted to contain not more than about twelve lines of such
type as is employed in this present book. This little instru-
ment is represented in Fig. 4.

Fij5. i. — Compoaing-atick.

The copy from which the compositor works rests upon
the least used part of the upper case. The practised com-
positor takes in a line or two at a glance, always provided
the author writes an intelligible hand, — wliich virtue is by

MKSSUS. CI.OWEti ANM SuXS I'lilNTIXfl-OFl'ICK.

no means universal. One Ijy one, then, the compositor puts
the letters of each word and sentence into his stick, securmg
each letter with the thumb of his left hand, which is there-
fore continually travelling on tfom the beginning to the end
of a line. His right hand goes mechanically to the box
which he recjuires; but his eye is ready to accompany its
movements. In each letter there is a nick, or nicks, which
indicates the bottom edge of the letter ; and the nick must
be placed outwards in his composing-stick. Further, the
letter must also be placed with the face upwards, so that
two right positioirs must be combined m the arrangement of
the types. If the compositor were to p)ick up the letter at
rairdora, he would most probably have to tiu'ir it in his hand ;
and as it is important to save every unnecessary movement,
his eye directs him to some one of the heap which lies in the
right position, Ijoth as regards the face ):)eing upwards and
the nick being outwards. This nick is one of those pretty
contrivances for saving labour which experience has intro-
duced into every art, and which are as valuable for diminish-
ing the ciist of production as the more elaborate in-^-entions
of machiner}'. When he arrives at the end of his line, the
compositor has a task to pcrfr^rm, in wliich the carefulness
of the wijrkman is greatly cxhi])ited. The first letter and
the last must be at the extremities of the line : there can be
no spaces left in some instances, and no crowding in others,
as we see m the Ijcst manuscript. Each metal type is of a
constant thickness, as far as regards that particular letter,
though all the letters are not of the same thickness. The
adjustments, therefbre, to complete the line with a word, or,
at any rate, with a syllalJe, must be made by "\-arying the
thickness of the spaces Ijetween each word. A good com-
positor is distinguished by unifbrraity of spacing : lie will
not allow the words to 1)0 ^'cry close together in some
instances, or witli a large gap between them in otliors. His

c'OJi ['osmoN.

duty is to equalize the spacing as miicli as he possihly can;
and this is in some cases very troublesome. When the
workman has filled his Htiek, as it is called, — that is, has set
lip as many lines as his stick will conveniently h(jld, — he lilts
them out into what is termed a galley, by grasping them
with the fingers of each hand, and thus taking them up as
if they were a solid piece of metal. Tlic facility with which
some compositors can lift about what is called a liandj'ul of
moveable type without deranging a single letter is very
remarkable. This sort of skill can only be attained by
practice ; and thus one of the severest mortifications which
a learner lias to endure is to toil for an hour or two in pick-
ing up several thousand letters, and then see the fabric
destroyed by his own clumsiness, leading him to mourn over
his heap of broken type, — technically called fie, — as a child
mourns over his fallen house of cards.

Letter by letter, and word by word, is the composing-stick
fiUed ; and by the same progression the galley is filled by
the contents of successive sticks. In the instance of news-
papers and most other periodical works, a proof is taken
l^elbre the types arc made up into pages. In books, however,
when the compositor has set up as many lines as fill a
page, he binds them tightl}' round with cord, and places thc^m
under his frame. The number of lines required to fill a. page
depends of course on the size of the page, whether it be
octavo, duodecimo, ca' au}' other. If we take the present
volume as an illustration, we find 34 lines in a page ; and
the compositor binds this number of lines of type together. In
every case when the requisite pages lor a sheet are complete,
the compositors arrange the pages in proper order upon a bench
called the imposing stone ; surround each page with pieces of
wood called /({ryzi'^^io'e, so as to leave an equal m.'irgin toe^'cry
page ; and, finally, wedge the whole tightly together in a
stout iron frame, called a cluise. If the work is properly

SIESSRS. CLOWES ANIJ SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

executed, the pages thus wedged up, constituting one side ol'
11 slieet, termed a form, are perfectly tight and compact ; and
tlie form may be carried about with as mucli ease as if it were
composed of solid plates, instead of being formed of 40,000,
or 50,000, or even 100,000 mo^-eable pieces. Fig. 5
shows the various pieces of appai'atus here alluded to.

, a cbxsi: ; C, a foj-iji of quarto , D. a ^

Whether the lines which a coinpositor sets up are made
into pages, and imposed as a sheet, or whether a proof is
taken (jf them in an earlier stage, the business of the reader
commences immediately after that of the compositor. No one
unacquainted with the details of a printing-office can conceive
tlie trreat differences between the correctness of one com-
positor and of another. The difTerences in the talent, the
acquired knowledge, and even the moral habits of difierent
men, are the causes of these remarkable variations.

^Vhen the ordinary reader of a newspaper or of a Ixjok
meets with an occasional Uunder either of a letter or a
word, he is apt to cry out upon the carelessness with which

Missing Page

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J-

)=i

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-S

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<^>

§-

-a

■:^

-w

P-.

a. =JJ

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bfj

o "^ ^

THE PRINTER S READER.

the ncn\'spaper or book is printed. It is in the very nature
of the process of producing words and sentences by the
putting- together ol' moYeablo types that a great many bUmders
shoidd lie made hj the compositor in the first stage, which
nothing liut the strictest vigilance can detect and get rid of.
The ordinary process of correction is for the printer's
reader to look upon the proof, while ancither person, generally
a boy, reads the copy aloud. As he proceeds, the reader
marks all the errors which present themselves upon a first
perusal. These errors are of various kinds, such as the
omission of a stop, a letter, or a word, the substitution of one
letter for another, the transposition of letters, crookedness in
a line of letters, and so forth. The reader has a quick and
efheient system of symbols by which the compositor's eye is
at once attracted to the locality and the precise nature C)f
the error. Perhaps we cannot do better than present, as in
the annexed folding-leaf, two printed paragraphs, which we
will suppose to have been submitted to the ' reader ' for
revision. Almost every possible variety of typographical
error is here introduced, and in the margm are the marks
and directions by which the ' reader ' draws the attention of
the compositor to the errors. The meaning of the various
symbols is explained beneath.

When the ' reader ' has made these corrections in the
margin, the ' proof is sent back to the compositor ; and here
a busmess of great labour and difficulty ensues. The omitted
words and letters have to be uitroduced, and the incorrect
words and letters have to be replaced by the correct. The
ultroduction of two or three words will sometimes derange
the order of a dozen lines ; and the omission of a sentence
will involve the re-arrangement of many pages. In this
tedious process new blunders are oftentimes created, and
these again can only be remedied l)y after-vigilance. The
first corrections lieing perfected, the reader has what is called

MESSRS. CLOWES AMD SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

a n'l'L^c. lie comparfs this with liis hrst prool', and ascer-
tains tliat all liis corrections liavc been properly made. In tins
stage fif tlic business the proof generally goes to the author ;
and it is I'arely that the most practised antlior does not feel it
necessary to make consideral^le alterations. The complicated
process of correction is again to be gone over. The printer's
reader and the author ha^•e again revises; and what they
again ccirrcct, is again attended to. The priKjf lieing now
toleraloly perfect, the labfuir nf another reader is in most large
estalihshments called m. It is liis business to rrnd for pn'ss —
that is, to search for the minutest errors witlr a spirit f)f the
most industrious criticism. The author has often to lie
consulted upon the cpieries of this captious personage, who
ought to be as acute in discovering a blunder, as a convey-
ancer in finding out a flaw in a title-deed. I'mt in spite oi
all this activity blunders do creeji in ; and the greatest mor-
tification that an autlior can experience is the lot of almost
every author, — namely, to take up his book, after the copies
have gone out to the world, and find some alisurdly obvious
mistake, which glares upon him when he first opens the book,
and ■which, in spite of his eon^^-iction that it was never there
before, has most likely escaped his own eye, and that of
every other hunter of errors that the best printing-office can
produce.

Our visit to the compositors' and readers' rooms has been
rather lengthy ; but the work therein transacted forms the
life-blood of the whole, and must be luiderstood pretty clearly
before we can appreciate the steps by which the author is
dependent on the actual ' printer.'

The composing-rooms in this large estabhshment are situ-
ated in different parts of the premises, and are provided
with all the necessary accommodations for two hundred com-
positors.

We have watched the putting together cif a bodv oftA'pe,

•] 111-; sj i:i:i-,0'i W'K iiii;\i)i;v.

fa- iitlicT ,'^ulxst:irice .'■Ijoiild uttacli to tin; buttoui (J' the types,
sii us tu prevent tlieiii beliii/ completely le\'el upon tlie
siiiliiee. "J'lie p;i,t/e is now pluf-ed upon the- lo\\ei- part of ti
iiiiiidiUiiij-fnum:, repiesented in Fig, 7, iji wliicli we liuve
ulso (li:j)iete-(l ii woofl-cut oi- Ijloek included ;is part of the
];a'j;e ; I'oi' wood-cuts can he stereotyped as well as types.
'I'lie up[jer pajt ol' the frame is somewhat larger than the
page, and tlie margin of mould thus formed determines the
thickness of the plate. The types having been previously
rubbed over witli an oily composition, gypsum fplaster of
Paris; is pou)-c:d evenly over tlie whole surlaee. Almost
every one knows tliat this substance, although moulded irr a
liijuid state, sets ^'ery quickly, and sooir becomes pjerfectly
solid. There is a good deal ol' nice-ty required Ifom the
workman, not only in forming the mould, but in ri;moving it
from the type. If any paj-t of the plaster adheres to tlic lace
of the type, the moidd is of course imperfect, arrd the
operation must be gone over again. To prevent this,
cf inside rable care is requii-ed in the preparation of the
gypsuni, and much neatness of liand in separating the nrould
Irom the page. Having been removed arrd found perfect, it
i'<;quires sijrne dressing with a knife oir its edges, and several
notches arc cut in the mai'gin to allow the metal to enter the
mould. It IS jiow lit lor bakmg. This pi'ocess also requires
a good deal of accurate kirowledge. The oven in which the
moulds are placed upon their edges must be kept at a very
regular temperature; for if it be too hot, the moulds warp.
The process of casting begins ^vhen the moulds have been
baked sufficiently long to be perfectly dry and hard. We
next direct our notice to the castiriy-hox, represented m
fig. 8. At the bottom of this box is a moveable plate of cast-
iron, called tifloathiff-plate; and upon tliis plate, the face of
which is perlljctly accurate, the nn^iuld is placed with its liice
downwards. T Ipon the back of the mould rests the cover of the

MESSRS. CLOWES ANIJ SOXS PHlNTlXfi-OFFICE.

Undcrstfinding these few details, we now visit tlio
stereotype foundry, a square room lighted jjy several sky-
lights. Around the room are furnaces and ovens, a tank
with a crane or tackle suspended above it, and various
benches and apparatus occupied by men working either in
plaster or in metal. We have said that a cast of the type is
first taken in plaster of Paris, and that another cast is taken
from this in metal ; and the I'outine of proceedings is brielly
as follows : — The first operation is that of taking a moidd
from each page of mo"\'eablc types. The pages are nr)t

1^1

Fil;.? — luovLldiDg-fiaDie.

arranged as they would be combined in a sheet, and wedged
up together in one iron frame or chase, l)ut eacli page is put
in a separate chase. It is essential that the face of the types
should be perfectly clean and dry, and that no particle of dirt

DEPAlt'IMEN'J- OF THE ' I'fCKEIiS.

i'(;]iiu\i; i)](; ijiijiiM frijin tlic ci.istJnf:-ljox. I'lio plusjtor liioulil,
lljo jjliite moul<](j(l, and t]jc flouting-plute, arc till sulidly fixed
together; and the metal, hy its .'Specific ij'ravity, lias fijreed
itseii' und(;)' thi; latti;r, vvhicli it lias con^jo'juently drlv(i]i
ti;.r]itly lip against the ledges of llic mould. The mould has
in the same way Ijeen driven tightly up against the lid of
the castjng-hox; and the rifjtches in the ledges of tlie mould
hav(;, at the sam<; time, admitted tlie metal into the minutest
mi]jr(;ssion from the liiee of the types. The caster now
breaks off the superfluous metal and the ledges of the mould
with a wooden mallet. The mould is of cour.se destroyed;
and if another plate is r(;f]uired, anotlier irn^uld must be
taken fiom the types. After tlie superfluous metal and
plasti;r ai-(; removed, tlie stereotype plate comes out bright
and well formed.

From the stereotype foundry we proceed to two busily
occupied sljops, where the plates, produced in the manner
just dcscrilied, are fimshed off and prepared ftrthe pressman.
SomelJiiHS lctli;i's of refererice, explanatory of a wood-cut,
are required; and these, if not inserted in the original bloclc
)ts(;lf, are introduced in the plat(/. If any alterations, alter
all the corrections which tlie ' reader ' has made, are still
re'juii'ed, a poi'tion rd' this plate is cut away, and types intro-
duced into the cavjty. Various adjustments of a similar
kind ai'C made, in whie-li cutting, filing, melting, and solder-
ing arc tlie processes adopted. If the vacuities of such
lett(;rs as the a and the e have become filled up with little
globules of inctal, they have to be cleaned or jiicked out;
and if any impiiritjes fill up the Iiik.'s of a wood-cut, these
lik(;wise must be removed. The liumljlc designation of a
' picker ' scarcely does justice to the intelligent workman
who undertakes this kind of hibour ; f)r taste and judgment,
as well as accui-acy of hand and eye, are called for in the
due exercise; of this Vfication.

MESSRS CLOWES AND SOXS PRINTING-OFFICE.

casting-ljox, the inside face of whose lid is also perfectly true.
The cover is held tightly down in the moidd by the metal
screw and arm seen in tlio cut.

The moulding-frame being thus placed in the casting-box,
tlie latter is immersed in an open copper or vessel, of which
tliere are fijur in the ibundry, each liolding ten or ele'S'en
hundredweights of melted metal (antimony and lead). It
will be seen that there are holes in the corners of the cover
of tlie casting-box, through which the liqiud metal finds its
way into the hollow within. At the instant when the box
is plunged into the metal, a buljljling noise is heard, which is
occasioned by the expulsion of tlie air contained withhi the
Ijox. After having remained immersed for about ten minutes,
it is steadily lifted out by the crane, and swung to a cooling-
trougli, in which the imder side of the box is exposed to
water. Being completely cooled, the caster proceeds to

i'i;ixcin,i': (i\ •mi-: I'Ui.Ni ixim'KKKh.

li'i] Willi ji'iwcr li(,iM t.liri'i' luf'jd hnilc)--, m :i)i inlji.iiiiri'i
;i|);irliMi-iil. I'owci fill mill cxpcflil loiis ;i-' nrc iJiO pfi-form-
;i.nci'-' i,r il)(.'-(; Mj'iiiii-workcil pi iiitiii;/-iiiiifliiiii;-, tlii'y form
by ri'i iiiciiir-: iIk: only pnntiii'j iijijinriif ii- in tin: jihif-; fi,r
tlii-ic iiif HI tins liii'ji,- ci-MiiMi-lDncnl I wo dozen pi ml iii;j'-
jin-s-o.-, llic 'li:-:l.iiicl ion Ijctwo'-n wlncli uikI JjIiiiI in'_oniiioliiiic-
Kein'.r, ,'i,nion'_r ollior,-, lli;it tli<; loniK;]' ;iro woikcil liy li;in(|
ii/i'l llio, ];iiiiT hy Hi'iini-powi'i: 'I'lic roon,,s conUunin'j tlif
presses :i,)i- (lisl met Crom tliose wliieli eonUnn tlio maehmc-s,
iiml a, visilor eaimol liiil lo remark llie dillei'i/nee lielween
Llie kiml <i| lakoiii )ei|iiiic(| m one j-oom ami tliat re','|iiireil
111 Hie olliei. 'J'lie iiikinu ol' till; ly]>es ami tin; workinL' of a
|)ress aie ojieial ions: reipmiiie not onl)' ei-|enl y of ino\ ciiieril,
liiil eoiisiileraklo' miisiailar ellort ; wlareas m llii' prmliije'-
maeliine steairi iloes all llie liard work, — m liiel it ed'eets
ev-eiyiliiii'j exeept layili'j' on I lie sli<;els of wliile jiaper, and
reaiiovin,'_< tlie same slie'(;ts wlien prmle-d. 'I'lie firmtine-
rooms, like mosi otlaa' parts of tlie liietory, are so closely
oeeiipic:d, that some litlle eare is re'(|uired m throadini; one's
\va,y t.lirorif,fli a,nd kelAVi'en tin; machines, presses, and benches ;
a,iid il'a, visitor should jji ni'j; away with liirn, on liis [garments,
a, lew speeimeiis ofprintme- mk, lie must not be siirpris(;d.

It IS not ea.sy to understand the action ol' tlie lare;e print,-
niL'-maelimes, unless we fil'St eomjirehend that ol' tlie more
simple p|-|iiliiie; presses. The pnjsses (;mployeil by llie eai'ly
pimlia'S boll' a tolerably close I'esiaiiblancc to a modern
napkin-press; the 'lorm.'oi' collecled paee ol' types, heme'
first inked, and then pla.C(;d betwecai tb(; two boards ok a
sei'ew-press.

It IS (;vident tlja,t tins modi; of obtainiiiL' an mi]>ression
must bavi; bi;en very laborious and V(;)y slow. As the
scr(;w must have coiric down uprm tin; typi;s with a dead
pull, —that IS, as the table upon which the typi;s were jilaceil
was Solid and unyielding, — yreatcave must have been reipiired

IMESSRS. CLOWES AND HUNS riUXTIXC.-OKFICE.

In tlic smaller df the two sliops now under notice tlie
hdclcK 1 if the plates are lirst grouml or cnt away to produce
an uniloriii thickness of metal by the aid i;ii' a Ijeautiful lathe;
and tlie surliice is then smoothed by a peculiar kind of plane.

We are now aptjjroaching that point where the types aitd
the plates prepared by this remarkable series of processes are
to l^e brought to bear upon the sheets of lair paper which are
al'terwards to form a Ijook. AVe will therefore visit the
paper warehouses. These ptortions of the establishment are
loaded with piles ol' paper to an enormous extent ; so large,
indeed, as to amou.nt sometimes to live or six thousaird
reams ! liight and left, fj'ont the floor to the ceiling, are
these heaps deposited, ready to be removed when wanted for
pi'uitlng.

j\s a conA'cnience to hand dowir paper, a large trap door
opens a counnunicatiijn between the pLiper warehouses and a
' wetting-room,' to which we wdl follow the pjaper in its
march towards the printing-room. In the ' wetting-room '
are tanks iir cisterns, into which cold water is tdways flowing.
A man or a lioy opens a ream of paper, and dips each Cjuire
a lew times in water, regidating the degree (jf saturation to
the circumstances of the ease. From three to scAxm 'dips'
arc reipnrcd lor each qttire. Tlie quires are piled up one
on another as fast as they are wetted ; and the whole bundle
is then removed on a board to airother spot, where it is left
to Soak, either with or without pressure.

Now we arrive at the time Avlieii the Ijustling, the closely
filled, the all-important ' macliine-rooms ' are to Ije visited.
Here we see around us i^ixii and twenty complicated printing-
machines, working with untiring constancy from morning
till night, gi^'ing forth at every few seconds printed sheets of
paper. Adjacent to them, but in a separate building, are
the two steam-engines, which sup-iply moti\'e pfjwer to all
these machines ; while the steam-eneiiies are, in their turn.

STANHOPE PRESSES.

being too hard. Blacw's presses gradually drove out the
more ancient press; but even as recently as tlie year 1770,
Luckombe, in his ' History of Printing,' then published, says,
" There are two sorts of presses in use, the old and the new
fishioned ; the old sort till of late years were the only presses
used in England." We give a representation of Blacw's
"new-fashioned" press, with which at the beginning of the
present century all the jDrinting ol' Europe was performed.

This press has been in some measure superseded by a very
superior one, invented by Earl Stanhope, and very properly
named after Mm : the new invention enabled the printer to
produce superior specimens of printing to those which could
be printed at the old presses ; but the rate of working (about
two htmdred and fifty impressions on one side of a sheet per
hour) remained nearly the same in both. The following cut
represents the Stanhope press, the action of which may be
thus briefly described : —

The body of the press is formed by a massive frame of

Fi^. in.-^The Staahope Press.

MESSKS. CLOWES AND SONS PUINTrNG-OFFICE.

to j.irc^-cnt the pressure being so hard as to injure the liicc of
tlie letters. Tliese defucts were at last remedied Ijy an ingc-
nidus Dutcli mechanic, Williem Jansen Blaew, who carried
on tlic business of a mathematical-instnniient maker at
Amsterdam ; in which business he had received instruction
and encouragement from the great Danish astronomer, Tyclin
Braho. The unprovements in Blaew's presses do not require

Fii5.9. — Bla^Tv's, or the CoDamon rriutiuf^-pr'ssf

to be particularly described. It may be sufficient to mention
that the head of the press in which the screw worked, as
well as the bed upon which the table containing the form of
types rested, were yielding ; and that the screw consisted of
three or four worms, according to the size of the cyluider.
In this way the pressure was rapidly commruricated from
the screw to the types ; and the spring above and below
gave a sharpness to the impression, while it prevented it

THE PEINTING-MACHINES.

conceived. Even at tlie present clay, in humbler establisli-
ments, tlie ' inking-balls ' are employed. These ' balls ' are
shaped somewhat like the colour -bladders used by artists,
but are nearly as large as the printer's head. Holding one
in each hand, he thumps them one against the other, against
an ink-bed, and against the ' form ' of type, with a sad waste
of muscular strength. The printer used to make these
inking-balls of sheep's pelt; and besides the time thus wasted,
an enormous quantity of ink was also unprofitably expended.
Such was the state of the press department of printing,
not only in England, but throughout the world, till the year
1814. As several approaches had been made before the
time of Faust to the principle of printing books from move-
able types, so the prmciple of producing impressions from a
cylinder, and of inking the types by a roller, which are the
great principles of the printing-machine, had been discovered
in this country as early as the year 1790. In that year
Mr. William Nicholson took out a patent for certain improve-
ments in printing, the specification of wliich clearly shows
that to him belongs the first suggestion of printing from
cylinders. But this inventor, like many other ingenious
men, was led astray by a part of Iris project which was highly
difficult, if not impracticable, to the neglect of that portion of
his plan which, since his time, has been brought into the most
perfect operation. Nicholson's patent was never acted irpon.
The first maker of a printing-machine was Mr. Koenig, a
native of Saxony; and the first sheet of paper printed by
cylinders and by steam was the ' Times ' newspaper of the
28th November, 1814. The machiire thus for the first time
brought into action was that of Mr. K(»nig. Since that
time various improvements have been introduced; and the
machines now employed at tlris establishment, as well as
many others, are those origiaally patented by Messrs. A])ple-
gath and Cowper, in Avhich the double processes of inking

75 l2

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRmTING-OFFICE.

iron, firmly fixed to a wooden cross or foundation. The
flat bed or table seen in tlie cut is that on which the ' form '
of types is placed ; and is, with the ' form,' capable of being
brought under the screw of the press. A kind of hinged
cover is seen attached to the end of the table nearest to the
eye ; and this consists of two ' tympans ' or stretched pieces
of parchment, having layers of flannel between them, so as
to form a soft, yielding surface. Hinged to the upper end
of this tympan-frame is another skeleton frame, called a
' frisket.' Tliis being the arrangement of parts, the mode of
proceeding is simply thus : — ^The sheet of white paper to be
printed is laid flat on the tympan, and the frisket is folded
down upon it; the ' form ' of type is inked, and the tympan,
with the paper and frisket attached, is folded over and
brought down in contact with it, the frisket being so regu-
lated as to allow the paper to come in contact with the
inked type. The whole is then brought under the press,
and the screw worked by hand ; the pressure is relaxed ;
the ' form ' drawn out ; the tympan lifted up ; the frisket
opened ; and the sheet of paper, printed on one side, re-
moved.— All this takes a long time to describe ; but the united
processes do not occupy so much as one fourth of a minute.

The Columbia press, the Albion press, and other modem
varieties have introduced sundry improvements ; but they
all act on the same general prurciples as the Stanhope, except
that the force of the Columbia is applied by a lever, the
Stanhope by a screw.

While watching the proceedings of the pressmen at such
an establishment as this, we see that they apply ink to the
surface of the type by means of an elastic kind of roller,
formed of glue and treacle, the surface of which is coated
with a slight layer of prbiting ink. But if we had visited a
printing-office some years ago, we should probably have
witnessed a mode of inking, as uncouth, perhaps, as can be

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

and printing are eifected by a beautiful system of machinery.
To explain tliis action in writing is no easy matter ; but in
the annexed folding-cut we have given a representation of
the whole machine, unencumbered by letters of reference ;
while adjacent to it is a diagram, representing a vertical
section of the whole arrangement, which the letters of refe-
rence may enable us thus to describe : —

A sheet of paper taken from the table A, is laid on the
' feeder ' B, which consists of girths of linen, tightly stretched
by being passed round two cylinders. By the motion of
this feeder the sheet is placed between the two systems of
tapes which lie on the cylinder G : these tapes, of which
one set is represented by the dotted line, and the other
by the thin Une, lie two and two over each other on the
cyliaders and small rollers a, b, c, cl, e, f, g, li, i. The sheet
of paper grasped between them is kept clean at the places in
which it is in contact with them, and by the motion of the
various parts is conducted under the first printing-cylinder H,
and receives an impression from the types at C : thence, by
means of the cyHnders I, K, to the second printing-cylinder
L, where it receives an impression on the other side from
the types at D. Thus prmted on both sides, it is taken out
at e by an attendant. The cylinders I and K are simply for
the purpose of conveying the sheet steadily and smoothly
from one printuig-cylinder to the other. The sheet will be
seen to be reversed in its progress from one set of types to
the other, descending the left side of the first, and the right
side of the second printmg-cylinder. An inking-apparatus
is pljiced at each end of the table M, N, wliich carries the
types C, D, and which traverses backwards and forwards
under the prmting-cylinders L, H, and inkmg-roUers. The
ink, received from a reservoir h, by the two rollers I and m,
is transferred from them to the surface of the table ; and the
surface of the table inks the rollers n, o; and these, in their

ROLLERS — MAKLXa KEADV.

turn, ink the types as they pass backwards and forwards lor
each impression.

Thus lar for the action of the machine, the comprehension
of wliich will enable a visitor to understand what goes on in
the pruiting-room. Let us suppose the sheets of any stereo-
typed work about to be printed. One man, and sometimes
two men, are engaged in what is teclmically called ma};lng
ready ; and tliis with stereotype plates is a tetlious and deli-
cate operation. The plates are secured upon wooden blocks,
by which they are raised to the height of moveable types ;
but then, with every care in casting, and in the subsequent
turmng operation, these plates, unlike moveable types, do
not present a perfectly plane surface. There are hollow
parts which must be brought up by careful adjustment ; and
this is ellected by placing pieces of thin paper, 'underlays,'
under any point of the stereotype plate where the impression
is faint, as well, if the nature of the plate requires it, upon
the cylinder, ' overlays.' This process often occupies many
lioiu's, particularly where there are casts from wood-cuts. Let
us suppose it completed. Upon the sohd steel table at each
end of the macliine lie the eight pages which print one side
of the sheet. At the top of the machine, where the laying-
on boy stands, is a heap of paper, which has been ^^reviously
wetted iir the room noticed in a former page : this wetting
is necessary to prevent the ink, wliich is a composition of oil
and lamp black, from smearing tlie surface of the paper.
The signal being given by the director of the work, the
' laying-on ' boy, who is moimted on a stool, turns a small
handle, and the moving power of the strap comiected with
the engine is immediately communicated. Some ten or
twenty spoiled sheets are first passed over the types to remove
any dii't or moisture. If the director is satisfied, the boy
begins to lay on the wlrite paper. lie places the sheet upon
a flat table before him, with its edge ready to be seized by

ROLLEKS — MAKL\G READY.

turn, ink the types as they pass backwards and forwards ibr
each impression.

Tluis lar for the action of the macliine, the comprehension
oi' wliich will enable a visitor to understand "what c'oes on in
tlie printing-room. Let iis suppose the sheets ol' any stereo-
typed work about to be printed. One man, and sometimes
two men, are engaged in wliat is teclrnically called making
ready ; and this with stereotype plates is a tedious and deli-
cate operation. The plates are secured upon wooden blocks,
by which they are raised to the height of moveable types ;
but then, with every care in casting, and iu the subseipient
turning operation, these plates, unlike moveable types, do
not present a perfectly plane surface. There arc hollow
parts which must be brought up by careful adjustment ; and
this is etlected by placing pieces of thin paper, ' underlays, '
under any point of the stereotype plate where the impression
is faint, as well, if the nature of the plate requires it, upon
the cylinder, ' overlays.' This process often occupies many
hours, particularly where there are casts from wood-cuts. Let
us suppose it completed. Upon the soHd steel table at each
end of the macliine lie the eight pages which pruit one side
of the sheet. At the top of the machine, where the laying-
on boy stands, is a heap of paper, which has been previously
wetted in the room noticed in a ibrmer page : this wetting
is necessary to prevent the ink, wliich is a composition of oil
and lamp black, from smearing the surface of the paper.
The signal being given by the director of the work, the
' laying-on ' boy, who is moiuited on a stool, turns a suiall
handle, and the moving power of the strap comieeted with
the engine is unmediately communicated. Some ten or
twenty spoiled sheets arc first passed over the types to remove
any dirt or moisture. If the director is satisfied, the boy
begins to lay on the white paper. He places the sheet upon
a flat table beiore him, with its edge ready to be seized by

THE DRYING-EOOMS.

It is calculated not a little to astonisli a visitor, to know
that eight hundred sheets can be thus printed in an hour,
even of works which require much care ; while, by a
modification of the machine, four thousand newspapers can
be printed in the same space of time.

The printing-rooms, like the composing-rooms, have de-
tained us a considerable time ; but these are, in truth, the
most important parts of the establish-
ment. We Avill follow the printed
sheets to another department, as a
means of visiting another portion of
the premises. When the printing of
a number of sheets is completed, the
paper requires drying before anything
else is done with it ; and this drying
is effected in steam-heated rooms, pro-
vided with hundreds of cross-bars and
poles ranged in parallel lines. A boy,
called the ' hanger-up,' is provided
with an instrument called a peel (Fig.
12), and consisting of a broad flat piece
of wood fixed to the end of a long
handle. The edge of this peel is laid
on a heap of damp printed sheets,
and several of them, from two or
three to eight or ten in number, are
lapped over it. It is then moved
sideways a few inches, and another
portion is lapped over, till th-e peel
is full ; after which the whole are
transferred to one of the drying poles.
The rooms in wliich these sheets thus hang till dry are
plentifully supplied with steam-pipes, by which any desired
temperature may be maintained.

ME^SKS. CLOWES AND SONS PKINTING-OFFICE.

the apparatus for conveying it upon the drum. At the first
movement of the great wheel, the inking apparatus at each
end has been set in motion. A steel cylinder attached to
the reservoir of ink has begun slowly to move, — the ' doctor '
(a teclmical name for a roller wliich was perhaps originally
called a ' conductor ') has risen to touch that cylinder for an
instant, and thus receive a supply of ink, — the hiking- table
has p)assed under the ' doctor ' and carried off that supply, —
and the distributing rollers have spread it equally over the
surface of the table. This surface having passed under the
inking-roUers, communicates the supply to them ; and they m
turn impart it to the ' form ' which is to be printed. All these
beautiful operations are accomplished in the sixteenth part
of a mmiite, by the travelling backward and forward of the
carriage or table upon wliich the ' form ' rests. Each roller
revolves upon an axis winch is fixed. At the moment when
the ' form ' at the back of the machine is passing under the
inking-roUer, the sheet, which the boy has carefully laid
upon the table before him, is caught in the web-roller and
conveyed to the endless bands or tapes which pass it over
the first impression cylinder. It is here seized tightly by
the bands, which fall between the pages and on the outer
margin. The moment after the sheet is seized upon the
first cylhider, the ' form ' passes under that cylinder, and the
paper being brought in contact with it receives an impression
on one side. To give the impression on the other side, the
sheet is to be turned over ; and this is effected by the two
drums in the centre of the macliine. The endless tapes
never lose their grasp of the sheet, although they allow it to
be reversed. While the impression has been given by the
first cylinder, the second ' form ' of types at the other end of
the table has been inked. The drums have con"\'eyed the sheet
during this inking upon the second cylinder ; it is brought
in contact with the types ; and the operation is complete.

TFIK IIYDRAUT.TO I'KESSF.S.

two boys can, in a few minutes, and by tlie agency of a
single pailful of water, exert a pressure of from ten to forty
tons ! For the better kinds of books before gathering, glazed
or polished millboards are inserted between the sheets of
paper previous to pressing, to give a higher degree of
smoothness and gloss.

We may now consider the printed sheets to have been
despatched to the binder or the publisher. But there is a
question which may naturally occiu' to the mind of a reader,

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS' miMTING-OFFICE.

From tlic cirying-rnom the printed sheets are carried to
another room, where, at an oblong bench beneath a range
of windows, another boy, called a ' gatherer,' is employed.
Tills boy is walking to and fro all day long, ' gathering '
sheets of paper into certain heaps, an operation for tlic due
imdcrstanding of which a little explanation is necessary.
A book when printed consists of a certain nmnber of slieets,
and each sheet comes from the press or machine in one
large heap. After the sheets are dried and before the work
is delivered to the binder, it is necessary to take a single sheet
from each heap to form a perfect book ; and to eflcct this
is the work of the 'gatherer.' The heaps of sheets are
ranged in order on a bench, in front of which the ' gatherer '
walks, taking a sheet from each heap in succession, and
holding the collected sheets in his left hand till he reaches
the last heap, when the gathering is completed. The edges
of the sheets of this gathering he makes quite even, and
lays them down flat at the end of the bench. In the same
room with the 'gatherer' is the 'eoUater,' who tests the
accuracy of his proceedings. This collater sits before a
gathered heap, and with a sharp bodkin lifts each sheet
separately, to ascertain that they follow in regular succession,
that none have been omitted, and that two of the same sheet
have not been taken in mistake.

The collated sheets are, in most cases, folded into thicker
heaps, called ' quires,' and subjected to the action of a very
powerfid hydraulic press. Fig. 13, which acts thus : — A
pailful of water is put into a reservoir, a, and is thence
pumped, by the agency of the pumps, b, tlxrough the pipe c,
to an air-tight reservoir d. A piston e, thereby forced
upwards, compresses the mass of paper / between the upper
and lower beds of the press. By opening a cock g, the water
can be let out of the air-tight reservoir, and the pressure
removed. So astonishing is the force of this machine that

STEKEOTVrE ANlJ WOODCUT WAREHOUSES.

cstiinatctl ^-aluc is not mncli less than ludf a million atcrlinij I
and even the plates, valued as old metal, are estimated at
seventy thousand pounds. The weight of metal is, perhaps,
almost as astonishing as the value ; lor it is roekoned at two
thousand Five hundred tons ; that is, between five and six
millions of pounds avoirdupois ! As an example of the mode
in wliicli this enormous aecumulation is brought about, let us
instanee the ' Penny Magazine.' Eleven volumes of this
work have contained about five thousand six hundred pages,
every one of which has had a stereotype plate cast for it
alone ; and there are now stored in the warehouse at Messrs.
Clowcs's all these five thousand six hundred plates, which, at
7 poimds weight each, amount to 39,200 pounds. The
stereotype plates for the ' Penny Cyclopa3dia ' amount to more
than double of this in number and weight.

All these plates, belonging to numerous works which com-
mand a large sale, are ranged on shelves in presses or cases,
the presses being built parallel, with avenues or passages
between them, lighted liy a few candles for the convenience
of the warehouse-keeper. It is certainly a noiseless, an
unoljtrusive apartment, but it is one which makes a visitor
marvel at the results which skill, enterprise, and capital have
Ijeen able to obtain in the art of printing.

Another warehouse contains the woodcuts, the blocks on
which wood-engravings have been executed. Whether
impressions be taken from the blocks themselves, or from
stereotype plates cast from the blocks, the blocks are care-
fully preserved, classified, and labelled in a convenient
manner. Another instance of stationary capital is here
afforded. Eighty thousand blocks arc dejJosited in the wood-
cut warehouse, the average value of which is estimated at
three pomids each — making an aggregate sum of nearly a
quarter of a million sterling !

Einally, we come to that one of the three cases where, for

M 2

MESSIIS. or, OWES AND SONH l'i:iNTIX(i-f)r' FltlE.

viz., what becomes of the types, the wood-blocks, and the
stereotype plates, when the whole of the Ijook is printed?
Tlic reply to this question will carry ns into two or three
departnrents of the establishment not yet visited. We stated
in a former page, that there are three nrodes of arranging for
a reprint of any given work : to keep the metal types stand-
ing in ' forms ' or collected pages ; t( > prepare stereotype
pjlates or copies, which can be used instead of the original
type; or to re-compose the type just as in the first instance.
We also stated that it depeirds a great deal on the nature
and success of a work as to which of these methods is
adopted.

Let us begin with the first. Such a ^ast capital is lying
dead if the type for a book be kept in ' form ' or imdisturljed,
that it is rarely done. One of tlie exceptions relates to
certain parliamentary papers for wJrich tliw-e may Ix' a
sudden demand, and which are kept in 'form.' Another
exception is where the printer agrees with the publisher tliat
he will keep the type of a new Isook in ' fiirm ' fijr a certain
period, during which the publisher may be enabled to make a
guess as to the probable sale of his book, and the cheapest way of
supplying it. As such an arrangement as this is advantageous
to the publisher, and entails a heavy stagnation of capital on
the part of the printer, a stipulated price is paid lijr it. Some
of the warerooms of this establishment are luaded with many
tons of type kept in this imdisturljed state.

In the next place as to the stereotype plates. Wlieii an
edition of a work has been printed, the plates arc all wrapped
separately in paper (each page of the book having a distinct
plate), and then stored away m a warehouse, properly marked
and laljelled. The stereotype warehouse affsrds a most
striking example of the value which metal ac(|uires when
mental and mechanical ingenuity has been bestowed upnn it.
In this one apartment are collected stereotype plates, wJio.se

""'""^11101!^

THE LATE WILLIAM CLOWES,

THE FOUNDER OE THE ESTABLISHMENT-

(PROM 'THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA.')

Mr. William Clowes was bom at Chichester, Januaiy 1,
1779, and died January 26, 1847. The father of Mr. Clowes
was educated at Oxford, and kept a large school at Chichester ;
but he died when the subject of this notice was an infant,
leaving his widow to support two children with straitened
means. Slie was enabled, by keeping a small school, to give
her son a business education ; and he was apprenticed to
Mr. Seagrave, a prmter at Chichester. He came to London
in 1802, and worked as a compositor with Mr. Teape, of
Tower Hill. In 1803 he coimnenced business on his own
account in Villicrs Street, Strand, on a capital of 350?. He
purchased one press ; engaged one assistant ; and after
working as a compositor through the day, would often, ibr
two or three consecutive nights, toil at press, to have his
small stock of type free for the next day's demand. It was
this energy of character that raised Mr. Clowes to liis sub-
sequent eminence. Fortmie favoured his exertions. He
married, when he was of tlie age of twenty-lour, a cousin of
Mr. Winchester, a stationer, who had much Government

MESBKS. CLOWES AND KUNS PKINTIN'G-OFFICE.

each successive edition of u IkhiIv (if more than one be
required), the type has to be set up anew. This is the most
usual system ; and the wages ol' courpositors are regulated Ijy
this method. Under this arrangement, directly all the copies
f a work have been printed, the ' form ' of types is washed in
an alkaline solution, loosened, and the types ' distributed ' again
into their p)laces. The compositor takes up a small heap at a
time, and, holding it in an ingenious manner in his left hand,
drops the letters with his right, <"inc l^y one, into the several
cells of his ' case.' The accuracy and celerity with which
this is effected are not the least astonishing among the
operations of a printing-ofHce ; lor a clever compositor
can distribute fifty thousand letters per day into their
respective cells. The mind and the lingers curiously assist
one another in this operation ; lor tlie Ibrracr has to follow
the order of the letters in tlie words, and to select the cell
into which each shall be drojjped, while the latter have to
separate one letter from anotlier, taking care tlrat only one
letter is dropped at a tinre.

Wc have thus l:irielly descril^ed the interesting processes
usually submitted to a visitor's inspection in this grreat
establishment, and will conclude with the remark that among;
the numerous hives of industiy which we ha^'e examined,
not one has left upon our mind ;i more gratifying or more
durable impression.

JIEJIOm OF THE ].ATE WILLIAAI CLOWES.

With iindoA'iating regiiliirity lor ibuitceii years from his
printing-office. Mr. Ck>wcs was not u common man. His
powers of arrangement were most acute ; he was at once
bokl and prudent. He was one of thrise lew men who would
not recognise the word ' impossiljle ' as (.me to be lightly
employed. He who in 1S03 had a lew hundredweight of
type to be worked Irom day to day like a banker's gold,
woidd not hesitate, in the height of his prosperous career, to
have tons of type locked up ibr months in some ponderous
blue-book. To print an Official Keport of a himdred folio
pages in a day or night, or of a thousand pages in a. week,
was no inicommon occurrence. Mr. Clowes's name will not be
associated with the honours of the great classical printers ; his
was another ambition. He lived in an age wdren knowledge was
to become the inheritance of the many ; and he furnished the
means of carrying out this literary re^T)lution in a nicjre
efficient manner than any of his pr(_>icssii mal competitors.
His name will be permanently associated with the intellectual
de^■clopment of our time.

MEMOIR OF THE LATE WILLIAM CLOWEy.

Ijiisiucss ; and hj liim he was recommended for important
ollicial work. His punctual industry and oUiging and
kindly dispositioir brought friends around him, and irr a few
years the humble beginner with one press had a considerable
printing-office in Northumberland Court. This office was
burnt down; but a larger rose in its place. In 1823 he
commenced steam-printing. He had two or three machines
in a dark cellar; and, the process l^eing novel, his office had
many visitors of literary reputation. Mr. Clowes was
always a signal example of the honest ardour of manufac-
turing enterprise, to lead the way rmder new circumstances.
He saw that newspapers were printed by steam ; and he esti-
mated the possibility that books might be demanded in suffi-
ciently large numbers to make the new invention of more
universal application than was at first considered probable.
An action brought by the Duke of Korthumberland, whose
palace was close to Mr. Clowes's printing-office, to abate tlie
steam-press as a nuisance, was successfidly defended ; but the
printer removed his noise and his dirt, under the award of
arbitrators ; and the decision was a fortunate one for him. In
1826 he became the occupier of the spacious and well-known
premises in Duke Street, Stamford Street. In the course of
years the humble establishment of the young Sussex com-
positor grew into 25 steam-presses and 28 hand-presses,
giving employ to 600 persons, in the largest, most complete,
and well-organised printing manufactory that had ever existed
in the world. The creation of a literature that should at once
reconcile the apparently dissimilar equalities of goodness and
cheapness, through a demand for books before unprecedented,
gave a considerable impulse to the energies of Mr. Clowes.
' The Penny Magazine ' and ' The Penny Cyclopasdia ' issued

LONDON :

MILMAM < I.OWES AN[) SONS, PRINTF.LIS, DUKE STUni'.T, ^TAIMT'OUI) STRKF.T,

AND 14, rriAiiiNG rnoss.

Reprinted from the Quarterly Review and 'Days at the Factories;
by permission.

A DESCRIPTION

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS'

DUKE STREET, STAMFOKD STREET.

Wl'BH A MEMOIR OF

THE LATE WILLIAM CLOWES,

i'UONDEK OF THE ESTABLISH JIKNT.

iCnukn:

WILLIAM CLOWES AJ^D SONS, PRINTERS,

DUKE STKliJiT, STAMFOED STREET, AND 14, CHAP.ING CROSS.

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Full text of "A copy of the names of all the marriages, baptisms, and burials which have been solemnized in the Private Chapel of Somerset House : Strand, in the county of Middlesex, extending from 1714 to 1776, with an index and copious genealogical notes"

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